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Sherpa (surname)

2023-09-13T02:18:10Z

Vikrantgojagunde: Shared an engaging guide.

{{Short description|Nepali surname}}{{About|the surname|the people|Sherpa people|the language|Sherpa language|7=Sherpa}}

'''Sherpa''' is a [[surname]] originating from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]]. The name derives from the [[Sherpa language]] words ཤར ''shar'' ("east") and པ ''pa'' ("people"), which refer to the geographical origin of the [[Sherpa people]] in eastern [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sherpa - Everest Education Expedition |url=https://www.montana.edu/everest/facts/sherpa.html |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=[[Montana State University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sherpa People |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/focus/focus/60PLT/2011-04/28/content_412852.htm |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=[[Chinaculture.org]]}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

'''A'''

* [[Ang Dorje Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Ang Kami Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Ang Rita Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Ang Tshering Sherpa (entrepreneur)|Ang Tshering Sherpa]], Nepali entrepreneur
* [[Ang Tshering Sherpa (mountaineer)|Ang Tshering Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Apa Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer

'''B'''

* [[Babu Chiri Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Bir Radha Sherpa]], Indian dancer

'''C'''

* [[Chhang Dawa Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer

'''D'''

* [[Dachhiri Sherpa]], Nepali cross-country skier and runner
* [[Dawa Steven Sherpa]], Nepali entrepreneur and environmentalist
* [[Dawa Yangzum Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer

'''K'''

* [[Kami Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Kripasur Sherpa]], Nepali politician
* [[Kushang Sherpa]], Indian mountaineer

'''L'''

* [[Lhakpa Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Lucky Sherpa]], Nepali politician and social activist

'''M'''

* [[Mingma Dorchi Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Mingma Gyabu Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]], Indian politician
* [[Mingma Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer

'''N'''

* [[Nawang Gombu Sherpa]], Indian mountaineer
* [[Nawang Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Ngima Gelu Sherpa]], Nepali filmmaker
* [[Nilu Doma Sherpa]], Nepali filmmaker
* [[Nimdoma Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer

'''P'''

* [[Pasang Lhamu Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Pasang Lhamu Sherpa Akita]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Phu Dorjee Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Pem Dorjee Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Pema Diki Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Pemba Doma Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Pratima Sherpa]], Nepali golfer

'''S'''

* [[Sanu Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Sonam Gyalchhen Sherpa]], Nepali politician
* [[Sonam Sherpa]], Indian guitarist
* [[Sungdare Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer

'''T'''

* [[Tashi Lakpa Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Tenjen Sherpa]], Nepali mountaineer
* [[Tsering Rhitar Sherpa]], Nepali filmmaker

== See also ==

* [[Sherpa people]]
* [[Sherpa|Sherpa (disambiguation)]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Krishnanagar City–Karimpur line

2023-09-11T09:51:40Z

Vikrantgojagunde: Added a new contribution to the website.

{{Infobox rail line
| name = Krishnanagar City–Karimpur line
| other_name = Krishnanagar–Karimpur line
| native_name = কৃষ্ণনগর সিটি–করিমপুর রেলপথ
| native_name_lang = bn
| color = 003399
| logo =
| logo_width = 75px
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type =
| system =
| status = Proposed
| locale = [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]]
| start = [[Krishnanagar City Junction railway station|Krishnanagar City]]
| end = Karimpur
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open =
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railway]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 80
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| electrification =
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation =
| map =
| map_name =
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Krishnanagar City–Karimpur line''' is a proposed [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]] railway line, which is 80 km long. The railway line will connect [[Krishnanagar City Junction railway station|Krishnanagar City]] Junction with [[Karimpur]] in [[Nadia district|Nadia]] district of [[East India|Eastern]] Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] [[West Bengal]]; there are also plans to expand to [[Jalangi]] in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] district in the next phase. The railway line will run parallel to [[State Highway 14 (West Bengal)|State Highway 14]], and will be constructed as a new line of the [[Sealdah railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].<ref name="anandabazar1"/>

== History ==
===Pre-independence===
The first attempt to connects [[Tehatta subdivision|Tehatta]] and [[Domkal subdivision|Domkol]] sub-divisions by rail with [[Krishnanagar City Junction railway station|Krishnanagar City]] junction was started in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. In 1905, M Radice and Captain Magniac of the East Bengal State Railway while conducting the survey proposed 26 stations in the railway line with an estimated cost of Rs 18,41,560. Five years later, following the decision of the Nadia District Board, HV Low & Co, a British firm in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (Now [[Kolkata]]), commissioned a further comprehensive survey and submitted a revised estimate for the construction of a light railway from [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] to [[Jalangi]]. According to this survey, the estimated cost of construction of the railway line was Rs.17,56,376 and the work was proposed to be completed within ten months. Two more surveys were conducted by the British government in the 1940s.<ref name="newsfromnadia1">{{cite web |title=Demand For Rail Link Revived In Karimpur |url=https://newsfromnadia.in/demand-for-rail-link-revived-in-karimpur/ |website=www.newsfromnadia.in |access-date=10 September 2023 }}</ref>

===Post-independence===
The first survey was conducted by the [[Government of India]] 53 years after [[Independence Day (India)|independence]], and no results of the survey were published. In 2000, Former Indian Railway Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] announced a new survey for Krishnanagar–Karimpur rail link in her railway budget speech. The railway line was announced by Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee while presenting the Railway Budget 2009–2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railway budget 2009-10: Full text of Mamata Banerjee's speech |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-railway-budget-2009-10-full-text-of-mamata-banerjee-s-speech-1270794 |website=DNA India |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> The sanction for Krishnanagar to Chapra railway line was given in the [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]] for the [[Fiscal year|financial year]] 2010–2011.<ref name="newsfromnadia1"/><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web |last1=Subhasish |first1=Chaudhuri |title=Bengal Polls 2021: Rail link remains elusive to Karimpur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-rail-link-remains-elusive-to-karimpur/cid/1813465 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=10 September 2023 |location=Karimpur }}</ref>

In January 2023, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Indian Ministry of Railways]] has given approval to start survey work on Krishnanagar–Karimpur railway line at a cost of Rs.2 crore.<ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite web |last1=Biswas |first1=Amitabh |title=করিমপুরে রেল চলার সমীক্ষা, পোস্ট মহুয়ার |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/mahua-moitra-added-extra-boost-about-krishnanagar-karimpur-railway-track/cid/1396749 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=10 September 2023 |location=Karimpur |language=bn }}</ref> As per the plans, the survey work started in August 2023, and five survey teams were engaged in the survey.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |title=দু’মাসে দু’বার সমীক্ষা, দিনের আলো দেখবে কি কৃষ্ণনগর-করিমপুর রেল প্রকল্প? প্রশ্ন দুই জনপদে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/is-krishnanagar-karimpur-rail-project-really-going-to-be-implemented-dgtld/cid/1458377 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=10 September 2023 |location=Krisnanagar |language=bn }}</ref>

== Route ==
The final route for the railway line was not decided until August 2023. But according to various newspaper articles, the railway line will connect [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Chapra, Nadia|Chapra]], [[Tehatta]], [[Betai]] and [[Karimpur]].<ref name="anandabazar1"/><ref name="newsfromnadia1"/>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in West Bengal]]

