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S. Saravanan

2026-05-21T02:02:10Z

Viktorikoa: new

{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanmugam Saravanan
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|10|15}}
| alma_mater = [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute, Chennai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Cinematographer]]|[[Film director]]|[[Screenwriter]]}}
| other_names = Saravanan
| years_active = 1993 – present
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]|2000}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Shanmugam Saravanan''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] and [[film director]] who works mainly in the [[Indian film industry]]. He is an alumnus of the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]]. He started his career with ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'', a Tamil romantic film starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] and was released in the year 1996. He debuted as a director by his directorial venture ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]''. Saravanan is well known for his association with Directors [[Vikraman]] and [[Suresh Krissna]]. He has worked as a cinematographer in more than 25 films in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]].

==Early life and career==

The son of poet Ulundurpettai Shanmugham, after completing the Diploma in cinematography from the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute, Chennai]], he assisted senior cinematographer P. Selvakumar in the team of ''[[Aabavanan]]''. Later, he made his cinematography debut in the film ''[[Amma Ponnu]]''. After watching his work in that film Director [[Vikraman]] called and offered him to do cinematography for his next venture titled [[Pudhiya Mannargal]]. His work was well appreciated in that movie. He then continued to work with Director [[Vikraman]] in the films ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' and ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]''. Both the films were a huge commercial success and was also remade in other Indian Languages.

In 1995, he did a Telugu drama film ''[[Stri]]'', directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]].<ref>{{cite news|title='I wanted to become a sanyasi'
|date=29 May 2022|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/29kss.htm|work=rediff movies}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2019}} The film has garnered two [[National Film Awards]] and also showcased in the Indian Panorama section, [[International Film Festival of India]] and 2nd Prague International Film Festival.

He then teamed up with director [[Suresh Krissna]] and did films like ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]'', ''[[Auto Driver]]'', ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]''.

In 2008, Saravanan made his directorial debut in the film ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letterboxd.com/director/s-saravanan/|title = Films directed by S. Saravanan}}</ref> a [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] [[action comedy film]]. The film starred [[Silambarasan Rajendar]] in dual roles while [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Sana Khan]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] also play lead roles. [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composed the film's background score and soundtrack. The film was a huge commercial success.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924103424/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41751.html Listen to fast-pace 'Silambattam' songs]</ref> The film released on 19 December 2008.

==Legacy==
Saravanan has mentored some of the prominent cinematographers in the South Indian film industry, who had all assisted him including [[Vijay Milton]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/vijay-milton.html|title=All you want to know about #VijayMilton|website=Filmibeat.com|accessdate=25 December 2017}}</ref> [[R. Madhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-cinematographer/r-madhi/an-interview-with-cinematographer-madhi.html|title=An interview with cinematographer Madhi|website=Behindwoods.com|accessdate=25 December 2017}}</ref> [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/profile/vetri-cinematographer/|title=Vetri (Cinematographer) – Silverscreen.in|website=Silverscreen.in|accessdate=25 December 2017}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and [[Manoj Paramahamsa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/cinematographer-manoj-paramahamsas-future-projects/article7578581.ece|title=Confident technician|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=25 August 2015|accessdate=25 December 2017|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As cinematographer===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
|-
| 1993
|''[[Amma Ponnu]]''
| Tamil
|-
| 1994
|''[[Pudhiya Mannargal]]''
| Tamil
|-
| 1995
|''[[Stri]]''
| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]''
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
|''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]''
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|''[[Aahaa..! (1998 film)|Aahaa..!]]''
| Telugu
|-
|''[[Auto Driver]]''
| Telugu
|-
|''[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]''
| Tamil
|-
| 1999
|''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]''
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Vallarasu]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''[[Maayi]]''
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Vaanchinathan]]''
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]''
| Tamil
|-
| 2002
|''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|''[[Priyamana Thozhi]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''[[Vishnu (2003 film)|Vishnu]]''
| Telugu
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Madurey]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''[[Arasatchi]]''
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Thirupaachi]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''The Tiger''
| Malayalam
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''[[Smart City (film)|Smart City]]''
| Malayalam
|-
| 2007
|''[[Ali Bhai]]''
| Malayalam
|-
| 2008
|''[[Vaitheeswaran]]''
| Tamil
|-
| 2010 || ''Twinkle Twinkle Little Star'' || Malayalam
|-
| 2012
|''[[The King & the Commissioner]]''
|Malayalam
|-
| 2013
|''[[Alex Pandian]]''
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]''
| Tamil
|-
|''[[Dharmayuddhaya]]''
| Sinhala
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| Varavu}} || Malayalam<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-31 |title=Joju George's Varavu gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/31/joju-georges-varavu-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As director===
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2008
|''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/silambattam-18-12-08.html|title=Silambattam movie review - Behindwoods.com - Silambarasan Sneha Sana Khan Prabhu Santhanam Saravanan Yuvan Shankar Raja Images Gallery Stills|website=Behindwoods.com|accessdate=25 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ''Sippai''
|Unreleased
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gautham Karthik and Lakshmi Menon's shelved film 'Sippai' resumes after 8 years - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-karthik-and-lakshmi-menons-shelved-film-sippai-resumes-after-8-years/articleshow/84822887.cms|access-date=2021-07-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm3579121}}
* {{IMDb name|id=nm7156322}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saravanan, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Krishna Bhagavan

2026-05-06T09:35:31Z

Viktorikoa:

{{Short description|Indian Tollywood actor}}

{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Bhagvaan.jpg
| image size =
| name = Krishna Bhagavan
| birth_name = Meenavalli Paparao Chowdary
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|07|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kaikavolu]], [[East Godavari]] District, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Film actor and writer
| spouse = Lakshmidevi
| parents = Meenavallli Lakshmikantham, Veerraju
}}

'''Krishna Bhagavan''' ({{Audio|Te-కృష్ణ భగవాన్.oga|pronunciation}}; born '''Meenavalli Paparao Chowdary'''; 2 July 1965) is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has appeared in more than 350 films, mostly as a comedian.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/why-senior-tollywood-comedians-hardly-appear-on-big-screen-4533458.html | title=Why Senior Tollywood Comedians Hardly Appear on Big Screen | date=8 December 2021 }}</ref> He is also a writer.

==Early life==
Krishna Bhagavan was born Meenavalli Paparao Chowdary in [[Kaikavolu]], a small village in the [[East Godavari]] District to Meenavalli Lakshmikantham, Veerraju. He spent his childhood in Kaikavolu and went to [[Pedapudi]] to study at Gandhi Memorial School there. He used to cross farms and a small canal to go to his school.<ref>http://videomasti.net/2010/11/19/wow-19th-nov-with-krishna-bhagwan-hema-kondavalasa/A Game show with Krishna Bhagavan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123151628/http://videomasti.net/2010/11/19/wow-19th-nov-with-krishna-bhagwan-hema-kondavalasa/ |date=23 November 2010 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Krishna Bhagavan married Lakshmidevi and has one daughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFy2XbBORzI|title=Video |website=www.youtube.com |access-date=2020-06-15}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
He was very interested in acting since childhood and acted in school plays. His first professional drama was ''Pending File'', in which he played the role of Parandhamayya but, as he went on the stage, he forgot his lines completely. It was a memorable experience for him as a drama artiste.

He then went to [[Chennai]] to start his film career. He did a screen test for ''[[Kranti Kumar]]'', where he was one among 300 people. He got an opportunity to act in that film but the producer's death halted the project.

After that he did ''[[Maharshi (1988 film)|Maharshi]]'', for ''[[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]'', along with Raghava, [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanti]] and Ram Jagan. It was directed by [[Vamsy]].

He then appeared in ''[[April 1st Vidudala]]'', which was directed by Vamsy. He has done the script work for few movies including ''Detective Narada''.

His career as an actor languished until he performed the role of Babji in the television serial ''Vasantha Kokila'', directed by Uppalapati Narayana Rao, which won him the Andhra Pradesh State Nandi Award. Afterward, he acted in the movies ''[[Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru!]]'' and ''[[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]]''.

After becoming a popular comedian, Krishna Bhagavan got offers as solo lead and acted in ''[[John Appa Rao 40 Plus]]'', ''[[Donga Sachinollu]]'', ''Mr. Girisham'', ''Andhra Andagadu'', and ''[[Bommana Brothers Chandana Sisters]].''

==Filmography==
===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1988 || ''[[Maharshi (1988 film)|Maharshi]]'' || Tilak||
|-
|1989 ||''[[Chettu Kinda Pleader]]'' || Aadibabu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991 ||''[[April 1 Vidudala]]'' || Gopichand || Also Writer
|-
|''[[Jaitra Yatra]]'' ||Student||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Detective Narada]]'' || || Also Writer
|-
| rowspan="1" |1994 ||''Prema And Co'' || Servant || Also Writer
|-
|1997
|''[[W/o V. Vara Prasad]]''
|
|Also Writer
|-
|2002 ||''[[Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru!]]'' ||Chittibabu||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003 ||''[[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]]'' ||Bose||
|-
| ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ammayilu Abbayilu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Donga Ramudu and Party]]'' || Nanaji ||
|-
| ''[[Nenu Seetamahalakshmi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |2004 ||''[[Lakshmi Narasimha (film)|Lakshmi Narasimha]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|''[[Sankharavam (2004 film)|Sankharavam]]'' ||Villager ||
|-
|''[[Andaru Dongale Dorikithe]]'' || Indra ||
|-
|''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' || ||
|-
|''Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu'' ||Businessman ||
|-
|''[[Naa Autograph]]'' || Bhagavan ||
|-
|''[[Venky]]'' || Bhagawan ||
|-
|''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' || Pasupathi's sidekick ||
|-
|''Sorry Naaku Pellaindi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cheppave Chirugali]]'' || Producer's mad son ||
|-
|''[[Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy]]'' || Guide Dev Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Aaptudu]]'' || Resident ||
|-
|''[[Leela Mahal Center]]''|| Bujji ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2005 ||''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidi]]'' || Gowri Shankar, Kadapa Reddemma's Husband ||
|-
|''[[Pandem]]'' || Minister Appalanaidu ||
|-
|''[[Mr. Errababu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Allari Bullodu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Konchem Touchlo Vunte Cheputanu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]'' || Railway Ticket Collector ||
|-
|''[[Modati Cinema]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kanchanamala Cable TV]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Andarivaadu]]'' || Govindraju's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006 ||''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]'' ||Watchman ||
|-
|''[[Rajababu (film)|Rajababu]]''|| Girisam ||
|-
|''[[Mayajalam (2006 film)|Maayajaalam]]'' ||Ghost||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2007 ||''[[Amma Cheppindi]]'' ||Cook||
|-
|''[[Tata Birla Madhyalo Laila]]''||Birla||
|-
|''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]'' ||Bala Gangadhar's PA||
|-
|''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' ||Patnaik||
|-
|''[[Allare Allari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Toss (2007 film)|Toss]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]''|| [[Narada|Naradudu]]||
|-
|''Nindu Pournami''|| ||
|-
|''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]''|| Chitila China Rao ||
|-
|''[[Pellaindi Kaani]]''||Bhanupriya's Younger Brother||
|-
|''[[Seema Sastri]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhajantrilu|Bhajantreelu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="17" |2008 ||''Mangatayaru Tiffin Centre''|| ||
|-
|''[[Bommana Brothers Chandana Sisters]]''|| Tulasi Ram||
|-
|''[[John Appa Rao 40 Plus]]''||John / Apparao||
|-
|''[[Donga Sachinollu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Kantri]]''|| Singapore Tour Guide||
|-
|''[[Victory (2008 film)|Victory]]''|| MRO Divadheenam ||
|-
|''[[Kuberulu]]''|| Rambabu ||
|-
|''[[Gajibiji]]''|| ||
|-
|''Andhra Andagadu''||||
|-
|''Kasi Patnam Chudara Babu''|| ||
|-
|''[[Siddu From Sikakulam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Souryam]]''|| Dr. Krishna Bhagawan||
|-
| ''[[Dongala Bandi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Neninthe]]''|| Rambabu ||
|-
|''[[Blade Babji]]''|| Taapi DharmaRao ||
|-
|''[[King (2008 film)|King]]''|| Kona Venkat ||
|-
|''Mr. Girisham''|| Girisham ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2009 ||''Samarthudu''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Malli Malli]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Thoranai|Pistha]]''|| Muralikrishna's father ||
|-
|''[[Gopi Gopika Godavari]]''|| Swathi Orchestra Manager||
|-
|''[[Sankham]]''|| Lawyer ||
|-
|''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]''|| Chitturi Chittabbai||
|-
|''Desadrohi''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010 || ''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]'' || Politician ||
|-
|''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]''|| Krishna Bhagavaan||
|-
|''Buridi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]'' || Marriage registration office worker ||
|-
|''[[Kathi Kantha Rao]]''|| Kantha Rao's brother-in-law ||
|-
|2011 ||''[[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]]''|| David||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 ||''[[Endukante... Premanta!]]'' || Raghava||
|-
|''[[Damarukam]]''|| Colony President||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013 ||''[[Punnami Ratri 3D]]''|| Ajay (Police Officer)||
|-
|''Mallamma''|| ||
|-
|''[[Kevvu Keka]]''|| Abrakadabra Appa Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2014 ||''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Rakumarudu]]'' || Dharmendra ||
|-
| ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' || || Narrator
|-
|''[[Loukyam]]'' || Sastri ||
|-
|''[[Ala Ela]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015 ||''[[James Bond (2015 film)|James Bond]]'' || Marriage Bureau Chief||
|-
|''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]'' || IPod Shastry||
|-
|''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Shankaraabharanam (2015 film)|Shankarabaranam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Soukhyam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu]]'' || Sanyasi Rao||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016 ||''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'' || Srinivas Rao's friend||
|-
|''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' || Babu's uncle||
|-
|''[[Oka Manasu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Selfie Raja]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Naanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017 ||''[[Aakatayi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Nenu Local]]'' || Constable ||
|-
| ''[[Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaisakham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Nenu Kidnap Ayyanu''||||
|-
| ''[[Two Countries (2017 film)|Two Countries]]''||||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018|| ''[[Raju Gadu]]''||Gopi's assistant||
|-
| ''Soda Goli Soda''||||
|-
| ''[[Saakshyam]]'' || Soundarya's paternal uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Gangstars]]''|| P.K.R. || Web series
|-
| ''My Dear Marthand'' ||||
|-
|2019|| ''[[Raagala 24 Gantallo]]'' || Paul || also writer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[FCUK: Father Chitti Umaa Kaarthik]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nootokka Jillala Andagadu]]''
|God
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|Dhamaka]]''
|Diapers Company MD
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023
|''[[Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu]]''
| Haasini's prospective groom's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Bhale Unnade]]''
|Nagaraju
|
|-
|''[[Utsavam (2024 film)|Utsavam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Keshava Chandra Ramavath]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Mad Square]]''
| Judge
|
|-
|''[[Bakasura Restaurant]]''
|Hotel Manager
|
|-
|''[[Mowgli (2025 film)|Mowgli]]''
|John
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1223449}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagavaan, Krishna}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

M. R. Venkataraman

2026-04-30T02:17:20Z

Viktorikoa: Made A Entry

{{Short description|Indian Politician (1907–1985)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. R. Venkataraman
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Indian Parliament|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 1968
| term_end = 2 April 1974
| constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office1 = State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) — Tamil Nadu|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = 1964
| term_end1 = 1972
| preceded1 = ''Position established''
| succeeded1 = [[A. Balasubramaniam (politician)|A. Balasubramaniam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1907|08|20}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1985|05|23|1907|08|20}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| party = {{ubl|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964–1985)|[[Communist Party of India]] (1939–1964)}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Lawyer]]|[[Politician]]}}
}}

'''M. R. Venkataraman''' (20 August 1907 – 23 May 1985), was an Indian politician, communist leader, and pioneer of the communist movement in [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a founding member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and served as the first State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) — Tamil Nadu|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tamil Nadu]]. He also went in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1968 to 1974.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Jyoti |author-link=Jyoti Basu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqDaAAAAMAAJ&q=M.%20R.%20Venkataraman%20cpim |title=Documents of the Communist Movement in India |publisher=National Book Agency |year=1998 |isbn=9788176260329 |location=Kolkata |language=English}}</ref>

== Early life ==
M. R. Venkataraman was born on August 20, 1907, into a family of well-known social reformers in [[Coimbatore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]. His father, Ramaswamy Sivam, was the principal of the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore]] and a renowned [[agronomist]]. MRV received his early schooling at [[Coimbatore]] and attended college in [[Madras]]. After earning his law degree, he began practising in the [[Madras High Court]] under the nationalist barrister and disciple of [[Sri Aurobindo]], S. Doraiswamy Iyer, where he handled cases involving workers jailed during widespread strikes in 1935-40. He first met the communist leaders of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the early 1930s, when he was already an activist of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0" />

== Communist Movement before 1947 ==
M. R. Venkataraman was rapidly fascinated with [[Marxism]], [[Communism]], and the ideological ideals of the [[Communist Party of India]] and eventually joined the party in 1939. At the outbreak of the [[World War II]], MRV was arrested under the [[Defence of India Act, 1939|Defence of India Act]]. While he was under detention, his wife fell ill, and he was released on parole to see her. At the directives of the Party, which was then illegal, he jumped parole and went underground. He worked underground for about one and a half years before he was arrested and detained. During this period his wife died, leaving behind his only daughter, Bharathi. After being released from prison for his immense organisational power, he was elected as the State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India, Tamil Nadu]], in 1942.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=M. Fic |first=Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JL8EAAAAMAAJ&q=M.%20R.%20Venkataraman%20cpim |title=Kerala, Yenan of India: Rise of Communist Power, 1937-1969 |publisher=Nachiketa Publications |year=1970 |language=English}}</ref>

== Communist Movement after 1947 ==
After India gained independence in 1947, M. R. Venkataraman was again arrested and detained when the party was attacked in 1948-51, and he, along with co-prisoners like [[A. K. Gopalan]], narrowly escaped being killed when the police opened fire on the prisoners in the [[Cuddalore Central Prison]]. He was repeatedly imprisoned and had to remain underground; the duration of his total jail life was 11 years, and underground life three years.<ref name=":1" />

M. R. Venkataraman served as the State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India, Tamil Nadu]], until 1948, then he was again reappointed from 1952 to 1962, by which time the Party had become increasingly divided. Since being elected Secretary of the Tamil Nadu State Committee of the then-United CPI, he has devoted his entire time and energy to the critical task of educating and organising party cadres in Tamil Nadu. He also assisted the adjacent state committees and the party's central committee in the job of organising the party. During some of his period, he was also editor of the Tamil theoretical journal "[[Jana Sakthi]]".<ref name=":1" />

As a Marxist-Leninist by conviction, MRV was irreconcilable in the struggle against both right and left deviation. During the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], he stood firm against revisionism, which challenged [[Marxism-Leninism]], and joined other comrades in the struggle for Marxism-Leninism who walked out of the National Council, becoming a founding member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=":0" />

M. R. Venkataraman was elected to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) — Tamil Nadu|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tamil Nadu]], at the 7th Party Congress held in [[Calcutta]]. He was reelected to the Central Committee in every successive congress until 1982 and served as the State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) — Tamil Nadu|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tamil Nadu]], until his health deteriorated in 1972. For the next seven years, he was the party's Central Control Commission convenor. He also served as a [[Rajya Sabha]] Member for six years, from 1968 to 1974.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Manglik |first=Rohit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLUzEQAAQBAJ |title=Government and Politics of Tamil Nadu |publisher=EduGorilla Publication |year=2023 |isbn=9789368429890 |language=English}}</ref>

== Death ==
M. R. Venkataraman, suffering from a prolonged illness for years, died on May 23, 1985, in [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataraman, M.R.}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]

{{improve categories|date=August 2025}}

S. N. Narayanaswamy

2026-04-29T07:06:51Z

Viktorikoa: created new data

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''S. N. Narayanaswamy''' (born 1 June 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a three time member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bangarapet Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Kolar district]]. He represents the [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S N Narayanaswamy K M in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/s-n-narayanaswamy-k-m-bangarapet-candidate-s10a147c002/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/bangarapet-1139|title=Bangarapet Assembly Karnataka Election 2023 Results Live: Bangarapet constituency Results, Winner list and vote share|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2024-08-02}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Narayanaswamy is from [[Bangarapet]], Kolar district. His late father Muniyappa was a farmer. He completed his Bachelors degree in arts in 2021 at a college affiliated with [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Hyderabad Campus|Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]] (GITAM), Deemed to be University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.N. Narayanaswamy. K.M(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BANGARAPET (SC)(KOLAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7123 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Narayanaswamy won the [[Bangarapet Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 77,292 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[M. Mallesh Babu]] of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], by a margin of 4,711 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Bangarapet Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate S.n. Narayanaswamy. K.m Wins From Bangarapet |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kolar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601866 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-05 |title=Bangarapet Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/bangarapet-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99697853.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Bangarapet">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Bangarapet |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10147.htm?ac=147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519144240/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10147.htm?ac=147 |archive-date=19 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |ref=}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress from Bangarapet. He polled 71,570 votes and defeated his closest opponent, Em Narayanaswamy of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 28,377 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangarapet Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bangarapet-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Bangarapet 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/33980 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He retained the seat for the Congress in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 71,171 votes and defeated [[M. Mallesh Babu]] of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] by a margin of 21,871 votes. He won for the third time in 2023 election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=S N Narayanaswamy V in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/s-n-narayanaswamy-v-bangarapet-candidate-s10a147c001/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was named in the list as SN Narayanaswamy KM as another SN Narayanaswamy V, too contested the same election, as an independent.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=S N Narayanaswamy V , IND candidate bio : Assets , Total Income , Liabilities , Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/LokSabha2024/s-n-narayanaswamy-v-3032/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation (KUIDFC) on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanaswamy, S. N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Kolar district]]

Develothon

2026-04-27T20:16:29Z

Viktorikoa: starting initial data added tags

{{Infobox recurring event
|image = Innovas2 small.jpg
|name = Develothon
|begins = February - March
|ends = April
|frequency = Annual
|location = [[India]]
|first = 2010
|participants =
|genre = Skill Development
|patron = [[IBM]]
|website = [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da?lang=en Develothon]
|footnotes =
}}

{{Infobox company
|name = International Business Machines Corporation
|logo = [[Image:IBM logo.svg|100px|IBM logo]]
|type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Nyse|IBM}}
|founder = [[Thomas J. Watson]]
|foundation = [[Endicott, New York|Endicott]], New York (1896, incorporated 1911)
|location_city = [[Armonk, New York|Armonk]], New York, U.S.
|products = [[List of IBM products|See products listing]]
|homepage = [http://www.ibm.com/ IBM.com]
}}

'''Develothon''' is a developer skill marathon aimed at helping the software developer community in India develop skills in newer technology areas. The name Develothon is derived from combining 'developerWorks' and '[[Marathon]]'.

== Concept ==

Develothon 2010 was a pan-India road show integrated with the IBM developerWorks forum and focused on topics covered under the [[Smarter planet|Smarter Planet]] initiative. The program aimed to bring about active transformational learning through 40 [[Unconference]]s in 31 cities along with 40 technical briefings. Seventy five speakers delivered sessions chosen by the audience. In each city, the audience got a chance to vote speakers for the Top Speaker Trophy based on their presentation abstract and session delivery. It was conceived by [https://www.linkedin.com/in/himgoyal/ Himanshu Goyal] and his team including Kunal Dureja, Bharti Muthu, Prasanna Kumar, Apra Sahey, Dhirender Nirwani, Sarvanan Sekar, P Dasgupta, Anil Menon, Malathi Srinivasan, Pradeep Nair and many others at IBM.

In metro cities, the technical sessions with flexible agenda covered all of [[Smarter planet|Smarter Planet]] themes, while in Tier 2 and Tier 3 smaller cities of India, the program offered technical briefing sessions on [[emerging technology]] topics such as [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cloud/ Cloud Computing] and [[Web 2.0]]. The sessions also focused on key [[IBM Software Group]] technologies such as [[Rational Software|Rational]], [[IBM DB2|Information Management]], [[IBM WebSphere|WebSphere]], [[Lotus Software|Lotus]] and [[Tivoli Software|Tivoli]] in accordance with [[IBM Software Group|IBM]]'s [[Smarter planet|Smarter Planet Theme]] of [http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/it_infrastructure/ideas/index.html?re=spf Dynamic Infrastructure], [http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/productivity_management/ideas/index.html?re=spf Smart Work], [http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/business_analytics/visions/ New Intelligence] and [http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/embedded_systems/ideas/index.html?re=spf Smarter Products] based on local geographic needs.

== Limca Book of Records ==

Develothon has been awarded the [[Limca Book of Records]] award under Learning for delivering skill marathon covering 40 Live technical briefings in 31 cities. Skill Marathon happens in a relay format with each set of team members passing the baton on to another set of team members during the trip thus ensuring continuity across the complete 40 days of the journey.

== IBM developerWorks ==

[[File:DWlivelogo sm.jpg|thumb | 200px | left | developerWorks]]

Since 1999, IBM [https://www.ibm.com/developerWorks developerWorks] has been a key destination for IT professionals as a comprehensive source for technical content, trial code, and forums. [https://www.ibm.com/developerWorks developerWorks] continues to help software professionals stay ahead of the latest trends in open standards, develop new skills, solve problems, and work collaboratively with peers.

In addition to this, developerWorks offers an online community called [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community My developerWorks], which was created to help users build relationships with technical professionals who have similar interests.

The Develothon Program was plugged into developerWorks to enable developers and academia to learn both online and offline.
Some of the online learning aids from developerWorks that were available in the Develothon program were [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/downloads/im/cognosexpress/learn.html product trials], [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/kits/dataarchkit/index.html technology eKits], downloadable or cloud based [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/downloads/soasandbox/ sandboxes], [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/offers/techbriefings/details/cloudcomputing.html online briefings], [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/DB2/FREE+Book-+Getting+Started+with+DB2+Express-C free eBooks], training [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/training/skillkits.html SkillKits], [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/ Java Development Kit (JDK)] and [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/offers/techbriefings/details/cognos8.html online workshops].

Over 18,000 IT professionals were skilled in 2009 in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibm.com/news/in/en/2010/03/22/g642103y87816y77.html | title=IBM India News Room - Press Tools | website=[[IBM]] }}</ref>

== Develothon 2010 Itinerary ==

[[File:India-map-sep-14-v-3.jpg|thumb | 300px | right| Develothon Itinerary 2010]]

The program started on 22 March in Mumbai and passed through various Metro, tier II and III cities. After covering a distance of over 4598 kilometers across 12 cities from 11 states and connecting more than 5000 people, Develothon 2010 finally ended its journey back in Mumbai on 30 April.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ciol.com/Developer/News-Reports/IBM-Develothon-2010-concludes-in-Mumbai/135686/0/ |title=IBM Develothon 2010 concludes in Mumbai - CIOL News Reports |access-date=2010-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406050424/http://www.ciol.com/Developer/News-Reports/IBM-Develothon-2010-concludes-in-Mumbai/135686/0/ |archive-date=2012-04-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Venue
!City
|-
|March 22, 2010
|Sahara Star
|Mumbai
|-
|March 22, 2010
|Sinhgad Institute of Technology
|Lonavala
|-
|March 23, 2010
|O Hotel
|Pune
|-
|March 23, 2010
|Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
|Pune
|-
|March 25, 2010
|Gogte Institute of Technology
|Belgaum
|-
|March 26, 2010
|Hotel Fidalgo
|Goa
|-
|March 27, 2010
|BV Bhoomaraddi College of Engg. & Technology
|Hubli
|-
|March 29, 2010
|NMAM Institute of Technology
|Mangalore
|-
|March 30, 2010
|Hotel Royal Orchid
|Bangalore
|-
|March 30, 2010
|MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology
|Bangalore
|-
|March 31, 2010
|National Institute of Engineering
|Mysore
|-
|April 1, 2010
|Dayanand Sagar College of Engineering
|Bangalore
|-
|April 5, 2010
|Le Meridian
|Chennai
|-
|April 5, 2010
|RMK Engineering College
|Chennai
|-
|April 6, 2010
|Sri Venkateswera College
|Chitoor
|-
|April 6, 2010
|Sri Vidyaniketan Engineering College
|Tirupati
|-
|April 7, 2010
|Vignan University
|Guntur
|-
|April 8, 2010
|KL University
|Vijayawada
|-
|April 9, 2010
|Fortune Select Manohar
|Hyderabad
|-
|April 9, 2010
|Padmasri BV Raju Institute of Technology
|Hyderabad
|-
|April 12, 2010
|The Pride Hotel
|Nagpur
|-
|April 14, 2010
|[[Lemon Tree Hotel]]
|Indore
|-
|April 14, 2010
|Chameli Devi institute of Technology & Mgmt
|Indore
|-
|April 15, 2010
|Sagar Institute Of Research and Technology
|Bhopal
|-
|April 16, 2010
|Bundelkhand Institute of Engg and Technology
|Jhansi
|-
|April 16, 2010
|Indian Institute of Information Tech. & Mgmt.
|Gwalior
|-
|April 17, 2010
|BMAS Engineering College
|Agra
|-
|April 19, 2010
|ITC Sheraton
|Delhi
|-
|April 19, 2010
|JSS Academy of Technical Education
|Noida
|-
|April 20, 2010
|Fortune Select Global
|Gurgaon
|-
|April 21, 2010
|SKIT
|Jaipur
|-
|April 22, 2010
|KK Royal
|Jaipur
|-
|April 22, 2010
|Banasthali Vidyapith
|Banasthali
|-
|April 23, 2010
|Geetanjali Institute of Technical Studies
|Udaipur
|-
|April 23, 2010
|Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
|Gandhinagar
|-
|April 26, 2010
|The Grand Bhagwati
|Ahmedabad
|-
|April 26, 2010
|S V Institute of Computer Studies
|Kadi
|-
|April 26, 2010
|The Gateway Hotel
|Vadodara
|-
|April 27, 2010
|Dharamsingh Desai University
|Vadodara
|-
|April 30, 2010
|Sahara Star
|Mumbai
|}

== Webathon 2010 ==
Develothon continues its skill journey in a new online avatar called [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da Webathon 2010]. Spread across 10 days and delivered over the Internet, Webathon is a e-learning Skill Marathon providing daily virtual briefings on the 10 most vital software and emerging technology tracks. Webathon is on from Oct 19 - Nov 1 2010.

{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Sessions
|-
|19th Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=63da89e5-b80d-4477-9074-47ec2375fcfe Agile Development with Jazz & Rational Team Concert]
|-
|20th Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=ff78a96f-bf23-457e-befa-77f266844cbb Business Performance Management using IBM Cognos]
|-
|21st Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=7e2e8015-bf72-43b6-bacd-36565b67febc Developing Applications in the Cloud using WebSphere Application Server]
|-
|22nd Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=95afed22-32bc-48dd-b498-3b6d32fc7abc Developing next generation Web 2.0 applications in Lotus]
|-
|25th Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=63da89e5-b80d-4477-9074-47ec2375fcfe Greater confidence and improved business performance with software quality done right]
|-
|26th Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=48a78681-82cc-434f-9c78-3e9117bfd466 Integrated Service Management]
|-
|27th Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=f7f6a575-1fd3-481c-a710-0dd66af376e3 Industry Solutions from IBM]
|-
|28th Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=95afed22-32bc-48dd-b498-3b6d32fc7abc Unleash the Power of Web 2.0 with Websphere Portal]
|-
|29th Oct 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=63da89e5-b80d-4477-9074-47ec2375fcfe Model Driven Systems Development using Rhapsody]
|-
|1st Nov 2010
|[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=ff78a96f-bf23-457e-befa-77f266844cbb The Power of IBM DB2]
|}

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100411113309/http://picasaweb.google.com/develothon Develothon 2010 Photographs]
* [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=develothon&aq=f Develothon 2010 YouTube Videos]
* [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da/entry/develothon_at_indore46?lang=en_us Develothon in Indore ]
* [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da/entry/develothon_2010_ahmedabad14?lang=en_us Develothon in Ahmedabad ]
* [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da/entry/chennai_develothon5?lang=en_us Develothon in Chennai ]
* [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da/entry/an_ants_joureny_in_a_planet_called_ibm5?lang=en_us Develothon in Bangalore ]
* [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/blogs/96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da/entry/develothon_at_goa_on_march_26?lang=en_us Develothon in Goa ]
* [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks developerWorks ]
* [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da%20 developerWorks India ]
* [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/spaces/smarterplanet?ca=dth-sp Smarter Planet ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091124022855/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/spaces/cloud?ca=dth-cloud Cloud Computing ]
* [https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/html/communityview?communityUuid=96960515-2ea1-4391-8170-b0515d08e4da Webathon 2010]

{{IBM}}

[[Category:IBM]]

Kailash Nath Chaurasiya

2026-04-24T17:46:34Z

Viktorikoa: creating new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kailash Nath
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mirzapur Assembly constituency|Mirzapur]]
| term_end = 2017
| term_start = 2002
}}

'''Kailash Nath Chaurasiya''' is an Indian politician who was a member of the [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], the [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], and the [[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]. He is an assembly member of the [[Mirzapur Assembly constituency]] and a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kailash Nath Chaurasiya(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- MIRZAPUR(MIRZAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=677 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirzapur Election Result 2022 LIVE: Mirzapur MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mirzapur-assembly-elections-up-396/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirzapur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mirzapur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2007 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2007-election-results.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Amjad Ali (Assam politician)

2026-04-18T21:07:17Z

Viktorikoa: Added Some Biography Initial Version

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|other people with the same name|Amjad Ali (disambiguation){{!}}Amjad Ali}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amjad Ali
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| birth_name = Mohammad Amjad Ali
| image = Amjad Ali (Assamese politician).gif
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1903|09|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Goalpara]], [[Assam Province]] British India (now [[Assam]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[1st Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1957
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office = [[List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[2nd Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1962
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Goalpara East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goalpara East]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1937-46.html|title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1937-46|website=assamassembly.gov.in}}</ref>
| term_start2 = 1937
| term_end2 = 1945<ref name="loksabhaph.nic.in"/>
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| other_party =
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=MPAbdulKhaleque |number=1260162345386545152 |date = 12 May 2020 |title=Amjad Ali represented Dhubri Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
| father = Amiruddin Ahmed
| spouse = Nurjehan Begum
| children = 6
| alma_mater = Cotton College (now [[Cotton University]]) [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Mohammad Amjad Ali''' (born 26 September 1903, date of death unknown), commonly known as '''Amjad Ali''', was an Indian politician and lawyer of the [[Supreme Court of India]] who served [[List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha|parliament member]] twice collectively from 1952 to 1962, and represented [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri constituency]] after he was elected in the [[1st Lok Sabha|first]] and [[2nd Lok Sabha|second general election]]s. He was affiliated with the [[Praja Socialist Party]].

== Biography ==
He was born on 26 September 1903 in [[Goalpara]], [[Assam Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Assam]], India) to Maulvi Amiruddin Ahmed. He did his early schooling from Dhubri Zilla School, and later attended Cotton College (now [[Cotton University]]) and [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He served president of Goalpara District Students Conference for [[Abhayapuri]] in 1938, and later in 1939 president of Muslim Students Federation for [[Kamrup District]] until he was appointed president of [[All India Muslim Students Federation]] for [[Sylhet]] in 1944.<ref name="loksabhaph.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/590.htm|title=Members Bioprofile|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>

Amjad also served vice-president of [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League|Assam Provincial Muslim League]] (formerly member of the Socialist Party) from 1939 to 1941, and later member of Dacca University Court from 1939 to 1945 for Faculty of Arts and Law, member of [[University of Calcutta]] from 1943 to 1948. He later served in the Partially Excluded Areas Conference in 1940 and subsequently served at the member of the editorial board of the ''Daily English Man'' and ''Aligarh Daily Mail''. Prior to serving parliament member, he served member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from 1937 to 1945.{{sfn | ''ENTRANCEINDIA'' | 2018}}

As a writer, he wrote about [[Louis XIV]] and was awarded Ibn Khaldun Gold Medal for his publication.

== Personal life ==
He married Nurjehan Begum in November 1923, with whom he had three daughters and three sons.<ref name="loksabhaph.nic.in"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | title=Members : Lok Sabha | website=164.100.47.194 | date=2020-08-29 | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=2&search=A | ref={{sfnref | 164.100.47.194 | 2020}} | access-date=2020-08-29}}
* {{cite web | title=Shri Amjad Ali MP biodata Dhubri | website=ENTRANCEINDIA | date=2018-12-24 | url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-amjad-ali-member-of-parliament-mp-from-dhubri-assam-biodata/ | ref={{sfnref | ENTRANCEINDIA | 2018}} | access-date=2020-08-29}}
* {{cite web | title=Dhubri MP (Lok Sabha) Election Results 2019 Live: Candidate List, Constituency Map, Winner & Runner Up | website=www.oneindia.com | url=https://www.oneindia.com/dhubri-lok-sabha-election-result-32/ | ref={{sfnref | www.oneindia.com}} | access-date=2020-08-29}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Amjad}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1937–1946]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]

Nur Bai

2026-04-18T15:01:05Z

Viktorikoa:

{{Short description|Indian tawaif}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Nur Bai
| image = 18th century portrait depicting a tawaif.jpg
| caption = Portrait of a tawaif of Delhi, possibly Nur Bai. ca.18th century
| birth_place = 18th century, [[Delhi]], [[India]]
}}'''Nur Bai''' was an 18th-century Indian ''[[tawaif]]'' of [[Delhi]] and a favorite of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Muhammad Shah]].

== Life ==
Nur Bai was either born into a tawaif family or a family of ''[[domni]]'' status.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Art and culture: painting and perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-405-9 |editor-last=Qaisar |editor-first=Ahsan Jan |series=Annual series |location=New Delhi |editor-last2=Verma |editor-first2=Som Prakash}}</ref> Nur Bai was one of the wealthiest tawaifs in Delhi at the time. She had her own palatial ''[[haveli]]'' located in the [[Chawri Bazar]] and would ride on elephants flanked with [[Howdah|howdahs]], accompanied by her own soldiers, macebearers, and heralds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaicker |first=Abhishek |title=The king and the people: sovereignty and popular politics in Mughal Delhi |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-007067-0 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

She was said to have been of exceedingly sophisticated bearing and having the voice of a nightingale, and was known for her skill in conversation. The nobility sought her out heavily and spared no effort to gain her favor and good graces. One such noble man was Latif Khan, who was one of Nur Bai's most frequent patrons, and was particularly generous and overbearing. She would occasionally perform at his [[Mehfil|''mehfils'']] which were attended by other high ranking nobles, and was adamant on the following of etiquette and customs to be observed by the audience.<ref>Sohail, Sara (2018-11-01). [https://madrascourier.com/insight/nur-the-courtesan-the-koh-i-noor/]"Nur, The Courtesan, & The Koh-i-Noor | Madras Courier" Retrieved 2026-02-22.</ref>

== Mistress ==
[[File:Emperor Muhammad Shah playing Holi with the tawaif Gulab Bai.jpg|thumb|Emperor Muhammad Shah playing [[Holi]] with Gulab Bai, a prominent tawaif. (right). c.1737]]

The 13th Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah was a patron of the arts, and frequently enjoyed the company of tawaifs. The Empress, [[Qudsia Begum]], who hailed from a tawaif family, wielded considerable influence in the [[Mughal Harem|Imperial harem]].<ref>Khwaja, Sehar (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26530803]Khwaja, Sehar (2018). "Fosterage and Motherhood in the Mughal Harem: Intimate Relations and the Political System in Eighteenth-Century India" Social Scientist. 46 (5–6): 39–60. [[ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0970-0293]0970-0293</ref> Nur Bai was among the many tawaifs that were favoured by the emperor, who was given the sobriquet of "''Rangeela''" (lit. The colorful) for being a patron of the arts and for his love of merrymaking.<ref>[https://sufinama.org/poets/muhammad-shah-rangila/profile Muhammad Shah Rangila. Sufinama]</ref>

She remained the favorite of Muhammad Shah until Munavvar Khan, the bosom companion of the emperor, fell in love and eloped with her. He was punished for the capital crime of coveting the Emperor's favorite and it was with much difficulty that he was persuaded to spare his life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=G. S. |title=The forgotten mughals: a history of the later emperors of the House of Babar: (1707-1857) |date=2005 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-601-8 |edition=First paperback |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Role during the sack of Delhi ==
In May 1738, [[Nader Shah]], the founder of the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid Dynasty]] started a campaign in northern India and sacked the city of Delhi. In March 1739 he married his son, [[Morteza Mirza Afshar|Nasrollah Mirza]] to [[Iffat-un-Nissa Begum]], a princess of the Mughal dynasty and a niece of Emperor Muhammad Shah.<ref>Gupta, Hari Ram (1961) [2]''Mrathas and Panipat''. Punjab University. p. 325. [[OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/555222190]555222190</ref>. It was during this time that Nur Bai had caught the eye of the Shah, who instantly became enamored with her. He promised to take her back with him to Persia, with the offer of 4500 rupees.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/40372564/Muraqqa_e_Dehli_The_Mughal_Capital_in_Muhammad_Shah_s_Time]Muraqqa-e Dehli The Mughal Capital in Muhammad Shah’s Time</ref> However, Nur Bai refused.<ref>Bilkees I Latif (2010). ''Forgotten''. Penguin UK. [[ISBN]] [https://www.kobo.com/in/en/ebook/forgotten-72?srsltid=AfmBOoqgpMUgPL8AMXc5x7zQJ0PoKvdVTdjSNWFjzBC9I-hq4R_rAuJR]9789352141487</ref>

=== Legend ===
A month later after the occasion of the wedding of his son to Muhammad Shah's niece, Nader Shah held durbar in the Mughal court and promised Muhammad Shah to send forces from [[Kandahar]] if he ever needed help warring against the [[Marathas]] or any other threats, and placed the crown of [[Hindustan]] back on his head, reinstating him as emperor. It was during this instance of swapping turbans that, according to legend, Nader Shah had taken the ''[[Koh-i-Noor|Koh-I-Noor]]'' hidden within the turban of the emperor; the whereabouts of which were disclosed to him by Nur Bai. However, the legend only shows up in records of the 19th century, evidence that it is most likely nothing more than a myth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=Koh-i-Noor: the history of the world's most infamous diamond |last2=Anand |first2=Anita |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4088-8884-1 |location=London Oxford New York New Delhi Sydney}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Women from Delhi]]
[[Category:Mistresses]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:18th-century women landowners]]
[[Category:18th-century landowners]]

[[Category:18th-century Indian women singers]]

Sriparna Roy

2026-04-12T11:52:12Z

Viktorikoa: Page - done

{{Short description|Indian Bengali actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sriparna Roy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 4 June
| birth_place = [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012—present
| notable_works = ''Aanchol'' ''Aaj Aari Kaal Bhaab'' ''[[Kori Khela]]'' ''[[Om Namah Shivay (2018 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]'' ''[[Gaatchora]]''
}}
'''Sriparna Roy''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: শ্রীপর্ণা রায়) is an Indian actress who primarily works in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film and television industry. She is best known for her portrayal of Tushu in the television series ''Aanchol'', Piku in ''Aaj Aari Kaal Bhaab'', and Paramita in ''[[Kori Khela]]''. She made her film debut in 2017 with ''Nimki Fulki''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=2023-03-01 |title=মা মৃত্যুশয্যায়; মেকআপ মুখে, চিত্রনাট্য হাতে দর্শককে হাসাতে হয়েছিল শ্রীপর্ণাকে |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/this-is-what-actress-sriparna-roy-said-about-her-experience-of-acting-au44-759268.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-11 |title=মুখ্যচরিত্রে দুর্দান্ত অভিনয়ের পরেও কেন পার্শ্ব চরিত্রে? সত্যিটা জানালেন শ্রীপর্ণা |url=https://bongtrend.com/bengali-serial-actress-sriparna-roy-opens-up-about-working-in-side-role-sp |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Bong Trend - Bangla Entertainment News and Viral News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Roy began her acting career with the television series ''Aanchol'' in 2012. She later acted in several television serials, including ''Aaj Aari Kaal Bhaab'', [[Om Namah Shivay (2018 TV series)|''Om Namah Shivay'']], [[Netaji (TV series)|''Netaji'']], ''[[Gaatchora]]'', ''[[Kori Khela]]'', ''[[Mukut]]'', and ''Lokkhir Jhapi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ধারাবাহিক ‘মুকুট’ ছাড়া নিয়ে নানা জল্পনা, আসল কারণ কী? জানালেন শ্রীপর্ণা |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/actress-sriparna-roy-about-leaving-mukut-serial/pid/864376/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaatchora serial |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/audience-of-gaatchora-serial-couldnt-able-to-accept-the-new-track-of-the-serial-dgtl/cid/1443639 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251214232901/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/audience-of-gaatchora-serial-couldnt-able-to-accept-the-new-track-of-the-serial-dgtl/cid/1443639 |archive-date=2025-12-14 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref>

In addition to her acting career, Roy has also served as a [[television presenter]]. She hosted the [[Zee Bangla]] reality show ''[[Rannaghor]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=‘Kori Khela’ fame Sriparna Roy bags a new show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/kori-khela-fame-sriparna-roy-bags-a-new-show/articleshow/98380152.cms |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Roy made her big screen debut with the film ''Nimki Fulki'' in 2017. In 2019, she appeared in the films [[Kidnap (2019 film)|''Kidnap'']] and [[Tonic (film)|''Tonic'']] in 2021. In 2025, she acted in ''[[Projapati 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Television Actress: আগেও কাজ করেছেন দেবের সঙ্গে, 'প্রজাপতি ২'-তেও থাকছেন এই টেলি নায়িকা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/this-television-actress-working-in-projapati-2-with-dev-who-this-actress-entertainment-news-sum-1321656-2025-12-24 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
• '''All [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] are in [[Bengali language]], unless otherwise mentioned.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
|{{Refh}}
|-
|2012-2014
|''Aanchol''
|Tushu
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-28 |title=Tushu is a fan of Aamir Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tushu-is-a-fan-of-aamir-khan/articleshow/29493872.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2015-2016
|''Aaj Aari Kaal Bhaab''
|Piku
| Star Jalsha
|
|-
|2018
|[[Om Namah Shivay (2018 TV series)|''Om Namah Shivay'']]
|Parvati, Mahamaya, Annapoorna, Lalita Sundari, Kali
| Star Jalsha
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Om Namah Shivay |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/mahashivratri-2022-mythological-tv-shows-based-on-lord-shiva-3521543.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=নতুন রূপে মহাদেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/show-on-shiva-and-parvati-to-hit-tv-screens-1.810093 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240925093632/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/show-on-shiva-and-parvati-to-hit-tv-screens-1.810093 |archive-date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2026-02-18 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2019-2020
|[[Netaji (TV series)|''Netaji'']]
|Bibhabati Devi
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|
|-
|2021-2022
|''[[Kori Khela]]''
|Paramita
| Zee Bangla
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='কড়ি খেলা'-র মহাপর্ব ! পরী পারবে মা-ছেলেকে নিয়ে দূরে যেতে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/kori-khela-bengali-serial-mahaporbo-new-twists-check-out-upcoming-episode-details-271510-2021-04-02 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kori Khela: গ্রেফতার 'কড়ি খেলা'-র পারমিতা! নিজেকে নির্দোষ প্রমাণ করতে পারবে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/kori-khela-bengai-serial-episode-today-paramita-behind-bars-how-she-will-prove-herself-innocent-television-updates-soc-322104-2021-12-11 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Mukut]]''
|Dol Roy Chowdhury
| Zee Bangla
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-03-21 |title=Sriparna-Ananda on Mukut : লিড নয়, এবার পার্শ্বচরিত্রে জুটি বাঁধছেন আনন্দ-শ্রীপর্ণা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/videos/entertainment/sriparna-roy-and-ananda-ghosh-on-mukut/wb20230321192941594594635 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Gaatchora]]''
|Rukmini
| Star Jalsha
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=2023-06-26 |title=Sreeparna Roy: 'গাঁটছড়া' তে কি ফিরছে খড়ি? ঋদ্ধির জীবনে এবার কে? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/actress-sriparna-roy-is-coming-at-gatchora-check-out-what-she-has-said-about-it-845791.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2025-Present
|''Lokkhi Jhapi''
|Kashai
| Star Jalsha
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |title=Bengali Actress: দেড় বছরের দাম্পত্যে ইতি! বিচ্ছেদ গুঞ্জন এড়িয়ে ধারাবাহিকে কামব্যাক প্রসঙ্গে অকপট 'আঁচল' খ্যাত শ্রীপর্ণা |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sreeparna-roy-reacts-on-divorce-rumour-amid-comeback-in-star-jalsha-upcoming-mega-9441525 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Mahalaya ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref
|-
|2019
|''12 Maashe 12 Roope Debibaran''
|Devi Gandheswari
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |title=বাংলার বারো মাসে দেবীর ১২টি রূপ, জেনে নিন মহালয়া অনুষ্ঠানের আগেই |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-mahalaya-to-feature-12-avatars-of-mahashakti-worshipped-in-12-months-in-bengal-143614/}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Nana Roope Mahamaya''
|Devi Gandheswari
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |title=Mahalaya 2021 on Television: মহালয়ায় আদ্যাশক্তি শুভশ্রী! মিঠাই -অপু -শ্যামাদের দেখা যাবে দেবীর কোন রূপে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/mahalaya-2021-television-subhashree-ganguly-mithai-apu-jamuna-krishnokoli-and-other-leading-television-actresses-different-avatars-devi-durga-nanarupe-mahamaya-program-year-durga-puja-2021-soc-299899-2021-09-23-1}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Noborupe Debi Durga''
|Devi Parvati
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|
|}

=== Films ===
• '''All films are in [[Bengali language]], unless otherwise mentioned.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!{{Refh}}
|-
|2017
|''Nimki Fulki''
|Fulki
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=দুই বোনের গপ্পো |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/story-of-two-sister-in-small-screen-1.588066 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251112150947/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/story-of-two-sister-in-small-screen-1.588066 |archive-date=2025-11-12 |access-date=2026-02-18 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Kidnap (2019 film)|''Kidnap'']]
|Trisha Bose
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=চৌধুরী |first=মধুমন্তী পৈত |title=অ্যাকশনেও তরি ভিড়ল না |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-bengali-movie-named-kidnap-1.1001513 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221031192342/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-bengali-movie-named-kidnap-1.1001513 |archive-date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2026-02-18 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Tonic (film)|''Tonic'']]
|Neha
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tonic film |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-film-tonic/cid/1320317 |website=anandabazar.com}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Projapati 2]]''
|Bhajahari's sister
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=দে |first=সুস্মিতা |date=2025-12-23 |title=‘শ্রীপর্ণা তো লাকি চার্ম...’, দেবের মুখে এ কথা শুনে কী প্রতিক্রিয়া অভিনেত্রীর? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/actress-sriparna-roys-reaction-after-dev-called-her-lucky-charms-for-his-film-projapati-2/200454464.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Bike Ambulance Dada''
|TBA
|
|}

=== Reality shows ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Ref
|-
|2023
|''[[Rannaghor]]''
|Host
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Didi No. 1|Didi no. 1]]''
|Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sriparna Roy's comeback after marriage |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/sriparna-roy-s-comeback-after-marriage-136476 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn-IN}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Category
!Role
!Show
|-
|2013
|''Star Jalsha Parivar Awards''
| Cholo Paltai Award
| Tushu
| ''Anchol''
|-
|2020
|''Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards''
| Priyo Soho-Obhinetri
| Bibhaboti Devi
| [[Netaji (TV series)|''Netaji'']]
|-
|2021
|''Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards''
| Notun Sodossya
| rowspan="2" | Paromita
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kori Khela]]''
|-
|2022
|''Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards''
| Priyo Maa
|-
|2025
|''Telly Academy Awards''
| Priyo Nonod
|Kashai
| rowspan="3" | ''Lokkhi Jhanpi''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
| rowspan="2" |''Star Jalsha Parivaar Awards''
| Priyo Nonod
|Kashai
|-
| Priyo Misti Somporko
| Kashai-Jhanpi
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Sriparna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Govind Dholakia

2026-04-09T08:41:45Z

Viktorikoa: starting first article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian businessman and politician (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Govind_Dholakia.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|11|01|df=yes}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Businessman, politician
| birth_place = [[Dudhala]], Gujarat, India
| parents = Laljibhai Dholakia, Santokbaa Dholakia
| spouse = Champaben Dholakia
| siblings =
| children = 3
| nickname = "Kaka"
| predecessor = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| known_for = ''[[Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals]]'' by [[Penguin Random House]]
| caption = Dholakia in 2011
}}

'''Govindbhai Laljibhai Dholakia''' (born 1 November 1949) is an Indian businessman and politician. He has been serving as a [[Member of Rajya Sabha]] from [[Gujarat]] since April 2024, representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Arushi |date=2024-02-15 |title=Rajya Sabha elections: Surat diamond merchant Govind Dholakia richest among four BJP candidates |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/rajya-sabha-elections-surat-diamond-merchant-govind-dholakia-richest-among-four-bjp-candidates-2024-02-15-917096 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Rajya Sabha Elections 2024: Full list of winners in polls to 56 Upper House seats |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-elections-2024-full-list-of-winners-in-polls-to-56-upper-house-seats/3406893/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dholakia was born in [[Leva Patel|Leuva Patidar]] Family in [[Dudhala]], Lathi taluka, [[Amreli]] district, Gujarat, into a farming family. He later moved to [[Surat]] in 1964 to support his family.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-14 |title=Who Is Govindbhai Dholakia? Know All About Surat-Based Diamond Merchant Nominated by BJP As Rajya Sabha Member - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/who-is-govindbhai-dholakia-know-all-about-surat-based-diamond-merchant-nominated-by-bjp-as-rajya-a517/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitnis |first=Purva |date=2024-02-15 |title=Diamond merchant who donated 'generously' to Ram temple — who is BJP's RS nominee Govindbhai Dholakia |url=https://theprint.in/politics/diamond-merchant-who-donated-generously-to-ram-temple-who-is-bjps-rs-nominee-govindbhai-dholakia/1966949/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Dholakia is the founder of Shree Ramkrishna Exports Private Limited, a diamond export enterprise based in Surat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shree Ramkrishna Exports Emerges As 2022 Hurun Most Respected Family Business Of The Year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shree-ramkrishna-exports-emerges-as-2022-hurun-most-respected-family-business-of-the-year/articleshow/97605551.cms|access-date=2023-02-04|website=Times of India| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dholakia |first=Govind |date=2022-05-06 |title=How diamond tycoon Govind Dholakia made his first ever trade at the age of twenty-two |url=https://scroll.in/article/1023326/how-diamond-tycoon-govind-dholakia-made-his-first-ever-trade-at-the-age-of-twenty-two |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, he was elected as the [[Rajya Sabha]] member representing [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-02-20 |title=J.P. Nadda, three other BJP candidates elected to Rajya Sabha unopposed from Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jp-nadda-three-other-bjp-candidates-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unopposed-from-gujarat/article67868240.ece |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govindbhai Laljibhai Dholakia(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):(GUJARAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=1057 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
In 2021, he donated {{INRConvert|11|c|lk=on}} to the construction of the Ayodhya [[Ram Mandir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diamond trader from Surat donates Rs 11 crore for Ram temple construction in Ayodhya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/diamond-trader-govindbhai-dholakia-surat-donates-rs-11-crore-ram-temple-construction-ayodhya-1759375-2021-01-15 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=India Today |date=15 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Dholakia oversaw the transition of his hometown, Dudhala, to solar energy through the corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives of his company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dudhala in Gujarat to become first village to be completely solarised by a foundation |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/dudhala-in-gujarat-to-become-first-village-to-be-completely-solarised-by-a-foundation/89912281 |website=Energy Economic Times |date=2022-02-19 |access-date=2024-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amreli's Dudhala to be India's first solar-powered village, a gift from businessman Govind Dholakia to his hometown |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/amreli/news/amrelis-dudhala-to-be-indias-first-solar-powered-village-a-gift-from-businessman-govind-dholakia-to-his-hometown-129863669.html |website=Divya Bhaskar |date=2022-02-19 |access-date=2024-03-22}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2017, Govind received the Leadership Award from the [[U.S. Green Building Council]] (USGBC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/usgbc-announces-2017-leadership-award-recipients|title=USGBC announces 2017 Leadership Awards |website=usgbc.org|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

==In media==
===Books===
* {{cite book |last1= Tiwari|first1=Arun |author-link1=Arun Tiwari|last2=Yagnik |first2=Kamlesh |date=2022 |title=Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals|title-link=Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals |language=English |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=9789391149895}}

=== Shows ===

* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/brands-of-tomorrow/1260147774 Brands of Tomorrow], Season 2 on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brands of Tomorrow on Disney Hotstar {{!}} brands of tomorrow india |url=https://www.brandsoftomorrow.in |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=BOT.live |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dholakia, Govind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:1949 births]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Prayagraj Duronto Express

2026-04-07T17:12:24Z

Viktorikoa:

{{short description|Train in India }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 80FF00
| name = Mumbai LTT - Prayagraj Jn AC ''Duronto Express''
| logo =
| image = Prayagraj duronto express.jpg
| caption = Mumbai LTT - Prayagraj Duronto Express Arrived At [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]]
| type = [[Duronto Express]]
| locale =
| first = 11 March 2012
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
| stops = 4
| end = [[Prayagraj Junction]]
| distance = {{convert|1348|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 19h 10m
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation = Rake sharing with 22115/22116 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Karmali AC Superfast Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = Broad Gauge – {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12293 / 12294
| speed = 70.33 km/h (Average) <ref name=coaches/>
| map = {{Mumbai LTT-Prayagraj AC Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Prayagraj ''Duronto Express''''', also known as '''LTT–Prayagraj ''Duronto Express''''' is a [[Duronto Express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] (LTT) to [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]] (PRYG). It is the forty-fourth fastest-running train in India and the fastest train between [[Mumbai]] and [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.iitd.ac.in/~sumeet/ft.html|title=Fastest trains in India|website=Web.iitd.ac.in|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref> It is currently being operated with 12293 / 12294 train numbers.<ref name=explore>{{cite web|title=Lokmanyatilak Allahabad Duronto Express|url=https://www.exploreindia.in/lokmanyatilak-allahabad-duronto-express.htm|publisher=Explore India|accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref>

==Train details==
[[File:12293 Duronto Express Coach H1.JPG|thumb|right|12293 Duronto Express Coach H1 in 3 languages]]
This train had its inaugural run on 11 March 2012 as train number 01093 from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to Prayagraj Junction. Regular services commenced on 13 March 2012 as train no. 12294 & on 16 March 2012 as train no. 12293. It is a fully AC train & previously it used refurbished [[ICF coach|ICF]] [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani Coaches]].
[[File:WDM 3A with 12293 Duronto Express.JPG|thumb|[[WDM-3A]] with 12293 Duronto Express at [[Madan Mahal railway station|Madan Mahal station]]]]
[[File:WCAM 3 with 12294 Duronto Express.JPG|thumb|[[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]] with 12294 Duronto Express at {{stnlnk|Niphad}}]]

==Technical stoppages==
Being a Duronto Express train, it had no commercial halts between its terminal stops. However, later many of its technical halts are converted into commercial halts because of low response to Duronto Express trains. This train (12293) has 4 commercial halts & 3 technical halts, at {{stnlnk|Kasara}}, {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Satna}}. It takes 7 minutes at Kasara for addition of banker engine for the run through the ghats, Igatpuri of about 5 minutes for the removal of bankers, at Bhusaval of about 5 minutes for crew change, Itarsi for 20 minutes for locomotive change, Satna Junction for 10 mins for breakfast pick up.

