Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Church of St. Nicholas Within, Dublin

2026-05-16T20:09:42Z

Vikiutq: starting first post nd citations

{{Short description|Former church in Dublin, Ireland}}
{{coord|53|20|33.25|N|6|16|17.54|W|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=February 2022}}
{{Distinguish|Church of St Nicholas Without, Dublin}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Nicholas Within
| full_name =
| image = St-nicholas-within-dublin-1786.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| landscape =
| pushpin_map =
| caption = The church in 1786
| location = Nicholas St./Christ Church Place, [[Dublin]]
| country = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| denomination = [[Church of Ireland]]
| churchmanship =
| website =
| former_name = St. Nicholas
| founded =
| founder = Bishop Donat
| dedication = [[Saint Nicholas of Myra]]
| dedicated = 11th century
| consecrated =
| events =
| status =
| functional_status =
| heritage_designation =
| designated =
| architect =
| architectural_type =
| style =
| groundbreaking =
| completed = Rebuilt 1707
| construction_cost =
| closed = 1867
| demolished =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| materials =
| parish = St. Nicholas Within
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| diocese =
| province =
}}
'''St. Nicholas Within''' is a former [[Church of Ireland]] parish church in [[Dublin]] city, [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It was located at the corner of Nicholas Street and [[Christchurch Place]], where part of its entrance may be seen next to the [[Peace Park, Dublin|Peace Park]] although this structure was disassembled and rebuilt approximately 10-15 metres back from its original location in 1911 as part of road widening works.<ref>{{cite web |title=Church of Saint Nicholas Within, Nicholas Street, Christchurch Place, Dublin 8, DUBLIN |url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/50080534/church-of-saint-nicholas-within-nicholas-street-christchurch-place-dublin-8-dublin |website=Buildings of Ireland |access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref>

The term may also refer to the [[civil parish]] in the [[Barony (Ireland)|barony]] of Dublin City which was one of nine and a half baronies in the old [[County Dublin]].<ref>[http://www.logainm.ie/Viewer.aspx?text=St.+Nicholas&listText=St.+Nicholas+Within Placenames Database of Ireland: St. Nicholas Within.]</ref>

==The church==
[[File:Church of St Nicholas Within, Dublin.jpg|thumb|Church of St Nicholas Within, Dublin]]
[[File:Church of St Nicholas Within.jpg|thumb|The remains of the church circa 1900.]]
The original church was built in the 11th century by [[Dúnán|Bishop Donat]] and was dedicated to [[Saint Nicholas of Myra]], the patron saint of sailors. It received its name during the episcopate of [[Alexander de Bicknor]] (1317–1349), when the parish of St. Nicholas was extended outside the city so as to include the [[Manor of St. Sepulchre]] and the [[Deanery of St Patrick]]. The parish was divided into two parts: St. Nicholas Within the Walls and [[Church of St. Nicholas Without, Dublin|St. Nicholas Without]].{{sfn|Wright|1825|loc=Churches}}

The church fell into disrepair in the 17th century, and was rebuilt in 1707. By 1835 it was again having problems, and it was unroofed, although a chapel in the church, St. Mary's, continued to be used until 1847. It was planned to demolish the church and build a new one. However, this was never done, and the parish united with that of [[St. Audoen's Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland)|St. Audoen]] in 1867.{{sfn|Wright|1825|loc=Churches}}

==The parish==
The parish is mentioned in Pope [[Celestine III]]'s Bull of 1191, listing prebends.{{sfn|Bernard|1903|pp=8,66}} The parish was the smallest parish in Dublin, measuring {{convert|5|acre|m2}}, 11 perches. At the time of its unification with St. Audoen's the population of the parish was 1,838, of which only 184 belonged to the established (i.e., [[Church of Ireland]]) church.{{sfn|Bennett|1992|p=193}} The parish corresponded to the civil parish of the same name.

==The cemetery==
The greater part of the graveyard was taken over by Dublin Corporation when building the [[The Tholsel, Dublin|Tholsel]] nearby. All that remained was a passage to the vaults. The names of those interred are available in the parish registers.{{sfn|Wright|1825|loc=Churches}}

*[[Nathaniel Catelyn]], Speaker of the [[Irish House of Commons]], was buried here in April 1637.
*[[Alexander Montgomery (1686–1729)|Alexander Montgomery]] (1686–1729), soldier and politician from [[County Donegal]], was buried here on 22 December 1729.{{sfn|Nichols|1853|p=529}}
*[[Sir Robert Doyne]] (1651-1733), former [[Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas]], was buried here in 1733.

==Chantry of St. Mary==
[[File:St._Nicholas_Within,_Nicholas_Street.JPG|thumb|Remains of the entrance to the church.]]
In 1469, King [[Edward IV of England]] gave [[John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester]] permission to found a [[chantry]] in honour of God and the Blessed Virgin Mary and to have masses said for the benefit of the founders and all the departed. It was established in St. Nicholas Within in the chapel of St. Mary and was under the authority of the Provincial of the [[Augustinians|Augustinian Friars]] of England.

After the [[dissolution of the monasteries]], chantries in parish churches in England were abolished, but no act was passed to abolish them in Ireland; some continued to function according to the use of the Church of Ireland. In this way, the chantry of St. Mary continued to function, as a [[sinecure]], until 1882.{{sfn|Bennett|1992|p=197}}

Some years earlier the [[Parliament of Ireland]] had given [[Edward Somerton]] — justice of the [[Court of King's Bench (Ireland)]] — permission to found another chantry in St. Nicholas.

==Notable parishioners==
During the [[Interregnum (Ireland)|Interregnum]] (1650s), [[Daniel Hutchinson]], [[Thomas Hooke (mayor)|Thomas Hooke]], [[John Preston (Mayor)|John Preston]] and [[Richard Tighe (Mayor)|Richard Tighe]], all served as alderman, were all [[Mayor of Dublin|Mayors of Dublin]], and all worshipped at Dr [[Samuel Winter|Samuel Winter's]] [[independent (religion)|independent]] congregation meeting at the Church of St. Nicholas Within. (Hooke like Hutchinson was an elder of the church.){{sfn|Barnard|2000|pp=81–83}}

[[Jonathan Edwards (archdeacon)|Jonathan Edwards]] (1615–1681), from [[Denbighshire]], [[Wales]] became curate at this church in 1661. He went on to become Archdeacon of [[Derry]].{{sfn|Reynell|1897|p={{page needed|date=September 2013}} }}

==See also==
* [[The Tholsel, Dublin]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last=Bernard |first=John Henry |year=1903
|title=The cathedral church of Saint Patrick; a history & description of the building, with a short account of the deans |volume=3 |location=London |publisher= G. Bell |pages=8, 66 | url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralchurch00berngoog}}
*{{Citation|last=Barnard |first=Toby Christopher |year=2000 |chapter=Government of the boroughs:v. Dublin |title=Cromwellian Ireland: English Government and Reform in Ireland 1649–1660 |edition=reprint |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198208570|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nw9cY4Sqg3QC&pg=PA77 |pages=77–89}}
*{{Citation |last=Bennett |first=Douglas |year=1992 |title=Encyclopedia of Dublin}}
*{{Citation| editor-last=Nichols |editor-first=John Gough |editor-link=John Gough Nichols |title=The Topographer and Genealogist |volume=II |location=London |publisher=John Bowyer Nichols and Sons |year=1853 |chapter=Parish Registers of St.Nicholas |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EKhWAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA520 520]–521}}
*{{Citation |last=Reynell |first=William Alexander |date=October 1897 |title=The Estate of the Diocese of Derry: Part IX. Archdeacons of Derry |journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology |volume=IV |issue=1 |pages=56–64|jstor=20563764 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-l0NAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{Citation |last=Wright |first=George Newenham |authorlink=George Newenham Wright |year=1825 |chapter=Chapter 10: Churches |title=An Historical Guide to the City of Dublin, Illustrated by engravings, and a plan of the city |edition=Second, with corrections and additional articles |location=London |publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy |accessdate=2008-11-02 |chapter-url=http://www.chaptersofdublin.com/books/Wright/wright10.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031094153/http://www.chaptersofdublin.com/books/Wright/wright10.htm |archivedate=31 October 2007}}

==Further reading==
*{{Citation |last=Craig |first= Maurice |year=1969 |title=Dublin: 1660-1860 |location=Dublin |publisher=Allen Figgis}}
*{{Citation |last=Gilbert |first=John |year=1854 |title=A History of the City of Dublin |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Nicholas Within, Church of (Dublin)}}
[[Category:Former churches in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Church of Ireland churches in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Dublin (city)]]

M. Liju

2026-05-05T13:30:09Z

Vikiutq: Created First Info V1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2026}}

'''M. Liju''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly from the [[Kayamkulam Assembly constituency]] in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/premium/opinion-and-analysis/2026/04/08/kayamkulam-and-ambalappuzha-assembly-constituency-m-liju-u-prathibha-g-sudhakaran-candidateship-election-analysis-prm.html|title=അമ്പലപ്പുഴയിൽ സുധാകരനു നൽകിയ 'സഹായം' ലിജുവിന് കായംകുളത്ത് വോട്ടാകുമോ? 'കണക്കു ചോദിക്കാൻ' പ്രതിഭ; കോൺഗ്രസ് പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്ന 'ഇഫക്ട്' എവിടെയെല്ലാം?|website=@manoramaonline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/elections/kerala-election-results-congress-led-udf-dominates-alappuzha-once-a-left-stronghold/2920280/|title=Kerala election results: Congress-led UDF dominates Alappuzha, once a Left stronghold|first=Aneesa|last=PA|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=May 4, 2026}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liju, M.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Haflong Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T16:50:25Z

Vikiutq:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Haflong
| constituency_no = 113
| type = SLA
| map_image = Haflong Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]]
| established = 1967
| district = [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Rupali Langthasa]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| alliance = [[North-East Democratic Alliance]]
| electors =
}}
'''Haflong Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. [[Haflong]] is also part of [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is a reserved seat for the Scheduled tribes (ST).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|J.B. Hagjer
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=1|[[Sona Ram Thaosen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=6|[[Gobinda Chandra Langthasa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=1|[[Samarjit Haflongbar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=1|[[Bir Bhadra Hagjer]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Nandita Garlosa]]
|-
| [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Rupali Langthasa]]
|-
|}

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Haflong}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nandita Garlosa]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rupali Langthasa|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Daniel Langthasa|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Haflong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nandita Garlosa]]
|votes = 67,797
|percentage = 56.73
|change = +5.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nirmal Langthasa
|votes = 49,199
|percentage = 41.16
|change = -1.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Khandan Daulagupu
|votes = 826
|percentage = 0.69
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Longki Enghi
|votes = 723
|percentage = 0.6
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 973
|percentage = 0.81
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,598
|percentage = 15.57
|change = +7.46
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,518
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Haflong}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bir Bhadra Hagjer
|votes = 52,037
|percentage = 50.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nirmal Langthasa
|votes = 43,731
|percentage = 42.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mayasing Daulagupu
|votes = 2,893
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Neikhol Haolai Changsan
|votes = 2,723
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,111
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,306
|percentage = 8.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,02,495
|percentage = 81.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Haflong]]
* [[Dima Hasao district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Dima Hasao district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

The Sabarmati Report

2026-05-04T02:23:57Z

Vikiutq: Started initial stub basic info

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Dheeraj Sarna}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025|reason=[[Special:Diff/1295888253|this diff]]; see [[WP:AISIGNS]] "superficial analyses," "AI vocabulary," etc sections }}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Sabarmati Report
| image = The Sabarmati Report poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dheeraj Sarna]] Ranjan Chandel (Replaced)<ref name="The Times of India"/>
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Arjun Bhandegaonkar Avinash Singh Tomar '''Dialogues:''' Dheeraj Sarna
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]|Amul V Mohan|Anshul Mohan}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vikrant Massey]]|[[Raashii Khanna]]|[[Riddhi Dogra]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' Kartik Kush Akhil Sachdeva [[Anu Malik]] [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]] Ramashrit Joshi Aikarth Purohit
| cinematography = [[Amalendu Chaudhary]]
| editing = Manan Sagar
| studio = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] Vikir Films Production
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|11|15}}
| runtime = 123 minutes<ref name=BBFC/>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|50}} [[crore]]<ref name="u613">{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Tapapriya |date=19 November 2024 |title=The Sabarmati Report Box Office Collection Day 4: Vikrant Massey And Raashii Khanna's Political Drama Movie Eyes For Rs 10 Crore |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/the-sabarmati-report-box-office-collection-day-4-vikrant-massey-raashii-khanna-political-drama-movie-eyes-for-rs-10-crore-10201808 |work=English Jagran |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|31.31}} crore<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sabarmati Report Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-sabarmati-report/box-office/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 November 2024 |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Sabarmati Report''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film,<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-sabarmati-report-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi1nziw |title=''The Sabarmati Report'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=8 November 2024 |access-date=8 November 2024|quote=Two journalists uncover a dark conspiracy in the wake of a tragedy in this tense Hindi-language political drama, which contains a dramatised version of the Godhra train burning in addition to real footage of the aftermath.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Azdhan |date=2024-11-25 |title=‘The Sabarmati Report’ (2024): Clever Propaganda Without Maligning Muslims |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2024/11/25/the-sabarmati-report-2024-clever-propaganda-without-maligning-muslims/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Propaganda Films Are Here to Stay in the Modi Era |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/12/propaganda-films-are-here-to-stay-in-the-modi-era/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> written by Avinash and Arjun of a story by Aseem Arrora with direction by Ranjan Chandel, later replaced by [[Dheeraj Sarna]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Ranjan Chandel reveals the REAL reason why he quit Vikrant Massey starrer 'The Sabarmati Report' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranjan-chandel-reveals-the-real-reason-why-he-quit-vikrant-massey-starrer-the-sabarmati-report/articleshow/111804141.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=16 April 2024 |title=Is Vikrant Massey's 'The Sabarmati Report' delayed due to censor issues? Here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/is-vikrant-masseys-the-sabarmati-report-delayed-due-to-censor-issues-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/109330035.cms |access-date=20 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is jointly produced by [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] and Vikir Films Production, and distributed by [[Zee Studios]]. It is based on the [[Godhra train burning]] incident of 27 February 2002, involving [[Sabarmati Express]] train.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=28 February 2024 |title=Vikrant Massey, Raashii Khanna's 'The Sabarmati Report' gets release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vikrant-massey-raashii-khannas-the-sabarmati-report-gets-release-date/article67895066.ece |access-date=20 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Vikrant Massey-Starrer 'The Sabarmati Report' A Tribute To 59 Who Were Killed In Godhra |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vikrant-massey-starrer-the-sabarmati-report-a-tribute-to-59-who-were-killed-in-godhra |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Vikrant Massey]], [[Raashii Khanna]] and [[Riddhi Dogra]].

After multiple issues and delays, ''The Sabarmati Report'' was released theatrically on 15 November 2024.<ref name="CE_19Sep2024">{{cite news |date=19 September 2024 |title=Vikrant Massey's The Sabarmati Report gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Sep/19/vikrant-masseys-the-sabarmati-report-gets-new-release-date |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Makers of The Sabarmati Report lock new release date: Vikrant Massey starrer to hit theaters on November 15|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/makers-sabarmati-report-lock-new-release-date-vikrant-massey-starrer-hit-theaters-november-15/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> It received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/the-sabarmati-report-public-review-vikrant-masseys-movie-receives-mixed-reactions-like-any-other-propaganda-movie-11731727514015.html |title=The Sabarmati Report public review: Vikrant Massey's movie receives mixed reactions, 'like any other propaganda movie' |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=16 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="m163">{{cite magazine |title=Ekta Kapoor thanks PM for 'inspiring words' on The Sabarmati Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-thanks-narendra-modi-for-inspiring-words-on-the-sabarmati-report-2634829-2024-11-17 |magazine=India Today |date=17 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |quote=The Sabarmati Report was released in theaters on November 15. The film mostly received negative reviews. }}</ref>

==Plot==
Samar Kumar, an entertainment journalist for EBT News, is unexpectedly assigned to cover the aftermath of the Godhra train burning incident of 27 February 2002, alongside senior anchor Manika Rajpurohit. Initially treating the assignment with indifference, Samar becomes deeply affected after witnessing the tragic scene at the Godhra railway station, where 59 people, majorly Hindu pilgrims were burned alive aboard the Sabarmati Express.<ref name="theweek">[https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/11/15/the-sabarmati-report-review-this-vikrant-massey-raashii-khanna-movie-is-crisp-and-devoid-of-melodrama.html The Sabarmati Report review – The Week]</ref>

In the film's plot, the journalist Samar Kumar investigates the Godhra train burning incident and uncovers material that contradicts the depiction of the fire as accidental. The film depicts his attempts to publish his findings being blocked by his news organization. The narrative follows his departure from the organization thereafter.<ref name="filmfare">[https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/the-sabarmati-report-movie-review-truth-shall-prevail-69673.html The Sabarmati Report Movie Review – Filmfare]</ref>

Later in the story, the character Amrita Gill seeks Samar's help in investigating the incident further. The film portrays their efforts to navigate institutional and public challenges as they continue their inquiry.<ref name="amrits">[https://amritsupdates.medium.com/review-of-the-movie-the-sabarmati-report-ae276bb0de44 Review of The Sabarmati Report – Medium]</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Vikrant Massey]] as Samar Kumar
* [[Raashii Khanna]] as Amrita Gill
* [[Riddhi Dogra]] as Manika Rajpurohit
* [[Barkha Singh]] as Shloka ([[cameo appearance]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot Scoop: Barkha Singh To Play Vikrant Massey's Love Interest In Ektaa Kapoor's The Sabarmati Report |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/hot-scoop-barkha-singh-to-play-vikrant-massey-s-love-interest-in-ektaa-kapoors-the-sabarmati-report-2815943. |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
* Naiyar Jafri as Raman Talwar, CEO EBT News
* Sundip Ved as Senior Minister
* Digvijay Purohit as Rajeev; EBT head
* Hella Stichlmair as Senior leader
* Nazneen Patni as Mehrunisa
* Abhishant Rana as Arun Badra
* Urvashi Golter as Sadia Banu
* Prapti Mehta as Sadia Banu's sister
* Neela Patel as Sadia Banu's mother
* Milind Pathak as EBT advocate
* Milind Joshi as Tis Hazari lawyer
* Aparna Menon as Samar's lawyer
* Diwakar Prasad Dhyani as Mishraji
* Badrul Islam as Saddam Supariwala
* Masood Akhtar as Maulvi Habib
* Sachin Arora as Lead Actor of Promotional Movie
* Ramashrit Joshi as Music Director