Sai Krishna Kothapalli

2023-07-16T02:03:05Z

Vikrantgojagunde: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{Short description|Cybersecurity researcher based in Hyderabad}}

'''Sai Krishna Kothapalli''' is a [[Computer security|cybersecurity]] researcher based in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hackers target Indian government websites, redirect users to IPL betting sites|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/hackers-target-indian-government-websites-redirect-users-to-ipl-betting-sites-10650591.html|access-date=2023-06-11|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Life behind the firewall: What it’s like to be an ethical hacker today|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/life-behind-the-firewall-what-it-s-like-to-be-an-ethical-hacker-today/story-n7OZEk8heyt0BJ9Km1kiUI.html|access-date=2023-06-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Professional career ==
Through an initiative named ''[[Bug bounty program|Bug Bounty]]'', he assisted the [[IIT Guwahati|Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati]], in establishing a bounty for [[ethical hacker]]s to improve its [[Computer security|cybersecurity]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Standard|first=|title=IIT-Guwahati launches programme to boost cybersecurity|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/iit-guwahati-launches-programme-to-boost-cybersecurity-117070601235_1.html|access-date=2023-06-17|website=www.business-standard.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

In several data breaches, according to Kothapalli, several employees of sensitive organisations including the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]], [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]], and [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] had their official email credentials stolen.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Researcher finds email accounts of top government officials ‘compromised’|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/researcher-finds-email-accounts-of-top-government-officials-compromised/article61638417.ece|access-date=2023-06-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2016, he reported a severe cyber security vulnerability in the state-owned telecom [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL) which contained vital details about every BSNL employee and was later resolved by BSNL<ref>{{Cite web|title=BSNL cyber security could have been fixed two years ago|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/story/bsnl-cyber-security-could-have-been-fixed-two-years-ago-248146-2018-03-06|access-date=2023-06-12|website=Business Today|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Kothapalli was able to see, change, and erase the classified personal information of thousands of patients across India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Another Indian pharmaceutical giant reports cybersecurity breach within two weeks of ransomware hack on Dr Reddy’s|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/enterprise/news/lupin-reports-cybersecurity-breach-within-two-weeks-of-ransomware-hack-on-dr-reddys/articleshow/79061065.cms|access-date=2023-06-12|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

In 2021, he detected a vulnerability in the National Voters Service Portal (NVSP) through which hackers could get phone numbers associated with [[Election Commission of India]]-registered voter IDs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFF explains: An Election Commission vulnerability that could expose your phone number!|url=https://internetfreedom.in/ec-vulnerability-ph-number/|access-date=2023-06-12|website=Internet Freedom Foundation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Researcher finds security flaw in voter database|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/researcher-finds-security-flaw-in-voter-database/article37965460.ece|access-date=2023-06-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sai Krishna Kothapalli is a [[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science and Engineering]] graduate from IIT Guwahati.<ref name=":1" /> He had worked with the [[Government of Telangana|Telangana government]] as well as other government organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Researcher Found Loophole by Which to Send SMSes From Government IDs|url=https://www.gadgets360.com/internet/news/government-sms-security-loophole-fake-messages-2447780|access-date=2023-06-12|website=Gadgets 360|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]

{{morecat}}

Public Accounts Committee (India)

2023-03-01T23:44:10Z

Vikrantgojagunde: Added a new release to the collection.

{{Short description|Parliamentary committee}}
{{more citations needed}}{{Infobox|title=Public Accounts Committee|abovestyle=background:#ccf; color:black;|subheaderstyle=|above=Financial Standing Committee|headerstyle=background:#ccf;|labelstyle=|datastyle=|data2=|subheader='''<big>[[17th Lok Sabha]]</big>'''|label3=[[Date of establishment|Founded]]|data3={{start date and age|df=yes|1921}} {{small|(pre-independence)}} {{start date and age|df=yes|1950}} (post-independence)|label4=Country|data4={{flag|India}}|header5=Leadership|label6=Chairperson|data6=[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]|label7=Chairperson party|data7=[[Indian National Congress]]|label8=Appointer|data8=[[Lok sabha speaker|Lok sabha Speaker]]|header9=Structure|label10=Seats|data10=22 [[Lok Sabha]] : 15 [[Rajya Sabha]] : 7|label11=Political Parties|data11={{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (12) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|[[Shiv Sena]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}|label12=Election criteria|data12=The members are elected every year from amongst its members of respective houses according to the principle of proportional representation.|label13=Tenure|data13=1 Year|header14=Jurisdiction|label15=Purpose|data15=Auditing the revenue and the expenditure of the Government of India 
Examine the audit report of [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG)]]|header16=Sub-committees|data17={{bulleted list|list_style=text-align:left|Non Compliance in timely submission of Action Taken Notes(ATN) on the non-selected audit paragraphs & excess expenditure}}
{{bulleted list|list_style=text-align:left|Direct and Indirect Taxes}}
{{bulleted list|list_style=text-align:left|Implementation of Recommendations of PAC}}
{{bulleted list|list_style=text-align:left|Railways}}|header18=Rules & Procedure|data19={{bulleted list|list_style=text-align:left|[http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules/RULES-2010-P-FINAL_1.pdf Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha 2014]}}|label20=Applicable rules|data20=Rule 308 & 309 (page 112 - 113)}}The '''Public Accounts Committee''' ('''PAC''') is a committee of selected [[Member of parliament (India)|members of parliament]], constituted by the [[Parliament of India]], for the purpose of auditing the revenue and the expenditure of the [[Government of India]]. They check that parliament exercises over the executive stems from the basic principle that parliament embodies the will of the people. This committee along with the [[Estimates Committee (India)|Estimates committee (EC)]] and [[Committee on Public Undertakings (India)|Committee on Public Undertakings]] (COPU) are the three [[Parliamentary Committees of India|financial standing committees]] of the [[Parliament of India]].

It serves as a check on the government especially with respect to its expenditure bill and its primary function is to examine the audit report of [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]] (C&AG) after it is laid in the Parliament. C&AG assists the committee during the course of investigation. None of its members are allowed to be [[Union Council of Ministers|ministers]] in the government. The main function of the committee is to ascertain whether the money granted by parliament has been spent by government within the scope of the demand.

The Public Accounts Committee consists of not more than twenty-two members, fifteen elected by Lok Sabha, the [[lower house]] of the Parliament, and not more than seven members of Rajya Sabha, the [[upper house]] of the Parliament. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of respective houses according to the principle of [[proportional representation]] by means of [[single transferable vote]]. The chairperson is appointed by the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha speaker]]. The term of office of the members is one year.

At present, the [[16th Lok Sabha]] has no designated leader of opposition,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-leader-of-the-opposition-in-the-16th-lok-sabha-sources-576622|title=No Leader of the Opposition in the 16th Lok Sabha: Sources|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref> however the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) being largest opposition party has gotten the responsibility of heading the PAC. The current PAC is headed by Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury since July, 2019 after [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], who was leader of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in the Lok Sabha. He was re-appointed to a second term in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kharge-re-appointed-pac-chairman-118050100982_1.html|title=Kharge re-appointed PAC Chairman|agency=Press Trust of India|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref>

== History ==
The committee was first conceived in the year 1921 in the wake of [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms]]. During the initial days of [[British Raj|British colonial government in India]], the finance member of the executive council was the chairperson of the committee.