'''12293 Down Mumbai LTT–Prayagraj AC Duronto Express'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| valign="top" | LTT
| valign="top" | Lokmanya Tilak Terminus
| valign="top" | Starting station
| valign="top" | Monday, Friday
|-
| valign="top" | PRYJ
| valign="top" | Prayagraj Junction
| valign="top" | Tuesday, Saturday
| valign="top" | Arrival station
|}

'''12294 UP Prayagraj–Mumbai LTT AC Duronto Express'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| valign="top" | PRYJ
| valign="top" | Prayagraj Junction
| valign="top" | Starting station
| valign="top" | Tuesday, Saturday
|-

| valign="top" | LTT
| valign="top" | Lokmanya Tilak Terminus
| valign="top" | Sunday, Wednesday
| valign="top" | Arrival station
|}

==Coaches==
The Mumbai–Prayagraj Duronto Express has one AC 1st Class coach, three AC 2 tier class coaches, one pantry cars, two luggage-cum-generator coaches & up to eight AC 3 tier coaches taking the total up to 15 coaches.<ref name=coaches>{{cite web|title=Coach composition|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-allahabad-ac-duronto-express-12293-ltt-to-ald/17083/466/455|publisher=Indian Railways|accessdate=21 June 2014}}</ref>
[[File:12294 Allahabad Duronto Express passing Kalyan Junction.jpg|thumb|12294 Allahabad Duronto Express passing {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Lightgreen;"| 15
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]||EOG|| B8|| B7|| B6 || B5|| B4|| B3|| B2|| B1|| PC|| H1|| A3|| A2|| A1||EOG
|-
|}

12294 is the reverse composition of the above 12293.
'''B'''- Three Tier AC Sleeper (Third AC), '''A'''- Two Tier AC Sleeper (Second AC), '''H'''- AC First class cabins (First AC), '''PC'''-Pantry (Hot buffet) car, '''EOG/GV'''-Generator van cum Guard van

== Traction ==
Now the route is fully electrified, a [[WAP-7]] from the [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni]] hauls the train from [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] to [[Prayagraj Junction]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Duronto Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Allahabad Duronto Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Trains from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]

List of governors of the Bombay Presidency

2026-04-01T08:08:31Z

Viktorikoa: Made A Stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
Until the 18th century, [[Bombay]] consisted of [[Seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]] separated by shallow sea. These seven islands were part of a larger archipelago in the Arabian sea, off the western coast of India. The date of city's founding is unclear—historians trace back urban settlement to the late 17th century after the British secured the seven islands from the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] to establish a secure base in the region. The islands provided the British with a sheltered harbour for trade, in addition to a relatively sequestered location that reduced the chances of land-based attacks. Over the next two centuries, the British dominated the region, first securing the archipelago from the Portuguese, and later defeating the [[Marathas]] to secure the hinterland.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html
|title=Bombay: History of a City
|publisher=The British Library
|access-date=8 November 2008}}</ref>

[[Bombay Presidency]] was one of the three Presidencies of [[British India]]; the other two being [[Madras Presidency]], and [[Bengal Presidency]]. It was in the centre-west of the [[Indian subcontinent]] on the [[Arabian Sea]]. It was bordered to the north-west, north, and north-east by [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan province]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab province]], and [[Rajputana Agency]]; to the east by [[Central India Agency]], the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] and [[Hyderabad State]]; and to the south by Madras Presidency and [[Mysore State]]. The Presidency was established in the late 17th century and named after Bombay, the capital city and the island on which it was built. By 1906, the area under the jurisdiction of Bombay Presidency stretched from [[North Canara]] in the south to [[Sindh]] in the north, encompassing the now-Pakistani province of Sindh, some parts of the present-day state of [[Gujarat]], northwestern part of [[Karnataka]] state, the British [[Aden protectorate]] in Yemen, and the western two-thirds of modern-day Maharashtra.<ref name="bp2"/><ref name="d">{{harvnb|Dupont|2001|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=pCX660FA5wMC 563]|Ref=dup}}</ref>

During British rule, a Governor was the chief administrative and political officer of Bombay. The executive Government of the Presidency was administered by the Governor. He had the same power and right in the Presidency as the [[Governor-General of India]], and observed the same order and course in their proceedings.<ref name="law364">{{harvnb|The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law|1835|loc=p. 364, § 59|Ref=law}}</ref> Governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies, who were appointed by the [[East India Company]] before 1858 and the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Crown]] subsequently, were the most important officials after the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]].<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxcJ1ACY_74C
|last=Collier
|first=Price
|title=The West in the East from an American Point of View
|date=January 1999
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rxcJ1ACY_74C 61]
|isbn=978-0-543-91758-4
|access-date=25 December 2008}}</ref> [[Bombay Castle]] was the official residence of the governor of Bombay until the 1770s, when it was moved to [[Parel]]; a century later, in 1883, it was moved to [[Raj Bhavan, Mumbai|Malabar Hill]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/history/history_castle.htm
|title=Bombay Castle
|access-date=7 November 2008
|publisher=[[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923135336/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/history/history_castle.htm
|archive-date=23 September 2008
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/history/history_sans.htm
|title = Sans Pareil
|access-date = 5 January 2009
|publisher = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090210132032/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/history/history_sans.htm
|archive-date = 10 February 2009
}}</ref>

[[Abraham Shipman]] was appointed the first Royal Governor of Bombay in 1662. Beginning in 1668, Charles II leased the islands to the [[East India Company]]—[[George Oxenden (governor)|George Oxenden]] was appointed the first Company Governor of Bombay on 23 September 1668. In 1687, the Company relocated its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Bombay.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/currsci/66/00000966.pdf
|title=Shipbuilding at Bombay
|author=R. K. Kochhar
|journal=[[Current Science]]
|volume=66
|series=12
|date=25 June 1994
|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]
|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 297 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
|postscript=.}} Retrieved on 9 November 2008.</ref> In 1858, the British Crown took formal repossession of the territory after the company was disbanded. After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence in 1947]], the territory was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile [[princely state]]s that acceded to the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State. [[Raja Maharaj Singh]] was the first Indian Governor of Bombay after independence. On 1 May 1960, Bombay State was restructured on linguistic lines—[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas were partitioned into the state of Gujarat, and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of Bombay State, Central Provinces and Berar, and [[Hyderabad State]] were integrated as the state of Maharashtra. The last person to hold the title of "Governor of Bombay" was [[Sri Prakasa]] in 1960.

==Royal governors (1662–1668)==
[[File:King Charles II by John Michael Wright or studio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charles II of England]], who received Bombay as part of his dowry]]
The marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]] that concluded on 8 May 1661 incorporated Bombay into the [[English overseas possessions|English colonial empire]]- the territory was part of Catherine's [[dowry]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461
|title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)
|date=12 October 2004
|publisher=[[BBC]]
|access-date=5 November 2008}}</ref> On 19 March 1662, [[Abraham Shipman]] was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September and October 1662. On being asked to hand over [[Isle of Bombay|Bombay]] and [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] to the English, the Portuguese governor contended that the [[Bombay Island]] alone had been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give up even Bombay Island. The [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Portuguese Viceroy]] declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. He was forced to retire to the island of [[Anjadip Island, Karnataka|Anjediva]] in [[North Canara]] and died there in October 1664. In November 1664, Shipman's successor [[Humphrey Cooke]] agreed to accept Bombay Island without its dependencies.<ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/histroy_portuguese.html#1 Portuguese (1500–1670)]|Ref=tnad}}</ref> The first four governors held Bombay for the Crown.<ref name="i125">{{harvnb|The India List and India Office List|1905|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ 125]|Ref=in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! class="unsortable" | Assumed office
! class="unsortable" | Left office
!Years in office
! class="unsortable" | Remarks{{Ref label|a|a|none}}
|-
|1
|[[Abraham Shipman]]
|19 March 1662
|October 1664
|2
|
|-
|2
|[[Humphrey Cooke]]
|February 1665
|5 November 1666
|1
|Acting
|-
|3
|[[Gervase Lucas]]
|5 November 1666
|21 May 1667
|1
|
|-
|4
|[[Captain Henry Gary|Henry Gary]]
|22 May 1667
|23 September 1668
|1
|Acting
|}
'''Sources''': ''The India List and India Office List''<ref name="i125"/> and '' Origin of Bombay''<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 323]|Ref=ger}}</ref>

==Company governors (1668–1862)==
[[File:British dominion of India(1783).jpg|thumb|right|Map of India showing Bombay as a British possession (c. 1783)]]
[[File:India 1804 map.jpg|thumb|right|Map of India (c. 1804)]]
[[File:Bombay Presidency (1832).jpg|thumb|right|Bombay Presidency in 1832]]
[[File:Wall Plaque of Governors of Bombay 1665 to1846.jpg|thumb|Wall Plaque of Governors of Bombay from 1665 to 1846, installed at Ball room at Lok Bhawan, Mumbai.]]
[[File:Wall Plaque of Governors of Bombay from 1846 to 1960.jpg|thumb|Wall Plaque of Governors of Bombay from 1846 to 1960.]]
On 21 September 1668, the [[Royal Charter of 27 March 1668]] led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the English [[East India Company]] for an annual rent of [[Pound sterling|£]]10 (equivalent [[Retail Price Index (United Kingdom)|retail price index]] of £1,226 in 2007).<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXhCAAAAIAAJ
|last=Anderson
|first=Philip
|title=The English in Western India
|publisher=Smith and Taylor
|isbn=978-0-7661-8695-8
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vXhCAAAAIAAJ 55]
|year=1854
|access-date=18 August 2008}}</ref> The islands were handed over to the company on 23 September 1668. Upon the transfer, Bombay was made subordinate to the company's settlement in [[Surat]].<ref name="bmb"/> During 1668–87, the Governors of Bombay, who were also presidents of Surat Council, spent most of their time in Surat. During this time, Bombay was administered by a [[Deputy Governor]].<ref name="i125"/>

In 1687, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay, which had become the administrative centre of all the west coast settlements.<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ
|last=Carsten
|first= F. L.
|title=The New Cambridge Modern History (Volume V: The ascendancy of France 1648–88)
|volume=V
|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive
|isbn=978-0-521-04544-5
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Surat+Bombay&pg=PA426 427]
|year=1961
|access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India.<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW0DAAAAQAAJ
|last=Hughes
|first=William
|title=The geography of British history
|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NW0DAAAAQAAJ 227]
|year=1863
|access-date=15 January 2009}}</ref> However, the onset of plague and cholera delayed implementation, and the headquarters was not actually moved to Bombay until 1708.<ref name="bmb"/> During the Governorships of [[John Gayer (died 1711)|John Gayer]], Sir [[Nicholas Waite]], and [[William Aislabie (governor)|William Aislabie]] (1694–1715), the Bombay governors also held the title of "General".<ref name="i125"/><ref name="i126">{{harvnb|The India List and India Office List|1905|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ 126]|Ref=in}}</ref> Their main title, meanwhile, continued to be "President", with governor of Bombay being a supplementary title and role.

During the 18th century, the [[Maratha Empire]] expanded rapidly, claiming [[Konkan]] and much of eastern [[Gujarat]] from the disintegrating [[Mughal Empire]]. In western Gujarat, including [[Kathiawar]] and [[Kutch]], the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. In 1737, [[Salsette]] was captured by [[Baji Rao I]] of the Maratha Empire from the Portuguese, and the Portuguese province of [[Vasai|Bassein]] was ceded to the Marathas in 1739.<ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/histroy_marathas.html#1 The Marathas]|Ref=tnad}}</ref> The growth of the Bengal provinces soon undermined Bombay's supremacy. In 1753, Bombay was made subordinate to [[Calcutta]]. Thereafter, Bengal always maintained much greater importance relative to Madras and Bombay.<ref name="bmb"/> [[Bankot]] (Fort Victoria) in Konkan was incorporated into Bombay Presidency in 1756.<ref>{{harvnb|Ratnagiri and Savantvadi District Gazetteer|1996|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Ratnagiri/ratnagiri/justice1.html Justice]|Ref=rat}}</ref> The [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] began with the [[Treaty of Surat]], which was signed on 6 March 1775, between [[Raghunathrao]] of the Maratha Empire and the British. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded Salsette and Bassein to the British. The war ended when Salsette, [[Elephanta Island|Elephanta]], [[Hog Island, Mumbai|Hog Island]], and [[Karanja, Raigad|Karanja]] were formally ceded to the British by the [[Treaty of Salbai]], signed on 17 May 1782. These territories were incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. Also according to the treaty, Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao, while [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]] was ceded to the Maratha ruler [[Scindia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Thana District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/land_acquisition.html#1 Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 1774–1817]|Ref=tnad}}</ref> The British annexed Surat on 15 May 1800.<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC
|last=Kalia
|first=Ravi
|title=Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India
|publisher=University of South Carolina Press
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC&dq=The+British+annexed+Surat+in+1800&pg=PA16 16]
|isbn=978-1-57003-544-9
|year=2004
|access-date=15 January 2009}}</ref> The British received the districts of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmadabad]], [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]] and [[Kheda district|Kaira]] in 1803 after British victory in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqui|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDrdP6sikC 18]|Ref=amr}}</ref>

The framework of the Presidency formed between 1803 and 1827. The districts of Ahmadabad, Bharuch, and Kaira in Gujarat were taken over by the Bombay Government in 1805 and enlarged in 1818. The numerous small states of [[Kathiawar]] and [[Mahikantha]] were organised into [[princely state]]s under British suzerainty between 1807 and 1820.<ref name="d"/> [[Baji Rao II]], the last of the Maratha [[Peshwa]]s, was defeated by the British in the [[Battle of Khadki|Battle of Kirkee]], which took place near Poona in the Deccan on 5 November 1817.<ref>{{Citation| last=Naravane| first=M.S.| title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company| publisher=APH Publishing|year=2006| pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PP80 80–1]| isbn=978-81-313-0034-3}}</ref> Following his defeat, the whole of the Deccan (except [[Satara State|Satara]] and [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]]), and certain parts of Gujarat, were included in the Presidency.<ref>{{harvnb|Ahmadnagar District Gazetteer|1976|loc=[http://www.ahmednagar.nic.in/gazetteer/his_maratha.html Maratha Period]|Ref=ahm}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cox|1887|pp=257–261|Ref=cox}}</ref> The districts included were [[Khandesh]], [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwar]], [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]], [[Kolaba district|Kolaba]] (except [[Alibag]] [[taluka]]), [[Pune district|Poona]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmadnagar]], [[Nasik district|Nasik]].<ref name="camb"/> [[Aden]] was incorporated in 1839.<ref name="dnb"/> Alibag taluka was annexed in 1840 and added to the Presidency.<ref>{{harvnb|Cox|1887|pp=320, 321|Ref=cox}}</ref> [[Sind Division|Sind]] province, which included the districts of [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad District (Pakistan)|Hyderabad]], [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]], [[Thar and Parkar]], and [[Upper Sind Frontier District|Upper Sind Frontier]], were annexed in 1847.<ref name="sind"/> In 1848, the districts of [[Satara district|Satara]] and [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] were added to the Presidency.<ref name="camb"/> In 1853, [[Panchmahal district|Panch Mahal]]s in Gujarat was leased from the [[Scindia]]s.<ref name="d"/> The [[Kanara|Canara]] district, which was under Madras Presidency, was bifurcated into [[North Canara]] and [[South Canara]] in 1860. South Canara remained under Madras Presidency, while North Canara was transferred to Bombay Presidency in 1861.<ref name="camb">{{harvnb|Dodwell|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KIM8AAAAIAAJ 59]|Ref=cam}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cox|1887|p=195|Ref=cox}}</ref> Between 1818 and 1858, certain princely states like [[Mandvi]] in Surat and some in Satara were [[Doctrine of lapse|lapsed]] to the Presidency.<ref name="camb"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! class="unsortable" | Portrait
! class="unsortable" | Assumed office
! class="unsortable" | Left office
!Years in office
! class="unsortable" | Remarks{{Ref label|a|a|none}}
|-
|1
|[[George Oxenden (governor)|George Oxenden]]
|
|23 September 1668
|14 July 1669
|1
|
|-
|2
|[[Gerald Aungier]]
|
|14 July 1669
|30 June 1677
|8
|
|-
|3
|[[Sir Henry Oxenden, 3rd Baronet|Henry Oxenden]]
|[[File:Portrait of Sir Henry Oxenden, 3rd Bt. (by John Riley).jpg|100px]]
|30 June 1677
|27 October 1681
|4
|
|-
|4
|[[Sir John Child, 1st Baronet|John Child]]
|
|27 October 1681
|4 February 1690
|8
|
|-
|5
|[[Captain Richard Kergwin|Richard Keigwin]]{{Ref label|b|b|none}}
|
|27 December 1683
|19 November 1684
|1
|Unofficial
|-
|6
|[[Bartholomew Harris]]
|
|4 February 1690
|10 May 1694
|4
|
|-
|7
|[[Daniel Annesley]]
|
|10 May 1694
|17 May 1694
|
|Acting
|-
|8
|[[John Gayer (died 1711)|John Gayer]]
|
|17 May 1694
|November 1704
|10
|
|-
|9
|[[Sir Nicholas Waite|Nicholas Waite]]
|
|November 1704
|September 1708
|4
|
|-
|10
|[[William Aislabie (governor)|William Aislabie]]
|
|September 1708
|11 October 1715
|7
|
|-
|11
|[[Stephen Strutt]]
|
|11 October 1715
|26 December 1715
|
|Acting
|-
|12
|[[Charles Boone (governor)|Charles Boone]]
|
|26 December 1715
|9 January 1722
|7
|
|-
|13
|[[William Phipps (Governor of Bombay)|William Phipps]]
|
|9 January 1722
|10 January 1729
|7
|
|-
|14
|[[Robert Cowan (governor)|Robert Cowan]]
|
|10 January 1729
|22 September 1734
|5
|
|-
|15
|[[John Horne (Governor of Bombay)|John Horne]]
|
|22 September 1734
|7 April 1739
|5
|
|-
|16
|[[Stephen Law (Governor of Bombay)|Stephen Law]]
|
|7 April 1739
|15 November 1742
|3
|
|-
|17
|[[John Geekie]]
|
|15 November 1742
|26 November 1742
|
|Acting
|-
|18
|[[William Wake (governor)|William Wake]]
|
|26 November 1742
|17 November 1750
|8
|
|-
|19
|[[Richard Bourchier]]
|
|17 November 1750
|1760
|10
|
|-
|20
|Sir [[John Holkell]]
|
|1760
|28 February 1760
|
|Acting
|-
|21
|[[Charles Crommelin]]
|
|28 February 1760
|27 January 1767
|7
|
|-
|22
|[[Thomas Hodges (Governor of Bombay)|Thomas Hodges]]
|
|27 January 1767
|23 February 1771
|4
|
|-
|23
|[[William Hornby (governor)|William Hornby]]
|
|26 February 1771
|1 January 1784
|13
|
|-
|24
|[[Rawson Hart Boddam]]
|
|1 January 1784
|9 January 1788
|4
|
|-
|25
|[[Andrew Ramsay (governor)|Andrew Ramsay]]
|
|9 January 1788
|6 September 1788
|1
|Acting
|-
|26
|[[William Medows]]
|[[File:Robert home, ritratto di william medows, governatore del forte di san giorgio nel 1790-92 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|6 September 1788
|21 January 1790
|2
|
|-
|27
|[[Robert Abercromby of Airthrey|Robert Abercromby]]
|[[File:George Romney - Colonel Robert Abercrombie - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
|21 January 1790
|26 November 1792
|2
|
|-
|28
|[[George Dick (Governor of Bombay)|George Dick]]
|
|26 November 1792
|9 November 1795
|3
|Acting
|-
|29
|[[John Griffith (Governor of Bombay)|John Griffith]]
|
|9 November 1795
|27 December 1795
|
|Acting
|-
|30
|[[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]]
|[[File:Jonathan Duncan (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|27 December 1795
|11 August 1811
|16
|
|-
|31
|[[George Brown (Governor of Bombay)|George Brown]]
|
|11 August 1811
|12 August 1812
|1
|Acting
|-
|32
|[[Evan Nepean|Sir Evan Nepean, 1st Baronet.]]
|[[File:SirEvanNepean.JPG|100px]]
|12 August 1812
|1 November 1819
|7
|
|-
|33
|[[Mountstuart Elphinstone]]
|[[File:Mountstuart-Elphinstone.jpg|100px]]
|1 November 1819
|1 November 1827
|8
|
|-
|34
|Sir [[John Malcolm]]
|[[File:John Malcom 1769 1833 by Samuel Lane.jpg|100px]]
|1 November 1827
|1 December 1830
|3
|
|-
|35
|Sir [[Thomas Sidney Beckwith]]
|
|1 December 1830
|15 January 1831
|1
|Acting
|-
|36
|[[John Romer (politician)|John Romer]]
|
|17 January 1831
|21 March 1831
|
|Acting
|-
|37
|[[John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare]]
|[[File:John Fitzgibbon 2nd Earl of Clare-cropped.jpg|100px]]
|21 March 1831
|17 March 1835
|4
|
|-
|38
|Sir [[Robert Grant (MP)|Robert Grant]]
|[[File:SirRobertGrant.jpg|100px]]
|17 March 1835
|9 July 1838
|3
|
|-
|39
|[[James Farish]]
|
|11 July 1838
|31 May 1839
|1
|Acting
|-
|40
|[[James Rivett-Carnac]]
|[[File:James Rivett Carnac.png|100px]]
|31 May 1839
|27 April 1841
|2
|
|-
|41
|[[Sir William Hay Macnaghten, 1st Baronet|William Hay Macnaghten]]
|[[File:William Hay Macnaghten.jpg|100px]]
|27 April 1841
|28 April 1841
|
|Acting
|-
|42
|[[George William Anderson]]
|
|28 April 1841
|9 June 1842
|1
|Acting
|-
|43
|[[George Arthur]]
|[[File:Major-General Sir George Arthur (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|9 June 1842
|6 August 1846
|4
|
|-
|44
|[[Lestock Robert Reid]]
|
|6 August 1846
|23 January 1847
|1
|Acting
|-
|45
|[[George Russell Clerk]]
|
|23 January 1847
|1 May 1848
|1
|Acting
|-
|46
|[[Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland]]
|[[File:Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland.png|100px]]
|1 May 1848
|26 December 1853
|5
|
|-
|47
|[[John Elphinstone, 13th Lord Elphinstone]]
|[[File:Portrait of John, 13th Lord Elphinstone (by James Faed).jpg|100px]]
|26 December 1853
|11 May 1860
|7
|
|-
|48
|[[George Russell Clerk]]
|
|11 May 1860
|24 April 1862
|2
|Acting
|}
'''Sources''': ''The India List and India Office List''<ref name="i125"/><ref name="i126"/><ref name="i127">{{harvnb|The India List and India Office List|1905|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ 127]|Ref=in}}</ref> and ''[[Dictionary of National Biography#Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''<ref name="dnb">{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}</ref>

'''Deputy Governors of Bombay (1668–1690)''' 
The transfer of the headquarters of the company's power to Bombay largely eliminated the need for a [[Deputy Governor]]. In spite of the change, the title continued to be borne by the second member of the [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|Executive Council]] of the Governor. It fell into disuse sometime between 1720 and 1758.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! class="unsortable" | Assumed office
! class="unsortable" | Left office
!Years in office
|-
|1
|[[Captain Henry Young|Henry Young]]
|1668
|13 November 1669
|2
|-
|2
|[[Matthew Gray (Governor of Bombay)|Matthew Gray]]
|1670
|1670
|
|-
|3
|[[Phillip Gifford]]
|1670
|1676
|6
|-
|4
|[[Sir Henry Oxenden, 3rd Baronet|Henry Oxenden]]
|1676
|1682
|6
|-
|5
|[[Charles Ward (Deputy Governor of Bombay)|Charles Ward]]{{Ref label|b|b|none}}
|1682
|1683
|1
|-
|6
|[[Charles Zinzan]]
|1684
|1686
|2
|-
|7
|[[John Wyborne]]
|1686
|1688
|2
|-
|8
|[[John Vaux]]
|1689
|1689
|
|-
|9
|[[George Cooke (Deputy Governor of Bombay)|George Cooke]]
|1689
|1690
|1
|-
|10
|[[George Weldon (Deputy Governor of Bombay)|George Weldon]]
|1690
|1690
|
|-
|11
|[[John Burniston (Deputy Governor of Bombay)|John Burniston]]
|1690
|1704
|14
|}
'''Source''': ''Origin of Bombay''<ref>{{harvnb|Da Cunha|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC 324]|Ref=ger}}</ref>

==Crown governors (1862–1948)==
[[File:Bombay, Berar, Aden (1893).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bombay Presidency]] in 1893]]
[[File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|thumb|Bombay Presidency in 1909 (northern portion)]]
[[File:Bombay Prov south 1909.jpg|thumb|Bombay Presidency in 1909, (southern portion)]]
Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/
|title=History of Mumbai
|date=17 November 1999
|access-date=23 December 2008
|publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]])}}</ref> the company was accused of mismanagement, and Bombay reverted to the British Crown.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/bartle-frere.html
|title=Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere
|date=4 February 1999
|access-date=23 December 2008
|publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]])}}</ref> On 2 August 1858, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] began abolition of the company and asserted full, direct Crown authority over India. The execution was slow. The company for purposes of [[liquidation]] maintained its formal existence until 1874.<ref name="dup483"/> India was thereafter directly ruled by the Crown as a colony of the United Kingdom, and officially known as the [[British Raj|Empire of India]] after 1876. India consisted of some regions referred to as [[British India]] that were directly administered by the British and other regions called the [[Princely State]]s that were ruled by Indian rulers.<ref>{{harvnb|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 4|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_088.gif 59]|Ref=imp}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 4|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_089.gif 60]|Ref=imp}}</ref>

Laws were made for British India by a Legislative Council under the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] having wide powers of legislation. This council could pass laws as important as any Acts by the British Parliament. The Legislative Council was made of six members besides the Viceroy.<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_20NOnZgpNMC
|title=Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
|last=Dicey
|first=Albert Venn
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation
|year=2005
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_20NOnZgpNMC&dq=Council+in+British+India&pg=RA1-PA95 95]
|isbn=978-1-4021-8555-7
|ref=venn
|access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="ind"/> In addition, the governors served as extraordinary members when the Legislative Council met in their provinces. They also had an [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|Executive Council]] of two members of the [[Indian Civil Service]] for 12 years standing, appointed by the Crown.<ref name="dup483">{{harvnb|Dupont|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pCX660FA5wMC&dq=governors+of+bombay+appointed+after+independence&pg=PA483 483]|Ref=dup}}</ref><ref name="ind">{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC
|title=The Indian Empire: Its People, History, and Products
|last=Hunter
|first=William Wilson
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|year=2005
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&dq=executive+council+of+the+Governor+British+India&pg=PA432 432]
|isbn=978-81-206-1581-6
|ref=hunt
|access-date=13 January 2009}}</ref>

The Governor would consult the Executive Council in the exercise of all his functions (except on trivial or urgent matters or where the public interest made it undesirable). He would not be required to consult in cases where he was specifically authorised by the Constitution to act in his discretion or on the advice of, or after consultation with, some other person or authority. He would in general act in accordance with the advice of the Executive Council but could act against such advice, where he considered it necessary in the interests of the public order, public faith or good government; in such cases he would be required to seek approval of the [[Secretary of State for India]].<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPNyJafBv_MC
|title=Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: The Foundations of a Colonial System of Government
|last=Madden
|first=A. F.
|author2=David Kenneth Fieldhouse, John Darwin
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
|year=2000
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LPNyJafBv_MC&dq=executive+council+advised+governor+british+india&pg=PA409 409]
|isbn=978-0-313-29072-5
|ref=kenny
|access-date=13 January 2009}}</ref>

The Governor didn't have the right to make or suspend any laws, unless in cases of urgent necessity, he could do it with the consent of the Governor-General of India. He didn't have the power of creating a new office, or granting any salary, gratuity, or allowance, without the sanction of the Governor-General of India.<ref name="law364"/> The Governor-General had full power to superintend and control the Governor in all points relating to the civil or military administration of the Presidency, and the Governor had to obey the orders and instructions of the Governor-General in all cases.<ref>{{harvnb|The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law|1835|loc=p. 365, § 65|Ref=law}}</ref> The Governors could propose to the Governor-General drafts of any laws which they thought expedient, together with their reasons for the same; and the Governor-General communicated the resolutions to the Governor, after considering the reasons.<ref>{{harvnb|The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law|1835|loc=p. 365, § 66|Ref=law}}</ref> The Governors regularly transmitted to the Governor-General true copies of all orders and acts of their governments, and also advice of all matters which they felt to be communicated to the Governor-General.<ref>{{harvnb|The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law|1835|loc=p. 365, § 68|Ref=law}}</ref> The powers of the Governors were not suspended when the Governor-General visited the Presidency.<ref>{{harvnb|The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law|1835|loc=p. 365, § 67|Ref=law}}</ref> The departure of the Governor from India with intent to return to Europe was deemed to be a resignation from his office. Alternately, the Governor could resign by declaring it in writing and delivering it to the secretary for the public department of the Presidency.<ref>{{harvnb|The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law|1835|loc=p. 365, § 79|Ref=law}}</ref>

In 1906, Bombay Presidency had four commissionerships and twenty-six districts with Bombay City as its capital. The four commissionerships were the northern province of [[Gujarat]], the central province of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], the southern province of [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], and the northwestern province of [[Sind Division|Sind]].<ref name="bmb">{{harvnb|Dupont|2001|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=pCX660FA5wMC&dq=presidency+26+four&pg=PA564 564]|Ref=dup}}</ref> The 26 districts were [[Mumbai City district|Bombay City]], [[Isle of Bombay|Bombay Island]],{{Ref label|c|c|none}} [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]], [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]], [[Kheda district|Kaira]], [[Panchmahal district|Panch Mahal]], [[Surat district|Surat]], [[Thane district|Thana]], [[Ahmednagar District|Ahmednagar]], [[East Khandesh]],{{Ref label|d|d|none}} [[West Khandesh]],{{Ref label|d|d|none}} [[Nashik district|Nasik]], [[Pune District|Poona]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwar]], [[North Canara]], [[Raigad district|Kolaba]], [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]], [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad District (Pakistan)|Hyderabad]], [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]], [[Thar and Parkar]] and [[Upper Sind Frontier District|Upper Sind Frontier]].<ref name="bp2">{{harvnb|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_272.gif 266]|Ref=imp}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|title=Maharashtra
|last=Singh
|first=K. S.
|author2=B. V. Bhanu, B. R. Bhatnagar, Anthropological Survey of India, D. K. Bose, V. S. Kulkarni, J. Sreenath
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C
|publisher=Popular Prakashan
|volume=XXX
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAlCTxJowUC&dq=Bombay+Presidency&pg=PA7 7]
|isbn=978-81-7991-102-0
|year=2004
|access-date=8 November 2008
|ref=prabhu}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_273.gif 267]|Ref=imp}}</ref> [[Aden]] separated from Bombay Presidency in 1932,<ref name="dnb"/> and Sind separated in 1936.<ref name="sind">{{cite web
|url = http://www.sindh.gov.pk/dpt/History%20of%20Sindh/history.htm
|title = History of Sindh
|publisher = [[Government of Sindh]]
|access-date = 7 January 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081227040708/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/dpt/History%20of%20Sindh/history.htm
|archive-date = 27 December 2008
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! class="unsortable" | Portrait
! class="unsortable" | Assumed office
! class="unsortable" | Left office
!Years in office
! class="unsortable" | Remarks{{Ref label|a|a|none}}
|-
|1
|Sir [[Henry Bartle Frere|Bartle Frere]]
|[[File:BartleFrere, crop.jpg|100px]]
|24 April 1862
|6 March 1867
|5
|
|-
|2
|Sir [[William Robert Seymour Vesey Fitzgerald|William Vesey-FitzGerald]]
|[[File:William Vesey Fitzgerald.jpg|100px]]

|6 March 1867
|6 May 1872
|5
|
|-
|3
|Sir [[Philip Wodehouse (colonial administrator)|Philip Wodehouse]]
|[[File:Philip Edmond Wodehouse - Cape Governor 5.jpg|100px]]
|6 May 1872
|30 April 1877
|5
|
|-
|4
|[[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet]]
|[[File:Richard Temple 1826-1902 (cropped).jpg|100px]]

|30 April 1877
|13 March 1880
|3
|
|-
|5
|[[Lionel Robert Ashburner]]
|
|13 March 1880
|28 April 1880
|
|Acting
|-
|6
|[[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet]]
|[[File:Sir James Fergusson, 1891.jpg|100px]]
|28 April 1880
|27 March 1885
|5
|
|-
|7
|[[James Braithwaite Peile]]
|
|27 March 1885
|30 March 1885
|
|Acting
|-
|8
|[[Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay]]
|[[File:Donald James Mackay Lord Reay.jpg|100px]]
|30 March 1885
|12 April 1890
|5
|
|-
|9
|[[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris]]
|[[File:George Harris, 4th Baron Harris.jpg|100px]]
|27 March 1890
|16 February 1895
|5
|
|-
|10
|[[Herbert Mills Birdwood]]
|[[File:HM Birdwood.jpg|100px]]
|16 February 1895
|18 February 1895
|
|Acting
|-
|11
|[[William Mansfield, 1st Viscount Sandhurst|William Mansfield, 2nd Baron Sandhurst]]
|[[File:Lord Sandhurst, the govenor of Bombay, head and shoulders. P Wellcome V0029871.jpg|100px]]
|18 February 1895
|17 February 1900
|5
|
|-
|12
|[[Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote]]
|[[File:Ac.northcote.jpg|100px]]
|17 February 1900
|5 September 1903
|3
|
|-
|13
|[[James Monteath]]
|
|5 September 1903
|12 December 1903
|
|Acting
|-
|14
|[[Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington]]
|[[File:Baron Lamington.jpg|100px]]
|12 December 1903
|27 July 1907
|4
|
|-
|15
|[[John William Muir Mackenzie]]
|[[File:John William Pitt Muir Mackenzie.png|100px]]
|27 July 1907
|18 October 1907
|
|Acting
|-
|16
|Sir [[George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe|George Sydenham Clarke]]
|[[File:George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe.png|100px]]
|18 October 1907
|5 April 1913
|6
|
|-
|17
|[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Baron Willingdon]]
|[[File:GG-Freeman Freeman-Thomas.jpg|100px]]
|5 April 1913
|16 December 1918
|5
|
|-
|18
|Sir [[George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd|George Lloyd]]
|[[File:Lord Lloyd.JPG|100px]]
|16 December 1918
|8 December 1923
|5
|
|-
|19
|[[Maurice Hayward (Governor of Bombay)|Maurice Hayward]]
|
|8 December 1923
|10 December 1923
|
|Acting
|-
|20
|Sir [[Leslie Orme Wilson]]
|[[File:Sir Leslie Wilson.jpg|100px]]
|10 December 1923
|8 December 1928
|5
|
|-
|21
|Sir [[Henry Staveley Lawrence]]
|
|20 March 1926
|19 July 1926
|
|Acting
|-
|22
|Sir [[Frederick Sykes]]
|[[File:Maj Gen Frederick Sykes.jpg|100px]]
|9 December 1928
|9 December 1933
|5
|
|-
|23
|[[John Ernest Buttery Hotson]]{{Ref label|e|e|none}}
|
|1931
|1931
|
|Acting
|-
|24
|[[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne]]
|[[File:Study portrait of Lieutenant The Honourable Michael Knatchbull-Hugessen.jpg|100px]]
|9 December 1933
|30 May 1937
|4
|
|-
|25
|[[Robert Duncan Bell]]
|
|30 May 1937
|18 September 1937
|
|Acting
|-
|26
|[[Lawrence Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough]]
|
|18 September 1937
|24 March 1943
|6
|
|-
|27
|Sir [[John Colville, 1st Baron Clydesmuir|John Colville]]
|[[File:David John Colville (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|24 March 1943
|5 January 1948
|5
|
|}
'''Sources''': ''[[Dictionary of National Biography#Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''<ref name="dnb"/> and ''[[Governor of Maharashtra]]''<ref name="raj"/>

'''Chief Ministers of Bombay (1937–1947)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! class="unsortable" | Portrait
! class="unsortable" | Assumed office
! class="unsortable" | Left office
!Years in Office
|-
|1
|[[B.G. Kher|Bal Gangadhar Kher]]
|[[File:BG Kher 1989 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|1937
|October 1939
|2
|-
|2
|Governor's rule
|
|October 1939
|30 March 1946
|7
|-
|3
|[[B.G. Kher|Bal Gangadhar Kher]]
|[[File:BG Kher 1989 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|30 March 1946
|15 August 1947
|1
|}
'''Source''': ''[[Dictionary of National Biography#Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''<ref name="dnb"/>

==Post independence (1948–1960)==
[[File:IN-MH.svg|200px|thumb|right|[[Maharashtra State]]]]
After [[Indian independence movement|India gained independence in 1947]], Bombay Presidency became part of India, and Sind province became part of Pakistan. The territory retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. It included princely states such as [[Kolhapur District|Kolhapur]] in Deccan, [[Vadodara district|Baroda]], [[Dang District, India|Dang]] in Gujarat, which were under the political influence of Bombay Presidency.<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxcJ1ACY_74C
|last=Bhattacharya
|first=Sanjoy
|year=2006
|title=Expunging Variola: The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947–1977
|publisher=Orient Blackswan
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx2919wvrT4C&dq=bombay+state+princely+states&pg=PA18 18]
|isbn=978-81-250-3018-8
|access-date=8 January 2009}}</ref> As a result of the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956, the [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-speaking districts of Belgaum (except [[Chandgad|Chandgad taluk]]), Bijapur, Dharwar, and North Canara were transferred from Bombay State to [[Mysore State]].<ref name="sorg1956">{{cite web
|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/
|title=States Reorganization Act 1956
|access-date=1 July 2008
|publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/
|archive-date=16 May 2008
}}</ref> In ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' discussions in 1955, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm
|title = The battle for Bombay
|date = 13 April 2003
|access-date = 12 November 2008
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm
|archive-date = 14 May 2005
|url-status = usurped
}}</ref> In 1956, the States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat with Bombay as its capital. In the 1957 elections, the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] opposed these proposals, and insisted that Bombay be declared the capital of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_samyuktaShow.php
|title=Samyukta Maharashtra
|access-date=12 November 2008
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006221033/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_samyuktaShow.php
|archive-date= 6 October 2008
}}</ref> Following protests by the movement in which 105 people were killed by police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/
|title=Sons of soil: born, reborn
|date=6 February 2008
|newspaper=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd.]]}} Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php
|title=Gujarat
|access-date=16 January 2008
|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> Maharashtra State with [[Bombay]] as its capital was formed with the merger of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from [[Central Provinces and Berar]], five districts from [[Hyderabad State]], and numerous princely states enclosed between them.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php
|title=Maharashtra
|access-date=16 January 2008
|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> In 1960, the designation of the "Governor of Bombay" was transmuted as the [[Governor of Maharashtra]].<ref name="raj"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! class="unsortable" | Portrait
! class="unsortable" | Assumed office
! class="unsortable" | Left office
! Years in Office
|-
|1
|[[Raja Maharaj Singh|Raja Sir Maharaj Singh]]
|[[File:Raja Maharaj Singh.jpg|100px]]
|6 January 1948
|30 May 1952
|4
|-
|2
|Sir [[Girija Shankar Bajpai]]
|[[File:Girja Shankar Bajpai.jpg|100px]]
|30 May 1952
|5 December 1954
|2
|-
|3
|[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
|[[File:Harekrushna-Mahtab.jpg|100px]]
|2 March 1955
|14 October 1956
|1
|-
|4
|[[Sri Prakasa]]{{Ref label|f|f|none}}
|[[File:Sri Prakasa Portrait.jpg|100px]]
|10 December 1956
|16 April 1962
|6
|}
'''Sources''': ''[[Governor of Maharashtra]]''<ref name="raj">{{cite web
|url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|title=Previous Governors List
|access-date=23 December 2008
|publisher=[[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206050259/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|archive-date= 6 February 2009
}}</ref> and ''Greater Bombay District Gazetteer''<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|chapter=List of the Governors of Bombay
|chapter-url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#40
|volume=I
|year=1986
|access-date=13 August 2008
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|ref=bom
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906220718/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
|archive-date= 6 September 2008
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of governors of Maharashtra]]
* [[Governors of India]]
* [[History of Mumbai]]

==Notes==
'''a''' {{note label|a|a|none}} The Acting Governors were appointed for a temporary period until the post of Governor was filled. Whenever there was a vacancy for the post of the Governor, and no provisional or other successor was available, then the member of the [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|Executive Council]] of the Governor, next in rank to the Governor, other than the [[Commander-in-chief]] of the Presidency, would be selected as the Governor. If the Executive Council was not available, then the senior secretary of Government of the Presidency, executed the office of Governor until a successor arrived. Every Acting Governor was entitled to the emoluments and salaries appertaining to the office of Governor, until the time he held the post.<ref>{{harvnb|The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law|1835|loc=p. 364, § 63|Ref=law}}</ref> 
'''b''' {{note label|b|b|none}} In 1683, Bombay was the scene of a revolt headed by [[Captain Richard Kergwin|Richard Keigwin]], the third member of the Council against the company's authority. Placing Deputy Governor [[Charles Ward (Deputy Governor of Bombay)|Charles Ward]] under arrest, Keigwin ruled Bombay in the King's name from 27 December 1683 to 19 November 1684, when on promise of pardon he handed over the island to Admiral Thomas Grantham.<ref>{{Citation
|title=The History of British India
|last=Riddick
|first=John F.
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC 8]
|isbn= 978-0-313-32280-8
|year=2006
|access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> 
'''c''' {{note label|c|c|none}} [[Isle of Bombay|Bombay Island]] was treated as a separate district under a [[District collector|Collector]].<ref name="bp2"/> 
'''d''' {{note label|d|d|none}} [[Khandesh District|Khandesh]] was partitioned into [[East Khandesh]] and [[West Khandesh]] in 1906.<ref name="bp2"/> 
'''e''' {{note label|e|e|none}} [[John Ernest Buttery Hotson]], Member of the Executive Council of Bombay (1926–31), was appointed Acting Governor of Bombay for a short period on the departure of [[Frederick Sykes]].<ref>{{cite magazine
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,846951-2,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102080546/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,846951-2,00.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 November 2012
|title=Monday, Aug. 03, 1931
|access-date=12 January 2009
|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
| date=3 August 1931}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|title=Bulletin of International News
|publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs
|volume=8
|year=1931–1932
|page=86
|postscript=.}}</ref> 
'''f''' {{note label|f|f|none}} [[Sri Prakasa]] was Governor of Bombay from 10 December 1956 to 1 May 1960 and Governor of Maharashtra thereafter from 1 May 1960 to 16 April 1962.

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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|title=Thana District Gazetteer
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/home.html
|series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency
|publisher=The Gazetteer Departments ([[Government of Maharashtra]])
|volume=XIII
|orig-year=1882
|year=1986
|access-date=7 January 2009
|ref=tnad}}
* {{Citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEDAAAAQAAJ
|title=The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law:: Defining and Interpreting the Terms Or Words of Art, and Comprising Also Copious Information on the Subjects of Trade and Government
|author=Thomas Edlyne Tomlins, Thomas Colpitts Granger
|publisher=J. Clarke, J. and W. T. Clarke, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman
|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEDAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1–PT364&dq=functions+of+Governors+of+Bombay#PRA1–PT364,M1 364], [https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEDAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1–PT364&dq=functions+of+Governors+of+Bombay#PRA1–PT365,M1 365]
|year=1835
|volume=1
|access-date=16 January 2009
|ref=law}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Governors of Bombay}}
* [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/Bombay.html Governors of Bombay] from [[The Generations Network#RootsWeb|rootsweb]]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Bombay Provinces of British India (Bombay)] from ''WorldStatesmen.org''

{{Administrators of provinces in British India}}
{{British dependencies governors}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Governors of Bombay|*]]
[[Category:Lists of governors and heads of sub-national entities|Bombay]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency|Governors]]
[[Category:1662 establishments in the British Empire|Bombay Presidency]]

Burzahom archaeological site

2026-03-29T20:41:50Z

Viktorikoa: starting first post w/ refs

{{Short description|3000–1000 BCE site in Kashmir, India}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Burzahom archaeological site
| alternate_name =
| image = Black earthenware. Pré-Indus civilization. Kashmir.JPG
| alt =
| caption = A pot excavated from Burzahom
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_caption = Archaeological site location in [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.169883|N|74.866841|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| region =
| type = Pre-historic settlement
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built =
| abandoned =
| epochs = [[Neolithic]], Megalithic and early Historic period.
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = 1939 and from 1960 to 1971
| archaeologists = [[Helmut de Terra|de Terra]] and [[T. T. Paterson|Paterson]] of Yale-Cambridge Expedition in 1939 and T.N. Khazanchi and his team of [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] from 1960 and 1971
| condition =
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = 
|notes =
}}
The '''Burzahom archaeological site''' is located in the [[Srinagar district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Evidences of wheat were found.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jameel|first=Yusuf|date=2017-04-09|title=Kashmir Valley monuments cry for care|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/090417/kashmir-valley-monuments-cry-for-care.html|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> Archaeological excavations have revealed four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BCE and 1000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sweta|date=June 25, 2017|title=ASI report says even Neolithic Kashmir had textile industry|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/kashmir-burzahom-srinagar-archaeological-survey-of-india-indus-valley-civilisation-984594-2017-06-25|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-14|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030162507/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/kashmir-burzahom-srinagar-archaeological-survey-of-india-indus-valley-civilisation-984594-2017-06-25 |archive-date=30 October 2020 }}</ref> Periods I and II represent the [[Neolithic]] era; Period III the Megalithic era (of massive stone [[menhirs]] and wheel turned red pottery); and Period IV relates to the early Historical Period (Post-megalithic period). The findings, recorded in stratified cultural deposits representing prehistoric human activity in [[Indian Kashmir]], are based on detailed investigations that cover all aspects of the physical evidence of the site, including the ancient flora and fauna.

The Burzahom site revealed the transition from the subterranean and ground level housing features of the Neolithic people to the [[mudbrick]] structures of the Megalithic people. The large cache of tools and implements made of bone and stone found at the site shows that the inhabitants were hunting and farming.

The unearthed [[Antiquities]] (of art, architecture, customs and rituals) indicate that the prehistoric people of the Burzahom established contact with [[Central Asia]] and South [[West Asia]] and also had links to the [[Gangetic plains]] and [[peninsular India]]. The interaction of local and foreign influences is demonstrated by the art, architecture, customs, rituals and language demonstrated by some engravings on pottery and other artifacts..

==Location==
The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village of the same name in the [[Srinagar District]]. It is {{convert|16|km}} to the northwest of Srinagar on the Naseem-Shalimar road. The elevation of the site is {{convert|1800|m}} above sea-level.<ref name="Jammu">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|title=Excavations – Important – Jammu & Kashmir Patna |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Brit">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/86018/Burzahom|title=Burzahom Archaeological site, India:Neolithic Period finds|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> It is the northernmost excavated Neolithic site of India. The site is on an ancient [[Pleistocene]] lake bed.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=43}} The location is in a high terrace which is part of the [[flood]] of the [[Jhelum River]] and has Karewa soil means clay formation. The site has a commanding view of the [[Dal Lake]] which is about {{convert|2|km}} away. In the [[Kashmiri language]] 'Burz' means "[[birch]]", a tree species (that generally grows in the elevation range of {{convert|3000|to|4200|m}} in the [[Himalayas]]), which is found in the excavated housing area in the form of roofing material, and thus confirming the existence of the tree even in the pre-historic Neolithic times.{{Sfn|Singh|2008|p=111}}

==History==
The first trial diggings at the Burzahom site were a limited exercise in 1936, carried out by the Yale–Cambridge Expedition headed by [[Helmut de Terra]] and Dr. Thomson Paterson. The Frontier Circle of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] made detailed investigations of the site between 1960 and 1971; these were carried out by T.N. Khazanchi and his associates.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name="Pande">{{Cite web|last=Pande|first= B. M. |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/19137/AP-v14n1-134-138.pdf?sequence=1.|title=Neolithic Hunting Scene on a Stone Slab from Burzahom, Kashmir|format=pdf|date=13 October 1969|publisher= University of Hawaii}}</ref>

The extensive excavations done at this site, unearthing stratified cultural deposits, were the first of their type in Kashmir. In 1944, [[Mortimer Wheeler]], Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India had conducted the first stratified archaeological excavations on the lines of geological model at other sites. Based on a similar model the Burzahom site has been named as the Northern Neolithic Culture in view of its distinctive structural features with profusion of tools made of bones and stones and tools representing the ritualistic practices.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=12}}

[[Gufkral]] represents another related site in the area, near the town of [[Tral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/SilkStalkings/extending-kashmiriyat-to-embrace-burzahom/|title=Extending Kashmiriyat to Embrace Burzahom}}</ref> Gufkral is located at Bandar village in Hardware area of [[Tral]], 5 km from the sub district headquarter. The village falls between two nalla (streams) on an extensive deposit of Karewa (elevated table-land) where people used to live in ancient times. Also, Haripriya, and [[Anantapur]], in the same area, are related.

The management and the protection of the Burzahom site, including the buffer zones, are under the jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey of India and the State Department of Archaeology conforming to the Ancient Monuments and Sites Remains Act 1958 (Amended in 2010).<ref name="Site">{{Cite web |title=The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5917/ |publisher=UNESCO Organization}}</ref>

This site was nominated on 15 April 2014 for inscription as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], and is yet to be approved.<ref name=Site />

==Discovery==
[[File:Horned figure on pottery. Pré-Indus civilization. Kashmir.jpg|right|thumb|Pot, excavated from Burzahom with painting of a wild goat with long horns and hanging ears.<ref name=Site/>{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=42}}]]
The excavation at Burzahom was carried out in both vertical (depth wise) and horizontal directions; the depth provided the stratification features while the phasing of each stratification was provided by the horizontal excavations. Four periods of continuous occupational sequence at the site were documented over a period of 11 years of investigations from 1960 to 1971.{{Sfn|Sopory|2004|p=78}} These are: Periods I and II of the Neolithic (Period I is called aceramic and Period II is called ceramic) origin, particularly characterized by dwelling pits (the largest measuring {{convert|2.74|m}} at the top to {{convert|4.75|m}} at the base at a depth of {{convert|3.95|m}}); Period III of the Megalithic sequence noted by the free standing large stone [[Menhirs]] installed at the site by shifting boulders manually from the hills; and Period IV of the early Modern Period.<ref name=Site/>{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=14}} The skeletal remains of the Neolithic humans found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]].

Burzahom's ceramic industry was mostly of hunting based culture and is different from the Chinese Neolithic pottery.{{Sfn|Sopory|2004|p=81}} The economy of the people was found to be based on hunting and gathering with a nascent stage of cultivation practices.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=39}} Pottery made in Burzahom showed close affinity to those found in the [[Swat valley]] in present-day [[Pakistan]], particularly in respect of its shapes and decorations of the black ware pottery. The burial practices and type of tools recovered from the site were inferred as having close resemblance to those found in the North Chinese Neolithic culture.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=40}}

===Period I===
The remarkable find during this period was of pits which were inferred as dwelling units; these were in circular or oval shape dug in compact natural Karewa soil formation. Some of the deep pits had steps and ladder access to the bottom level. In some of the pits the stratification revealed ash and charcoal layers, which denoted human occupancy. Post holes on the sides of pits at the surface level denoted the presence of superstructures covered with thatch made of birch. Shallow pits of circular shape of {{convert|60|-|91|cm}} diameter adjoining the housing pits were found to contain bones of animals and also tools made of bones (of antlers used for making tools) and stones (harpoons, needles with or without eyes, awls).<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site />

Carbon dating established that the earliest occupation at the site was dated to before 2,357 BC.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|pp=43–44}}

The pottery found at the site were in an early stage of hand crafting, of the coarse variety, in steel-grey, dull red, brown, and buff colours with mat prints at the bottom; they were in the shape of bowl, vase and stem.<ref name=Jammu/> The antiquities did not reveal any signs of burials sites.<ref name=Site />

Late [[Kot-Diji]] type pots were found belonging to Period Ib.

===Period II===
In the Period II, the finds excavated revealed that people had moved out from pit dwelling to structures built at the ground level. However, the pits and its associated chambers formed the base floor of the superstructure, which was made up by filling the pits and covering it with mud plaster, and occasionally painted in red ochre. Post-holes around the pits revealed that the superstructures were made of wood built over compacted Karewa soil floors.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site/>

This period also brought out, for the first time, the burial customs of the Neolithic people. Both human and animal skeletons were found in deep oval shaped pits, located either below the floors of the dwelling units or in its precincts. These pits were filled with ash, stones and potsherds. Some of the human skulls found here had [[trepanning]] (bored hole) marks. In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site/>

Pottery finds showed better finish compared to the earlier Period I. The pots were of polished black ware, mostly handmade, in the form of a dish with stand, a high-necked jar, and so forth. Also found was a wheel turned red ware pot which contained 950 beads made from [[carnelian]] and [[agate]] (inferred as items for sale), which was thought to belong to the later part of this period.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site/> A very impressive painted pottery ware recovered from this period was a globular red ware pot made on a turntable; the painting on the pot was of a wild goat of black colour with long horns and hanging ears.<ref name=Site/>{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|pp=40–41}} Another pottery item which is of interest is a polished black ware in globular shape jar with a long neck and flaring mouth.{{Sfn|Singh|2008|p=113}}

An interesting find of this period is of two standalone finished flat stone slabs. The carving on one is not distinct. The other stone slab is {{convert|48|-|27|cm}} which depicts, on one polished side, sketches of hunting scenes such as a hunter spearing (with a ''Ker'') an antlered deer and another hunter in the process of releasing an arrow, and a sketch of the sun and [[History of supernova observation|hb 9 supernova]] observation.<ref>{{citation|title=Oldest sky-chart with Supernova record|url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf|first1=Hrishikesh|last1=Joglekar|first2=MN|last2=Vahia|first3=Aniket|last3=Sule}}</ref> The carved figures are distinctly visible.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Site/>{{Sfn|Singh|2008|p=113}}<ref name="Pande"/>

Agricultural practices were noted during the Periods I and II and crops grown were inferred as wheat, barley and lentil; finding lentils established a link of the Neolithic people with [[Central Asia]], crossing over the Himalayas.<ref name=Site/>

The people who resided here were characterized as "long headed dolichocranic". Two female skulls, different from the male skulls, were also reported. The finds did not indicate of any external ethnic intrusions during the entire Neolithic period but showed more affinity to the Harappan people.{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|pp=43–44}}

Burzahom represents the southernmost extent of what is known as ''Northern Neolithic'' culture of Asia.

===Period III===
Some Megalithic Period Menhirs are next to Neolithic pits, suggesting a gradual transition between the two phases. The Menhirs, boulders formed due to the varying temperatures, were brought down from the hills with great effort by the people and installed to mark notable events of the community. These are rough in shape, huge and of considerable weight and height, and are "free-standing". Craftsmanship was superior during this period with finds of wheel made durable hard red ware, copper objects, and tools made of bone and stone. Structures made of rubble were also found.<ref name=Jammu/><ref name=Pande/><ref name=Site/> Finds of a few copper arrowheads indicated knowledge of [[metallurgy]].{{Sfn|Sopory|2004|p=79}}{{Sfn|Kaw|2004|p=14}}

===Period IV===
Period IV (dated to the 3rd–4th century AD), the last phase of human occupation at Burzahom, was related to the early Historical Period. The structures built were superior compared to the earlier period, and were made from mud-bricks. Pottery was also superior, of red ware type with slips and wheel turned. Some iron antiquaries were also found.<ref name=Jammu/>

==Preservation==
The site is maintained in the form that has been excavated, representing the natural setting of the Neolithic people. The exposed pits and the layout are well protected and well preserved.<ref name=Site/>

==See also==
*[[Chirand]]
*Sothi (archaeology)
*[[Siswal]]
*[[Gufkral]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
Tawseef 2005 p 63

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Kaw|first= M. K. |title=Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PA42|date=1 January 2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-537-1}}
*{{cite book|author= Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA111|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sopory |first=S.K. |title=Glimpses Of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xj08509NXcC&pg=PA78|date=1 January 2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-547-0}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

== External links ==

*{{Cite web |title=Excavations at Burzahom (1960-1971) |url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Burzahom-Excavation-Report-compressed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229021553/https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Burzahom-Excavation-Report-compressed.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2021}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]

Athirajendra

2026-03-29T17:14:43Z

Viktorikoa: Added Initial Article With Sources

{{Short description|Chola emperor in 1070}}
{{No footnotes|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Athirajendra
| title = KoParakesarivarman
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = 1070 – June 1070 (few months)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/later-chola-temples/d/doc211946.html#:~:text=Kulotlunga%20I's%20reign%20began%20sometime,Western%20Chalukyan%20ruler%20Somcsvara%201.| title=Chapter I - Kulottunga I (a.d. 1070 to 1125)|last=Balasubrahmanyam|first=S.R.}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Virarajendra]]
| successor = [[Kulothunga I]]
| spouse = Unknown
| spouse-type = Empress
| issue = Unknown
| house =
| father = Virarajendra
| mother = Arulmolinangai
| birth_date = 1020
| birth_place = [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Jayankondam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = June 1070 (aged 50)
| death_place = [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Jayankondam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]
}}
{{Chola history}}

'''Athirajendra''' (1020 – June 1070) reigned for a very short period of few months as the [[Chola Empire|Chola]] king succeeding his father [[Virarajendra Chola|Virarajendra]]. His reign was marked by civil unrest, possibly religious in nature. Athirajendra was last clan of Chola dynasty. He was killed in the religious chaos. Athirajindra and [[Virarajendra Chola|Virarajendra]] interfered in the Vengi succession disputes after the Vengi king [[Rajaraja Narendra]], who was closely related to the Chola clan through his mother Kundavai, a daughter of Rajaraja Chola, died in 1061. The Vengi throne went to Saktivarman II in a palace coup. The Cholas wanted the Chola influence re-established in Vengi. Saktivarman II was killed, but Vijayaditya, Saktivarman's father assumed the throne and repulsed the Chola attempts at unseating him. Vijayaditya however accepted to serving as a Chola vassal.

Although this attempt at gaining total control over Vengi was unsuccessful, Virarajendra found another Chalukya ally in Vikramaditya by marrying his daughter to him.

While these intrigues were going on, the son of Rajaraja Narendra, prince Rajendra Chalukya later known as [[Kulottunga I|Kulothunga I]] sought to become the Vengi king and felt Vijayaditya had usurped the throne that was rightfully his. The Cholas probably helped him in his efforts. Thwarted in his attempts by his uncle Vijayaditya, Kulothunga Chola carved himself a small dominion near Baster District in [[Chhattisgarh]] state and bided his time. An opportunity arose with the demise of Virarajendra and Rajendra Chalukya acted swiftly to capture the Chola throne.

==Chola and Eastern Chalukya unity==
As a result of several intermarriages over a period of time when [[Rajaraja Chola]] gave his daughter Kundavai in marriage to [[Eastern Chalukya]] Vimaladitya, The Chola clan and the [[Vengi]] branch of the Chalukyan dynasty had become very close and the Vengi kings had become plainly Cholas at heart. Virarajendra Chola interfered in the Vengi succession disputes after the Vengi king [[Rajaraja Narendra]], who was closely related to the Chola clan through his mother Kundavai, a daughter of Rajaraja Chola, died in 1061. The Vengi throne went to Saktivarman II in a palace coup. The Cholas wanted the Chola influence re-established in Vengi. Saktivarman II was killed, but Vijayaditya, Saktivarman's father assumed the throne and repulsed the Chola attempts at unseating him. Vijayaditya however accepted to serve as a Chola vassal.

Although this attempt at gaining total control over Vengi was unsuccessful, Virarajendra found another Chalukya ally in Vikramaditya by marrying his daughter to him.