==Production==
The project was announced in January 2024 by [[Shobha Kapoor]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]], under the banner of [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] and Vikir Films Production, which is stated to be a based on a true event story and an [[Crime-thriller film|Crime Thriller film]] starring [[Vikrant Massey]] as lead actor, who was known for in his previous venture and a critically acclaimed film ''[[12th Fail]]'' (2023), and the film is being directed by Ranjan Chandel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: After 12th Fail, Vikrant Massey comes on board Ekta R Kapoor's political thriller |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-after-12th-fail-vikrant-massey-comes-on-board-ekta-r-kapoors-socio-political-thriller-1271457?amp |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> [[Raashii Khanna]] was announced as a female lead, it marks her second collaboration with Massey before her yet to release film ''Talaakhon Mein Ek'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1 June 2024 |title=BREAKING: Vikrant Massey and Raashii Khanna's 2nd film titled Talakhon Mein Ek : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-vikrant-massey-raashii-khannas-2nd-film-titled-talakhon-mein-ek/ |access-date=10 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and it is her third [[Hindi]] film after ''[[Madras Cafe]]'' (2013) and ''[[Yodha (2024 film)|Yodha]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=13 March 2024 |title=Yodha Actress Raashii Khanna: 'I am very happy that I am coming back to Hindi films' |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/yodha-actress-raashii-khanna-i-am-very-happy-that-i-am-coming-back-to-hindi-films |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Riddhi Dogra]] was announced for another lead role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 12th Fail Success, Vikrant Massey To Star In The Sabarmati Report With Raashii Khanna, Ridhi Dogra |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/after-12th-fail-success-vikrant-massey-to-star-in-the-sabarmati-report-with-raashii-khanna-ridhi-dogra |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=It's official! Vikrant Massey to headline 'The Sabarmati Report' with Raashii Khanna and Riddhi Dogra |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/its-official-vikrant-massey-to-headline-the-sabarmati-report-with-raashii-khanna-and-riddhi-dogra/c263505c40719 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> Then it was revealed by the makers that the film was based on [[Godhra train burning|Godhra train burning incident]] which was happened on 27 February 2002.<ref name=":0" /> The makers announced the cast and crew and story of the film by a video announcement with a release date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIDEO: Vikrant Massey's The Sabarmati Report Pays Homage To Godhra Train Burning Incident |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/video-vikrant-masseys-the-sabarmati-report-pays-homage-to-godhra-incident-film-to-release-on-may-3 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Later actress [[Barkha Singh]] joined for a secured role,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 November 2024 |title=Exclusive: Not Raashii or Riddhi, this OTT actor will romance Vikrant Massey in 'The Sabarmati Report' {{!}} Bollywood News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/exclusive-not-riddhi-dogra-or-raashii-khanna-barkha-singh-will-romance-vikrant-massey-in-the-sabarmati-express-2024-11-04-960120 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> later it was confirmed for a [[cameo appearance]] to star cast opposite as Vikrant's love interest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2024 |title=The Sabarmati Report: Vikrant Massey and Barkha Singh's equation promises to be one of the highlights of the hard-hitting drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-sabarmati-report-vikrant-massey-and-barkha-singhs-equation-promises-to-be-one-of-the-highlights-of-the-hard-hitting-drama-13833690.html/amp |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In April 2024, it was faced censor issues by the CBFC, and advised to reshot few scenes from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=BREAKING: The Sabarmati Report delayed due to Censor issues; expected to release after the Lok Sabha Elections 2024 : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-sabarmati-report-delayed-due-censor-issues-expected-release-lok-sabha-elections-2024/ |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In July 2024, Ranjan Chandel (maker of the film) opt outed the film, due to the changes on the storyline, and said he doesn't need any credit with the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |first=Web |title=Ranjan Chandel finally breaks silence after leaving Vikrant Massey starrer The Sabarmati Report |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/the-sabarmati-report-director-ranjan-chandel-finally-breaks-silence-after-leaving-vikrant-massey-starrer-23364730 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=Mid-day|date=17 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabarmati Report: Director Ranjan Chandel says 'I don't want my name associated with it' {{!}} Find out why |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ranjan-chandel-reveals-why-he-quit-vikrant-massey-film-the-sabarmati-report/4d324abf36467 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> Later in August 2024, Chandel was replaced by television writer and actor [[Dheeraj Sarna]], with the changed storyline and plot.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vikrant Massey's The Sabarmati Report gets new release date for third time, find out here |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vikrant-masseys-the-sabarmati-report-gets-new-release-date-for-third-time-find-out-here/5e33a6cadc982 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in December 2023 and wrapped by mid-March.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raashii Khanna shares photos with co-star Vikrant Massey as they wrap up shooting of 'The Sabarmati Report' - See inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raashii-khanna-shares-photos-with-co-star-vikrant-massey-as-they-wrap-up-shooting-of-the-sabarmati-report-see-inside/articleshow/108717656.cms |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Sabarmati Report
| year = 2024
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Kartik Kush, Akhil Sachdeva, [[Anu Malik]] and [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| released = 14 November 2024
| recorded = 2023
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = 29:30
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|zI-XEkrZO_E&pp|The Sabarmati Report (Audio Jukebox)}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 29:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raja Ram
| extra1 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| lyrics1 = Kartik Kush
| music1 = Kartik Kush
| length1 = 3:37
| title2 = Tere Mere Darmiyan
| extra2 = Akhil Sachdeva
| lyrics2 = Akhil Sachdeva
| music2 = Akhil Sachdeva
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Sheher Sheher
| extra3 = Kartik Kush, Arittra Nayak
| lyrics3 = Kartik Kush
| music3 = Kartik Kush
| length3 = 4:42
| title4 = Raja Ram
| note4 = Male Version
| extra4 = Raj Barman
| lyrics4 = Traditional, Ramashrit Joshi, Aikarth Purohit
| music4 = Anu Malik
| length4 = 6:24
| title5 = Ik Baat Kahoon
| extra5 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| lyrics5 = Arko
| music5 = Arko
| length5 = 3:45
| title6 = Raja Ram
| note6 = Female Version
| extra6 = [[Palak Muchhal]]
| lyrics6 = Traditional, Ramashrit Joshi, Aikarth Purohit
| music6 = Anu Malik
| length6 = 6:15
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
This film was initially planned for theatrical release on 3 May 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Sabarmati Report: Vikrant Massey, Raashii Khanna, and Ridhi Dogra starrer to release on May 3, 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-sabarmati-report-release-date-cast-and-plot-revealed/articleshow/106888656.cms |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> then later pushed to 2 August 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Sabarmati Report' confirms theatrical release date for August 2, 2024 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-sabarmati-report-confirms-theatrical-release-date-for-august-2-2024-2989027 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> due to the censor issues and Ranjan Chandel's (maker of the film) sudden quitting.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Vikrant Massey's 'The Sabarmati Report' delayed due to censor issues? Here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/is-vikrant-masseys-the-sabarmati-report-delayed-due-to-censor-issues-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/109330035.cms |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikrant Massey's 'The Sabarmati Report' postponed; avoids clash with Ajay Devgn's 'Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha' on August 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikrant-masseys-the-sabarmati-report-postponed-avoids-clash-with-ajay-devgns-auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-on-august-2/articleshow/111538028.cms |access-date=11 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabarmati Report: Director Ranjan Chandel says 'I don't want my name associated with it' {{!}} Find out why |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ranjan-chandel-reveals-why-he-quit-vikrant-massey-film-the-sabarmati-report/4d324abf36467 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> After multiple issues and delays, ''The Sabarmati Report'' was theatrically released on 15 November 2024,<ref>{{cite news |title=The Sabarmati Report Trailer: "Journalist" Vikrant Massey's Quest To Uncover The Truth |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-sabarmati-report-trailer-journalist-vikrant-masseys-quest-to-uncover-the-truth-6964349 |work=NDTV |date=7 November 2024 |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sabarmati Report Postponed For The 3rd Time: Vikrant Massey, Raashii Khanna's Film To Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-sabarmati-report-postponed-for-the-3rd-time-vikrant-massey-raashii-khannas-film-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikrant Massey and Raashii Khanna announce new release date of 'The Sabarmati Report' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikrant-massey-and-raashii-khanna-announce-new-release-date-of-the-sabarmati-report/articleshow/113493891.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=ANI |issn=0971-8257 |date=19 September 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) issued ''The Sabarmati Report'' a U/A certificate with few cuts as strong violence scenes, few muted words and alteration, resulting in a duration of 126.51 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2024 |title=CBFC clears 'The Sabarmati Report' on Godhra incident with UA rating; violence cut by 40 percent, foul language removed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cbfc-clears-the-sabarmati-report-on-godhra-incident-with-ua-rating-violence-cut-by-40-percent-foul-language-removed/articleshow/115306363.cms |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="w769">{{cite web | title='Finally the truth is out': PM Modi appreciates film 'The Sabarmati Report' | website=ddnews.gov.in | url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/finally-the-truth-is-out-pm-modi-appreciates-film-the-sabarmati-report/ | language=en-US | access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> Prime Minister Narender Modi watched the film at the [[Parliament of India|Parliament Library building]] in Delhi, along with several members of the Cabinet and members of Parliament.<ref name="i118">{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title="Commend Makers Of Film": PM Modi Watches 'Sabarmati Report' In Parliament | website=www.ndtv.com | date=3 December 2024 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-watches-sabarmati-report-in-parliament-commend-makers-of-film-7159150 | access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was premiered on [[ZEE5]] from 10 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Must-Watch OTT Releases This Week: Rahul Bhatts Black Warrant To Vikrant Massey The Sabarmati Report |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/must-watch-ott-releases-this-week-rahul-bhatts-black-warrant-chhaya-kadams-all-we-imagine-as-light-to-vikrant-massey-the-sabarmati-report-2841742/ott-releases-this-week-2841749 |work=Zee News |date=10 January 2025 |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
''The Sabarmati Report'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ekta Kapoor thanks PM for 'inspiring words' on The Sabarmati Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-thanks-narendra-modi-for-inspiring-words-on-the-sabarmati-report-2634829-2024-11-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210090621/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-thanks-narendra-modi-for-inspiring-words-on-the-sabarmati-report-2634829-2024-11-17 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=The film mostly received negative reviews.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ABVP claims stone pelting during 'The Sabarmati Report' screening at JNU |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/abvp-claims-stone-pelting-during-the-sabarmati-report-screening-at-jnu-101734015596351.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210085217/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/abvp-claims-stone-pelting-during-the-sabarmati-report-screening-at-jnu-101734015596351.html |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=The Sabarmati Report was released last month with mixed reviews.}}</ref> and mixed reviews from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Bhavna |date=19 November 2024 |title=The Sabarmati Report team on criticism, being labelled propaganda, PM Modi's post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-sabarmati-report-director-dheeraj-sarna-producer-amul-mohan-2635866-2024-11-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210085009/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-sabarmati-report-director-dheeraj-sarna-producer-amul-mohan-2635866-2024-11-19 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=The Sabarmati Report has received mixed reactions from the public; however, a tweet from Prime Minister Narendra Modi about the film has generated increased interest and curiosity regarding the Vikrant Massey movie.}}</ref> The film made Rs 1.69 crore at the box office on its opening day.<ref name="b957">{{cite web | title="A Fake Narrative Can...": PM Modi's Post On The Sabarmati Report | website=www.ndtv.com | date=17 November 2024 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-the-sabarmati-report-a-fake-narrative-can-pm-modis-post-on-the-sabarmati-report-7040339 | access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]], writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', gave the film a rating of 1.5 stars out of 5 and added that it had "no nuance, just judgement".<ref name="q269">{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=15 November 2024 |title=The Sabarmati Report movie review: Vikrant Massey film has no nuance, just judgement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-sabarmati-report-movie-review-vikrant-massey-film-has-no-nuance-just-judgement-9671435/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref> In another 1.5 star out of 5 rated review, Pankaj Shukla from ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' compared the film unfavorably to ''[[Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra]]'', another 2024 film about the Godhra incident, and pointed out multiple inaccuracies in the usage of Hindi throughout the film while also labelling it an "attempt to cash in on Vikrant Massey's fame".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/the-sabarmati-report-movie-review-by-pankaj-shukla-vikrant-massey-riddhi-dogra-rashi-khanna-ekta-kapoor-2024-11-15?pageId=1|title=The Sabarmati Report Review: सौ दिन में गोधरा कांड पर दूसरी फिल्म, मैसी की शोहरत को भुनाने की कमजोर कोशिश|website=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> Amit Bhatia from ''[[ABP News]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, praising its bold approach to the subject matter, being unafraid to dive deep into the gritty realities of the incident and showcasing the media's role in uncovering the truth while also showing the media's shortcomings, thus presenting a layered view of how journalism intersects with politics and public opinion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-the-sabarmati-report-review-starring-vikrant-massey-riddhi-dogra-raashi-khanna-produced-by-ekta-kapoor-1731302|title=The Sabarmati Report Review: Vikrant Massey Shines In This Bold Take On Truth, Media, And Power|website=[[ABP News]]|date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy from ''[[Firstpost]]'' similarly gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, calling it a well-researched story and a sharply made film which found out the root cause of the tragedy without unnecessary melodrama, stretching of incidents or even frivolous display of romance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-sabarmati-report-movie-review-master-craftsman-vikrant-massey-has-nailed-the-role-of-a-vernacular-photo-journalist-13835268.html|title=The Sabarmati Report Movie Review: Master craftsman Vikrant Massey has nailed the role of a vernacular photo journalist|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=15 November 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> Nishad Thaivalappil from ''[[CNN-News18]]'', in another 3.5 star out of 5 rated review, praised the dialogue, background score and Massey's performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thaivalappil |first1=Nishad |last2=Singh |first2=Kashvi Raj |date=14 November 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/the-sabarmati-report-review-vikrant-massey-is-ready-to-take-bollywoods-throne-9120475.html |title=The Sabarmati Report Review: Vikrant Massey Is Ready To Take Bollywood's Throne |work=[[CNN-News18]] |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> Writing for ''[[India TV]]'' and labelling it "a must-watch for those who are interested in Indian history", Sakshi Verma gave the film 3 stars out of 5, finding the performances commendable and feeling it not only paid tribute to the innocent lives lost during the riots but also remained interesting till the end as a film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/the-sabarmati-report-review-vikrant-massey-does-it-again-brings-godhra-train-burning-story-with-sensitivity-and-facts-960|title=The Sabarmati Report Review: Vikrant Massey does it again, brings Godhra train burning story with sensitivity and facts|website=[[India TV]]|date=15 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> Similarly, Abhishek Srivastava from ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and praised the performances and the film's ability to hold viewer attention through most of its runtime, but felt its "slightly glossy treatment" made it feel less like a film based on true events and more like a typical commercial drama with cinematic embellishments that somewhat diluted its authenticity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-sabarmati-report/movie-review/115332086.cms|title=The Sabarmati Report Movie Review : This film reveals the truth of the Godhra incident with a touch of drama|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

Zinia Bandyopadhyay from ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and called it an honest attempt at looking at the Godhra tragedy and what happened to the Sabarmati Express on the fateful day, but felt it got marred with several issues being put into it - including the entire vernacular vs English journalists angle, which sometimes overshadowed the tragedy.<ref name="a227">{{cite magazine |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zinia |date=15 November 2024 |title=The Sabarmati Report review: Even Vikrant Massey can't save this confused film | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-sabarmati-report-review-vikrant-massey-ridhi-dogra-raashi-khanna-2633911-2024-11-15 |magazine=India Today |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, praising the lead performances, cinematography, background score and production design, while criticising its "haphazard execution" and loose ends in the script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-sabarmati-report/critic-review/the-sabarmati-report-movie-review/the-sabarmati-report-fails-to-impress/|title=The Sabarmati Report Movie Review: THE SABARMATI REPORT fails to impress.|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=15 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] gave the film 1 star out of 5, remarking it spent all its time pointing fingers at one side and entirely absolving another, as she compared it unfavorably to films such as ''[[Parzania]]'' and ''[[Firaaq]]'', which she felt sensitively attempted to depict the trauma caused by the tragedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-sabarmati-report-review/20241115.htm|title=The Sabarmati Report Review: Poorly Crafted Propaganda|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> On other hand, PM Narendra Modi who was state Chief Minister at the time, said "It is good that this truth is coming out, and that too in a way common people can see it. A fake narrative can persist only for a limited period of time. Eventually, the facts will always come out!" <ref name="b957"/><ref name="w769"/>

== Controversy ==
On 8 November 2024, the trailer for the film was launched at an event in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=5 November 2024 |title=The Sabarmati Report: Ahead of the trailer launch, the makers grab attention with an intriguing motion poster of Vikrant Massey : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sabarmati-report-ahead-trailer-launch-makers-grab-attention-intriguing-motion-poster-vikrant-massey/ |access-date=10 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> During the event, lead actor Vikrant Massey disclosed that he had received threats related to his involvement in the project, which addresses the [[Godhra train burning|Godhra train burning incident]]. Despite the threats, Vikrant affirmed the film's commitment to presenting factual content and stated that he, along with the team, would handle the situation as necessary.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikrant Massey reveals he's been receiving threats for 'The Sabarmati Report' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/vikrant-massey-reveals-hes-been-receiving-threats-for-the-sabarmati-report/2344751/ |work=ThePrint |agency=ANI |date=6 November 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2024 |title="Life of investigative journalists is very difficult," says Raashii Khanna as she opens up about her character in 'The Sabarmati Report' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raashii-khanna-reveals-challenges-of-playing-an-investigative-journalist-in-the-sabarmati-report/articleshow/115028701.cms |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra]]'', another 2024 Bollywood film about the Godhra train burning.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt30889755}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=the-sabarmati-report}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabarmati Report}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about the 2002 Gujarat riots]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]

Delhi Waqf Board

2026-04-26T19:08:43Z

Vikiutq: starting basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|State level statutory body}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Delhi Waqf Board
| full_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Zinat-ul-Masjid.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_alt = 
| caption = The [[Zeenat-ul-Masajid]], a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] mosque administered by the Waqf Board
| map = 
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| predecessor = Sunni Majlis Auqaf
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| type = [[Statutory body]]
| tax_id = 
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| status = 
| purpose = Management of Islamic ''[[waqf]]''
| professional_title = 
| headquarters =
| location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| origins = {{ubl|{{nowrap|''Wakf Act 1954'' {{small|(since repealed)}}}}|''Waqf Act 1995''}}
| region_served = [[Delhi NCT]]
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| owner = [[Government of Delhi]]
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title = Administrator
| leader_name = Shri Ashwani Kumar, IAS
| leader_title2 = [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]
| leader_name2 = Shri Azimul Haque, IAS
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| parent_organisation = [[Central Waqf Council]]
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}}

The '''Delhi Waqf Board'''{{efn|Sometimes '''Delhi Wakf Board'''.}} is a [[statutory body]] of the [[Government of Delhi]], initially appointed under the [[Government of India|Indian]] ''Wakf Act 1954''; now the ''Waqf Act 1995''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Danyal |first1=Kahkashan Y. |title=The Law of Waqf in India |date=2015 |publisher=Regal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788184844726 |page=60}}</ref> It exercises control over [[Islam]]ic [[mosque]]s, [[dargah]]s, [[mausoleum]]s, [[khankah]]s, [[madrasa]]s, hospitals, and any other Islamic ''[[waqf]]s''. The primary function of the Waqf Board is to ensure its properties and revenue are appropriately managed and used. The Board manages, regulates, and protects the waqf properties by constituting district committees, ''[[Tehsil]]'' committees, and committees for the individual institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXPLAINED: What is a Waqf board, and what are its governing principles? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/explained-what-is-a-waqf-board-and-what-are-its-governing-principles/504789 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Delhi Waqf Board is a statutory body corporate with perpetual succession and a [[common seal]]. It has the power to acquire and hold property. In the case that more than fifteen per cent of the total number of waqf property is [[Shia Islam|Shia]] waqf, or the income thereof is more than fifteen per cent, the Act envisages a separate Shia Waqf Board is formed.<ref name="Act">{{Cite web |title=The Waqf Act 1954 |url=http://centralwaqfcouncil.gov.in/content/waqf-act-1954 |access-date=2022-08-02 |work=[[Central Waqf Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Gupta, Rajeev |date=26 September 2022 |title=Waqf Act,1995: A Tool given to Waqf Boards to snatch the property of Hindus? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/myview/waqf-act1995-a-tool-given-to-waqf-boards-to-snatch-the-property-of-hindus/ |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 January 2025 }}</ref>

== Overview of waqf ==
{{main|Waqf}}
According to [[Islamic law]]s, the ultimate owner of a waqf property is [[Allah]], not any individual or the government. Any organisation appointed or set up by the government for waqf properties can only manage the waqf, or act as trustee of waqf properties. Once a property is ''waqfed'', it will always remain a waqf property. A wafq is typically an act of charity.