Post independence, until 1950 the chairperson of the committee was the finance minister. However, in 1950, the country became republic and the committee became a parliamentary committee functioning under the control of the Speaker of Lok Sabha with a non-official chairperson. From 1950 to 1967, the chairperson was selected from the ruling party. Since 1967, the chairperson of the committee is selected from the opposition, usually the leader of opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pac-watchdog-for-govt-spending-panel-of-consensus-controversy-4468594/|title=PAC: watchdog for govt spending; panel of consensus, controversy|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Prior to the year 1954–55, the committee consisted of 15 members who were elected by Lok Sabha from amongst its members. But with effect from the year 1954–55, 7 members from the Rajya Sabha have also been elected to the committee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/public-accounts-committee-historical-background-composition-function-and-procedure/23481|title=Public Accounts Committee: Historical Background, Composition, Function and Procedure|work=Your Article Library|access-date=2018-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Scope and working ==
As stated earlier, the primary function of the PAC is to examine the audit report of [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]] (C&AG) after it is laid in the Parliament. The audit by the C&AG is comprehensive and manifold. It involves among others, (a) accountancy audit, (b) regularity audit, (c) appropriation audit, (d) discretionary audit and (e) efficiency-cum-performance audit.

At the beginning of its term every year, the committee makes a selection of audit paragraphs included in the various reports of C&AG for in-depth examination. After holding deliberations and taking note of the time available at its disposal, the committee selects the most important paragraphs from the audit reports for detailed examination and submits its reports to the House on them.

== Current composition ==
'''Keys: '''{{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (12) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena}}|[[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena|BSHS]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}= 22 members

{{Pie chart|caption=Party-wise membership of Public Accounts Committee|other=|label1=BJD|value1=9.1|label2=AIDMK|value2=4.55|label3=JD(U)|value3=4.55|label4=BJP|value4=54.55|label5=SS|value5=4.55|label6=INC|label7=BSP|value6=9.1|value7=4.55|label8=YSRCP|value8=9.1}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Members from [[16th Lok Sabha]]; tenure{{Snd}}May 2018-19
!Sr. No.
!Portrait
!Name
!Constituency, state
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align=center
|1
|
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]{{Efn|Chairperson of the committee for the current year.}}
|[[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur, West Bengal]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|- align=center
|2
|
|[[Subhash Chandra Baheria]]
|[[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara, Rajasthan]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=9|
|- align=center
|3
|
|[[Jagdambika Pal]]
|[[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj, Uttar Pradesh]]
|- align=center
|4
|
|[[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
|[[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore, Orissa]]
|- align=center
|5
|
|[[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
|[[Palamu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamu, Jharkhand]]
|- align=center
|6
|
|[[G. M. Siddeshwara]]
|[[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere, Karnataka]]
|- align=center
|7
|
|[[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]
|[[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh]]
|- align=center
|8
|
|[[Brijendra Singh (BJP politician)|Brijendra Singh]]
| [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar, Haryana]]
|- align=center
|9
|
|[[Jayant Sinha]]
|[[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh, Jharkhand]]
|- align=center
|10
|
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|[[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra, Bihar]]
|- align=center
|11
|
|[[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
|[[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack, Odisha]]
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|
|- align=center
|12
|
|[[Shyam Singh Yadav]]
|[[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|
|- align=center
|13
|
|[[Lalan Singh]]
|[[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger, Bihar]]
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|- align=center
|14
|
|[[Rahul Ramesh Shewale]]
|[[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central, Maharashtra]]
|[[Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena|BSHS]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena}}|
|- align=center
|15
|
|[[Balashowry Vallabhaneni]]
|[[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSRCP}}|
|-
! colspan="6" |Notes
|-
| colspan="6" |{{Notelist}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Members from the Rajya Sabha
!Sr. No.
!Name
!State Legislature
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align=center
|1
|[[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
|Gujarat
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
|2
|[[Bhubaneswar Kalita]]
|Assam
|rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=3|
|- align=center
|3
|[[Sudhanshu Trivedi]]
|Uttar Pradesh
|- align=center
|4
|[[C. M. Ramesh]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|- align=center
|5
|[[V. Vijayasai Reddy]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSRCP}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
|6
|[[Amar Patnaik]]
|Orissa
|rowspan="1" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
|7
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|Tami Nadu
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|bgcolor={{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|
|- align=center
|}

=== Sub-committees ===
Currently there are 4 sub-committees within the PAC. They are as follows.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sub-Committees of Public Accounts Committee India
!{{Abbr|Sr. No.|Serial Number}}
!Sub-committee
!Date constituted
!Convenor
!Alternate convenor
|-
|1
|Sub-Committee – I (Non Compliance in Timely submission of Action Taken

Notes on the Non-selected Audit Paragraphs & Excess Expenditure)
|16 August 2021
|[[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
|
|-
|2
|Sub-Committee - II (Direct and Indirect Taxes)
|26 July 2018
|[[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi]]
|[[Rajeev Gowda]]
|-
|3
|Sub-Committee – III (Implementation of Recommendations of PAC)
|26 July 2018
|[[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
|[[Subhash Chandra Baheria]]
|-
|4
|Sub-Committee – IV (Railways)
|26 July 2018
|[[Sukhendu Sekhar Roy]]
|[[Ponnusamy Venugopal]]
|}

== Probes in recent years ==
The C&AG report on the 2G spectrum case stated a loss of ₹1.76 trillion (US$25 billion), based on 2010 [[Indian Telecom Spectrum Auction|3G and BWA spectrum-auction]] prices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Civil_Allocation_2G_Spectrum_19_2010.pdf|title=Performance Audit Report on the Issue of Licences and Allocation of 2G Spectrum|access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> The ensuing differences resulting from the then opposition party BJP's demand to set up a [[joint parliamentary committee]] in addition to the PAC's inquiry into the 2G spectrum allocation case led to a complete freeze between the government and opposition in the winter session of parliament of 2010. The then PM Manmohan Singh stated that he was willing to appear before the committee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-says-willing-to-appear-before-public-accounts-committee-pac-442437|title=PM says willing to appear before Public Accounts Committee (PAC)|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref> This brought the committee to the forefront of the public's attention. Some of the probes since then are listed below :