While these intrigues were going on, the son of Rajaraja Narendra, Prince Rajendra Chalukya (the future Kulothunga Chola I) sought to become the Vengi king and felt Vijayaditya had usurped the throne that was rightfully his. The Cholas probably helped him in his efforts. Thwarted in his attempts by his uncle Vijayaditya, Rajendra Chalukya carved himself a small dominion near Baster District in [[Chhattisgarh]] state and bided his time. An opportunity arose with the demise of Virarajendra and Rajendra Chalukya acted swiftly to capture the Chola throne.

==Vengi dynastic struggles==
Cholas were also involved in the dynastic struggles of the Vengi throne, intermittently fighting on the sides of their favourite prince against a rival. These rivals were more often than not supported by the Western Chalukyas. Therefore, the Eastern Chalukyan kingdom had been a venue for a [[proxy war]] between the Cholas, and the Western Chalukyas for generations.

==Death==
The Chalukya author Bilhana gives a version of the background to Athirajendra's troubles in his ''Vikramankadeva Charita''. Soon after marrying his daughter to Chalukya [[Vikramaditya VI]], Virarajendra Chola died. On hearing news of trouble and revolt in the Chola country following the emperor's death, Vikramaditya, immediately marched to [[Kanchipuram]] to quell troubles there. Then he went to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, ‘destroyed the forces of the enemy and installed the prince (Athirajendra) on the throne’. After spending a month in the Chola capital, [[Vikramaditya VI]] apparently satisfied that peace was restored, returned to his country.

Within a few days of his return, news about the death of Athirajendra in a fresh outbreak of rebellion reached him. The news also told him that Rajendra, son of Narendra and grandson of Rajendra Chola, had captured the Chola throne and assumed the title of Kulothunga Chola I. Vikramaditya immediately marched against Kulothunga. Someshvara II, the Western Chalukya king also joined him.

The ascension of Kulothunga Chola marks the first time after Vijayalaya Chola that a person from the dynasty's maternal lineage ascended the Chola throne. Other descendants of Cholas survived (through two different branches stemming from the many sons of Rajadhiraja Chola I and the six sons of Rajendra Chola II) for many more centuries to come.

===Religious troubles ===

Attempts have also been made to connect these internal disturbances in the Chola kingdom with the history of the persecution suffered by [[Ramanuja]] in the hands of the Cholas. It is possible to come to an assumption, based on early biographical works on Ramanuja, that the Chola monarch who subjected Ramanuja and his followers to persecution was Athirajendra or his father Virarajendra. According to [[Nilakanta Sastri]], Krimikanta Chola, the persecutor of Ramanuja was Adhirajendra and he died in a local uprising of the Vaishnavas.<ref>{{cite book|title=History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule|author=Raju Kalidos|publisher=Vijay Publications, 1976 – Tamil (Indic people) – 382 pages|page=139}}</ref> This identification lends credence to the content of Divyasuricharitam, according to which the Chola family or line ended as the king was cursed for being intolerant.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Sri Vaishnavism in the Tamil Country: Post-Ramanuja|author=N. Jagadeesan|publisher=Koodal Publishers, 1977 – Tamil (Indic people) – 460 pages|page=285}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). ''The CōĻas'', University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). ''A History of South India'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Virarajendra Chola]]|after=[[Kulothunga Chola I]] |years=1067–1070 CE}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Chola emperors]]
[[Category:1070 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Turco-Mongol tradition

2026-03-29T09:46:52Z

Viktorikoa:

{{Short description|14th-century ethnocultural synthesis in Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
The '''Turco-Mongol''' or '''Turko-Mongol tradition''' was an [[ethnocultural]] synthesis that arose in Asia during the 13-14th century among the ruling elites of the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Chagatai Khanate]]. The ruling [[Mongolian nobility|Mongol elites]] of these khanates eventually assimilated into the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] populations that they conquered and ruled over, thus becoming known as '''Turco-Mongols'''. These elites gradually adopted [[Islam]], as well as [[Turkic languages]], while retaining Mongol political and legal institutions.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane | url=https://archive.org/details/riseruletamerlan00manz | url-access=limited | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | author=Beatrice Forbes Manz | author-link=Beatrice Forbes Manz | year=1989 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseruletamerlan00manz/page/n68 6]–9 | isbn=978-0-521-34595-8}}</ref>

The [[Division of the Mongol Empire#Fragmentation into four khanates|Chinggisid uluses]] included the [[Kazakhs]], the [[Uzbek khanates|Shaybanid Uzbeks]], the [[Crimean Tatars]], the [[Nogais|Manghits/Noghays]], and the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatayans]] (including the [[Moghulistan|Moghuls]], the [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]). These groups shared a common language ([[Turkic languages|Turkic]]), a political ideology based on [[Mongol Empire|Mongol traditions]], dynastic descent from [[Genghis Khan]], an ethnic identity described as '''Turco-Mongols''' or “Mongol Turks” (''Türk-i Mughūl''), and adherence to [[Sunni Islam]]. In the post-Mongol period, these politico-ethnic formations continued to dominate a vast territory stretching from [[Crimea]] in the west to the [[Tian Shan]] mountains in the east, and from [[Southern Siberia]] in the north to [[Northern India]] in the south.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2019|p=2}}: "Seen from a broader perspective, the Kazakhs belonged to the Chinggisid uluses, others being the Shibanid Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars, Manghits/Noghays, and Chaghatays (Moghuls and Timurids), who shared a common language (Turkic), political ideology (based on Mongol traditions), royal lineage (Chinggisid related), ethnic identity (“Mongol Turks” [Turk-i mughūl]), and religion (Sunni Islam), and who still dominated much of the vast region stretching from the Crimea in the west to the Tien Shan Mountains in the east, and from southern Siberia in the north to northern India in the south during the post-Mongol period"</ref>

[[File:Asia in 1335.svg|thumb|Asia in 1335|alt=|400x400px]]

The Turco-Mongols founded many Islamic successor states after the collapse of the Mongol khanates, such as the [[Kazakh Khanate]], the [[Tatar confederation|Tatar]] khanates that succeeded the Golden Horde (e.g., [[Crimean Khanate]], [[Astrakhan Khanate]], [[Khanate of Kazan]]), and the [[Timurid Empire]], which succeeded the [[Chagatai Khanate]] in [[Central Asia]]. [[Babur]] (1483–1530), a Turco-Mongol prince and a descendant of [[Timur]], founded the [[Mughal Empire]], which ruled much of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9072544 |title=Timur |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=Online Academic |year=2007 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="EI">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tīmūr Lang |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |access-date=24 April 2014 |author=Beatrice F. Manz |year=2000 |volume=10 |edition=2nd |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ti-mu-r-lang-COM_1223 }}</ref><ref>"The Cambridge History of Egypt", Volume 1, (1998) P. 250</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mamluk {{!}} Islamic dynasty |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Mamluk |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=30 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Egypt – The Mamluks, 1250–1517|url=http://countrystudies.us/egypt/17.htm|website=Country Studies US|access-date=13 November 2015|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408124239/http://countrystudies.us/egypt/17.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |title=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311|author=Kenneth M. Setton|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|location=Wisconsin|pages=757|year=1969|isbn=978-0-299-04844-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C&pg=PA17 |author=Amalia Levanoni |publisher=BRILL |page=17 |language=en |year=1995 |isbn=9004101829 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726135122/https://books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C&pg=PA17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite book |title=Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert|author=Carole Hillenbrand|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edimburgo|pages=164–165|year=2007|isbn=9780748625727}}</ref>

Especially among the successors of Chagatai Khanate, these Turco-Mongol elites of Karluk ethnicities became patrons of the [[Turco-Persian tradition]], which was the predominant culture amongst the Muslims of Central Asia at the time. In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by the conquering Turco-Mongols to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of a good part of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia (Indian subcontinent), specifically North India ([[Mughal Empire]]), [[Central Asia]] and the [[Tarim Basin]] ([[Northwest China]]) and large parts of West Asia ([[Middle East]]).<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Canfield|first=Robert L.|title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective|year=1991|page=1 ("Origins")|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=[[Cambridge]], United Kingdom|isbn=0-521-52291-9}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="EI" />

==Self-identification==

===The formation of “Mongol Turks” and their identity===

The [[Mongol Empire]], created by [[Genghis Khan]] and his successors in the 13th century, had a profound influence on the [[Turkic peoples]]. Before the conquest of the settled societies of outer [[Eurasia]] including [[China]], [[Kievan Rus'|Kievan Rus’]], [[Iran]], and [[the Middle East]]. The Mongol Empire unified all the [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasian steppes]] by successively incorporating the nomadic groups of Inner Eurasia into its structure. Initially, the Mongols proper-tribes related to Genghis Khan such as the [[Barlas]], [[Qongirat]], [[Manghud]], [[Dughlats|Dughlat]], and Ushin (the Nirun Mongols) united with Mongolic-speaking peoples (Kereits, [[Jalairs]], [[Oirats]], [[Tatar confederation|Tatars]]), as well as with Turkic-speaking groups ([[Naimans]], [[Ongud|Onguts]], and the [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghurs]]), who inhabited the [[Mongolian Plateau]] and adjacent regions. This multilingual union formed a new Mongol ulus, established at the kurultai of 1206 following Genghis Khan’s unification of the steppe. Although in modern literature it is referred to as the “Mongol Empire,” in its nature the state of Genghis Khan was a “Turko-Mongol” or “Inner Eurasian” empire.{{sfn|Lee|2024|p=157-158}}

In ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'', a 13th-century monument of Mongolian historiography, the new Mongol ulus is called the “people of the felt tents.” In the work [[Jami' al-tawarikh]] by [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din]] universal history compiled under the Ilkhanids of Iran—this population is classified as consisting of two new and one original Mongol components. The emerging Mongol ulus subsequently incorporated other peoples as well Turkic ([[Kangly]], [[Kipchaks]]) and Mongolic ([[Kara-Khitai]]) groups living in the [[Cumania|Kipchak steppe]] and by the mid-13th century it split into four major Chinggisid uluses: [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan dynasty of the Mongols]], [[Ilkhanate]], [[Ulus of Jochi]] (Golden Horde), and [[Chagatai Khanate|Ulus of Chagatai]]. Thus, the Mongol (Chinggisid) uluses of the 13th century arose from the fusion of the Mongols proper with various Mongolic and Turkic-speaking groups of the steppes of Mongolia and the Desht-i Kipchak.{{sfn|Lee|2024|p=157-158}}

After the death of the fourth khan [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]] in 1259, the Mongol Empire effectively split into four separate states, which existed until the mid-14th century. Two sedentary Chinggisid states the [[Yuan Empire]] and [[Ilkhanate]] ceased to exist in the second half of the 14th century. The Mongols of China returned to the Mongolian steppes in 1368 following the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty by the [[Ming dynasty|Ming Empire]] in the 1360s, while the Ilkhanid Mongols were assimilated by the Turkmen tribes of Iran and Anatolia, and later by the [[Timurid Empire]] in the late 14th to early 15th centuries. At the same time, the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Chagatai Khanate]], as well as their successor states, continued to rule vast territories of the Kipchak Steppe and Central Asia, preserving a Mongol identity for approximately four more centuries until their conquest by the Russian Empire.{{sfn|Lee|2024|p=157-158}}

===Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate===

From the mid-14th century, the population of the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Chagatai Ulus]] began to adopt Islam and use [[Turkic languages]] (of the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] or [[Karluk languages|Karluk]] groups) as a [[lingua franca]]. By the 15th century, these Muslim Turkic-speaking communities gradually developed into distinct ethnopolitical identities — [[Chaghatays]], [[Moghulistan|Moghuls]], [[Uzbek khanates|Uzbeks]], [[Kazakhs]], and [[Tatars#Contemporary groups and nations|Tatars]]. In academic literature, these peoples are often referred to as “Turks” or “Turkicized Mongols,” although in many respects they remained close to the Mongols of the 13th century.{{sfn|Lee|2024|p=158-159}}

Like other Chinggisid uluses of the 13th century, they were ruled by leaders descended from [[Genghis Khan]] or from the Mongol tribal aristocracy. The [[Uzbek khanates|Uzbeks]], [[Kazakhs]], and [[Tatars#Contemporary groups and nations|Tatars]] were led by descendants of [[Jochi]], the eldest son of Genghis Khan; the [[Moghulistan|Moghuls]] were ruled by descendants of [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], his second son; while the Chaghatays of the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid states]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals of India]] were governed by descendants of [[Timur]], a representative of the Mongol Barlas tribe.{{sfn|Lee|2024|p=158-159}} Their tribal composition was also similar: it included tribes of Mongol origin (Barlas, Barin, Dughlat, Manghit, Qongirat, Ushin, and others), tribes of non-Mongol but Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking origin (Jalair, Kereit, Tatar, Naiman, Ongut, Uyghur, and others), groups of Kipchak origin (Kipchaks, Kangly), as well as new tribal formations that emerged within the Mongol (Chinggisid) states (Shirin and Ming).{{sfn|Lee|2024|p=158-159}}

The Chaghatays, Moghuls, Shaybanid Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Tatars identified themselves as belonging to or descending from the Mongol ulus. None of these peoples traced their origins to pre-Mongol Turkic states or peoples such as the [[Qarakhanids]], [[Kipchaks]], or [[Seljuks]] (Turkmens).<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2024|p=158}}: "Not surprisingly, the Chaghatays, Moghuls, Uzbeks, Qazaqs, and Tatars identified themselves as belonging to or descending from the Mongol ulus. None of them claimed descent from the pre-Mongol Turkic peoples, such as the Qarakhanid Türks, or Qipchaqs, or Seljuks/Turkmens</ref> Contemporaries (including the Ottomans and the Russians) also regarded them as descendants of the Mongols. In particular, the 16th-century Ottoman historian Seyfi Çelebi, in his work on the history of the peoples of Inner Eurasia, divided the descendants of Genghis Khan of his time into the following groups: the Tatars of Crimea, the Uzbeks of Bukhara, the Kazakhs of the steppe, the Moghuls of Kashgaria, and the Qalmaqs (the Northern Yuan Mongols) beyond Kashgar.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2024|p=158-159}}: "Their contemporary neighbors including the Ottomans and the Russians also viewed them as Mongol descendants. Notably, in his history of inner Eurasian peoples, the sixteenth-century Ottoman historian Seyfī Çelebī divides Chinggis Khan’s descendants of his time into the following groups: the Tatars in the Crimea, the Uzbeks in Bukhara, the Qazaqs in the steppes, the Moghuls in Kashgaria, and the Qalmaqs (the Northern Yuan Mongols) beyond Kashghar</ref>

==Antecedents==
Before the time of [[Genghis Khan]], Turkic and Mongolic peoples exchanged words with each other, with Turkic languages being more active than Mongolic.<ref name="Janhunen" />{{Clarification needed|date=April 2024|reason=Not clear what is meant by Turkic being more "active"}} Extensive lexical borrowings from [[Proto-Turkic]] into the [[Proto-Mongolic language]] occurred from at latest the first millennium BCE. Turkic and [[Mongolic languages]] share extensive borrowed similarities in their personal pronouns, among other lexical similarities, which seem to date to before this era and already existed before the breakup of the Turkic people around 500 BCE.<ref name="Janhunen">{{cite book|title=Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA221|first=Juha|last=Janhunen|author-link=Juha Janhunen|editor1=Martine Irma Robbeets|editor2=Hubert Cuyckens|page=221|chapter=Personal pronouns in Core Altaic|date=2013| publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=9789027205995|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726135120/https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA221|url-status=live}}</ref> A still more ancient period of prolonged language contact between Turkic and Mongol languages is indicated by further and more fundamental phonotactic, grammatical, and typological similarities (e.g. synchronic [[vowel harmony]], lack of [[grammatical gender]], extensive [[agglutination]], highly similar [[phonotactic]] rules and [[phonology]]).<ref name="Janhunen"/>{{Original research inline|date=April 2024}}

In the past, these similarities were attributed to a genetic relationship and led to the widespread acceptance of an [[Altaic language family]]. More recently, due to the lack of a definitive demonstration of a genetic relationship, these similarities have been divided into these three known periods of language contact. The similarities have led to the proposal of a [[Sprachbund#Northeast Asia|Northeast Asian sprachbund]] instead, which also includes the [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]], [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]], and [[Japonic]] language families, although Turkic and Mongolic display the most extensive similarities. According to recent aggregation and research, there are [[doublet (linguistics)|doublet]]s, which are considered to be the same in terms of their roots, found in the vocabulary in Mongolian language and Turkic loanwords. Also, words of Turkic origin are the most common loanwords in Mongolian vocabulary.<ref>Nakashima, Y. (n.d.). 語彙借用に見るモンゴル語とチュルク語の言語接触: 特にカザフ語及びトゥヴァ語との比較を中心として(Rep.). Retrieved from [https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/repo/ouka/all/51188/gk00068_論文.pdf PDF] (ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205231805/https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/repo/ouka/all/51188/gk00068_%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87.pdf |date=5 February 2021 }}.</ref>

==Language==

=== Kipchak ===
Following the Mongol conquests, the ruling Mongol elites of the Mongol successor states began a process of assimilation with the non-Mongol populations that they ruled over. The population of the [[Golden Horde]] was largely a mixture of [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and [[Mongols]] who adopted Islam later, as well as smaller numbers of [[Finno-Ugric peoples]], [[Alans]], [[Slavs]], and people from the [[Caucasus]], among others (whether Muslim or not).<ref>{{cite book|last=Halperin|first=Charles J.|title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History|url=https://archive.org/details/russiagoldenhord0000halp|url-access=registration|year=1987|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-20445-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/russiagoldenhord0000halp/page/111 111]}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2024}}

Most of the Horde's population was Turkic: [[Kipchaks]], [[Cumans]], [[Volga Bulgars]], [[Khwarezm]]ians, and others. The Horde was gradually Turkified and lost its Mongol identity, while the descendants of [[Batu Khan|Batu]]'s original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9037242 |title=''Encyclopædia Britannica'' |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309231900/http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9037242 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[BP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2024}} They were commonly called [[Tatars]] by Russians and other Europeans. Russians preserved this common name for this group down to the 20th century. Whereas most members of this group identified themselves by their ethnic or tribal names, most also considered themselves to be Muslims. Most of the population, both sedentary and nomadic, adopted the [[Kipchak language|Kypchak language]], which developed into the regional languages of Kypchak groups after the Horde disintegrated.

=== Karluk ===
In the [[Chagatai Khanate]], the Turkic language that was adopted by the Mongol elites became known as the [[Chagatai language]], a descendant of [[Karluk languages|Karluk]] Turkic. The Chagatai language was the native language of the [[Timurid dynasty]], a Turco-Mongol dynasty which gained power in Central Asia after the decline of the Chagatai khans. Chagatai is the predecessor of the modern Karluk branch of Turkic languages, which includes [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]].<ref name="Grenoble2006">{{cite book|author=L.A. Grenoble|title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUeWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|year= 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-48083-6|pages=149–}}</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:Shah-i-Zinda 03.jpg|thumb|The Turco-Mongol conqueror [[Timur]] made [[Samarkand]] the capital of his empire ]]
The Mongols during the period of the early Mongol conquests and the conquests of Genghis Khan largely followed [[Tengrism]]. However, the successor states of the Mongol Empire, the [[Ilkhanate]], Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate ruled over large Muslim populations. The Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate in particular ruled over Muslim-majority populations in Iran and Central Asia, respectively.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

In the Golden Horde, [[Uzbeg Khan|Uzbeg]] (Öz-Beg) assumed the throne in 1313 and adopted Islam as the [[state religion]]. He proscribed Buddhism and Shamanism among the Mongols in Russia, thus reversing the spread of the Yuan culture. By 1315, Uzbeg had successfully Islamicized the Horde, killing [[Jochids|Jochid]] princes and Buddhist [[lama]]s who opposed his religious policy and succession of the throne. Uzbeg Khan continued the alliance with the [[Mamluk]]s begun by [[Berke]] and his predecessors. He kept a friendly relationship with the Mamluk Sultan and his shadow Caliph in [[Cairo]]. After a long delay and much discussion, he married a princess from his family to [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]], [[Sultan]] of Egypt. Under Uzbeg and his successor [[Jani Beg]] (1342–1357), Islam, which among some of the Turks in Eurasia had deep roots going back into pre-Mongol times, gained general acceptance, though its adherents remained tolerant of other beliefs.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Northern Yuan and Golden Horde.svg|thumb|The [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] and Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century]]
In order to successfully expand Islam, the Mongols built mosques and other "elaborate places" requiring baths—an important element of Muslim culture. Sarai attracted merchants from other countries. The slave trade flourished due to strengthening ties with the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]]. Growth of wealth and increasing demand for products typically produce population growth, and so it was with Sarai. Housing in the region increased, which transformed the capital into the centre of a large Muslim Sultanate.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

In the Chagatai Khanate, [[Mubarak Shah (Chagatai Khan)|Mubarak Shah]] converted to Islam, and over time, the Chagatai elite became entirely Islamized. The Chagatai Khanate was succeeded by the [[Timurid Empire]] in Central Asia, founded by the Turco-Mongol warrior Timur. According to [[John Joseph Saunders]], Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic.<ref name="Saunders2001">{{cite book |first=J. J. |last=Saunders |author-link=John Joseph Saunders |title=The History of the Mongol Conquests |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFx3OlrBMpQC&pg=PA173 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7 |pages=173– |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726135126/https://books.google.com/books?id=nFx3OlrBMpQC&pg=PA173 |url-status=live }}</ref> To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the "Sword of Islam", and patronized educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the [[Borjigin]] leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian [[Knights Hospitaller]] at the [[Siege of Smyrna]], styling himself a ''[[ghazi (warrior)|ghazi]]''.<ref name="Marozzi-2004">{{cite book |title=Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world |publisher=HarperCollins |last=Marozzi |first=Justin |year=2004 }}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

==Turkification and cultural assimilation==
In both the Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate cases, the Turkification and development of [[Turco-Persian tradition]] existed, but with a rather different process. This is due to, according from Soviet Mongolist [[Boris Vladimirtsov]], who emphasized that "''the Mongols who moved westward were quickly Turkified and generally assimilated into the surrounding ethnographic environment, which was more or less akin to them.''" However, he added that in northern [[Central Asia]] the process of adopting "Muslim" culture by the Mongols proceeded more slowly than in [[Persia]] and the Central Asian heartland of [[Transoxiana]], [[Khorasan]], [[Khwarazm]], and [[Tarim Basin]], due to their close proximity to other ethnically related Turkic nomads.<ref name="Vladimirtsov">{{cite book |last=Vladimirtsov |first=Boris Yakovlevich |title=The Social System of the Mongols |year=1934 |location=Leningrad |pages=125}}</ref>

=== Golden Horde ===
In the [[Golden Horde]], especially during the reign of [[Özbeg Khan]], a significant process of Turkification occurred among the [[Mongols]] living in the ulus. The secretary of the Egyptian sultan, Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari, explicitly described this process, stating:

<blockquote>"In ancient times, this state (the [[Golden Horde]]) was the land of the [[Kipchaks]], but when it was conquered by the Tatars, the Kipchaks became their subjects. Later, as the Tatars intermingled and intermarried with them, the land itself overcame the original qualities and racial characteristics of the Tatars. All of them became exactly like Kipchaks, as if they were of the same stock. The Mongols settled in the land of the Kipchaks and remained there among them. Thus, long habitation in a land alters human nature and changes one's inherent features according to the nature of the country, as we said before."<ref name="al-Umari">{{cite book |last=al-Umari |title=Masalik al-Absar fi Mamalik al-Amsar |trans-title=The Pathways of Vision in the Realms of the Kingdoms |year=1348 |location=Cairo |quote=Translation cited in "Sbornik materialov", p. 250–251}}</ref><ref name="TajikSSR">{{cite web |url=http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=181 |title=On the Origin and Composition of the Uzbeks of Shaybani Khan |publisher=Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR |date=1953 |access-date=2025-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303071703/http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=181 |archive-date=2012-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>

A similar perspective was expressed in the 18th century by [[Johann Eberhard Fischer]], who described the Tatars as "the most populous among all Turkic peoples," and explained:

<blockquote>"That the name 'Tatar' later prevailed and became confused with the Mongols may be due to the fact that the Tatars, after being united under Genghis Khan's rule, served in his and his successors' armies in much greater numbers than the Mongols themselves. This can be concluded from the fact that in all those conquered lands, which previously had their own languages and were unfamiliar with either the Mongol or Tatar tongues, only the Tatar language came into use, while Mongolian disappeared. This would not have happened if the Tatars had not greatly outnumbered the Mongols."<ref name="Fischer">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=Johann Eberhard |title=History of Siberia |year=1768 |location=St. Petersburg |pages=89–90}}</ref></blockquote>

However, as Vladimirtsov had alluded, the Golden Horde was too far away from many main Islamic centres, and thus, despite adoption of Islam, their Islam had proven not as strictly connected to wider Islam as seen among the rivalling Turkic groups like [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] and Karluks, and more influenced by Mongol elements instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=The culture of the Golden Horde period. States and peoples of the Eurasian Steppes - KIPCHAKS |url=https://kipchaks.com/the-culture-of-the-golden-horde-period-states-and-peoples-of-the-eurasian-steppes/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beylur |first=Suat |last2=Суат |first2=Бейлур |date=2024-10-08 |title=“Turks, Tatars and Russians in the 13th–16th centuries”: exploring the interaction across Eurasia |url=https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-3.699-708 |journal=Golden Horde Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=699–708 |doi=10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-3.699-708 |issn=2313-6197}}</ref><ref>[http://www.islamset.com/islam/civil/kipchak.html Islamic Civilization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512013502/http://www.islamset.com/islam/civil/kipchak.html|date=2008-05-12}}</ref> This ultimately resulted in the Kipchaks being the most Turco-Mongolised people and the strongest embodiment of Turco-Mongol legacies within the Turkic world; later dispersal caused their Islamic adaption to be altered to whatever the environments required them later on, and even incorporating other beliefs like [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Tibetan Buddhism]] alongside their dominant [[Hanafi school]] of Islam; which had prevented the Turco-Persian tradition from taking a deeper and stronger institutional role compared to that of Oghuz and Karluk groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba TÃ¼kles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition By Devin DeWeese |url=https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01072-X.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=www.psupress.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An Islamicate Body: A Case Study of a Nomadic Burial from the Core Territory of the Golden Horde. |url=https://journals.openedition.org/remmm/10777 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=journals.openedition.org}}</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368124447_Islam_in_the_Golden_Horde_spread_and_impact_on_the_Eurasian_steppe</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Role of Religion in Shaping the Socio-Cultural Identity of the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs |url=https://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_12_106_3__june_themed_issue_osmonova_et_al.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609113624/https://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_12_106_3__june_themed_issue_osmonova_et_al.pdf |archive-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>

=== Chagatai Khanate ===
This is especially strong among successors of Chagatai Khanate, as these Turco-Mongol elites of [[Karluks|Karluk]] ethnicities became patrons of the [[Turco-Persian tradition]], which was the predominant culture amongst the Muslims of the Central Asian heartland at the time. In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by the conquering Turco-Mongols to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of a good part of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia, specifically North India, [[Central Asia]] and the [[Tarim Basin]] ([[Northwest China]]) and large parts of West Asia ([[Middle East]]).<ref name=":4" /> Numerous entities like the [[Timurid Empire]], [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Altishahr]] [[Moghulistan]], [[Turpan Khanate]] and [[Yarkent Khanate]] were the products of this Turkification and Turco-Persianate court traditions among these Mongols.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balabanlilar |first=Lisa |date=2007-01-01 |title=Lords of the Auspicious Conjunction: Turco-Mongol Imperial Identity on the Subcontinent |url=https://www.academia.edu/99226157/Lords_of_the_Auspicious_Conjunction_Turco_Mongol_Imperial_Identity_on_the_Subcontinent |journal=Journal of World History |doi=10.1353/JWH.2007.0000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Soucek |first=Svat |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-inner-asia/2B68237BDEDE5442BDE4F69A971AFD71 |title=A History of Inner Asia |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65169-1 |location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibragimova |first=Maftuna Abdulazizovna |date=2025-05-30 |title=Ethnographic Insights Into Central Asian History From “Devonu Lug‘Otit Turk” |url=https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/jsshrf/article/view/108113 |journal=Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals |language=en |volume=5 |issue=05 |pages=148–151 |issn=2748-9345}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="EI" />

Impressively, this process did not even exist only among the Karluks, but also appeared among the Kipchak-born [[Shaybanids]] and [[Janid dynasty|Janids]], who expelled the Timurids in 1507 to control the Central Asian heartland as the [[Khanate of Bukhara]], only to enter the reversed [[Uzbekisation|Karlukification]] in process before ultimately saw themselves as heirs and developers of Timurid civilisation, and reconciled with the Mughals in India, forging the modern identities of Uzbek, Uyghur people and numerous Central and South Asian Muslim groups, all with partial Mongol links but too deeply embedded with the Turco-Persianate legacies than with that of Mongol one.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Shaybanids |date=2000 |work=A History of Inner Asia |pages=149–161 |editor-last=Soucek |editor-first=Svat |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-inner-asia/shaybanids/681328EFAC754EF2B9D3E7CF4BFE8CB7 |access-date=2026-03-06 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65704-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bluedomes |date=2020-02-13 |title=The Shaybanids, Central Asia’s last great dynasty |url=https://bluedomes.net/2020/02/13/the-shaybanids-central-asias-last-great-dynasty/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Blue Domes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Comstock-Skipp |first=Jaimee |title=Heroes of Legend, Heroes of History: Militant Manuscripts of the Shaybanid Uzbeks in Transoxiana |url=https://www.academia.edu/14305924/Heroes_of_Legend_Heroes_of_History_Militant_Manuscripts_of_the_Shaybanid_Uzbeks_in_Transoxiana}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columnslist|colwidth=30em|
*[[16 Great Turkic Empires]]
*[[Barlas]]
*[[Chagatai language]]
*[[Division of the Mongol Empire]]
*[[Hazaras]]
*[[Ilkhanate]]
*[[Inner Asia]]
*[[List of Mongol states]]
*[[Mongol invasions and conquests]]
*[[Mongolization]]
*[[Tartary]]
*[[Tatar confederation]]
*[[Turanism]]
*[[Turco-Persian tradition]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Turkification]]
*[[Uzbekisation]]
*[[Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia]]
}}

==Citations==
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |title=The Kazakh Khanate |editor-last=Ludden |editor-first=David |encyclopedia=The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.60 |isbn=978-0-19-027772-7 |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-60 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Lee
|first1=Joo-Yup
|last2=Ludden
|first2=David
|date=2019
|title=Turkic Identity in Mongol and post-Mongol Central Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe
|journal=The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|pages=39
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338291378_Turkic_Identity_in_Mongol_and_post-Mongol_Central_Asia_and_the_Qipchaq_Steppe_In_The_Oxford_Research_Encyclopedia_of_Asian_History_Ed_David_Ludden_New_York_Oxford_University_Press
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Lee
| first=Joo-Yup
| title=The Turkic Peoples in World History
| chapter=The Turko-Mongols (or “Mongol Turks”) of the Qipchaq Steppe and Central Asia
| url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781003256496-5/turko-mongols-mongol-turks-qipchaq-steppe-central-asia-joo-yup-lee?context=ubx&refId=8cd55208-a535-457a-851d-191852fc71be
| publisher=Routledge
| location=New York
| year=2024
| page=224
| isbn=9781032170015
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Turco-Mongol}}

[[Category:Turkic culture]]
[[Category:Mongol peoples]]
[[Category:14th century in Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnology]]

Sivakarthikeyan

2026-03-27T19:23:40Z

Viktorikoa: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian actor and musician (born 1985)}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sivakarthikeyan
| image = Sivakarthikeyan2025.jpg
| caption = Sivakarthikeyan in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|2|17}}
| birth_place = [[Piranmalai]], [[Sivagangai district|Sivagangai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[playback singer]]|[[lyricist]]|[[film producer]]|[[television presenter]]}}
| years_active = 2006{{endash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Aarthi|2010}}
| children = 3
| honours = [[Kalaimamani]] (2020)
}}

'''Sivakarthikeyan''' (born 17 February 1985), also known by his initials as '''SK''', is an Indian actor, [[playback singer]], [[lyricist]], and [[film producer]] primarily active in [[Tamil cinema]]. He served as a [[television presenter]] before his entry into films. He is a recipient of one [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]], two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and eight [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]].

Sivakarthikeyan gained attention after winning the [[stand-up comedy]] show ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' in 2006 and began hosting various shows on [[Star Vijay]]. His Tamil film breakthrough came with the 2012 comedy drama ''[[Marina]]''. Later, he went on to star in commercially and critically successful films such as ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013), ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' (2013), ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019) and ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (2024), the latter becoming one of the top‑grossing Tamil films of that year. He launched his own production company, Sivakarthikeyan Productions, and produced various films including ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' (2018).

He received the [[Kalaimamani]] award from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in 2020.

== Early life and family ==
Sivakarthikeyan was born on 17 February 1985 in [[Piranmalai]] near [[Singampunari]] in [[Sivagangai district]] in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ibctamilnadu.com/article/actor-sivakarthikeyan-birthday-life-story-1645066626|title=Actor Sivakarthikeyan life story|work=IBC Tamil|access-date=1 June 2025|lang=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2017 |title=Happy birthday Sivakarthikeyan: Eight lesser known facts about this rising star |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/happy-birthday-sivakarthikeyan-eight-lesser-known-facts-about-this-rising-star-4529448/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012150800/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/happy-birthdayivakarthikeyan-eight-lesser-known-facts-about-this-rising-star-4529448/ |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=12 October 2017 |quote=Just 14 days before his 27th birthday, Sivakarthikeyan made his debut as a leading man with Bigil, which released on February 3, 2012.}}</ref> His father G. Doss was a jail superintendent.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2024 |title=Sivakarthikeyan gets emotional talking about his father at Amaran success meet: 'His death shattered me' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-gets-emotional-talking-about-his-father-at-amaran-success-meet-his-death-shattered-me-9654474/ |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref> He has an elder sister, who is a doctor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-birthday-wish-sister-new-car-amaran-2645194-2024-12-05|title=My biggest inspiration: Actor Sivakarthikeyan's sweet birthday wish for his sister|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 December 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He completed schooling at [[Campion Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School]] in [[Tiruchirappalli]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-recalls-first-experience-acting-as-a-woman-as-he-visits-his-school-for-90th-anniversary-celebrations/articleshow/117833503.cms|title=Sivakarthikeyan recalls 'first experience acting as a woman'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 February 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> and earned a [[Bachelor of Engineering|Bachelor’s degree]] from JJ College of Engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/guess-this-actor-from-his-childhood-photo-hint-he-has-also-written-lyrics-for-many-tamil-hits-8664338.html|title=Guess this actor from childhood photo|work=[[News18]]|date=16 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-reveals-why-he-once-considered-quitting-cinema-9764576/|title=Sivakarthikeyan reveals why he once considered quitting cinema|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 January 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He married Aarthi on 27 August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aarthi and Sivakarthikeyan's Adorable Wedding Video Goes Viral |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakarthikeyan-wife-aarthi-sivakarthikeyan-wedding-video-doctor-ayalaan-don-tamil-_amp-news-289863 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925162534/https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakarthikeyan-wife-aarthi-sivakarthikeyan-wedding-video-doctor-ayalaan-don-tamil-_amp-news-289863 |work=Indiaglitz |archive-date=25 September 2021 |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> The couple have three children, one daughter and two sons.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=Sivakarthikeyan and his wife Aarthi blessed with their second child, a baby boy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-and-his-wife-aarthi-blessed-with-their-second-child-a-baby-boy-1827105-2021-07-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922143355/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-and-his-wife-aarthi-blessed-with-their-second-child-a-baby-boy-1827105-2021-07-12 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2021 |title=Sivakarthikeyan introduces his son Gugan Doss See first pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-introduces-his-son-gugan-doss-see-first-pic-1836467-2021-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922143355/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-introduces-his-son-gugan-doss-see-first-pic-1836467-2021-08-04 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="Actor Sivakarthikeyan, wife Aarthi name their baby boy Pavan">{{cite news |date=15 July 2024 |title=Actor Sivakarthikeyan, wife Aarthi name their baby boy Pavan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/actor-sivakarthikeyan-wife-aarthi-name-their-baby-boy-pavan/article68405982.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114101139/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/actor-sivakarthikeyan-wife-aarthi-name-their-baby-boy-pavan/article68405982.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 }}</ref> His cousin is [[Arun Prabu]], for which he collaborated with for ''[[Vaazhl]]'' (2021).<ref>https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arun-prabhu-talks-working-with-his-cousin-sivakarthikeyan-for-vaazhl-shares-his-definition-of-modern-day-mainstream-cinema-9804761.html</ref>

== Career ==
=== 2006–2012: Early career and introduction to cinema ===
Sivakarthikeyan took part in various cultural events and performed [[mimicry]] and [[standup comedy]] during his college years.<ref name="Net">{{cite web |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/sivakarthikeyan |title=Kollywood Movie Actor Sivakarthikeyan Biography, News, Photos, Videos |work=Nettv4u|access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119234316/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/sivakarthikeyan|url-status=live}}</ref> He took a three month-break in between studies, to take part in the auditions of ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'', a comedy reality TV show airing on [[Star Vijay]], and won the second season of the competition in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lakshmi, V.|date=27 June 2013|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-never-thought-Id-become-a-hero-Siva/articleshow/20791108.cms|title=I never thought I'd become a hero: Sivakarthikeyan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501033542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-never-thought-Id-become-a-hero-Siva/articleshow/20791108.cms |archive-date=1 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The makers of ''[[Aegan]]'' (2008) noticed his performance and offered him a supporting role in the film, but his portions did not make the final cut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/siva-karthikeyan-values-his-20-minutes-with-ajith-ajith-siva-karthikeyan-18-02-13.html |title=Siva Karthikeyan values his 20 minutes with Ajith, Ajith, Siva Karthikeyan |work=Behindwoods|access-date=5 February 2020|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329134930/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/siva-karthikeyan-values-his-20-minutes-with-ajith-ajith-siva-karthikeyan-18-02-13.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He appeared in short films such as ''[[Mugaputhagam]]''.<ref name="M">{{cite AV media |date=9 April 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfk5gSqrZSM |title=Mugaputhagam |publisher=A for apple productions |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528081034/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfk5gSqrZSM |archive-date=28 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Director [[Pandiraj]] approached Sivakarthikeyan to play the lead role in his film ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' (2012), and he signed the project. He prepared for the role by visiting [[Marina Beach]] extensively to study the surroundings, while revealing that he hoped that his natural talent of humor would come through onscreen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/love-and-laughter/article2996238.ece|title=Love and laughter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309210850/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/love-and-laughter/article2996238.ece |archive-date=9 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 March 2018 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> Featuring alongside [[Oviya]] as a young couple in the film, Sivakarthikeyan's performance was well-received, with a critic noting "the romance adds colour to a monochrome film", while the reviewer also noted that the "role of Senthilnathan requires Siva to be just himself, it is just a cake walk in terms of performance for this actor."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/feb-12-01/marina-review.html|title=Marina Review – Marina Movie Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621105005/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/feb-12-01/marina-review.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref>

[[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]] signed up Sivakarthikeyan to play a supporting role as [[Dhanush]]'s friend in ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'', after being impressed with his work onstage as a host.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article250536.ece?pageToolsFontSize=130%25#.UxyZn_l_uSo|title=Here's why Siva is unhappy!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306084514/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article250536.ece?pageToolsFontSize=130%25#.UxyZn_l_uSo |archive-date=6 March 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> Though the film opened to mixed reviews, critics appreciatied Sivakarthikeyan's work as providing comic relief in a serious film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/3-review-tamil-14995392.html|title=Movie Review : 3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020310/http://www.sify.com/movies/3-review-tamil-14995392.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 |work=[[Sify.com]]|access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> He was next seen in [[Ezhil]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' that released later that year. It opened to mixed reviews with a critic noting that the film "might not provide Sivakarthikeyan the platform he is aspiring for – lead roles in movies. But it does showcase his potential as an actor."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jun-12-01/manam-kothi-paravai-review.html|title=Manam Kothi Paravai Review – Manam Kothi Paravai Movie Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918014701/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jun-12-01/manam-kothi-paravai-review.html |archive-date=18 September 2013 |work=Behindwoods|access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>

===2013–2019: Experimentation in genres and success===
In 2013, Sivakarthikeyan appeared in three films. In his first release of the year, ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'', a dual hero coming-of-age comedy film, Sivakarthikeyan partnered once again with Pandiraj and acted alongside [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/smart-alec/article4372299.ece |title=Smart Alec |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309201644/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/smart-alec/article4372299.ece |archive-date=9 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 February 2013 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews from critics,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-review-review-tamil-15024617.html |title=Movie Review: Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412074257/http://www.sify.com/movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-review-review-tamil-15024617.html |archive-date=12 April 2014 |work=[[Sify.com]] |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-is-an-entertainer/20130329.htm| title=Review: Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga is an entertainer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428160332/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-is-an-entertainer/20130329.htm |archive-date=28 April 2014 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=29 March 2013 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> and became a success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-a-mass-hit-news-tamil-nefkI1jabih.html |title=Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga-A mass hit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122231529/http://www.sify.com/movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-a-mass-hit-news-tamil-nefkI1jabih.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |work=[[Sify.com]] |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> His next film was Dhanush's debut production venture ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'', written and directed by [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]], a former assistant of director [[Vetrimaaran]]. It is a story about a young man having talent as a long-distance runner, who strives to make an identity for himself.{{cn|date=August 2025}} His third release of the year was director [[Ponram]]'s comedy ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'', which saw Sivakarthikeyan portray a carefree rural youth and he was paired with newcomer [[Sri Divya]], and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]. Sivakarthikeyan sang a song in a film, the first of his career.{{cn|date=August 2025}} He won positive reviews for his performance from critics, with ''Sify'' noting "Sivakarthikeyan is terrific as Bosepandi because he makes it look so believable on screen with his body language, eyes and dialogue delivery". Another reviewer called him a delight to watch and claimed that he carried the script.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mannath, Malini|date=8 September 2013|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Varuthapadatha-Vaalibar-Sangam-Karthikeyans-splendid-take/2013/09/08/article1773669.ece#.Uxyi-fl_uSo |title=Varuthapadatha Vaalibar Sangam: Karthikeyan's splendid take |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309211910/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Varuthapadatha-Vaalibar-Sangam-Karthikeyans-splendid-take/2013/09/08/article1773669.ece#.Uxyi-fl_uSo |archive-date=9 March 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> The film completed 100 days during its theatrical run and was Sivakarthikeyan's biggest commercial box office success at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Yet-another-century-for-Sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/27341079.cms |title=Yet another century for Sivakarthikeyan |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522030403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Yet-another-century-for-Sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/27341079.cms |archive-date=22 May 2018 |date=14 December 2013 |access-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> His performances in 2013 led him to win the year's [[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year]], an onstage moment which Sivakarthikeyan described as "memorable".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/Vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |title=Vijay Awards: Ajith's "Arrambam", Kamal Haasan, Sivakarthikeyan Bag Awards |work=Ibtimes |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519170623/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Nivin Pauly, Sivakarthikeyan and Vikram at Iru Mugan Audio Launch.jpg|thumb|left|Sivakarthikeyan with [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] at ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' film audio launch event.]]

Sivakarthikeyan started the year 2014 with a comedy film ''[[Maan Karate]]'' produced by [[A. R. Murugadoss]]. The film featured him as a carefree urban youth who fakes himself as a boxer to impress a girl.{{cn|date=August 2025}} In 2015, he paired up once again with Durai Senthilkumar for a police action film, ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]''. The film released on 27 February 2015. It was a story about a sincere constable who takes risks to stop black market organ donation and having the aim to become an Inspector.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kakki-sattai-kaaki-sattai-opening-weekend-box-office-collection-sivakarthikeyans-film-earns-624983 'Kakki Sattai (Kaaki Sattai) Opening Weekend Box Office Collection: Sivakarthikeyan's Film Earns ₹13.34 Crore in the First Weekend] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303001223/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kakki-sattai-kaaki-sattai-opening-weekend-box-office-collection-sivakarthikeyans-film-earns-624983 |date=3 March 2015 }}. Ibtimes.co.in (2 March 2015). Retrieved on 6 May 2015.</ref> He again joined hands with Ponram in the film ''[[Rajini Murugan]]'', starring another newcomer [[Keerthy Suresh]]. The film's producer, [[N. Linguswamy]], ultimately failed to provide Sivakarthikeyan with his salary due to losses incurred by the film's delayed release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uttama-villain-release-controversies/article7164723.ece |title=Trouble in Kollywood |date=2015-05-02 |work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-19 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119090857/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uttama-villain-release-controversies/article7164723.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His film ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'', directed by debutant [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]] and produced by [[R. D. Raja]], featured Sivakarthikeyan playing a lovestruck youth disguising himself as a female nurse to befriend his love interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/remo/remo-review.html |title=Remo (aka) Sivakarthikeyan's Remo review |website=Behindwoods |access-date=14 November 2018 |date=7 October 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322232429/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/remo/remo-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sivakarthikeyan's next venture was director [[Mohan Raja]]'s action-thriller, ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'', pairing with [[Nayanthara]] and featuring [[Fahadh Faasil]] as the main antagonist. The film, which revolves around an employee fighting against food adulteration in society, was released in 2017 to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velaikkaran-review--an-honest-film-that-hits-the-right-notes-review-tamil-rmwljKdhcehdb.html |title=Velaikkaran review- An honest film that hits the right notes |website=[[Sify]] |date=22 December 2017 |access-date=22 December 2017 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204257/http://www.sify.com/movies/velaikkaran-review--an-honest-film-that-hits-the-right-notes-review-tamil-rmwljKdhcehdb.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sivakathikeyan then featured in the 2018 film ''[[Seemaraja]]'', collaborating with director Ponram for the third time. The film, featuring an ensemble cast including [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], released to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/seema-raja-review-the-decline-of-royalty/article24941234.ece |title='Seema Raja' review: The decline of royalty |first=Srinivasa |last=Ramanujam |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=13 September 2018|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321173516/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/seema-raja-review-the-decline-of-royalty/article24941234.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, he acted in the film, ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'', the directorial debut of [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] and the debut film of Sivakarthikeyan's production company Sivakarthikeyan Productions. The film features Sivakarthikeyan as a cricket coach, acting alongside [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Sathyaraj]]. The film was released to highly positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanaa-release-dates-announced/articleshow/66478137.cms |title='Kanaa' release dates announced |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922170935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanaa-release-dates-announced/articleshow/66478137.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sivakarthikeyan's first 2019 film was ''[[Mr. Local]]'', starring opposite Nayanthara for the second time, which received poor reviews. His scenes from ''Kanaa'' were reused in the Telugu remake of the film titled ''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]''. In 2019, Sivakarthikeyan appeared in the family drama film ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'', and in a superhero film ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''.<ref name = "TOI" >{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/namma-veetu-pillai/amp_movie_review/71324988.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927192230/https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/namma-veetu-pillai/amp_movie_review/71324988.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2019|title=Namma Veettu Pillai Movie Review {3/5}: Sivakarthikeyan starrer is an okayish family drama|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref><ref name = "IT" >{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-film-has-interesting-premise-but-let-down-by-execution-1629925-2019-12-20 |title=Hero Movie Review: Sivakarthikeyan's film has interesting premise, but let down by execution |date=20 December 2019 |author=Janani K. |website=[[India Today]] |language=en|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922144654/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hero-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-film-has-interesting-premise-but-let-down-by-execution-1629925-2019-12-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2021–present: Further success ===
Sivakarthikeyan's only 2021 film was ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'', which received highly positive reviews from critics and audiences. It became the highest-grossing film of his career, with a global collection of 100 crore rupees. This is his first movie to join the 100 crore club.{{cn|date=August 2025}} His next release was ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'', which released in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/sivakarthikeyans-new-film-titled-don-makers-tease-with-announcement-video-101611735620538.html |title=Sivakarthikeyan's new film titled Don, makers tease with announcement video |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 January 2021|access-date = 3 March 2021|archive-date = 10 February 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210210042139/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/sivakarthikeyans-new-film-titled-don-makers-tease-with-announcement-video-101611735620538.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/don-to-make-its-digital-premiere-next-month/articleshow/91591030.cms |title='Don' to make its digital premiere next month |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 May 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526060406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/don-to-make-its-digital-premiere-next-month/articleshow/91591030.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Like ''Doctor'', it received favorable reviews by both the critics and audience. It also went on to collect 100 crores at the global box office, becoming his second consecutive 100 crore hit.{{cn|date=August 2025}} In 2022, he began filming for ''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' under the direction of [[K. V. Anudeep]].<ref name="sk20">{{cite web |date=10 February 2022 |title=The shooting of 'SK 20' begins with a muhurat puja; Sathyaraj joins Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-shooting-of-sk-20-begins-with-a-muhurat-puja-sathyaraj-joins-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/89477943.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210121904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-shooting-of-sk-20-begins-with-a-muhurat-puja-sathyaraj-joins-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/89477943.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan To Make His Tollywood Debut With Director Anudeep KV's Next |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sivakarthikeyan-to-make-his-tollywood-debut-with-director-anudeep-kvs-next/407776 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151954/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sivakarthikeyan-to-make-his-tollywood-debut-with-director-anudeep-kvs-next/407776 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> At the same time, he also began shooting for ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'', which was directed by [[Madonne Ashwin]].<ref name = "TimesofIndia" >{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aditi-shankar-begins-shooting-for-sivakarthikeyans-maaveeran/articleshow/93945174.cms |title=Aditi Shankar begins shooting for Sivakarthikeyan's Maaveeran |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 September 2022|access-date= 22 September 2022|archive-date= 22 September 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220922144008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aditi-shankar-begins-shooting-for-sivakarthikeyans-maaveeran/articleshow/93945174.cms|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2022 |title=Mahesh Babu Unveiled The Title Of Sivakarthikeyan's Mahaveerudu |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/mahesh-babu-unveiled-title-sivakarthikeyans-mahaveerudu-158214 |website=Sakshi Post|access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922144200/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/mahesh-babu-unveiled-title-sivakarthikeyans-mahaveerudu-158214|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title='Maaveeran': Sivakarthikeyan-Madonne Ashwin film's title announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maaveeran-sivakarthikeyan-madonne-ashwin-film-officially-announced/article65643115.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922144917/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maaveeran-sivakarthikeyan-madonne-ashwin-film-officially-announced/article65643115.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Prince'' released in 2022 to negative reviews, but ''Maaveeran'' released in 2023 and was a commercial success. Soon after, on the occasion of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], his long-delayed film ''[[Ayalaan]]'' was released in 2024 to generally positive reviews, especially with families. The film used 1,400 visual shots, which is the most for any Indian film.{{cn|date=August 2025}} Clashing with his former co-star's film [[Captain Miller (film)|''Captain Miller'']], the film grossed over ₹96 crores (US$12 million), emerging as a box office success, and becoming among the highest-grossing Indian films of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-01 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' Telugu version is blocked from theatres; deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-telugu-version-blocked-from-theatres/articleshow/107321119.cms |access-date=2024-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A month later, Sivakarthikeyan's film with [[Raaj Kamal Films International]], directed by Rajkumar Periyasamy, was announced, previously under the tentative title SK21.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-15 |title=It's official: Sivakarthikeyan's next with Rajkumar Periyasamy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-sivakarthikeyans-next-with-rajkumar-periyasamy/articleshow/88918740.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 16 February 2024, the title was revealed to be ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'', as confirmed by a teaser trailer.<ref>{{Citation |title=AMARAN TEASER {{!}} Ulaganayagan Kamal Haasan {{!}} Sivakarthikeyan {{!}} Rajkumar {{!}} GV Prakash {{!}} R. Mahendran | date=16 February 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A76db9lX2fE |access-date=2024-02-16 |language=en}}</ref> The teaser garnered more than 2 million views within 6 hours. ''Amaran'' became a sleeper hit at the box office, emerged as the second [[List of Tamil films of 2024|highest-grossing Tamil film of 2024]], garnering widespread critical acclaim for its engaging screenplay, based on the real life incidents revolving around veteran Indian army officer [[Mukund Varadarajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |title=India: Big Global Scores For Tamil Films 'Kanguva', 'Amaran' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/11/21/india-big-global-scores-for-tamil-films-kanguva-amaran/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title='Amaran' box office collection day 24: Sivakarthikeyan and Sai Pallavi's film dominates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/amaran-box-office-collection-day-24-sivakarthikeyan-and-sai-pallavis-film-dominates/articleshow/115619108.cms |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was his first major fully-fledged action entertainer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaran - Problematic propaganda {{!}} Tamil Guardian |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/amaran-problematic-propaganda |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.tamilguardian.com}}</ref>

His latest film was directed by [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]], in his second collaboration with the director, after him previously producing ''[[Maan Karate]]''. [[Anirudh Ravichander]] was announced as the music director for the film, in his ninth collaboration with the musician, as confirmed by his presence at the film's [[Muhurat shot|muharat]] pooja.<ref>{{Citation |title=#SKxARM Pooja Ceremony {{!}} Siva Karthikeyan, Rukmini Vasanth {{!}} A R Murugadoss {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander | date=15 February 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOizgF3OCro |access-date=2024-02-16 |language=en}}</ref> The movie is titled ''[[Madharaasi]]''.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

== Controversies ==

In 2023, Tamil composer [[D. Imman]] publicly announced that he would no longer collaborate with actor Sivakarthikeyan, mentioning a personal betrayal that deeply impacted his life. He chose not to share further details, emphasizing his children’s well-being and the importance of privacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music composer D Imman says he will never work with Sivakarthikeyan again: 'He betrayed me' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/music-composer-d-imman-says-he-will-never-work-with-sivakarthikeyan-again-he-betrayed-me-8987131/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website= TheIndianExpress |date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Films===
{{pending films key}}

=== As an actor ===
*''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] unless otherwise noted''.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivakarthikeyan film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mugaputhagam]]'' || Jeeva Murali || Short film || <ref name="M"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012||''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' || Senthilnathan || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/feb-12-01/marina-review.html |title=Marina Review – Marina Movie Review |website=Behindwoods.com |date=|access-date=2012-08-05 |archive-date=21 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621105005/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/feb-12-01/marina-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''|| Kumaran ||
||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-character-names-of-sivakarthikeyan-in-his-movies/3-kumaran.html |title=14 SHADES OF SIVAKARTHIKEYAN! WHICH IS YOUR FAVOURITE? |website=Behindwoods |date=18 February 2019 |access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923085458/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-character-names-of-sivakarthikeyan-in-his-movies/3-kumaran.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]''||Kannan Ramaiah|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/manam-kothi-paravai/movie-review/13865701.cms |title=Manam Kothi Paravai |website=The Times of India |date=2016-05-11|access-date=2020-06-13|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923085641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/manam-kothi-paravai/movie-review/13865701.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2013 ||''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''|| Pattai Murugan / Ranga Murugan || || <ref>M Suganth (29 March 2013) [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Kedi-Billa-Killadi-Ranga/movie-review/19279715.cms Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724042000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Kedi-Billa-Killadi-Ranga/movie-review/19279715.cms |date=24 July 2014 }}. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || Kunjithapatham "Harish" || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-03 |title=Tamil review: "Ethir Neechal" nothing exceptional, yet watchable |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-ethir-neechal-nothing-exceptional-yet-watchable-606977.html|access-date=2020-06-28 |website=News18|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923085457/https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-ethir-neechal-nothing-exceptional-yet-watchable-606977.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''|| Bose Pandi || ||<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Varuthapadatha-Vaalibar-Sangam-Karthikeyans-splendid-take/2013/09/08/article1773669.ece |title=Varuthapadatha Vaalibar Sangam: Karthikeyan's splendid take |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 September 2013 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927111908/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Varuthapadatha-Vaalibar-Sangam-Karthikeyans-splendid-take/2013/09/08/article1773669.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2014||''[[Maan Karate]]''|| Thomas Peter / "Maan Karate" Peter|| ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-maan-karate-is-a-messed-up-bout/article1-1204483.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405182532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-maan-karate-is-a-messed-up-bout/article1-1204483.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2014 |title=Movie review: Maan Karate is a messed-up bout |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2014-04-05 |access-date=2014-04-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015||''[[Kaaki Sattai]]''||Madhimaran Ratnavel || ||<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150228/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-kaaki-sattai-senthilkumar-has-done-estimable "Movie review 'Kaaki Sattai': One is certain to be dazzled ad amused"] . ''Deccan Chronicle''.</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vajrakaya]]'' || [[Hanuman]] devotee || [[Kannada film]]; special appearance in the title song
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-does-a-cameo-in-srks-film/articleshow/46054125.cms |title=Sivakarthikeyan does a cameo in SRK's film |website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923122209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-does-a-cameo-in-srks-film/articleshow/46054125.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016 ||''[[Rajinimurugan]]''||Rajinimurugan and Bose Pandi|| Dual role ||<ref>{{Citation|title=Rajini Murugan Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Rajini Murugan by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rajini-murugan/movie-review/50611731.cms|access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''|| Siva Karthikeyan "SK" / Regina Motwani "Remo" || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2016 |title=Remo movie review: Sivakarthikeyan's film entertains but not charming enough |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/remo-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-film-entertains-but-not-charming-enough-3072062/ |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |archive-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520144656/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/remo-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-film-entertains-but-not-charming-enough-3072062/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017 || ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Arivazhagan "Arivu" || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/velaikkaran-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-fahadh-faasil-shine-in-this-message-heavy-but-impactful-film/story-3Y5MiNM84okDlU44ylkeQO.html |title=Velaikkaran movie review: Sivakarthikeyan, Fahadh Faasil shine in this message-heavy but impactful film |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 December 2017 |access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923091226/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/velaikkaran-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-fahadh-faasil-shine-in-this-message-heavy-but-impactful-film/story-3Y5MiNM84okDlU44ylkeQO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Seemaraja]]'' || Seemaraja and Kadambavel Raja || Dual role ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/seema-raja-review-the-decline-of-royalty/article24941234.ece |title='Seema Raja' review: The decline of royalty |date=2018-09-13 |work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-21 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321173516/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/seema-raja-review-the-decline-of-royalty/article24941234.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' || Nelson Dilipkumar || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kanaa/movie-review/67152622.cms |title=Kanaa Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 August 2020|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121101408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kanaa/movie-review/67152622.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2019 ||''[[Mr. Local]]''|| Manohar || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mr. Local Review {2/5}: The film is full of ineffective one-liners, illogical scenes and exhausting dialogues and songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mr-local/movie-review/69369839.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190517161133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mr-local/movie-review/69369839.cms |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]'' || Nelson Dilipkumar || [[Telugu film]] ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVQ6gJyhZ34 |title=Sivakarthikeyan About Kousalya Krishnamurthy Movie Audio Launch {{!}} Aishwarya Rajesh |work=Shreyas Media|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923091110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVQ6gJyhZ34|url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' ||Arumpon|| ||<ref name = "TOI" />
|-
| ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''|| Sakthivel / Mask || ||<ref name = "IT" />
|-
|2021 || ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' || Dr Varun || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Doctor' movie review: An enjoyable comedy-caper that has Sivakarthikeyan playing down his strengths – the Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 October 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/doctor-movie-review-an-enjoyable-comedy-caper-that-has-sivakarthikeyan-playing-down-his-strengths/article36912501.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027140955/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/doctor-movie-review-an-enjoyable-comedy-caper-that-has-sivakarthikeyan-playing-down-his-strengths/article36912501.ece |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=27 October 2021 |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 ||''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' || Chakaravarthi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=13 May 2022 |title=Don Movie Review: Sivakarthikeyan's film is a mindless entertainer with a message |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/don-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-film-is-a-mindless-entertainer-with-a-message-1948866-2022-05-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526060407/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/don-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-s-film-is-a-mindless-entertainer-with-a-message-1948866-2022-05-13 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' || Anbarasan || || <ref>{{cite tweet |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |user=sri50 |number=1531282483517435905 |date=30 May 2022 |title=Sreedhar Pillai on X: "After the blockbuster success of #Don, @Siva_Kartikeyan's #SK20 is all geared up for {{as written|i|t's [sic]}} release on 31st August 2022.. ..." |language=en |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 ||''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'' || Sathya || ||<ref name = "TimesofIndia" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
| ''[[Ayalaan]]'' || Tamizh || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayalaan movie to release during Christmas 2021 |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/ayalaan-movie-release-date-ayalaan-movie-to-release-during-christmas-2021/31269/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303145641/https://thenewscrunch.com/ayalaan-movie-release-date-ayalaan-movie-to-release-during-christmas-2021/31269/ |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=The News Crunch |date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-to-star-with-vijay-in-goat-article-109963949|title = After Trisha, Sivakarthikeyan To Play Cameo In Vijay's GOAT?| date=9 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' || [[Mukund Varadarajan|Major Mukund Varadarajan]] || ||<ref name="final">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-25 |title=Year Ender 2024: Top 10 highest-grossing Kollywood movies at worldwide box office |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/year-end-2024-top-10-highest-grossing-kollywood-movies-at-worldwide-box-office-1362528 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| 2025 || ''[[Madharaasi]]'' || Raghu Ram ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2024 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'SK23' with AR Murugadoss begins with an pooja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-sk23-with-ar-murugadoss-begins-with-an-official-pooja/articleshow/107683674.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214140710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-sk23-with-ar-murugadoss-begins-with-an-official-pooja/articleshow/107683674.cms |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026 ||[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|''Parasakthi'']] || Chezhiyan ||25th film ||<ref>{{Cite web |title= சிவகார்த்திகேயன் 25-வது படத்தின் முதற்கட்ட படப்பிடிப்பு தொடங்கியது|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/sports/cricket/sk25-shoot-starts-today-in-chennai-751288| website= [[Maalai Malar]]|date=14 December 2024 |access-date= 14 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{pending film|Seyon}}
|{{tba}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-02-16 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's next titled Seyon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/16/sivakarthikeyans-next-titled-seyon |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