== Board members ==
{{update|section|date=January 2025|reason=It appears that the current Board terms expired in September 2024}}
There are seven members of the present Board:<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP's Amanatullah Khan Elected As Chairman Of Delhi Waqf Board |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/aaps-amanatullah-khan-elected-as-chairman-of-delhi-waqf-board-2327645 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* Mr. [[Amanatullah Khan]] (Chairman)
* Mr. Himal Akhtar (member)
* Mr. Azimul Haque (member)
* Mr. Parvez Hashmi (member)
* Mr. Ch. Shareef Ahmad (member)
* Ms. Naeem Fatima Kazmi (member)

The [[Chief Executive Officer]] of the Board since January 2025, is Azimul Haque.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/l-g-approves-appointment-of-delhi-waqf-board-ceo-slams-aap-for-casual-approach/article69061562.ece |title=L-G approves appointment of Delhi Waqf Board CEO, slams AAP for 'casual' approach |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 January 2025 }}</ref>

=== Composition and first meeting ===
The members are nominated from different quotas, for e.g. ''mutawalli (caretaker) Quota'', MLA/MP Quota, and [[Bar Council of Delhi|Bar Council]] Quota.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-06 |title=8 to be elected unopposed as Sunni Waqf Board members |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/8-to-be-elected-unopposed-as-sunni-waqf-board-members-7216554/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In total there are at least six members. After the appointment of members of a newly constituted Board notified under section 13, the Delhi State Government shall, as soon as may arrange to fix, by giving to the members not less than ten clear days' notice, a date for the first meeting of the Board which shall be for the election of chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Minority Affairs |publisher=[[Government of India]] |url=https://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.minorityaffairs.gov.in}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In an RTI filed by Ajay Bose, in 2022 it was revealed that Delhi Waqf Board received over 100 crores in seven years from Delhi Government as Grant in Aid.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2022-05-10 |title=High Court Extends Time Given To Delhi Govt For Filing Response Regarding Functioning Of Waqf Board, Release Of Its Grant In Aid |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/high-court-delhi-govt-waqf-board-grant-in-aid-198684 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813025053/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/high-court-delhi-govt-waqf-board-grant-in-aid-198684 |archive-date=2022-08-13 |url-status=live |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, former Chairman, Amanatullah Khan, was arrested by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] for financial irregularities and alleged illegal recruitment of staff within the Delhi Waqf Board during his tenure as the chairman between 2018 and 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Rohit |date=18 April 2024 |title=AAP Alleges MLA Amanatullah Khan Arrested By Enforcement Directorate |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-mla-amanatullah-khan-arrested-by-enforcement-directorate-over-alleged-money-laundering-linked-to-delhi-waqf-board-5471925 |work=NDTV |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Dispute over waqf ownership ===
In 2023, a dispute arose regarding 123 properties, some of which are located in the [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=21 September 2023 |title=No legitimate Waqf Board properties will be demolished in Mehrauli Archaeological Park: DDA to HC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/waqf-board-properties-demolished-mehrauli-archaeological-park-dda-hc-8950512/ |work=Indian Express |access-date=9 January 2025 }}</ref> The properties originate from the time of the [[British Raj]] and the Board's predecessor, the Sunni Majlis Auqaf. The properties were [[Government gazette|gazetted]] as waqf by the Delhi Government in 1970; however, the [[Delhi Development Authority]], and the Land and Development Office of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] contested the gazettal. Following a Union Government review, it was recommended that the properties be retained by the Union Government, and that it establish [[perpetual lease]]s, with [[peppercorn rent]] payable by local [[mutawalli]]s. Following a legal dispute over ownership, initiated by the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad|Indraprastha Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], the [[Delhi High Court]] issued a [[Stay of proceedings|stay order]] that remained in place until 2011. Following further government enquiries, in 2014 it was decided that the Union Government should hand the 123 properties over as waqf to the Delhi Waqf Board (DWB). The Government removed its claims under legislation. However, on 8 February 2023, the Land and Development Office issued a letter that stated:<ref>{{cite news |author1=Ahmed, Syed Khalique |author2=Beg, Anwarulhaq |date=16 December 2023 |url=https://indiatomorrow.net/2023/12/16/the-truth-about-123-waqf-properties-in-delhi-the-central-government-wants-to-acquire/ |title=The truth about 123 Waqf properties in Delhi the Central government wants to acquire |work=India Tomorrow |access-date=9 January 2025 |format=Includes a list of the 123 contested properties }}</ref>
{{block quote|''“… the DWB has been absolved of all matters pertaining to the 123 properties listed as waqf properties… ”''|Land and Development Office, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], February 2023.}}
{{as of|2025|01}}, the dispute over ownership of the properties was ongoing.<ref>{{cite news |author=Salam, Ziya Us |date=21 September 2023 |title=Explained {{!}} What is the tussle between the Central government and the Delhi Waqf Board? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-what-is-the-tussle-between-the-central-government-and-the-delhi-waqf-board/article67327722.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 January 2025 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[Central Waqf Council]]

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Wakf administration in India: a socio-legal study |author=Rashid, Khalid |publisher=Vikas Pub. |year=1978 |isbn=0-7069-0690-X }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.shankariasparliament.com/current-affairs/contention-of-waqf-properties |title=Contention of Waqf Properties |work=Shankar IAS Parliament |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=9 January 2025}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/10143-list-of-the-123-waqf-properties-to-be-returned-to-delhi-waqf-board/ |title=List of the "123 waqf properties" to be returned to Delhi Waqf Board |work=Milli Gazette |date=20 March 2014 |access-date=9 January 2025 }}

[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Delhi]]
[[Category:Waqf boards]]

Maheshwar Singh (Bihar politician)

2026-04-23T06:38:17Z

Vikiutq: Created First Bio Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| party = Independent
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| alma_mater = 
| spouse = 
| children = 
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency = Local Bodies, East Champaran
| constituency1 = [[Harsidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harsidhi]]
| term_start = 2022-04-08
| term_end =
| office1 = Members of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| parents = RAMASHIS SINGH
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2010
| predecessor1 = [[Awadhesh Prasad Kushwaha]]
| successor1 = [[Krishnanandan Paswan]]
| other_party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
}}

'''Maheshwar Singh''' is an Indian politician, who is currently the [[Member of Legislative Council]] from [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navigation |url=https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/Member_List.htm |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Bihar MLC Election Result: पूर्वी चंपारण सीट पर बोली निर्दलीय प्रत्याशी की तूती, 217 मतों से जीते |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/motihari-bihar-mlc-election-result-maheshwar-singh-an-independent-candidate-from-east-champaran-seat-won-by-217-votes-nodaa-4179714.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC Election 2022 {{!}} An Official Website of East Champaran, Motihari {{!}} India |url=https://eastchamparan.nic.in/mlc-election-2022/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is also the former [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Harsidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harsidhi]], he won the [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] as a [[Lok Janshakti Party]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Champaran MLC Chunav Result 2022: मोतिहारी में निर्दलीय पूर्व विधायक महेश्वर सिंह को म‍िली जीत |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-east-champaran-mlc-chunav-result-2022-in-motihari-independent-former-mla-maheshwar-singh-won-by-217-votes-22607003.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAHESHWAR SINGH(LJP):Constituency- Harsidhi (East Champaran ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/bih2005/candidate.php?candidate_id=109 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

After winning the [[Member of Legislative Council|MLC]] election he has promised to support anyone who speaks for the development of [[Champaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC चुनाव जीतकर बोले महेश्वर सिंह- 'जो चंपारण के विकास की बात करेगा, उसके सुर में सुर मिलायेंगे' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/e-champaran/maheshwar-singh-won-mlc-election-in-east-champaran/bh20220407230549714 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Maheshwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

Bhandup West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:21Z

Vikiutq: Added new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name=Bhandup West
|map_image =157-Bhandup West.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 157
|state=[[Maharashtra]]
|district=[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|established=2008
|electors =288,404
|reservation=None
|mla=[[Ashok Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
}}
'''Bhandup West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 26 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 |df= }}</ref>

==Overview==
For national elections, it is part of the [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]], [[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]], [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]], [[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]] and [[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]] in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name="ceo" />

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1951-2008: See [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Shishir Shinde]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Ashok Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Ramesh Korgaonkar]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Ashok Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2026===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup West<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhandup West">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bhandup West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13157.htm |accessdate=27 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227041846/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13157.htm |archivedate=27 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Patil]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 77,754 |percentage = 43.31% |change={{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Gajanan Korgaonkar |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 70,990 |percentage = 39.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shirish Gunwant Sawant |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 23,335 |percentage = 13.00% |change={{decrease}}14.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Snehal Arun Sohani |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,505 |percentage = 2.51% |change={{decrease}}2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,406 |percentage = 1.34% |change={{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,764 |percentage = 3.77% |change= {{decrease}}14.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,81,925 |percentage = 63.08% |change= {{increase}}7.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,79,519}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,88,404|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup West<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramesh Korgaonkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 71,955 |percentage = 46.26% |change={{increase}}16.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandeep Prabhakar Jalgaonkar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 42,782 |percentage = 27.50% |change={{increase}}5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Koparkar Suresh Harishchandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,731 |percentage = 19.76% |change={{increase}}9.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satish Jaising Mane |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 7,503 |percentage = 4.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,732 |percentage = 2.40% |change={{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravi Ashok Thate |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,483 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,173 |percentage = 18.75% |change= {{increase}}15.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,59,327 |percentage = 56.24% |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,55,550}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,83,275|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}16.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup West<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Patil]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,151 |percentage = 29.46% |change={{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manoj Kotak]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,379 |percentage = 26.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shishir Shinde]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 36,183 |percentage = 22.14% |change={{decrease}}23.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Tukaram Sawant |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,521 |percentage = 10.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Koparkar Suresh Harishchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,599 |percentage = 4.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lal Bahadur Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,153 |percentage = 2.54% |change={{decrease}}22.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hemkant Samant |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,875 |percentage = 1.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,755 |percentage = 1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,772 |percentage = 2.92% |change= {{decrease}}17.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,65,249 |percentage = 55.36% |change= {{increase}}2.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,63,461}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,98,510|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |swing= {{decrease}}16.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhandup West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=30 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shishir Shinde]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 68,302 |percentage = 45.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shiwajirao Nalawade]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 37,359 |percentage = 25.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sunil Raut]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,467 |percentage = 23.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sujit Pagare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,030 |percentage = 2.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sujay Gopal Dhurat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,902 |percentage = 1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Harshi Chheda |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,441 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Chandrashekhar Maruti |party=Independent politician |votes = 990 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,943 |percentage = 20.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,48,779 |percentage = 52.44% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,48,777}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,83,723|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.15|72.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Alwar Urban Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:50Z

Vikiutq: Added details.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alwar Urban
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-66-Alwar Urban.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 66
| district = [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
| incumbent_image = MLA Sanjay Sharma.png
| loksabha_cons = [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
| reservation = None
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Sanjay Sharma (politician)|Sanjay Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:263585}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Alwar Urban Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

The constituency was established in 2008, by the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008''. It comprises parts of [[Alwar tehsil]], and is a part of [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008/> As of 2023, its representative is [[Sanjay Sharma (politician)|Sanjay Sharma]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/alwar-urban-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687633.html |title=Alwar Urban Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin - News18 |date= |author= |access-date= 25 December 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Banwari Lal Singhal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan=2| [[Sanjay Sharma (politician)|Sanjay Sharma]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Alwar Urban<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:90504}}
|percentage = 51.46
|change = +0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajay Agarwal
|votes = {{formatnum:81417}}
|percentage = 46.3
|change = +8.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1294}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9087}}
|percentage = 5.16
|change = -8.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175863}}
|percentage = 66.72
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Alwar Urban<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Sharma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:85041}}
|percentage = 50.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shweta Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:63033}}
|percentage = 37.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tara Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6370}}
|percentage = 3.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Puniya
|votes = {{formatnum:3507}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Abhinav Rajasthan Party
|candidate = Navjot Singh Bhamlot
|votes = {{formatnum:2706}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = C.A. Shrikishan Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:1727}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1081}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22008}}
|percentage = 13.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:167048}}
|percentage = 67.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Alwar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.56|76.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Alwar]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

The India Way (2010 book)

2026-04-19T16:22:48Z

Vikiutq: Started new data w/ refs

{{Short description|2010 book}}
{{for|the 2020 book|The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox book

| name = The India Way
| image = File:The India Way (2010 book) cover.jpg
| caption =
| author = Peter Capelli, Harbir Singh, Jitendra Singh and [[Michael Useem]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| subject =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Harvard Business Press]]
| pub_date = 2010
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''The India Way: How India's Top Business Leaders Are Revolutionizing Management''''' is published by the [[Harvard Business Press]].<ref>[http://harvardbusiness.org/ Harvard Business]</ref> It's a non-fiction book written by [[Peter Cappelli]], Harbir Singh, Jitendra Singh, and Michael Useem of the [[Wharton School]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>[http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/ Pen Wharton]</ref> The book was released in the United States on March 23, 2010, and was released in India in May 2010. ''The India Way'' primarily focuses on the contrast in [[Outline of business management|business management]] styles between the U.S. and India. Topics discussed in the book include topics such as leadership skills, company governance, human resources management, and innovation. The authors’ conclusions are based on an analysis of nearly 130 interviews conducted with Indian CEOs and executives.<ref name="india">[http://theindiaway.com/ The India Way Website]</ref>

==Overview==
The key phrase of the book, "the Indian way"<ref name="india"/>, is coined by the authors to signify a particular style of business management which they argue is the unique engenderment of the culture and history of India. It is a modern take on an earlier book, [[the Toyota Way]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DNA India {{!}} Latest News, Live Breaking News on India, Politics, World, Business, Sports, Bollywood |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/opinion/interview_jugaad-enters-management-jargon_1369496 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The book’s major claim is that there are certain practices prevalent in Indian business, such as paying special attention to the management of human resources and engaging in [[corporate social responsibility]], which could be extremely beneficial to other models of business, particularly those in the West.

According to the authors, the primary difference between Indian and Western business styles lies in the degree to which corporate goals and strategies reflect the company's core values. The book claims that, as a general rule, Indian corporations are far less concerned with [[shareholder]] interests than Western businesses and that they prefer to concentrate on the long term prosperity of the company, employees, and surrounding community. The book goes on to say that because Indian executives motivate their employees with larger company and social goals, they are afforded significantly higher levels of trust and respect from their workforce and communities than their Western counterparts.

==Chapter summary==
Chapter 1: The authors identify four key attributes of "the Indian way", which are as follows:

* Holistic Engagement of Employees.
* Improvisation and Adaptability.
* Creative Value Propositions.
* Broad Mission & Purpose.

Chapter 2: The authors explain the economic and historical context for "the Indian way" and present five distinct areas in which the key attributes of the business style are played out.

These topics, which are discussed in depth in the subsequent chapters, are as follows:

* People Management (Chapter 3).
Indian businesses see their employees "as assets to be
developed, not costs to be reduced", and have a strong
sense of obligation to them. As a result, improving
workforce capability becomes an ongoing process.
* Executive Leadership (Chapter 4).
This is a case of necessity creating a virtue. The
complexity of doing business in India means successful
companies have to be extremely flexible and creative
to achieve their ends (e.g., concepts like Jugaad among
others).
* Competitive Strategy (Chapter 5).
Intense domestic competition and highly cost-conscious
consumers imply that Indian companies have become
skilled at developing new product and service concepts
(e.g., [[Tata Nano]] motor car).
* Company Governance (Chapter 6).
Instead of simply focusing on [[shareholder value]], Indian companies, say the authors, are more inclined to consider family, social, and national goals in developing and executing their strategies. While acknowledging that some of the India way is a specific adaptation to Indian conditions, the authors argue that there are specific lessons in people management, executive leadership, competitive strategy, [[corporate governance]], and social responsibility that can be applied by leaders of Western companies. Unlike the state capitalism of China, the India Way, say the authors, "preserves the logic of free markets and democratic institutions", yet "appears to avoid some of the apparent rapaciousness and excesses of the American model."
* Social Responsibility (Also Chapter 6).
* Comparisons made in the previous chapters and summarize their general conclusions (Chapter 7).

==About the authors==
The book is written by Peter Cappelli,<ref>[http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/faculty/cappelli.cfm Wharton Faculty Bio for Peter Cappelli]</ref> George W. Taylor Professor of Management and director of the Center for Human Resources at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Harbir Singh,<ref>[http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/faculty/singh.cfm Wharton Faculty Bio for Harbir Singh]</ref> the William and Phyllis Mack Professor of Management and co-director of the Mack Center for Technological Innovation at the Wharton School and Jitendra Singh,<ref>[http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/faculty/singhj.cfm Wharton Faculty bio for Jitendra Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213084653/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/faculty/singhj.cfm |date=2009-12-13 }}</ref> the Saul P. Steinberg Professor of Management and former Vice Dean for International Academic Affairs at the Wharton School and Michael Useem,<ref>[http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/faculty/useem.cfm Wharton Faculty bio for Saul Steinberg]</ref> William and Jacalyn Egan Professor of Management and director of the Center for Leadership and Change Management at the Wharton School.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* May 17, 2010, Harvard Business Review "[http://blogs.hbr.org/imagining-the-future-of-leadership/2010/05/the-india-way-of-leading-busin.html The India Way of Leading Business]."
* April 14, 2010, Forbes. "[https://www.forbes.com/2010/04/14/india-business-way-leadership-citizenship-useem.html/ The India Way of Doing Business]."
* April 13, 2010, By John Baldoni, The Washington Post. "[http://views.washingtonpost.com/leadership/panelists/2010/04/indian-leadership-style.html/ Leadership: Made in India]."
* March 31, 2010, By Stefan Stern, The Financial Times. "[https://www.ft.com/content/dac98410-3cf4-11df-bbcf-00144feabdc0 India's New Management Model]."
* March 31, 2010, By Jane M. Von Bergen, Philly.com. "[http://www.philly.com/philly/business/Managing_the_India_way.html Managing 'the India way']."
* March 19, 2010, The Economic Times. "[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/corporate-dossier/Professors-of-Indian-origin-at-Ivy-League-biz-schools-in-great-demand/articleshow/5700268.cms Professors of Indian origin at Ivy League biz schools in great demand]."
* March 5, 2010, By Mark Tutton, CNN. "[http://www.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/03/05/india.leadership.lessons/ What bosses can learn from India's business leaders]."
* March 1, 2010, By Peter Cappelli, Executive Online. "[http://www.hreonline.com/HRE/story.jsp?storyId=351767161 Leadership Lessons from India]."