=== 2G spectrum case (2008) ===
{{Further|2G spectrum case|Radia tapes controversy}}
The Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) laid out in its report a seething inquest of the case, showing how then telecom minister [[Andimuthu Raja|A Raja]] and bureaucrats allegedly colluded to show undue favour to companies that lied or misrepresented basic information in their applications for 2G licenses. The C&AG report on the 2G spectrum case stated a loss of ₹1.76 trillion (US$25 billion). The initial estimate of loss was 57,000 crores but was revised upward of 1.76 lakh crores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/did-public-accounts-committee-influence-2g-loss-figure-573865|title=Did Public Accounts Committee influence 2G loss figure?|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref> The committee, on 4 April 2011, summoned [[Ratan Tata]], chairman of the [[Tata group]]; and [[Niira Radia]], a corporate lobbyist, regarding the case.<ref name="indianexpress771674">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tata-was-candid-radia-evasive-on-2g-says-pac-chief-joshi/771674/|title=Tata was candid, Radia evasive on 2G, says PAC chief Joshi - Indian Express|work=IndianExpress.com|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> The then PAC chairperson Murli Manohar Joshi asked [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] members to apologise to [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] for making allegations against it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cong-members-should-apologise-to-cag-pac-111112300040_1.html|title=Cong members should apologise to CAG: PAC|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|via=Business Standard|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/public-accounts-committee-chairman-asks-members-to-apologise-for-remarks-against-cag-vinod-rai-570198|title=Public Accounts Committee Chairman asks members to apologise for remarks against CAG Vinod Rai|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref>

=== Commonwealth Games case (2010) ===
{{Further|Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}
The [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] hosted by India was subject of multiple allegations of corruption. The Public Accounts Committee has faulted the then Congress-led UPA government for taking the games management out of the government machinery leading to a "number of errors" that almost resulted in the "biggest management failure". The report was tabled in Parliament in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2010-commonwealth-games-a-complete-management-failure-parliamentary-panel-1681034|title=2010 Commonwealth Games A 'Complete Management Failure': Parliamentary Panel|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref>

=== Adarsh housing case (2011) ===
{{Further|Adarsh Housing Society scam}}
In 2011, a report of the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (C&AG) said, "The episode of Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society reveals how a group of select officials, placed in key posts, could subvert rules and regulations in order to grab prime government land – a public property – for personal benefit."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_compliance/2011_12/Defence_Services/Report_11/Adarsh_Defence.pdf|title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society, Mumbai|publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803071611/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_compliance/2011_12/Defence_Services/Report_11/Adarsh_Defence.pdf|archive-date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>

=== Coal block allocation case (2012) ===
{{Further|Indian coal allocation scam}}
The C&AG in its report estimated undue benefits to the tune ₹1.86 trillion (US$26 billion) to private players on account of coal blocks allocation to them without resorting to auction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/coal-gate-govt-to-place-views-before-pac-by-sept-14-310468|title=Coal-gate: Govt to place views before PAC by Sept 14|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref><ref name="CAG report">{{cite web|url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/images/4/40/Draft_CAG_report_Pt_1.pdf|title="Draft Performance Audit, Allocation of Coal Blocks and Augmentation of Coal Production by Coal India Limited" Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Union Government (Commercial))|publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Union Government (Commercial))|access-date=8 September 2012}} Hereafter Draft CAG Report.</ref> The essence of the C&AG's argument is that the Government had the authority to allocate coal blocks by a process of competitive bidding, but chose not to.<ref name="CAG report" /> As a result, both public sector enterprises (PSEs) and private firms paid less than they might have otherwise.

=== VVIP Helicopter acquisition case (2013) ===
{{Further|2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal}}
Chairperson [[K. V. Thomas|K V Thomas]] said in 2016 that the PAC was willing to take up the VVIP case again, although PAC, when it was headed by his predecessor and senior BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi, had examined the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/public-accounts-committee-to-examine-chopper-deal-chairman-kv-thomas-1413703|title=Public Accounts Committee To Examine Chopper Deal: Chairman KV Thomas|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref>

===Demonetisation of November 8, 2016===
{{Further|2016 Indian banknote demonetisation}}
On the eve of November 8, 2016, Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi announced "Notes of {{INRConvert|500|lk=on}} and {{INRConvert|1000|lk=on}} will not remain a legal tender by midnight". Being an unprecedented step it was much highlighted in the national and international news with a number of people criticizing the move and government acclaiming it as a surgical strike against black money. But then PAC head [[K. V. Thomas]], member of INC, took a serious note of the move and started probing the move wherein it decided to call [[List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India|RBI governor]] [[Urjit Patel]], [[Finance Secretary]] [[Ashok Lavasa]] and [[Secretary to Government of India|Economic Affairs Secretary]] [[Shaktikanta Das]]. The decision was taken unanimously by all the members of the committee to call the bureaucratic officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/policy/demonetisation-public-accounts-committee-to-call-rbi-governor-in-january-to-review-economic-impact/articleshow/55724523.cms|title=Demonetisation: Public Accounts Committee to call RBI Governor in January to review economic impact - The Economic Times on Mobile|work=EconomicTimes.com|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

== Chairpersons ==

===Pre-independence===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr. No.
! Name
! Term of office
!No. of Terms
|- align=center
| 1
| [[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey|W. M. Hailey]]
| 1922
|1
|- align=center
| 2
| [[Basil Phillott Blackett|Sir Basil P. Blackett]]
| 1922–27
|6
|- align=center
| 3
| [[Bhupendra Nath Mitra|Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra]]
| 1928
|1
|- align=center
| 4
| [[George Schuster (public servant)|Sir George Schuster]]
| 1929–31
|3
|- align=center
| 5
| Sir Alan Parson
| 1932
|1
|- align=center
| 6
| A. H. Lloyd
| 1933
|1
|- align=center
| 7
| [[James Grigg|Sir James Grigg]]
| 1934–36
|3
|- align=center
| 8
| J. C. Nixon
| 1937
|1
|- align=center
| 9
| [[James Grigg|Sir James Grigg]]*
| 1938
|1
|- align=center
| 10
| [[Jeremy Raisman|Sir Jeremy Raisman]]
| 1939–41
|3
|- align=center
| 11
| C. E. Jones
| 1942
|1
|- align=center
| 12
| Sir Jeremy Raisman*
| 1943
|1
|- align=center
| 12
| Sir Cyril Jones
| 1944
|1
|- align=center
| 13
| [[Archibald Rowlands|Sir Archibald Rowlands]]
| 1945
|1
|- align=center
| 14
| Sir Eric Coates
| rowspan=3| 1946
| rowspan="3" |Last pre-independence
committee
|- align=center
| 15
| [[John Mathai]]
|- align=center
| 16
| [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
|}
''* Served second non-consecutive terms''