====As a producer====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivakarthikeyan film producer credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Vaazhl]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Kurangu Pedal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kottukkaali]]'' ||
|-
|2025
|''[[House Mates]]''
|Presenter<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Sivakarthikeyan Productions to present Darshan-Kaali Venkat's House Mates |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/09/sivakarthikeyan-productions-to-present-darshan-kaali-venkats-house-mates |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Thaai Kizhavi]]''
|Presenter<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's SK Productions presents Radikaa-led Thaai Kizhavi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Dec/25/tamilnews2025dec24sivakarthikeyans-sk-productions-presents-radikaa-led-thaai-kizhavi |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

====As dubbing artist====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivakarthikeyan film dubbing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Actor
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2009
|[[Siva Manasula Sakthi|''Siva Manasula Sakthi'']]
|Voice Over
|He dubbed a short voice segment imitating [[Rajinikanth]] in the song "Oru Adangapidari" <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6y8VGEunifo |title=நான் உதவியதை நீங்களாவது சொன்னீங்களே : Sivakarthikeyan Speech I Nayanthara I Mr. Local Press Meet |date=2019-05-13 |last=IndiaGlitz Tamil |access-date=2025-12-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=2019-05-20 |title=Interview {{!}} Nobody has become an alcoholic because of my films: 'Mr Local' director Rajesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/May/19/interview--nobody-has-become-an-alcoholic-because-of-my-films-mr-local-director-rajesh-1979288.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Oh My Friend|Sridhar]]'' || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
|Tamil dubbed version
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivakarthikeyan television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' Season 2
| rowspan="3" | Contestant
| rowspan="17" | [[Star Vijay]]
| Winner
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008
| ''Kalakkal Champions''
|
|-
| ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' Season 3
| Runner-up
|-
| ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance
|-
| ''Kodambakkam Skool''
| Billa
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009
|''Boys vs Girls'' Season 1
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Athu Ithu Ethu|Adhu Idhu Edhu]]''
| rowspan="2" | Host
|
|-
| ''[[Super Singer Junior (season 2)|Super Singer Junior]]''
|
|-
| ''Boys vs Girls'' Season 2
| Host / Contestant
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''Jodi Number One'' Season 5
| rowspan="6" | Host
|
|-
| ''[[Airtel Super Singer 3|Airtel Super Singer Season 3]]''
|
|-
| ''Jodi Number One Junior''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[5th Vijay Awards|5th Annual Vijay Awards]]''
|
|-
| ''Kings of Comedy'' Season 1
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[6th Vijay Awards|6th Annual Vijay Awards]]''
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss Season 8]]''
|Himself
|Day 19 - Special appearance
for [[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]] Film promotions <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-26 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: From Sivakarthikeyan's stunning entry to Pavitra getting nomination free pass; Major events at a glance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-from-sivakarthikeyans-stunning-entry-to-pavitra-getting-nomination-free-pass-major-events-at-a-glance/articleshow/114611469.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==
===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivakarthikeyan film playback singing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
|-
|2013 || ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' || "Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam" || [[D. Imman]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Maan Karate]]'' || "Royapuram Peter" || rowspan=2 | [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' || "I'm So Cool" ||
|-
|''[[Mapla Singam]]'' || "Edhukku Machchan" || [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] || Movie Version Only
|-
|2016 || ''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' || "Rajini Murugan" ||[[D. Imman]] ||
|-
|2018 ||[[Kanaa (film)|''Kanaa'']]|| "Vaayadi Petha Pulla" ||[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019 ||''[[Mr. Local]]''||"Kalakkalu Mr. Localu"|| [[Hiphop Tamizha]] ||
|-
|''[[Thumbaa]]''||"Humpty Dumpty"|| [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]] ||
|-
|''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]''||"Engavena Kochikinu Po"|| [[Ghibran]] ||
|-
|2021||[[Lift (2021 film)|''Lift'']]||"Inna Myluu"||[[Britto Michael]]||
|-
|2023||''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''||"Vannarapettayila"||Bharath Sankar||<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Sivakarthikeyan |user=Siva_Kartikeyan |title=Sivakarthikeyan on X: "Here is the second single #Vannarapettayila from #Maaveeran – A @bharathsankar12 Musical! ..." |number=1668853405404762115 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714075944/https://twitter.com/Siva_Kartikeyan/status/1668853405404762115 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025||''Oh God Beautiful''||"Venum Macha Peace"||JC Joe||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026 ||[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|''Parasakthi'']]||"Tharakku Tharakku"||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]||
|-
|[[Thaai Kizhavi]] || "Thaai Kizhavi Vaaraa" || [[Nivas K. Prasanna]] ||
|}

===As lyricist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivakarthikeyan film credits as a lyricist
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'' || "Kalyana Vayasu" || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Gurkha (film)|Gurkha]]'' || "Hey Poya" || Raj Aryan ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' || "Gaandha Kannazhagi" || [[D. Imman]]||
|-
|''[[Adithya Varma]]'' || "Idhu Enna Maayamo" || [[Radhan]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' || "Chellamma"
| rowspan="2" | [[Anirudh Ravichander]]||
|-
| "So Baby" ||
|-
| ''[[Naai Sekar]]'' || "Edakku Modakku" || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' || "Summa Surrunu" || [[D. Imman]] ||
|-
| ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' || "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" || rowspan="2" | [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ||
|-
| ''[[Don (2022 film)|Don]]'' || "Private Party" ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2024 || ''[[Ayalaan]]'' || "Maanja Nee" || [[A. R. Rahman]] ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sivakarthikeyan awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2012
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize Award]]
| ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in a surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners |website=The Indian Express |date=14 July 2017|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031172117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Male Debut – Tamil
| ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece |title=Stars in Sharjah |newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=16 December 2020 |author=Sudish Kamath | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219131946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece | archive-date=19 February 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[7th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor|Best Debut Actor]]
| rowspan="1"| ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Net"/>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2014
| rowspan="2"| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2014-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/42514726.cms |title=SIIMA Awards 2014 Tamil winners list |website=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524110626/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2014-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/42514726.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Sensation of South Indian Cinema
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[8th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]]
| ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'', ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'', ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |title=Vijay Awards: Ajith's "Arrambam", Kamal Haasan, Sivakarthikeyan Bag Awards [Winners List] |website=International Business Times |date=6 July 2014|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705073621/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Television Awards]]
| Pride of [[Vijay TV]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/vijay-television-awards-2014/ |title=Vijay Television Awards 2014 – List of winners and Images |date=26 May 2014 |access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225043806/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/vijay-television-awards-2014/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam]]
| Best Actor – Tamil
|''[[Rajinimurugan]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-south-utsavam-awards-2017-here-complete-nomination-list-tamil-movies-719346 |title=IIFA South Utsavam Awards 2017: Here is the complete nomination list for Tamil movies |website=International Business Times |date=14 March 2017|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916223202/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-south-utsavam-awards-2017-here-complete-nomination-list-tamil-movies-719346|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| Best Entertainer of the year
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/10th-edison-awards-2016-rajinikanth-simbu-sivakarthikeyans-films-win-big-here-complete-719224 |title=10th Edison Awards 2016: Rajinikanth, Simbu, Sivakarthikeyan's films win big; here is the complete winners' list |website=International Business Times |date=13 March 2017|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919120833/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/10th-edison-awards-2016-rajinikanth-simbu-sivakarthikeyans-films-win-big-here-complete-719224|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-awards-2017-mohanlal-wins-best-actor-vijay-entertainer-1021933-2017-07-02 |title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Day 2: Mohanlal wins Best Actor, Vijay bags Best Entertainer |date=2 July 2017 |website=India Today|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515093348/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-awards-2017-mohanlal-wins-best-actor-vijay-entertainer-1021933-2017-07-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018
| rowspan="2"| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| Best Actor
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite tweet |author=EDISON AWARDS |user=edison_awards |number=953188483501142016 |date=16 January 2018 |title=Vote for @Siva_Kartikeyan is Nominated As #BestActor for #Velaikkaran at #11thAnnualEdisonAwards Vote here 👉https://t.co/M5HcIG4Y0d @rameshlaus @24AMSTUDIOS @jayam_mohanraja @RDRajaofficial https://t.co/fcxamWCYQp |language=en |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Favorite Actor
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite tweet |author=24AM |user=24AMSTUDIOS |number=967989150195396608 |date=26 February 2018 |title=Our Velaikkaran won 5 Awards at #11thAnnualEdisonAwards.Thank u 4 d recognition & appreciation👍 Best film: #Velaikkaran (@24AMSTUDIOS) Favorite Actor: @Siva_Kartikeyan Best Music Director: @anirudhofficial Best Art Director: @muthurajthanga1 Best choreographer: @shobimaster |language=en |access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-tamil-winners-list-photos-vijays-mersal-tops-list-5-honours-780694 |title=SIIMA Awards 2018 – Tamil winners list |website=International Business Times |date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918112557/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-tamil-winners-list-photos-vijays-mersal-tops-list-5-honours-780694|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light]]
|[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2020
|[[13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|Best Actor
| rowspan="2" |''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| 2021
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830151926/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Siva Karthikeyan Sensational Speech After Winning Best Actor Award for Doctor {{!}} SIIMA 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mm5I42z2-10 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-11 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011152426/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mm5I42z2-10 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
|Most Elegant Personality
|{{N/A}}
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what! |date=7 April 2023 |website=PINKVILLA|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411065217/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Vikatan Awards
|Best Entertainter
|''Doctor''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{Won}}
|
<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Kalaimamani Award: Aishwarya Rajesh, Sivakarthikeyan, Gautham Menon among awardees |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalaimamani-award-aishwarya-rajesh-sivakarthikeyan-gautham-menon-among-awardees-143805?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109193853/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalaimamani-award-aishwarya-rajesh-sivakarthikeyan-gautham-menon-among-awardees-143805?amp |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to Gautham Menon: Here's the list of Kalaimamani awardees of 2021 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/19/sivakarthikeyan-to-gautham-menon-heres-the-list-of-kalaimamani-awardees-of-2021-22922.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030104726/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/19/sivakarthikeyan-to-gautham-menon-heres-the-list-of-kalaimamani-awardees-of-2021-22922.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Cinema Express |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam]]
|Best Actor – Tamil
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|Best Production
| ''[[The Adamant Girl|Kottukkaali]]''
| {{Won}}
|
|-
| [[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA 2025 Tamil, Malayalam: Prithviraj Sukumaran, Sai Pallavi win top honours|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2025-awards-winners-amaran-aadujeevitham-prithviraj-sukumaran-sai-pallavi-2783288-2025-09-07|date=September 7, 2025|access-date=November 7, 2025|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Tamil)|website=[[Filmfare]]|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-tamil-81911.html|date=22 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite news |title='Don': Sivakarthikeyan shaves off his beard for "Don" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/don-sivakarthikeyan-shaves-off-his-beard-for-don/articleshow/84578336.cms|access-date=2021-11-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sivakarthikeyan}}
* {{IMDb name|4792434}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes-person|siva_karthikeyan|Sivakarthikeyan}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakarthikeyan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil Reality dancing competition contestants]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil

2026-03-25T06:43:10Z

Viktorikoa: expanded intro based on references and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian economist and institution builder (1901–1971)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil
| image = Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil 2008 stamp of India.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1901|04|10}}
| birth_place = [[Nasik]], Maharashtra, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1971|05|03|1901|04|10}}
| death_place = India
| restingplace =
| othername = D. R. Gadgil
| occupation = Economist institution builder
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Gadgil formula]] [[Cooperative movement in India|Indian Cooperative Movement]] [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]
| spouse = Pramila
| domesticpartner =
| children = 3 sons and 1 daughter
| parents = Ramchandra Bhargav
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil''' (10 April 1901 – 3 May 1971), also known as '''D. R. Gadgil''', was an Indian economist,<ref name="Dr. Dhananjayrao Ramchandra Gadgil (10 April 1901 – 24 May 1971)">{{cite web | url=http://dgicmnagpur.com/about_dr_gadgil.php | title=Dr. Dhananjayrao Ramchandra Gadgil (10 April 1901 – 24 May 1971) | publisher=DGICM | year=2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015 | archive-date=9 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009073814/http://dgicmnagpur.com/about_dr_gadgil.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> institution builder<ref name="Gadgil on Indian economics">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/gadgil-on-indian-economics/article2004494.ece | title=Gadgil on Indian economics | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 May 2011 | accessdate=11 October 2015| last1=Pani | first1=Narendar }}</ref> and the vice-chairman of the [[Planning Commission of India]].<ref name="How Much Should a Person Consume?">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQxSxT_yWwYC&pg=PA190| title=How Much Should a Person Consume? | publisher=University of California Press | author=Ramachandra Guha | year=2006 | pages=262 | isbn=9780520248038}}</ref> He was the founder Director of the [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]], Pune<ref name="How Much Should a Person Consume?" /> and the author of the [[Gadgil formula]], which served as the base for the allocation of central assistance to states during the [[Fourth five-year plan of India|Fourth]] and [[Five-year plans of India#Fifth Plan (1974–1978)|Fifth Five Year Plans of India]].<ref name="Planning Commission">{{cite web | url=http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/gadgil.pdf | title=Planning Commission | publisher=Planning Commission |year=1997 | accessdate=10 October 2015}}</ref> He is credited with contributions towards the development of Farmers' Cooperative movement in Maharashtra.<ref name="How Much Should a Person Consume?" /> The Government of India recognised his services by issuing a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in 2008.<ref name="Commemorative stamps">{{cite web | url=http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf | title=Commemorative stamps | publisher=Posts and Telegraph, Government of India | year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117224026/http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf | archive-date=17 January 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early years ===
Gadgil was born on 10 April 1901 in [[Nasik]] in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="Dr. Dhananjayrao Ramchandra Gadgil (10 April 1901 – 24 May 1971)" /> as the son of Ramchandra Bhargav,<ref name="Rajya Sabha profile">{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/g.pdf | title=Rajya Sabha, Members biographical sketches (1952–2003) | publisher=Rajya Sabha |year=2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015}}</ref> in [[Brahmin]] family which had migrated from the [[Konkan]] region.<ref name="Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil">{{cite web | url=http://sahakarbharati.jagojantajago.org/DhananjayraoGadgil.aspx | title=Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil | publisher=Sahakar Bharati | year=2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000856/http://sahakarbharati.jagojantajago.org/DhananjayraoGadgil.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> His early education was at his ancestral city of [[Nagpur]] after which he graduated from [[Mumbai University]] and proceeded to [[Cambridge University]] from where he secured Master of Arts (MA) and Master of Literature (MLitt) degrees.<ref name="Dr. Dhananjayrao Ramchandra Gadgil (10 April 1901 – 24 May 1971)" /> It is reported that the dissertation he submitted for his MLitt degree became a classic<ref name="How Much Should a Person Consume?" /> and was published by [[Oxford University Press]]<ref name="Stamps of India">{{cite web | url=http://www.stampsofindia.com/newssite/download/328.pdf | title=Stamps of India | publisher=Stamps of India |year=2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015}}</ref> as a book, ''The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times'' in 1924.<ref name="The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times">{{cite book | title=The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times | publisher=Furnas Press | author=D. R. Gadgil | year=2007 | location=first published in 1924 | pages=340 | isbn=978-1406713480}}</ref> He stayed at Cambridge and returned to India after obtaining a DLitt (Honoris Causa).<ref name="Dr. Dhananjayrao Ramchandra Gadgil (10 April 1901 – 24 May 1971)" />

=== Career ===
Once in his home country, Gadgil joined the [[Maharashtra government]] service but gave it up in 1925 to serve as the principal at the Maganlal
Thakordas Balmukunddas Arts College, [[Surat]].<ref name="Stamps of India" /> Later, he associated himself with the [[Servants of India Society]] of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and when the [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] (GIPE) was established in [[Pune]] in 1930, he became its founder director.<ref name="How Much Should a Person Consume?" /> His tenure at the institute lasted till 1933 during which time he undertook several projects related to development of rural economy.<ref name="Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil" /> He was also a member of the Indian Economic Association and served as its president for the year 1940.<ref name="Past presidents">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianeconomicassociation.com/pastpresident-venues.html | title=Past presidents | publisher=Indian Economic Association |year=2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015}}</ref> In 1946, the Government of Maharashtra entrusted him and [[A. D. Gorwala]], an [[Indian civil servant|Indian Civil Service]] officer, with the responsibility of devising a plan for the distribution of food in times of scarcity, and they recommended the introduction of fair price shops and rationing system, reportedly against the suggestions of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="How Much Should a Person Consume?" /> He was also involved with the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]] and the cooperative sector and is known to have drawn up a plan for the development of [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]].<ref name="Dr. Dhananjayrao Ramchandra Gadgil (10 April 1901 – 24 May 1971)" />

Meanwhile, Gadgil's involvement with the cooperative movement in Maharashtra grew as he got associated with the likes of [[Vithalrao Vikhe Patil]], [[Vaikunthbhai Mehta]], Shankarrao Dhumal and others, who were the pioneers of Indian cooperative movement. He became a director of the Pune District Central Cooperative Bank<ref name="PDCC Profile">{{cite web | url=http://pdccbank.com/about_us.aspx | title=PDCC Profile | publisher=Pune District Central Cooperative Bank |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> in 1930, served as the chairman of the Maharashtra State Cooperative Bank<ref name="Brief History">{{cite web | url=https://www.mscbank.com/history.aspx | title=Brief History | publisher=Maharashtra State Cooperative Bank |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> and held the chair of the National Federation of Cooperative Banks.<ref name="Stamps of India" /> His association with the cooperative pioneers is said to have resulted in the founding of '' Pravara Cooperative Sugar Factory'', the first industrial venture in the Asian cooperative sector, in 1949.<ref name="Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences">{{cite web | url=https://www.pravara.com/philosophy.html | title=Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences | publisher=Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> The venture, which later came to be known as the ''Pravara Model of Integrated Rural Development'', is reported to have gained national recognition.<ref name="Pravara Model of Integrated Rural Development">{{cite web | url=http://hyderabad2008.acu.ac.uk/presentations/Dr_Ashok_Patil.pdf | title=Pravara Model of Integrated Rural Development | publisher=Hyderabad University | year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604192535/http://hyderabad2008.acu.ac.uk/presentations/Dr_Ashok_Patil.pdf | archive-date=4 June 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He also served as the president of the National Cooperative Union of India, the apex organisation of the [[cooperative movement in India]].<ref name="Dr. Dhananjayrao Ramchandra Gadgil (10 April 1901 – 24 May 1971)" />

The [[Reserve Bank of India]] included him as a member of the Survey Panel for the rural credit and, later, in 1952, he became a director of the apex bank in India, holding the post for a decade, till 1962.<ref name="Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil" /> In 1966, he took up the post of the vice-chancellor of the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] but stayed at the post only for one year<ref name="Vice-Chancellors List">{{cite web | url=https://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/vice_chancellorsList.htm | title=Vice-Chancellors List | publisher=Savitribai Phule Pune University |year=2015 | accessdate=10 October 2015}}</ref> to move to [[Government of India|Union Government]] as the [[Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission|Deputy chairman]] of the now defunct [[Planning Commission of India]], the highest bureaucratic position in the Indian economic sector<ref name="Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil" /> which holds the rank of a cabinet minister.<ref name="What does the Planning Commission do?">{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jul/19bspec1.htm | title=What does the Planning Commission do? | publisher=ReDiff | date=19 July 2004 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> He also served as a nominated member of [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian parliament]], from 3 April 1966 to 31 August 1967.<ref name="Rajya Sabha profile" /><ref name="Stamps of India" />

===Gadgil formula ===
{{Main|Gadgil formula}}
After his appointment as a member of the [[Planning Commission of India]], Gadgil conducted studies on the pattern of allocation of central assistance to the states in the [[Five-Year Plans of India]].<ref name="Goodbye to Gadgil’s formula on state funding?">{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/T6bvO7SgDv4V71GDUncmWO/Goodbye-to-Gadgils-formula.html | title=Goodbye to Gadgil's formula on state funding? | publisher=Live Mint | date=29 September 2013 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> In 1969, he evolved a set of guidelines for the purpose, popularly known as the [[Gadgil formula]], which formed the base of central assistance to states in the [[Fourth five-year plan of India|Fourth]] and the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Fifth Five-Year Plans of India]].<ref name="Gadgil-Mukherjee Formula: Explanation and Use">{{cite web | url=http://www.simplydecoded.com/2013/05/06/3108/ | title=Gadgil-Mukherjee Formula: Explanation and Use | publisher=Simply Decoded |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> The proposals were based on the parameters such as Population (60%), Per Capita Income (10%), Tax Effort (10%), On-going Irrigation and Power Projects (10%) and Special Problems (10%).<ref name="Gadgil-Mukherjee Formula: Explanation and Use" /> Later, on insistence from the state governments, the formula was revised (''modified Gardgil formula'') as Population (55%), PCI (25% – calculated by deviation and distance methods), Fiscal Management (5%) and Special Development Problems (15%).<ref name="Gadgil-Mukherjee Formula: Explanation and Use" /> In 1990, the standards were again modified, when [[Pranab Mukherjee]], the former [[President of India]], held the post of the deputy chairmanship of the Planning Commission, and the new set of rules came to be known as Gadgil-Mukherjee formula.<ref name="REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON STATE’S FINANCIAL RESOURCES">{{cite web | url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/wg_state_finan0106.pdf | title=REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON STATE'S FINANCIAL RESOURCES | publisher=Planning Commission |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Personal life and honours ===
Gadgil is known to have been an enthusiastic reader and had a personal library composed of 3000 books.<ref name="My Fundays">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060223/asp/telekids/story_5886178.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006024652/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060223/asp/telekids/story_5886178.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 October 2012 | title=My Fundays | work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota | date=23 February 2006 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> He was married to Pramila and the couple had three sons, Ajit, Purshottam and [[Madhav Gadgil|Madhav]], and one daughter, Sulabha.<ref name="Rajya Sabha profile" /> He died on 3 May 1971,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamat |first1=A. R. |title=D R Gadgil: The Last Phase |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1974 |volume=9 |issue=26 |pages=1024–1029 |jstor=4363785 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4363785 |access-date=2 May 2021 |issn=0012-9976 |quote=Professor D R Gadgil died on May 3, 1971, the day after he relinquished the deputy chairmanship of the Planning Commission....}}</ref> succumbing to a heart failure, while he was travelling from New Delhi to Pune.<ref name="Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil" /><ref name="Kudaisya">{{cite journal |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Medha |title=Developmental Planning in 'Retreat': Ideas, instruments, and contestations of planning in India, 1967–1971* |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=10 December 2014|volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=711–752 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000644 |s2cid=146152140 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/developmental-planning-in-retreat-ideas-instruments-and-contestations-of-planning-in-india-19671971/CB710E9942DA1E857D10283385790CE0 |access-date=2 May 2021 |language=en |issn=0026-749X |quote=A day after he relinquished his office, on 3 May 1971, he died on the train he took home to Pune....|url-access=subscription }}</ref> His youngest son, [[Madhav Gadgil]], is a renowned ecologist, who chaired the ''Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel'' (WGEEP) of 2010, popularly known as the [[Gadgil Commission]].<ref name="FDI does not benefit any country">{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-inter-fdi-does-not-benefit-any-country-madhav-gadgil/20120727.htm | title=FDI does not benefit any country | publisher=ReDiff Business | date=27 July 2012 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Honours ===
A year after Gadgil's death, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] and the [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]] jointly started a training institute, ''Dhananjayrao Gadgil Institute of Co-operative Management'' (DGICM) at [[Nagpur]], in 1972, to provide training for state government and cooperative sector employees, which is run by the National Council for Cooperative Training (NCCT), New Delhi.<ref name="History">{{cite web | url=http://dgicmnagpur.com/history.php | title=History | publisher=Dhananjayrao Gadgil Institute of Co-operative Management |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> On his birth centenary year, Maharashtra Economic Development Council, instituted the ''Gadgil Centenary Memorial Lecture'', which is an annual event.<ref name="Gadgil Centenary Memorial Lecture">{{cite web | url=http://www.medcindia.com/uncategorized/rbi-governor-dr-raghuram-rajan-delivered-10th-d-r-gadgil-memorial-lecture/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119151057/http://www.medcindia.com/uncategorized/rbi-governor-dr-raghuram-rajan-delivered-10th-d-r-gadgil-memorial-lecture/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 January 2025 | title=Gadgil Centenary Memorial Lecture | publisher=Maharashtra Economic Development Council | year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015 }}</ref> The Government of India honoured him with a commemorative postage stamp, designed by reputed stamp designer, Sankha Samanta,<ref name="The man behind Gandhi stamps">{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/GqT5U6CqoaJ2z7aNUXNUDJ/The-man-behind-Gandhi-stamps.html | title=The man behind Gandhi stamps | publisher=Live Mint | date=30 January 2009 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> in 2008.<ref name="Commemorative stamps" /> [[Manmohan Singh]], then Prime Minister of India, unveiled a statue of Gadgil at Pravara Nagar in Maharashtra on 8 February 2008.<ref name="Statue">{{cite web | url=http://photodivision.gov.in/newwatermark.asp?imagename=4474 | title=Statue | publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> The central library of the [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] has been named ''Dhananjayrao Gadgil Library'', in his honour.<ref name="Dhananjayrao Gadgil Library">{{cite web | url=http://www.librarygateway.com/libraries/index.php?lib=2725 | title=Dhananjayrao Gadgil Library | publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Gadgil's first published book was his MLitt thesis, ''The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times'', originally published by [[Oxford University Press]], in 1924 and subsequently reprinted many times.<ref name="The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times" /> His researches in the 1930s and 40s, were brought out as a book, ''The Federal problem in India'' by [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] in the [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]] year of 1947.<ref name="The Federal Problem in India">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Federal-Problem-Institute-Politics-Economics/dp/B0007J808S | title=The Federal Problem in India | publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics | author=D. R. Gadgil | year=1947 | pages=196 | asin=B0007J808S}}</ref> The institute published another of his work, ''Economic Effects of Irrigation: report of a survey of the direct and indirect benefits of the Godavari and Pravara canals'', in 1948.<ref name="Economic effects of irrigation: report of a survey of the direct and indirect benefits of the Godavari and Pravara canals">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvEzAQAAIAAJ | title=Economic effects of irrigation: report of a survey of the direct and indirect benefits of the Godavari and Pravara canals | publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics | author=Dhananjaya Ramchandra Gadgil | year=1948 | pages=183}}</ref> His observations on the economic policy of India have been documented as a book, ''Planning and economic policy in India'', first published in 1961, prior to his joining the [[Planning Commission of India]], reprinted subsequently by Sangam Books in 1979.<ref name="Planning and economic policy in India">{{cite book | title=Planning and economic policy in India | publisher=Sangam Books | author=D. R. Gadgil | year=1979 | pages=426 | isbn=978-0861253838}}</ref> In 2011, [[Oxford University Press]], compiled his works<ref name="Gadgil on Indian economics" /> and published ''India Economy: Problems and Prospects, The: Selected Writings of D.R Gadgil'', edited by the noted economist-activist, [[Sulabha Brahme]].<ref name="India Economy: Problems and Prospects, The: Selected Writings of D.R Gadgil">{{cite book | url=http://www.newasiabooks.org/publication/india-economy-problems-and-prospects-selected-writings-dr-gadgil | title=India Economy: Problems and Prospects, The: Selected Writings of D.R Gadgil | publisher=Oxford University Press | editor=Sulabha Brahme | year=2011 | pages=503 | isbn=978-0-19-806945-4}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | title=The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times | publisher=Furnas Press | author=D. R. Gadgil | year=2007 | location=first published in 1924 | pages=340 | isbn=978-1406713480}}
* {{cite book | title=The Federal Problem in India | publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics | author=D. R. Gadgil | year=1947 | pages=196 | asin=B0007J808S}}
* {{cite book | title=Economic effects of irrigation: report of a survey of the direct and indirect benefits of the Godavari and Pravara canals | publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics | author=Dhananjaya Ramchandra Gadgil | year=1948 | pages=183}}
* {{cite book | title=Planning and economic policy in India | publisher=Sangam Books | author=D. R. Gadgil | year=1979 | pages=426 | isbn=978-0861253838}}
* {{cite book | title=India Economy: Problems and Prospects, The: Selected Writings of D.R Gadgil | publisher=Oxford University Press | editor=Sulabha Brahme | year=2011 | pages=503 | isbn=978-0-19-806945-4}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.phila-art.com/product/india-2008-dr-d-r-gadgil-stamp/ | title=India 2008 – Dr. D. R. Gadgil Stamp | publisher=Phila Art |year=2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadgil, Dhananjay Ramchandra}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century science writers]]

Research and development

2026-03-09T07:55:39Z

Viktorikoa: small changes

{{Short description|General term for activities in connection with corporate or governmental innovation}}
{{Redirect|R&D|the video game mod|Research and Development (Half-Life 2: Episode Two){{!}}''Research and Development'' (Half-Life 2: Episode Two)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|developments in (a) USA since Barack Obama and (b) elsewhere since that time|date=June 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
}}
[[File:Cycle of Research and Development.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Cycle of research and development]]
[[File:Spending on research and development as share of GDP, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Spending on research and development as share of GDP (2015)]]
'''Research and development''' ('''R&D''' or '''R+D''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/66/policy-for-research-and-technological-development|title = Policy for research and technological development | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament| date=31 March 2023 }}</ref> is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations, wealthy industrialists (such as [[Alfred Lee Loomis]]), or governments in developing new services or products.<ref name="cbo">{{cite web |title=Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry |url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57126 |publisher=US Congressional Budget Office |access-date=29 August 2024 |date=April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=223}}</ref><ref name="investopedia">{{Cite news|url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/randd.asp|title=Research And Development – R&D|author=Investopedia Staff|date=2003-11-25|work=Investopedia|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-US}}</ref> R&D constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.

Although R&D activities may differ across businesses, the primary goal of an R&D department is to [[new product development|develop new products]] and services.<ref name=cbo/><ref name="investopedia"/>

R&D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain [[return on investment]].<ref name=cbo/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yiu|first1=L. M. Daphne|last2=Lam|first2=Hugo K. S.|last3=Yeung|first3=Andy C. L.|last4=Cheng|first4=T. C. E.|date=2020|title=Enhancing the Financial Returns of R&D Investments through Operations Management|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/poms.13186|journal=Production and Operations Management|language=en|volume=29|issue=7|pages=1658–1678|doi=10.1111/poms.13186|s2cid=216529963|issn=1937-5956|hdl=10397/89881|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through new products.<ref name="investopedia"/> '''R&D&I''' represents R&D with innovation.<ref>EUROPEAN COMMISSION https://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases/220403/220403_758165_5_1.pdf</ref><ref>Expenses for university R&D&I increase moderately in Spain https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-07/ucid-efu072221.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726013320/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-07/ucid-efu072221.php |date=2021-07-26 }}</ref><ref>Research, Development and Innovation (R&D&I), [[Fundação Para a Ciência e Tecnologia]] https://www.fct.pt/dsi/idi/index.phtml.en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907114622/https://www.fct.pt/dsi/idi/index.phtml.en |date=2022-09-07 }}</ref>

==Background==
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New product design and development is often a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In a global industrial landscape that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary as well due to the fierce competition and the evolving preferences of consumers. Without an R&D program, a firm must rely on [[strategic alliance]]s, [[acquisitions]], and networks to tap into the innovations of others.

A system driven by [[marketing]] is one that puts the customer needs first, and produces goods that are known to sell.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hbr.org/1998/11/business-marketing-understand-what-customers-value|title=Business Marketing: Understand What Customers Value|last1=Anderson|first1=James C.|date=1998-11-01|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2019-02-06|last2=Narus|first2=James A.|issue=November–December 1998|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> [[Market research]] is carried out, which establishes the needs of consumers and the potential [[niche market]] of a new product. If the development is technology driven, R&D is directed toward developing products to meet the unmet needs.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

In general, research and development activities are conducted by specialised units or centres belonging to a company, or can be [[out-sourced]] to a contract research organisation, [[universities]], or [[sovereign state|state]] agencies.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} In the context of [[commerce]], "research and development" normally refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities in [[science]] or [[technology]], using similar techniques to scientific research but directed toward desired outcomes and with broad forecasts of commercial yield.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/41854|title=Research and Development Employees by Country|last=ChartsBin|website=ChartsBin|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>

[[Statistics]] on organizations devoted to "R&D" may express the state of an [[Industry (economics)|industry]], the degree of [[competition]] or the lure of [[scientific progress|progress]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fax-DwAAQBAJ&q=Statistics+on+organizations+devoted+to+%22R&pg=PT659|title=Biotechnology Fundamentals|last=Khan|first=Firdos Alam|date=2018-09-03|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498723459|language=en}}</ref> Some common measures include: [[budget]]s, numbers of [[patent]]s or on rates of peer-reviewed [[publication]]s. Bank ratios are one of the best measures, because they are continuously maintained, public and reflect risk.

In the United States, a typical ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues; this measure is called "[[R&D intensity]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=R&D expenditure - Statistics Explained - Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=R%26D_expenditure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705195242/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=R%26D_expenditure |archive-date=2025-07-05 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[high technology]] company, such as a computer manufacturer, might spend 7% or a [[pharmaceutical company|pharmaceutical companies]] such as [[Merck & Co.]] 14.1% or [[Novartis]] 15.1%. Anything over 15% is remarkable, and usually gains a reputation for being a high technology company such as engineering company [[Ericsson]] 24.9%, or [[biotech]] company [[Allergan]], which tops the spending table with 43.4% investment.<ref name="fn_2">All figures [http://www.innovation.gov.uk/rd_scoreboard/ UK R&D Scoreboard] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027005836/http://www.innovation.gov.uk/rd_scoreboard/ |date=2005-10-27 }} {{As of|2006|lc=on}}.</ref> Such companies are often seen as [[credit risk]]s because their spending ratios are so unusual.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Generally such firms prosper only in markets whose customers have extreme high technology needs, like certain prescription drugs or special chemicals, [[scientific instrument]]s, and [[safety-critical system]]s in medicine, [[aeronautics]] or [[military weapons]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2017}}The extreme needs justify the high risk of failure and consequently high gross margins from 60% to 90% of revenues.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} That is, [[gross profit]]s will be as much as 90% of the sales cost, with manufacturing costing only 10% of the product price, because so many individual projects yield no exploitable product. Most industrial companies get 40% revenues only.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

On a technical level, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and repackage advanced technologies as a way of [[amortizing loan|amortizing]] the high overhead.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} They often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, expensive safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MGICwAAQBAJ&q=Research+from+2000+has+shown+that+firms+with+a+persistent+R&pg=PA286|title=The SAGE Handbook of Research Management|last1=Dingwall|first1=Robert|last2=McDonnell|first2=Mary Byrne|date=2015-06-26|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781473914452|language=en}}</ref>

==Business R&D==
[[File:Mercedes Benz Research Development North America (13896037060).jpg|thumb|Mercedes Benz Research Development North America (13896037060)]]
Research and development is very difficult to manage, since the defining feature of research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, "higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, higher profit or a greater market share".<ref>{{cite web|title=Aerospace and Defense: Inventing and Selling the Next Generation|url=http://csis.org/files/publication/090520_diig_aerospace.pdf|website=Center for Strategic and International Studies|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies, International Security Program|access-date=6 August 2017|pages=1|language=en|date=December 5, 2009|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100600/http://csis.org/files/publication/090520_diig_aerospace.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Research is the most risky financing area because both the development of an invention and its successful realization carries uncertainty including the profitability of the invention. One way entrepreneurs can reduce these uncertainties is to buy the licence for a franchise, so that the [[know-how]] is already incorporated in the licence.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://investor-partner.co.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908111838/http://investor-partner.co.uk/business-dictionary/42/invention-finance|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 September 2015|title=Invention Finance|website=investor-partner.co.uk}}</ref>

===Benefit by sector===
In general, it has been found that there is a positive [[correlation]] between the research and development and firm productivity across all sectors, but that this positive correlation is much stronger in high-tech firms than in low-tech firms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortega-Argiles |first1=Raquel |last2=Potters |first2=Lesley |last3=Vivarelli |first3=Marco |date=2011 |title=R&D and productivity: testing sectoral peculiarities using micro data |journal=Empirical Economics |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=817–839 |doi= 10.1007/s00181-010-0406-3|hdl=10419/35059 |s2cid=59130979 |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp3338 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ortega-Argiles|first1=Raquel|last2=Piva|first2=Mariacristina|last3=Vivarelli|first3=Marco|author-link3=Marco Vivarelli|date=2011|title=Productivity Gains from R&D Investment: Are High-Tech Sectors Still Ahead?|journal=IZA Discussion Papers|publisher=IZA|issue=5975|pages=1–22}}</ref> In research done by Francesco Crespi and Cristiano Antonelli, high-tech firms were found to have "virtuous" [[Matthew effect]]s while low-tech firms experienced "vicious" Matthew effects, meaning that high-tech firms were awarded subsidies on merit while low-tech firms most often were given subsidies based on name recognition, even if not put to good use.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crespi |first1=Francesco |last2=Antonelli |first2=Cristiano |date=2011 |title=Matthew Effects and R&D Subsidies: Knowledge Cumulability in High-Tech and Low-Tech Industries |journal=Working Papers |publisher=Università degli Studi Roma Tre |issue=140 |pages=1–24 }}</ref> While the strength of the correlation between R&D spending and productivity in low-tech industries is less than in high-tech industries, studies have been done showing non-trivial carryover effects to other parts of the marketplace by low-tech R&D.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mendonca |first=Sandro |date=2009 |title=Brave Old World: Accounting for 'High-Tech' Knowledge in 'Low-Tech' Industries |journal=Research Policy |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=470–482 |doi= 10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.018}}</ref>

===Risks===
Business R&D is risky for at least two reasons. The first source of risks comes from R&D nature, where an R&D project could fail without residual values. The second source of risks comes from takeover risks, which means R&D is appealing to bidders because they could gain technologies from acquisition targets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bena |first1=Jan |last2=Kai |first2=Li |date=2014|title=Corporate innovations and mergers and acquisitions.|journal=The Journal of Finance |volume=69 |issue=5|pages=1923–1960|doi=10.1111/jofi.12059 |hdl=10.1111/jofi.12059 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Therefore, firms may gain R&D profit that co-moves with takeover waves, causing risks to the company which engages in R&D activity.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.2308/accr-51270|title=The R&D Premium and Takeover Risk|journal=The Accounting Review|volume=91|issue=3|pages=955–971|year=2016|last1=Lin|first1=Ji-Chai|last2=Wang|first2=Yanzhi (Andrew)|hdl=10397/65000 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

===Global===
[[File:1953- Funding for research and development - US.svg|thumb|Since the 1960s, private businesses in the U.S. have provided an increasing share of funding for research and development, as direct federal funding waned.<ref name="NSF_R&D_2023">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=G. |last2=Moris |first2=F. |title=Federally Funded R&D Declines as a Share of GDP and Total R&D |url=https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23339 |publisher=National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003235103/https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23339 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |date=2023 |quote=NSF 23-339 |url-status=live }}</ref>]][[Global R&D management]] is the discipline of designing and leading R&D processes globally, across cultural and lingual settings, and the transfer of knowledge across international corporate networks.<ref>Chiesa, V. (2001). R&D Strategy and Organisation, Imperial College Press</ref>

==Government expenditures==
{{further|Public research and development}}

===United States===
{{See also|Federally funded research and development centers}}
Former President [[Barack Obama]] requested $147.696 billion for research and development in [[Fiscal year|FY]]2012, 21% of which was destined to fund basic research.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41098.pdf|title=Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2011|publisher=Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service|year=2011|editor-last=Sargent|editor-first=John F Jr|oclc=1097445714}}</ref> According to National Science Foundation in U.S., in 2015, R&D expenditures performed by federal government and local governments are 54 and 0.6 billions of dollars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181/assets/1038/research-and-development-u-s-trends-and-international-comparisons.pdf|title=Research and Development: U.S. Trends and International Comparisons, National Science Foundation.}}</ref> The federal research and development budget for fiscal year 2020 was $156 billion, 41.4% of which was for the Department of Defense ([[United States Department of Defense|DOD]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2020|title=Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46341|access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> DOD's total research, development, test, and evaluation budget was roughly $108.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 2020|title=RDT&E Programs (R-1)|url=https://comptroller.war.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2021/fy2021_r1.pdf|access-date=20 February 2021|website=Office of the Undersecretary of Defense (Comptroller)}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (9416811752).jpg|The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
File:Learning Research and Development Center, Pitt.jpg|Learning Research and Development Center, Pittsburg
File:Mercedes Benz Research Development North America (13896049248).jpg|Mercedes Benz Research Development North America
File:National Museum of the U.S. Air Force-Research and Development Gallery.jpg|National Museum of the U.S. Air Force-Research and Development Gallery
</gallery>

=== Israel ===
{{See also|Science and technology in Israel}}
Israel is the world leader in spending on R&D as a percentage of GDP as of 2022, spending 6.02%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R&D as a percentage of GDP by country 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/732269/worldwide-research-and-development-share-of-gdp-top-countries/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> According to CSIS, During the 1970s and 1980s Israel initially built up Israel's research infrastructure through various programs, often in the defence industry. In 1984, a law for Encouragement of Research and Development in Industry encouraged the commercial sector to invest in R&D in Israel as well as empowered the [[Office of Chief Scientist]] In the 1980s to 1992, the Chief scientist of Israel significantly expanded R&D subsidies in the Israeli industrial sector.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sustaining Israel's Innovation Economy {{!}} Perspectives on Innovation {{!}} CSIS |url=https://www.csis.org/blogs/perspectives-innovation/sustaining-israels-innovation-economy |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.csis.org |language=en}}</ref> Israel invested in the creation of clusters of startups in the high-tech sector as well as venture capital investments. In 1993, Israel initiated the [[Yozma program]], which led to the doubling of value of Israel's 10 new venture capital funds in 3 years.<ref name=":0" /> In the late 1990s, Israel was second only to the US in private equity as a share of the general economy.<ref name=":0" /> The high tech sector in Israel, known as [[Silicon Wadi]], which earned Israel the nickname - [[Start-up Nation]], was ranked the 4th leading startup ecosystem in the world by Startup genome with a value of $253billion in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Genome |first=Startup |title=Startup Genome |url=https://startupgenome.com/ecosystems/tel-aviv |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Startup Genome |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:Microsoft Israel R&D Center LTD. (4).jpg|[[Microsoft]] Israel R&D Center
File:General Motors R&D center, Herzliya.jpg|[[General Motors]] R&D, Israel
File:Technion Computer Science Faculty.jpg|[[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|Technion]], Computer Science faculty
File:Image-Weizmann Institute edit.jpg|[[Weizmann Institute of Science|Weizmann Institute]], koffler accelerator
File:AstroRad NASA.jpg|Israeli StemRad astronaut anti radiation suit, picture by [[NASA]]
</gallery>

===European Union===
Europe is lagging behind in R&D investments from the past two decades.{{According to whom|date=July 2024}} The target of 3% of [[Gross domestic product|gross domestic product (GDP)]] was meant to be reached by 2020, but the current amount is below this target. This also causes a [[digital divide]] among countries since only a few [[Member state of the European Union|EU Member States]] have R&D spending.<ref name=":133">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=Innovation overview 2023 |work=European Investment Bank |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/innovation-overview-2023 |language=EN}}</ref>

Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the programme [[Horizon 2020]], which is open to participation worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-1085_en.htm|title=European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Horizon 2020 – the EU's new research and innovation programme|website=europa.eu}}</ref>

A notable example is the [[European environmental research and innovation policy]], based on the [[Europe 2020]] strategy which will run from 2014 to 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11-848_en.htm?locale=en|title=European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Horizon 2020: Commission proposes €80 billion investment in research and innovation, to boost growth and jobs|website=europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> a multidisciplinary effort to provide safe, economically feasible, environmentally sound and socially acceptable solutions along the entire value chain of human activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02013R1291-20150704|title=EUR-Lex – 02013R1291-20150704 – EN – EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref>

Firms that have embraced advanced digital technology devote a greater proportion of their investment efforts to R&D. Firms who engaged in digitisation during the pandemic report spending a big portion of their expenditure in 2020 on software, data, IT infrastructure, and website operations.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/digitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022 |title=Digitalisation in Europe 2021–2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey |date=2022-05-05 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5233-7 |language=EN}}</ref><ref name="presscorner">{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=European Commission – European Commission |language=en}}</ref> A 2021/2022 survey found that one in every seven enterprises in the Central, Eastern and South Eastern regions (14%) may be classed as active innovators — that is, firms that spent heavily in research and development and developed a new product, process, or service — however this figure is lower than the EU average of 18%. In 2022, 67% of enterprises in the same region deployed at least one sophisticated digital technology, and 69% EU firms did the same.'''<ref name=":115">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220265-econ-eibis-2022-cesee |title=EIB Investment Survey 2022 – CESEE overview |date=2023-01-11 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5435-5 |language=EN}}</ref>'''

As of 2023, European enterprises account for 18% of the world's top 2 500 R&D corporations, but just 10% of new entrants, compared to 45% in the United States and 32% in China.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230323-investment-report-2023 |title=EIB Investment Report 2023/2024: Transforming for competitiveness |date=2024-02-07 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5648-9 |language=EN}}</ref>

As of 2024, the electronics sector leads in R&D investment, with 28% of its total investment dedicated to it. This is followed by textiles (19%), digital (18%), and aerospace (15%). Other sectors allocate less than 10% of their total investment to R&D.<ref name=":204">{{Cite book |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230325-post-covid-recovery-and-green-transition-an-ecosystem-view |title=Post-COVID recovery and green transition: An ecosystem view |date=2024-05-08 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5617-5 |language=EN}}</ref><ref name="presscorner"/>

While 17% of the world’s top R&D investors are based in the European Union, they accounted for only 1% of acquisitions involving EU-based companies between 2013 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2023 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard |url=https://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboard/2023-eu-industrial-rd-investment-scoreboard |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=IRI}}</ref><ref name=":211">{{Cite web |title=The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union |url=https://www.eib.org/the-scale-up-gap |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed">
File:Secop R&D Center in Gleisdorf Austria.jpg|Secop R&D Center in Gleisdorf Austria
File:IBM Germany Research & Development Client Center 03.jpg|IBM Germany Research & Development
</gallery>

===Worldwide===
In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the [[global GDP]] according to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS|title=Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref>

By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the [[global GDP]] according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Countries agreed in 2015 to monitor their progress in raising research intensity (SDG 9.5.1), as well as researcher density (SDG 9.5.2), as part of their commitment to reaching the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] by 2030. However, this undertaking has not spurred an increase in reporting of data. On the contrary, a total of 99 countries reported data on domestic investment in research in 2015 but only 69 countries in 2018. Similarly, 59 countries recorded the number of researchers (in full-time equivalents) in 2018, down from 90 countries in 2015.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report 2021">{{cite book |editor1-last=Schneegans |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Straza |editor2-first=T. |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=J. |title=UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. |date=11 June 2021 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-3-100450-6 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433/PDF/377433eng.pdf.multi}}</ref>

{{Bar chart
| title = Top countries by R&D spending<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&lang=en#|title=Science,technology and innovation|website=data.uis.unesco.org}}</ref>
| label_type = Country |
| data_type = R&D as percentage of GDP
| data_max = 6
| label1 = Israel | data1 = 5.44
| color1 = #99ccff
| label2 = Korea | data2 = 4.81
| color2 = #99ccff
| label3 = Sweden | data3 = 3.53
| color3 = #99ccff
| label4 = Belgium | data4 = 3.48
| color4 = #99ccff
| label5 = United States | data5 = 3.45
| color5 = #99ccff
| label6 = Japan | data6 = 3.26
| color6 = #99ccff
| label7 = Austria | data7 = 3.20
| color7 = #99ccff
| label8 = Switzerland | data8 = 3.15
| color8 = #99ccff
| label9 = Germany | data9 = 3.14
| color9 = #99ccff
| label10 = Denmark | data10 = 2.96
| color10 = #99ccff
| label11 = Finland | data11 = 2.94
| color11 = #99ccff
| label12 = Iceland | data12 = 2.47
| color12 = #99ccff
| label13 = China | data13 = 2.40
| color13 = #99ccff
| label14 = France | data14 = 2.35
| color14 = #99ccff
| label15 = Netherlands | data15 = 2.29
| color15 = #99ccff
| label16 = Norway | data16 = 2.28
| color16 = #99ccff
| label17 = Slovenia | data17 = 2.15
| color17 = #99ccff
| label18 = Czechia | data18 = 1.99
| color18 = #99ccff
| label19 = Singapore | data19 = 1.89
| color19 = #99ccff
| label20 = Australia | data20 = 1.83
| color20 = #99ccff
}}

==See also==
* [[Basic research]]
* [[Technology demonstration|Demonstration]]
* [[Industrial laboratory]]
* [[Innovation]]
* [[List of business and finance abbreviations]]
* [[List of companies by research and development spending]]
* [[List of countries by research and development spending]]
* [[Neglected tropical disease research and development]]
* [[Prototype]]
* [[Science of science policy]]
* [[Science policy]]
* [[Technological revolution]]
* [[Technology life cycle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Free-content attribution
| title = UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development.
| author = Schneegans, S., T. Straza and J. Lewis (eds)
| publisher = UNESCO
| page numbers =
| source =
| documentURL = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433/PDF/377433eng.pdf.multi
| license statement URL =
| license = C-BY-SA 3.0 IGO
}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
{{Industries}}
{{Technology topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Research and development| ]]
[[Category:Innovation]]
[[Category:Product development]]
[[Category:Research|Development]]

East Bengal

2026-03-09T06:19:37Z

Viktorikoa: fixed issues

{{Short description|Former province of the Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = East Bengal
| native_name = {{no bold|{{native name|ur|مشرقی بنگال}} {{native name|bn|পূর্ব বাংলা}}}}
| common_name = East Pakistan
| status_text = [[Former administrative units of Pakistan|Former Province]] of Pakistan
| flag_p1 = Flag of British Bengal.svg
| flag_p2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_s1 =
| p1 = Bengal Presidency{{!}}Bengal Province
| p2 = Assam Province{{!}}Assam Province
| s1 = East Pakistan
| image_map = East Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Location of Bangladesh (then East Bengal) in green and present-day Pakistan (then the Western wing of the country) in light green
| capital = [[Dacca]]
| demonym = [[Bengalis|Bengali]]
| government_type = Provincial government
| legislature = [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| date_start = 15 August
| year_start = 1947
| event_start = [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Second Partition of Bengal]]
| date_end = 29 February
| year_end = 1956
| event_end = [[One Unit|Renamed as East Pakistan]]
| today = {{flag|Bangladesh}}{{efn|name=IndBangla}}
| footnotes =
|stat_year1= 1955
|stat_pop1= 45767684<ref>[https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/50/start/1950/end/2025/table/pivotbylocation?df=3c98c45a-4c34-4804-9e71-e481c75cd028 By Location {{!}} Pivot Table {{!}} Data Portal] [[United Nations]]</ref>
| image_flag =
| image_symbol = Emblem of East Bengal (1947-1956).svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}
{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}
'''East Bengal''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l}}; {{langx|bn|পূর্ব বাংলা/পূর্ববঙ্গ}} ''Purbô Bangla/Purbôbongo'') was the easternmost and non-contiguous province of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which covered the territory of modern-day [[Bangladesh]]. It consisted of the eastern portion of the British administrative [[Bengal]] province and the lion half of [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] from the Assam province. East Bengal existed from 1947 until 1956, when it was re-structured as [[East Pakistan]] under the [[One Unit Scheme]] by the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]]. East Bengal had a coastline along the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south, and bordered [[India]] to the north, west, and east and shared a small border with Burma (presently known as [[Myanmar]]) to the southeast. It was situated near, but did not share a border with [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]. Its capital was Dacca, now known as [[Dhaka]].

The [[Partition of India]], which [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|divided Bengal]] along religious lines, established the borders of the Muslim-majority area of East Bengal. The province existed during the reign of two monarchs, [[George VI]] and [[Elizabeth II]]; and three [[Governor General of Pakistan|governors-general]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] and [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]]. Its provincial governors included a British administrator and several Pakistani statesmen. Its chief ministership was held by leading Bengali politicians.

East Bengal was the most populous and cosmopolitan province in the [[Dominion of Pakistan|dominion]]. It was a hub of political movements, including the [[Bengali language movement]] and pro-democracy groups. The provincial legislature was the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==History==
[[File:RBI 5-rupee note, overprinted Government of Pakistan, 1947, obverse.jpg|thumb|Rs. 5 banknote of [[Colonial India|colonial]] [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] issued under [[State Bank of Pakistan|stampage of Pakistan]]]]
{{Main|History of East Pakistan#Post-independence era, 1947–58}}

===Mandates for partition===
{{See also|Lahore Resolution|Indian provincial elections, 1946|Sylhet referendum, 1947}}
Between 1905 and 1911, a province called [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] existed in the region as part of the [[British Indian Empire]]. The [[All India Muslim League]] was founded in the British province in 1906.

The All India Muslim League adopted the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, which envisaged the creation of sovereign states in the Muslim-majority areas of eastern and northwestern British India. The League won elections in Bengal in 1946, receiving its largest mandate in the province.

In May 1946, [[Rohingyas|Rohingya Muslim]] leaders met with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], and asked for a formal annexation of the [[Mayu Frontier District|Mayu region]]. Two months later, the North Arakan Muslim League also asked [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] to annex the region.<ref name="yebaw-1">{{cite book|last=Thit Maung|first=Yebaw|title=Civil Insurgency in Burma|year=1989|publisher=[[Ministry of Information (Myanmar)]]|location=[[Yangon]]|page=30}}</ref> Jinnah refused, saying he could not interfere with Burma's internal matters. Proposals were also made to the [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–62|Burmese government]] but they were rejected.<ref name="Tinker">Hugh Tinker, ''The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Year of Independence'', ([[London]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Toronto]]: [[Oxford University Press]]) 1957, p. 357.</ref>

The [[Sylhet Division|District of Sylhet]] in [[Assam Province]] also voted to reunite with the rest of East Bengal, and the Muslim League's campaign played a great role in facilitating this. A [[1947 Sylhet referendum|plebiscite]] was held which resulted in joining Pakistan. However, a large part of Sylhet's [[Karimganj district|Karimganj subdivision]] was barred due to [[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]]'s delegation. The [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], which had a 97% non-Muslim population (mostly [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhist]]), was awarded to [[Pakistan]], by the Boundary Commission, due to it being inaccessible to India and to provide a substantial rural [[buffer zone|buffer]] to support [[Chittagong]], a major city and port; advocates for Pakistan forcefully argued to the Bengal Boundary Commission that the only approach was through Chittagong.

As a result of these mandates, the [[Mountbatten Plan]] and [[Radcliffe Line]] established East Bengal as a province of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan in August 1947.

===Nazimuddin ministry===
[[File:Governor General Khawaja Nazimuddin and Pakistan Cricket Team.jpg|thumb|Sir [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] with the [[Pakistan cricket team]]]]
Sir [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], a former [[prime minister of Bengal]], was the first chief minister of East Bengal after partition. Nazimuddin was a senior leader of the Muslim League and a close confidante of Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. Sir [[Frederick Chalmers Bourne]] was the first governor of East Bengal. Partition resulted in making many Hindus to leave East Bengal while Muslims from different parts of the Indian subcontinent migrated to East Bengal. The East–West Bengal border did not see as much violence as seen in the Punjab border between North India and Pakistan.

Jinnah made his sole visit to East Bengal as governor general in 1948. During a speech to students in [[Dacca University]], he resisted demands to make [[Bengali language|Bengali]] a federal language. His refusal sparked fierce protests among East Bengalis who comprised the majority of Pakistan's population. The proposal for Urdu as the sole national language met with strong opposition in East Bengal, where Urdu considered rather alien, especially in light in Bengali's rich literary heritage.

When Jinnah died in 1948, Nazimuddin became the governor general of Pakistan.

===Amin ministry===
[[File:21 Feb 1952 just before breaking Curfew.png|thumb|[[Language Movement Day]], 1952]]
The conservative Muslim League leader [[Nurul Amin]] succeeded Nazimuddin as chief minister. According to some sources, Amin had strained relations with the federal government, including Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and Governor General Khawaja Nazimuddin. Historians have noted that Amin's government was not strong enough to administer the provincial state; it was completely under the control of the central government of Nazimuddin. His government did not enjoy enough power and lacked vision, imagination, and initiatives.

In 1949, [[Maulana Bhashani]] led left-wing elements in the Muslim League to break away and form the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami Muslim League]]. The new party was joined by [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], a former prime minister of British Bengal. The new party later dropped the word Muslim, fashioned itself as secular and courted votes from East Bengal's large non-Muslim minorities.

The [[Bengali Language Movement|language movement]] reached a climax in 1952. During the unrest, the police shot dead four student activists. This raised more opposition in the region to the Muslim League.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Safdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan: Rule of Muslim League and Inception of Democracy (1947-54) |location=[[Lahore]] |publisher=Jang Publications |page=116 |oclc=39399433 |quote=Agitation started in 1952 as a reaction against Nazimiid-Din's announcement in Dacca that only Urdu would be the national language. Police opened fire on the demonstrating students, killing four of them. The incident left deep scars on the body politic ... and sealed the fate of the Muslim League in East Pakistan.}}</ref> Leading politicians in West and East Pakistan called for Amin's resignation. In subsequent provincial elections, Amin lost his seat in the legislative assembly.

===Huq ministry===
{{Further|Third Huq ministry}}
[[File:A k fazlul hoque.jpg|thumb|[[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]]]
In the 1954, the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] coalition resoundingly defeated the Muslim League with a landslide majority. The coalition included the Awami League, the [[Krishak Praja Party]], the Democracy Party and [[Nizam-e-Islam]]. The esteemed lawyer [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], popularly known as the Sher-e-Bangla (Lion of Bengal), became chief minister. Huq established the [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] and called for greater provincial autonomy. He wanted the federal government's responsibilities limited to only foreign affairs and defense.