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India Way}}
[[Category:Business books]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Business models]]
[[Category:2010 non-fiction books]]

Subrata Chatterjee

2026-04-18T06:39:26Z

Vikiutq: Started some post needs work

{{short description|Indian Bengali actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subrata Chatterjee
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|07|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|02|25|1941|7|18}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{Plainlist |
* {{marriage|[[Tarun Kumar Chatterjee]]|1962|2003|reason=his death}} }}
| children = Manami "Jhimli" Banerjee ({{née|Chatterjee}})<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Actor-shook-off-Uttams-shadow/articleshow/254481.cms |title=Actor shook off Uttam's shadow |newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 October 2003 }}</ref>
| yearsactive =
| relatives = [[Uttam Kumar]] (brother-in-law) Barun Chatterjee (brother in law)
}}

'''Subrata Chatterjee''' (18 July 1940 {{endash}} 25 February 2004) was an Indian actress, who is recognized for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=অন্দরমহলে তিনি উত্তমকুমারের 'ছোট', বরুণকুমারের 'টুনটুনি'! তিনিই বাংলা ছবির স্টাইলিশ আইকন {{!}} Subrata Chattopadhyay Life Story |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/subrata-chattopadhyay-life-story/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her on-screen pairings with actors such as [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], and [[Anil Chatterjee]] were popular.<ref name="cinestaan">{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/subrata-chatterjee-135189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321074742/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/subrata-chatterjee-135189 |url-status=live |archive-date=21 March 2019 |title=Subrata Chatterjee movies, filmography, biography and songs |website=Cinestaan.com |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Subrata Chatterjee was born on 18 July 1941 in Kolkata, India. She debuted in Bengali movie Sosur Bari in 1953 and acted more than 200 films. She acted as a supporting actress in most of her films.<ref name="theiapolis">{{cite web |url=https://theiapolis.com/actress-APLG/subrata-chatterjee/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127221039/https://theiapolis.com/actress-APLG/subrata-chatterjee/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2024 |website=theiapolis.com |title=theiapolis.com/actress-APLG/subrata-chatterjee/ |accessdate=25 January 2021 }}</ref>

==Selected filmography==

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em
|
# Sei To Abar Kachhe Ele (1999)
# Bhalobasha-o-Andhakar 1992
# Bourani 1991
# Agantuk 1991
# Mahapith Tarapith 1989
# Aloy Phera 1985
# Lalita 1984
# Lal Golap 1984
# Bishabriksha 1984
# Durer Nadi 1982
# Durga Durgati Nashini 1981
# Upalabdhi 1981
# Abhi 1980
# Matribhakta Ramprasad 1980
# Tusi 1978
# Dak Diye Jai 1978
# Behula Lakhinder 1977
# Praner Thakur Ramkrishna 1977
# Chander Kachhakachhi 1976
# Ajasra Dhanyabad 1976
# Aguner Phulki 1976
# Agniswar 1975
# Mon Jare Chai 1975
# Duranta Jay 1973
# Nishi Kanya 1973
# Sonar Khancha 1973
# [[Stree (1972 film)|Stree]] (1972)
# Biraj Bou 1972
# Mem Sahib 1972
# Chitti 1972
# Maha Biplabi Aurobindo 1971
# Sansar 1971
# Megh Kalo 1970
# Maa-o-Meye 1969
# Pita Putra 1969
# Kokhono Megh 1968
# Adwitiya 1968
# Jiban Mrityu 1967
# Chidiakhana 1967
# Dolgobinder Karcha 1966
# Griha Sandhaney 1966
# Natun Tirtha 1964
# Saat Pake Bandha 1963
# Shesh Prahar 1963
# Personal Assistant 1959
# Pushpadhanu 1959
# Sosur Bari 1953
<ref name="moviebuff">{{cite web |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/subrata-chatterjee |website=moviebuff.com |title=Subrata Chatterjee on Moviebuff.com |accessdate=25 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Awards==
* '''Won''', [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Supporting Actor Award ]] for [[Chiriakhana]] (1967){{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0154167 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Subrata}}
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhowanipore]]

Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:16Z

Vikiutq: New a stub

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaganathprasad
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Jaganathprasad''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Ganjam district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=1951 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Statewise) Order of India |date=1951}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 1957.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1956 |title=1956 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1957}}</ref> It was revived in 1961<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref> and again abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref> This constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Castes]].

== Elected members ==
Between 1951 & 2008, 12 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Jaganathprasad constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| [[Biju Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| ''1956-1961: Constituency did not exist''
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Udia Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Udayanath Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Shribatcha Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Shribatcha Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Udaynath Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Shribatcha Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Dambarudhar Sethy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhaba Nanda Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Simanchala Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Madhaba Nanda Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Ganjam-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Baniapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:58Z

Vikiutq: Added a details.

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baniapur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 115-Baniapur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Kedar Nath Singh (Bihar politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 317,424
| abolished = 
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
'''Baniapur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 115 Baniapur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Baniapur (except Karhi, Manikpura and Lauwa Kala [[gram panchayat]]s) and Mashrakh [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Baniapur Assembly constituency is part of No. 19 [[Maharajganj (Bihar) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |title=Manjhi Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/manjhi.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Vishwanath Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |Uma Pandey
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ramanand Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Uma Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ramakant Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Uma Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Bahadur Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |Manoranjan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kedar Nath Singh (Bihar politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Baniapur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kedar Nath Singh (Bihar politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:95606}}
|percentage = 47.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Chandani Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:80170}}
|percentage = 40.0
|change = +1.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Shravan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:8638}}
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyam Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3831}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ravi Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:2850}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4876}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15436}}
|percentage = 7.7
|change = -8.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200418}}
|percentage = 63.14
|change = +10.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Baniapur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Kedar Nath Singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:65194}}
|percentage = 38.74
|change = {{decrease}}7.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Virendra Kumar Ojha
|votes = {{formatnum:37405}}
|percentage = 22.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Tarkeshwar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:33082}}
|percentage = 19.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sumit Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:12485}}
|percentage = 7.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pushpa Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2395}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2157}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dablu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2124}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narayan Pd. Yadaw
|votes = {{formatnum:2039}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Anil Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1882}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nawal Kishor Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:1726}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change = {{increase}}0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4657}}
|percentage = 2.77
|change = {{decrease}}1.58
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27789}}
|percentage = 16.51
|change = {{increase}}6.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168297}}
|percentage = 52.84
|change = {{increase}}2.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Baniapur<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Kedar Nath Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:69851}}
|percentage = 45.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tarkeshwar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:53900}}
|percentage = 35.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Virendra Kumar Ojha
|votes = {{formatnum:13545}}
|percentage = 8.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bikrma Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1481}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6628}}
|percentage = 4.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15951}}
|percentage = 10.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152266}}
|percentage = 50.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
{{coord|26|00|05|N|84|42|00|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

Shivdeen Pandit

2026-04-12T12:03:12Z

Vikiutq: Started initial stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Prime minister of Jaipur state}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Pandit]]
| name = Shivdeen
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Jaipur State CoA - colourised.svg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Royal Coat of Arms of Kingdom of Amber
| birth_name =
| birth_date Unknown = 
| birth_place = Rewa, Madhya Pradesh
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 1864 
| death_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg}} [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| service_years = 1835 - 1864
| service_years_label =
| rank =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| height = 
| term =
| office = [[Kingdom of Amber|Prime Minister of Jaipur state]]
| term_start = 1852
| term_end = 1864
| predecessor = Thakur Lachman Singh
| successor = Pandit Vishambhardeen
| term_start2 = 1852
| term_end2 = 1864 November
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party =
| movement =
| opponent =
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse =
| partner = 
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pandit Shivdeen''' was a minister of the [[Kingdom of Amber]] and also its prime minister from 1852 to 1864.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|author=Jawala Sahai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0d4wAQAAMAAJ&dq=pandit+sheo+din&pg=PA257|title=The Loyal Rajputana, Or, a Description of the Services of the Rajputana Princes to the British Government Rendered During the Mutiny of 1857|date=1902}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shivdeen was born at [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] in a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] family. He attended [[Agra College]] and later was appointed guardian of [[Ram Singh II|Sawai Ram Singh II]] in 1835.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|author=Susanne Hoeber Rudolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djabj9gefZ0C&dq=pandit+sheo+din&pg=PA108|title= Essays on Rajputana| date=1984 }}</ref>
[[File:Pandit shivdeen.jpg|thumb|Pandit Shivdeen ki Haweli, Jaipur, Rajasthan]]

==Political career==

Shivdeen was an enlightened student of the Agra College with a high level of education and great administrative capacity. From guardianship of the maharaja he rose gradually as civil judge, and Musahib or prime minister. His strict fidelity and uprightness earned him the implicit confidence of his master. He was so popular and amiable that throughout the long period during which he occupied the office not a single individual complained of having received a wrong at his hand. He guided the State through political warfare without significant incident.<ref name="auto"/> In 1844, Sawai Ram Singh II founded the [[Maharaja College, Jaipur]] with Shivdeen as its first principle. After Sawai Ram Singh II ascended to the throne in 1852, he appointed his guardian Shivdeen as Mohatmim Tehsil or Revenue commissioner. After a couple of years, Shivdeen was appointed as prime minister. He was succeeded by his son Vishambhar Deen.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Vibhuti Sachdev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7F_MJcTjDOQC&dq=pandit+shiv+deen&pg=PA98|title=Building Jaipur| date=2002 | publisher=Reaktion Books | isbn=978-1-86189-137-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sanwat Raj Bhansali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGGbAAAAMAAJ&q=pandit+shiv+din|title=Legal system in India, Vol2| date=1992 | publisher=University Book House | isbn=978-81-85488-05-9 }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivdeen, Pandit}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agra College alumni]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of British India]]

Muta Gopal

2026-04-11T10:01:52Z

Vikiutq: Created New Info Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Muta Gopal''' (born 10 February 1953) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Musheerabad Assembly constituency]] in [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]]. He represents [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musheerabad assembly election results 2023: Musheerabad Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/musheerabad-assembly-result-29057 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Musheerabad Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/musheerabad-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687824.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gopal was born in [[Karimnagar]] to Muta Rajaiah and Muta Rajeswari. He is a graduate and runs his own business. He did his B.A. in 2005 at [[Vinayaka Missions University]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muta Gopal(BRS):Constituency- MUSHEERABAD(HYDERABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=215 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He married Saroja and they have a son and a daughter. He also served as a corporator and Zonal chairman of [[APSRTC]] and chairman of Andhra Pradesh Minimum Wages Board.<ref>https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?memid=3428&constid=57&orderby=1&termid=15</ref>

== Career ==
Gopal started his political career with [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He later shifted to TRS and was first elected as an MLA in 2018. He defeated [[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1956)|Anil Kumar Yadav]] of [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] by a huge margin of 36,910 votes. He retained the [[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]] seat in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].<ref name=":0" /> He polled 75.207 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Anjan Kumar Yadav]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 37,797 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Musheerabad Constituency Election Results 2023: Musheerabad Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/musheerabad |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Musheerabad Election Result 2023 Live: Brs Candidate Muta Gopal Wins From Musheerabad |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/musheerabad-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-trs-bjp-congress-aimim-telangana-assembly-election-results-news-1647272 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopal, Muta}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad district, India]]

Vinusha Devi

2026-04-10T13:50:01Z

Vikiutq: Started the bio v1

{{Short description|Indian model and actress (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinusha Devi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vinusha Devi <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-vinusha-devi-biography-tamil-news-369027/|language=en|title= Bharathi Kannamma Vinusha Devi Biography Tamil News}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|12|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|}}
| alma mater =
| years_active = 2021 {{ndash}} present
| other_names = Vinuja
}}

'''Vinusha Devi''' (born 5 December 1998)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/on-her-birthday-bharathi-kannammas-lead-vinusha-devi-shares-pics-in-beautiful-saree-4529615.html|language=en|title= On Her Birthday, Bharathi Kannamma's Lead Vinusha Devi Shares Pics in Beautiful Saree}}</ref> is an Indian actress and model who predominantly appears in Tamil soap opera. She is known for her lead role in Tamil TV series ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''. (2022-2023)

==Early life==
Vinusha was born on 5 December 1998 in Chennai.in a telugu speaking family,After finishing her graduation, she started her career in modeling and acting.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/arun-prasad-says-about-bharathi-kannamma-serial-actress-vinusha-devi-r85rin/ |language=en|title= Other side of Bharathi Kannamma Vinusha}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2021, while pursuing her career in modeling she got an opportunity to act in a Tamil film titled ''N4''. Vinusha played an important role in the film. Later in November 2021, she replaced [[Roshini Haripriyan]] for her role of Kannamma in popular television series [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/barathi-kannamma-new-kannamma-vinusha-devi-first-insta-post/articleshow/87724086.cms/|language=ta-IN|title= Vinusha replaces Roshini}}</ref> This marked Vinusha's television debut in a lead role.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2023
|''[[N4 (film)|N4]]''
|Abhinaya
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://infonewsgo.com/vinusha-devi-and-gabriella-sellus-to-star-in-a-kollywood-film/|language=en|title=Vinusha Devi and Gabriella Sellus to star in a Kollywood film}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2022–2023 || ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''|| Kannamma || rowspan="5" | [[Star Vijay]]|| Replacing [[Roshini Haripriyan]]
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bharathi Kannamma 2]]''
|Chitra (Kannamma)||
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)| Bigg Boss Season 7- Tamil]]''|| | Contestant||Evicted Day 28
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil7: Yugendran and Vinusha Devi exit in dual eviction |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil7-yugendran-and-vinusha-devi-exit-in-dual-eviction/articleshow/104805872.cms#:~:text=Surprisingly,%20Vinusha%20faced%20eviction%20in,trying%20to%20impress%20the%20housemates. |access-date=2023-11-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|''[[Super Singer 10]]''
|Dancer
|
|
|-
| 2024–2025
|[[Panivizhum Malarvanam (TV series)|''Panivizhum Malarvanam'']]
| Anbirkiniyal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web| title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Vinusha Devi to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Pani Vizhnum Malarvanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-vinusha-devi-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-pani-vizhnum-malarvanam/articleshow/108747270.cms|via=|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|date=25 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Veduvan]]''
|
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=2025-09-17 |title=Veduvan on OTT: When and where to watch Kanna Ravi’s upcoming Tamil thriller series |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/veduvan-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-kanna-ravi-s-upcoming-tamil-thriller-series-11758055614250.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| ''[[Suttum Vizhi Sudare (TV series)|Suttum Vizhi Sudare]]''
|Abinaya
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
|
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col" | Year

!scope="col" | Award

!scope="col" | Category

!Role
!Show
!scope="col" | Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2022

|[[Vijay Television Awards]]
|Find of the year (Fiction)
|Kannamma
|[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=Vijay Television Awards 2022: Meet The Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-television-awards-2022-meet-the-winners-4945202.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|12579920}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station

2026-04-10T11:48:53Z

Vikiutq: New a post

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro interchange station for Pink and Orange Lines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = JP Nagar 4th Phase
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink|line2=Orange}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = JP Nagar 4th Phase (Pink Line) metro station (Apr '26) - 1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = This metro station's final stages before Operations under Namma Metro's [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] and the upcoming [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]] as of April 2026
| address = Outer Ring Road, JP Nagar 4th Phase, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078
| coordinates = {{coord|12.909841|77.600237|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}}} [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Tavarekere}} * ''* (Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}''' in the future)'' {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 4 (2 Operational under Pink Line and 2 Under Construction under Orange Line)
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}}} {{start date and age|May 2026|df=yes}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}}} {{start date and age|2029|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]] ''(Pink Line)'' (TBC) ''(Orange Line)''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}}} Final Stages before Operations {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}}} Approved
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = GR Infraprojects Ltd. (Simplex contract terminated in 2021)
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=Jayadeva Hospital|to-left1=Tavarekere|note-mid1=''(Operational around May 2026)''|right1=IIMB|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara|line2=Pink|left2=Jayadeva Hospital|to-left2=Nagawara|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right2=IIMB|to-right2=Kalena Agrahara|line3=Orange|right3=JP Nagar 5th Phase|to-right3=Kempapura|note-mid3=''(Approved)''}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}} {{BMR Orange Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''JP Nagar 4th Phase''' is an upcoming elevated interchange metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] and the ORR-West corridor of the [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This station is located near the popular '''Vega City Mall''' and serves the residential areas of [[BTM Layout]] and [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|JP Nagar 3rd & 4th Phase]]. This metro station will also act as the terminal station of the proposed [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]] under [[Namma Metro#Phase 3|Namma Metro Phase 3]].