===After independence===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sr. No.
!Portrait
! Name
! Term of office
!Terms
! colspan=2| Political party (Alliance)
|- align=center
| 1
|
| [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]]
| 1947–48
|1
| rowspan="12" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|width="px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=12|
|- align=center
| 2
|
| [[John Mathai]]
| 1948–49
|1
|- align=center
| 3
|
| B. Das
| 1950–55
|5
|- align=center
| 4
|
| [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi|V. B. Gandhi]]
| 1955–57
|2
|- align=center
| 5
|
| [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh|T. N. Singh]]
| 1957–58
|1
|- align=center
| 6
|
| [[N. G. Ranga]]
| 1958–59
|1
|- align=center
| 7
|
| [[P. Subbarayan]]
| 1959–60
|1
|- align=center
| 8
|
| Upendranath Barman
| 1960–61
|1
|- align=center
| 9
|
| [[C. R. Pattabhiraman]]
| 1961–62
|1
|- align=center
| 10
|
| [[Mahavir Tyagi]]
| 1962–63
|1
|- align=center
| 11
|
| [[R.K.Khadilkar|R. K. Khadilkar]]
| 1963–64
|1
|- align=center
| 12
|
| R. R. Morarka
| 1964–67
|1
|- align=center
| 13
|
| [[Minoo Masani]] †
| 1967–69 †
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Swatantra Party|Swatantra]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 14
|[[File:Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_2002-06-12.jpg|94x94px|Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2002-06-12]]
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 1969–71
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 15
|
| [[Era Sezhiyan]]
| 1971–73
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 16
|
| [[Jyotirmoy Basu]]
| 1973–75
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 17
|
| [[Hirendranath Mukherjee]]
| 1975–77
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 18
|
| [[C. M. Stephen]]
| 1977–78
|1
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=4|
|- align=center
| 19
|
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| 1978–79
|1
|- align=center
| 20
|
| [[T. A. Pai]]
| 1979–80*
|partial
|- align=center
| 21
|
| [[R. Venkataraman]]
| 1979–80*
|partial
|- align=center
| 22
|
| [[Chandrajit Yadav]]
| 1980–81
|1
| rowspan=1| [[Janata Party (Secular)|JNP(S)]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular) }}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 23
|
| [[Satish Chandra Agarwal]]
| 1981–83
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 24
|
| [[Sunil Maitra]]
| 1983–85
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 25
|
| E. Ayyapu Reddy
| 1985–87
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 26
|
| Amal Dutta
| 1987–89
|2
| rowspan=1| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 27
|
| [[P. Kolandaivelu]]
| 1989*
|partial
| rowspan=1| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIDMK]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 28
|
| [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| 1990–91
|1
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
|- align=center
| 29
|[[File:Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_2002-06-12.jpg|94x94px|Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2002-06-12]]
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 1991–93
|2
| rowspan=4| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=4|
|- align=center
| 30
|
|[[Bhagwan Shankar Rawat]]
| 1993–95
|2
|- align=center
| 31
|
| [[Ram Naik]]
| 1995–96
|1
|- align=center
| 32
|
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| 1996–98
|2
|- align=center
| 33
|
| [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
| 1998–99
|1
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=4|
|- align=center
| 34
|
| [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| 1999–2002*
|2 partial
|- align=center
| 34
|
| [[N. Janardhana Reddy]]
| 2002*
|partial
|- align=center
| 35
|
| [[Buta Singh]]
| 2002–04
|2
|- align=center
|36
|
|[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|2004–09*
|4 partial
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan="5" |
|- align=center
|37
|
|[[Santosh Gangwar]]
|2009*
|partial
|- align=center
|38
|
|[[Jaswant Singh]]
|2009–10
|partial
|- align=center
|39
|
|[[Gopinath Munde]]
|2010
|partial
|- align=center
|40
|[[File:Murli Manohar Joshi MP.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|2010–14
|4
|- align=center
|41
|[[File:KV Thomas.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[K. V. Thomas|K V Thomas]]
|2014–16
|2
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3 |
|- align=center
|42
|[[File:The Union Minister for Labour and Employment, Shri Mallikarjun Kharge addressing the G 20 Labour Ministers Conference, at Paris, France on September 27, 2011.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|2016–''2019''
|2
|-
|43
|
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|2019-Incumbent
|
|
|}
† ''Denotes the year 1967–68 from when the chairman of the PAC was member of the main opposition party, usually the leader of opposition.''

=== Longest serving chairpersons of PAC ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Longest Serving Chairmen of PAC - Post Independence
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Terms
!Years
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align=center
|1
|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|6
|1996–98, 2010–2014
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align=center
|2
|B. Das
|5
|1950–55
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
|- align="center"
|3
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|4
|1969–71, 1991–93
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="3px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align=center
|}

== Reports Published ==
As part of its oversight process the committee has published quite a number of reports over the course of its existence post declaration of republic in 1950. The committee has published a total of 1596 reports from 1950 to April 2018.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+1596 Reports published until April 2018
!Lok Sabha
!Tenure
!Reports Presented
|- align=center
|[[1st Lok Sabha]]
|1952–57
|25
|- align=center
|[[2nd Lok Sabha]]
|1957–62
|43
|- align=center
|[[3rd Lok Sabha]]
|1962–67
|72
|- align=center
|[[4th Lok Sabha]]
|1967–70
|125
|- align=center
|[[5th Lok Sabha]]
|1971–77
|239
|- align=center
|[[6th Lok Sabha]]
|1977–79
|149
|- align=center
|[[7th Lok Sabha]]
|1980–84
|231
|- align=center
|[[8th Lok Sabha]]
|1984–89
|187
|- align=center
|[[9th Lok Sabha]]
|1989–91
|22
|- align=center
|[[10th Lok Sabha]]
|1991–96
|119
|- align=center
|[[11th Lok Sabha]]
|1996–97
|24
|- align=center
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]
|1998–99
|11
|- align=center
|[[13th Lok Sabha]]
|1999–04
|63
|- align=center
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|2004–09
|84
|- align=center
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]
|2009–14
|100
|- align=center
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|2014–2019
|102
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|India}}
*[[17th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Committee on Public Undertakings]]
*[[Estimates Committee]]
*[[Standing Committee on Defence (India)]]
*[[Standing Committee on Finance]]
*[[List of Indian parliamentary committees]]

== External links ==

* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=26&tab=0 Lok Sabha - Public Accounts Committee Homepage]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Committees of the Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Public Accounts Committees|India]]

Hazur Sahib Nanded

2022-12-16T17:13:14Z

Vikrantgojagunde: Created an inspiring work.

#REDIRECT [[Hazur Sahib]]

{{R from move}}

Launch pad

2022-07-24T18:18:22Z

Vikrantgojagunde: Shared a valuable resource.

{{short description|Facility from which rockets are launched}}
{{About|the structure from which rockets are launched||Launchpad (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Space Launch Complex|other uses|Launch Complex (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|section=|
{{Missing information|validating engine performance and system readiness before releasing the hold downs}}
{{refimprove}}
}}

[[File:Stspad39baerial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Launch pad at [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B]] on [[Merritt Island, Florida]] ]]
{{Spaceflight sidebar}}

A '''launch pad''' is an above-ground facility from which a [[rocket]]-powered [[missile]] or [[space vehicle]] is vertically launched.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=175}}</ref> The term ''launch pad'' can be used to describe just the central launch platform ([[mobile launcher platform]]), or the entire complex ('''launch complex'''). The entire complex will include a ''launch mount'' or ''launch platform'' to physically support the vehicle, a [[service structure]] with umbilicals, and the infrastructure required to provide [[liquid-propellant rocket|propellants]], [[cryogenic]] fluids, electrical power, communications, [[telemetry]], rocket assembly,{{Not verified in body}} payload processing,{{Not verified in body}} storage facilities for propellants and gases, equipment, access roads, and drainage.