[[King Saud]] of Saudi Arabia sent a plane to bring Huq to a meeting with the monarch.<ref>Chronology January 1, 1954 – December 31, 1954 Pakistan Horizon Vol. 7, No. 4 (December, 1954), pp. 238-246</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' published an article claiming Huq wanted independence for East Bengal. While visiting Calcutta and New Delhi, Huq was received by Indian leaders. Barely a few months into office, Huq was dismissed by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad due to allegations against of Huq of inciting secession.

===Sarkar ministry===
After [[Governor General of Pakistan|Governor General's rule]] was withdrawn in 1954, [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]] briefly served as chief minister, before Governor General's rule was again imposed.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Sarkar, Abu Hossain}}</ref> He started the construction of [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Central Shaheed Minar]].

===Khan ministry===
Governor General's rule was withdrawn in June 1955. [[Ataur Rahman Khan]] of the Krishak Sramik Party was the last chief minister. His government declared 21 February, the anniversary of the language movement, a public holiday. He later resigned on 30 August 1956 over inflation of food grains and subsequent food shortages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |year=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |page=516 |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4|language=en}}</ref>

===The One Unit Scheme===
{{main|One Unit Scheme}}
As part of the reform and reorganization policies of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Mohammad Ali of Bogra]], East Bengal was renamed as [[East Pakistan]] by the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution of Pakistan]] adopted on February 29, 1956.

== Administration==
There were 3 administrative divisions in the province, including the Chittagong Division, Dacca Divisionand Rajshahi Division. There were a total of 17 districts.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
! style="background:#9cf;" rowspan="1"| Division
! style="background:#9cf;" rowspan="1"| Divisional Headquarters
! style="background:#9cf;" rowspan="1"|Districts
|-
| [[Chittagong Division]]
| [[Chittagong]]
| [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Comilla Division|Tippera]], [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] and the [[Hill Tracts]]
|-
|[[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]]
| [[Dhaka|Dacca]]
| [[Dhaka Division|Dacca]], [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur]] and [[Barisal Division|Backergunge]]
|-
| [[Rajshahi Division]]
| [[Rajshahi]]
| [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh#British Colonial Period|Dinajpur]], [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]], [[Bogra District|Bogra]], [[Pabna District|Pabna]], [[Khulna division|Khulna]], [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|-
|}

==Federal law and East Bengal==
[[File:TamizuddinKhan.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]], Speaker of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]]]
[[File:Begum Shaista Suhrawardy.jpg|thumb|[[Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]], one of the first female lawmakers from East Bengal]]
East Bengal existed when Pakistan did not have a written constitution. Instead, the Pakistani courts relied on [[English common law]] and the [[Objectives Resolution]].

===Constitutional coup===
{{See also|1953 Pakistani constitutional coup}}
In 1953, Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin's government was dismissed by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad, in spite of enjoying the confidence of a majority in the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. The governor general later dissolved the constituent assembly itself.
In the case of ''Federation of Pakistan v. [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]]'', the speaker of the dissolved constituent assembly challenged the governor general's decision in the Sindh High Court. The case proceeded to the apex court- the Federal Court of Pakistan- where Justice M. Munir ruled in favour of the governor general. Justice [[A. R. Cornelius]] expressed dissent and supported Speaker Khan. The dismissal of the prime minister and assembly was one of the first major blows to democracy and the rule of law in the Pakistani Union.

===Reform demands===
Begum [[Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]] called for Pakistan's constituent assembly to convene in Dacca as East Bengal was home to the majority of Pakistan's population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piia.org.pk/about-us/down-memory-lane/item/41-shaista-s-ikramullah |title=International relations, Foreign Affairs & policy, Benazir Bhutto - PIIA |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122800/http://www.piia.org.pk/about-us/down-memory-lane/item/41-shaista-s-ikramullah |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Governors and chief ministers==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Governor of East Bengal<ref name="worldstatesmen">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bangladesh.html 'Statesmen of Bangladesh'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304111011/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bangladesh.html |date=4 March 2012 }} Retrieved 18 April 2009.</ref>
|-
|15 August 1947 – 31 March 1950||[[Frederick Chalmers Bourne|Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne]]
|-
|31 March 1950 – 31 March 1953||[[Feroz Khan Noon|Sir Feroz Khan Noon]]
|-
|31 March 1953 – 29 May 1954||[[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]]
|-
|29 May 1954 – May 1955||[[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]
|-
|May 1955 – June 1955||[[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] (acting)
|-
|June 1955 – 29 February 1956||[[Amiruddin Ahmad]]
|-
|29 February 1956||Province of East Bengal renamed as East Pakistan
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Chief Minister of East Bengal<ref name="worldstatesmen" />||Political Party
|-
|15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948||[[Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]||[[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]
|-
|14 September 1948 – 3 April 1954||[[Nurul Amin]]||Muslim League
|-
|3 April 1954 – 29 May 1954||[[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]||United Front
|-
|29 May 1954 – August 1955||Governor's Rule||
|-
|20 June 1955 – 29 February 1956||[[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]||Krishak Sramik Party
|-
|29 February 1956||Province of East Bengal renamed as East Pakistan||
|}

==Economy, culture, religion and military==

=== Industry and culture ===
[[File:DSTunitedOAK (4412476240).jpg|thumb|A [[Douglas DC-3]], seen here, belonging to United Air Lines, was also used by [[Orient Airways]] for flights between [[Dhaka|Dacca]] and [[Karachi]].]]
[[Orient Airways]], owned by an East Bengal-based industrialist, launched the first flights between [[Karachi]] and [[Dacca]]. The airline later evolved into [[Pakistan International Airlines]].

The [[Chittagong Tea Auction]] was established in 1949.

As a result of the Bengali language movement, East Bengal was a center of Bengali cultural activities.

The [[University of Dacca]] was a hotspot of political thought.

=== Military ===
The [[East Bengal Regiment]] was formed on 15 February 1948 following Pakistan's independence and transition from post British rule. The infantry of the new [[Pakistan Army]] was made up exclusively of men from the [[West Pakistan|western part of the country]]. It was consequently necessary to raise a regiment in the East. A total of eight battalions were raised.
[[Paramilitary forces]] like the [[Border Guard Bangladesh|East Pakistan Rifles]] and [[Bangladesh Ansar|East Pakistan Ansars]] were established, Ansars were deployed to the border areas in 1948 during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]] to prevent crimes and smuggling.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Ansar and Village Defence Party}}</ref> In the wake of [[communism]] rising and beginning of the [[Nachole Uprising|Nachole uprising]] at [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] division, army troops were used to tackle and successfully suppress the movement in 1949-1950.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Remembering Ila Mitra, Nacholer Rani |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/394458/remembering-ila-mitra-nacholer-rani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103151036/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/394458/remembering-ila-mitra-nacholer-rani |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ila Mitra's 87th birth anniversary observed in Chapainawabganj {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-254749 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref> The military conducted anti-smuggling operation called "''Operation JUTE"'' to aid the civil power from 3 September 1952 to 25 December 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1952.02.04 আজাদ (With Watermark).pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xfUEdnhzv-Yb6GczzTZePrBcrMkSdGPi/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Google Docs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas |date=2025-10-15 |title=Border Bureaucracy and Discourses: Demarcation and Surveillance of the Punjab Border in the Wake of 1947 Partition |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/critical-pakistan-studies/article/border-bureaucracy-and-discourses-demarcation-and-surveillance-of-the-punjab-border-in-the-wake-of-1947-partition/93B96A6D638BB5B7F80482D11C1D82F5 |journal=Critical Pakistan Studies |language=en |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1017/cps.2025.10007 |issn=2753-2712|doi-access=free }}</ref>Personals again started an anti-smuggling operation in 1958 called "''Operation Close Door''"<ref>{{Cite web |title=From RAT to RAB: What next? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/2004/03/01/d403011501106.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302204411/https://www.thedailystar.net/2004/03/01/d403011501106.html |archive-date=2026-03-02 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Raymond A. |date=1969 |title=Military Nation-Building in Pakistan and India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671117 |journal=World Affairs |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=219–234 |issn=0043-8200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306055110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671117 |archive-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>. In 1954, military was deployed during the [[Adamjee Jute Mills]] riots to de-escalate the bizzare situation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1954-05-16 |title=PAKISTAN RIOT KILLS 90; 250 Injured in Labor Groups' Clash at Jute Mills (Published 1954) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/16/archives/pakistan-riot-kills-90-250-injured-in-labor-groups-clash-at-jute.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126131042/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/16/archives/pakistan-riot-kills-90-250-injured-in-labor-groups-clash-at-jute.html |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2026-03-02 |language=en}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religions in East Bengal (1800 AD before partition)<ref name="hinduismtoday.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/ | title=A Bleak Future for Bangladesh Hindu's | date=February 2000 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051433/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066829/population-bangladesh-historical/#:~:text=In%201800%2C%20the%20population%20of,over%2026%20million%20by%201900. | title=Population of Bangladesh 1800-2020 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051428/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066829/population-bangladesh-historical/#:~:text=In%201800%2C%20the%20population%20of,over%2026%20million%20by%201900. | url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 56.4
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 41.9
|color2 = Green
|label3 = Others
|value3 = 1.7
|color3 = Brown}}
East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) had a population of 19 million people in the year 1800 A.D,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066829/population-bangladesh-historical/#:~:text=In%201800%2C%20the%20population%20of,over%2026%20million%20by%201900. | title=Population of Bangladesh 1800-2020 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051428/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066829/population-bangladesh-historical/#:~:text=In%201800%2C%20the%20population%20of,over%2026%20million%20by%201900. | url-status=live }}</ref> of which 10.716 million people were followers of [[Hinduism]] representing a majority of about 56.4% of the region's population,<ref name="hinduismtoday.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/ | title=A Bleak Future for Bangladesh Hindu's | date=February 2000 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051433/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/ | url-status=live }}</ref> while 7.961 million adhered to the [[Muslim]] faith, constituting 41.9% of the region's population as 2nd largest community.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Outraged/truth-half-truth-and-statistics/ | title=Truth, half-truth and statistics | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Raghunathan | first1=V. | access-date=7 May 2021 | archive-date=7 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507180010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Outraged/truth-half-truth-and-statistics/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The smaller number of 323,000 people followed [[Buddhism]], [[Animism]] and [[Christianity]], together presenting around 1.7% of the region's population.

The spread of Islam in East Bengal was more the result of conversion than conquest; dissatisfied with Buddhism and opposed to Hinduism, which put the majority of the population of East Bengal into the lower caste, vast numbers of Bengalis were attracted by the Islamic doctrine of the equality of all men before God. But they retained many of their old rituals and incorporated them into their new faith.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bangladesh: A Handbook |date=November 1982 |publisher=CIA |pages=8 |language=}}</ref>

Bangladesh's capital [[Dhaka]] city name is said to have been derived from [[Dhakeshwari Temple|Dhakeshwari]] the patron goddess of the city, whose shrine is located in [[Ramna Thana|Ramna]] of Dhaka city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |title=Dhaka |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |url-status=live }}</ref> In Bangladesh, there's exist a blending culture of Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, folk religion, deities and practices. Worship exchanges takes place at temples and mosques and religious folk music gatherings (especially at Vaishnavite gatherings and among Muslim Sufis). Folk deities recognized by both Hindus and Muslim have included [[Shitala]], the goddess of small pox, [[Oladevi]], goddess of cholera, [[Manasa]], goddess of snakes and are recognised by Hindus and Muslims of Bangladesh both alike.

==See also==
* [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Provinces of Pakistan]]
* [[East Pakistan]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
* [[West Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=IndBangla|See territorial exchanges between India and Bangladesh ([[India–Bangladesh enclaves]]).}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|25.2192|N|90.9889|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}

[[Category:East Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Former provinces of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in East Bengal]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in Pakistan]]

Bhadrachalam

2026-03-05T10:03:39Z

Viktorikoa: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhadrachalam
| other_name = Bhadradri
| settlement_type = [[Temple town]]
| image_skyline = Sri sita rama temple bhadrachalam temple view.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Bhadrachalam Temple]]
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Bhadrachalam (Telangana)
| coordinates = {{coord|17.666903835687577|N|80.88264531302039|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Telangana
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Nagar Palika|Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Khammam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2810_PART_B_DCHB_KHAMMAM.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & CensusCommissioner|access-date=2 June 2016|pages=14, 40}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.00
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 90
| population_total = 50087
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Telangana by population|40th in Telangana]]
| population_density_km2 = 7121
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=617667|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 507111
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08743
| registration_plate = TG-28
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from Kothagudem
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|40|km|mi}}
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Hyderabad]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|325|km|mi}}
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}} {{URL| https://www.telanganatourism.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Bhadrachalam''' is a [[census town]] in [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://kothagudem.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/237.Badradri-.237.pdf |title= District Administration – Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Badradri District at Kothagudem – Final Notification - Orders – Issued |website= Bhadradri Kothagudem District |access-date= 22 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170801042948/http://kothagudem.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/237.Badradri-.237.pdf |archive-date= 1 August 2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is an important [[Hindu]] [[pilgrimage]] town with the [[Bhadrachalam Temple]] of [[Rama]], situated on the banks of [[Godavari River]]. It is located {{convert|325|km|mi|0}} east of state capital, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]],{{convert|115|km|mi|0}} from [[Khammam]],{{convert|178|km|mi|0}} from [[Suryapet]],{{convert|180|km|mi|0}} from [[Warangal]],{{convert|187|km|mi|0}} from [[Vijayawada]], {{convert|220|km|mi|0}} and {{convert|350|km|mi|0}} from [[Visakhapatnam]].

[[File:Sita Rama Chandra swamy Bradrachalam.jpg|thumb|''[[Murti]]'' of Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita on the eve of Rama Pattabhisheka]]

== History ==
The town has a [[Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam|Rama Temple]] constructed {{Circa|17th century CE}} by [[Kancherla Gopanna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhadrachalarama.org/templehistory.html|title=Welcome to Bhadrachala Sree Seetha Ramachandra swamy temple|work=bhadrachalarama.org|access-date=7 October 2012|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118111444/http://www.bhadrachalarama.org/templehistory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Bhadrachalam area also has several Hindu temples associated with the epic [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tourism.telangana.gov.in/divine-destinations/BhadrachalamTemple|title = Welcome to Official Website of Telangana Tourism Corporation}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Bhadrachalam is located at {{Coord|17.67|N|80.88|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Bhadrachalam.html |title=Bhadrachalam, India Page |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 50 metres (164 feet). The zero feet gauge level of Godavari River at Bhadracham is equal to +32.6 m [[Mean sea level|msl]].
==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Bhadrachalam (1991–2020)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 37.1
| Feb record high C = 40.0
| Mar record high C = 42.8
| Apr record high C = 46.4
| May record high C = 48.6
| Jun record high C = 47.5
| Jul record high C = 40.8
| Aug record high C = 38.2
| Sep record high C = 39.2
| Oct record high C = 38.2
| Nov record high C = 36.0
| Dec record high C = 37.6
| year record high C = 48.6
| Jan high C = 30.7
| Feb high C = 33.8
| Mar high C = 37.1
| Apr high C = 39.2
| May high C = 41.1
| Jun high C = 37.0
| Jul high C = 32.7
| Aug high C = 31.6
| Sep high C = 32.7
| Oct high C = 32.4
| Nov high C = 31.2
| Dec high C = 30.1
| year high C = 34.3
| Jan low C = 17.7
| Feb low C = 20.0
| Mar low C = 23.1
| Apr low C = 25.7
| May low C = 27.6
| Jun low C = 26.6
| Jul low C = 25.2
| Aug low C = 24.6
| Sep low C = 24.7
| Oct low C = 23.5
| Nov low C = 20.2
| Dec low C = 17.0
| year low C = 23.1
| Jan record low C = 8.4
| Feb record low C = 9.2
| Mar record low C = 10.6
| Apr record low C = 17.0
| May record low C = 18.6
| Jun record low C = 19.4
| Jul record low C = 20.0
| Aug record low C = 19.8
| Sep record low C = 19.5
| Oct record low C = 14.4
| Nov record low C = 10.0
| Dec record low C = 8.4
| year record low C = 8.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 3.9
| Feb rain mm = 5.3
| Mar rain mm = 4.8
| Apr rain mm = 34.1
| May rain mm = 38.4
| Jun rain mm = 127.5
| Jul rain mm = 307.3
| Aug rain mm = 325.0
| Sep rain mm = 180.8
| Oct rain mm = 74.9
| Nov rain mm = 18.0
| Dec rain mm = 9.2
| year rain mm = 1129.3
| Jan rain days = 0.4
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 1.6
| May rain days = 2.4
| Jun rain days = 6.9
| Jul rain days = 14.1
| Aug rain days = 13.4
| Sep rain days = 7.9
| Oct rain days = 4.4
| Nov rain days = 1.4
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 53.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 55
| Feb humidity = 46
| Mar humidity = 44
| Apr humidity = 44
| May humidity = 40
| Jun humidity = 56
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 73
| Nov humidity = 65
| Dec humidity = 61
| year humidity = 59
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bhadrachalam had a population of 55,352. As of 2001, [[Male|Males]] constitute 50% of the population and [[females]] 50%. Bhadrachalam has an average [[literacy rate]] of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Bhadrachalam Bridge ==
The "Bhadrachalam bridge" refers to one of two bridges over the Godavari River at Bhadrachalam, a significant Hindu pilgrimage town in Telangana, India, which connects Bhadrachalam to Kothagudem. The newer, high-level bridge opened in April 2024 to alleviate congestion from the original, over 50-year-old bridge.

=== The New Bridge ===
Opened in April 2024. Constructed parallel to the older bridge to reduce traffic congestion.

Significance: A 2.3 km high-level bridge designed to handle traffic more efficiently.

=== The Old Bridge ===
History: Was over five decades old when the new bridge was built, with its foundation laid in December 1959. Importance of this bridge is a vital road link connecting Bhadrachalam, the gateway to the tribal hinterland, with Kothagudem, the district headquarters and a coal hub.

Resilience: Despite its age, the old bridge is noted for its strong construction and has withstood many major floods without structural damage.

These bridges are located on National Highway 30, crossing the Godavari River. They serve as a critical link between the pilgrimage site of Bhadrachalam and the industrial and administrative center of Kothagudem.

== Tribal Museum, Bhadrachalam ==
The '''Tribal Museum in Bhadrachalam''', located within the premises of the Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA), is a cultural institution dedicated to preserving and showcasing the rich heritage of tribal communities in Telangana, India. Revamped under the leadership of ITDA Project Officer '''B Rahul''', the museum now features a dynamic “'''Living Culture Hub'''” and was officially inaugurated on the occasion of '''Sri Rama Navami'''.

=== Overview and Vision ===
The museum aims to celebrate the unique traditions, lifestyles, and wisdom of indigenous tribes such as the '''Koya''', '''Nayakpod''', '''Kondareddy''', and '''Lambada'''. According to Project Officer B Rahul, tribal culture offers valuable lessons in sustainability, community living, and health—particularly through its nutritious diet and holistic practices. The initiative was undertaken to preserve tribal customs passed down through generations and to educate the public about their enduring relevance.

=== Inauguration and Recognition ===
The renovated museum was formally inaugurated by '''Telangana Governor Jishnu Dev Varma''', who commended the ITDA's efforts to preserve tribal cultural heritage. During his visit, the Governor toured the museum and interacted with tribal artisans who showcased their handicrafts in the newly designed premises, which resemble a traditional tribal hamlet. The event was also attended by '''State Agriculture Minister T Nageswara Rao''', along with several public representatives and senior officials, highlighting the museum's growing significance as a cultural landmark.

=== Cultural Impact and Reception ===
The museum has quickly become a popular destination for '''tourists''', '''devotees visiting the Bhadradri Temple''', and '''local families'''. Project Officer Rahul has taken steps to encourage pilgrims to include the museum in their itinerary, thereby deepening their cultural experience.

District Collector '''Jitesh V Patil''' and Superintendent of Police '''B Rahith Raju''', who visited the museum, praised the initiative. They emphasized its potential to educate visitors about tribal traditions and provide a meaningful encounter with indigenous heritage.

=== Exhibits and Themed Rooms ===
The museum houses an extensive collection of tribal artifacts, including:

* '''Traditional houses''' and '''mud huts''' reflecting indigenous architecture
* '''Bullock carts''', '''hunting gear''', and '''agricultural tools'''
* '''Tribal clothing''', '''ornaments''', and '''ritual objects'''
* '''Idols of tribal deities''' and displays of '''worship methods'''
* '''Rachabanda''', a traditional stone platform used for village panchayats
* '''Tribal paintings''' and intricate artwork passed down through generations

To enhance the visitor experience, the museum is organized into '''themed rooms''':

* '''Lifestyle Room'''
* '''Ornament Room'''
* '''Festival Room'''
* '''Hunting Room'''

Each artifact is curated to reflect the lifestyle and traditions of the region's major tribal groups.

=== Interactive Features and Amenities ===
The renovated museum includes several interactive and recreational features:

* A '''boating tank''' for children
* Sports facilities for '''beach volleyball''', '''box cricket''', '''badminton''', and '''archery'''
* A '''selfie point''' and '''food court'''
* '''Colourful outdoor lighting''' to enhance evening visits

Visitors can also enjoy '''authentic tribal cuisine''', prepared using traditional methods and ingredients known for their nutritional value. These culinary offerings are designed to introduce guests to the wholesome dietary practices of tribal communities.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline|Bhadrachalam}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Bhadrachalam}}

{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Municipalities of Telangana}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
[[Category:Places situated on the banks of the Godavari river]]

June (2021 film)

2026-03-04T09:37:05Z

Viktorikoa: creating new details

{{Short description|2021 Indian Marathi film}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = June
| image = June (2021 film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Vaibhav Khisti Suhrud Godbole
| producer = Akshay Bardapurkar Shardul Singh Bayas [[Neha Pendse|Nehha Pendse Bayas]] Nikhil Mahajan Pawan Malu
| writer = Nikhil Mahajan
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = Nehha Pendse Bayas [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]]
| music = [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| cinematography = Quais Waseeq
| editing = Nikhil Mahajan Hrishikesh Petwe
| studio = Supri Advertising and Entertainment Blue Drop Films
| distributor = [[Planet Marathi]] Planet Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2021|06|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 94 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''''June''''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film released in 2021 about emotional healing, starring [[Neha Pendse]] and [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] in lead roles. The film marked the debut of directors Vaibhav Khisti and Suhrud Godbole, and was written by Nikhil Mahajan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/998857/june-review-a-sensitive-movie-about-holding-on-and-letting-go |title='June' review: A sensitive movie about holding on and letting go |publisher=Scroll |date=30 June 2021 |access-date=16 August 2022 |author=Ramnath, Nandini}}</ref> The film deals with various social issues, including [[bullying]], [[sexism]], [[suicide]] and the [[generation gap]].<ref name="Lokmat IANS">{{cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/lifestyle/june-hard-as-nails-yet-sensitive-ians-review-rating/ |title=June: Hard as nails yet sensitive |publisher=Lokmat |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Neel is an engineering student who has failed his exams and hence has taken a break and returned to [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar|Chatrapati Sambhajinagar]], his home where his disappointed parents stay. To avoid embarrassment, his father never reveals to other about Neel failing the exams but tells only about his break. Relations with his father are hence tensed.

Neha has married Abhijit and due to some marital issues needs her own space away from Abhijit. She comes to Aurangabad, to stay at Abhijit's childhood home, which is in the same housing society where Neel stays. She meets Neel and they get on wrong foot initially. Other society members also disregard her due to her habits of smoking and drinking. Neel and Neha get close as they get to know each other better. Neel takes Neha on various site seeing within the city which Neha finds amusing and Neel rejects them as boring historic monuments of Mughal era.

As they grow closer, they share their past. While in his hostel days, Neel's roommate was an ambitious fellow who gets bullied by other classmates for his unsophisticated mannerisms. He dreamed for scoring high and making his parents proud. Coming from a vernacular Marathi schooling, Neel promises him to help in his studies. However, fed up with bullying, he commits suicide by hanging to the celling fan and Neel finds himself guilty of it. Neel's girlfriend Nicky is unaware of all this. She is not sure if Neel and she would ever marry since they belong to different castes and her parents would not accept. However, she wants to experience making love with him. While in her bedroom, Neel is haunted by his thoughts as he sees the fan. Nicky feels she did something wrong and that he is disgusted because of her bodily hair. She tries shaving her legs; but cuts herself deeply. Neha is disgusted after knowing that Neel rejected his girlfriend due to such a trivial issue and that Nicky went ahead to the extent of injuring herself.

Neel misunderstand Neha's closeness and love and tries to kiss her; which she stops. She reveals her history of how she and Abhijit tried a lot to conceive a baby. However, due to her smoking and drinking habits, she had a miscarriage. Abhijit is supportive; but she blames herself. Next day, Abhijit comes to pick Neha back and they decide to start afresh. Neel also forgives Nicky and decides to study further dedicatedly. Neha departs with Abhijit, when the month of June begins and brings in fresh monsoon showers in the city, ending the summer.

== Cast ==
* [[Neha Pendse]] as Neha
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] as Neel
* Resham Shrivardhan as Nicky
* [[Kiran Karmarkar]] as Neel's father
* [[Jitendra Joshi]] as Abhijit, Neha's husband
* Sneha Raikar as Neel's mother
* Nilesh Diwekar as Jaiswal, society member

== Soundtrack ==
[[Shalmali Kholgade]], Bollywood playback singer known for her song "Pareshaan" (''[[Ishaqzaade]]'', 2012), debuted as music composer through the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/shalmali-kholgade-to-make-her-debut-as-a-music-composer/articleshow/72305851.cms |title=Shalmali Kholgade to make her debut as a music composer |publisher=Times of India |date=30 November 2019 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> New video of the song "Baba" was released on 20 June 2021, i.e. [[Father's Day|International Father's Day]] which featured actresses [[Priya Bapat]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Girija Oak|Girija Oak Godbole]], Gauri Nalawade, [[Mrinmayee Godbole]], Resham Shrivardhan, [[Parna Pethe]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Aanandi Joshi]], [[Sanskruti Balgude]] along with Neha Pendse. The song is sung by Aanandi Joshi with lyrics penned by Mahajan, who also wrote the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/nehha-pendse-amruta-khanvilkar-priya-bapat-feature-in-father-s-day-anthem-baba-in-film-june-712759 |title=Nehha Pendse, Amruta Khanvilkar, Priya Bapat feature in Father's Day anthem 'Baba' in film 'June' |publisher=India TV |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:49
| title1 = Baba
| extra1 = [[Aanandi Joshi]]
| lyrics1 = Nikhil Mahajan
| length1 = 3:52
| title2 = Ha Vaara
| extra2 = Shalmali Kholgade
| lyrics2 = [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| length2 = 3:09
| title3 = Paar Geli
| extra3 = Shalmali Kholgade
| lyrics3 = Jitendra Joshi
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Baba (reprise)
| extra4 = Aanandi Joshi
| lyrics4 = Nikhil Mahajan
| length4 = 4:20
}}

== Release ==
The film ''June'' completed its [[principal photography]] in October 2019 within 18 days due to a limited budget. Many lead actors, including Menon and Pendse, did not charge for their services and contributed money toward its production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/it-took-courage-for-me-to-do-the-film-put-my-own-money-nehha-pendse-on-june-7153050/ |title=It took courage for me to do the film, put my own money: Nehha Pendse on June |publisher=Indian Express |date=19 January 2021 |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/winning-national-award-is-out-of-ones-hand-but-i-am-glad-it-happened-for-this-film-8049967/ |title='Winning national award is out of one's hand but I am glad it happened for this film' |publisher=Indian Express |date=25 July 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |author=Nath, Dipanita}}</ref> The film was set to release in June 2020. However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the film did not release. It screened in various festivals, including the Pune Film Festival, [[International Film Festival of Kerala]], [[New York Indian Film Festival]] (NYIFF) and [[51st International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/akshay-bardapurkar-s-planet-marathi-applauded-at-68th-national-film-awards-for-goshta-eka-paithanichi-and-june--news-213360 |title=Akshay Bardapurkar's Planet Marathi Applauded At 68th National Film Awards For 'Goshta Eka Paithanichi' And 'June' |publisher=Outlook |date=1 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> At the NYIFF, the film and Menon received nominations for Best Film and Best Actor; where Menon won the award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/proud-moment-for-us-siddharth-menon-on-junes-selection-at-the-nyiff/articleshow/82675146.cms |title=Proud moment for us: Siddharth Menon on June's selection at the NYIFF |publisher=Times of India |date=16 May 2021 |access-date=16 August 2022 |author=Prasad, Amrita}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nyiff-2021-documentary-on-gandhi-siddharth-menon-akshata-pandavapura-among-the-winners/articleshow/83508133.cms?from=mdr |title=NYIFF 2021: Documentary on Gandhi, Siddharth Menon, Akshata Pandavapura win top honours |publisher=Economic Times |date=14 June 2021 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> ''June'' was then publicly released and became the first film on the newly launched OTT platform ''[[Over-the-top media services in India|Planet Marathi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/film-june-on-planet-marathi-ott-acclaimed-for-breaking-stereotypes |title=Film 'June' on Planet Marathi OTT acclaimed for breaking stereotypes |publisher=Telangana Today |date=3 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[News 18]]'' in their review about the film called it "a piercing portrayal of class anxiety, moving on and beginning again" and appreciated the script, acting and face paced nature covering various social issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/june-movie-review-a-piercing-portrayal-of-class-anxiety-moving-on-and-beginning-again-3911858.html |title=June Movie Review: A Piercing Portrayal of Class Anxiety, Moving on And Beginning Again |publisher=News 18 |date=3 July 2021 |access-date=7 September 2022 |author=Negi, Shrishti}}</ref> ''[[IANS]]'' appreciated the same but also commented on flaws like how some protagonists are shown unchanged or how some changes of heart are sudden and not believable.<ref name="Lokmat IANS"/>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Awards
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| rowspan="2" | [[New York Indian Film Festival]]
| Best Film
| ''June''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirpal |first=Neha |date=2021-07-12 |title=June: A Marathi Film On Hope and Healing |url=https://indiacurrents.com/june-a-marathi-film-on-hope-and-healing/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Currents |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| Siddharth Menon
| {{won}}
|-
| [[68th National Film Awards|2021]]
| [[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention (feature film)]]
| Siddharth Menon
| {{won}}
| <ref name="HT-NFA">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/siddharth-menon-believed-he-will-be-a-national-award-winner-one-day-reveals-he-cried-when-his-wife-started-bawling-101658554280868.html |title=Siddharth Menon 'believed' he will be a National Award winner one day, reveals he cried when his wife started 'bawling' |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=23 July 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2021]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
| Neha Pendse Shared with [[Sai Tamhankar]] (film ''[[Dhurala]]'')
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms |title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners' list |publisher=Times of India |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Debut Actress]]|| Resham Shrivardhan || {{won}}
|-
|2021
|[[Pune International Film Festival]]
|Best Actress
|Neha Pendse
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nehha Pendse on winning Best Actress at Pune film fest |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/nehha-pendse-on-winning-best-actress-at-pune-film-fest/81814465.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| rowspan="3" |[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
| [[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Story|Best Story]]
| Nikhil Mahajan
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=साधना |date=2022-07-20 |title=फक्त मराठी सिने सन्मानसाठी तब्बल ११ विभागात ‘सोयरीक’ला नामांकने, २७ जुलैला रंगणार सोहळा |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/soyrik-marathi-movie-got-11-nomination-for-fakt-marathi-award-nrsr-306255.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
| Siddharth Menon
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
| Neha Pendse
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[58th Maharashtra State Film Awards|2024]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|Best Debut Film Production
|''June''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ससाणे |first=सायली |date=2024-08-22 |title=५९ वा महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा संपन्न; वाचा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/bollywood/list-of-59th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners-605956.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debut Direction
|Vaibhav Khisti, Suhrud Godbole
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Siddharth Menon
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Actress
|Resham Shrivardhan
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Aurangabad]]

Asha Jyoti

2026-03-03T23:49:28Z

Viktorikoa: basic improved formatting after review and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Asha Jyoti}}
| image = Asha Jyoti.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| writer = [[Raj Baldev Raj]] (Dialogue Director)
| editing = B. Krishna Raju
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Rekha]] [[Reena Roy]]
| producer = [[Kovai Chezhiyan]]
| music = [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| story = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| based_on = ''[[Srivari Muchatlu]]'' (1981)
| released = {{Film date|1984|05|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Asha Jyoti}}''' is a 1984 Hindi film starring [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Rekha]], [[Reena Roy]] in lead roles. The film was directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asha Jyoti - 1984 - Rights|url=http://www.ultraindia.com/film-details/80-asha-jyoti|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Ultra Media and Entertainment Pvt Ltd.|language=en}}</ref> who had also directed {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar]]}} with Khanna in the lead role and music was given by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]. The film is remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Movie ''[[Srivari Muchatlu]]'' (1981).

==Plot==
Ramesh Chander ([[Om Shivpuri]]), a businessman, wants his musician son Deepak ([[Rajesh Khanna]]) to marry his childhood friend Asha ([[Rekha]]), but Deepak is not interested. In Kashmir, Deepak falls in love with one of his fans, a dancer named Jyoti ([[Reena Roy]]), informs his parents by telegram. Deepak promises to pay off the debts owed by Jyoti's father. On reaching Bombay Deepak finds out that father has committed suicide due to bankruptcy and expressed a last wish that his second wife and daughter be taken care of. Deepak is delayed in [[Bombay]] and is unable to return to Kashmir.

In Kashmir, Hukamchand ([[Roopesh Kumar]]) threatens Jyoti and her father of grave danger if they are unable to repay them money they owe him. When Deepak does arrive at Jyoti's house, her father lies to him that Jyoti has married Hukamchand. A heart-broken Deepak returns to Bombay.

Badri Prasad ([[Madan Puri]]), a rich friend of Ramesh Chander bails Deepak out from bankruptcy and prevents the creditors from filing a suit against Deepak and auctioning off his bungalow. Feeling indebted Deepak agrees to marry Badri Prasad's daughter Asha.

During the wedding, Deepak notices a woman who resembling Jyoti. He finds out that Jyoti is not married to Hukamchand. Jyoti has come to Bombay in search of Deepak and tells him that she is the mother of Deepak's child. Deepak decides to end his marriage with Asha but Jyoti requests Deepak to e a loyal husband of Asha. Jyoti is willing to bring up her child as a single mother.

Jyoti soon becomes a popular dance teacher, Asha starts learning dance from her, and the two become close friends. Asha discloses that her husband does not love her. When Jyoti visits Asha's home and learns of her identity she requests Deepak to be a true husband to Asha.

Asha learns that Jyoti and Deepak were lovers before her marriage and initially suspects they are having an affair. On learning the truth, she decides to sacrifice her life. Unknown to her, Jyoti would have made the same decision, leaving Deepak all alone.

==Cast==
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] as Deepak Chander
*[[Rekha]] as Asha
*[[Reena Roy]] as Jyoti
*[[Asrani]] as Mauji Lal
*[[Roopesh Kumar]] as Hukamchand
*[[Madan Puri]] as Badri Prasad
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Ramesh Chander

==Music==
Lyricist: [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Neele Ambar Ke Do Naina"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Teri Payal Ki Jhankar Chhed Gayi Aise Man Ke Tar"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Mehboob Se Mehbooba Mil Gayi"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Chikna Chikna, Yaar Mera"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Aayi Milan Ki Woh" (Happy)
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Aayi Milan Ki Woh" (Sad)
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0262242|Asha Jyoti}}
{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]

I Love You (2019 film)

2026-03-03T21:25:21Z

Viktorikoa: refine references after review

{{short description|2019 film written, directed and produced by R. Chandru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = I Love You
| image = I Love You 2019 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Chandru]]
| producer = R. Chandru
| writer = R. Chandru
| based_on =
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Rachita Ram]] [[Sonu Gowda]]
| music = Dr. Kiran Thotambyle
| cinematography = Sugnaan
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Sri Siddeshwara Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|06|14|}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''I Love You''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written, directed and produced by [[R. Chandru]]. It completed 100 days in many theatres.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/mar/28/i-love-you-a-kannada-telugu-bilingual-by-director-r-chandru-1793944.html |title=I Love You, a Kannada-Telugu bilingual by director R Chandru |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/mar/29/i-love-you-a-bilingual-by-director-r-chandru-5269.html |title=I Love You, a bilingual by director R Chandru |publisher=Cinema Express.com |date=29 March 2018}}</ref> The film features [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Rachita Ram]] and [[Sonu Gowda]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2018/apr/25/upendra-chandru-to-come-together-for-bilingual-i-love-you-1805930.html |title=Upendra-Chandru to come together for bilingual I Love You |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=25 April 2018}}</ref> The film is the second collaboration of Upendra and director Chandru after the successful ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]'' (2014).

The film is based on Upendra's earlier movies ''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'', ''[[Upendra (film)|Upendra]]'' and ''[[Uppi 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2019/kichha-sudeep-to-release-upendra-film-i-love-you-second-trailer-285280.html |title=Kichha Sudeep To Release Upendra's Film I Love You's Second Trailer |last=Krishnamurthy |first=Chaitra |date=24 April 2019 |website=Filmibeat |language=en|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sudeep-unveil-pre-release-trailer-upendra-rachita-ram-starrer-i-love-you-100703 |title=Sudeep to unveil pre-release trailer of Upendra-Rachita Ram starrer 'I Love You' |website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/upendras-film-i-love-you-gets-postponed-blamed-it-on-elections-359813.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502064629/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/upendras-film-i-love-you-gets-postponed-blamed-it-on-elections-359813.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2019 |title=Upendra's film I Love You gets postponed, blamed it on elections |website=in.com |language=en|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-star-upendra-s-i-love-you-hit-screens-valentines-day-93807 |title=Kannada star Upendra's 'I Love You' to hit the screens on Valentines' Day |website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref> The cinematography was by Sugunaan and music composed by Dr. Kiran Thaotambyle, Indra K.M., and Aria Dakshin. The movie was reported to be similar to the 2007 English movie ''[[I Think I Love My Wife]]'' which itself was based on the 1972 French movie ''[[Love in the Afternoon (1972 film)|Love in the Afternoon]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/i-love-you-nanna-preethse-movie-review-a-gracious-love-story-with-a-stinging-twist/articleshow/69790602.cms |title=I Love You Nanna Preethse movie review: A gracious love story with a stinging twist |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Santhosh, a happy-go-lucky man, believes that love is trumpcard for lust. Dharmika, who aspires to take a [[PhD]] believes that love is divine. How she changes his mind is crux of the plot.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Santhosh
*[[Rachita Ram]] as Dharmika
*[[Sonu Gowda]] as Gowri
*[[P. D. Sathish Chandra]] as Maalinga
*[[Sayaji Shinde]]
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Santhosh's [[Personal Assistant|PA]]
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]] as Santhosh's father
*Sonia Bose
*Nitesh Nittur
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music has been scored by Dr. Kiran Thaotambyle, Indra K.M, and Aria Dakshin. The audio rights of the film was bought by [[Lahari Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/i-love-you-song-maatade-lyrical/videoshow/67988254.cms |title=I Love You {{!}} Song – Maatanaadi Maayavade (Lyrical) {{!}} Kannada Video Songs – Times of India|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ondanondu Kaaladinda
| extra1 = Suchith Suresh
| length1 =
| title2 = Maatanaadi Maayavade
| extra2 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Life Ene T20
| length3 =
| extra3 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Chethan Naik]], Vasushree Halemane
| title4 = Love Annodu Ondh Dodda Roga
| length4 =
| extra4 = Chethan Naik, Vasushree Halemane
| title5 = Ninna Hrudaya
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Ninna Hrudaya
| note6 = Male
| extra6 = Indra KM
| length6 =
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length =
| lyrics1 = Dhananjay
| lyrics2 = Santosh Naik
| lyrics3 = Santosh Naik
| lyrics4 = Santosh Naik
| lyrics5 = Indra KM
| lyrics6 = Indra KM
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 14 June 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Upendra’s I Love You to release in Telugu on June 14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/upendras-i-love-you-to-release-in-telugu-on-june-14/articleshow/69689784.cms |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External sources==
* {{IMDb title|9636910}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/i-love-you.html I Love You – FilmiBeat]

{{R. Chandru}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Chandru]]

FIR 6 to 6

2026-03-03T12:13:53Z

Viktorikoa: starting first data w/ refs

{{Short description|2025 Indian action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = FIR 6 to 6
| image = FIR 6 to 6.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. V. Ramana Raj
| producer = Bhagya Ramesh
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Vijay Raghavendra]]
* Siri Raju}}
| music = {{Ubl| Sathish Babu| M. S. Thyagaraja}}
| cinematography = Om G.
| editing = Nagendra Urs
| studio = Yasha Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2025|2|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 118 minutes<ref name="BMR" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''FIR 6 to 6''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by K. V. Ramana Raj in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Vijay Raghavendra]] and Siri Raju.

== Plot ==
Inspector Garuda (Vijay Raghavendra), a principled and determined police officer, receives a high-stakes challenge when he arrests the brother of notorious crime lord Randhawa (Yash Shetty). Prompted by the gangster, Garuda must navigate a series of deadly tests between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. to protect innocents and bring justice. The film opens with a tense raid: Garuda races through the city streets, rushing home moments before a gang of miscreants attempts to break into his house, where his wife Jyothi (Siri Raju) is alone and terrified. As he takes action to shield her, the narrative branches into multiple simultaneous emergencies: a young couple’s elopement derails into violence, a wedding night is shocked by gang interference, and a trivial bar mishap escalates into something more sinister. These subplots unfold in parallel to Garuda’s central quest to protect Jyothi and uphold Randhawa’s challenge.

Amid the chaos, Garuda is relentlessly on the move—cracking down on miscreants, coordinating his team, and juggling time-sensitive calls. Leafing through phone contacts and checking his watch becomes a recurring visual motif, underscoring the tension of his race against time. A subplot involving a drug mafia and smuggling ring tied to Randhawa's empire introduces an added layer of peril when Garuda must dismantle a dangerous drug deal to edge closer to the gangster’s inner circle. Garuda confronts the crime lord, fights through his goons, and races to rescue Jyothi, bringing the film’s 12-hour crisis to a head.

In the end, Garuda triumphs—Randhawa’s challenges are nullified, his wife is saved, and the multiple crises are quelled. However, critics note the plot’s frenetic pacing and disjointed subplots overshadow the emotional resonance, resulting in a thriller that falters amid its ambitious, multi-threaded narrative.

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name="BMR" />
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Inspector Garuda
* Siri Raju as Jyothi
* Nagendra Urs
* Yash Shetty as Randhawa
* [[Bala Rajwadi]]
* Comedy Khiladi Santu
* Comedy Khiladi Gaja Vidyabharan
* Adi Keshwa
* Ratan
* Yasha
* Shweta

== Production ==
Reportedly, the entire filming took place at night.<ref name="CE1" /> The film was shot in thirty-five nights.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Raghavendra: ಚಿನ್ನಾರಿ ಮುತ್ತ ವಿಜಯ್ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ 6 To 6 ಸಿನಿಮಾ ರೆಡಿ; ಸಖತ್ ಥ್ರಿಲ್ಲಿಂಗ್‌ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂವರು ಹೀರೋಯಿನ್ಸ್‌! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kannada-actor-vijay-raghavendra-fir-6-to-6-movie-latest-updates-rvj-pvn-1953716.html |work=[[News18 Kannada]] |date=25 December 2024 |language=kn |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225175017/https://kannada.news18.com/amp/news/entertainment/kannada-actor-vijay-raghavendra-fir-6-to-6-movie-latest-updates-rvj-pvn-1953716.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=GN |first1=Ramyashree |title=ಥ್ರಿಲ್ಲರ್ 'FIR 6to6' ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಜಯ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ: ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ರಾತ್ರಿಯಲ್ಲೇ ಚಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2024/Dec/23/fir-6to6-is-an-action-thriller-shot-entirely-at-night-vijay-raghavendra |work=[[Kannada Prabha]] |date=11 December 2024 |language=kn}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Sathish Babu and M. S. Thyagaraja.<ref name="CE1">{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Vijay Raghavendra: FIR 6 to 6 is an action thriller, shot entirely at night |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Dec/23/vijay-raghavendra-fir-6-to-6-is-an-action-thriller-shot-entirely-at-night |work=Cinema Express |date=23 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=ವಾರ್ತೆ |first1=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |title='ಎಫ್‌ಐಆರ್‌'ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಜಯ್‌ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/vijay-raghavendra-new-novie-fir-3098004 |work=[[Prajavani]] |date=22 December 2024 |language=kn}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{cite web |title=Kachiko Kachiko |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kachiko-kachiko/wE1jrkr1yGE_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sakha Ninna Mukhavannu (From "Fir 6To6") |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sakha-ninna-mukhavannu-from-fir-6to6/FpwAR6KGkmo_ |website=JioSaavn |date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kachiko Kachiko
| length1 = 4:12
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]], Uma Neha
| title2 = Sakha Ninna Mukhavannu
| length2 = 4:13
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra2 = [[Chethan Naik]], Sarayu
| total_length = 8:25
}}

== Release ==
''FIR 6 to 6'' was released theatrically on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=One more thriller - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/one-more-thriller/articleshow/118543094.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=25 February 2025 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225010312/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/one-more-thriller/amp_articleshow/118543094.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sandalwood: ಇದು 6 ಟು 6 ಆಟ; ವಿಜಯ್‌ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಇಂದು ತೆರೆಗೆ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/supplements/suchitra/fir-6-to-6-kannada-movie-2 |work=[[Udayavani]] |date=28 February 2025 |language=kn}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Raj has tried to say so many things at once, without realising the futility of such efforts and methods. The director has failed to realise the importance of a crisp screenplay and narration that is not all muddled up."<ref name="BMR">{{cite news |last1=Y. |first1=Maheswara Reddy |title=Kannada Movie Review–FIR 6 to 6: A thriller with many characters on the run |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewfir-6-to-6-a-thriller-with-many-characters-on-the-run/articleshow/118633852.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=1 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312144700/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewfir-6-to-6-a-thriller-with-many-characters-on-the-run/articleshow/118633852.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote, "The film is a chaotic thriller that struggles to find its footing. Disjointed subplots, a weak screenplay and a lack of emotional depth make it a tedious watch."<ref>{{cite news |title=FIR 6 To 6 Movie Review: A Chase That Simply Runs Non-Stop! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/fir-6-to-6-movie-review-a-chase-that-simply-runs-non-stop-review-118651375 |work=Times Now |date=1 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301224620/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/fir-6-to-6-movie-review-a-chase-that-simply-runs-non-stop-review-118651375 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote, "The film attempts to juggle too many themes—from family drama to elopement, drug mafias to cop chases— but fails to execute any of them effectively. With underwhelming performances and a convoluted storyline, ''FIR 6 to 6'' ends up as a tedious and forgettable watch."<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=FIR 6 to 6 Movie Review: Time for Vijay Raghavendra to break free from khaki roles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Mar/01/fir-6-to-6-movie-review-time-for-vijay-raghavendra-to-break-free-from-khaki-roles |work=Cinema Express |date=1 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327183703/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Mar/01/fir-6-to-6-movie-review-time-for-vijay-raghavendra-to-break-free-from-khaki-roles |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics from ''[[Udayavani]]'' and ''[[Vijayavani]]'' found the screenplay to be average.<ref>{{cite news |title=FIR 6 TO 6 FILM REVIEW: ಕಡುಗತ್ತಲಲ್ಲಿ ಗರುಡನ ಬೇಟೆ |url=https://www.vijayavani.net/fir-6-to-6-film-review |work=[[Vijayavani]] |date=1 March 2025 |archive-date=1 March 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301213713/https://www.vijayavani.net/fir-6-to-6-film-review |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FIR 6 to 6 Review: ಮಬ್ಬು ಬೆಳಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪೊಲೀಸ್‌ ಬೀಟ್‌ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/movie-review/vijay-raghavendras-fir-6-to-6-review |work=[[Udayavani]] |date=1 March 2025 |language=kn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

Love per Square Foot

2026-03-02T10:08:52Z

Viktorikoa: minor adjusted details per standard format and corrected details

{{short description|2018 Indian Hindi film directed by Anand Tiwari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love per Square Foot
| image = Love Per Square Foot.png
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Anand Tiwari]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| writer = '''Story & Screenplay:''' Anand Tiwari [[Sumeet Vyas]] '''Dialogues:''' [[Sumeet Vyas]] '''Additional Dialogues:''' Asif Ali Beg
| starring = [[Vicky Kaushal]] [[Angira Dhar]] [[Alankrita Sahai]] [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] [[Supriya Pathak]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sohail Sen]] '''Score:''' [[Sohail Sen]] Anand Bajpai
| cinematography = [[Avinash Arun]]
| editing = [[Sanyukta Kaza]]
| studio = [[RSVP Movies]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|02|14|}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Love per Square Foot''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Anand Tiwari]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]], under his newly established banner [[RSVP Movies]]. The film, which stars [[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Angira Dhar]] in the lead roles, is about Sanjay and Kareena who try to find a house in [[Mumbai]]. They do not have enough money to earn individually, in order to buy a home, so they enter into a marriage of convenience.

Anand Tiwari who wrote the script in 2010, along with [[Sumeet Vyas]], was intended to be made into a dark film, later they chose to make it as a romantic comedy film. The shooting of the film took place across [[Mumbai]], within 50 days, during December 2016 and January 2017, whereas post-production works were completed within three months. Anand Bajpai composed the background score, along with [[Sohail Sen]], while [[Sohail Sen]] composing the film's soundtrack. The film's cinematography was handled by [[Avinash Arun]] and editing done by [[Sanyukta Kaza]].

Originally scheduled for a theatrical release, Anand Tiwari eventually sent the film's [[Film editing|final cut]] to the executives of [[Netflix|Netflix India]], who approved to release the film online. Thus it became the first Indian film to be released directly on a streaming platform.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/love-per-square-foot-producer-ronnie-screwvala-5061967/|title=Love Per Square Foot producer Ronnie Screwvala: Digital platform an addition, not alternative to theaters|work=The Indian Express|date=13 February 2018|access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-per-square-foot-producer-ronnie-screwvala-reveals-why-he-chose-netflix-to-release-first-film-under-new-banner-4348947.html|title=Love Per Square Foot producer Ronnie Screwvala reveals why he chose Netflix to release first film under new banner|work=Firstpost|date=13 February 2018|access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> Billed as the first [[List of Netflix India originals|Indian original film from Netflix]], ''Love Per Square Foot'' released directly through the streaming platform on 14 February 2018, to coincide with the [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-per-square-foot-netflix-ronnie-srewvala-rsvp-anand-tiwari-angira-dhar-vicky-kaushal-film-hindi/article22741398.ece|title=Love Per Square Foot is a multigenerational love story says producer Ronnie Screwvala|last=Bhavani|first=Divya Kala|work=The Hindu|date=13 February 2018|access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Beijing International Film Festival]], held in [[China]] in April 2019.<ref name="NDTVBIFF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-on-love-per-square-foot-at-beijing-international-film-festival-2029258|title=Vicky Kaushal On Love Per Square Foot at Beijing International Film Festival|date=26 April 2019|website=NDTV|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, an IT engineer, and Kareena D'Souza. They both work in the same bank and dream of having their own home but are held back because of problems in their personal lives. Sanjay's boss, Raashi Khurrana is having an extra-marital affair with him, but refuses to leave her husband, Kashin, while Kareena is betrothed to Samuel and constantly held back from her dream of owning a home, by her mother Blossom. Everything changes when Sanjay finds out about a joint housing scheme, and asks Kareena to apply for the scheme with him. She agrees and the movie portrays various problems they have as they are trying to buy the apartment as an unmarried couple.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vicky Kaushal]] as Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi (Sanju)
*[[Angira Dhar]] as Kareena D'Souza
*[[Alankrita Sahai]] as Raashi Khurrana
*[[Raghubir Yadav]] as Bhaskar Chaturvedi
*[[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] as Samuel Misquitta
*[[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Blossom D'Souza
*[[Supriya Pathak]] as Lata Chaturvedi
*[[Arunoday Singh]] as Kashin Malhotra
*[[Brijendra Kala]] as T. C. Mishra
*[[Rekha Bhardwaj]] as Classical Singer
*[[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues]] as Noel Misquitta
*[[Gajraj Rao]] as Rehmat Bhai
*[[Gopal Datt]] as Pappu Mama
*[[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Poonam Tiwari
*[[Ranbir Kapoor]] as Gattu (Cameo appearance)
*Raviza Chauhan as Tina
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
During the shooting of ''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]'' (2010) in [[Mumbai]], [[Anand Tiwari]] witnessed a couple fighting in the middle of Carter Road in [[Mumbai]], while he was heading to [[Bandra]] in a local train, where the same couple boarded the train and the fight continued in the train and they passionately hugged after that. He eventually stated as "the journey of love between Bandra and [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]" in an interview later, further adding that: "I always wanted to show relationships as they happen, as opposed to how they are shown in films".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Mathew|first=Suresh|date=23 February 2018|title=Anand Tiwari On the Making of Netflix's 'Love Per Square Foot'|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/anand-tiwari-love-per-square-foot-netflix-vicky-kaushal-angira-dhar|access-date=24 January 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The central idea of the film is whether ‘home’ is more important than ‘house’, whether the virtue of old-world understanding is more important than the more transactional love of today. I wanted to tell the story of today’s India, 60 percent of which is the youth. I wanted to reach the maximum number of people and I approached the story like a [[Bollywood]] [[masala film]] — there are songs and dances and whatnot.|author=|title=|source=[[Anand Tiwari]], on the core concept of the script, in an interview with ''[[Film Companion]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/netflix-bollywood-debut-movie-love-per-square-foot-director/|title=It's Bollywood's Debut On Netflix: Anand Tiwari, Director Of Love Per Square Foot|date=11 February 2018}}</ref>}}
Anand wrote the script in late 2010, as a dark film initially, with [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], stating that the script is too dark, and it need to make the character likeable. He then discussed with his friends [[Manav Kaul]] and [[Sumeet Vyas]], and decided to make it as a romantic comedy film.<ref name=":0" /> While shooting for ''[[Finding Fanny]]'', he and Sumeet went for a short trip to [[Goa]] for 10 days, were Anand wrote the first draft of the film. He narrated the script to producer [[Ronnie Screwvala]], at his office, whom eventually accepted to produce the film, after liking the script.<ref name=":0" /> The film marked Screwvala's return to production after three years. Screwvala, the founder of [[UTV Motion Pictures]], left the company in 2014, after [[Disney India]] announced its collaboration. It eventually marked its solo production under his banner [[RSVP Movies]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=8 August 2017|title=Ronnie Screwvala's 'Love per square foot' to release on April 20, 2018|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ronnie-screwvala-s-love-per-square-foot-to-release-on-april-20-2018-117080801544_1.html|access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Initially, Anand wanted Sumeet Vyas to play the role of the protagonist Sanjay Chaturvedi; but the actor changed his mind, and insisted on [[Vicky Kaushal]], who personally worked with Anand and Sumeet in theatre workshops.<ref name=":0" /> The film's casting director Honey Trehan suggested Kaushal's name for the script.<ref name=":0" /> After being cast in the role, Kaushal stated at the [[18th IIFA Awards]] in [[Mumbai]] that "It’s a romantic story mixed with a comedy about a boy and girl trying to find a house in Mumbai. I have never been a part of a happy film. All my earlier films have been on the intense side, so I had a ball shooting for this one. My character Sanjay is ambitious and street-smart. This film will be a proper commercial Hindi film with a lot of dancing and singing incorporated in it".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2017|title=Had a ball shooting for Love Per Square Foot: Vicky Kaushal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/had-a-ball-shooting-for-love-per-square-foot-vicky-kaushal/story-uXVAqryLLB8E8Hn1NmHG4N.html|access-date=24 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Angira Dhar]] was hired to play the female lead, in her second collaboration with Anand after ''Bang Baaja Baarat''. [[Alankrita Sahai]] plays the role of Sanjay's intimidating boss, Raashi, whereas [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Supriya Pathak]] and [[Raghubir Yadav]], essayed the role of Kareena and Sanjay's parents.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhavani|first=Divya Kala|date=13 February 2018|title={{'}}''Love Per Square Foot'' is a multigenerational love story' says producer Ronnie Screwvala|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-per-square-foot-netflix-ronnie-srewvala-rsvp-anand-tiwari-angira-dhar-vicky-kaushal-film-hindi/article22741398.ece|access-date=24 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Ranbir Kapoor]] made a cameo appearance in the film.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in December 2016, with the film being mostly shot around [[Mumbai]], and ended in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2018|title=Anand Tiwari: Space is a metaphor in Love Per Square Foot|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/love-per-square-foot-a-space-to-love-5062867/|access-date=24 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The entire film was shot within a duration of 50 days, including the songs, sequences and the patchwork.<ref name=":0" /> During the post-production process, Tiwari took about one-and-a-half months for the first cut and visual effects, with the rest of the dubbing, editing, and sound mixing lasted for two months, by which, the process was completed within three to four months.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love per Square Foot
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sohail Sen]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 January 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:34
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Happy Phir Bhag Jayegi]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
The film's soundtrack album is composed and produced by [[Sohail Sen]], with lyrics for the songs were written by Abhishek Dhusia, Sahir Nawab, Sumeet Suvarna, [[Anand Tiwari]], [[Gopal Datt]], Abhiruchi Chand, and Jamil. The soundtrack features vocals by [[Benny Dayal]], Shivangi Bhayana, [[Udit Narayan]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], Altamash Faridi, Abhishek Dhusia, Tarannum Malik, Sahir Nawab, and Sumeet Suvarna. Bhardwaj, also made an appearance in the film, as a classical singer, apart from singing the song "Raaz Apne Dil Ke", which has two versions. The soundtrack album features seven tracks and was released by [[Zee Music Company]] on 24 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/love-per-square-foot-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1348669279|title=Love Per Square Foot (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Sohail Sen|access-date=7 December 2019|via=music.apple.com|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207165233/https://music.apple.com/us/album/love-per-square-foot-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1348669279|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Music critics Jay Palav and Anish Mohanty reviewed about the use of [[jazz]], [[Beatboxing|beatbox]], [[Classical music|classical]], [[Western culture#Music|western]] and [[orchestral]] arrangements, and instrumentation in the soundtrack.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Love Per Square Foot - music review by Anish Mohanty - Bollywood Hungama|url=https://bollywoodhungama.com/displayReview.php?id=m021718024120|access-date=24 January 2021|website=Bollywood Hungama}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Palav, praised the use of veteran singers, Udit Narayan, Altamash Faridi and Tarannum Malik, in the soundtrack, adding a verdict: "Sohail’s put up a winning OST, which is relatable, warm and accessible". Mohanty, added the final word "After composing for ''[[Happy Bhag Jayegi]]'' (2016), he makes a good enough comeback to the film music scene with this film, and one looks forward to see the kind of music he rolls out with his upcoming releases".<ref name=":2" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=27|s=34}}
| title1 = Yatri Kripaya Dhyaan De
| extra1 = Abhishek Dhusia, Sahir Nawab, Sumeet Suvarna
| length1 = 3:21
| lyrics1 = Abhishek Dhusia, Sahir Nawab, Sumeet Suvarna
| title2 = Chicken Dance
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], Shivangi Bhayana
| length2 = 4:01
| lyrics2 = [[Anand Tiwari]]
| title3 = Ishq Mein Bajti Hai Ghanti
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length3 = 2:42
| lyrics3 = [[Gopal Datt]]
| title4 = Aashiyana
| extra4 = Altamash Faridi, Tarannum Malik
| length4 = 4:30
| lyrics4 = Abhiruchi Chand
| title5 = Maqbool Hai
| extra5 = Altamash Faridi
| length5 = 5:10
| lyrics5 = Jamil
| title6 = Raaz Apne Dil Ke
| extra6 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| length6 = 4:09
| lyrics6 = Gopal Datt
| title7 = Raaz Apne Dil Ke
| extra7 = Rekha Bhardwaj
| length7 = 3:41
| lyrics7 = Gopal Datt
| all_writing =
| note6 = Indian
| note7 = Western
}}

== Release ==
{{Quote box
| quote = It was taken to [[Netflix]] only as a pre-sale digital kind of conversation at that time. It was actually credit to Netflix that they came back and said that they have been doing a lot of interesting stuff as originals across the globe. They have been, for a while, wanting to figure out what would be their first Netflix original release here.
| source = [[Anand Tiwari]], in an interview with ''[[Firstpost]]'', on ''Love Per Square Foot'' being the first Indian film directly aired on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-per-square-foot-co-producers-anand-tiwari-amritpal-bindra-on-making-indias-first-netflix-only-feature-film-4274741.html|title=Love Per Square Foot co-producers Anand Tiwari, Amritpal Bindra on making India's first Netflix-only feature film |date=26 December 2017|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 40%
}}Initially scheduled for a theatrical release on 8 September 2017,<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=22 April 2017|title='Love Per Square Foot' to release on September 8|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/love-per-square-foot-to-release-on-september-8-117042200568_1.html|access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 April 2017|title='Love Per Square Foot' to hit theatres on September 8|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-love-per-square-foot-to-hit-theatres-on-september-8-2412098|access-date=24 January 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> ''Love Per Square Foot'' was pushed to 20 April 2018, due to post-production delays.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2017|title=Ronnie Screwvala's 'Love per square foot' to release|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ronnie-screwvala-s-love-per-square-foot-to-release-2523341|access-date=24 January 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Anand Tiwari later presented the final cut of the film, to the executives of [[Netflix]] headquarters in [[India]], with eventually picking it for a release in their platforms.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sinha|first=Sayoni|date=13 February 2018|title=The story of behind Netflix's 'Love Per Square Foot'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/a-matchbox-way-of-life/article22744393.ece|access-date=24 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In November 2017, Netflix officially announced the release on its platform, with ''Love Per Square Foot'' becoming the first mainstream production from India to be made available on the streaming site.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2017|title=Netflix teams up with producer Ronnie Screwvala for film starring Vicky Kaushal, Angira Dhar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-teams-up-with-producer-ronnie-screwvala-for-film-starring-vicky-kaushal-angira-dhar-4229551.html|access-date=24 January 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

''Love Per Square Foot'' was preponed from its original scheduled date (20 April 2018), to 14 February 2018, in order to coincide the [[Valentine's Day]]. The film's official trailer was premiered on 18 January 2018. It was released as the first [[List of Netflix India originals|Netflix Indian original film]] in more than 190 countries on 14 February.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2017|title=Vicky Kaushal's Love Per Square Foot is first mainstream Indian production to premiere on Netflix|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vicky-kaushal-netflix-comedy-indian-production-love-per-square-foot-4956684/|access-date=24 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The film was showcased at [[Beijing International Film Festival]] on 26 April 2019.<ref name="NDTVBIFF" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/glad-indian-films-gaining-audience-in-china-vicky-119042601040_1.html|title=Glad Indian films gaining audience in China: Vicky|last=IANS|date=26 April 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and stated "Love Per Square Foot doesn’t delve deep into matters of the heart, but it’s a feel good film for sure. Angira Dhar makes a promising debut and Vicky Kaushal shows his lighter side. Anand Tiwari handles romance with proper care and maturity. Love Per Square Foot is youthful, urbane and lovable."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/love-per-square-foot-movie-review-netflix-s-sweet-valentine-s-day-gift/story-3YCRZuUq6eyjClROR3sbXI.html|title=Love Per Square Foot movie review: This Valentine's special is youthful, urbane and lovable|last=Vats|first=Rohit|work=Hindustan Times|date=14 February 2018|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> Ektaa Malik of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote: "The film has its heart in the right place and would have worked better had it been about twenty minutes shorter."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/love-per-square-foot-review-5062496/|title=Love Per Square Foot review: The Vicky Kaushal starrer has its heart in the right place|last=Malik|first=Ektaa|work=The Indian Express|date=14 February 2018|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> Kriti Tulsiani of ''[[News18]]'' wrote "If the name ''Love Per Square Foot'' isn't enough to bring a smile to your face, just sit back and relish the conundrums of love and space in the city of Mumbai."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/love-per-square-foot-review-little-moments-big-dreams-make-this-mumbai-tale-come-alive-1661053.html|title=Love Per Square Foot Review: Little Moments, Big Dreams Make This Mumbai Tale Come Alive|last=Tulsiani|first=Kriti|website=News18|date=15 February 2018|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> Swetha Ramakrishnan of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stating "Love Per Square Foot is what happens when you have an authentic setting, a stellar cast, the right intentions and good writing all mixed into one film."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-per-square-foot-movie-review-this-netflix-film-feels-like-a-breezy-bombay-version-of-yrfs-band-baaja-baaraat-4351265.html|title=Love Per Square Foot review: This Netflix film feels like a breezy Bombay version of YRF's Band Baaja Baaraat|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Swetha|work=Firstpost|date=15 February 2018|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref>

Dipti Kahrude of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote "In popular culture, millennial lives are almost synonymous with galloping digitization. ''Love Per Square Foot'' instead directs its gaze on the middle class realities and aspirations of millennials living with their parents in cramped houses, with no privacy of bedrooms of their own. It bracingly avoids defining them merely by technology. The film may not break thrilling new ground with its subject but the observational humour in the dialogue, the bevy of supporting characters, earnest performances and an assured directorial debut make it worth a watch."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kharude|first=Dipti|date=14 February 2018|title=Netflix's 'Love Per Sq Ft': A Middle-Class Millennial Love Story|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/netflix-love-per-square-foot-review-valentines-day|access-date=25 January 2021|work=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Rajat Tripathi of ''[[BollywoodLife.com|Bollywood Life]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "If you are a love bug, Love Per Square Foot will certainly tug at your heartstrings and make you feel giddy. It is the perfect romantic film that we were waiting for. It is the cutest film that has released in the longest time. However, if you are not a sucker for romance, you might want to avoid it."

Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and stated "The film merely uses “space” as a generic trigger to communicate the city's diverse stereotypes." Deepali Singh of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated "The plot takes a predictable turn towards the end when you know that all’s going to end well after all."<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh|first=Deepali|date=14 February 2018|title='Love Per Square Foot' review: Not rising above the plot|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/review-love-per-square-foot-review-not-rising-above-the-plot-2584333|access-date=24 January 2021|work=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Malika Bhagat of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stating "The fact that the end panders to the typical romantic in us is why ''Love Per Square Foot'' fails to live up to the hype."<ref>{{cite news|date=1 March 2018|title=Love Per Square Foot: Mumbai's love for space but no space for love|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/incessant-musings/love-per-square-foot-mumbais-loves-for-space-but-no-space-for-love/|access-date=24 January 2021|work=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandiran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Love Per Square Foot falls in the space of those bitter-sweet dramas about the housing space that we saw in the 1970s."<ref>{{cite news|title='Love Per Square Foot' movie review: An ode to Basu Chatterjee|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/feb/22/love-per-square-foot-movie-review-an-ode-to-basu-chatterjee-1777406.html|access-date=25 January 2021|work=The New Indian Express|date=22 February 2018|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226045627/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/feb/22/love-per-square-foot-movie-review-an-ode-to-basu-chatterjee-1777406.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt7853242}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sohail Sen]]
[[Category:2018 romantic comedy films]]

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 11

2026-02-27T01:49:21Z

Viktorikoa: Added A Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian reality show (2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 11
| image = Bigg Boss 11 Logo.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = gold
| starring =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Salman Khan]]
| num_days = 106
| num_housemates = 19
| winner = [[Shilpa Shinde]]
| runner_up = [[Hina Khan]]
}}
| num_episodes = 107
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|10|01}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|01|14}}
| episode_list =
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 11''''', also known as '''''Bigg Boss 11: Padosi Bajayenge Barah''''', is the 11th season of Indian [[reality TV]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'', which aired on [[Colors TV]]. [[Salman Khan]] returned to host the show for the 8th time. It premiered on 1 October 2017.<ref name="Start">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-11-premiere-date-of-the-show-revealed-what-you-can-expect-from-the-new-season-lifetv-1029407-2017-08-13|title=Premiere date of the show revealed|date=13 August 2017 |publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> The grand finale of the show, took place on 14 January 2018 when [[Shilpa Shinde]] emerged as the winner and [[Hina Khan]] as the runner-up.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-finale-Hina-Khan-winner-5024486/|title=Hina khan wins Bigg Boss 11, Shilpa Shinde becomes first runner-up|date=14 January 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 January 2018|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 11 Winner Shilpa Shinde Reveals What She's Going To Do With Her Prize Money of Rs 44 Lakh|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-11-winner-shilpa-shinde-reveals-what-she-is-going-to-do-with-her-prize-money-of-rs-44-lakh-1752241.html|access-date=2021-10-07|website=News18|date=18 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>The season achieved strong ratings and was considered a success at that point in the show's run.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-14 |title=Bigg Boss 11: From creative tasks to social media frenzy — everything that made this season unique-Entertainment News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-from-creative-tasks-to-social-media-frenzy-everything-that-made-this-season-unique-4302011.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220811173035/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-from-creative-tasks-to-social-media-frenzy-everything-that-made-this-season-unique-4302011.html |archive-date=2022-08-11 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref>

This was the second season of Bigg Boss to appear on [[Voot]]. Like the previous season, viewers are offered extension properties such as ''Unseen Undekha'', ''Cutless'' and a new weekend special, ''Bigg Buzz''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2017/10/70-million-views-in-just-first-10-days-of-bigg-boss-11-on-voot/|title=Best Media Info; 70 million views in just first 10 days of Bigg Boss 11 on Voot}}{{better source needed|date=October 2017|reason=Stick to reputable mainstream sites, please.}}</ref> For the first time, the voting could only be done via Voot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adageindia.in/interviews/cmo-interviews/heres-how-colors-is-promoting-bigg-boss-11/articleshow/60848687.cms|title=Ad Age India; Voting on Voot}}{{better source needed|date=October 2017|reason=Stick to reputable mainstream sites, please.}}</ref>

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#3598FB; color:#000;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#3598FB; color:#000;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#3598FB; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#3598FB; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#3598FB; color:#000;" | Status
|-
| 1
| [[Shilpa Shinde|Shilpa]]
| Day 1
| Day 105
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| [[Hina Khan|Hina]]
| Day 1
| Day 105
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| [[Vikas Gupta|Vikas]]
| Day 1
| Day 105
| style="background:#7FFFD4;text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Puneesh
| Day 1
| Day 105
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|3rd runner-up }}
|-
| 5
| Aakash
| Day 1
| Day 102
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 6
| Luv
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan ="2"|7
| rowspan ="2"| Priyank
| Day 1
| Day 6
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| Day 26
| Day 91
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Arshi
| Day 1
| Day 83
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| [[Hiten Tejwani|Hiten]]
| Day 1
| Day 77
| style="background:#BFFF00;" |{{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| 10
| Bandgi
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Sapna
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Benafsha
| Day 1
| Day 49
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Mehjabi
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Sabyasachi
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| [[Dhinchak Pooja|Pooja]]
| Day 21
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Jyoti
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 17
| Lucinda
| Day 1
| Day 15
| style="background:#BFFF00;" |{{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}
|-
| 18
| Shivani
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 19
| Zubair
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
|}

==Production==
===Eye Logo===
The eye had two colours this time - white and yellow. The lens was separately situated at the center of the eye. The eye was sliced into two parts diagonally having cracks in both sides.

===House===
The house had a "''padosi''" theme which referred to ''neighbour'' in English. New sections called ''Aakhara'' (activity area) and ''Kalkothri'' (jail) were introduced for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-bigg-boss-11-house-designer-omung-kumar-says-the-house-will-affect-contesants-psychologically-404233| title= Bigg Boss 11 House: Design of the House to affect contestants psychologically, says Omung Kumar| date= October 2017| language=en}}</ref>

== Housemates ==
The participants in the order of appearance and entered in house are:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sociofreak.com/bigg-boss-11-contestants-list/|title=Bigg Boss 11 Contestants List: Who are the Bigg Boss 11 Celebrities & Commoners?|date=1 October 2017|work=SocioFreak|access-date=2 October 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165438/https://sociofreak.com/bigg-boss-11-contestants-list/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-11-shilpa-shinde-to-hina-khan-celebs-to-be-locked-inside-the-house/photostory/60899515.cms|title=Bigg Boss 11: Shilpa Shinde to Hina Khan, celebs to be locked inside the house {{!}} The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>

===Original entrants===
*[[Hiten Tejwani]] – Television and film actor.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-actor-hiten-tejwani-last-entry-for-the-show-586283/|title = BIGG BOSS 11: 'yunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi' actor Hiten Tejwani last entry for the show|date = 29 September 2017|work = [[ABP Live]]|access-date = 11 August 2018|archive-date = 1 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171001081836/http://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-actor-hiten-tejwani-last-entry-for-the-show-586283/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-11-written-update-december-17-2017-housemates-evict-hiten-tejwani-save-priyank-sharma/articleshow/62114099.cms|title = Bigg Boss 11 written update, December 17, 2017: Housemates evict Hiten Tejwani, save Priyank Sharma| newspaper=The Times of India |date = 18 December 2017}}</ref> Hiten is remembered for his roles in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]] and [[Gangaa]].''
*Luv Tyagi – Model and civil engineer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-11-day-98-live-updates-the-nominated-contestants-count-their-own-votes/articleshow/62403906.cms|title=Bigg Boss 11, Day 98 Highlights: Luv Tyagi gets evicted, Sidharth Malhotra applauds Hina Khan for her acting skills|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 January 2018}}</ref>
*Mehjabi Siddiqui – Housewife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-shell-shocking-mehjabi-siddiqui-and-sabyasachi-satapathy-evicted-602253|title=BIGG BOSS 11: SHELL SHOCKING! Mehjabi Siddiqui and Sabyasachi Satapathy EVICTED|date=11 November 2017}}</ref>
*Lucinda Nicholas – Australian model, actress and yoga instructor.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-11-who-is-lucinda-nicholas-profile-biography-photos-video-4872554/|title = Bigg Boss 11: Who is Lucinda Nicholas? Profile, Biography, Photos and Video|date = 4 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-shocking-lucinda-nicholas-gets-eliminated-in-surprise-eviction-592629?rs_type=internal&rs_origin=section&rs_medium=article&rs_index=3|title = BIGG BOSS 11: SHOCKING! Lucinda Nicholas gets ELIMINATED in SURPRISE EVICTION|date = 16 October 2017}}</ref> She made her debut in the Bollywood film [[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|''Boss'']] featured [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] in the popular song "Party All Night". In 2016, she played a cameo role in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s show ''[[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]].''
*Sabyasachi Satpathy – TV host, dancer, designer.
*Sapna Choudhary – A famous Haryanvi dancer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-11-contestant-sapna-choudharys-profile-photos-and-videos/articleshow/60927830.cms|title=Sapna Choudhary- Bigg Boss 11 Contestant: Biography|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-sapna-chaudhary-gets-evicted-from-the-house-4955381/|title = Bigg Boss 11: Sapna Choudhary gets evicted from the house|date = 26 November 2017}}</ref>
*Sshivani Durga – Self-styled God woman.
*Priyank Sharma – Dancer, model and reality TV star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-ex-splitsvilla-contestant-priyank-sharma-confirmed-to-enter-controversial-house/1146115|title=Bigg Boss 11: Ex-Splitsvilla contestant Priyank Sharma confirmed to enter controversial house?|date=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-priyank-sharma-kicked-out-for-slapping-akash-dadlani-twice-589560?rs_type=internal&rs_origin=section&rs_medium=article&rs_index=9|title=BIGG BOSS 11: Priyank Sharma KICKED OUT for SLAPPING Akash Dadlani twice|date=7 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-11-after-being-evicted-by-salman-khan-priyank-sharma-will-be-back-in-the-house-2551538|title=Bigg Boss 11: After being evicted by Salman Khan, Priyank Sharma will be back in the house|date=9 October 2017}}</ref> Priyank is known for participating in ''[[MTV Roadies]] and [[MTV Splitsvilla]].''
*Benafsha Soonawalla – MTV VJ, model.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-benafsha-soonawalla-interview-5709445-PHO.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171006135806/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-benafsha-soonawalla-interview-5709445-PHO.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 6 October 2017|title = Interview: Ex-Roadies Hottie Benafsha Soonawalla REVEALS the Real Reason For Doing Bigg Boss 11|work = Daily Bhaskar|date = 1 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-salman-khan-benafsha-soonawalla-gets-evicted-4944764/|title = Bigg Boss 11: Benafsha Soonawalla gets evicted from Salman Khan's show|date = 19 November 2017}}</ref> Benafsha participated in ''[[MTV Roadies]].''
*Akash Dadlani – Rapper.
*Jyoti Kumari – Student.
*Bandgi Kalra – Model and software engineer.<ref name="The Financial Express 2017">{{cite web|url = http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-eliminations-bandgi-kalra-to-be-evicted-on-sunday-in-weekend-ka-vaar/957960/|title = Bigg Boss 11 eviction: Bandgi Kalra to be eliminated in Weekend Ka Vaar?|date = 2 December 2017|website = The Financial Express|access-date = 10 December 2017}}</ref>
*[[Arshi Khan]] – Model, actress and dancer.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 October 2017|title=Bigg Boss 11: Who is Arshi Khan? Profile, Biography, Photos and Video|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-who-is-arshi-khan-profile-biography-photos-and-video-4873871/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 December 2017|title=BIGG BOSS 11: Arshi Khan EVICTED!|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-shocking-arshi-khan-evicted-because-of-legal-reasons-624113}}</ref>
*[[Hina Khan]] – Television actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-hina-khan-aka-akshara-of-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-to-be-a-part-of-the-show-844982|title=Bigg Boss 11: Hina Khan aka Akshara of 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' to be a part of the show?|date=22 September 2017|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085930/https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-hina-khan-aka-akshara-of-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-to-be-a-part-of-the-show-844982|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-11-earning-respect-is-more-important-than-winning-this-show-says-hina-khan-1632267.html|title=Bigg Boss 11: Earning Respect Is More Important Than Winning This Show, Says Hina Khan|date=15 January 2018}}</ref> Hina is known for her role as Akshara Singhania in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''. She is the first runner-up in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' (2017).
*Puneesh Sharma – Reality TV star. He is the winner of the reality show ''Sarkaar Ki Duniya.''
*[[Vikas Gupta]] – Producer.<ref name="producer">{{cite web|url = http://www.india.com/showbiz/bigg-boss-11-contestant-vikas-gupta-take-a-look-at-the-lesser-known-facts-about-kaisi-yeh-yaariyan-fame-actor-and-producer-2508697/|title = Bigg Boss 11 contestant Vikas Gupta: All you wanted to Know About the Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan Actor and Producer|date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> Vikas is known as the head of channels [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] and [[&TV]]. He was also the head creative producer of the show ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]''.
*[[Shilpa Shinde]] – Television actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-shilpa-shinde-aka-former-angoori-from-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-in-the-show-839188|title=Bigg Boss 11: Shilpa Shinde aka former Angoori from 'Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai' in the show?|date=4 August 2017|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091006/https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-11-shilpa-shinde-aka-former-angoori-from-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-in-the-show-839188|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shilpa is known for her role as Angoori Bhabhi in ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
*Zubair Khan – Director.

===Wild card entrants===
*[[Pooja Jain (singer)|Dhinchak Pooja]] – Singer.<ref>{{cite news|title = Here's what Dhinchak Pooja has to say on entering Bigg Boss 11 in Diwali special episode|url = http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-dhinchak-pooja-on-entering-bigg-boss-11-in-diwali-special-episode-salman-khan-407451|access-date = 20 October 2017|publisher = Independent News Service|date = 19 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-dhinchak-pooja-gets-evicted-from-the-salman-khan-show-4923579/|title = Bigg Boss 11: Dhinchak Pooja gets evicted from the show|date = 5 November 2017}}</ref>

== Twists ==
The theme of the season was called the 'Padosi theme' where four housemates will be seen in another house and give tough tasks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-lets-meet-the-first-four-padosis-of-the-season-1755804|title=Bigg Boss 11: Let's Meet The First Five Padosis Of The Season|date=27 September 2017}}</ref> On the premiere night, Lucinda Nicholas, Mehjabi Siddiqui, Sabyasachi Satpathy and Luv Tyagi were introduced as the four neighbours. They had to re-enact as real neighbors upon entering the main house to gain powers.

===Housemates allotment===
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:13px;"
! rowspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Housemate
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Days 1–14
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 14
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 15
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 16
|-
| {{ref|Day 1|1}}
| {{ref|Day 11 1|2}},
| colspan="3" | {{ref|Day 11 2|3}}
|-
! Akash
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| rowspan="17" style="background:#299;" |''Padosi theme ended''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Arshi
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Bandgi
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Benafsha
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Hina
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Hiten
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Luv
| colspan="2" style="background:#58FAAC;" | Padosi
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Mehjabi
| colspan="2" style="background:#58FAAC;" | Padosi
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Puneesh
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Sabyasachi
| colspan="2" style="background:#58FAAC;" | Padosi
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Sapna
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Shilpa
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Vikas
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
|-
! Lucinda
| colspan="2" style="background:#58FAAC;" | Padosi
| style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| style="background:#A9A9A9;" |
|-
! Shivani
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="2" style="background:#A9A9A9;" |
|-
! Zubair
| style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="1" style="background:#A9A9A9;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:#A9A9A9;" |
|-
! Priyank
| style="background:#00BFFF;" | Main House
| colspan="1" style="background:#A9A9A9;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:#A9A9A9;" |
|}
</blockquote>
{{refbegin}}
* {{note|Day 1|1}}: Lucinda, Mehjabi, Sabyasachi and Luv had powers to nominate and save a housemate.
* {{note|Day 4|2}}: All four of the Padosi's entered the main house.
* {{note|Day 11 1|3}}: Housemates had to evict one Padosi and therefore Lucinda was evicted.
{{refend}}

===Sultani Akhada ===
The season introduced a new segment called "Sultani Akhada" on the premiere night. In this segment, two housemates compete against each other in tasks during the "Weekend Ka Vaar" with Salman Khan. The competition consists of two rounds. The first round is a debate between the two housemates, and the second round is a light wrestling match. The housemate who scores the most points through both rounds is declared the winner. The final Sultani Akhada of the season took place in Week 14 on Day 98.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-premiere-live-get-live-updates-on-bb-11-opening-episode-superstar-salman-khan-all-set-to-grill-the-contestants-in-style-2508550/|title=Bigg Boss 11 Premiere LIVE|date=1 October 2017}}</ref>
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:14px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 10%;" | Weeks
! style="width: 10%;" | 1
! style="width: 10%;" | 2
! style="width: 10%;" | 3
! style="width: 10%;" | 4
! style="width: 10%;" | 5
! style="width: 10%;" | 6
! style="width: 10%;" | 7
! style="width: 10%;" | 8
! style="width: 10%;" | 9
! style="width: 10%;" | 10
! style="width: 10%;" | 11
! style="width: 10%;" | 12
! style="width: 10%;" | 13
! style="width: 10%;" | 14
|-
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 7
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 14
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 20
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 27
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 35
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 42
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 49
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 55
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 63
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 70
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 77
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 83
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 91
! style="width: 10%;" | Day 98
|- style="background:#5DADEC;" |
! Participants for Sultani Akhada
| Arshi Sapna
| Arshi Shilpa
| Arshi Hina
| Pooja Sapna
| Akash Priyank
| Vikas Priyank
| Shilpa Hina
| Akash Puneesh
| Luv Puneesh
| Arshi Shilpa
| Arshi/Vikas Hina/Priyank
| Luv Priyank
| Hina/Vikas/Akash Shilpa/Puneesh/Luv
| Akash Puneesh
|- style="background:#FFFF99;" |
! Winner
| '''Sapna'''
| '''Arshi'''
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Winner''
| '''Sapna'''
| '''Priyank'''
| '''Vikas'''
| '''Shilpa'''
| '''Puneesh'''
| '''Luv'''
| '''Arshi'''
| '''Arshi/Vikas'''
| '''Priyank'''
| '''Team Hina'''
| '''Puneesh'''
|}
</blockquote>

== Guest appearances ==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#FFD700; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week
! style="background:#FFD700; color:#000; width:1%;" | Day
! style="background:#FFD700; color:#000; width:5%;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#FFD700; color:#000; width:5%;" | Purpose of visit
! style="background:#FFD700; color:#000; width:1%;" | Ref(s)
|-
! rowspan="17" | 1
! rowspan="7" | Grand Premiere
| [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] & [[Taapsee Pannu]]
| To promote their film ''[[Judwaa 2]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-11-judwaa-2-varun-dhawan-taapsee-pannu-jacqueline-fernandez-4868260/|title=Bigg Boss 11: Judwaa 2 team Varun Dhawan, Taapsee Pannu and Jacqueline Fernandez reveal first look of Bigg Boss house. See video|date=30 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gauri Pradhan]]
| To support husband [[Hiten Tejwani]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-11-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-actor-hiten-tejwani-enters-house-wife-gauri-pradhan-s-there-too/story-ubmWB1KsiuiV6yaavS9YjI.html|title=Bigg Boss 11: Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi actor Hiten Tejwani enters house, wife Gauri Pradhan's there too|date=1 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| rowspan="5" | To support friend [[Vikas Gupta]]
| <ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/bigg-boss-11-premiere-1st-october-2017-written-update-salman-khans-show-begins-dhamaka-388299|title=Bigg Boss 11 Premiere 1st October 2017 written update: Salman Khan's show begins with a dhamaka|date=2 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anita Hassanandani]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| [[Salma Agha]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| [[Karan Patel]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| [[Karan Kundrra]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
! rowspan="3" | Day 5
| Sweta Singh
| rowspan="3" | As panellists on Friday Ka Faisla
| <ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-october-6-2017-live-updates-journalist-sweta-singh-rj-malishka-and-rj-pritam-singh-discuss-about-the-week-gone-by-on-salman-khans-show-2518673/|title=Bigg Boss 11 October 6 2017 Full Episode Written Update|date=6 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Pritam Singh
| <ref name=":3" />
|-
| [[Malishka RJ|Malishka Mendonsa]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
! rowspan="7" | Day 7
| [[Rohit Shetty]]
| rowspan="7" | To promote their film ''[[Golmaal Again]]''
| <ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-october-8-golmaal-maxed-out-on-salman-khans-show-1760202|title=Bigg Boss 11 Weekend Ka Vaar, October 8: Golmaal Maxed Out On Salman Khan's Show|date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ajay Devgan]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| [[Parineeti Chopra]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu Hashmi]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| [[Tusshar Kapoor]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| [[Shreyas Talpade]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| [[Kunal Khemu]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2
! Day 12
| Manu Punjabi & [[Sargun Mehta]]
| As panellists on Friday Ka Faisla
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-sargun-mehta-and-manu-punjabi-to-be-panelists-on-the-show-4887335/|title=Bigg Boss 11: Sargun Mehta and Manu Punjabi to be panelists on the show|date=12 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Day 14
| [[Ravi Dubey]] & [[Rithvik Dhanjani]]
| Special appearances
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rithvik-dhanjani-and-ravi-dubey-to-join-salman-khan-on-bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-4890180/|title=Rithvik Dhanjani and Ravi Dubey to join Salman Khan on Bigg Boss 11 Weekend ka Vaar|date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" |3
! rowspan="6" |Day 21
| [[Arjun Bijlani]]
| rowspan="4" | Special appearances
|<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title=Arjun Bijlani, Avika Gor, Rashami Desai, Jasmin Bhasin and Meghna Malik in Bigg Boss 11|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/arjun-bijlani-avika-gor-rashami-desai-jasmin-bhasin-and-meghna-malik-in-bigg-boss-11-4899246/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jasmin Bhasin]]
| <ref name=":5" />
|-
| [[Rashami Desai]]
| <ref name=":5" />
|-
| [[Rubina Dilaik]]
| <ref name=":5" />
|-
| [[Avika Gor]] & [[Meghna Malik]]
| To promote their show ''[[Laado 2 (TV series)|Laado 2 – Veerpur Ki Mardani]]''
| <ref name=":5" />
|-
| [[Aditya Narayan]] & [[Asha Negi]]
| To promote their show ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/adityas-and-salmans-face-meghna-malik-makes-motichoor-laddoo-bigg-boss-11-171022|title=Aditya's and Salman's face off, Meghna makes Motichoor Ke Ladoo in Bigg Boss 11|date=22 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | 4
! rowspan="2" | Day 27
| [[Gauahar Khan]]
| For special immunity task
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-gauahar-khan-returns-but-this-time-for-a-special-task-1768298|title=Bigg Boss 11: Gauahar Khan Returns. But This Time For A Special Task|date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rohit Shetty]], [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Parineeti Chopra]] & [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu Hashmi]]
| To celebrate the success of their film ''[[Golmaal Again]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-salman-khan-re-unites-his-buddy-ajay-devgn-and-golmaal-again-team-again-bigg-boss-11-390068|title=EXCLUSIVE! Salman Khan reunites with his buddy Ajay Devgn and Golmaal Again team again on Bigg Boss 11|date=29 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Day 28
| [[Gaurav Gera]]
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-with-salman-khan-episode-28-day-28-29th-october-2017-live-updates-salman-khan-is-upset-with-priyank-sharma-as-he-brings-up-arshi-khans-past-scandals/articleshow/61322151.cms|title=Bigg Boss 11 Weekend Ka Vaar with Salman Khan, Episode 28|date=30 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Manu Punjabi & [[Lopamudra Raut]]
| Special appearances as panellists
| <ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-gauahar-khan-manu-punjabi-manveer-gurjar-and-lopamudra-raut-to-appear-in-weekend-ka-vaar-4909494/|title=Bigg Boss 11: Gauahar Khan, Manu Punjabi and Lopamudra Raut to appear in Weekend Ka Vaar|date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Balraj Syal, [[Dipika Kakar]] & Divyansh Dwivedi
| To promote their show ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
| <ref name=":6" />
|-
!5
! Day 35
| [[Tanishaa Mukerji]], [[Karanvir Bohra]] & Sweta Singh
| To give immunity task
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-november-5-when-salman-khans-task-is-more-fun-than-bigg-boss-1771405|title=Bigg Boss 11, November 5: When Salman Khan's Task Is More Fun Than Bigg Boss'|date=5 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 6
! Day 41
| [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]
| To promote his film ''[[Firangi]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-salman-khan-kapil-sharma-live-updates-4932813/|title=Bigg Boss 11 November 11, 2017 Weekend Ka Vaar written update: Kapil Sharma interacts with Salman Khan and contestants|date=12 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Day 42
| [[Vidya Balan]]
| To promote her film ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-bigg-boss-11-vidya-balan-to-promote-her-film-tumhari-sulu-on-salman-khans-show-411187|title=Bigg Boss 11: Vidya Balan to promote her film 'Tumhari Sulu' on Salman Khan's show|date=10 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 7
! Day 48
| [[Arbaaz Khan]] & [[Sunny Leone]]
| To promote their film ''[[Tera Intezaar]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-tera-intezaar-actors-sunny-leone-and-arbaaz-khan-are-salman-khans-guests-excited-much-2647669/|title=Bigg Boss 11: Tera Intezaar Actors Sunny Leone And Arbaaz Khan Are Salman Khan's Guests! Excited Much?|date=18 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Day 49
| [[Deepika Padukone]]
| To promote her film ''[[Padmaavat]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/deepika-padukone-padmavati-anamika-khanna-promotion-at-bigg-boss-11-4944690/|title=Padmavati promotion: Deepika Padukone steals the show in yet another red ensemble at Bigg Boss 11|date=19 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
!8
! Day 56
| [[Remo D'Souza]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Daisy Shah]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Saqib Saleem]] & [[Ramesh S. Taurani]]
| To promote their film ''[[Race 3]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/after-deepika-padukone-salman-khans-race-3-team-to-appear-on-big-boss-11/|title=After Deepika Padukone, Salman Khan's Race 3 Team To Appear On Big Boss 11!|date=25 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
! 9
! Days 62–63
| [[Katrina Kaif]]
| To promote her film ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-11-katrina-kaif-gets-bowled-over-by-hina-khans-fit-body/articleshow/61919101.cms|title=Bigg Boss 11: Katrina Kaif gets bowled over by Hina Khan's fit body|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="10" | 10
! rowspan="8" | Days 67–68
| Shriniwas Sharma
| To support his son Puneesh Sharma
| <ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-housemates-to-get-a-happy-surprise-as-families-visit-them-in-the-house-4969175/|title=Bigg Boss 11: Housemates to get a happy surprise as families will visit them in the house|date=5 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Mohammad Arman Khan
| To support his daughter [[Arshi Khan]]
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| Geeta Shinde
| To support her daughter [[Shilpa Shinde]]
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| [[Divya Agarwal]]
| To confront and breakup with boyfriend Priyank Sharma
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| Sharda Gupta
| To support her son [[Vikas Gupta]]
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| Sunita Dadlani
| To support her son Akash Dadlani
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| Rocky Jaiswal
| To support his girlfriend [[Hina Khan]]
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| [[Gauri Pradhan]]
| To support her husband [[Hiten Tejwani]]
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
! Day 69
| [[Karan Patel]], [[Karishma Tanna]] & [[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)|Rohan Mehra]]
| Special appearances
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/rohan-mehra-and-karishma-tanna-join-karan-patel-bigg-boss-11-171208|title=Rohan Mehra and Karishma Tanna to join Karan Patel in Bigg Boss 11|date=8 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Day 70
| [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Richa Chadda]], [[Manjot Singh]] & [[Varun Sharma]]
| To promote their film ''[[Fukrey Returns]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsfolo.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-weekend-episode-fukrey-returns-team-meet-housemates-tonight/131512/|title=Bigg Boss 11 weekend episode: Fukrey Returns team to meet housemates tonight|date=10 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
! 11
! Day 77
| [[Mouni Roy]]
| rowspan="2" | Special appearances
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mouni-roy-bigg-boss-11-salman-khan-on-weekend-ka-vaar-4984138/|title=Bigg Boss 11: Mouni Roy all set to match steps with Salman Khan on Weekend Ka Vaar|date=15 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
! 12
! Day 84
| [[Mika Singh]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/highlights-bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-with-salman-khan-day-84-24-december-2017-mika-singh-entertains-housemates-as-santa-claus/articleshow/62235168.cms|title=Highlights: Bigg Boss 11 Weekend Ka Vaar With Salman Khan, Day 84, 24 December 2017: Mika Singh entertains housemates as Santa Claus|date=25 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" | 13
! rowspan="6" | Day 86
| Sunita Dadlani (Akash's mother)
| rowspan="6" | Entered Padosi house for a task
| <ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-major-twist-friends-and-family-of-contestants-enter-the-house-as-padosi-624518|title=BIGG BOSS 11: MAJOR TWIST ! Friends and family of contestants enter the house as 'Padosi'|date=25 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Sharda Gupta (Vikas's mother)
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| Vandana Sharma (Priyank's mother)
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| Ashutosh Shinde (Shilpa's brother)
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| Rocky Jaiswal (Hina's boyfriend)
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| Bandgi Kalra (Puneesh's girlfriend)
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
! Day 91
| Balraj Syal
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-11-salman-khan-vikas-gupta-luv-tyagi-hina-khan-day-91-analysis-fizzy-awards-balraj-shilpa-shinde-lifetv-1119782-2018-01-01|title=Bigg Boss 11 Day 91 analysis: Salman gives away 'Bigg Boss awards'; Balraj roasts contestants|date=1 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 14
! Day 97
| [[Rani Mukerji]]
| To promote her film ''[[Hichki]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-january-6-when-rani-mukerji-met-salman-khan-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-1796695|title=Bigg Boss 11, January 6: When Rani Mukerji Met Salman Khan, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai|date=6 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Day 98
| [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]] & [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| To promote their film ''[[Aiyaary]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-sidharth-malhotra-manoj-bajpayee-visit-the-sets-of-salman-khans-show-to-promote-aiyaary-2831663/|title=Bigg Boss 11: Sidharth Malhotra, Manoj Bajpayee Visit The Sets Of Salman Khan's Show To Promote Aiyaary|date=7 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | 15
! Day 100
| [[Arshi Khan]]
| To give task to housemates
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/bigg-boss-11-day-100-written-updates-arshi-khan-enters-the-house-inmates-show-their-mean-side-2072928.html|title=Bigg Boss 11, Day 100 written updates: Arshi Khan enters the house, inmates show their 'mean' side|date=9 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Day 105
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| To promote his film ''[[Pad Man (film)|Padman]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-padman-5017268/|title=Bigg Boss 11 finale: PadMan actors Akshay Kumar and Sonam Kapoor to join Salman Khan|date=9 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dheeraj Sarna]] & [[Krystle D'Souza]]
| To promote their show ''[[Belan Wali Bahu]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-11-finale-live-updates-who-will-be-the-bigg-boss-11-winner-hina-khan-vs-shilpa-shinde-vs-vikas-gupta-vs-puneesh-sharma-salman-khan-and-akshay-kumar-to-announce-shilpa-shinde-as-bigg-boss-11-winner/articleshow/62497093.cms|title=Bigg Boss 11 finale live updates|date=15 January 2018}}</ref>
|}

== Weekly summary ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
! rowspan="8" style="background:#FFD700;" | Week 1
|'''Entrances'''
|Akash, [[Arshi Khan|Arshi]], Bandgi, Benafsha, [[Hina Khan|Hina]], Hiten, Jyoti, Priyank, Puneesh, Shilpa, Sapna,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sociofreak.com/sapna-choudhary-wiki-bigg-boss-11-songs-dancer-age/|title=Sapna Chaudhary Wiki: Bigg Boss 11, Age, Songs, Dance Videos and More!|date=1 October 2017|work=SocioFreak|access-date=2 October 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002115939/https://sociofreak.com/sapna-choudhary-wiki-bigg-boss-11-songs-dancer-age/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sshivani,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sociofreak.com/sshivani-durga-wiki-age-husband-videos-facts-know-tantrik-bigg-boss-11/|title=Sshivani Durga Wiki: Age, Husband, Videos and Facts to Know about the Tantrik from Bigg Boss 11|date=1 October 2017|work=SocioFreak|access-date=2 October 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120224/https://sociofreak.com/sshivani-durga-wiki-age-husband-videos-facts-know-tantrik-bigg-boss-11/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vikas and Zubair entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 1. Lucinda, Luv, Mehjabi and Sabyasachi entered the Bigg Boss Padosi house on Day 1.
|-
|'''Nominations'''
|Bigg Boss announced the first nomination of the season (Open Nominations), where every housemate has to take two names who they want to nominate. Bigg Boss also says whom they want to nominate, they have to put stamp on their faces and nominate them.<ref name=timesofindiaDay2>{{cite web|title=Contestants face open nominations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-11-3rd-october-2017-episode-2-contestants-face-open-nominations/articleshow/60928765.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> Hina, Jyoti, Shilpa and Zubair were nominated in that process.<ref name=indianexpressDay2>{{cite web|title=Akash Dadlani gets into a fight with all the housemates|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-11-october-3-2017-full-episode-written-update-akash-dadlani-gets-into-a-fight-with-all-the-housemates-4873444/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> Later Bigg Boss announced that Neighbor got the special power where they can save one nominated contestant and nominate two other contestants. Then the Neighbor saved Hina and nominated Arshi and Bandgi. As a result, Arshi, Bandgi, Jyoti, Shilpa and Zubair were nominated for the following week.<ref name=timesofindiaDay2 /><ref name=indianexpressDay2 /><ref name=FirstpostDay2>{{cite web|title=Shilpa Shinde, Jyoti, Zubair, Arshi and Bandgi get nominated|date=3 October 2017 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-11-episode-2-3-october-2017-shilpa-shinde-jyoti-zubair-arshi-and-bandgi-get-nominated-4107285.html|publisher=Firstpost|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|''' BB Farm ''' The housemates were given a set of tasks, which they had to complete on/before the time given by Padosis.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Lucinda, Mehjabi, Luv and Sabyasachi'''
|-
|'''Reward'''
|Padosis got the Luxury Budget, all for themselves.
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|''' Jail ''' Housemate had to mutually decide any three housemates who will have to stay a night in the Jail. Housemates choose Shilpa, Arshi and Akash. But Padosis had the power to replace one housemate, they chose to save Arshi and replace her with Zubair.
|-
|'''Other Tasks'''
|Padosis were given a Secret Task to make up a fake story about them relating to a man called M.P.Siddiqui, who died.
|-
|'''Exit'''
| Priyank Sharma was ejected from the house on Day 6 due to engaging in a fight with Akash and physically pushing him, violating the rules of the house. Zubair Khan was evicted from the house by the public vote on Day 7.
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 2
|'''Entrances'''
|Padosis were moved from the Padosis House to the Main House, now will continue as housemates.
|-
|'''Nominations'''
| In this Nominations, housemates had to save one housemate (Open Nominations). Housemates got a chance to campaign for votes. Every time Bigg Boss announces the housemate's name, they will have to campaign and when the buzzer sounds, housemates cast their vote to save. Hina, Sapna, Sshivani and Vikas were nominated in that process. Later Padosis got a special power to directly nominate one housemate.
As a result, Hina, Jyoti, Sapna, Sshivani and Vikas were nominated in that process.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|''' Raja Rani ki Kahani ''' Hiten was the King (Raja), Arshi and Shilpa were Queens(Ranis). The Queens have to win King's heart, where King had to find out which one of those Queens is the good Queen and the bad Queen. Later Bigg Boss will ask the King, who is the bad one and who is the good one. Then if the King correctly guesses the good Queen, he and the good Queen will become contenders for Captaincy. But if the King guesses it wrong, two Queens will become contenders for Captaincy. Other Housemates have been divided into two teams, one for each Queen. In Queen Arshi's team were Vikas, Puneesh, Lucinda, Jyoti, Hina and Sabyasachi and in Queen Shilpa's team were Akash, Luv, Mehjabi, Bandgi, Sshivani, Sapna and Benafsha. These teams will have to build walls for the Palace in their color of blocks. Arshi's were Red blocks and Shilpa's were Blue blocks. The winning team will also become contenders for Captaincy. This task will affect next week's Nominations. Later Bigg Boss called the two Queens to the Confession Room to reveal who is the bad Queen and the good Queen. Shilpa was the good Queen and Arshi was the bad Queen.
|-
|rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Team Arshi'''
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#FA8072"| '''King Hiten'''
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Housemates had to mutually decide two housemates who will compete for the 1st Captaincy. They chose Puneesh and Hina. Later Padosis got a special power to swap 1 contender. They swapped Hina with Vikas.
|-
|'''Other Tasks'''
|''' Captaincy Task''' Puneesh and Vikas were hanged in the air, where other housemates had to sacrifice they personal stuff/things in the weighting machine, which is kept in front of the contenders, the housemate to reach 15 kg will become the first Captain of the Season.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"|'''Winner - Vikas'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|''' Jail ''' The Captain Vikas had to decide one housemate to go to the Jail, he chose Hina. Then Padosis had to mutually decide one housemate to go to the Jail, they chose Arshi. Then Housemate had to mutually decide one housemate to go to the Jail, they chose Sapna.
|-
|'''Exit'''
|Sshivani Durga was evicted from the house by the public vote on Day 14.
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 3
|'''Surprise Elimination'''
|Lucinda got ejected from the house by the housemates. Housemates were given a task to vote any one padosi to be ejected from the house because they lost the secret task given by Bigg Boss. By a vote of eight votes for Lucinda and six votes for Luv, Lucinda got ejected on Day 15.
|-
|'''Nominations'''
|Captain Vikas is given a special power to nominate any seven housemates. And housemates had to nominate two housemates from those seven housemates. As a result, Hina, Sapna, Puneesh, Akash and Luv got nominated. However, There were no evictions for this week.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''Jo mud gaya, who ud gaya (If you turn, then you are out)'''
* For this task garden area was turned into a Junkyard. Housemates were divided into 2 teams:
: '''Team Puneesh''': Arshi, Akash, Luv, Bandgi, Jyoti and Shilpa
: '''Team Vikas''': Hina, Mehjabi, Hiten, Benafsha, Sabyasachi and Sapna
* The two teams will have to put they head on the stand and stand for the longest, whereas the other team will have to try removing their head from the stand, without touching them.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Team Vikas'''
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Housemates had to mutually decide two housemates from the winning team (Team Vikas) who will compete for the next Captaincy. They chose Hina and Sapna. Hina and Sapna had to choose one other housemate each to play for them. Hina chose Hiten and Sapna chose Puneesh. These two will be sitting in the box and other housemates will to put sand in it, and Hiten and Puneesh will remove the sand from the box. The box with the least sand will become the next Captain.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"|'''Winner - Hina'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|On Day 16, Vikas was sent to Jail because he hit Puneesh during the luxury budget task and thus violating the rules of the House. He is also fired from captaincy and not allowed to become a captain for the show. On Day 17, Housemates had to mutually decide two worst performers, who deserves Jail Punishment. They chose Arshi and Jyoti.
|-
|'''Entrances'''
|On Day 21, Pooja entered as the first Wild Card. On Day 26, Priyank re-entered the house after ejection.
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 4
|'''Nominations'''
|Captain Hina and Wild Card Pooja were safe from nominations. In this Nominations Bigg Boss himself Nominated 6 housemates, who are the victims of not following the House Rules. Bigg Boss nominated Bandgi, Shilpa, Arshi, Vikas, Mehjabi and Puneesh. But they also given a chance to save themselves. There were two friendship walls in the garden area. One by one Bigg Boss will announce one nominated housemate and one save housemate, these two will have to stand to either sides of the wall. Nominated housemate will be holding the save housemate's hand, if the nominated housemate leaves the save housemate's they will be save and the save housemate will be nominated, but if the nominated housemate keeps holding the save housemate's hand until the buzzer, then the nominated housemate will get nominated.
* Arshi and Benafsha
* Shilpa and Hiten
* Bandgi and Luv
* Puneesh and Sapna
* Vikas and Sabyasachi
* Mehjabi and Jyoti
* Akash and Hina
As a result, Benafsha, Shilpa, Luv, Sapna, Vikas, Jyoti and Akash were nominated.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''Kul ja sim sim(Open up!)''' Housemates were divided into two teams Team Red and Team Blue and will stay in the garden are which was transformed into a Jungle. The main house will be a den, whenever the sound "Kul ja sim sim" is heard, the door of the main house will be open for five mins, any one housemate from each team can enter. But once they enter, they will be out of the Task. At the end of the task, the team with more number of housemates will win the task. Luv was not part of the Task but had to see that not any rules of the house are being violated, if did he himself can forcefully send housemates into the house, therefore removing from the Task.
: '''Team Red''': Hina, Benafsha, Mehjabi, Sabyasachi, Pooja, Shilpa and Hiten
: '''Team Blue''': Akash, Puneesh, Vikas, Jyoti, Arshi, Sapna and Bandgi
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Blue Team'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|'''Jail''' Housemates had to mutually decide 1 worst performer from the '''Red Team''', who deserves Jail Punishment. They chose Pooja. Captain Hina had to decide two housemates to go to the Jail, she chose Akash and Arshi. 
'''Luxury budget = 0''' Bigg Boss took away all the luxury budget points, for: 
1. Sleeping before lights out. 
2. Throwing water on the mics, even after constant telling. 
3. Talking in English. 
4. Puneesh, Bandgi and Arshi discussing nominations.
|-
|'''Other Tasks'''
|'''Sapna ki Adaalat (Sapna's Court)''' Captain Hina gets a chance to be the Captain for another week, Hina will have to answer to the questions asked by the other housemates. At the end Sapna will decide if Hina deserves Captaincy for another week.
'''Pooja's Viral Song''' To get back their Luxury badget, Pooja had to create a viral song on Bigg Boss House and the housemates.
|-
|rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Sapna ki Adaalat (Sapna's Court)''' Sapna decided that she does not deserve Captaincy for another week.
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Pooja's Viral Song''' Pooja successfully made a viral video.
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 28, Jyoti was evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Housemates had to mutually decide three housemates from the winning team (Blue Team) who will compete for the next Captaincy. They chose Luv, Bandgi and Jyoti. These three will be tied to a portable rod. The housemate staying the longest will become the next Captain. As Jyoti got evicted during the task, she was replaced by Sapna.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Luv'''
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 5
|'''Nominations'''
|Captain Luv was safe from nominations. In this Nominations Bigg Boss paired up housemates and were called to the Confession Room. In which, they had to mutually decide which one of them to be nominated. If they do not come to a decision, both of them will get nominated. And they are not allowed to say anything about what happened in the Confession Room. These were the pairs:
* Sabyasachi and Mehjabi (they nominated Sabyasachi)
* Shilpa and Akash (they nominated Shilpa)
* Priyank and Hiten (they nominated Hiten)
* Vikas and Sapna (they nominated Sapna)
* Hina and Puneesh (they nominated Hina)
* Arshi and Pooja (they nominated Pooja)
* Benafsha and Bandgi (they didn't come to a decision)
As a result, Sabyasachi, Shilpa, Hiten, Sapna, Hina, Pooja, Benafsha and Bandgi. 
Later Bigg Boss himself nominated Priyank for breaking the rules. (more in this week's Punishments)
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''BB Cushion Factory''' Shilpa and Vikas were the businessmen of the factories. Other housemates were the workers of these factories, it was up to them to decide for which factory they wanted to work for. Throughout the Task, Bigg Boss will give orders, where businessmen have to hire workers and deliver the order before the other factory. Businessmen have to give salary for the work they have done. At the end of the Task, the worker and the businessman with the highest points will win. 
Vikas was given a secret task, that if he wins the task, the punishment for not becoming Captain for the rest of the season will be removed.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Benafsha and Vikas'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|On Day 29, Bigg Boss nominated Priyank for talking about outer world and giving information to some of the housemates and during the Nominations, which was supposed to be a secret process, he appealed for votes for Hiten in the garden's camera, right after leaving the Confession Room. 
'''Jail''' On Day 32, Housemates had to mutually decide two worst performers in the Luxury Budget Task, who deserves Jail Punishment. They chose Vikas and Mehjabi. Captain Luv had to decide 1 housemate to go to the Jail; he chose Arshi.
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Benafsha as the winner of the luxury budget task became the 1st contender. And Housemates had to mutually decide 2 housemates who were the best performers, who will compete for the next Captaincy. They chose Hiten and Puneesh. These 3 will be ride the cycle in the garden area and at times they had to drink a glass of water. The housemate staying the longest will become the next Captain.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Puneesh'''
|-
|'''Other Tasks'''
|'''Revealing of Secrets''' Housemates had to tell 1 of their biggest secret, which they have not revealed to anybody and not in the Bigg Boss house. This task was judged by few Panelists. The housemate chosen by the panelists will get Immunity in the next Nominations.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Shilpa''' won the task and was Immune from the Nominations.
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 35, Pooja was evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 6
|'''Nominations'''
|Captain Puneesh is given a special power to nominate any 7 housemates. And housemates had to nominate 2 housemates from those 7 housemates. As a result, Priyank, Benafsha, Sabyasachi, Sapna and Mehjabi got nominated.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|For this task garden area was turned into a space. Housemates were the astronauts, who were struck in the Spaceship. The housemate who gets down the spaceship will be out of the task and the prize money on their name will be deducted from the winner's prize money. On the sound of the buzzer, the 1st housemate to get down will become contender for the next Captaincy.
* 1st Buzzer: Sabyasachi – 70,000
* 2nd Buzzer: Bandgi – 1,75,000
* 3rd Buzzer: Akash – 2,50,000; Arshi – 3,10,000; Shilpa – 8,00,000; Mehjabi – 2,75,000
* Mid-way: Benafsha – 10,000; Priyank: 60,000; Hina – 7,00,000; Vikas – 1,50,000; Luv – 1,00,000; Sapna – 11,00,000; Hiten – 10,00,000
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#FA8072"| '''Housemates were unsuccessful''' and Prize Money became ₹. 0.
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|On Day 39, Benafsha was sent to Jail because she pulled Akash's hair during a heated conversation and thus violating the rules of the House.
'''Jail''' Housemates had to mutually decide 2 worst performers, who deserves Jail Punishment. They could not come to a mutual decision. Then Bigg Boss gave the 3 contenders (Sabyasachi, Bandgi and Akash) for the next Captaincy, the chance to mutually decide 2 worst performers, and send to the Jail. They chose Hina and Hiten.
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''Captaincy'''
|Sabyasachi, Bandgi and Akash were the contender for the Captaincy. Each of them had their own nest and other housemates had an egg each and the 3 housemates in the Jail (Benafsha, Hina and Hiten) had only 1 egg. Housemates had to give their eggs to the housemate of their choice.
|-
|Captain Sabyasachi got a special power to let 1 housemate from the Jail.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Winner - Sabyasachi'''
|-
|'''Other Tasks'''
|'''Garnier Men All Clear Task''' Housemates are paired by, with 1 male and 1 female housemate. The male housemate will have to go through an obstacle course to win the title of Garnier Man of the series. The female housemate will wash the male housemate's face with Garnier face wash.
* Priyank and Benafsha
* Puneesh and Bandgi
* Akash and Arshi
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
|Time taken:
* Priyank and Benafsha – 56 second 94 millisecond
* Puneesh and Bandgi – 45 second 59 millisecond
* Akash and Arshi – 40 second 78 millisecond
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Winner - Akash and Arshi'''
|-
|'''Exit'''
|On Day 42, Mehjabi and Sabyasachi were evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 7
|'''Nominations'''
|'''Telephone Task''' Bigg Boss set a telephone on a life-guard chair(high-top chair) in garden area. Whoever picked up the telephone would be nominated. To save from nomination they had to do task by other housemate. Benafsha was already nominated due to pulling Akash's hair last week and violating house rules.
* At first, Hina picked up the telephone. Bigg Boss gave her a task where Luv had to tattoo "ZERO" with mehendi on his forehead, which he successfully did. However, Bigg Boss pull back the decision due to removing the ZERO label on the forehead as forbidden not to apply any makeup or try to clean it.

As a result, Hina, Benafsha and Sapna got nominated.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''BB Dino Park''' Puneesh, Luv and Vikas were the dinosaurs and were locked in the cage placed in the garden. Other housemates played the role of the Park staff. The photos of the staff members are kept in the garden. When they hear the dinosaur sound (buzzer), the first dinosaur to come out of the cage will get to eliminate one housemate from becoming contenders of Captaincy by crushing their photo. The last photo left will become one of the contenders for Captaincy and the dinosaur who comes out first for the most times will also become contender for Captaincy.
* 1st Buzzer: Luv – Shilpa
* 2nd Buzzer: Luv – Arshi
* 3rd Buzzer: Vikas – Hina
* 4th Buzzer: Luv – Akash
* 5th Buzzer: Puneesh – Benafsha
* 6th Buzzer: Puneesh – Sapna
* 7th Buzzer: Puneesh – Priyank
* 8th Buzzer: Vikas – Hiten
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Winner - Bandgi'''
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Bandgi, Puneesh and Luv competed. They were given a bowl of water. The housemate with the most water at the end of the task will become the new Captain.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Winner - Bandgi'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|On Day 44, Hina hid Luv's ZERO tattoo with make up, which was against the rules of the nomination process. Therefore, Bigg Boss pull back the decision to save Hina for this eviction.
'''Jail''' 
Housemates had to mutually decide two worst performers in the Luxury Budget Task, who deserves Jail Punishment. They chose Shilpa and Arshi.
 
Captain Bandgi had to special power to save 1 housemate from going to Jail from the 2 housemates chosen by other housemates and had to decide 2 other housemates to go to Jail. She saved Arshi and chose Akash and Luv to go to Jail.
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 49, Benafsha was evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 8
|'''Nominations'''
|'''Appy Fizz feel the fizz Nominations''' For this Nominations, there was Appy Fizz safe zone in the garden. The members with the membership at the end of six buzzers will be save from this week's nominations. At once only four housemates can have the membership. At first, Bigg Boss gave Hina, Vikas, Hiten and Arshi were given membership. After every buzzer the housemates with the membership will have to mutually decide which one of them should leave the Appy Fizz safe zone and then they will decide which other housemate to take their place in the safe zone. Akash used his Safety Shield to safe himself from this Nominations. 
Captain Bandgi had a special power to save one unsafe housemate, she chose Puneesh. 

As a result, Hina, Sapna, Priyank and Shilpa were nominated.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''Bigg Boss Court''' Living area was transformed into a Court. Arshi and Hiten were a couple who want divorce. Arshi family were Puneesh and Vikas – brothers, Shilpa was her mother and Vikas was Lawyer of Arshi. Hiten family were Hina – sister, Luv and Akash – brothers and Hina was Lawyer of Hiten. Sapana and Bandgi were the judges of the Court. After every session, the judges had to decide which one of them proved to be true.
* 1st Session: Vikas
* 2nd Session: Hina
* 3rd Session: Hina
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#ccc"| Judges Bandgi and Sapna didn't come to a conclusion and therefore '''lost the Luxury Budget Task'''.
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Housemates had to mutually decide 5 best performers in the Luxury Budget Task. They chose Shilpa, Arshi, Hiten, Akash and Vikas. 
The photos of the 5 contenders were kept in the garden area and a platform with a bottle of black spray. The task will have 4 buzzers in total, for every buzzer the first non-contender housemate to stand on the platform will get to eliminate 1 contender from becoming the Captain by spraying on that contender's photo. At the end of 4 buzzers, the housemate's photo left without black spray will become the new Captain.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Winner - Hiten'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|'''Jail''' On Day 54, Housemates had to mutually decide 3 worst performers in the Luxury Budget Task, who deserves Jail Punishment. They chose Sapna, Akash and Bandgi.
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 55, Sapna was evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 9
|'''Nominations'''
|Every housemate had to nominate 2 housemates. As a result, Luv, Puneesh and Bandgi were nominated.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''Gulliver and the Lilliputs''' Housemates were divided into 2 teams Team A and Team B. At a time, Lilliputs will have to torture 1 of the Gullivers and forcing them to ring the bell and leave the task.
Vikas and Priyank were not part of the Task but had to see that not any rules of the house are being violated.
: '''Team A''': Hina, Akash, Luv and Arshi.
: '''Team B''': Shilpa, Hiten, Puneesh, and Bandgi.
* 1st Day: '''Team A''' tortured '''Team B'''.
* 2nd Day: '''Team B''' tortured '''Team A'''.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Team B'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|'''Jail''' On Day 60, Housemates had to mutually decide 3 worst performers in the Luxury Budget Task, who deserves Jail Punishment. They chose Arshi, Puneesh and Bandgi.
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Vikas and Priyank successfully did their job in the Luxury Budget Task. They became the 2 contenders for the Captaincy.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Winner - Vikas'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 63, Bandgi was evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 10
|'''Nominations'''
|Every housemate had to save 1 housemate. With 0 votes to get save, Luv and Akash were nominated. But captain Vikas got a special power to replace a nominee, he saved Luv and nominated Shilpa. As a result, Akash and Shilpa were nominated for eviction. However, voting lines are closed for this week therefore, no eliminations took place for the second time.
|-
|'''Task'''
|'''BB Day Care''' In the beginning all housemate will be contenders for Captaincy. After each buzzer, 1 housemate will lose his/her Captaincy. Garden was transformed into Children's Park and Baby Day Care. Each housemate will have the baby doll of another housemate and have to babysit. Housemates have to take care of their babies. When buzzer heard, housemates have to rush into the Day Care with their baby and will have to park in 1 of slots there. The housemate left with no slot to park will be eliminated from the task and the baby doll of that housemate will lose their Captaincy.
* 1st Buzzer: Priyank fails to place the Baby at the parking slot thus Puneesh falls out of Captaincy. Priyank becomes Moderator (Sanchalak) of the task.
* 2nd Buzzer: Arshi fails to place the Baby at the parking slot thus Shilpa falls out of Captaincy.
* 3rd Buzzer: Akash fails to place the Baby at the parking slot thus Hiten falls out of Captaincy.
* 4th Buzzer: Hina fails to place the Baby at the parking slot thus Akash falls out of Captaincy.
* 5th Buzzer: Shilpa fails to place the Baby at the parking slot thus Priyank falls out of Captaincy.
* 6th Buzzer: Luv fails to place the Baby at the parking slot thus Vikas falls out of Captaincy.
* 7th Buzzer: Puneesh fails to place the Baby at the parking slot thus Luv falls out of Captaincy.
* 8th Buzzer: Hiten fails to place the Baby at the parking slot thus Hina falls out of Captaincy.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| '''Winner - Arshi'''
|-
|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|'''Statue''' Housemates have follow the orders passed by BIGG BOSS.