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the first phase of [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|'''Pink Line''']], covering a total distance of 7.5 km elevated stretch ([[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]] - [[Tavarekere metro station|Tavarekere]]), is expected to be operational around ''May 2026'' <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-26 |title=7.5-km stretch of Pink Line metro in Bengaluru to open in May 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bmrcl-begins-beautification-drive-under-pink-line-on-bannerghatta-road/article70549393.ece |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Namma Metro Pink Line Opening Delayed: When Will It Finally Open For Bengaluru Residents? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-pink-line-namma-metro-pink-line-opening-delayed-when-will-it-finally-open-for-bengaluru-article-151633658 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2025-05-13 |title=Namma Metro’s Pink Line deadline pushed to 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-deadline-pushed-to-2026/article69572071.ece |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Bengaluru Metro's Reach 6 Line Likely To Be Commissioned In Sept 2026; See Which Areas It Will Connect |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metros-reach-6-line-likely-to-be-commissioned-in-sept-2026-see-which-areas-it-will-connect-article-151624040 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> instead of ''December 2025''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Pink Line ===
In March 2017, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for building the JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station on the 7.5 km Kalena Agrahara - South Ramp section of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. This section comprises 5 stations, excluding Jayadeva Hospital, which was part of a joint venture between HCC - URC Constructions. Initially, Simplex Infrastructures won the tender in September 2017 but due to slow progress, their contract was terminated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=Bangalore Metro Terminates Simplex Infra's Pink Line Contract |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/02/04/bangalore-metro-terminates-simplex-infras-pink-line-contract/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2021, GR Infraprojects became the lowest bidder and was awarded the Rs 364.87 Crore contract for this section. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=GR Infra Wins Bangalore Metro Pink Line's Pending Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/07/16/gr-infra-wins-bangalore-metro-pink-lines-pending-work/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = JP Nagar 4th Phase track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Jayadeva Hospital}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|IIMB}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}
|{{Routemap
| title = JP Nagar 4th Phase track layout **
| title bg color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}
| collapsible = no
| legend = track
| footnote = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''''** (Under Construction)'''''</div>
| map = vENDEa
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|JP Nagar 5th Phase}} **
vCONTgfe
}}}}
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="7" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|IIMB}}
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Tavarekere}} ** '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Jayadeva Hospital}} '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}'''''
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]] | '''P# & P#''' doors will open on the left {{access icon}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} & {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} '''''Station Layout & Platform Numbers - (TBC)'''''
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|JP Nagar 5th Phase}}
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |'''''Note:'''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |'''''** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==Connections==
{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}

==Entry/Exit==
{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes|orange line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

1947 Sylhet referendum

2026-04-09T22:18:11Z

Vikiutq: Added a data

{{Short description|Referendum in British India}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox referendum
| name = Sylhet referendum
| flag_image = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| title = Should Sylhet join the province of [[East Bengal]] in [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]?
| location = [[Sylhet Division|District of Sylhet]], [[Assam Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| outcome= [[Karimganj district|Karimganj subdivision]] remains in the [[Dominion of India|India]], the rest of Sylhet District joins the [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]].
| date = {{start date|1947|07|06|df=yes}}
| no =
| yes =
| total =
| electorate =
| map =Sylhet 1947.png
|mapcaption=Map of Sylhet District showing subdivisions and majority voting. Green represents area in favor of joining East Bengal (Pakistan) and Orange represents area in favor of remaining part of Assam and joining India.
|next_year=1947|next_referendum=1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum}}
{{History of Bengal}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}
The '''1947 Sylhet referendum''' was held in the [[Undivided Sylhet district|Sylhet district]] of the [[Assam Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] to decide whether the district would remain in [[undivided Assam]] and therefore within the post-independence [[Dominion of India]], or leave Assam for [[East Bengal]] and consequently join the newly created [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The referendum's turnout was in favour of joining the Pakistani union; however, the district's [[Karimganj district|Karimganj subdivision]] remained within the [[Assam|Indian state of Assam]].<ref name="qaty">{{cite Banglapedia |author=Chowdhury, Dewan Nurul Anwar Husain |article=Sylhet Referendum, 1947}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Greater Sylhet Region.jpg|thumb|left|250x500px|[[Undivided Sylhet district]] under British rule.]]
Prior to the [[East India Company|British arrival]] in the region in late eighteenth century, the ''Sylhet Sarkar'' was a part of the [[Bengal Subah]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Initially, the [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] incorporated Sylhet into its [[Bengal Presidency]]; however, 109 years later on 16 February 1874, Sylhet was made a part of the [[non-regulation province|non-regulation]] [[Colonial Assam|Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam (North-East Frontier)]] in order to facilitate Assam's commercial development. This transfer was implemented despite a memorandum of protests being submitted to the Viceroy, [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Lord Northbrook]], on 10 August from the district's [[Sylhetis|Sylheti]]-majority population which consisted of both [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fazal |first=Tanweer |year=2013 |title=Minority Nationalisms in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |publisher=Routledge |pages=53–54 |isbn=978-1-317-96647-0}}</ref> These protests subsided when Northbrook visited Sylhet to reassure the people that education and justice would be administered from the city of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in Bengal,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=262 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X |s2cid=145546471 |quote=It was also decided that education and justice would be administered from Calcutta University and the Calcutta High Court respectively.}}</ref> as well as when the Hindu [[Zamindar|''zamindars'']] of Sylhet realized the opportunity of employment in Assam's tea estates and a market for their produce.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Ashfaque |year=2013 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=47 |number=1 |page=262 |jstor=23359785 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X |s2cid=145546471 |quote=They could also see that the benefits conferred by the tea industry on the province would also prove profitable for them. For example, those who were literate were able to obtain numerous clerical and medical appointments in tea estates, and the demand for rice to feed the tea labourers noticeably augmented its price in Sylhet and Assam enabling the Zaminders (mostly Hindu) to dispose of their produce at a better price than would have been possible had they been obliged to export it to Bengal.}}</ref>

[[File:AssamProvince1936 Map.png|thumb|left|250px|Surma Valley and Hill Districts under the Assam Province.]]
After the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]] in 1905, Sylhet was briefly reincorporated with [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], as a part of the new province's ''Surma Valley and Hill Districts'' division. However, this reorganization was short-lived as Sylhet once again became separated from Bengal in 1912, when [[Assam Province]] was reconstituted into a [[Chief Commissioner's Province]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} By the 1920s, organisations such as the ''Sylhet Peoples' Association'' and ''Sylhet–Bengal Reunion League'' mobilized public opinion, demanding Sylhet's reincorporation into Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fazal |first=Tanweer |year=2013 |title=Minority Nationalisms in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |publisher=Routledge |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-1-317-96647-0}}</ref> However, the leaders of the Reunion League, including [[Muhammad Bakht Mauzumdar]] and [[Syed Abdul Majid]], who were also involved in Assam's tea trade, later opposed the transfer of Sylhet and [[Cachar district|Cachar]] to Bengal in September 1928 during the ''Surma Valley Muslim Conference''; supported by Abdul Majid's ''Anjuman-e-Islamia'' and ''Muslim Students Association''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhuyan |first=Arun Chandra |title=Nationalist Upsurge in Assam |year=2000 |publisher=[[Government of Assam]] |oclc=47256838}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Sylhet in Bangladesh.svg|thumb|left|200px]] [[File:Karimganj and surrounding areas.png|thumb|right|200px|On the left is a map of [[Sylhet Division]] in present-day [[Bangladesh]] and on the right is a map of [[Karimganj district]] in present-day [[Assam]], [[India]]]]
The [[partition of India]] was to happen along religious lines in August 1947. [[Muslims|Muslim]]-majority areas would be combined to form the new [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] while non-Muslim and [[Hindus|Hindu]]-majority areas would remain in [[Dominion of India|India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History - British History in depth: The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] was a Muslim-majority [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]-speaking district in Assam, which was a Hindu-majority [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-speaking province. The [[Government of Assam]] believed that removing Sylhet would make the state more homogeneous and strongly unified as a result. Assam's Chief Minister, [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], stated in 1946 that his wish was to "hand over Sylhet to [[East Bengal]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daniyal |first1=Shoaib |title=With Brexit a reality, a look back at six Indian referendums (and one that never happened) |url=http://scroll.in/article/810564/with-brexit-a-reality-a-look-back-at-six-indian-referendums-and-one-that-never-happened |work=Scroll.in |access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> The [[British Raj]] declared on 3 July 1947 that a referendum would be held on 6 July 1947 to decide the future of Sylhet. H. C. Stock was appointed as the commissioner of the referendum.<ref name="qaty" /> [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] [[Mohinder Singh Chopra]] was in command of the "SYL Force" (Sylhet Force) made to keep the referendum peaceful, which is why there were no cases of riot or murder during the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2023 |title=Independence Day: The man who set up the joint check post at Attari-Wagah border in 1947 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/independence-day-joint-check-post-attari-wagah-border-mohinder-singh-chopra-8890450/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Result==
[[File:Sylhet referendum & pre-partition Sylhet district borders.png|thumb|left|250x300px|Map of Sylhet district at the time of the 1947 Sylhet referendum]]
The majority of the population voted in favour of joining [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. This was implemented via Article 3 of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence Act]] of 18 July 1947. The [[Radcliffe Line]] published on 17 August 1947 gave some areas of Sylhet – mainly [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] – to [[Dominion of India|India]], while the rest of Sylhet joined [[East Bengal]], even though Karimganj had a Muslim-majority population which had opted for Pakistan, unlike some other areas in Sylhet like [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Murad |author-link=Murad Qureshi |date=14 August 2017 |title=Sylhet's own Brexit – Partition referendum of 1947 |url=https://muradqureshi.com/sylhets-own-brexit-partition-referendum-of-1947/ |website=Murad Qureshi |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> The putative cause of this was the plea of a group led by [[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
India received three and a half [[Administrative geography of Bangladesh|thanas]] of Sylhet.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Recovering Sylhet |url=http://himalmag.com/recovering-sylhet/ |magazine=Himal Southasian |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Election Results – What does it mean for Bangladesh? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/assam-election-results-what-does-it-mean-bangladesh-1227193 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=21 May 2016 |access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> Along with Karimganj, [[Zakiganj Upazila|Zakiganj]] was also to be a part of independent India, but this was prevented by a delegation led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/08/15/d40815090170.htm |title=Bangabandhu's death anniversary special: As I look back |author=Ali, AMM Shawkat |work=The Daily Star |date=15 August 2004 |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526141434/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/08/15/d40815090170.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thus, most of the Sylhet District joined [[East Pakistan]], which later emerged as the new country of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971 following the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]].<ref name="laporte">{{cite journal |last=LaPorte |first=R |year=1972 |title=Pakistan in 1971: The Disintegration of a Nation |journal=Asian Survey |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.2307/2643071 |jstor=2643071}}</ref>
The result of the referendum was largely welcomed by the [[Assamese people|local Assamese population]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fazal |first=Tanweer |title=Minority Nationalisms in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=56 |isbn=978-1-317-96647-0}}</ref>
[[File:Letter on Results of Sylhet Referendum addressing M. A. Jinnah.png|thumb|left|200x300px|Letter on Results of Sylhet Referendum addressing [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|M. A. Jinnah]]]][[File:Letter on Results of Sylhet Referendum addressing Gopinath Bordoloi.png|thumb|left|200x300px|Letter on Results of Sylhet Referendum addressing [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]]]
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2right col7right"
! rowspan="2" |Subdivision
! rowspan="2" |Total Voters
! rowspan=2 | Votes cast
! rowspan="2" |Turnout %
! colspan="4" | Votes<ref name="qaty" />
|-
! [[Assam]] ([[Dominion of India|India]])
!%
! [[East Bengal]] ([[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]])
!%
|-
|[[Sylhet District|Sylhet North]]
|1,41,131
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,07,252
|76.00
| style="text-align: right;" | 38,871
|36.24
| style="text-align: right;" | 68,381
|63.76
|-
|[[Moulvibazar District|Sylhet South (Moulvibazar)]]
|79,024
| style="text-align: right;" | 65,189
|82.49
| style="text-align: right;" | 33,471
|51.34
| style="text-align: right;" | 31,718
|48.66
|-
|[[Habiganj District|Habiganj]]
|1,35,526
| style="text-align: right;" | 91,495
|67.51
| style="text-align: right;" | 36,952
|40.39
| style="text-align: right;" | 54,543
|59.61
|-
|[[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]]
|90,891
| style="text-align: right;" | 77,926
|85.74
| style="text-align: right;" | 34,211
|43.90
| style="text-align: right;" |43,715
|56.10
|-
|[[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]
|1,00,243
| style="text-align: right;" | 81,798
|81.60
| style="text-align: right" | 40,536
|49.56
| style="text-align: right;" | 41,262
|50.44
|-
! Total
!style="text-align:right;"|5,46,815
!style="text-align:right;"|4,23,660
!style="text-align:left;"|77.48
!style="text-align:right;"|1,84,041
!43.44
!style="text-align:right;"|2,39,619
!56.56
|}

==See also==
* [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum]], a similar referendum held in present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[Undivided Sylhet district]]
* [[History of Sylhet]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sylhet Referendum}}
[[Category:1947 in British India]]
[[Category:1947 referendums]]
[[Category:July 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:1940s in Assam]]
[[Category:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:Sylhet District]]
[[Category:Referendums in India]]
[[Category:History of Sylhet]]
[[Category:Territorial evolution of Bangladesh]]

Khed, Ratnagiri

2026-03-27T18:12:19Z

Vikiutq: minor cleanup

{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khed
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Khed Naringi River.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Naringi River, which flows through Khed
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|43|04|N|73|23|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 25
| population_total = 16892
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Khedkar
| population_footnotes = {{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415709
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.96 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 80%
| website =
| footnotes = Khed is situated on Mumbai–Goa National Highway No. 66
}}

'''Khed''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[kʰeːɖ]]]) is a [[municipal council]] in the [[Ratnagiri district]] of the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Khed town is situated on the [[Mumbai|Mumba]]i - [[Ratnagiri]] [[Highway]].

Khed is the headquarters of [[Khed taluka, Ratnagiri|Khed taluka]] which connects the district administration with the village administration.

== Geography ==
Khed is located at {{Coord|17.72|N|73.38|E|type:city}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Khed.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Khed, India |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.}} Retrieved on 23 October 2008.</ref> It has an average [[elevation]] of 25 metres (82 feet). [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso mangoes]] are grown in the area around the town. Khed lies between Kashedi Ghat and Bhoste Ghat. The region surrounding the town is mostly mountainous.

The [[Jagbudi River]] is a large river located in the area.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJIbAQAAIAAJ&dq=jagbudi+river+information&pg=PA186|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|date=1886|publisher=Trübner & Company|language=en}}</ref> The Raghuveer ghat is mainly use for picnic spots.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

== Culture ==
The town is a melting pot of cultures, where traditional Maharashtrian customs blend seamlessly with modern influences. Festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, Holi, Eid and Christmas are celebrated with great enthusiasm and vigor, bringing the community together in joyous harmony. The local cuisine, characterized by its use of coconut, rice, and seafood, offers a delightful culinary experience that reflects the region's coastal heritage.

'Raj Yuva Mahostav' & 'JCI festival' (Mela) is also organized in Khed once every year.

Shimaga (Holi) and [[Ganesh chaturthi|Ganapati]] are Konkan's favorite festivals. Gauri-[[Ganesha|Ganpati]] festival is celebrated with cheer and enthusiasm all over the taluka.

[[Ram Navmi]] festival is celebrated in Laxmi Narayan Temple. It is celebrated for 10 days starting from [[Gudi Padva]].

[[Ganesh Chaturthi]] is largely and joyfully celebrated in the city.

One of the most important attractions of Khed is the annual rally conducted on the occasion of [[Shiv Jayanti]].

[[Hazrat Jalal Shah baba Dargah (Shrine)]] - The shrine of Hazrat Jalal Shah, is situated in the suburb of Khed along the NH 66 highway, near Khed Railway Station, on the edge of Veral village. The Dargah includes a modest courtyard, a multi purpose space, and an ablution area for devotees. The annual Urs of Dargah, a significant event, is celebrated with deep reverence between the 15th to 20th of Sha'ban (Islamic calendar), attracting numerous visitors from the surrounding regions.

Vade-Mutton is a popular dish in Khed. The staple diet is rice and fish. Ghavane is one of the main dishes in the menu which prepared by the rice flour, eaten as Breakfast. Also, Monga is a well-known food item called as "Popati" in north Konkan.<ref>https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/food-recipes/chicken-popti-raigad/articleshow/56147411.cms</ref>

== Demographics ==
The 2001 Indian [[census]] reported that Khed had a [[population]] of 13,813.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census 2001 Population Finder: Maharashtra: Ratnagiri: Khed: Khed (M.Cl.)|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=3119&category=M.Cl.}}</ref> Males constituted 49% of the population and females 51%. Khed had an average literacy rate of 97%, which was higher than the national average of 69.5%. The literacy rate among males was 98%, and among females, it was 96%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages, and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

In the 2011 Indian census, the town of Khed listed 15,249 inhabitants.<ref name="NPR-2011-Khed">{{Cite web|title=NPR Report: Maharashtra: Ratnagiri: Khed|year=2011|publisher=National Population Register, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/NprStateReport.aspx?stcd=27&distcd=32&tslcode=003}}</ref>

== Industry ==
Several factories [that produce] [[Chemical industry|chemicals]] and [[pharmaceuticals]] are located in Khed. Furthermore, the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC) has developed the Lote-Parshuram industrial area in Khed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midcindia.org/MIDCWebSite/investment/industrial/IndustrialDetails.aspx?id=60 |title=Lote-Parshuram (Group D+) Industrial Area Details |publisher=Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828175818/http://www.midcindia.org/MIDCWebSite/investment/industrial/IndustrialDetails.aspx?id=60 |archive-date=28 August 2008 }}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File:Khed Railway Station.jpg|thumb|right|Khed Railway Station]]
Khed lies off National Highway [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]], popularly known as Mumbai-Goa Highway, which connects Khed with cities like [[Mangalore]], [[Panaji]], [[Madgaon]], [[Karwar]] and [[Udupi]]. The Bharna Naka – Khed road, part of state highway SH-106, connects NH-66 to the town of Khed. Khed has a railway station on the [[Konkan Railway]] line and a [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC) bus station connecting Khed taluka to major cities in Maharashtra.

Khed railway station connects three talukas (Dapoli, Mandangad, and Khed) to the railway map of India.

==Tourism==
Apart from its natural environment, Khed has several tourist attractions that draw visitors.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The Parashuram Temple, dedicated to Lord Parashuram, is a significant religious site known for its architecture.
Kalki devi temple is one of the most visited site by devotees.
{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The Unhavare hot springs, located nearby, are another tourist attraction, believed to have therapeutic properties.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The [[jagbudi River]], which flows through Khed, provides opportunities for boating and fishing.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The nearby Sahyadri mountains are visited by trekkers and nature enthusiasts.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

[[Forts]](killa), khed is surrounded by the [[Western Ghats]] at east and has [[dapoli]] taluka at west. Khed taluka has total six forts located nearby .The fort, built during the era of chhatrapati [[shivaji]] maharaj are

1. [[Rasalgad]](approximately 15 km east)

2. [[Mahipatgad]](approximately 24.5 km east)

3. [[Sumargad]](approximately 18 km east)

4. Mahimandangad(approximately 33 km northeast)
Coordinates=17.7111159N,73.6097912E

5. [[palgad]](approximately 24 km northwest)

6. Ramgad(approximately 25 km northwest)
Coordinates=17.814536N,73.347910E

[[Mahipatgad]], [[Sumargad]], [[Rasalgad]] are famous for its range Trek among the trekker, with the beautiful mountain clips, valleys, jungle and [[Sahyadri Tiger Reserve]].

7. Caves - Just a few steps walking distance from the Khed Bus Station towards L.P. School and wonderful caves on the hills.