Most launch pads include fixed service structures to provide one or more access platforms to assemble, inspect, and maintain the vehicle and to allow access to the spacecraft, including the loading of crew. The pad may contain a flame deflection structure to prevent the intense heat of the rocket exhaust from damaging the vehicle or pad structures, and a sound suppression system spraying large quantities of water may be employed. The pad may also be protected by [[lightning arrester]]s. A [[spaceport]] typically includes multiple launch complexes and other supporting infrastructure.

A launch pad is distinct from a [[missile launch facility]] (or '''missile silo''' or '''missile complex'''), which also launches a missile vertically but is located underground in order to help harden it against enemy attack.

The launch complex for liquid fueled rockets often has extensive [[ground support equipment]] including propellant tanks and plumbing to fill the rocket before launch. [[Cryogenic propellant]]s ([[liquid oxygen]] oxidizer, and [[liquid hydrogen]] or [[liquid methane]] fuel) need to be continuously topped off (i.e., boil-off replaced) during the launch sequence ([[countdown]]), as the vehicle awaits liftoff. This becomes particularly important as complex sequences may be interrupted by planned or unplanned holds to fix problems.

Most rockets need to be supported and held down for a few seconds after ignition while the engines build up to full [[thrust]]. The vehicle is commonly held on the pad by hold-down arms or [[explosive bolt]]s, which are triggered when the vehicle is stable and ready to fly, at which point all umbilical connections with the pad are released.

== Transport of rockets to the pad ==
{{original research|section}}
[[File:Soyuz Rolls Out.jpg|thumb|Transport of [[Soyuz rocket]] to pad by train]]
[[File:STS-114 rollout.jpg|thumb|Transport of [[Space Shuttle]] and [[Mobile launcher platform|MLP]] to pad on [[Crawler-transporter]]]]
[[File:Falcon 9 preparing to launch DSCOVR (16673054016).jpg|thumb|[[SLC-40]] with SpaceX [[Falcon 9]] launch infrastructure. The four towers surrounding the rocket are [[lightning arrester]]s, and acts like a giant [[Faraday cage]]]].

Each launch site is unique, but a few broad types can be described by the means by which the [[space vehicle]] gets to the pad.{{cn}}

* Horizontally integrated rockets travel horizontally with the tail forward to the launch site on a [[transporter erector launcher]] and are then raised to the vertical position over the flame duct. Examples include all large Soviet rockets, including [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]], [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]], [[N1 (rocket)|N1]], and [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]]. This method is also used by the [[SpaceX launch vehicles|SpaceX]] and [[Electron (rocket)|Electron]] launch vehicles.
* Silo launched rockets are assembled inside of a [[missile silo]]. This method is only used by converted ICBMs due to the difficulty and expense of constructing a silo that can contain the forces of a rocket launch.
* Vertically integrated rockets can be assembled in a separate [[hangar]] on a [[mobile launcher platform]] (MLP). The MLP contains the umbilical structure and is carried to the launch site on a large vehicle called [[Crawler-transporter]]. [[Launch Complex 39]] at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] is an example of a facility using this method.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/release/1985/252-85r.htm |title=LAUNCH COMPLEX 39, PADS A AND B |publisher=NASA KSC |year=1992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921222509/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/release/1985/252-85r.htm |archive-date=2008-09-21 }}</ref> A similar system is used to launch [[Ariane 5]] rockets at [[ELA-3]] at [[Guiana Space Centre]].
* Vertically assembled vehicles can also be transported on a mobile launcher platform resting on two parallel standard gauge railroad tracks that run from the integration building to launch area. This system is still in use for the [[Atlas V]] and future [[Vulcan (rocket)|Vulcan]].
* At [[Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 6|SLC-6]] and [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 37|SLC-37]], rockets are assembled on the launch mount. A windowless rail-mounted building encloses the launch pad and gantry to protect the vehicle from the elements, and for purposes of military secrecy. Prior to launch,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cpsblaunchpad.com/cpsb-launchpad-4/ |title=Cpsb Launchpad |publisher=Viswanath |year=2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the building is rolled away. This method is also used at [[Kagoshima Space Center|Kagoshima]] for the [[M-V]].
* The former [[Sea Launch]] service used the converted self-propelled oil drilling platform ''[[Ocean Odyssey]]'' to transport [[Zenit 3SL]] rockets horizontally to the [[Equator]], and then to erect and launch them from a [[floating launch platform]] into [[geostationary transfer orbit]]s.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* {{annotated link|Ground segment}}
* {{annotated link|Launch vehicle}}
* [[List of rocket launch sites]]
* [[Missile launch facility]]
* [[Non-rocket spacelaunch]]
* {{annotated link|Pad abort test}}
* [[Rocket launch]]
* {{annotated link|Service structure}}
* [[Spaceport]]
* {{annotated link|Stratolaunch Systems}}
* {{annotated link|Transporter erector launcher}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Navboxes
|title= List of launch pads
|list1=
{{Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites}}
{{CSG launch sites}}
{{Merritt Island}}
{{Plesetsk Cosmodrome launch sites}}
{{Point Arguello launch sites}}
{{Satish Dhawan Space Centre}}
{{Vandenberg Air Force Base launch sites}}
{{Wallops Island}}}}
{{Spaceflight}}

[[Category:Rocket launchers]]

Codification (law)

2022-06-22T19:29:51Z

Vikrantgojagunde: Created an informative piece.

{{short description|Process of collecting and restating certain area of law forming a legal code}}

In [[law]], '''codification''' is the process of collecting and restating the law of a [[jurisdiction]] in certain areas, usually by subject, forming a [[legal code]], i.e. a [[codex]] ([[book]]) of law.

Codification is one of the [[Civil law (legal system)#Codification|defining features]] of [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] jurisdictions.{{Contradict-inline|article=Civil law (legal system)|section=Differentiation from other major legal systems}} In [[common law]] systems, such as that of [[English law]], codification is the process of converting and consolidating [[judge-made law]] or uncodified statutes enacted by the [[legislature]] into [[statute law]].<ref>{{cite journal |first = Gunther A. | last=Weiss|year = 2000|volume = 25 |issue =2|url = http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=yjil |title = The Enchantment of Codification in the Common-Law World |journal = Yale Journal of International Law}}</ref><ref> [[Lord Scarman]] on codification [https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=2330&context=ilj]</ref><ref>Sauveplanne article on codification [http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00009908.pdf]</ref>

== History ==
Ancient [[Sumer]]'s [[Code of Ur-Nammu]] was compiled ''circa'' 2050–1230 BC, and is the earliest known surviving [[civil code]]. Three centuries later, the [[Babylonia]]n king [[Hammurabi]] enacted the [[Code of Hammurabi|set of laws named after him]].

Important codifications were developed in the ancient [[Roman Empire]], with the compilations of the [[Twelve Tables|Lex Duodecim Tabularum]] and much later the [[Corpus Juris Civilis]]. These codified laws were the exceptions rather than the rule, however, as during much of ancient times [[Roman law]]s were left mostly uncodified.