List of orders given by Bigg Boss :-
{{smalldiv|
* ''Freeze'' – Housemate(s) have to freeze immediately.
* ''Release'' – Housemate(s) are released from freeze.
}}
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#9F6"| Housemates '''successful''' in the Task.
|-
|'''Exit'''
|On Day 70: No eviction as the voting lines were closed.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 11
|'''Nominations'''
|For this Nominations, Bigg Boss divided the housemates into 2 teams:
: '''Team Red''': Shilpa, Hiten, Luv and Priyank.
: '''Team Blue''': Vikas, Akash, Puneesh and Hina.
The garden was transformed into two parts for the two teams with tree between each other. This tree contained apples of housemates in each team. Housemates have to make sure that their team has more number of apples at the end of the task. At every buzzer, Captain Arshi have to cut the apple of one housemate, therefore nominating them.

As a result, '''Team Blue''' had more number of apples, therefore they were safe from nomination. And '''Team Red''': Shilpa, Hiten, Luv and Priyank were nominated for eviction.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''BB Lab''' For this task, housemates have been divided into humans and robots. Humans have to try to bring out emotions from the robots, where robots have to try not to. At every buzzer, Bigg Boss will give an emotion through the sliding door next to the swimming pool, which humans will have to bring out that emotions from the robots.
Puneesh was the moderator of the task.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Team Red'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|'''Jail''' Captain Arshi had to send 1 housemate to the Jail. She chose Akash.
Housemates had to mutually decide the two worst performers in the Luxury Budget Task, who deserves Jail Punishment. They chose Priyank and Hiten.
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Bigg Boss ordered to captain that the winning team will select two candidates including the sanchalak for captaincy by a discussion. Later, the winning team failed to elect candidates for captaincy and so NO captain was placed this week as Bigg Boss's ordered.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center;background:#FA8072"| '''No captain appointed'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 77, Hiten got evicted by facing the housemates votes.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 12
|'''Nominations'''
|Bigg Boss himself nominated the entire housemates except Hina for discussing the nomination thus violating the house rule.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''BB Poultry Farm''' In the beginning all housemate will be contenders for Captaincy. Garden was transformed into a Poultry Farm and a hen who lays golden eggs. After every buzzer, the hen lays a golden egg with a housemate's face on it, the egg represents the captaincy on that housemate. That housemate has to make sure that that housemate's egg is not thrown into the pool until the next buzzer, therefore becomes a contender for Captaincy, but if the egg is thrown into the pool he/she will lose their Captaincy. The housemate saving their egg can not carry the egg, the egg has to be in the nest. Housemates have to make sure that by the end of the task at least four eggs are thrown into the pool.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Hina, Priyank, Shilpa and Luv'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|'''Jail'''
Housemates had to mutually decide 3 housemates to go to jail. They chose Akash, Vikas and Arshi.
|-
|'''Captaincy'''
|Hina, Priyank, Shilpa and Luv were 4 contenders for Captaincy. In the garden there was a giant photo frame, in which the 4 contenders had to stand, until only 1 housemate is standing. Other housemates have to try to get the contenders out of the photo frame.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner - Hina'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 83, Arshi was evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="5" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 13
|'''Nominations'''
|'''42 minutes''' Hina, the captain and Vikas who was directly sent to Semi-Final week were save from this Nominations. Other housemates had to in Dome, which is present in the garden and had to press the button when they think 42 minutes have passed. Where housemate in the dome had to count until 42 minutes, the other housemates had to disturb the housemate and make sure that they forget the count. If the housemates have pressed the button exactly or close to 42 minutes will become save, but if it wrong will be nominated for Eviction.
As a result, the 2 housemates with the farest time from 42 mins were, Luv was 9 mins and 55 seconds late (i.e., pressed the button after 51:55 mins) and Priyank was 10 mins and 57 seconds early (i.e., pressed the button after 31:03 mins). Therefore, Priyank and Luv were nominated for eviction.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''Ghar ayie Gharwale (Loved ones in the house)''' For this week Task, the loved ones of the housemate moved into the Neighbour (Padois) House. Housemates have to make the Neighbours happy and win their hearts. During this task, housemates will be given individual challenges and the winner of each challenge will be determined by the decision of the Neighbours, for winning each challenge a housemate gets a particular number of points. At the end of the Task, the housemate(s) with the most points will win the Task and get to meet their loved ones.
|-
|'''Result'''
|'''Winner - Vikas'''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|'''Jail'''
Housemates had to mutually decide one housemate to go to jail. They chose Akash.
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 90, Priyank was evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="4" style="background:#FFD700;" |Week 14
|'''Nominations'''
|'''42 minutes''' The contestants had to rank themselves from no 1–6. The rank order is following by the names. This was also a nomination task and the ones from 3-6 were nominated while Akash and Puneesh got saved. As a result, Luv, Shilpa, Hina and Vikas were nominated for this week's nomination.
|-
|'''Tasks'''
|'''Mount BB''' For this week task, there is a mountain created in garden, inmates will have fate of other inmates in their hands, each inmate will wear a bag of some other inmate and keep hiking on mountain, if you don't want to keep the bag of that inmate then you can empty it. There will be rounds in this task. There is a scoreboard where all inmates have three magnetic bags, after each stop/round of emptying each other's bags, all inmates will weigh their bags on scale and the one whose weight is least will lose one magnetic bag, the inmate who loses all magnetic bags will be out of the race. Hina will be responsible for weighing all the bags and update the scoreboard. The two inmates who have most magnetic bags in the end of the task will win ticket to finale.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"|'''Winner – Luv and Puneesh'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 97, Luv was evicted from the house by the public vote.
|-
! rowspan=10 style="width: 6%;" style="background:#FFD700;" | Week 15
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Arshi Chahte Hai'''
*For this task, [[Arshi Khan]] returned. Inmates have to use delivery box, we will send inmates photos one by one, then other inmates will go to Arshi and tell what meanest thing they will do with the person whose photo has come in delivery box, Arshi will select one inmate which she thinks have the most meanest idea and she will give that inmate chance to be mean to the person in delivery box, In start on the meanest title board, Aakash's photo is there, Arshi will choose the inmate to be mean who gives most challenging options and if the inmate is able to complete his or her challenge then that inmate's photo will be put on the board replacing the previous one's photo which is Aakash right now, the one who will not complete challenge photo will not change on meanest board. At the end of task, the one whose photo is on board will win the task and get a chance to win money. Arshi says you have to be meaner than mean.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"|'''Winner – Vikas'''
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
* '''Day 98''' : As it is the last nomination, Bigg Boss nominated all five. As a result, Hina, Puneesh, Akash, Shilpa and Vikas were nominated for eviction.
* '''Day 99''': [[Arshi Khan]] re entered as a guest for a task.
*'''Day 101''': The Arshi task continues and Akash gets voted out.
*'''Day 102''': New Task were announced as '''Vikas City''' where he will be cruel dictator, inmates will have to follow his orders, and Vikas will try to irritate them so much that inmates try to leave the task. Inmates have to fulfil Vikas's orders as soon as they are given.
* '''Day 103''': Vikas City continues and Hina announced as the last task's winner.
* '''Day 104''': Bigg Boss shows all four finalists journey
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Exit''' ||
* On Day 101, Akash was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|'''Finalists'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#fcf;" |'''3rd runner-up''' || style="text-align:center;"|Puneesh Sharma
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | '''2nd runner-up''' || style="text-align:center;"|[[Vikas Gupta]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" | '''1st runner-up''' || style="text-align:center;"|[[Hina Khan]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#73FB76;" | '''Winner''' || style="text-align:center;"|Shilpa Shinde
|}

== Nominations table ==

<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"|
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 1
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 2
! style="width:10%;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Week 3
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 4
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 5
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 6
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 7
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 8
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 9
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| {{nowrap|Week 10}}
! style="width:10%;" colspan="2"| Week 11
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| Week 12
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| {{nowrap|Week 13}}
! style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"| {{nowrap|Week 14}}
! style="width:5%;" colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700"| Week 15
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Day 71
! style="width:5%;" | Day 77
! style="width:5%;" | Day 102
! colspan=2 style="width:5%;" style="background:#FFD700"| Day 105
|- style="background:#87CEEB;" |
! style="background:#87CEEB;" | {{nowrap|Nominees for Captaincy}}
| style="background:#ccc;" colspan="2" rowspan=3 |''No Captain''
| colspan="2" | <s>Hina</s> Puneesh Vikas
| Hina Sapna
| Bandgi <s>Jyoti</s> Luv Sapna
| Benafsha Hiten Puneesh
| Akash Bandgi Sabyasachi
| Bandgi Luv Puneesh
| Akash Arshi Hiten Shilpa Vikas
| Priyank Vikas
| Akash Arshi Hina Hiten Luv Priyank Puneesh Shilpa Vikas
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
| Arshi Luv Shilpa Vikas
| Hina Luv Priyank Shilpa
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" | House Captain
| colspan=2 | '''Vikas'''
| '''Hina'''
| '''Luv'''
| '''Puneesh'''
| <s>'''Sabyasachi'''</s>
| '''Bandgi'''
| '''Hiten'''
| '''Vikas'''
| '''Arshi'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
| '''Hina'''
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Sapna Shilpa Hina Puneesh Mehjabi Luv Akash
| Akash (to evict)
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Benafsha Luv Sabyasachi Priyank Sapna Mehjabi Hiten
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Captain Evicted''
| Puneesh (to save)
| Akash Puneesh (to evict)
| Luv (to save) Shilpa (to evict)
| Hiten Luv Priyank Shilpa (to evict)
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
|- style="background:#FAD1D0;" |
! {{nowrap|Jail Nominations}}
| '''Akash Arshi Shilpa'''
| '''Arshi Hina Sapna'''
| colspan="2" | '''Arshi Vikas'''
| '''Akash Arshi Pooja'''
| '''Arshi Vikas'''
| '''Benafsha Hina Hiten'''
| '''Akash Luv Shilpa'''
| '''Akash Bandgi Sapna'''
| '''Arshi Bandgi Puneesh'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Jail Punishment''
| colspan="2" | '''Akash Hiten Priyank'''
| '''Akash Arshi Vikas'''
| '''Akash Luv'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''Jail Tasks Ended''
|-
! colspan="20" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! Evict
! Save
! colspan="2" | Evict
! {{nowrap|Save / Evict}}
! colspan="2" | Evict
! {{nowrap|Save / Evict}}
! None
! Evict
! Save
! None
! Save
! None
! colspan="2" | Task
! None
! colspan="3" |''WIN''
|-
! colspan="20" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Shilpa
| Hina Sapna
| Arshi
| Lucinda
| Luv Hina
| style="background:#959FFD" |Hiten (to save)
| Shilpa
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Sabyasachi Priyank
| Arshi (to save)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Priyank Luv
| Puneesh
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Priyank
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''''Winner''''' (Day 105)
|-
! Hina
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Vikas Zubair
| Jyoti
| Lucinda
| Akash Puneesh
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| Hina
| Mehjabi Sapna
| style="background:#959FFD"|Luv (to save)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Puneesh Bandgi
| Priyank
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Priyank
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc"|''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''{{nowrap|''1st runner-up''}}''' (Day 105)
|-
! Vikas
| Arshi Shilpa
| Jyoti
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Sabyasachi (to save)
| Sapna
| Luv Sabyasachi
| Shilpa (to save)
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Luv Hina
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Hiten
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Semi Finalist''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''''{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}''''' {{nowrap|(Day 105)}}
|-
! Puneesh
| Benafsha Vikas
| Akash
| Lucinda
| Mehjabi Hina
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Sapna (to evict)
| Hina
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Sapna (to evict)
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Luv Akash
| Shilpa
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Hiten
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|'''''3rd runner-up'''''}} (Day 105)
|-
! Akash
| Priyank Shivani
| Puneesh
| Lucinda
| Sapna Hina
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Shilpa
| Priyank Benafsha
| Bandgi (to save)
| style="background:#FBF373"|''Safety Shield''
| Puneesh Bandgi
| Shilpa
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Priyank
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:salmon" colspan=2 |''Evicted'' (Day 102)
|-
! Luv
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Arshi Bandgi
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Jyoti (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD"|Lucinda
| Hina Sapna
| Bandgi (to save)
| style="background:#cfc"|''House Captain''
| Sapna Benafsha
| Hina (to save)
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Puneesh Bandgi
| Hina
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Priyank
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 98)
|-
! Priyank
| Shilpa Zubair
| colspan="4" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected'' (Day 6)
| style="background:#959FFD"|Hiten
| Mehjabi Sabyasachi
| Hiten (to save)
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| Puneesh Bandgi
| Arshi
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 2''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 90)
|-
! Arshi
| Hina Shilpa
| Shilpa
| Luv
| Luv Hina
| style="background:#959FFD"|Benafsha (to evict)
| Pooja
| Priyank Benafsha
| Vikas (to save)
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Puneesh Bandgi
| Hiten
| style="background:#cfc"|''House Captain''
| Hiten
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 83)
|-
! Hiten
| Puneesh Zubair
| Jyoti
| Luv
| Puneesh Luv
| Shilpa (to evict)
| Hiten
| Mehjabi Sabyasachi
| Akash (to save)
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc"|''House Captain''
| Shilpa
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''BTM 2''
| colspan="6" style="background:#BFFF00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 77)
|-
! Bandgi
| Jyoti Shilpa
| Jyoti
| Lucinda
| Hina Mehjabi
| style="background:#959FFD"|Luv (to evict)
| Benafsha
| Benafsha Sapna
| Puneesh (to save)
| style="background:#cfc"|''House Captain''
| Luv Akash
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
! Sapna
| Jyoti Shilpa
| Bandgi
| Lucinda
| Hina Shilpa
| Puneesh (to save)
| Sapna
| Luv Hiten
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="10" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 55)
|-
! Benafsha
| Jyoti Shilpa
| Jyoti
| Luv
| Akash Puneesh
| Arshi (to save)
| Bandgi
| Mehjabi Sabyasachi
| style="background:#959FFD"|Priyank (to save)
| colspan="11" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Sabyasachi
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Arshi Bandgi
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Jyoti (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD"|Luv
| Sapna Hina
| Vikas (to save)
| Sabyasachi
| Priyank Sapna
| colspan="12" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
! Mehjabi
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Arshi Bandgi
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Jyoti (to evict)
| style="background:#959FFD"|Lucinda
| Sapna Akash
| style="background:#959FFD"|Jyoti (to evict)
| Sabyasachi
| Benafsha Priyank
| colspan="12" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
! Pooja
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Exempt''
| Pooja
| colspan="13" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! Jyoti
| Benafsha Hina
| style="background:#959FFD"|Benafsha
| Luv
| Puneesh Shilpa
| Mehjabi (to save)
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! Lucinda
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Arshi Bandgi
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Jyoti (to evict)
|style="background:#959FFD"|Luv
| colspan="16" style="background:#BFFE00;" |''Evicted by Housemates'' (Day 15)
|-
! Shivani
| Akash Shilpa
| Hiten
| colspan="17" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! Zubair
| Jyoti Priyank
| colspan="21" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected'' (Day 6)
|-
! colspan="20" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 01|1]]'',''[[#endnote 02|2]]''
| ''[[#endnote 03|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 04|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 05|5]]'',''[[#endnote 06|6]]''
| ''[[#endnote 07|7]]'',''[[#endnote 08|8]]'',''[[#endnote 09|9]]'',''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| ''[[#endnote 11|11]]'',''[[#endnote 12|12]]'',''[[#endnote 13|13]]''
| ''[[#endnote 05|5]]'',''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
| ''[[#endnote 15|15]]''
| ''[[#endnote 16|16]]'',''[[#endnote 17|17]]'',''[[#endnote 18|18]]''
| [[#endnote 19|''19'']]
| ''[[#endnote 20|20]]'',''[[#endnote 21|21]]''
| [[#endnote 22|''22'']]
|''[[#endnote 23|23]]''
|''[[#endnote 24|24]]''
|''[[#endnote 25|25]]''
| colspan="4" {{n/a|None}}
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"
! Against Public Vote
| Arshi Bandgi <s>Hina </s> Jyoti Shilpa Zubair
| Hina Jyoti Sapna Shivani Vikas
| Lucinda Luv Mehjabi Sabyasachi
| Akash Hina Luv Puneesh Sapna
| Akash Benafsha Jyoti Sapna Shilpa Vikas
| Bandgi Benafsha Hina Hiten Pooja Priyank Sabyasachi Sapna Shilpa
| Benafsha Mehjabi Priyank Sabyasachi Sapna
| Benafsha Hina Sapna
| Hina Priyank Sapna Shilpa
| Bandgi Luv Puneesh
| Akash Shilpa
| Hiten Luv Priyank Shilpa
| Hiten Priyank
| Akash Arshi Luv Priyank Puneesh Shilpa Vikas
| Luv Priyank
| Hina Luv Shilpa Vikas
| Akash Hina Puneesh Shilpa Vikas
| colspan=2 | Hina Puneesh Shilpa Vikas
|-
! rowspan="2" | Ejected
| style="background:#FFE08B;" | '''Priyank'''
| rowspan="2" colspan="18" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
| style="background:#FFE08B;" | '''Zubair'''
|-
! Re-entered
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Priyank'''
| colspan="14" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" | ''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Shivani'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#BFFF00;" |'''Lucinda '''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Jyoti'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Pooja'''
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Mehjabi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Benafsha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Sapna'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Bandgi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:#BFFF00;" |'''Hiten'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Arshi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Priyank'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Luv'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Akash'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Puneesh'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Vikas'''
|-
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Sabyasachi'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" | '''Hina'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" | '''Shilpa'''
|}
</blockquote>
'''Color Key'''
: {{color box|#959FFD}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction.
: {{color box|#FBF373}} indicates that the Housemate was immune prior to nominations.
: {{color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.
: {{color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{color box|salmon}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{color box|#fcf}} indicates the contestant walked out due to emergency.
: {{color box|#FFE08B}} indicates the contestant has been ejected.
: {{color box|#CCFFCC}} house captain.
: {{color box|#B2FFFF}} indicates the contestant is nominated.

=== Nomination notes ===
{{smalldiv|1=
* {{note|01|1}}: {{color box|#58FAAC}} This housemate was the current member of Padosi (Neighbour) and could not be nominated for eviction through the standard nomination process that week. Their identity was hidden from non-members.
* {{note|02|2}}: The Padosis (Neighbours) were given a special power to save one nominated housemate and directly nominated 2 housemates. They saved Hina and nominated Arshi and Bandgi.
* {{note|03|3}}: The Padosis (Neighbours) were given a special power to directly nominate one housemate and they chose Jyoti.
* {{note|04|4}}: The Padosis (Neighbours) failed to complete the secret task. As a punishment, all of them was directly nominated for Instant Ejection. All housemates excluding Captain Vikas, voted to eject 1 Padosi housemate.
* {{note|05|5}}: The Captain got a special power to nominate seven housemates. However, Voting Lines are closed so therefore no eviction took place.
* {{note|06|6}}: Housemates could only choose two housemates for nomination between the seven nominated housemates by Captain Vikas. Housemates not chosen by the captain were hence rendered immune.
* {{note|07|7}}: In this Nominations Bigg Boss himself Nominated Arshi, Bandgi, Mehjabi, Puneesh, Shilpa and Vikas, who were the victims of not following the House Rules. Pooja was exempted from nominations as it was her first week.
* {{note|08|8}}: Bigg Boss asked the nominated housemates to hold the hand of saved housemates and if they leave their hand they would be saved and the saved housemates will get nominated but if they hold their hand until half an hour, they would remain nominated and the saved housemates will remain save.
* {{note|09|9}}: The pairs were Arshi and Benafsha, Bandgi and Luv, Mehjab and Jyoti, Puneesh and Sapna, Shilpa and Hiten, Vikas and Sabyasachi. Arshi, Bandgi, Mehjabi and Puneesh left their respective partner's hand and nominated them and themselves got saved. Shilpa and Vikas did not leave their partner's hand thus saving their partner and themselves got nominated.
* {{note|10|10}}: Bigg Boss asked Hina, the house captain, to hold Akash's hand. If she leaves his hand, he will get nominated but if she doesn't, both of them would be saved from nominations. Hina decided to leave Akash's hand.
* {{note|11|11}}: Bigg Boss made seven pairs that were Hiten and Priyank, Sapna and Vikas, Pooja and Arshi, Benafsha and Bandgi, Akash and Shilpa, Hina and Puneesh, Mehjabi and Sabyasachi and they were asked to tell the name of the housemate who will get nominated by mutual consent. The other person would be saved from nominations. If they were not able to decide in the given time, both of them will get nominated.
* {{note|12|12}}: Hiten, Sapna, Pooja, Shilpa, Hina and Sabyasachi decided to get nominated. Benafsha and Bandgi did not decide and both them got themselves nominated.
* {{note|13|13}}: Bigg Boss asked all the pairs not to tell anything about nominations to any other contestant until bigg boss announced it himself. Priyank, after coming out from the confession room, appealed to his fans to save Hiten, thus violating the rule. Bigg Boss nominated him himself.
* {{note|14|14}}: Shilpa was granted immunity by [[Tanisha Mukherjee]], [[Karanvir Bohra]] and Sweta Singh by the winning the task of Secrets.
* {{note|15|15}}: Benafsha violated the rule by getting physical with Akash, in the previous week. Bigg Boss directly nominated her himself for this week, while Hina got pull back from being save for this week after removing the ZERO tattoo made on Luv's Forehead which was made to save her as bigg boss told her not to apply any makeup or try to clean during nomination process.
* {{note|16|16}}: Appy Fizz feel the fizz Nominations for this Nominations, there was Appy Fizz safe zone in the garden. The members with the membership will be save from this week's nominations. At the end of six buzzers Vikas, Hiten, Arshi and Luv had the membership. And were safe from this Nominations.
* {{note|17|17}}: Akash saved himself by using his Safety Shield which was given by [[Gauahar Khan]] in Week 4.
* {{note|18|18}}: Captain Bandgi had a special power to save one unsafe housemate, she saved Puneesh.
* {{note|19|19}}: That was the first ever regular nominations held in this season as contestant goes to confession room to give two names.
* {{note|20|20}}: Housemates saved one housemate each. Captain got a special power to save one nominated housemate and directly nominate one safe housemate.
* {{note|21|21}}: Both the nominated contestants were declared safe thus there was No eviction as the voting lines were closed.
* {{note|22|22}}: Housemates were nominated due to failing in task by having a low number of apples on their tree.
* {{note|23|23}}: Hiten and Priyank got the fewest votes in the public votes. As a twist, housemates had to vote to save one housemate.
* {{note|24|24}}: Bigg Boss himself nominated the entire housemates except Hina for discussing the nomination thus violating the house rule.
* {{note|25|25}}: Two housemates with the fairest time from 42 mins were, Luv was 9 mins 55 seconds late (i.e., pressed the button after 51:55 mins) and Priyank was 10 mins 57 seconds early (i.e., pressed the button after 31:03 mins). Therefore, Priyank and Luv were Nominated for Eviction.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.colorstv.com/ Official Website]

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|11]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Swati Verma

2026-02-23T14:40:36Z

Viktorikoa: Article - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swati Verma
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Swati Verma
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Television presenter]]
| yearsactive = 2007-present
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Swati Verma''' is an Indian actress working primarily with [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] film industry. She has acted in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] films.<ref name=work>{{cite web |title=Swathi Varma filmography |url=http://filmiparadise.com/profile/actress/swathi-varma/1312 |publisher=Film Paradise, Chennai |accessdate=14 March 2014 |archive-date=14 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314234658/http://filmiparadise.com/profile/actress/swathi-varma/1312 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/showbitz/article2576834.ece |title=Showbitz |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 October 2011}}</ref> She established a career in Bhojpuri language films and is cited as one of its most popular celebrities.{{cn|date=December 2025}} Verma reached stardom soon after her first Bhojpuri film ''Sasurari Zindabad''.<ref name=swati /> She performed a small role in other movies including ''Pyaasi Patni'' and ''Mastani''.

==Early life==
Swati hails from [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Chhattisgarh]] but her birthplace is [[Mumbai]]. Her parents are doctors, and worked in [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM hospital]], Mumbai, in the 1970s. Later, they shifted to Bilaspur and Verma went to [[Russia]]. She earned her diploma in [[Russian language|Russian]] and studied [[interior design]] there.<ref name=swati>{{cite news |title=Meet the most popular Bhojpuri actress |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/18verma.htm |accessdate=14 March 2014 |newspaper=Rediff news |date=18 June 2007}}</ref> She is a [[Kathak|Kathak dancer]]. She is a devout Hindu.<ref name=swati />

==Career==
Reflecting on her early days, she stated, "Hailing from a place like Bilaspur that is nowhere even distantly associated to glitz and glamour, acting did seem a bit far-fetched".<ref name=swati /> Before starting her career as an actress, Swati trained at the [[Kishore Namit Kapoor]] Acting Institute in Mumbai.<ref name=swati /> She made her acting debut in serial ''Ek din ki vardi'' ([[Sahara One|Sahara]]). Later, she appeared in ''Suraag'' ([[SAB TV]]) and ''Aryaman'' ([[Doordarshan|Doordarshan network]]).<ref name=swati />

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Language
|-
|2004||''[[Symphony (film)|Symphony]]''||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2005||''Mastaani''||[[Hindi]]
|-
|| 2007 || ''Sasurari Zindabad'' || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|-
|| 2007 || ''Rasik Balma'' || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Brahmadeva (film)|Brahmadeva]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|| 2009 || ''Hamar Rajo Daroga No 1'' || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|-
|| 2010 || ''Drogam Nadanthathu Enna'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|| 2011 || ''Maatti'' || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|-
|| 2012 || ''Kootanchoru'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2013||''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]''||[[Malayalam]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Bhojpuri Cinema]]
* [[Rinku Ghosh]]
* [[Subhi Sharma]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Swati}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Bihar State Shia Waqf Board

2026-02-03T17:10:16Z

Viktorikoa: Added First Data With Sources...

{{Short description|Shia Wakf Board in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Bihar State Shia Wakf Board
| native_name =

| native_name_a =
| native_name_r =
| type =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = 1948
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| jurisdiction = Government of Bihar
| headquarters =
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
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| deputyminister2_name =
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| chief1_name =
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| chief2_name =
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| public_protector =
| deputy =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = 
| map =
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| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

'''Bihar State Shia Wakf Board''' is an agency of the [[Government of Bihar]] constituted in 1948 for better administration of [[Wakf|Waqf]] in the state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biharshiawakfboard.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 February 2014 |archive-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516213409/http://biharshiawakfboard.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Properties {{!}} BIHAR STATE SHIA WAKF BOARD|url=https://www.technixindia.com/wakfboard/properties.htm|website=www.technixindia.com|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=बिहार वक्फ बोर्ड के पास है 25 हजार बीघा जमीन, पूर्व अध्यक्ष ने लगाए बेहद गंभीर आरोप - Waqf Board Amendment Bill|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!bharat/who-will-benefit-from-the-waqf-board-amendment-bill-in-bihar-hindi-news-brn24080806136|website=ETV Bharat News|date=2024-08-08|access-date=2026-02-01|language=hi|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar’s waqf properties uploaded on UMEED portal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihars-waqf-properties-uploaded-on-umeed-portal-101765041515113.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-12-06|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad Faizi |first=Dr Amir Afaque |title=Waqf Record Management in India |url=https://www.lbsnaa.gov.in/storage/uploads/pdf_data/1740657430_3-Waqf_Study2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330012854/https://www.lbsnaa.gov.in/storage/uploads/pdf_data/1740657430_3-Waqf_Study2016.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-30 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.lbsnaa.gov.in |publisher=[[Center for Rural Studies LBSNAA]], Mussoorie}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:2001 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:State agencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in India]]
[[Category:Waqf boards]]

{{Bihar-stub}}

Rani Birla Girls' College

2026-01-30T15:36:51Z

Viktorikoa: slightly added formatting as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rani Birla Girls’ College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Rani Birla Girls' College Admission Queue - Kolkata 2011-06-10 00375.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = The Rani Birla Girls' College
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Undergraduate college
| established = {{start date and age|1961}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Srabanti Bhattacharya
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = 38, Shakespeare Sarani Rd, Elgin
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 700017
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5442706|N|88.357121|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India
| campus = Urban
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = [http://www.rbgc.ac.in/ Rani Birla Girls’ College]
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rani Birla Girls’ College''', established in 1961, is a girls' undergraduate arts college in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. It is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Calcutta |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218141029/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |archivedate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> It was founded by [[B. M. Birla]] family<ref name=z>{{cite book |title=Bhavan's Journal |date=1982 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. |pages=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1IZAAAAIAAJ&q=Modern+High+School+for+Girls,+Kolkata+b.+m.+birla |access-date=11 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Departments==
===Arts===
*English
*Hindi
*History
*Geography
*Political science
*Philosophy
*Economics
*Education
*Sociology
*Communicative English
*Journalism & Mass Communication
*Fashion & Apparel Design

==Accreditation==
Rani Birla Girls’ College is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) and has also received NAAC recommendations.<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission]</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Raima Sen]], actress

== See also ==
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rbgc.in/ Rani Birla Girls’ College]

{{University of Calcutta}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1961]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Bijasan Mata Temple, Indore

2026-01-30T03:12:25Z

Viktorikoa: starting a place w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Bijasan Mata Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.73036|75.79827|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Indore]]
| location = Indore
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Durga]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Bijasan Mata Temple''' is one of the [[temple]]s of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess [[Durga]], situated in [[Indore District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. This temple is built in the year 1760 by [[Shivajirao Holkar|Shivaji Rao Holkar]]. This temple is visited by thousands of devotees during Navaratri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-27|title=1000 साल पुराना है इंदौर के बिजासन माता मंदिर का इतिहास|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/indore-history-of-bijasan-mata-temple-of-indore-is-1000-years-old-1331218|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Nai Dunia|language=hi}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
The main festivals celebrated here are [[Navaratri]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Amitabh|date=2018-02-26|title=Bijasan Mata Mandir Indore Darshan, Aarti, Opening Time & Pooja Timings|url=https://www.darshanbooking.com/darshan-timings/bijasan-mata-mandir-indore-darshan-aarti-opening-time-pooja-timings.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Darshan Booking|language=en-US|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928183556/https://www.darshanbooking.com/darshan-timings/bijasan-mata-mandir-indore-darshan-aarti-opening-time-pooja-timings.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the nine-day [[Navaratri]] festival, fare is also organized here every year.

== Connectivity ==
The temple is at a distance of 9.8 [[Kilometre|kilometers]] from the [[Indore Junction railway station|Indore railway station]]. [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar International Airport]] is visible from the hill on which Bijasan Mata Temple is situated. The temple is connected with proper roadways.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Getinfocity|date=2018-03-11|title=Bijasan Mata Temple Indore|url=https://www.getinfocity.com/bijasan-mata-temple-indore/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=GetInfoCity|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gajanan Maharaj Temple, Indore]]
*[[Khajrana Ganesh Temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Indore]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Indore district]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

Namdapha flying squirrel

2026-01-21T16:22:23Z

Viktorikoa: Made New Info

{{Short description|Species of rodent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Namdapha flying squirrel
| image = Biswamoyopterus biswasi.jpg
| image_caption = [[Holotype]] of the Namdapha flying squirrel, viewed from above and below
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Molur, S.|year=2016 |title=''Biswamoyopterus biswasi'' |errata=2017 |article-number=e.T2816A115063959 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2816A22271554.en}}</ref>
| genus = Biswamoyopterus
| species = biswasi
| authority = [[Subhendu Sekhar Saha|Saha]], 1981<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Sciuridae}}</ref>
}}

The '''Namdapha flying squirrel''' ('''''Biswamoyopterus biswasi''''') is a [[flying squirrel]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[northeast India]], where it is known from a single [[zoological specimen]] collected in [[Namdapha National Park]] in 1981.

==Description==
The Namdapha flying squirrel has reddish, grizzled fur with white above and a pale grey crown; its [[patagium]] is orangish and its underparts are white. Its cheek teeth are simple, and its [[incisor]]s are unpigmented. [[Septum|Septae]] are multiple in [[auditory bulla]]e and sometimes [[honeycomb]]-shaped with 10 to 12 cells in it. It measures {{cvt|40.5|cm|in}} from head-to-[[urogenital|vent]] and has a {{cvt|60|cm|in}} long tail. The hindfoot is {{cvt|7.8|cm}}, and the ear is {{cvt|4.6|cm}} long.<ref name=sss1/><ref name=sss2/>

== Taxonomy ==
The Namdapha flying squirrel was first described in 1981, based on a single [[zoological specimen]] collected in [[Namdapha National Park]].<ref name=msw3/> Its scientific name commemorates [[Biswamoy Biswas]], director of the [[Zoological Survey of India]].<ref name=sss1/> It was the first member of the [[Genus (taxonomy)|genus]] ''[[Biswamoyopterus]]''; in 2013, the [[Laotian giant flying squirrel]] (''Biswamoyopterus laoensis'') was described.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanamxay |first1=D. |title=Rediscovery of ''Biswamoyopterus'' (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae: Pteromyini) in Asia, with the description of a new species from Lao PDR |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3686 |issue=4 |pages=471–481 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.5 |pmid=26473234 |year=2013 |last2=Douangboubpha|first2=B. |last3=Bumrungsri |first3=S. |last4=Xayavong |first4=S. |last5=Xayaphet |first5=V. |last6=Satasook |first6=C. |last7=Bates |first7=P. J.J. |s2cid=1381787}}</ref> In 2018, a new flying squirrel, the [[Mount Gaoligong flying squirrel]] (''Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis'') was discovered in China.<ref>{{Cite web |first=E. |last=Gutoskey |title=Humongous, chihuahua-sized species of flying squirrel has been discovered in China |date=2019 |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/590106/new-species-flying-squirrel-discovered-in-china |work=www.mentalfloss.com |access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
The Namdapha flying squirrel is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[northeast India]].<ref name=iucn/> It inhabits tall ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'' jungles, often on hill slopes in the [[drainage basin]] area of [[Dihing River]], particularly on the western slope of [[Patkai]] range in northeastern India.<ref name=sss1>{{cite journal |last=Saha |first=S. S. |year=1981 |title=A new genus and a new species of flying squirrel (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) from northeastern India |journal=Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=331–336 |url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/bulletin/004/03/0331-0336.pdf}}</ref><ref name=sss2>{{cite journal |last=Saha |first=S. S. |year=1985 |journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India |title=Mammalia |issue=1–4 |volume=82 |pages=321–330 |doi=10.26515/rzsi/v82/i1-4/1984/161306 |s2cid=251697069 |url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/082/01-04/0321-0329.pdf}}</ref>

In April 2022, a putative Namdapha flying squirrel was recorded in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=R. |date=2023 |title=Missing for 42 years, flying squirrel resurfaces in Arunachal |work=The Hindu |access-date=2023-12-23 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/missing-for-42-years-flying-squirrel-resurfaces-in-arunachal/article67661778.ece}}</ref> To prove its validity, the researchers are planning to collect fecal samples for identification of [[DNA]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Daniel, E. |date=2023 |title=This flying squirrel is still lost to science, but maybe not for much longer |url=http://www.rewild.org/news/this-flying-squirrel-is-still-lost-to-science-but-maybe-not-for-much-longer |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Re:wild}}</ref>

Field observations suggest that the Namdapha flying squirrel primarily feeds on young leaves and shoots in the upper canopy of subtropical evergreen forests, indicating a folivorous diet closely tied to mature forest habitat.<ref>Li, G., Lwin, Y. H., Yang, B., Qin, T., Phothisath, P., Maung, K.-W., Quan, R.-C., & Li, S. (2020). Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic position of the flying squirrel genus Biswamoyopterus (Mammalia, Rodentia, Sciuridae, Pteromyini) on the northern Indo-China peninsula. ZooKeys, 939, 65–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.31764</ref> This canopy-dependent feeding behavior highlights the importance of intact old-growth trees and continuous canopy cover for its survival, as these provide both food resources and gliding pathways.<ref>Sanamxay, D., Douangboubpha, B., Bumrungsri, S., Xayavong, S., Xayaphet, V., Satasook, C., & Bates, P. J. J. (2013). Rediscovery of Biswamoyopterus in Asia, with the description of a new species from Lao PDR. Zootaxa, 3686(4), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.5</ref>

==Status==
The Namdapha flying squirrel is listed as [[critically endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. Its range may be restricted to a single valley, and it is threatened by [[poaching]] of animals for food within the park, and possibly by [[habitat destruction]].<ref name=iucn/> It is among the 25 "most wanted lost" species that are the focus of Re:wild's "Search for Lost Species" initiative.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Search for Lost Species |url=https://www.lostspecies.org |work=Global Wildlife Conservation|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Biswamoyopterus biswasi}}
{{Reflist}}

{{S. Sciurinae2 nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1482523}}

[[Category:Biswamoyopterus]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Rodents of India]]
[[Category:Environment of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1981]]
[[Category:Species known from a single specimen]]

Chirle

2026-01-06T00:17:33Z

Viktorikoa: starting new data from scratch

{{Short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chirle
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = mr
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| nickname = 
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_alt1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_mapsize =
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| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_caption_notsmall =
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_outside =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_overlay =
| coordinates = 
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| grid_name = 
| grid_position = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = [[Uran taluka|Uran]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 
| founder =
| named_for = 
| seat_type = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| seat = [[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval]]
| seat1_type = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] constituency
| seat1 = [[Uran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uran]]
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Shrirang Barne]]
| leader_title1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mahesh Baldi]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 = 
| total_type = 
| unit_pref = 
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_total_ha = 424
| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_ha =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_ha =
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| dimensions_footnotes = 
| length_km =
| length_mi =
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| width_mi = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_point = 
| elevation_max_footnotes = 
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_max_point = 
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_footnotes = 
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft =
| elevation_min_point = 
| elevation_min_rank = 
| population_footnotes = 
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]]
| population_total = 3,714
| pop_est_footnotes =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_est =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_rural_footnotes =
| population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
| population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| population_blank1_title = Males
| population_blank1 = 1,924
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Females
| population_blank2 = 1,790
| population_density_blank2_km2 =
| population_note = 
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 = 
| demographics_type2 =
| demographics2_footnotes = 
| demographics2_title1 =
| demographics2_info1 = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]
| postal_code = 410 206<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook Part A |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate General of Census Operations, Maharashtra |access-date=26 November 2021 |date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| area_codes =
| geocode =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate =
| code1_name =
| code1_info =
| code2_name =
| code2_info = 
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
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| blank_info_sec2 =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 = 
}}
'''Chirle''' is a village in [[Uran taluka]] of [[Raigad district]], [[Maharastra]].<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook Part B |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2724_PART_B_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate General of Census Operations, Maharashtra |access-date=26 November 2021 |date=16 June 2014}}</ref>

The under-construction [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] will connect Chirle with [[Sewri]], [[South Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How India's longest sea bridge will help Mumbai spread sideways |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-indias-longest-sea-bridge-will-help-mumbai-spread-sideways/articleshow/86033840.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> The proposed [[Konkan Expressway]] will connect Chirle with [[Patradevi]] near the Maharashtra-[[Goa]] border.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=MSRDC speeds up Konkan Expressway work, divides it into four stretches|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/msrdc-speeds-up-konkan-expressway-work-divides-it-into-four-stretches/story-NlXuqm40ycWyE7zLx5pZVO.html|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Govt of Maharashtra plans expressway between Mumbai and Goa |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/12771-govt-of-maharashtra-plans-expressway-between-mumbai-and-goa |website=Construction Week Online |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raigad district]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Khertha Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:15:33Z

Viktorikoa: creating new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khertha
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 128,823
| mla = Dr Balmukund Dewagan
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Khertha Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Dr Balmukund Dewagan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khertha<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dr Balmukund Dewagan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,734 |percentage=50.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pratima Chandrakar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,182 |percentage=38.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Derha Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,999 |percentage=2.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Lal Harmukh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,730 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr Syam Kumar Ganwarey |party=Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha |votes=2,179 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Chandrakar (Rishi) |party=Independent politician |votes=1,644 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhusan Lal Sahu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,226 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,552 |percentage=11.92% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,258 |percentage=81.82% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,823 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Joseph Munda

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Viktorikoa: page fix

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Joseph Munda
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Nagrakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Nagrakata Vidhan Sabha Constituency]]
| constituency =
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2016
| predecessor1 = [[Sukhmoith Oraon|Sukhmoith (Piting) Oraon]]
| successor1 = [[Sukra Munda]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Joseph Munda''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/north-bengal/former-congress-mla-joseph-munda-joins-tmc-1.664563
|title=কংগ্রেস ছেড়ে তৃণমূলে জোসেফ
|date=27 August 2018|accessdate=12 September 2019|website=Anandabazar Patrika
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=71598&P=2
|title=জোসেফ মুন্ডা তৃণমূলে
|date=27 August 2018|accessdate=12 September 2019|website=Bartaman
}}</ref> He was elected as [[Indian National Congress|INC]] [[Nagrakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Nagrakata Vidhan Sabha Constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 2011. He was the [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Matiali]] [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]] [[Trinamool Congress]] till 2024.<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default|title=List of Winners in West Bengal 2011|accessdate=12 September 2019|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= WB
| constituency= Nagrakata
| before= [[Sukhmoith Oraon|Sukhmoith (Piting) Oraon]]
| after= [[Sukra Munda]]
| years= [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]– }}
{{s-end}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munda, Joseph}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, Nellimarathupatti

2025-12-12T23:01:30Z

Viktorikoa: created info

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Lady of Mount Carmel Church
| other name = Lady of Mt. Carmel Church
| coordinates = {{coord|12.2198842 | 78.3296993 |display=inline,title}}
| fullname =
| native_name = கார்மேல் அன்னை ஆலயம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church, Nellimarathupatti.jpg
| caption = Side view of this church

| location = [[Nellimarathupatti, Dharmapuri|Nellimarathupatti]], Kelavalli, [[Kambainallur]], [[Dharmapuri district|Dharamapuri]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religious order = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
| cult = [[Catholic devotions]]
| founded date = 2001
| founder = Fr. Chevalier
| membership = 40 Families

| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| former name =
| dedication = St. Mary
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = Modern Architecture
| groundbreaking = 2000
| completed date = October 29, 2001

| parish = Nellimarathupatti
| deanery = [[Dharmapuri]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]

| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = Fr. S. Rajappa
}}
'''Our Lady of Mount Carmel''' is a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic church]]<ref name = "a">{{cite web |title= Nellimarathi Parish mentioned in Diocese Official website |url= https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html |accessdate= July 7, 2022 |archive-date= October 28, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221028150618/https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> in [[Nellimarathupatti, Dharmapuri|Nellimarathupatti]] village, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. This Church serves under [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharamapuri Diocese]].

==History==

According to records from 1774, [[Christianity in India|Christians]] lived between from North Kelavalli to South [[Kambainallur]] village, with farming as their major profession. In the 18th century, the area south of the [[Ponnaiyar River]] banks was known as "Nadutheru," now called Kongrapatti, and the region further south was called "Keeltheru", presently located in Kelavalli and Nellimarathupatti.<ref name = "d">{{cite web|title= Members of this villagers listed in coconut board document | url=https://www.coconutboard.in/docs/foc-tn-krishnagiri-18-3-13.pdf |accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref> The village headman of Keeltheru took the Christians land and provided them with new land, which is now known as Nellimarathupatti. Subsequently, the Christians built a new chapel in this village.

Fr. Chevalier, affectionately known as "Chappathi Mulli Samiyar" by the locals, constructed a room and resided in this village, continuing his preaching. The Soosai family and the Yesuvadiyan family were among the early Christian families residing in this village. However, due to [[water scarcity]] and the inability to sustain farming, they left the village and resettled in [[Elathagiri]] and [[Edappadi]]. During that time, the northern side of the [[Ponnaiyar River]] was referred to as "Meltheru", and the primary source of income for the villages was weaving. Around 1833, weavers from [[Poonamallee]], Muthialpettai, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and Elathagiri established settlements near Kambainallur, while some Christians settled in Nellimarathupatti.<ref name = "c">{{cite web|title= Bethlemite Congregation mentioned in Indian Catholic Official website Serial Number 26 |url=https://catholicsindia.in/women-religious-congregations/entry/819/ |accessdate=July 7, 2022}}</ref>

In 1838, Fr. Prico had numerous assistants, and one of them, Fr. Mario Thebericiyak, recorded in his diary that he conducted missionary work in Nellimarathupatti<ref name = "b">{{cite web|title= Bethlemite Congregation mentioned in Diocese Official website Serial Number 26 |url=https://www.chengaidiocese.org/religious-sisters/ |accessdate=July 6, 2022}}</ref> for several days. Between 1845 and 1853, Fr. Gyon Magimainathar settled in Kambainallur to provide medical services and often visited Nellimarathupatti for preaching purposes. In subsequent years, this chapel received pastoral care from [[Our Lady Of Refuge Church, Elathagiri|Elathagiri]] and [[Dharmapuri]] parishes.

On October 29, 2001, a new church named Mary Mt. Carmel was constructed adjacent to the old chapel, and it was inaugurated by Bishop [[Joseph Anthony Irudayaraj]] of Dharmapuri. It continued to function as a substation of Elathagiri and Dharmapuri Parish. Subsequently, in October 2009, the diocesan bishop elevated this church to the status of a parish church,<ref name = "f">{{cite web|title= Parish mentioned in Catholic News Website | url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/parishes-stations/india-dharmapuri/62/10 |accessdate=May 23, 2021}}</ref> and Fr. M. Arulsamy was appointed as its first parish priest.

Under the tenure of Fr. Albert William, this church underwent renovation and was reopened by Bishop Larewance Pius<ref name = "g">{{cite web|title= About Diocese Bishop | url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/cms/public_view/present-bishop.html
|accessdate=May 6, 2021}}</ref> on October 7, 2021.

==Bathelamite Sisters Congregation==

In 2009, the [[Bethlehemites | Bethlehemites sisters]]<ref name = "e">{{cite web|title= Congrigation address in official website | url=http://bethlemiteindia.org/communities.php |accessdate=May 4, 2021}}</ref> from this congregation expressed their desire to serve in this diocese and requested Bishop Joseph Antony Irudhiyaraj's permission. The bishop subsequently assigned them to Nellimarathupatti Parish and provided them with land for their services.

In 2012, the sisters established a convent school named Sacred Heart, which has since been actively involved in providing religious and educational services to this parish.

== See also ==
* [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, B Pallipatti]]
* [[Our Lady Of Refuge Church, Elathagiri]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]

Ekbalpur

2025-12-07T23:05:49Z

Viktorikoa:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Ekbalpur 
| official_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
| total_type = 
| motto = 
| image_skyline = Ekbalpur Gate 2022.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| image_dot_map =
| dot_mapsize =
| dot_map_caption =
| dot_x =
| dot_y =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| subdivision_type6 =
| subdivision_name6 = 
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
| parts_style = 
| parts = [[Ward No. 78, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|78]]
| p1 =
| p2 = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = 
| established_date = 
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft = 
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total = For population see linked KMC ward page
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coor_type = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22.536323|N|88.322454|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code =
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Port]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ekbalpur''' is a neighbourhood of [[South Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.536323|88.322454}} 
| zoom = 14 
| label = Ekbalpur
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.536323|88.322454}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}
Ekbalpur developed as a Muslim area, as it received a large number of people displaced with the development of the [[Zoological Garden, Alipore|zoo]] at Zirat, [[Alipore]], and King George (now Netaji Subhas) Docks in [[Garden Reach]]. One of the oldest Muslim burial grounds, the 'Solah Anna', is located on Ekbalpur Road. <ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 20, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

Ekbalpur was included in the Kolkata municipal area in 1888.<ref>Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, "Wealth and Work in Calcutta: 1860-1921", in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 213, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Ekbalpur.<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 15-20, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

==Geography==
===Police district===
Ekbalpur police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Port division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 38B Ekbalpur Road, Kolkata-700023. <ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=4&Division=P |title = Kolkata Police |work = Port Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 21 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Watgunge#Police district|Watgunge Women police station]], located at 16, Watgunge Street, Kolkata-700023, covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the Port division i.e. North Port, South Port, Watgunge, West Port, Garden Reach, Ekbalpur, Nadial, Rajabagan and Metiabruz.<ref name="police"/>
==Education==
* Government Girls General Degree College, Ekbalpur
==See also==
*[[Ekbalpur triple murder]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/South}}

{{Neighbourhoods in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Amanpur Assembly constituency

2025-11-05T23:47:55Z

Viktorikoa: small changes

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amanpur
| constituency_no = 101
| map_image = 101-Amanpur.svg
| mla = [[Hariom Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kasganj]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,09,681 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Amanpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Etah district|Etah]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 101.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 30 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=30 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=30 November 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/amanpur.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=30 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards ==
The extent of Amanpur Assembly constituency is KCs Sahawar, Amanpur, Manpur Nagariya, Sahawar NP & Amanpur NP of Kasganj Tehsil; PCs Mohanpur, Nagla Nahar, Amirsa, Mijkhuree Sikahara, Nagla Bheemsain, Akhatau Mangadpur, Pilakhuni, Pithanpur, Dahelee Bujurg, Bakavalee, Tajpur, Chandpurmemada of Sidhapura KC & Mohanpur NP of Patiyali Tehsil.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! Party
! Ref.
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mamtesh Shakya]]
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|<ref name="2012 Election Results2">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=2012 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|Devendra Pratap
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Hariom Verma]]
|
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Amanpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hariom Verma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96377}}
|percentage = 50.4
|change = +4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Satyabhan
|votes = {{formatnum:53048}}
|percentage = 27.74
|change = +4.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subhash Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:35372}}
|percentage = 18.5
|change = +0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:888}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change = -0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43329}}
|percentage = 22.66
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191228}}
|percentage = 61.52
|change = -1.24
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Amanpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Devendra Pratap
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:85199}}
|percentage = 46.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Virendra Singh Solanki
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:43395}}
|percentage = 23.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dev Prakash
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:33166}}
|percentage = 18.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rahul Panday
|party = Mahan Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:16967}}
|percentage = 9.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1242}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:41804}}
|percentage = 22.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183778}}
|percentage = 62.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 Elections

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Amanpur<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=2012 Election Results|access-date=30 November 2015|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Mamtesh Shakya]]
|votes = 37,996
|percentage = 23.82
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Virendra Singh
|votes = 34,340
|percentage = 21.53
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| Independent
|candidate = Devendra Pratap
|votes = 30,463
|percentage = 19.1
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 20 candidates
|votes = 56,705
|percentage = 35.55
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,656
|percentage = 2.29
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 159,504
|percentage = 58.45
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

*[[Etah district]]
*[[Etah Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kasganj district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Healthcare in Ahmedabad

2025-09-11T06:08:36Z

Viktorikoa: add citations after review for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2009}}
'''Healthcare in Ahmedabad''' is provided through several hospitals and medical colleges – both government and private. In addition to providing healthcare to the Gujarat population, [[Ahmedabad]] also focuses on [[medical tourism]] and in 2009 received about 1,500 visitors from outside the state, including some from abroad.<ref>Priya Adhyaru-Majithia (3 December 2010) [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-booster-for-medical-tourism-in-ahmedabad-1475839 Booster for medical tourism in Ahmedabad]</ref>

==Ahmedabad Civil Hospital==
Opened in 1953, [[Ahmedabad Civil Hospital]] is the largest hospital in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sunil|last=M |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Ahmedabad/Civil_Hospital_planned_as_worlds_biggest_hospital/articleshow/3524159.cms|title= Civil Hospital planned as world's biggest hospital|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2008-09-25|access-date=2008-12-24}}</ref> Civil Hospital is housed in a sprawling {{convert|110|acre|km2|adj=on}} area, has 2,800 beds facility, where over 1.3 million patients are treated and nearly 80 thousand surgeries performed annually. It also has autonomous kidney, cancer, heart, eye, paraplegia, dental and TB hospitals located on the same campus, if all are taken into account, the number of beds goes up to 3,500. A proposal has been drawn up by Gujarat government to seek World Bank aid for a nine-storey 2,000-bed building on Civil Hospital premises, raising its capacity to 4,800 beds – making it the world's largest hospital.

==Sheth Vadilal Sarabhai General Hospital (VS Hospital)==
VS Hospital is a multi-activity and multi-specialty hospital, which was the vision of Vadilal Sarabhai. The hospital was founded in year 1931 with an initial capital of 400,000 [[Rupees]]. It has 1,115 beds and is run by AMC and a committee consisting of members of the Sarabhai and Chinai families who had donated the hospital to the city. Over 500,000 patients are treated here annually, averaging 1,600 patients a day. Also 25,000 surgeries are performed every year.
Plans are underway to expand the hospital capacity by building two new towers which will increase capacity by 2000 beds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Himanshu Kaushik|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/ahmedabad/29953498_1_twin-towers-amc-beds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007045705/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/ahmedabad/29953498_1_twin-towers-amc-beds |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-07 |title=VS Hospital will soon have twin towers |date=2011-09-01 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-10-05}}</ref> The hospital caters to areas in and around Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hospitalsahmedabad.blogspot.com/search/label/Hospital|title=List of Hospitals in Ahmedabad, Top Hospitals in Ahmedabad: Hospital|website=List of Hospitals in Ahmedabad, Top Hospitals in Ahmedabad|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> with an average radius of 180 kilometers. Being near to the national highway, VS hospital is the center for significant trauma management. Moreover, it is the only government hospital in Ahmedabad which caters to vascular injuries ( limb salvage). It has a significant patient input by emergency 108 services in Ahmedabad .<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.ijmrr.in/viewhtml.aspx?PA=560PA.pdf&journals=IJMRR&Issueid=Volume%2003%202015%20Issue%2005%20June%20IJMRR|title = Epidemiology and Patterns of lower limb injuries at a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad|vauthors=Goel SA, Bhavsar NM, Makwana H, Lil NA, Patel PR |date = 6 June 2015|journal = International Journal of Medical Research and Review|volume = 3|issue = 5|pages = 490–496|doi = 10.17511/ijmrr.2015.i5.094|doi-access = free}}</ref>
On 17 Jan 2019, [[Prime Minister of India]], Narendra Modi, inaugurated Sardar [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] Institute of Medical Science and Research, a 17-floor building built at cost of 750 [[crore]] by Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation, that features 1500-bed, 32 high class operation theaters, 139 ICU-beds, 90 consultation room and a helipad for air-ambulance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/pm-inaugurated-svp-institute-medical-sciences-research-ahmedabad |title=PM inaugurates SVP Institute of Medical Sciences & Research in Ahmedabad | DD News |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329183523/http://ddnews.gov.in/national/pm-inaugurated-svp-institute-medical-sciences-research-ahmedabad |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Healthcare in Ahmedabad| ]]

Tarigoppula Halt railway station

2025-08-01T17:42:45Z

Viktorikoa: Started - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tarigoppula Halt
| image = Tarigoppula Railways station West end name board 01.jpg
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| address = [[Tarigoppula]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.4794|80.8174|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
| elevation = {{convert|21|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Operational
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TGU
| zone = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Vijayawada}}
}}
| electrified = Yes
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line|left=Tenneru|right=Indupalli}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| native name =
| line = [[Vijayawada–Gudivada section|Vijayawada–Gudivada line]]
| open =
| close =
}}

'''Tarigoppula Halt railway station''' (station code:TGU<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|title=Stations on the Uppalur Gudivada section|date=12 September 2009|website=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|publisher=Ministry of Indian Railways|page=34|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is an [[Indian Railways]] station in the village of Tarigoppula of [[Krishna district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It lies on the [[Gudivada–Machilipatnam branch line]], [[Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line]] and is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite news|title=TGU/Tarigoppula Railway Station Map/Atlas SCR/South Central Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tarigoppula-tgu/2789|access-date=20 May 2017|work=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=Southern Railway to operate additional special trains during Sabarimala season|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Southern-Railway-to-operate-additional-special-trains-during-Sabarimala-season/article15575590.ece|access-date=20 May 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Amenities ==
It is one of the 65 standalone stations quipped with the unreserved ticketing system (UTS) in the division.<ref name="division">{{cite web|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|archivedate=2016-01-28|title=Vijayawada division – A Profile|website=South Central Railway|access-date=18 September 2016|page=3|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163230/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Office of the Registrar General India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNAcAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Tarigoppula+railway+station%22 |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1962 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en |quote=Tarigoppula Railway Station [...][is] 15 miles [away] from Vijaywada and 25 miles from Bandar.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Vijayawada railway division]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Nidagatte

2025-07-20T03:28:13Z

Viktorikoa: created pg

{{short description|Village in Sira Taluk, Tumkur district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2015|att=July 2025}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2015}}
<mapframe latitude="14.004366" longitude="76.916656" zoom="10" width="200" height="100" align="right" />'''Nidagatte''' is a village in [[Sira Taluk]] of [[Tumkur district]], [[Karnataka|Karnataka state]], India. It is around {{convert|35|km|mi}} from the Taluk headquarters [[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]. It has a population of around 1,500. The official language of this village is [[Kannada]].

==Transport==
[[File:Nidagatte Village.jpg|thumb]]

Large number of Private buses and Limited KSRTC buses are available from Sira to Nidagatte. Currently there is no rail connectivity to Nidagatte.

==Main crops==
Main crops of this village are [[Finger millet|Ragi]] (ರಾಗಿ), [[Peanut|Groundnut]], [[Silk]], [[Pomegranate]], Red [[Chili pepper|Chilly]], [[Cotton]], ಜೋಳ, ತೊಗರಿ, other [[vegetables]] etc... Economical crops are Pomegranate, Groundnut, Silk.

There is a free water supply for some hectares of lands which are located around the [[lake]]. Few [[farmers]] have their own [[borewell]] for their lands, and some lands are dependent mainly on [[rain]].

==Temples==
[[File:Hariseve.gif|thumb|Hari seve at Pathalingeshwara Temple]]
Mainly there are four [[temples]] are in Nidagatte: [[Sree Parthalingeshwara Swamy |Sree Pathalingeshwara Swamy]] temple, [[Sree Marammadevi]] temple,

Sree Mylaralingeswara Swamy temple, and Sree Bheeralingeswara Swamy temple.

Sadguru Dyamanna swami Devalaya.

==Education==
* Government Higher Primary School, Nidagatte (From 1st standard to 7th Standard)
<gallery>
File:Nidgatte1.gif|alt=
File:SchoolNidagatte.gif|alt=
File:Nidagattesch1.gif|alt=
File:Nidagatteschool4.gif|alt=
</gallery>
*Anganavaadi Kendra, Nidagatte
* RHS Hulikunte (8th Std to 10th Std), {{convert|2|km|mi}} from Nidagatte
* W.H.H Lokapal PU college, Hulikunte ([[HEBA]](History, Economics, Business studies, Accountancy) and HEPS, {{convert|2|km|mi}} from Nidagatte
For Other courses such as [[Physics, chemistry, maths and biology|PCMB]], [[B.com]], [[B.Sc.]], [[Information Technology|ITI]], [[Diploma]], need to go to headquarter Sira.