==Education==
Khed has many English, Urdu, and Marathi medium schools and colleges:
* M.I.B Girl's High School And Junior College.
* Sriman Chandulal Sheth High School & Jr.College.
* Navabharat High School & Junior College, Bharne.
* L. P. English School & Junior College.
* Haji SM Mukadam High school and Junior College.
* L. T. T. English Medium School & Junior College.
* M. I. Hajwani English Medium School & Junior College.
* Rotary English Medium School, DELHI AFFILIATED{CBSE}
* Shiv Shankar Madhyamik Vidyalaya & Jr. College, Kulwandi.
{{clear}}
* Dnyandeep Vidya Mandir, Bhadgaon.
* Vishwakarma Sahajeevan Institute of Management.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishwakarma Sahajeevan Institute of Management, Ratnagiri: Admission 2026, Cutoff, Courses, Fees, Placements, Ranking|url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/vishwakarma-sahajeevan-institute-of-management-ratnagiri|access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
* New English Junior College of Aambavali.
* Yogita Dental College Khed.
* S.I.Junior college, furus, khed.
* New English school, Dayal, Khed.
* I.C.S College Khed.
* Ideal English school Furus.
* New English school, hedali saveni
* Z.P.School hedali

== See also ==
*[[Saitavde]]
*[[Tisangi]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Khed (KHED)'''
|-
|style="width:30%;" |Next 'Small' station towards Mumbai: '''Diwankhauti'''
|style="width:40%;" |'''Konkan Railway : Railway (India)''' ''''Distance from Mumbai (CST) = 0275 km'''
|style="width:30%;" |Next 'Small' station from Mumbai: '''Anjani'''
|-
|style="width:30%;" |Next 'Main' station towards Mumbai: '''[[Mangaon]]'''
|style="width:40%;" |'''Konkan Railway : Railway (India)'''
|style="width:30%;" |Next 'Main' station from Mumbai: '''[[Chiplun]]'''
|-
|style="width:30%;" rowspan="2" |Next 'Main' station towards Mumbai: '''[[Mangaon]]'''
|style="width:40%;" |'''Konkan Railway : Railway (India)'''
|style="width:30%;" rowspan="2" |Next 'Main' station from Mumbai: '''[[Chiplun]]'''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ratnagiri district topics}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ratnagiri district]]

[[pt:Rajgurunagar (Khed)]]

Ariamnes (spider)

2026-03-27T10:32:23Z

Vikiutq: enhanced intro to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name =
| image = Ariamnes_sp._(4446163117).jpg
| image_caption = ''Ariamnes'' sp. from [[Aranda, Australian Capital Territory|Aranda]], Australia
| image2 = Ariamnes colubrinus 464434029.jpg
| image2_caption = ''A. colubrinus'' in Australia
| taxon = Ariamnes
| authority = [[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1869<ref name=wsc />
| type_species = ''[[Ariamnes flagellum|A. flagellum]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Ludwig Doleschall|Doleschall]], 1857)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 30, [[#Species|see text]]
}}

'''''Ariamnes''''' is a [[genus]] of comb-footed spiders (family [[Theridiidae]]) that was first described by [[Tamerlan Thorell]] in 1869.<ref name=Thor1869 /> Some species have greatly elongated abdomens, making them resemble a twig.

==Life style==
These spiders are mostly free-living, at least as adults, although a number have been found to occur as kleptoparasites on the webs of other spiders, at least facultatively. They are nocturnal. The egg sac is elongated. They are rare and little is known about them in South Africa.<ref name="dippenaar2021" />

==Taxonomy==

''Ariamnes'' was removed from the synonymy of ''[[Argyrodes]]'' by Agnarsson in 2004.<ref name="agnarsson2004" />

==Species==
<gallery mode=packed heights=180px>
Ariamnes.cylindrogaster.female.with.eggsac.-.tanikawa.jpg|''A. cylindrogaster'' with eggsac from Okinawa, Japan
Ariamnes waikula 534727884.jpg|''A. waikula''
Ariamnes_approximata.jpg|''Ariamnes'' sp.
</gallery>

{{as of|2025|10}}, this genus includes thirty species and one subspecies, found in Asia, Africa, South America, Oceania, the Caribbean, [[Costa Rica]], and [[Mexico]]<ref name="wsc" />
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Ariamnes alepeleke]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – [[Hawaii]]
* ''[[Ariamnes attenuatus]]'' [[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1881 – [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]], Caribbean, South America
* ''[[Ariamnes campestratus]]'' [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1903 – [[Gabon]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]], [[South Africa]]
* ''[[Ariamnes columnaceus]]'' Gao & Li, 2014 – [[China]]
* ''[[Ariamnes corniger]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes cylindrogaster]]'' Simon, 1889 – [[Japan]], [[Korea]], China, [[Taiwan]], [[Laos]], [[Indonesia]] (Sulawesi), [[Australia]]
* ''[[Ariamnes flagellum]]'' ([[Carl Ludwig Doleschall|Doleschall]], 1857) – Southeast Asia, Australia (type species)
** ''[[Ariamnes flagellum nigritus|A. f. nigritus]]'' Simon, 1901 – Southeast Asia
* ''[[Ariamnes haitensis]]'' (Exline & [[Herbert Walter Levi|Levi]], 1962) – [[Hispaniola]]
* ''[[Ariamnes helminthoides]]'' Simon, 1907 – [[Guinea-Bissau]]
* ''[[Ariamnes hiwa]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes huinakolu]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes jeanneli]]'' [[Lucien Berland|Berland]], 1920 – East Africa
* ''[[Ariamnes kahili]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes laau]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes longissimus]]'' [[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1891 – [[Peru]], [[Brazil]]
* ''[[Ariamnes makue]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes melekalikimaka]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes mexicanus]]'' (Exline & Levi, 1962) – [[Mexico]], [[Cuba]]
* ''[[Ariamnes papua]]'' Vanuytven, [[:species:Rudy Jocqué|Jocqué]] & [[Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold|Deeleman-Reinhold]], 2025 – [[Papua New Guinea]]
* ''[[Ariamnes patersoniensis]]'' Hickman, 1927 – Australia (Tasmania)
* ''[[Ariamnes pavesii]]'' Leardi, 1902 – [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]]
* ''[[Ariamnes petilus]]'' Gao & Li, 2014 – China, [[Malaysia]] (Borneo)
* ''[[Ariamnes poele]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes russulus]]'' Simon, 1903 – [[Equatorial Guinea]]
* ''[[Ariamnes schlingeri]]'' (Exline & Levi, 1962) – Peru
* ''[[Ariamnes setipes]]'' van Hasselt, 1882 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
* ''[[Ariamnes simulans]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 – India
* ''[[Ariamnes triangulatus]]'' Urquhart, 1887 – [[New Zealand]]
* ''[[Ariamnes uwepa]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
* ''[[Ariamnes waikula]]'' Gillespie & Rivera, 2007 – Hawaii
{{Div col end}}

'''In [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]]:'''
*''A. approximatus'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 = ''Ariamnes attenuatus'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881
*''A. gracillimus'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 = ''Ariamnes attenuatus'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881
*''A. pulcher'' Soares & Camargo, 1948 = ''Ariamnes attenuatus'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881
*''A. sinuatus'' [[Ehrenfried Schenkel-Haas|Schenkel]], 1953 = ''Ariamnes attenuatus'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3451 | title=Genus Ariamnes | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2025-10-02}}</ref>
<ref name="agnarsson2004">{{cite journal | last=Agnarsson | first=I. | year=2004 | title=Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae) | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=141 | issue=4 | pages=447-626 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00120.x}}</ref>
<ref name="dippenaar2021">{{cite book | last1=Dippenaar-Schoeman | first1=A.S. | last2=Haddad | first2=C.R. | last3=Foord | first3=S.H. | last4=Lotz | first4=L.N. | year=2021 | title=The Theridiidae of South Africa. Part 1 A-P. Version 1 | publisher=South African National Survey of Arachnida Photo Identification Guide | page=15 | doi=10.5281/zenodo.7515890}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>
<ref name=Thor1869>{{cite journal| last=Thorell| first=T.| year=1869| title=On European spiders. Part I. Review of the European genera of spiders, preceded by some observations on zoological nomenclature| journal=Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis| pages=1–108| volume=7| issue=3| author-link=Tamerlan_Thorell}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar| from=Q962431}}

[[Category: Theridiidae genera]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan spiders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Tamerlan Thorell]]
[[Category:Theridiidae]]

Vedaranyam

2026-03-26T13:58:39Z

Vikiutq: Started a details from scratch

{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vedaranayam
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Vedaranyam stubi.jpg
| image_alt = A pillared memorial within a small walled enclosure
| image_caption = Salt Sathyagraga Memorial Stupa – a memorial of the historic salt march carried out in Vedaranyam in 1930
| imagesize = 175px
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Vedaranyam, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|22|38.6|N|79|50|58.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagapattinam District|Nagapattinam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Vedaranyam Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 36.26
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 29
| population_total = 34266
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 614810
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 9143695
| registration_plate = TN 51 AZ
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vedaranyam''' ({{IPA|ta|ʋeːdaːɾaɳjam|lang}}) (also spelt as '''Vedaraniam''' and '''Vedaranniyam''') is a [[municipality]] in [[Nagapattinam district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernando |first=Antony |title=Elusive crocodile captured near Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu, to be taken to habitat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Nov/09/elusive-crocodile-captured-near-vedaranyam-in-tamil-nadu-to-be-taken-to-habitat-2631310.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The town is named after the presiding deity of the [[Vedaranyeswarar Temple]]. The recorded history of Vedaranyam is known from medieval Chola period of the 9th century and has been ruled, at different times, by the [[Medieval Cholas]], [[Later Cholas]], Later Pandyas, [[Vijayanagar Empire]] and the [[British Raj|British]]. During India's independence struggle, [[C. Rajagopalachari]], who would later become independent India's first [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]], launched a [[Vedaranyam march|salt march in Vedaranyam]] parallel to the [[Dandi March]] launched by [[Gandhi]] in 1930 to protest against the sales tax levied on salt extraction.

Vedaranyam comes under the [[Vedaranyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedaranyam assembly]] constituency which elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years{{sfn|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}} and it is a part of the [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)]] which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. The town is administered by the Vedaranyam municipality, which covers an area of {{convert|36.26|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. As of 2011, the town had a population of 34,266. Vedaranyam was a part of [[Thanjavur District]] till 1991 and [[Nagapattinam District]] from then on. The town is a part of the fertile [[Cauvery Delta|Cauvery delta region]], but salt extraction and prawn cultivation are the major occupations. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to Vedaranyam and the nearest Airport is [[Tiruchirapalli Airport]], located {{convert|135|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the town. On 17 November 2018, Vedaranyam was devastated by [[Cyclone Gaja]].

== Etymology and legend ==
Vetharanyam is named after Vedaranyeswarar, the presiding deity of the [[Vedaranyeswarar Temple]], a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]]. The place was earlier known as "Tirumaraikadu",{{sfn|Vedaranyam municipality|2011}} meaning the place where [[Vedas]], oldest scriptures of Hinduism, originated. The 7th century [[Saiva]] canonical work ''[[Tevaram]]'' by Appar and Tirugnanasambandar mentions the place as "Tirumaraikadu". As per Hindu legend, the Vedas worshipped Shiva in this place, giving the name "Vedaranyam" to the place.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|pp=392–402}}{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=62}}{{sfn|Sri Thiru Marai Kadar temple|2011}} According to another Hindu legend, [[Rama]], the seventh [[avatar]] of god [[Vishnu]], is believed to have visited Vedaranyam to absolve himself from sins committed in the war against the demon king [[Ravana]].{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|pp=393–402}}{{sfn|Knapp|p=355|2011}} The footprints of Rama is preserved in a place called Ramar Padam near Vedaranyam.{{sfn|Knapp|p=355|2011}} According to a Tamil legend, the Vedas locked the gates of the temple after worshipping Shiva.{{sfn|Sri Thiru Marai Kadar temple|2011}} The [[Nayanmars]] (Saiva saints) [[Appar]] and [[Tirugnanasambandar]] could not enter the locked temple. At this, on Tirugnanasambandar's request, Appar sang devotional hymns praising Shiva, after which the gates opened. Tirugnanasambandar's devotional hymns locked the gates again.{{sfn|Kingsbury|Kingsbury|1921|p=63}}{{sfn|Sri Thiru Marai Kadar temple|2011}}

== History ==
[[File:Vedaranyam salt march, April 1930.jpg|Vedaranyam salt march led by Rajaji|alt=Vedaranyam salt march lead by [[Rajaji]]|250px|thumb|left]]
The recorded history of Vedaranyam is found from the inscriptions in Vedaranyeswarar Temple. The inscriptions date from the reign of [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]] (871–907), [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (985–1014), [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1012–1044) and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120) indicating various grants to the temple.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|pp=393–402}}{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=301}} Paranjothi Munivar, a 13th-century saint, who wrote the book ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]'', was born at Vedaranyam.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|pp=393–402}}

Vedaranyam continued to be a part of the Chola Empire and the Chola region emerged as a centre of Saivism during the reign of Kulothunga Chola I (1070–1120).{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=215}} After the fall of Cholas during the reign of [[Rajendra Chola III]] in the 13th century, the erstwhile Chola region was caught under a power struggle between Pandyas and [[Hoysalas]].{{sfn|Ghose|1998|pp=59–60}} The royal patronage continued to the temple during the rule of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks|Nayaks]].{{sfn|University of Kerala|2004}} The Negapatam region (modern day Nagapattinam district) was briefly captured by French troops led by [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally|Lally]] (1702–66) in 1759. The [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] was annexed by British after the French failed to subdue the king of Tanjore.{{sfn|Dodwell|1920|p=166}}{{sfn|National encyclopaedia|1885|p=287}}
During the British period, Vedaranyam was part of Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk under Tanjore district.{{sfn|Hunter|1887|p=153}} Salt from Vedaranyam was transported to Nagapttinam port through a {{convert|32|mi|km|abbr=on}} long canal.{{sfn|Hunter|1887|p=191}} The channel was constructed in 1869 because road transportation facilities between these two towns were limited.{{sfn|W.|2002|pp=168–169}}

During India's independence struggle, Gandhi launched the [[Dandi March]] along India's west coast to protest against the sales tax levied on salt extraction. His close associate [[C. Rajagopalachari]], who would later become independent India's first [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]], [[Vedaranyam March|carried out a salt march in parallel]], on the east coast starting from Trichonopoly (modern day [[Tiruchirappalli]]) to
Vedaranyam. His group, having people like [[Sardar Vedaratnam]], started from Tiruchirappalli, in [[Madras Presidency]] (now part of Tamil Nadu), to the coast of the town. After making illegal salt there on 30 April 1930, the group was arrested by the British.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|5 April 2010}} After India's independence, Vedaranyam continued to be a part of [[Thanjavur district]] until 1991, and later became part of the newly created Nagapattinam district.{{sfn|Nagapattinam district profile|2011}}{{sfn|Nagapattinam district local administration|2011}}{{sfn|About the town|2011}}

== Geography ==
[[File:PCWBStowershadow.JPG|200px|left|thumb|Kodikarai wildlife sanctuary is located in the eastern portion of the Great Vedaranyam Swamp which is connected to the [[Cauvery]] river by five freshwater channels.|alt=view of green swamps from an elevated point]]
Vedaranyam has an average elevation of {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} and is located on the [[Coramandel coast]] of [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Vedaranyam swamp is located parallel to the [[Palk Strait]] for {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The river Cauvery was flowing south easterly direction from Trichy and had its confluence at Vedaranyam due to the emergence of Vedaranyam nose (the nose shaped stretch from Vedaranyam to Kodiyakarai) during the [[pleistocene]] period.{{sfn|S.M.|2005|p=158}} Due to the rise of tertiary rocks in the Pattukottai – Mannargudi region and also due to the increase of sediments in the Vedaranyam area, the river migrated northwards.{{sfn|S.M.|2005|p=166}}{{sfn|R.|2010}} There is lesser marine activity in the Vedaranyam shore due to the presence of Vedaranyam nose in the north and [[Sri Lanka]] in the south, both causing weak shore currents.{{sfn|S.M.|2005|p=168}}

The quality of ground water is poor compared to the northern shores of Tamil Nadu due to the presence of marine and semi-marine origin in sediments.{{sfn|S.|2010|p=13}} The images from the satellite IRS 1A shows [[Thiruthuraipoondi]] was a coastal town{{Ref|b| '''b'''}} (which is an inland in modern times) and the sea has regressed up to Vedaranyam in modern times.{{sfn|S.M.|2005|p=40}} The analysis of backwaters from 1932 to 1992 indicates considerable enlargement in the region and occurrence of number of sand bodies.{{sfn|S.M.|2005|p=230}}

Modern day Vedaranyam has five fresh water channels from river Cauvery draining into the swamp.{{sfn|Boere|Galbraith|Stroud|2006|p=297}} The total area of the swamp is about {{convert|349|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} width in the northwestern part and {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} width in the western side.{{sfn|Boere|Galbraith|Stroud|2006|p=297}} The Kodikarai wildlife reserve is located in the extreme eastern portion of the swamp.{{sfn|Boere|Galbraith|Stroud|2006|p=297}} The northern tip of the swamp obtains continuous source of fresh, saline or brackish water during the south west monsoon and dries up during the summer season.{{sfn|Boere|Galbraith|Stroud|2006|p=297}} The swamp is used for salt extraction and other marine-based industries.{{sfn|W.|2002|pp=168–169}}{{sfn|Boere|Galbraith|Stroud|2006|p=297}} The swamps are filled by two periodical high tides that occur during the full moon days of May and June.{{sfn|W.|2002|pp=168–169}} The swamp along with the sanctuary is the important wintering and staging area for waders and water birds.{{sfn|Boere|Galbraith|Stroud|2006|p=297}}

{{Weather box
|location = Vedaranyam (1981–2010, extremes 1960–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 32.8
| Feb record high C = 36.2
| Mar record high C = 37.2
| Apr record high C = 39.6
| May record high C = 39.8
| Jun record high C = 38.6
| Jul record high C = 39.6
| Aug record high C = 38.2
| Sep record high C = 38.0
| Oct record high C = 36.2
| Nov record high C = 34.6
| Dec record high C = 32.9
| year record high C = 39.8
| Jan high C = 29.1
| Feb high C = 30.4
| Mar high C = 32.5
| Apr high C = 34.1
| May high C = 34.6
| Jun high C = 34.1
| Jul high C = 33.9
| Aug high C = 33.7
| Sep high C = 33.1
| Oct high C = 31.7
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 29.0
| year high C = 32.2
| Jan low C = 22.0
| Feb low C = 22.4
| Mar low C = 23.9
| Apr low C = 26.0
| May low C = 26.4
| Jun low C = 26.0
| Jul low C = 25.1
| Aug low C = 25.0
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 24.0
| Nov low C = 23.1
| Dec low C = 22.4
| year low C = 24.3
| Jan record low C = 15.5
| Feb record low C = 16.2
| Mar record low C = 16.4
| Apr record low C = 19.2
| May record low C = 20.0
| Jun record low C = 19.8
| Jul record low C = 18.4
| Aug record low C = 18.1
| Sep record low C = 18.5
| Oct record low C = 18.0
| Nov record low C = 17.0
| Dec record low C = 16.4
| year record low C = 15.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 62.5
| Feb rain mm = 38.5
| Mar rain mm = 19.0
| Apr rain mm = 20.4
| May rain mm = 60.9
| Jun rain mm = 29.6
| Jul rain mm = 56.0
| Aug rain mm = 63.8
| Sep rain mm = 82.3
| Oct rain mm = 228.9
| Nov rain mm = 470.5
| Dec rain mm = 269.2
| year rain mm = 1401.7
| Jan rain days = 2.7
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 0.8
| Apr rain days = 1.4
| May rain days = 2.7
| Jun rain days = 1.6
| Jul rain days = 3.3
| Aug rain days = 3.4
| Sep rain days = 5.0
| Oct rain days = 11.0
| Nov rain days = 13.3
| Dec rain days = 8.8
| year rain days = 55.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 77
| Feb humidity = 77
| Mar humidity = 73
| Apr humidity = 71
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 71
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 71
| Sep humidity = 73
| Oct humidity = 77
| Nov humidity = 81
| Dec humidity = 79
|year humidity = 74
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]{{sfn|India Meteorological Department|2015|pp=783–784}}{{sfn|India Meteorological Department|2016|p=M207}}
}}