The first ''permanent'' system of codified laws could be found in [[imperial China]]{{NoteTag|See [[Chinese law]].}} , with the compilation of the ''[[Tang Code]]'' in AD 624. This formed the basis of the Chinese [[criminal law|criminal code]], which was eventually replaced by the ''[[Great Qing Legal Code]]'', which was in turn abolished in 1912 following the [[Xinhai Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The new [[law of the Republic of China|laws of the Republic of China]] were inspired by the German codified work, the [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]. A very influential example in Europe was the French [[Napoleonic code]] of 1804.

Upon confederation, the [[Haudenosaunee]] created constitutional [[wampum]], each component symbolizing one of the many laws within the 117 articles. The union of the five original nations occurred in 1142 C.E.,<ref>{{cite news |last1=McClure |first1=Bruce |title=The Eclipse That Marked The Start Of The Iroquois Confederacy |url=https://earthsky.org/human-world/solar-eclipse-marks-beginning-of-iroquois-confederacy/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |publisher=EarthSky }}</ref> the unification narrative of which serves the basis for the Iroquois laws.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kayanlaˀ Kówa – Great Law of Peace |url=https://oneida-nsn.gov/our-ways/our-story/great-law-of-peace/ |website=Oneida |publisher=Oneida Nation |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>

Systems of religious laws include the [[halakha]] of Judaism and the ''sharia'' of Islam. The use of civil codes in ''[[sharia]]'' began with the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 19th century AD.

{{further|Legal history}}

==Civil law jurisdictions==
{{main|Civil law (legal system)}}
[[civil law (legal system)|Civil law]] jurisdictions rely, [[Civil law (legal system)#Codification|by definition]], on codification. Notable early examples were the [[Statutes of Lithuania]], in the 16th century. The movement towards codification gained momentum during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], and was implemented in several European countries during the late 18th century (see [[civil code]]). However, it became widespread only after the enactment of the French [[Napoleonic Code]] (1804), which has heavily influenced the legal systems of many other countries.

==Common law jurisdictions==
{{main|Common law}}
[[Common law]] has been codified in many jurisdictions and in many areas of law: examples include [[criminal code]]s in many jurisdictions, and include the [[California Civil Code]] and the ''[[Consolidated Laws of New York]]'' ([[New York State]]).

===England and Wales===
The English judge [[Sir Mackenzie Chalmers]] is renowned as the draftsman of the [[Bills of Exchange Act 1882]], the [[Sale of Goods Act 1893]] and the [[Marine Insurance Act 1906]], all of which codified existing [[common law]] principles. The Sale of Goods Act was repealed and re-enacted by the [[Sale of Goods Act 1979]] in a manner that revealed how sound the 1893 original had been.{{NoteTag|For the most part, the Sale of Goods Act 1979 retains the wording and section numbers of its 1893 predecessor.}} The Marine Insurance Act (mildly amended) has been a notable success, adopted ''verbatim'' in many common law jurisdictions.

Most of England's [[criminal law]]s have been codified, partly because this enables precision and certainty in prosecution. However, large areas of the common law, such as the [[law of contract]] and the [[law of tort]] remain remarkably untouched. In the last 80 years there have been statutes that address immediate problems, such as the [[Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943]] (which, ''inter alia'', coped with contracts rendered void by war), and the [[Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999]], which amended the [[Privity of contract|doctrine of privity]]. However, there has been no progress on the adoption of [[Harvey McGregor]]'s ''Contract Code'' (1993), even though the [[Law Commission]], together with the Scots Law Commission, asked him to produce a proposal for the comprehensive codification and unification of the contract law of England and Scotland. Similarly, codification in the law of tort has been at best piecemeal, a rare example of progress being the [[Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945]].

[[Consolidation bill|Consolidation bills]] are routinely passed to organize the law.

===Ireland===
[[Law of the Republic of Ireland]] evolved from [[English law]], the greatest point of difference being the existence of the [[Constitution of Ireland]] as a single document. The unofficial "popular edition" of the Constitution is regularly updated to take account of [[Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland|amendments to it]], while the official text enrolled in the [[Supreme Court of Ireland|Supreme Court]] in 1938 has been replaced five times: in 1942, 1980, 1989, 1999, and 2019.<ref name="sc2020">{{cite book |author1=Supreme Court of Ireland |title=Annual Report 2019 |location=Dublin |pages=50–52 |url=http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/(WebFiles)/3E96211DAA2B6F1C8025851A0035EF6C/$FILE/SupremeCourt_AnnualReport_2019_Online_LoRes.pdf#page=52 |access-date=13 August 2022 |chapter=Sixth enrolment of the Constitution}}</ref> As in England, subordinate laws are not officially codified, although [[consolidation bill]]s have restated the law in many areas. Since 2006 the [[Law Reform Commission (Ireland)|Law Reform Commission]] (LRC) has published semi-official "revised" editions of [[Acts of the Oireachtas]] taking account of textual and other amendments to the original version.<ref name="lrc-ie">{{cite web |title=Revised Acts |url=https://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/revacts/intro |publisher=Law Reform Commission |location=Dublin |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> The [[Finance Act]]s are excluded from the LRC programme.<ref name="lrc-ie"/> Private companies produce unofficial consolidated versions of these and other commercially important pre-2005 laws. An official advisory committee between 2006 and 2010 produced a Draft Criminal Code.<ref>{{multiref|
{{cite book |author1=Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee |title=Draft Criminal Code and Commentary |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/d4fa7-draft-criminal-code-and-commentary/ |publisher=Stationery Office |location=Dublin |access-date=2 September 2022 |orig-year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4064-2783-7 }}|
{{cite web |title=Latest News |url=http://www.criminalcode.ie/website/CLCAC/clcac.nsf/page/news-en |website=Official website |publisher=Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en}}
}}
</ref>

===United States===
{{main|United States Code|Code of Federal Regulations}}
In the United States, [[act of Congress|acts of Congress]], such as federal statutes, are published chronologically in the order in which they become law – often by being signed by the [[President of the United States|President]], on an individual basis in official pamphlets called "[[slip law]]s", and are grouped together in official bound book form, also chronologically, as "[[session law]]s". The "session law" publication for Federal statutes is called the [[United States Statutes at Large]]. A given act may be a single page or hundreds of pages in length. An act may be classified as either a "Public Law" or a "Private Law".

Because each Congressional act may contain laws on a variety of topics, many acts, or portions thereof, are also rearranged and published in a topical, subject matter codification by the [[Office of the Law Revision Counsel]]. The official codification of Federal statutes is called the [[United States Code]]. Generally, only "Public Laws" are codified. The United States Code is divided into "titles" (based on overall topics) numbered 1 through 54.<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1068 Public Law No: 113-287, To enact title 54, United States Code, "National Park Service and Related Programs", as positive law.]</ref> [[Title 18 of the United States Code|Title 18]], for example, contains many of the Federal criminal statutes. Title 26 is the [[Internal Revenue Code]].<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode USC table of contents]</ref>

Even in code form, however, many statutes by their nature pertain to more than one topic. For example, the statute making [[Tax avoidance and tax evasion|tax evasion]] a felony pertains to both criminal law and tax law, but is found only in the Internal Revenue Code.<ref>see [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/7201- 26 USC 7201]</ref> Other statutes pertaining to taxation are found not in the Internal Revenue Code but instead, for example, in the Bankruptcy Code in [[Title 11 of the United States Code]], or the Judiciary Code in [[Title 28 of the United States Code|Title 28]]. Another example is the national minimum drinking age, not found in [[Title 27 of the United States Code|Title 27]], ''Intoxicating liquors'', but in [[Title 23 of the United States Code|Title 23]], ''Highways'', [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/23/158.html §158].