==External links==
*{{Cite web|title = Google Maps|url = https://www.google.com/maps/search/14.004676,76.919614/@14.004676,76.919614,3519m/data=!3m1!4b1?hl=en&dg=dbrw&newdg=1|website = Google Maps|accessdate = 2015-09-25}}
*{{Cite web|title = HERE Maps - City and Country Maps - Driving Directions - Satellite Views - Routes|url = http://here.com/l/14.00388,76.93871,16|website = here.com|accessdate = 2015-09-25}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Tumakuru district]]

{{Tumkur-geo-stub}}

Mitahara

2025-07-06T20:56:10Z

Viktorikoa: expanded details to improve readability after review

{{Short description|Concept in Indian philosophy}}
{{italic title}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''''Mitahara''''' ({{Langx|sa|मिताहार|translit=Mitāhāra}}) literally means the habit of moderate eating.<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html mitAhAra] Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</ref> Mitahara is also a concept in Indian philosophy, particularly [[Yoga]], that integrates awareness about food, drink, balanced diet and consumption habits and its effect on one's body and mind.<ref>{{Cite journal|pages=147–153|pmc=3331325|year=1990|last1=Desai|first1=B. P.|title=Place of Nutrition in Yoga|journal=Ancient Science of Life|volume=9|issue=3|pmid=22557690}}</ref> It is one of the ten [[yamas]] in ancient Indian texts.<ref name="KN Aiyar 1914 pages 173-176">KN Aiyar (1914), Thirty Minor Upanishads, Kessinger Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-164-02641-9}}, Chapter 22, pages 173-176</ref>

== Definition ==
''{{lang|sa-Latn|Mitahara}}'' is a Sanskrit combination word, from {{lang|sa-Latn|Mita}} (मित, moderate)<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+mita&trans=Translate&direction=AU mita] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University</ref> and {{lang|sa-Latn|Ahara}} (आहार, taking food, diet),<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=AhAra&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 AhAra] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University</ref> which together mean moderate diet.<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/aequery/index.html Moderate in eating] Apte English Sanskrit Dictionary (2007)</ref><ref>S Gowens, Ayurvedic Cooking, {{ISBN|978-8179920558}}, pages 13-14</ref> In Yoga and other ancient texts, it represents a concept linking nutrition to the health of one's body and mind. It is considered a [[yamas]] or self-restraint virtue in some schools of Indian traditions,<ref>R.S. Bajpai, The Splendours And Dimensions Of Yoga, {{ISBN|81-7156-964-1}}, pages 74-75</ref> where one refrains from either eating too much or too little of certain qualities of food.<ref name=srosen>Steven Rosen (2011), Food for the Soul: Vegetarianism and Yoga Traditions, Praeger, {{ISBN|978-0-313-39703-5}}, pages 25-29</ref><ref>Mitihara, in What is Hinduism? (Ed: Hinduism Today Magazine, 2007), Himalayan Academy, Hawaii, {{ISBN|978-1-934145-00-5}}, page 340</ref> Mitahara is synonymous with Mātrāśin (मात्राशिन्).<ref>[http://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/200.html mātrāśin] Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, France</ref>

== Literature ==
Ancient and medieval era Indian literature on ''Mitahara'' are of two categories – one relates to philosophical discussion of moderate diet and proper nutrition,<ref name=svatmaram /> the other category relate to details about ''Aharatattva'' ([[dietetics]]).<ref name=ray>[https://archive.org/stream/CarakaSamhitaAScientificSynopsis/CarakaSamhita_priyadaranjanRay#page/n25/mode/2up Caraka Samhita] Ray and Gupta, National Institute of Sciences, India, pages 18-19</ref> The former category include the Upanishads and Sutras that discuss why virtuous self-restraint is appropriate in matters of food, while the latter include [[Samhita]]s that discuss what and when certain foods are suitable. A few texts such as Hathayoga Pradipika combine both.<ref name=tts />

=== The virtue of mitahara ===
''Mitahara'' is discussed in [[Shandilya Upanishad|Śāṇḍilya Upanishad]],<ref name="KN Aiyar 1914 pages 173-176" /> as well as by Svātmārāma.<ref name=svatmaram>{{cite book|title=The Hatha Yoga Pradipika|author=Svātmārāma|author2=Pancham Sinh |publisher = Forgotten Books|edition= 5|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sBFttVx6ukC|isbn= 978-1-60506-637-0|page=14|quote= Quote - अथ यम-नियमाः अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्यछर्यम कश्हमा धृतिः दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछम छैव यमा दश}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorenzen|first1=David|title=The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01842-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186 186–190]|url=https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics |last= Subramuniya |publisher= Himalayan Academy Publications|year= 2003|isbn= 978-0-945497-99-8 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JupkNVxfwHgC |access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> It is one of the [[yamas]] (virtuous self restraints) discussed in ancient Indian texts. The other nine [[yamas]] are [[Ahiṃsā]] (अहिंसा): Nonviolence, [[Satya]] (सत्य): truthfulness, [[Asteya]] (अस्तेय): not stealing, [[Brahmacharya]] (ब्रह्मचर्य): celibacy and not cheating on one's spouse, [[Forgiveness#Hinduism|Kṣamā]] (क्षमा): forgiveness,<ref name=ss>Stuart Sovatsky (1998), Words from the Soul: Time East/West Spirituality and Psychotherapeutic Narrative, State University of New York, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3949-4}}, page 21</ref> [[Dhrti|Dhṛti]] (धृति): fortitude, [[Compassion#Hinduism|Dayā]] (दया): compassion,<ref name=ss /> [[Ārjava]] (आर्जव): sincerity, non-hypocrisy, and [[Shaucha|Śauca]] (शौच): purity, cleanliness.

Some of the earliest ideas behind ''Mitahara'' trace to ancient era [[Taittiriya Upanishad]], which in various hymns discusses the importance of food to healthy living, to the cycle of life,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/taittiriyaupanis00sankiala#page/396/mode/2up Annamaya Kosa] Taittiriya Upanishad, Anuvaka II, pages 397-406</ref> as well as to its role in one's body and its effect on Self ([[Brahman]], Atma, Spirit).<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/taittiriyaupanis00sankiala#page/740/mode/2up Realization of Brahman] Taittiriya Upanishad, Anuvaka II & VII, pages 740-789; This is extensively discussed in these chapters; Illustrative quote - "Life, verily, is food; the body the food-eater" (page 776)</ref> The Upanishad, states Stiles,<ref>M Stiles (2008), Ayurvedic Yoga Therapy, Lotus Press, {{ISBN|978-0-940985-97-1}}, pages 56-57</ref> notes “from food life springs forth, by food it is sustained, and in food it merges when life departs”.

The [[Bhagavad Gita]] includes verses on ‘‘mitahara’’ in Chapter 6. It states in verse 6.16 that a yogi must neither eat too much nor too little, neither sleep too much nor too little, a way of life first formulated by the Buddha as the [[Middle Way]].<ref name=pt>Paul Turner (2013), FOOD YOGA – Nourishing Body, Mind & Soul, 2nd Edition, {{ISBN|978-0-9850451-1-1}}, page 164</ref> Understanding and regulating one’s established habits about eating, sleeping and recreation is suggested as essential to the practice of yoga in verse 6.17.<ref name=pt /><ref>Stephen Knapp, The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination, {{ISBN|978-0-595-35075-9}}, page 284</ref>

Another ancient text, in a South Indian language, ''[[Tirukkuṛaḷ]]'' states moderate diet as a virtuous life style. This text, written by [[Valluvar]] before c. 500 CE, and sometimes called the Tamil [[Veda]], discusses eating habits and its role in a healthy life (Mitahara), dedicating Chapter 95 of Book 7 to it.<ref name=gutenberg /> ''Tirukkuṛaḷ'' states in verses 943 through 945, "eat in moderation, when you feel hungry, foods that are agreeable to your body, refraining from foods that your body finds disagreeable". Valluvar also emphasizes overeating has ill effects on health, in verse 946, as "the pleasures of health abide in the man who eats moderately. The pains of disease dwell with him who eats excessively."<ref name=gutenberg>[http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/HimalayanAcademy/SacredHinduLiterature/weaver/eng_95.htm Tirukkuṛaḷ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227204124/http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/HimalayanAcademy/SacredHinduLiterature/weaver/eng_95.htm |date=2014-12-27 }} see Chapter 95, Book 7</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/777453934 Tirukkuṛaḷ] Translated by V.V.R. Aiyar, Tirupparaithurai : Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam (1998)</ref>

Medieval era Sanskrit texts such as Dasakumara Charita and [[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]] discuss ''Mitahara''. For example, Hatha Yoga Pradipika verse 1.57 states the importance of ‘‘mitihara’’, as
{{quote|
<nowiki>ब्रह्मचारी मिताहारी योगी योगपरायणः । अब्दादूर्ध्वं भवेत्सिद्धो नात्र कार्या विचारणा ॥</nowiki>

A brahmachari, practicing mitahara (moderate diet) and [[tyaga]] (renunciation, solitude), devoted to yoga achieves success in his enquiry and effort within half a year.|Hathayoga Pradipika|1.57<ref name=tts>[https://archive.org/stream/hathayogapradipika/hatha_yoga_pradipika#page/n45/mode/2up Hathayoga Pradipika] Brahmananda, Adyar Library, The Theosophical Society, Madras India (1972)</ref>}}

Verses 1.57 through 1.63 of the critical edition of Hathayoga Pradipika suggests that taste cravings should not drive one’s eating habits, rather the best diet is one that is tasty, nutritious and likable as well as sufficient to meet the needs of one’s body and for one’s inner self.<ref name=ksj /> It recommends that one must “eat only when one feels hungry” and “neither overeat nor eat to completely fill the capacity of one’s stomach; rather leave a quarter portion empty and fill three quarters with quality food and fresh water”.<ref name=ksj>KS Joshi, Speaking of Yoga and Nature-Cure Therapy, Sterling Publishers, {{ISBN|978-1-84557-045-3}}, page 65-66</ref> Verses 1.59 to 1.61 of Hathayoga Pradipika suggests ‘‘mitahara’’ regimen of a yogi avoids foods with excessive amounts of sour, salt, bitterness, oil, spice burn, unripe vegetables, fermented foods or alcohol. The practice of ''Mitahara'', in Hathayoga Pradipika, includes avoiding stale, impure and [[Tamas (philosophy)|tamasic]] foods, and consuming moderate amounts of fresh, vital and [[Sattva|sattvic]] foods.<ref name=srosen />

=== Dietectics and mitahara ===
[[Charaka Samhita]] and [[Sushruta Samhita]] are among the two largest surviving compendium on nutrition and diet that have survived from ancient and medieval periods of India.<ref name=ray /><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati00susruoft#page/n3/mode/2up Sushruta Samhita] KKL Bhishagratna, Vol 2, Calcutta</ref> Caraka Samhita emphasizes the need to plan and understand the role of diet in health, across Chapters 5, 6, 25, 26 and 27. In verse 25.31, it states "wholesome diet promotes health and growth, unwholesome diet is the most important cause of diseases". In verses 25.38-39, Caraka Samhita classifies foods into groups based on its source and taste, then categorizes them into nutritive and harmful. In Chapters 26 and 27, it suggests that the same food can be nutritive in small amounts while harmful in large amounts or if cooked improperly or if eaten together with foods its lists. Food, claims Caraka Samhita, must be tailored to needs of one's body, state of one's health, climate, season, habits and personal palatability and needs.<ref name=ray /> In the spirit of Mitahara, in Chapter 5, it insists even light, easily digested and nutritious food should be consumed in moderation and should not be consumed in excess of bodily requirements. In Chapter 6, Caraka Samhita recommends that food should be tailored to the season, with rich and fatty foods being beneficial in winter, while light soups, fruits and acidulated drinks more suited for summers. In verses 6.6-7, it suggests that the diet should be planned and nourishing foods consumed in rotation, tailored to one's health condition and personal needs.<ref name=ray />

As with Caraka Samhita, the other large compendium on health – Sushruta Samhita – includes many chapters on the role of diet and personal needs of an individual. In Chapter 10 of Sushruta Samhita, for example, the diet and nutrition for pregnant women, nursing mothers and young children are described.<ref>KKL Bhishagratna, [https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati00susruoft#page/216/mode/2up Chapter X, Sushruta Samhita], Vol 2, Calcutta, page 216-238</ref> It recommends milk, butter, fluid foods, fruits, vegetables and fibrous diets for expecting mothers along with soups made from ''jangala'' (wild) meat.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati00susruoft#page/216/mode/2up Sushruta Samhita] KKL Bhishagratna, Vol 2, Calcutta, page 217</ref> In most cases, vegetarian diets are preferred and recommended in the Samhitas; however, for those recovering from injuries, growing children, those who do high levels of physical exercise, and expecting mothers, Sutrasthanam's Chapter 20 and other texts recommend carefully prepared meat. Sushruta Samhita also recommends a rotation and balance in foods consumed, in moderation. For this purposes, it classifies foods by various characteristics, such as taste. In Chapter 42 of Sutrasthanam, for example, it lists six tastes – ''madhura'' (sweet), ''amla'' (acidic), ''lavana'' (saline), ''katuka'' (pungent), ''tikta'' (bitter) and ''kashaya'' (astringent). It then lists various sources of foods that deliver these tastes and recommends that all six tastes (flavors) be consumed in moderation and routinely, as a habit for good health.<ref>KKL Bhishagratna, [https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/384/mode/2up Sutrasthanam, Chapter XLII] Sushruta Samhita, Vol 1, Calcutta, page 385-393</ref>

== Related concepts ==
The concept of ''Mitahara'' is discussed in over 30 different ancient and medieval era texts of Hinduism.<ref name=svb>SV Bharti (2001), Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With the Exposition of Vyasa, Motilal Banarsidas, {{ISBN|978-8120818255}}, Appendix I, pages 672-680</ref> However, some texts use a different word and concept for the idea of "moderate diet and paying attention to what one eats and drinks". For example, Shivayoga Dipika uses the term ''Niyatāshana'' (planned, regulated eating), while Dattatreya Samhita uses ''Laghrāhāra'' (eating lightly, small portions of diverse foods).<ref name=svb />

== See also ==
* [[Ahiṃsā]]
* [[Satya]]
* [[Asteya]]
* [[Brahmacharya]]
* [[Forgiveness#Hinduism|Kṣamā]]
* [[Dhrti|Dhṛti]]
* [[Compassion#Hinduism|Dayā]]
* [[Ārjava]]
* [[Shaucha|Śauca]]
* [[Akrodha]]
* [[Dāna]]
* [[Middle Way]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Yoga concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Ethical issues in religion]]
[[Category:Relational ethics]]
[[Category:Hindu ethics]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Naini Rajender Reddy

2025-06-10T05:43:59Z

Viktorikoa:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Naini Rajender Reddy''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana state]]. He is an MLA from [[Warangal West Assembly constituency]] in [[Hanamkonda district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Warangal West Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Naini Rajender Reddy with 72649 defeats BRS's Dasyam Vinay Bhasker |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/warangal-west-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471018-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A dream comes true for Naini">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=A dream comes true for Naini |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/a-dream-comes-true-for-naini-842476 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work= |date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807172406/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/a-dream-comes-true-for-naini-842476 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Congress wins 10 of 12 seats in erstwhile Warangal">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Congress wins 10 of 12 seats in erstwhile Warangal |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/031223/congress-wins-10-of-12-seats-in-erstwhile-warangal.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |work= |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from [[Warangal]]. He is born to Naini Narender Reddy. He completed his Intermediate i 1987 at Government Junior College, [[Hanamkonda|Hanumakonda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naini Rajender Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- WARANGAL WEST(HANUMAKONDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=340 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started as a NSUI District General secretary and president 1988- 1998. From 1998-2005 worked as youth Congress District president. Reddy was the best youth president twice and got award from former CM YS. Rajashekar Reddy in combined state Andhrapradesh . He worked as district library chairman from 2005-2016. District Congress Committee president in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-12 |title=Naini Rajender Reddy is Warangal DCC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/naini-rajender-reddy-is-warangal-dcc/article6783268.ece |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Reddy won from [[Warangal West Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 72,649 votes, and defeated his nearest rival [[Dasyam Vinay Bhasker]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Bharath Rashtra Samithi]] by a margin of 15,331 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naini Rajender Reddy, INC Candidate from Warangal West Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/naini-rajender-reddy-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a105e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warangal West Constituency Election Results 2023: Warangal West Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/warangal-west |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Reddy is the most senior leader in Telangana Congress.

He was appointed as [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] (TPCC) Vice President on 9 June 2025.<ref name="AICC appoints 27 VPs and 69 general secretaries for TPCC">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=9 June 2025 |title=AICC appoints 27 VPs and 69 general secretaries for TPCC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/aicc-appoints-27-vps-and-69-general-secretaries-for-tpcc/article69676082.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610054127/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/aicc-appoints-27-vps-and-69-general-secretaries-for-tpcc/article69676082.ece |archive-date=10 June 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Naini Rajender}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

List of chief ministers of West Bengal

2025-05-26T17:46:24Z

Viktorikoa: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Chandhan

2025-04-06T13:13:08Z

Viktorikoa: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandhan (चांधन)
|other_name=
| settlement_type = Gram Panchayat
| image_skyline=
|image_alt=
|image_caption=
|nickname=
| image_map =
|map_alt=
|map_caption=
| pushpin_map=India Rajasthan#India
|pushpin_label_position=right
|pushpin_map_alt=
|pushpin_map_caption=
|coordinates = {{coord|26.59|N|71.18|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type=State
| subdivision_name={{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1=[[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_type2=[[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1=[[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2=[[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
|established_title=
| established_date=
| founder=
|named_for=
| government_type=
|governing_body=
| unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes=
| area_total_km2=
|area_rank=
|elevation_footnotes=
| elevation_m=233
| population_total=3306
|population_as_of=2011
|population_footnotes=
|population_density_km2=auto
|population_rank=
| population_demonym=
| demographics_type1=Languages
|demographics1_title1=Official
| timezone1=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1=+5:30
| postal_code_type=
|postal_code=
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
|demographics1_info1=[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Chandan''' is a village in [[Jaisalmer district]] from [[India]]n state in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/86092-chandhan-rajasthan.html |title=Chandhan Village Population - Jaisalmer - Jaisalmer, Rajasthan |website=www.census2011.co.in |access-date=2018-01-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaisalmer district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Baldirai

2025-03-14T14:33:57Z

Viktorikoa: Added First Info W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
[[File:Waldi Rai block map.png|thumb|Map of Waldi Rai CD block]]
'''Baldirai''' is a town and tehsil of [[Sultanpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=31-, 129-46 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> It consists of 99 villages (98 inhabited and 1 uninhabited) with a total population of 182,455 people, in 31,431 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

==Demographics==
As of 2011, Waldi Rai CD block has a population of 182,455 people, in 31,431 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> This population includes 92,058 males and 90,397 females.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The corresponding [[sex ratio]] of 982 females to every 1000 males is slightly lower than the district rural average of 987.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 27,598 as of 2011, or about 15.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The sex ratio of this group is 930, which is slightly higher than the district rural average of 923.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Members of [[Scheduled Castes]] numbered 40,828, or 22.38% of the total population; while members of [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 13, or 0.01% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The [[literacy rate]] of Waldi Rai block as of 2011 is 67.04% (counting only people age 7 and up); literacy is higher among men and boys (78.02%) than among women and girls (55.96%).<ref name="Census 2011"/> The Scheduled Castes literacy rate as of the same year is 53.56% (64.62% among men and boys and 42.25% among women and girls).<ref name="Census 2011"/>

In terms of employment, 17.77% of Waldi Rai block residents were classified as main workers (i.e. people employed for at least 6 months per year) in 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Marginal workers (i.e. people employed for less than 6 months per year) made up 16.17%, and the remaining 66.05% were non-workers.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Employment status varied according to gender, with 47.25% of men being either main or marginal workers, compared to only 20.40% of women.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

[[Agriculture in India|Agriculture]] is the predominant source of employment in Waldi Rai block: 27.10% of the block's workers were cultivators who owned or leased their own land as of 2011, and a further 46.46% were agricultural labourers who worked someone else's land for wages.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Another 5.85% were counted as household industry workers, and the remaining 20.59% were other workers.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

==Villages==
Waldi Rai CD block has the following 99 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Fatehpur, Waldi Rai|Fatte Pur]] || 530.4 || 5,057
|-
| [[Uska Mau]] || 159 || 1,431
|-
| [[Vishwanath Pur]] || 22.3 || 329
|-
| [[Taudhikpur]] || 312.8 || 2,377
|-
| [[Sarai Baggha]] || 306.2 || 1,366
|-
| [[Jarai Kalan]] || 780 || 5,284
|-
| [[Huliyapur]] || 875.4 || 9,256
|-
| [[Ranmusepur]] || 275.4 || 256
|-
| [[Kakartola]] || 191 || 1,745
|-
| [[Kuwasi]] || 124.1 || 682
|-
| [[Baradand]] || 118.8 || 527
|-
| [[Rampur Babuwan]] || 241.9 || 2,575
|-
| [[Tirhut, Sultanpur|Trihut]] || 361 || 3,468
|-
| [[Gaura Parani]] || 189.7 || 993
|-
| [[Jamalpur, Waldi Rai|Jamalpur]] || 16.9 || 477
|-
| [[Pipri, Waldi Rai|Pipri]] || 509.5 || 3,451
|-
| [[Umra, Sultanpur|Umra]] || 644.6 || 3,894
|-
| [[Dobhiyara]] || 608 || 4,955
|-
| [[Hasai Mukundpur]] || 141.1 || 1,252
|-
| [[Bhawani Garh]] || 98.3 || 1,197
|-
| [[Meghmau]] || 284.1 || 2,369
|-
| [[Dehariyawan]] || 499.9 || 4,534
|-
| [[Pauli, Sultanpur|Pauli]] || 192.1 || 321
|-
| [[Kanpa]] || 975.6 || 6,020
|-
| [[Nichooti]] || 214.7 || 1,505
|-
| [[Dakkhin Gaun]] || 136.2 || 1,586
|-
| [[Atanagar]] || 208.8 || 1,175
|-
| [[Soraun]] || 385.8 || 3,889
|-
| [[Raiya]] || 100 || 3,272
|-
| [[Dih, Sultanpur|Dih]] || 1,264.2 || 5,389
|-
| [[Govindpur, Waldi Rai|Govindpur]] || 298.2 || 1,748
|-
| [[Makhdum Pur]] || 147.4 || 918
|-
| [[Sighni]] || 271.1 || 1,641
|-
| [[Dewra]] || 278.7 || 2,225
|-
| [[Haighana Khurd]] || 194 || 991
|-
| [[Nandrai]] || 163.4 || 1,127
|-
| [[Sukhbaderi]] || 222.2 || 1,229
|-
| [[Bahu Rawan]] || 324.5 || 3,027
|-
| [[Madiyana]] || 75 || 558
|-
| [[Ramnagar, Waldi Rai|Ramnagar]] || 55.1 || 422
|-
| [[Upri]] || 60.3 || 402
|-
| [[Bihinidura]] || 491.8 || 5,234
|-
| [[Patela, Sultanpur|Patela]] || 74.4 || 1,075
|-
| [[Haidhana Kalan]] || 386.4 || 2,682
|-
| [[Loharia, Sultanpur|Loharia]] || 101.9 || 885
|-
| [[Gaura Bara Mau]] || 339.8 || 3,393
|-
| [[Mahuli, Sultanpur|Mahuli]] || 321.3 || 2,102
|-
| [[Akhari, Sultanpur|Akhari]] || 179.1 || 1,498
|-
| [[Birchhaura]] || 273.4 || 2,186
|-
| [[Alamau]] || 131.3 || 1,166
|-
| [[Ganapur, Waldi Rai|Ganapur]] || 16.6 || 411
|-
| [[Khanoha]] || 58.4 || 776
|-
| [[Aliabad, Sultanpur|Aliabad]] || 98.8 || 2,005
|-
| [[Para, Waldi Rai|Para]] || 100.6 || 2,381
|-
| [[Sonbarsa, Waldi Rai|Sonbarsa]] || 112.2 || 1,706
|-
| [[Kalyan Pur]] || 75.2 || 617
|-
| [[Adampur, Sultanpur|Adampur]] || 56.6 || 690
|-
| [[Natauli]] || 52.1 || 1,170
|-
| [[Saini, Sultanpur|Saini]] || 129.8 || 1,420
|-
| [[Malpur, Sultanpur|Malpur]] || 75.3 || 319
|-
| [[Pakesar]] || 23 || 0
|-
| [[Ashrafpur, Waldi Rai|Asrafpur]] || 340.3 || 2,513
|-
| [[Arwal, Sultanpur|Arwal]] || 413.8 || 2,131
|-
| [[Chak Shiwapur]] || 106 || 1,003
|-
| [[Bhawanipur, Waldi Rai|Bhawanipur]] || 183.1 || 1,387
|-
| [[Kasba Mafiyat]] || 138.5 || 1,472
|-
| [[Chak Shikra]] || 47.8 || 446
|-
| [[Isauli]] || 258 || 5,978
|-
| [[Chak Kari Bhit]] || 176.5 || 1,279
|-
| [[Nishasin]] || 159.4 || 869
|-
| [[Mohammad Kajipur]] || 81.8 || 1,137
|-
| [[Nandauli]] || 241.3 || 3,102
|-
| [[Durgapur, Sultanpur|Durgapur]] || 215.1 || 1,586
|-
| [[Phulpur, Sultanpur|Phulpur]] || 39.8 || 341
|-
| [[Baghuna]] || 274.4 || 3,497
|-
| [[Gopalapur]] || 41.4 || 344
|-
| [[Ranipur, Waldi Rai|Ranipur]] || 43.8 || 211
|-
| [[Narsara]] || 229.5 || 2,049
|-
| [[Bar Sawan]] || 92.4 || 970
|-
| [[Chak Tenduwa]] || 25.2 || 927
|-
| [[Dauno]] || 88.6 || 1,058
|-
| [[Jagdishpur, Waldi Rai|Jagdishpur]] || 83.8 || 593
|-
| [[Rainapur, Sultanpur|Rainapur]] || 57.5 || 461
|-
| [[Dariyapur, Sultanpur|Dariyapur]] || 242.9 || 1,753
|-
| [[Lahurepur]] || 61.5 || 716
|-
| [[Wallopur]] || 35.3 || 163
|-
| [[Saflepur]] || 56.5 || 802
|-
| [[Usri]] || 38.8 || 343
|-
| [[Saidullapur]] || 138.1 || 1,283
|-
| [[Chhatauna, Waldi Rai|Chhatauna]] || 109.3 || 835
|-
| [[Chak Fajilpur]] || 18.1 || 309
|-
| [[Rasulpur, Waldi Rai|Rasulpur]] || 46.8 || 584
|-
| [[Mirpur, Waldi Rai|Mirpur]] || 21.6 || 267
|-
| [[Gangapur, Waldi Rai|Gangapur]] || 37.4 || 413
|-
| [[Wallipur]] || 521.6 || 4,219
|-
| [[Hemnapur]] || 679 || 7,457
|-
| [[Mau, Waldi Rai|Mau]] || 167.7 || 1,651
|-
| [[Chakmusi]] || 75.3 || 1,269
|-
| [[Rampurthuan]] || 63.7 || 401
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sultanpur district}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]

{{Sultanpur-geo-stub}}

Rashtrakuta literature

2025-02-12T07:16:05Z

Viktorikoa: created a pg

{{Short description|Historic body of South Indian literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}[[File:East-Hem 800ad.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rashtrakuta Territories (India), 800 CE]]
'''Rashtrakuta literature''' ([[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ Rāṣṭrakūṭa Sāhitya) is the body of work created during the rule of the [[Rastrakutas]] of [[Manyakheta]], a dynasty that ruled the southern and central parts of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], [[India]] between the 8th and 10th centuries. The period of their rule was an important time in the history of [[South Indian]] literature in general and [[Kannada literature]] in particular. This era was practically the end of classical Prakrit and Sanskrit writings when a whole wealth of topics were available to be written in Kannada. Some of Kannada's most famous poets graced the courts of the Rashtrakuta kings. Court poets and royalty created eminent works in Kannada and Sanskrit, that spanned such literary forms as prose, poetry, rhetoric, epics and grammar. Famous scholars even wrote on [[secular]] subjects such as mathematics. Rashtrakuta [[Epigraphy|inscriptions]] were also written in expressive and poetic Kannada and Sanskrit, rather than plain documentary prose.

==Kannada writings==
{{Kannada poets in Rashtrakuta Empire}}
[[File:Atakur memorial stone with inscription in old Kannada (949 C.E.).jpg|thumb|right|The famous Atakur inscription (949 C.E.), a classical Kannada composition from the Rashtrakuta-Western Ganga period, describes the death of a hound Kali fighting a boar, and the victory of King Krishna III over the Chola dynasty of Tanjore in the famous [[battle of Takkolam]]]]
''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' (850) by King [[Amoghavarsha I]] and his court poet Srivijaya is the earliest [[Extant literature|extant]] book on rhetoric and poetics<ref name="rhetoric">Kamath (2001), p90</ref> but it is evident from this book that several styles of Kannada literature and poetry had already existed in previous centuries. ''Kavirajamarga'' is a guide to poets (''Kavishiksha'') that aims to standardize these various styles. The book references early Kannada writers such as the 6th century [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] King [[Durvinita]], an early writer of Kannada prose.<ref name="earlyprose">Sastri (1955), p355</ref><ref name="earlyprose1">Other early writers mentioned in ''Kavirajamarga'' are Vimala, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu for Kannada prose and Kavisvara, Pandita, Chandra and Lokapala in Kannada poetry (Narasimhacharya, 1988, p2)</ref><ref name="earlyprose2">{{cite web|title=Kannada Literature under the Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/literature_kannada.htm|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|work=The Rashtrakutas|access-date=2007-02-03}}</ref>

[[Adikavi Pampa]], widely regarded as one of the greatest Kannada writers, became famous for ''[[Adipurana]]'' (941). Written in [[champu]] style, it is the life history of the first Jain thirtankara Rishabhadeva. In this unique work of spiritual heroism, the soul moves through a series of births before attaining [[emancipation]]. The quest in this spiritual saga, as in many others, is the liberation of the soul from the cycle of life and death.<ref name="arike">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1180</ref> Pampa's other classic ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]'' (or ''[[Pampa Bharata]]'', 941), is the author's version of the Hindu epic the [[Mahabharata]]. The story differs from other earlier versions of the epic in that [[Arjuna]] alone is the hero, not the other [[Pandava]] brothers, and [[Draupadi]] is solely Arjuna's wife.<ref name="wife">Rice E.P. (1926), p. 31</ref><ref name="bharata">Sastri (1955), p356</ref> The author underplays the role of the Hindu god [[Krishna]] and favourably compares his patron king [[Chalukya]] [[Arikesari II|Arikesari]] (a Rashtrakuta feudatory) to Arjuna, while casting a lofty and noble image of [[Karna]] and the [[Kaurava]] prince [[Duryodhana]].<ref name="foible">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 37</ref> Pampa demonstrates such a command of classical Kannada that scholars over the centuries have written many interpretations of his work.<ref name="earlyprose2"/>

Another great writer in Kannada was [[Ponna]], patronised by King [[Krishna III]] and famed for his description of the life of the 16th Jain tirthankara Shantinatha entitled ''Santipurana''. He earned the title ''Ubhaya Kavichakravathi'' (supreme poet in two languages) for his command over both Kannada and Sanskrit. His other writings in Kannada were ''Bhuvanaika-karamabhyudaya'', ''Jinaksaramale'' and ''Gatapratiagata''.<ref name="rhetoric"/><ref name="ubhaya">Narasimhacharya 1988, p18</ref> Adikavi Pampa, Sri Ponna and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] (court poet of [[Western Chalukya]] King [[Tailapa II]]) are called the "three gems" of Kannada literature.<ref name="bharata"/>

The earliest extant prose work in Kannada is ''[[Vaddaradhane]]'' (c. 900) by [[Shivakotiacharya]]. The title means "worship of elders".<ref name="bharata"/> The writing contains 19 stories mostly borrowed from the Sanskrit book ''Brihatkatha-Kosha'' and is about Jain tenets. The writing describes issues such as rebirth, ''Karma'', plight of humans on earth, social issues of the time such as education, trade and commerce, magic, superstitions and condition of women in society. Other well-known writers from this era were Rudrabhatta of [[Banahatti]], Ravinagabhatta who was patronised by King [[Govinda IV]], Kavi Rajaraja who wrote the Kalasa record, Gajanakusha (also known as Gajaga or Narayana) who wrote on erotics and was a minister in the court of King [[Krishna III]].<ref name="rhetoric"/>

A contemporary of Amoghavarsha I was the bilingual (Sanskrit and Kannada) [[Digambara]] [[Jain]] poet [[Asaga]] (or Asoka), who is known to have written in Kannada, the ''Karnatakumarasambhava Kavya'' and the ''Varadhamana Purana''. These writings, which are not extant now, have been praised by later day poets such as Jayakirthi,<ref name="dig">Warder (1988), pp240-241</ref><ref name="pollock">Pollock (2006), p. 340</ref> and grammarian [[Kesiraja]], (author of ''[[Shabdamanidarpana]]'' in c.1260 C.E), who cite Asaga as an authoritative writer of his time and place him along with other masters of early Kannada poetry.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kēśirāja's Śabdamanidarpana, Volume 25 of Rajata mahōtsavada prakataneh |last= Kulli|first=Jayavant S. |year=1976 |publisher=[[Karnataka University]] |page= 17}}</ref>

Sri Vijaya, court poet of [[Amoghavarsha I]], wrote ''Chandraprabha-purana'' in the early 9th century. Though this work is now extinct, the author and the writing have been praised by [[Western Chalukya Empire|Chalukya]] minister [[Durgasimha]] (c. 1025).<ref name="ubhaya1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p1)</ref> Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna as the author of ''Pujyapada Charita'', had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra".<ref name="Jainchan">Lewis Rice (1985), p xv</ref> This classic is considered extinct.<ref name="jainachandra">Altekar (1934), p412</ref>

The inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas show a remarkable change, moving away from the purely documentary Kannada prose of the previous centuries to a more expressive language suffused with literary characteristics. The Mavalli inscription by King [[Govinda III]] (c. 793 - 814); the Shiruru inscription by Amoghavarsha I (c. 814 - 878); the Gangadharam inscription written by poet Jinavallabha which gives us an account of the life of his elder brother and poet [[Adikavi Pampa]]; the Kalasa inscription (c. 930) of [[Govinda IV]] which contains various metrical forms;<ref name="kalas">Sircar (1996), p49</ref> the Athakuru inscription (or Atakuru, Athaguru, c. 949 - 950) from the reign of King [[Krishna III]] - a unique [[hero stone]] that eulogises the valor of a dog called Kali that died fighting a wild boar; the Shishuvinahalli and Kalasa inscriptions;<ref name="inscriptions">{{cite web |title=Classical Kannada - Land, History and People, Inscriptions of Karnataka|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20LAND%20HISTORY%20AND%20PEOPLE%20HTML/INSCRIPTIONS%20OF%20KARNATAKA.htm|publisher=Central Institute for Indian Languages |work=Centre for classical Kannada|access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref name="inscriptions1">{{cite web |title=Classical Kannada - Inscriptions|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/InscriptionsEng.html|publisher=Central Institute for Indian Languages |work=Centre for classical Kannada|access-date=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref name="chola">Sharma (1992), pp. 20-21, pp. 131-133</ref> and the Jura ([[Jabalpur]]) inscription of King Krishna III (c. 964) which describes his military success serve as good examples of classical Kannada composition styles popular during that time.<ref name="jura">Kamath (2001), p. 83</ref><ref name="jan">Houben (1996), p. 215</ref>

==Sanskrit writings==
Many enduring works on religion and secular subjects were written in Sanskrit. In mathematics, ground breaking theories on [[Algebra]], [[Arithmetic]] and [[Geometry]] were postulated by [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]], a native of [[Gulbarga]] who belonged to the Karnataka mathematical tradition. He was patronised by King [[Amoghavarsha I]].<ref name="maths">Kamath (2001), p89</ref> His greatest contribution was ''Ganitasarasangraha'', a writing in 9 chapters that defined important axioms. These axioms state that a proper fraction is a sum of improper fractions, a negative number is not a square number and hence does not have a square root. He also defined formulae to calculate the sum of complex progressions and a measurement unit for the size of an atom.<ref name="atom">{{cite web|title=Mahaviracharya of 9th century still relevant
|url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEK20061206230921&Topic=0&Title=Southern%20News%20-%20Karnataka&Page=K|publisher=NewIndiapress.com|work=Southern News, Karnataka|access-date=2007-02-04}}</ref> His other works are ''Chattisa Ganitha'', a voluminous work that contains 9,000 ''Granthas'' (manuscripts) pertaining to mathematical collection. The ''Shlokas'' (verses) are in Sanskrit and the commentary is in Kannada language.<ref name="ciil">{{cite web |title=Classical Kannada, Knowledge bases, Rare Kannada Manuscripts|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/KnowledgebasesEng.html|publisher=Central Institute for Indian Languages |work=Centre for classical Kannada|access-date=2011-09-01}}</ref> His other writings are ''Shatrinshika'' and ''Jyotish Patal''.<ref name="teach">Mishra (2008), p4</ref>

Trivikrama Bhatta was a noted scholar in the court of King [[Indra III]]. His classics were ''Nalachampu'' (915), the earliest in champu style in Sanskrit, ''Damayanti Katha'', ''Madalasachampu'' and Begumra plates. Legend has it that Goddess [[Saraswati]] helped him in his effort to compete with a rival in the king's court.<ref name="artha">Sastri (1955), p314</ref> Jinasena was the spiritual preceptor and [[guru]] of [[Amoghavarsha I]]. A theologian, his contributions are ''Dhavala'' and ''Jayadhavala'' (written with another theologian Virasena). These writings are named after their patron king who was also called Athishayadhavala. Other contributions from Jinasena were ''Adipurana'' (later completed by his disciple Gunabhadracharya who also wrote ''Atmanushasana''), ''Harivamsha'' and ''Parshvabhyudaya''.<ref name="maths"/> Halayudha patronised by King [[Krishna III]] wrote ''Kavirahasya'', a list of verbs with their meanings written in verse and a work on prosody called ''Mritasanjivini''.<ref name="prosody">Kamath (2001), p88</ref>

[[Somadeva Suri|Somadevasuri]] of 950 wrote in the court of [[Arikesari II]], a feudatory of Rashtrakuta [[Krishna III]] in [[Vemulwada, Karimnagar District|Vemulavada]]. He was the author of ''[[Yashastilaka|Yasastilaka champu]]'', ''Nitivakyamrita'' and other writings. The main aim of the ''champu'' writing was to propagate Jain tenets and ethics. ''Yasastilaka'' describes different types of foods consumed by various classes of people in the Rashtrakuta empire.<ref>Annapurna : A Bunch Of Flowers Of Indian Culture by P. Arundhati p.46</ref><ref>Social Life in Medieval Karnāṭaka by Jyotsna K. Kamat p.10</ref> The second writing reviews the subject matter of ''Arthashastra'' from the standpoint of Jain morals in a clear and pithy manner.<ref name="artha" /> Well-known [[Advaita]] philosophers from present day Karnataka region were Padmapada and Sureshvara (also known as Visvarupa) who wrote commentaries such as ''Balakrida'' upholding the Advaita beliefs. Pushpadanta who was patronised by a minister of King [[Krishna III]] wrote ''Mahapurana'', ''Nagakumara charita'' and ''Yashodhara charita''.<ref name="pushpa">Reu (1933), p37</ref> King [[Amoghavarsha I]] himself a noted poet wrote ''Prashnottara Ratnamalika'', a book of high value on religion, later translated into Tibetian language.<ref name="amogha">Reu (1933), p38</ref> Other well-known scholars were logicians such as Manikyanandin, Mallavadin and Prabhachandra. Sakatayana patronised by Amoghavarsha I wrote ''Sabdanusasana'' and ''Amoghavritti'' and [[Chavundaraya]] wrote ''Charitrasara''.<ref name="maths"/> Akalanka Bhatta wrote ''Rajavarthika'', ''Nyayavinishchaya'', ''Ashtashati'' and the ''Laghiyastraya'', Lakshmidhara compiled ''Vyavahara Kalpataru'', ''Khandana Khanda Khadya'' and others.<ref name="amogha"/>

The Sanskrit writing on medicine ''Kalyanakaraka'' by a court poet, Ugraditya, relates that the king requested the poet give the court a discourse on the evils of a non-vegetarian diet and the need to avoid such a diet to treat illnesses.<ref name="illness">Narasimhacharya (1988), p2</ref>

==Prakrit==
Pushpadanta's contributions in Prakrit were ''Jasaurachariu'' and ''Nayakumarachariu''.<ref name="maths"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

'''Book'''
*{{cite book |last=Sircar|first= D.C.|title= Indian Epigraphy|orig-year=1965|year=1996|publisher= Motilal Banarasidass|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-208-1166-6}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year=2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last=Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Thapar|first= Romila|title= The Penguin History of Early India, From Origins to 1300 AD|orig-year=2002|year=2003|publisher= Penguin|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}
*{{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}
* {{cite book |last= Sarma|first= I.K. |author-link=I. K. Sarma |title= Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka|orig-year=1992|year=1992|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Houben|first= Jan E.M.|title= Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit language |orig-year=1996|year= 1996|publisher= Brill|isbn= 90-04-10613-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0303-6 }}
* {{cite book |last= Warder|first= A.K.|author-link= A. K. Warder|title= Indian Kavya Literature|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 81-208-0450-3}}
*{{cite book |last= Lewis|first= Rice|title=Nagavarmma's Karnataka Bhasha Bhushana |year=1985|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn= 81-206-0062-2}}
*{{cite book |last= Various|editor=Amaresh Datta|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 1|orig-year=1987|year=1987|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1803-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Various|editor=Amaresh Datta|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Pollock|first=Sheldon|title= The Language of the Gods in the World of Men |year=2006|publisher=University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-24500-6}}
* {{cite book |last= Mishra|first=L|title= Teaching of Mathematics|year=2008|publisher=A.P.H Publishing Corp.|isbn= 978-81-313-0327-6}}
*{{cite book |last= Reu |author-link= Bishweshwar Nath Reu |first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath|title= History of the Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication Scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
'''Web'''

* {{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/literature_kannada.htm|title=Kannada Literature under the Rashtrakutas |access-date=2007-02-03|work=The Rashtrakutas}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/literature_kannada.htm|title=Sanskrit Literature under the Rashtrakutas |access-date=2007-02-03|work=The Rashtrakutas}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]

Ghatkesar railway station

2024-11-22T11:04:24Z

Viktorikoa: updated details

{{Short description|Railway station in Telangana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ghatkesar
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] Station
| style = Induuian railway
| image = Ghatkesar Railway Station 16102016.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Ghatkesar]], Telangana
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.452874|N|78.678258|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = 477.14 m above the sea level
| line =
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes (Available)
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GT
| zone = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| division = Secundrabad
}}
| owned = Indian Railways
| operator = South Central Railway
| status = Working
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Telangana#India
| map_caption = Location in Telangana##Location in India
}}
'''Ghatkesar''' (station code:GT), where, Ghat means Mountains and Kesar (Keseri) means Saffron of Persia, this is also a [[railway station]] located in [[Ghatkesar town]], [[Medchal district]] on [[Secunderabad]]-[[Bibinagar]] line, which falls under South Central Railway (SCR), Secunderabad division. Ghatkesar is considered to be the capital suburbs of Hyderabad.
The Ghatkesar Railway Station is serviced for 18 trains daily. Most of these services pass through the station. The [[Kazipet railway station|Kazipet]] – [[Secunderabad railway station|Secunderabad]] and [[Tenali railway station|Tenali]] –[[Guntur railway station|Guntur]] – [[Secunderabad railway station|Secunderabad]] which passes through the station

==Services==
Passenger train services from Secunderabad to Guntur and Kajipetta division
MEMU, DEMU, Passenger service starts from Bhongiri railway Station to [[Falaknuma railway station]]

Multi Modal Transport System (MMTS) Phase II work is nearing completion which will connect this Capitol suburbs with rest of the city over railway network.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/SCR-starts-2-Memu-trains/articleshow/9290256.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601035824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-20/hyderabad/29794082_1_passenger-train-memu-train-services| url-status=live| archive-date=1 June 2013| title=SCR starts 2 Memu trains| date=20 July 2011| work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=CNN-IBM>{{cite news| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/corporation-adamant-on-saving-memu-dream/210268-60-122.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318051612/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/corporation-adamant-on-saving-memu-dream/210268-60-122.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=18 March 2013| title=Corporation adamant on saving MEMU dream| work=CNN-IBM| author=Express News Service| date=9 December 2011| accessdate=10 December 2011 }}</ref>

Now Ghat Keseri station has four platforms and Quadru tracks to Secunderabad for operation of the MMTS Dedicated Corridor. It is a terminal end point of MMTS Phase two, and later extended to Yadhadhiri in the future pilgrimages.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Ghatkesar railway station}}
{{South Central Railway zone|state=expanded}}
{{Railway stations in Telangana}}
{{BF Route (MEMU)}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ranga Reddy district]]

{{Telangana-railstation-stub}}

South Western Ghats montane rain forests

2024-09-24T18:30:56Z

Viktorikoa: Done

{{Short description|Ecoregion in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = South Western Ghats montane rain forests
|image = Forest in Silent Valley National Park - panoramio.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = View of montane rain forest in [[Silent Valley National Park]], [[Nilgiri mountains]]
|map = Ecoregion IM0151.png
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Ecoregion territory (in purple)
|ecozone = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
|biome = [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
|animals =
|bird_species =
|mammal_species =
|border1 = [[Malabar Coast moist forests]]
|border2 = [[North Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
|border3 = [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
|area = 22,500
|country = [[India]]
|state1 = [[Karnataka]]
|state2 = [[Kerala]]
|state3 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|region_type = States
|elevation = {{cvt|1000|to|2695|m}}
|geology =
|seas =
|rivers = [[Periyar River]]
|climate = tropical
|soil =
|conservation = critical/endangered<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=South Western Ghats montane rain forests|id=im0151 |author=Rawat, G.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Desai, A. |author3=Somanathan, H. |author4=Wikramanayake, E.D. |year=2002}}</ref>
|global200 =
|habitat_loss =
|habitat_loss_ref =
|coordinates =
|protected = {{cvt|5998|km²}}
|protected_ref = <ref name = dinerstein>{{cite journal |author1=Dinerstein, E. |year=2017 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |pages=534–545 |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |name-list-style=amp |author2=Olson, D. |author3=Joshi, A. |author4=Vynne, C. |author5=Burgess, N.D. |author6=Wikramanayake, E. |author7=Hahn, N. |author8=Palminteri, S. |author9=Hedao, P. |author10=Noss, R. |author11=al.|pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287 }}</ref>
|embedded =
}}

The '''South Western Ghats montane rain forests''' is an [[ecoregion]] in [[South India]], covering the southern portion of the [[Western Ghats]] in [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] at elevations from {{cvt|1000|to|2695|m}}. Annual rainfall in this ecoregion exceeds {{cvt|2800|mm}}.<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002>{{cite book |last1=Wikramanayake|first1=E. |last2=Dinerstein|first2=E. |last3=Loucks|first3=C.J. |year=2002 |name-list-style=amp |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment|publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1559-639-23-1 |location=[[Washington, DC]] |chapter=South Western Ghats montane rain forests |pages=284–287 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC&pg=PA284}}</ref>

==Setting==
The [[ecoregion]] is the most species rich in peninsular [[India]], and is home to numerous [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] species. It covers an area of {{convert|22,600|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}. It is estimated that two-thirds of the original forests have been cleared, and only 3,200 square kilometers, or 15% of the intact area, is protected.

The southern portion of the [[Western Ghats]] contains the highest peaks in the range, notably [[Anamudi]] in Kerala, at 2695 meters elevation. The Ghats intercept the moisture-laden [[monsoon]] winds off the [[Arabian Sea]], and the average annual precipitation exceeds 2,800 mm. The northeast monsoon from October to November supplements the June to September southwest monsoon. The South Western Ghats are the wettest portion of peninsular India, and are surrounded by drier ecoregions to the east and north.<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

==Protected areas==
As of 1997, this ecoregion encompassed the following 16 protected areas with an area of {{cvt|3250|km²}}:<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>
*in Karnataka: [[Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|250|km2}}, [[Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|190|km2}}, [[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|60|km}}
*in Kerala: [[Periyar National Park]] with {{cvt|540|km2}}, [[Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|300|km2}}, [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|260|km2}}, [[Karimpuzha National Park]] with {{cvt|230|km2}}, [[Silent Valley National Park]] with {{cvt|110|km2}}, [[Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|80|km2}}, [[Eravikulam National Park]] with {{cvt|97|km2}}, [[Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|50|km2}}, [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|40|km2}}
*in Tamil Nadu: [[Anamalai Tiger Reserve]] with {{cvt|600|km2}}, [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] with {{cvt|290|km2}}, [[Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary]] with {{cvt|120|km2}} and [[Mukurthi National Park]] with {{cvt|60|km2}}{{cn|date=October 2021}}
As of 2017, the total size of protected areas within this ecoregion amounted to {{cvt|5998|km²}}, equivalent to 27% of the ecoregion's extent. Another 62% is forested but outside protected areas.<ref name=dinerstein/>

Several of the protected areas in the northern portion are included within the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]], and the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] covers the southern portion.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=12 April 2010 |title=Biodiversity hotspot |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/biodiversity-hotspot-2483632 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Premkumar |first=Rohan |date=5 January 2023 |title=Endangered Asian elephant has lost most of its optimal habitat in Nilgiri Reserve: Study |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/endangered-asian-elephant-has-lost-most-of-its-optimal-habitat-in-nilgiri-reserve-study/article66343549.ece |access-date=24 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Flora==
[[File:Satyrium nepalense-Silent Valley-2016-08-13-001.jpg|thumb|''[[Satyrium nepalense]]'' in [[Silent Valley National Park]]]]
The cool and moist climate, high rainfall, and variety of microclimates brought about by differences in elevation and exposure supports lush and diverse forests; 35% of the plant species are endemic to the ecoregion. Moist evergreen [[montane forest]]s are the predominant [[habitat]] type. The montane evergreen forests support a great diversity of species ( Animals and plants ). The trees generally form a canopy at 15 to 20 m, and the forests are multistoried and rich in [[epiphytes]], especially [[orchid]]s. Characteristic canopy trees are ''[[Cullenia exarillata]]'', ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'', ''[[Palaquium ellipticum]]'', ''[[Gluta travancorica]]'', and ''[[Nageia wallichiana]]''. ''Nageia'' is a [[podocarp]] [[conifer]] with origins in the ancient supercontinent of [[Gondwana]], of which India was formerly part, and a number of other plants in the ecoregion have Gondwana origins. Other evergreen tree species of the montane forest include ''[[Calophyllum austroindicum]]'', ''[[Garcinia rubroechinata]]'', ''[[Garcinia travancorica]]'', ''[[Diospyros barberi]]'', ''[[Memecylon subramanii]]'', ''[[Memecylon gracile]]'', ''[[Goniothalamus rhynchantherus]]'', and ''[[Monosis travancorica]]''.<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

The other major habitat type in this ecoregion is the [[shola]]-grassland complex at elevations of {{cvt|1900|to|2220|m}}. Shola is a stunted forest with small trees including ''[[Prunus ceylanica]]'', ''[[Heptapleurum racemosum]]'', ''[[Chionanthus ramiflorus]]'', ''[[Syzygium]]'' spp., [[Rhododendron arboreum|''Rhododendron arboreum'' subsp. ''nilagiricum'']], ''[[Mahonia napaulensis]]'', ''[[Elaeocarpus recurvatus]]'', ''[[Ilex denticulata]]'', ''[[Magnolia nilagirica]]'', ''[[Actinodaphne bourdillonii]]'', and ''[[Litsea wightiana]]''. The understorey consists of dense shrubs. These shola forest patches are interspersed with [[montane grassland]]s characterized by frost- and fire-resistant [[grass]] species like ''[[Chrysopogon nodulibarbis]]'', ''[[Cymbopogon flexuosus]]'', ''[[Arundinella ciliata]]'', ''[[Arundinella mesophylla]]'', ''[[Arundinella tuberculata]]'', ''[[Themeda tremula]]'', and ''[[Sehima nervosa]]''.<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

==Fauna==
{{multiple image |perrow=1 |header=Endemic fauna |image1=Nilgiri Tahr.jpg |caption1=Nilgiri tahr in [[Valparai]], [[Anaimalai Hills]] |image2=Anthus nilghiriensis 1.jpg |caption2=Nilgiri pipit in the Nilgiri mountains}}
[[Endemic]] [[fauna]] in this ecoregion include [[Nilgiri tahr]] (''Nilgiritragus hylocrius''), [[Nilgiri pipit]] (''Anthus nilghiriensis''), [[Nilgiri laughingthrush]] (''Montecincla cachinnans''), [[broad-tailed grassbird]] (''Schoenicola platyurus''), [[Nilgiri long-tailed tree mouse]] (''Vandeleuria nilagirica''), eight endemic [[reptile]] genera encompassing ''[[Brachyophidium]]'', ''[[Dravidogecko]]'', ''[[Melanophidium]]'', ''[[Plectrurus]]'', [[Ristella]], [[Salea]], ''[[Teretrurus]]'' and ''[[Xylophis]]'' with 90 species, and the six [[amphibia]]n genera ''[[Indotyphlus]]'', ''[[Melanobatrachus]]'', ''[[Nannobatrachus]]'', ''[[Nyctibatrachus]]'', ''[[Ranixalus]]'' and ''[[Uraeotyphlus]]''. The ecoregion also hosts [[Nilgiri langur]] (''Semnopithecus johnii''), [[Malabar large-spotted civet]] (''Viverra civettina''), [[brown palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus jerdoni''), [[Salim Ali's fruit bat]] (''Latidens salimalii''), [[Nilgiri striped squirrel]] (''Funambulus sublineatus'') and [[Layard's palm squirrel]] (''F. layardi'').<ref name=Wikramanayake_al2002/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline|South Western Ghats montane rain forests}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests| ]]
[[Category:ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]
[[Category:Montane forests]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Tropical rainforests of India]]

Diploma (India)

2024-08-09T14:09:13Z

Viktorikoa:

{{Short description|Education course}}
'''Diploma''' is a [[certification|Degree course]] offered by various [[Organization|Organisations]], [[Institution]]s and [[University|Universities]] in different [[States and union territories of India|states of India]]. The courses and syllabus are designed and approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council of Technical Education]]. The educational system is also called Polytechnic. Students opt for these courses after passing out from 10th or 12th schooling in India.

== History and Objective ==

Polytechnic Diploma courses in India are pursued after passing 10th or 12th as per the requirements of course.<ref name="d1">{{cite news |title=History of Diplomas, Degrees and Certificates — DiplomaCompany India |url=https://www.diplomacompany.com/en-in/history-of-diplomas.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=diplomacompany.com}}</ref><ref name="d7">{{cite news |title=The popularity of Polytechnic diploma courses increasing in India |url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/180978-the-popularity-of-polytechnic-diploma-courses-increasing-in-india |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=India Study Channel |date=29 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The courses which are offered in various branches are regulated by All India Council of Technical Education.<ref name="d11">{{cite news |title=All polytechnics to reserve 2 seats for children orphaned due to Covid-19 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/all-polytechnics-to-reserve-two-seats-under-pm-cares-for-children-orphaned-due-to-covid-101648575566180.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=29 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="d2">{{cite news |title=AICTE: Provisional Admission Allowed In Management Diploma, Certificate Courses |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/aicte-provisional-admission-in-management-diploma-certificate-courses-2221861 |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The courses are offered by different states across India.<ref name="d3">{{cite news |title=Polytechnic admission: Eligibility, entrance exams and dates, institutes and job roles |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/career/polytechnic-admission-eligibility-entrance-exams-and-dates-institutes-and-job-roles/cid/1857534 |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="d6">{{cite news |title=Role of Polytechnics in imparting Technical Education. |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/role-of-polytechnics-in-imparting-technical-education/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |date=9 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="d8">{{cite news |title=Government impetus to improve polytechnic education in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/feb/10/govt-impetus-to-improve-polytechnic-education-in-the-state-1936742.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213093644/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/feb/10/govt-impetus-to-improve-polytechnic-education-in-the-state-1936742.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=10 February 2019}}</ref> Diploma in various streams offer job opportunities in varied fields.<ref name="d10">{{cite news |title=Vijayawada: Opportunities aplenty for polytechnic education |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/vijayawada-opportunities-aplenty-for-polytechnic-education-708738 |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=29 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Fee structure for these courses are revised from time to time by AICTE.<ref name="d12">{{cite news |title=Centre fixes fee slabs for private technical institutes after panel report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-fixes-fee-slabs-for-pvt-institutes-after-panel-report-101652815059922.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=18 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The courses are offered in Government and Private organisations.

== Eligibility ==

Diploma courses can be pursued by anyone with following eligibility<ref name="d4">{{cite news |title=Now, Class 10 pass is enough to get admission in diploma |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/now-class-10-pass-is-enough-to-get-admission-in-diploma/81829785.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=27 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="d3" /><ref name="d5">{{cite news |title=9 available options for students who have scored below 80% in their board exams |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/9-available-options-for-students-who-have-scored-below-80-in-their-board-exams-1946856-2022-05-08 |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=India Today |date=8 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>-

* Passout of class 10 or 12th.
* Should be Indian Citizen.
* Passing in entrance exam and counselling during admission process conducted by different states.

== Benefits ==

Diploma courses offers various benefits<ref name="d9" />-

* Short term.
* Lower fees.
* Fast turnaround time for job search.

== Branches ==

Diploma courses are offered in following branches in India<ref name="d9">{{cite news |last1=Pappachan |first1=Varsha |title=Advantages Of Polytechnic Degree Or Course: Career & Scope |url=https://www.careerindia.com/tips/advantages-of-polytechnic-degree-or-course-career-and-scope-022888.html?story=4 |access-date=29 June 2022 |publisher=careerindia.com |date=9 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="d4" />-

* Engineering and Technology.
* Applied arts and crafts.
* Fashion Designing.
* Hotel management and Catering Technology.

== See also ==

* [[Education in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Education in India]]

Magnesite Junction railway station

2024-07-29T01:46:54Z

Viktorikoa: small changes

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Magnesite Junction
| type = [[Goods railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = BSCL Road, [[Salem District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.6964|78.0962|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Tamil Nadu
| elevation = {{Convert|313|m}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station){{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MGSJ
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{abbrlink|Salem|Salem railway division}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Salem–Palakkad sector|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Magnesite Junction railway station''' is a non–passenger [[junction (rail)|junction]] [[railway station]] in [[Salem district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Jurisdiction==
It belongs to the [[Salem railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Salem district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The station code is MGSJ.<ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Brief History|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1321778088308-history.pdf|website=Southern Railway zone|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=7 July 2016|page=3|format=[[PDF]]}}</ref>

==Lines==
This junction station branches lines to {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}} to the south, {{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}} to north and {{stnlnk|Omalur Junction}} to north–west.<ref name="map"/><ref name="work">{{cite news|title=Trains regulated for work to be carried out on bridges|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/trains-regulated-for-work-to-be-carried-out-on-bridges/article473597.ece|access-date=7 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 June 2010|location=Salem, Tamil Nadu}}</ref><ref name="train">{{cite news|title=Train services to resume|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/train-services-to-resume/article7221667.ece|access-date=7 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 May 2015|location=Salem, Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

==Notable places nearby==
* [[Steel Authority of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|8613}}
{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Salem railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Salem district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}