== Demographics and economy ==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|90.17}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|8.93}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|0.74}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.09}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.07}}}}

{{Historical populations|type=
|align = right
|state=collapsed
| 1961| 18018
|1971|21476
|1981|26573
| 1991|29835
| 2001|31627
|2011|34266
|footnote=Sources:
* 1961 – 2001:{{sfn|SMEC (India) Pvt. Ltd.|2009|p=7}}
* 2011:{{sfn|Vedaranyam 2011 census}}
}}

[[File:PCWBS-Saltpans.JPG|200px|thumb|Salt pans – one of the major manufacturing units in Vedarnyam – Kodiyakarai stretch|alt=vast swamp with bushes and water]]
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Vedaranyam had a population of 34,266 with a sex-ratio of 1,068 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} A total of 3,261 were under the age of six, constituting 1,711 males and 1,550 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 14.91% and .2% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.86%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} The town had a total of : 8665 households. There were a total of 12,694 workers, comprising 835 cultivators, 912 main agricultural labourers, 98 in house hold industries, 3,440 other workers, 7,409 marginal workers, 421 marginal cultivators, 2,277 marginal agricultural labourers, 175 marginal workers in household industries and 4,536 other marginal workers.{{sfn|Vedaranyam 2011 census}} As per the religious census of 2011, Vedaranyam had 90.17% [[Hindus]], 8.93% [[Muslims]], 0.74% [[Christians]], 0.09% [[Jainism|Jains]] and 0.07% following other religions.{{sfn |Religious census|2011}}

The primary economic activities of the region are salt-manufacturing, fishing, salt water prawn culture and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=2023-05-02 |title=9,000 acres of salt production hit in Vedaranyam as unseasonal rain plays spoilsport in TN |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/May/01/9000-acres-of-salt-production-hit-in-vedaranyam-as-unseasonal-rain-plays-spoilsport-in-tn-2571168.html |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Abram|Edwards|Ford|Jacobs|2011|p=488}} Saltpans (crystallisers) are spread over {{convert|11000|acre|sqkm|abbr=on}} along the coastline, including those of small, medium and large salt manufacturers. According to estimates, about 3.5 lakh tonnes of salt is produced annually in the region. The salt industry employs around 20,000 people.{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|13 July 2007}} Some of the major private companies like [[Chemplast Sanmar]], [[Vedaranyam Marine Products]] have salt manufacturing units in Vedaranyam.{{sfn|Sanmar|2011}} Salt manufacturing, the traditional occupation of the town, has been overshadowed by prawn cultivation since the 90s.{{sfn|Abram|Edwards|Ford|Jacobs|2011|p=488}} All major [[List of banks in India#Public sector banks (PSBs)|nationalized banks]] such as [[Indian Bank]], [[Canara Bank]] and [[Indian Overseas Bank]] and private banks like [[City Union Bank]] have their branches in Vedaranyam.{{sfn|Vedaranyam town Banks|2011}}

== Municipal administration and politics ==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipality Officials'''
|-
|align="center"| Chairman||T.S. Thyagarajan{{sfn|Vedaranyam Municipality Chairman|2011}}
|-
|align="center"|Commissioner||K. Sundaresan{{sfn|Vedaranyam Municipality Commissioner|2011}}
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Elected Members'''
|-
|align="center"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[O. S. Manian]]{{sfn|MLA of Vedaranyam|2016}}
|-
|align="center"|Member of Parliament||[[Selvaraj (politician)|Selvaraj]]{{sfn|MP of Nagapattinam|2019}}
|}
Vedaranyam is administered by a second grade{{Ref|a| '''a'''}} municipality. It was originally declared a third grade municipality on 28 August 2004 and promoted to a second grade municipality on 9 August 2010.{{sfn|About the municipality|2011}} The municipality has 21 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.{{sfn|Citizen's charter of Vedaranyam Municipality|2011}} The municipality has 3 revenue villages namely Vedaranyam, Thoputhurai and Agasthyanpalli.{{sfn|About the town|2011}} The functions of the municipality are devolved into five departments: General administration, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health and Town planning.{{sfn|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2006}} All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.{{sfn|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2006}} The legislative powers are vested in a body of 21 members, one each from the 21 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.{{sfn|Economic and political weekly|1995}} The town became part of Nagapattinam district since January 1997 when the Nagapattinam district was created as a separate district.{{sfn|About the town|2011}}

Vedaranyam comes under the [[Vedaranyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedaranyam assembly]] constituency and it elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.{{sfn|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}} From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) five times during 1977, 1984, 1996, 2001 and 2006 elections, [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (ADMK) three times during 1980, 2011 and 2016 elections and [[Indian National Congress]] for two times during 1989 and 1991 elections.{{sfn|Partywise Comparison Since 1977|2011}} The current MLA of the constituency is O. S. Manian from the ADMK party.{{sfn|MLA of Vedaranyam|2016}}

Vedaranyam is a part of the [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)]] – it has the following six assembly constituencies – Thiruvarur, [[Nagapattinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagapattinam]], [[Thiruthuraipundi (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruthuraipoondi]], Vedaranyam, [[Kilvelur (State Assembly Constituency)|Kilvelur (SC)]] and [[Nannilam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nannilam]].{{sfn|''The Hindu''|31 March 2009}} The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is A.K.S. Vijayan from the DMK.{{sfn|MP of Nagapattinam|2014}} From 1957, the Nagapattinam parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for five times during 1957–1961,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha}} 1962–67,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha}} 1967–71,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha}} 1991–96,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha}} and 1996–98{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha}} elections. CPI won the seat for 5 times during 1971–77,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha}} 1977–80,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha}} 1989–91,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha}} 1996–98{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha}} and 1998{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha}} elections. DMK won 4 times during 1980–84,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha}} 1999–2004,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha}} 2004–09{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha}} and 2011 elections. ADMK won the seat once during 1984–89.{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha}}

Law and order in Vedaranyam is maintained by the Nagapattinam sub division of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a Deputy Superintendent.{{sfn|Nagapattinam district police|2011}} There is one police station in the town.{{sfn|Vedaranyam police|2011}}{{sfn|''The Hindu''|11 June 2007}} There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.{{sfn|Nagapattinam district police|2011}}

== Landmarks ==
[[File:PCWBS-lighthouse.JPG|200px|left|thumb|Kodiyakkarai wildlife sanctuary and the lighthouse |alt=lighthouse with small houses and greenery in the background]]
The Vedaranyeswarar temple, an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], is located in Vedaranyam.{{sfn|Vedaranyam Tourism|2011}}{{sfn|Sri Thiru Marai Kadar temple|2011}} The temple has a shrine for Thyagaraja (a form of Shiva), known for "Hamsapthanathaanam", the dance pose similar to the gait of a swan.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=370}}{{sfn|''The Hindu''|16 July 2010}}{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=88}} According to legend, a Chola king named Mucukunta obtained a boon from [[Indra]] (a celestial deity) to receive an image of Thyagaraja from the Hindu god Vishnu.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|16 July 2010}}{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=370}} Indra tricked the king with six other duplicate images, but the king chose the right image which was later installed at [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur]].{{sfn|''The Hindu''|16 July 2010}} The remaining six images were installed in [[Dharbaranyeswarar Temple]], [[Kayarohanaswami Temple, Nagapattinam|Kayarohanaswamy Temple]], [[Kannayariamudayar Temple, Thirukkarayil|Kannayariamudayar Temple]], [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirukkuvalai|Brahmapureeswarar Temple]], [[Vaimoornathar Temple, Tiruvaimur|Vaimoornaathar Temple]] and [[Vedaranyeswarar temple|Vedaranyeswarar Temple]].{{sfn|''The Hindu''|16 July 2010}}{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=370}} All seven Thyagaraja images are believed to possess different dance styles and the temples are classified as ''Saptha Vidangam'', meaning temples with the seven dance moves.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|16 July 2010}} The twin festivals celebrated during the full moon days of Tamil month Adi (July – August) and Thai (January – February) attract large number of pilgrims from whole of Tamil Nadu. Pilgrims take a holy dip in the seashore round the year and the holy dip is considered similar to the worship practises at [[Rameswaram]].{{sfn|South Indian Railway guide illustrated|1926|p=171}}

The Salt Sathyagraga Memorial Stupe built in memory of the salt march during India's independence movement is another prominent landmark in Vedaranyam.{{sfn|Vedaranyam Tourism|2011}} The tourist destinations around the town are Ayurvedic Medicinal Forest, [[Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary]] located [[Point Calimere]] at a distance of {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}, Historical Light House, Ramar Paatham, Ettukudi Murugan temple located at a distance of {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} and [[Our Lady of Good Health]], Velankanni located at a distance of {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the town.{{sfn|Vedaranyam Tourism|2011}}{{sfn|''Express Travel World''|11 August 2012}}{{sfn|SMEC (India) Pvt. Ltd.|2009|p=13}}

== Transport, education and utility services ==
Vedaranyam municipality accommodates {{convert|102.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads: {{convert|2.05|km|mi|abbr=on}} of cement roads, {{convert|58.85|km|mi|abbr=on}} of bituminous roads, {{convert|8.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} of WBM roads and {{convert|32.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} of earthen roads.{{sfn|Vedaranyam roads|2011}} The municipality maintains a bus stand that accommodates local as well as long-distance buses.{{sfn|Vedaranyam transport|2011}}{{sfn|SMEC (India) Pvt. Ltd.|2009|p=39}} Bus is the primary mode of public transport from the town.{{sfn|Vedaranyam transport|2011}} There was a railway branch line connecting Vedaranyam to [[Mayiladuthurai]] via [[Thiruthuraipoondi]] and ending at Agastiyampalli.{{sfn|South Indian Railway guide illustrated|1926|p=171}} The line was opened to passenger traffic on 15 May 1919.{{sfn|An illustrated monthly journal for engineers in India and the East|1919}} The railway line is discontinued and in turn affects the economy of the town.{{sfn|SMEC (India) Pvt. Ltd.|2009|p=9}} The nearest railway station is located at {{rws|Thiruthuraipoondi Junction}}, located {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the town. The nearest Airport is [[Tiruchirapalli Airport]], located {{convert|135|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from Vedaranyam.{{sfn|Vedaranyam transport|2011}}

Vedaranyam has three elementary schools, three middle schools, four high schools and three higher secondary schools.{{sfn|Vedaranyam schools|2011}} The Bharathidasan University started the Bharthidasan University Model College in 2011, the first government college in the town. The college offers arts and science related courses.{{sfn|Bharthidasan University Model College|2011}}

Electricity supply to Vedaranyam is regulated and distributed by the Nagapattinam circle of [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB).{{sfn|TNEB region details|2011}} Water supply project through the Vedaranyam Municipality is approved by the Commissioner of Municipal Administration, Chennai.{{sfn|Vedaranyam water supply|2011}} Water is obtained from hand pumps and fountains located in various parts of the town.{{sfn|Vedaranyam water supply|2011}} Door to door collection of garbage is done by sanitary workers of the municipality and about 6 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the town every day.{{sfn|Waste management programme|2011}} Vedaranyam municipality does not have underground drainage system and the current sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences.{{sfn|Citizen's charter of Vedaranyam Municipality|2011}}{{sfn|SMEC (India) Pvt. Ltd.|2009|p=28}}

Vedaranyam comes under the Nagapattinam Telecom circle of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides [[broadband internet]] service{{sfn|BSNL|2011}} There is a government hospital and two private hospitals in the town.{{sfn|Vedaranyam hospitals|2011}}
Rajaji Park and Gandhi Park are the two parks maintained by the municipality.{{sfn|Vedaranyam parks|2011}}

== Notes ==

=== Footnotes ===
* {{Note|a}} The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population. While "grade II" is the official classification, all the municipal websites use "second grade".
* {{Note|b}} Satellite pictures and carbon dating of some ancient beaches between Thiruthuraipoondi and Kodiyakarai show the Thiruthuraipoondi beach dates back 6,000 years and the Kodiyakarai beach 1,100 years. In other words, the sea was near Thiruthuraipoondi 6,000 years ago and reached Kodiyakarai around 1,100 years ago. Source: [[Thiruthuraipoondi#Geography]].

=== Citations ===
{{reflist
| colwidth = 20em
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}}

== References ==
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* {{cite web|title=Region Details|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/region.html#madu|publisher=Tamil Nadu Electricity Board|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|TNEB region details|2011}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp176.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Partywise Comparison Since 1977|2011}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=17|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=49|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=67|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=71|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=80|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=79|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=73|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=81|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=51|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=86|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=85|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=94|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha}}}}
* {{cite news|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=515|title=Sri Thiru Marai Kadar temple|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=16 April 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Sri Thiru Marai Kadar temple|2011}}}}
* {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | title = Station: Vedaranyam Climatological Table 1981–2010 | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010 | publisher = India Meteorological Department | date = January 2015 | access-date = 15 March 2020 | ref = {{sfnRef|India Meteorological Department|2015}} }}
* {{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) | publisher = India Meteorological Department | date = December 2016 | access-date = 15 March 2020 | ref = {{sfnRef|India Meteorological Department|2016}} }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |first2=Nick |last2=Edwards |first3=Mike |last3=Ford |first4=Daniel |last4=Jacobs |first5=Shafik |last5=Meghji |first6=Devdan |last6=Sen |first7=Gavin |last7=Thomas |title=The Rough guide to India |year=2011 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84836-563-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&q=vedaranyam&pg=PA489 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=vedaranyam+temple&pg=PA392 }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Boere |first1=G.C. |first2=Colin A. |last2=Galbraith |first3=David A. |last3=Stroud |title=Waterbirds Around the World: A Global Overview of the Conservation |year=2006 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage |location=Scotland |isbn=0-11-497333-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4htx09cb-6gC&q=vedaranyam&pg=PA297 }}
* {{cite book|title=Dupleix and Clive|last=Dodwell|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGy1LpRxqFUC|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1920|isbn=978-81-206-0394-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ghose |first=Rajeshwari |title=The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: a study in conflict and accommodation |year=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-1391-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORwNmkDswqwC&q=vedaranyam&pg=PA61 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Sir William Wilson |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. XIII Sirohi to Zumkha |year=1887 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJoHAQAAIAAJ&q=vedaranyam&pg=PA191 }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Kingsbury |first1=Francis |first2=Phillips |last2=Kingsbury |title=Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints |year=1921 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Zza2Aax98oC&q=vedaranyam |isbn=978-81-206-0285-4 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|title=Spiritual India Handbook|year=2011|publisher=Jaico Books|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-8495-024-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=vedaranyam+rama&pg=PT355}}
*{{cite book|title=The national encyclopædia. Libr. ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cy2P8q3RRI0C&q=lally+%2B+vedaranyam&pg=PA287|year=1885|last=National encyclopaedia|publisher=Oxford University}}
*{{Cite book|last=S.|first=Chidambaram|title=Recent Trends in Water Research: Hydrogeochemical and Hydrological Perspectives|year=2010|publisher=L.K. International Publishing House Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-80026-91-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSKi4hBIdKIC&q=vedaranyam&pg=PA13}}
*{{Cite book|last=S.M.|first=Ramasamy|title=Remote Sensing in Geomorphology|year=2005|publisher=Laxmi Art Creations|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-89422-05-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDiSOtte9h0C&q=vedaranyam&pg=PA158}}
*{{Cite book|last=South Indian Railway guide illustrated|title=South Indian Railway guide illustrated|year=1926|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-206-1889-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&q=vedaranniyam&pg=PA171}}
* {{cite book|title=Gazetteer Of South India, Volume 1|last=W.|first=Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC&q=vedaranniyam&pg=PA169|year=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications}}
* {{cite report|title=Vedaranyam History|last=Vedaranyam municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Vedaranyam/history.pdf|publisher=Vedaranyam Municipality|year=2011|access-date=8 June 2012|pages=1–4|archive-date=17 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417112450/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Vedaranyam/history.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report|title=City Development Plan Vedaranyam municipality|last=SMEC (India) Pvt. Ltd.|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Vedaranyam/CityDevelopmentPlan.pdf|publisher=Vedaranyam Municipality|year=2009|access-date=8 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite report|url=http://www.pnuma.org/agua-miaac/Curso%20Regional%20MIAAC/Conferencias/Dia%206%20%2816-agosto-2010%29/Conferencia%20Geotecnolog%EDas%20para%20la%20Gesti%F3n%20de%20los%20Recursos%20Hidr%EDcos/Manual%20de%20Manejo%20de%20Zonas%20Costeras/STATUS~1.PDF|title=State of GIS Remote sensing|last=R.|first=Jayaraman|publisher=Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University|year=2010|access-date=8 June 2012|page=11|archive-date=11 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811154343/http://www.pnuma.org/agua-miaac/Curso%20Regional%20MIAAC/Conferencias/Dia%206%20%2816-agosto-2010%29/Conferencia%20Geotecnolog%EDas%20para%20la%20Gesti%F3n%20de%20los%20Recursos%20Hidr%EDcos/Manual%20de%20Manejo%20de%20Zonas%20Costeras/STATUS~1.PDF|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Vedaranyam}}
*[http://municipality.tn.gov.in/vedaranyam/about_municipality.html Vedaranyam municipality official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125031911/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/vedaranyam/about_municipality.html |date=25 January 2012 }}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nagapattinam district]]