Further, portions of some Congressional acts, such as the provisions for the effective dates of amendments to codified laws, are themselves not codified at all. These statutes may be found by referring to the acts as published in "slip law" and "session law" form. However, commercial publications that specialize in legal materials often arrange and print the uncodified statutes with the codes to which they pertain.

In the United States, the individual states, either officially or through private commercial publishers, generally follow the same three-part model for the publication of their own statutes: slip law, session law, and codification.

Rules and regulations that are promulgated by agencies of the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|Executive Branch of the United States Federal Government]] are codified as the [[Code of Federal Regulations]]. These regulations are authorized by specific legislation passed by the legislative branch, and generally have the same force as statutory law.

==International law codification==
{{main|International law}}
Following the First World War and the establishment of the [[League of Nations]], the need for codification of international law arose. In September 1924, the General Assembly of the League established a committee of experts for the purpose of codification of international law, which was defined by the Assembly as consisting of two aspects:
* Putting existing customs into written [[treaty|international agreement]]s
* Developing further rules
In 1930 the League of Nations held at the Hague a [[League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930|conference]] for the purpose of codification of rules on general matters, but very little progress was made.

Following the Second World War, the [[International Law Commission]] was established within the United Nations as a permanent body for the formulation of principles in international law.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Timothy |title=Codifying Custom |journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |volume=160 |page=995-1069 |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=penn_law_review}}</ref>

==Canon law codification==
{{main|1917 Code of Canon Law|Legal history of the Catholic Church}}
Papal attempts at codification of the scattered mass of canon law spanned the eight centuries since [[Gratian (jurist)|Gratian]] produced his ''[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]'' c. 1150.<ref name=BenedictXV204>Peters, ''Life of Benedict XV'', pg. 204.</ref> In the 13th century especially canon law became the object of scientific study, and different compilations were made by the Roman Pontiffs. The most important of these were the five books of the ''[[Decretales Gregorii IX]]'' and the ''[[Liber Sextus]]'' of [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]. The legislation grew with time. Some of it became obsolete, and contradictions crept in so that it became difficult in recent times to discover what was of obligation and where to find the law on a particular question.

[[File:Cover of a copy of the 1917 Codex Iuris Canonici (Code of Canon Law).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hardcover of the ''1917 Code of Canon Law'']]
Since the close of the ‘’Corpus Juris’’ numerous new laws and decrees had been issued by popes, councils, and [[Congregation (Roman Curia)|Roman Congregations]]. No complete collection of them had ever been published and they remained scattered through the ponderous volumes of the ‘’Bullaria’’ the ‘’[[Acta Sanctae Sedis]]’’, and other such compilations, which were accessible to only a few and for professional canonists themselves and formed an unwieldy mass of legal material. Moreover, not a few ordinances, whether included in the ‘’Corpus Juris’’ or of more recent date, appeared to be contradictory; some had been formally abrogated, others had become obsolete by long disuse; others, again, had ceased to be useful or applicable in the present condition of society. Great confusion was thus engendered and correct knowledge of the law rendered very difficult even for those who had to enforce it.<ref name=GeneralLegislation55>Ayrinhac, ‘’General Legislation’’ §55.</ref>

When the Vatican Council met in 1869 a number of bishops of different countries petitioned for a new compilation of church law that would be clear and easily studied. The council never finished its work and no attempt was made to bring the legislation up to date. By the 19th Century, this body of legislation included some 10,000 norms. Many of these were difficult to reconcile with one another due to changes in circumstances and practice. In response to the request of the bishops at the [[First Vatican Council]],<ref>Pietro Cardinal Gasparri, preface to the CIC 1917</ref> on 14 May 1904, with the ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''Arduum sane munus'' ("A Truly Arduous Task"), [[Pope Pius X]] set up a commission to begin reducing these diverse documents into a single code,<ref>Manual of Canon Law, pg. 47</ref> presenting the normative portion in the form of systematic short canons shorn of the preliminary considerations<ref>Manual of Canon Law, pg. 49</ref> ("Whereas...") and omitting those parts that had been superseded by later developments.

By the winter of 1912, the "whole span of the code"<ref name=BenedictXV205>Peters, ''Life of Benedict XV'', pg. 205.</ref> had been completed, so that a provisional text was printed.<ref name=BenedictXV205/> This 1912 text was sent out to all Latin bishops and superiors general for their comment, and their notations which they sent back to the codification commission were subsequently printed and distributed to all members of the commission, in order that the members might carefully consider the suggestions.<ref name=BenedictXV205/> The new code was completed in 1916.<ref>Entry for 'canon law, new code of'. 1910 New Catholic Dictionary. http://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/ncd/view.cgi?n=1909. 1910. Accessed 14 April 2016</ref> Under the aegis of Cardinal [[Pietro Gasparri]], the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under [[Benedict XV]], Pius X's successor, who promulgated it on 27 May 1917<ref name=Chair256>La Due, William J., J.C.D.: ''The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy'' (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999), pg. 256.</ref> as the Code of Canon Law ({{lang-la|Codex Iuris Canonici}}) and set 19 May 1918<ref name=Chair256/> as the date on which it came into force.<ref>Ap Const. ''Providentissima Mater Ecclesia'' Benedict XV, 27 May 1917</ref> In its preparation centuries of material were examined, scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts, and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other codes, from the [[Corpus Juris Civilis|Codex of Justinian]] to the [[Napoleonic Code]]. It contained 2,414 canons<ref>[[Dr. Edward N. Peters]], [http://www.canonlaw.info/a_simpleoverview.htm CanonLaw.info "A Simple Overview of Canon Law"], accessed June-11-2013</ref> and was in force until Canon 6 §1 1° of the ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law]]''<ref>1983 Code of Canon Law Annotated, Canon 6 (pg. 34)</ref> took legal effect—thereby [[abrogation (canon law)|abrogating]] it<ref>Dr. Edward Peters, [http://canonlaw.info/masterpage1917.htm CanonLaw.info], accessed June-9-2013</ref>—on 27 November 1983.<ref>NYTimes.com, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/27/us/new-canon-law-code-in-effect-for-catholics.html New Canon Law Code in Effect for Catholics]", 27-Nov-1983, accessed June-25-2013</ref>

==Recodification==
Recodification refers to a process where existing codified statutes are reformatted and rewritten into a new codified structure. This is often necessary as, over time, the legislative process of amending statutes and the legal process of construing statutes by nature over time results in a code that contains archaic terms, superseded text, and redundant or conflicting statutes. Due to the size of a typical government code, the legislative process of recodification of a code can often take a decade or longer.

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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{{law}}

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[[Category:Codification of law| ]]
[[Category:Law reform]]