Indian Ports Act, 2025

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

Vikiutq: New new info

{{Short description|Legislation in India}}{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Indian Ports Act, 2025
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate the law relating to ports, promote integrated port development, facilitate ease of doing business and ensure the optimum utilisation of India’s coastline; establish and empower State Maritime Boards for effective management of ports other than major ports; establish the Maritime State Development Council for fostering structured growth and development of the port sector; provide for the management of pollution, disaster, emergencies, security, safety, navigation, and data at ports; ensure compliance with India’s obligations under international instruments to which it is a party; take measures for the conservation of ports; provide for adjudicatory mechanisms for the redressal of port-related disputes; and address matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| autocollapse_long_title = true
| citation = [https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/265616.pdf No. 27 of 2025]
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 12 August 2025
| considered_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 18 August 2025
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| date_assented = 21 August 2025
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-indian-ports-bill-2025
| bill = Indian Ports Bill, 2025
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2025/Text_Indian_Ports_Bill_2025.pdf Bill No. 65 of 2025]
| introduced_by = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], [[Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
| date_introduced = 28 March 2025
| passed = 12 August 2025
| passed2 = 18 August 2025
| repeals = Indian Ports Act, 1908 (15 of 1908)
| status = not yet in force
}}
The '''Indian Ports Act, 2025''' is an Act of the [[Parliament of India]] that replaced the colonial-era ''Indian Ports Act, 1908''. It provides a modern legal framework for port governance in India, promoting integrated development, environmental protection, and cooperative federalism between the Centre and States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Indian Ports Bill, 2025: Key provisions |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-indian-ports-bill-2025 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-29 |title=Lok Sabha to take up Indian Ports Bill as Modi govt moves to replace British-era law |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/lok-sabha-to-take-up-indian-ports-bill-on-tuesday-as-modi-govt-replaces-last-of-british-era-maritime-laws/123249012 |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Parliament passes Bill to consolidate law relating to ports, facilitate ease of doing business |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ports-shipping/parliament-passes-indian-ports-bill-2025-to-boost-maritime-development-and-business-efficiency/123365366 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Background and Timeline ==

=== Background ===
The Act overhauls port sector regulation by repealing the ''Indian Ports Act, 1908'', which governed both major and non-major ports for over a century. It forms part of a broader maritime legislative reform in 2025, alongside the ''[[Merchant Shipping Act, 2025]]'' and the ''[[Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Indian Ports Bill, 2025 – Comprehensive overhaul of India's maritime framework |url=https://foxmandal.in/News/indian-ports-bill-2025-comprehensive-overhaul-of-indias-maritime-framework/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Fox Mandal}}</ref>

The Act creates a statutory framework for coordination between the Centre and coastal States, addresses environmental obligations under international conventions such as [[MARPOL 73/78|MARPOL]], and introduces uniform tariff and safety standards across ports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Indian Ports Bill, 2025 – Key highlights |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=53187dc6-8c48-41d4-9ae2-b6fe7e3b8b4e |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Lexology}}</ref>

=== Timeline ===
* 28 March 2025: The ''Indian Ports Bill, 2025'' was introduced in the Lok Sabha by the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Indian Ports Bill, 2025 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-indian-ports-bill-2025 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref>
* 12 August 2025: The ''Indian Ports Bill, 2025'' was passed by Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-10 |title=Indian Ports Bill yet to be passed in Parliament |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/indian-ports-bill-pending-in-parliament/articleshow/123250765.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Provisions ==

=== Maritime State Development Council ===
The Act establishes the '''Maritime State Development Council''' chaired by the [[Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], with membership including state ministers in charge of ports, naval and coast guard representatives, and senior officials. It advises on national port development plans, tariff transparency, and inter-state coordination.<ref name="PRS">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Indian Ports Bill, 2025 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-indian-ports-bill-2025 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref>

=== State Maritime Boards ===
Each coastal State must establish a '''State Maritime Board''' to manage non-major ports. These boards have statutory powers for development planning, licensing, supervision of port works, tariff-setting, and ensuring compliance with environmental and safety norms.<ref name="PRS" />

=== Dispute Resolution ===
The Act mandates the constitution of '''Dispute Resolution Committees''' in each State to adjudicate port-related disputes involving non-major ports, concessionaires, service providers, and users, with appeals lying to the relevant High Court.<ref name="PRS" />

=== Safety, Environment and Compliance ===
Ports must establish waste reception facilities, comply with the [[MARPOL 73/78|MARPOL Convention]] and the [[Ballast Water Management Convention]], prepare pollution control plans, and be subject to central audits. The Act prescribes penalties for safety violations, obstruction of navigation, and environmental damage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-30 |title=Indian Ports Act emphasises environmental compliance |url=https://www.gktoday.in/indian-ports-bill-2025/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=GKToday}}</ref>

=== Tariff Regulation ===
Port tariffs for major ports are set by their respective Boards of Major Port Authorities or boards of directors (if corporatised), while State Maritime Boards or authorised concessionaires set tariffs for non-major ports. All tariffs must be published electronically.<ref name="PRS" />

== See also ==
* [[Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025]]
* [[Merchant Shipping Act, 2025]]
* [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2025]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of India]]

Lakshmi Menon (actress)

2026-03-18T04:26:29Z

Vikiutq: Created Basic Info From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{distinguish|Lakshmi Menon (model)}}
{{distinguish|text=Lakshmi Menon, the actress in [[Ente (film)]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Menon
| image = Lakshmi Menon at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013.jpg
| caption = Menon at the 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013
| birth_name = Lakshmi Menon
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|05|19}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi, Kerala]], [[India]]
| years active = 2011–2016 2021–present
| alma_mater = [[Reva University]], Bangalore
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Choreographer|Playback singer}}
| height = 
}}
'''Lakshmi Menon''' (born 19 May 1996<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menon-celebrates-her-17th-b-day-news-tamil-nfujxAegifj.html |title=Lakshmi Menon celebrates her 17th b'day! |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519135115/http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menon-celebrates-her-17th-b-day-news-tamil-nfujxAegifj.html |archive-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) is an Indian actress who mainly appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. After making her acting debut in a supporting role in the [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Raghuvinte Swantham Raziya]]'' (2011). She made her first main female lead with her Tamil debut film ''[[Sundarapandian|Sundara Pandian]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3874124.ece |title=The S Man |date=1 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> She is a recipient of a [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Filmfare Award South]], one [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] and two [[SIIMA]] Awards.<ref name=FF>{{cite web |title=Best Debutants down the years... |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/best-debutants-down-the-years-6681.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 July 2017 |location=Chennai, India |date=14 July 2017}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lakshmi Menon was born on 19 May 1996 at [[Kochi]] to [[Malayali]] parents Ramakrishnan, a [[Dubai]]-based artist, and Usha Menon, a dance teacher.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/lakshmi-menon%E2%80%99s-huge-crush-162 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822020536/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/lakshmi-menon%E2%80%99s-huge-crush-162 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |title=Lakshmi Menon's huge crush |date=21 August 2012 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> She did her schooling at Bhavan's Munshi Vidyashram school in Thrippunithura. She then enrolled at the [[Sacred Heart College, Kochi]], for her graduation in English literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lakshmi Menon to learn English |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-to-learn-english/articleshow/47825513.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Later, she completed a diploma in [[Bharatanatyam]] from [[REVA University]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni REVA University |url=https://alumni.reva.edu.in/home/notable_alumni |website=alumni.reva.edu.in}}</ref>

==Career==
===2011-2016===
In 2011, Malayalam director [[Vinayan]], who saw her during Bharatanatyam telecast, cast her in his film ''[[Raghuvinte Swantham Raziya]]''. She was in her eight grade when she acted in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://silverscreen.in/features/woman-child-the-lakshmi-menon-interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503113134/http://silverscreen.in/features/woman-child-the-lakshmi-menon-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2014 |title=Woman – Child: The Lakshmi Menon Interview |date=29 April 2014 |publisher=Silverscreen.in |access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> Soon after, she played the lead along with [[Vineeth]] in another Malayalam film titled ''Ideal Couple'', directed by [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=Shilpa Nair Anand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/new-face-new-promise/article4150667.ece |title=New face, new promise |work=The Hindu |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref>

Watching her performance, director Prabhakaran offered her the lead role in ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' (2012) opposite [[M. Sasikumar]], which released before ''Kumki'' and marked her Tamil debut.<ref name=r1>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3848337.ece |title=A balancing act |date=1 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> Director [[Prabu Solomon]] cast her in ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012) opposite actor [[Vikram Prabhu]]. After acting with Sasikumar again in ''[[Kutti Puli]]'', she was seen as a demure school teacher Malar in [[Suseenthiran]]'s action-drama film ''[[Pandianadu]]'' (2013),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Pandiya-Nadu/movie-review/25313659.cms |title=Pandiya Nadu movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> which co-starred [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lakshmi-pairs-with-Vishal-in-next/articleshow/19399807.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409185513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/news/38326862_1_lakshmi-menon-vishal-kumki |url-status=live |archive-date=9 April 2013 |title=Lakshmi pairs with Vishal in next |date=6 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menons-lucky-streak-continues-news-malayalam-nlinUJcbjhd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110031801/http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menons-lucky-streak-continues-news-malayalam-nlinUJcbjhd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2013 |title=Lakshmi Menon's lucky streak continues |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 November 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref>

In ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (2014) saw her pairing up with Vishal again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menon-gets-the-cream-of-roles-news-tamil-nfxlAeihfhb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611233900/http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menon-gets-the-cream-of-roles-news-tamil-nfxlAeihfhb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2013 |title=Lakshmi Menon gets the cream of roles! |website=[[Sify]] |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> She acted in two Tamil films, ''[[Manja Pye]]'' with [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' with [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menon-to-have-two-releases-in-may-news-tamil-ofik9leccai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508190046/http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menon-to-have-two-releases-in-may-news-tamil-ofik9leccai.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2014 |title=Lakshmi Menon to have two releases in May! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> She completed ''[[Komban]]'' (2015) had hit the screens and got her a good name for her role and as well as her movie ''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015) in which she portrayed the role of sister for [[Ajith Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/komban/komban-review.html|title = KOMBAN MOVIE REVIEW}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vedalam-movie-review-siruthai-siva-does-justice-to-the-strengths-of-ajith-in-this-potboiler-272425-2015-11-11|title = Vedalam movie review: Siruthai Siva does justice to the strengths of Ajith in this potboiler | date=11 November 2015 }}</ref> In 2016, she did two movie named ''[[Miruthan]]'' with [[Jayam Ravi]]' which was the first Tamil zombie movie and ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]'' with [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/miruthan-review-jayam-ravis-film-is-the-first-ever-zombie-film-in-tamil-and-and-thats-about-it-309688-2016-02-20|title = Miruthan review: Jayam Ravi's film is the first ever Zombie film in Tamil and... and that's about it | date=20 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/rekka-review-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-has-bit-turbulence-landing-smooth-51016|title = Rekka review: This Vijay Sethupathi starrer has a bit of turbulence but the landing is smooth | date=7 October 2016 }}</ref>

===2021-present===
Her next project was ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' (2021) which is Lakshmi Menon's third film under [[M. Muthaiah]]'s direction, and the film also marked the actress comeback on big screens after four years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhus-puli-kutty-pandi-to-be-the-first-release-of-2021/articleshow/79915919.cms |title=Vikram Prabhu's 'Puli Kutty Pandi' to be the first release of 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2020 }}</ref> Then, Lakshmi Menon plays a schizophrenic person in female-centric film ''[[AGP Schizophrenia]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-plays-a-schizophrenic-person-in-female-centric-film-agp/articleshow/87046884.cms|title=Lakshmi Menon plays a schizophrenic person in female-centric film AGP|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 October 2021}}</ref> She starred in ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' (2023) direct by [[P. Vasu]]. Lakshmi Menon gets a meaty role in the film and she has delivered a decent performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-plays-a-schizophrenic-person-in-female-centric-film-agp/articleshow/87046884.cms|title = Lakshmi Menon plays a schizophrenic person in female-centric film AGP | work=The Times of India | date=15 October 2021 }}</ref> However, ''Chandramukhi 2'' fails to bring anything fresh to the film, and ends up delivering a colour-remastered copy of its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/Sep/28/chandramukhi-2-movie-review-acolour-remastered-reiteration-that-does-a-disservice-to-the-original-48107.html|title = Chandramukhi 2 Movie Review: A colour-remastered reiteration that does a disservice to the original | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=28 September 2023 }}</ref> In the horror thriller film ''[[Sabdham]]'' (2025), Lakshmi Menon in a refreshingly unique professor role, delivers a compelling performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sabdham-review-tamil-movie-36124|title = Sabdham Review}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In August 2025, she, along with three others, was booked for the abduction and assault of an IT professional in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Actor Lakshmi Menon, three others booked for abduction, assault of IT professional in Kerala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/actor-lakshmi-menon-three-others-booked-for-abduction-assault-of-it-professional-in-kerala-101756303989426.html |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Language(s) !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Raghuvinte Swantham Rasiya]]'' ||Priya || rowspan=2| [[Malayalam]] || Malayalam Debut ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2012 || ''Ideal Couple ''|| Shanthi || ||
|-
|''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || Archana || rowspan="7" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Tamil Debut ||
|-
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' || Alli || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' || Bharathi || ||
|-
| ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' || Malarvizhi Chidambaram || ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2014 || ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Meera || ||
|-
| ''[[Manjapai]]'' || Karthika || ||
|-
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || Kayalvizhi || ||
|-
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || Mani Meghala (Mani Kutty) || Malayalam || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2015 || ''[[Komban]]'' || Pazhani || rowspan="10" | Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Vedalam]]''|| Thamizharasi (Thamizh) || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Ajith's reel sister |work=The Hindu |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-ajiths-reel-sister/article7114903.ece |accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]'' || Lakshmi || Voice Over Only ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016|| ''[[Miruthan]]'' || Dr. Renuka || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lakshmi-Menons-next-is-with-Jayam-Ravi/articleshow/47000354.cms |title=Lakshmi Menon's next is with Jayam Ravi |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Radhika C Pillai |date=22 April 2015 |accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]'' || Bharathi || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/kollywood/270116/lakshmi-bags-the-lead-opposite-sethupathi.html |title=Lakshmi bags the lead opposite Vijay Sethupathi in 'Rekka' |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2021 || ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' || Pechi || Direct Television Premiere ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=Vikram Prabhu and Lakshmi Menon to star in Muthaiah's 'Pechi' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vikram-prabhu-and-lakshmi-menon-star-muthaiah-s-pechi-133980 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062644/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vikram-prabhu-and-lakshmi-menon-star-muthaiah-s-pechi-133980 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''[[AGP Schizophrenia]]'' || Pooja || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2022/01/23202914/3413824/AGP-movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |title=AGP movie review in Tamil || காதலனை தேடும் நாயகி - ஏஜிபி விமர்சனம் |publisher=Cinema.maalaimalar.com |accessdate=9 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023 || ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' || Divya || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=THIS actress plays the Chandramukhi character in the sequel |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-actress-plays-the-chandramukhi-character-in-the-sequel/articleshow/98566862.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2025 || ''[[Sabdham]]''|| Avanthika || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lakshmi Menon joins the cast of Sabdham |work=Cinema Express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/25/lakshmi-menon-joins-the-cast-ofsabdham-40358.html |access-date=13 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
| {{Pending film| Malai}} || {{TableTBA}} || Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=First look of Yogi Babu and Lakshmi Menon's 'Malai' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-yogi-babu-and-lakshmi-menons-malai/articleshow/96087216.cms |access-date=13 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Discography ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
!Lyricist
! class="unsortable" | Co Singer
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]'' || "Kukkuru Kukkuru" || [[D. Imman]]
|Eknaath||Sathyan
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Saagasam]]'' || "Desi Girl Desi Girl" || [[S. Thaman]]
| [[Madhan Karky]]||[[Silambarasan]]
|-
| ''Kuzhambi'' || "Oh Coffee Penne" || Rama Subramanian R.
| Ko Sesha||
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Work !!Award !!Category !!Result !!Ref
|-
|rowspan=6|''[[Sundarapandian]]'' ||[[7th Vijay Awards]] ||[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]] || {{nom}} ||<ref name="Winners">{{cite web |url=http://www.vijayawards.in/#!winners/ce4o |title=Winners |publisher=Vijay Awards |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419112731/http://www.vijayawards.in/ |archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] ||Best Debut Actress ||{{won}} ||| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/28485--2 | title=விகடன் விருதுகள் 2012 | date=5 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|The Chennai Times Film Award || Promising Female Newcomer ||{{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshow/25170374.cms |title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2012 goes to... |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}} ||<ref name=FF/>
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2nd SIIMA Awards]] || [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Tamil|Best Female Debut – Tamil]] ||{{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/tabloid/siima-in-sharjah-postponed-to-september-1.1191905 |title=SIIMA in Sharjah |work=Gulf News |date=3 June 2013 |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || {{won}} ||rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners |date=14 July 2017 |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031172117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' || {{won}}
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] ||[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards#Acting Awards|Best Actress]] || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/norway-tamil-film-festival-2013-news-tamil-ne3kOHdfabb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031238/http://www.sify.com/movies/norway-tamil-film-festival-2013-news-tamil-ne3kOHdfabb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2014 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |date=29 April 2013 |access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]] ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] || {{nom}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) |work=Filmfare |date=21 July 2013 |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705093046/http://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Various films ||[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd SIIMA Awards]] ||Rising Star of South Indian Cinema (female) ||{{won}} ||<ref>{{cite news |title=And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' ||[[9th Vijay Awards]] || [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]||{{nom}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3569788/awards/?ref_=tt_awd|title =Naan Sigappu Manithan|website =[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' ||[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|4th SIIMA Awards]] || Best Actress ||{{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Zycsz4K-kQE |archive-date=5 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zycsz4K-kQE |title=Micromax SIIMA 2015 {{!}} Nominations For Best Actress {{!}} Tamil |date=31 July 2015 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|-
|''[[Vedalam]]'' ||[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th SIIMA Awards]] || Best Actress in a Supporting Role ||{{nom}} || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5178278/awards/?ref_=tt_awd|title =Vedalam|website =[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite web |title=Lakshmi Menon Case Kochi News |url=https://filmyhigh.com/lakshmi-menon-case-kochi-news/ |website=FilmyHigh |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=5068044|name=Lakshmi Menon}}

{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActress}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Débutante}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Lakshmi}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]

Artistic swimming in India

2026-03-08T11:49:34Z

Vikiutq:

{{Infobox sport overview
| title = Artistic swimming in India
| image = XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Sri Lankan pair performing during the duet technical routine of synchronised swimming event, at Dr. S.P. Mukherjee Aquatics Complex, in New Delhi on October 06, 2010.jpg
| caption = Synchronised swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi
| union = [[Swimming Federation of India]]
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Artistic swimming]]
| noncountry =
| nickname =
| first =
| registered =
| clubs =


| national_list =
| club_list =
| intl_list =

| Name =

| match =
| league =

| fan_org =
}}

'''Artistic swimming''', also known as '''synchronized swimming''', is a sport that combines swimming, acrobatics, and dance. While still developing in India, artistic swimming has a growing presence with national governing bodies recognizing its potential.

==History==
The exact origins of artistic swimming in India are unclear, but there have been sporadic appearances of the sport in recent decades. In the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] held in [[Delhi]], a team of three Indian artistic swimmers, Avani Kardam Dave, Kavita Kolapkar, and Bijal Vasant, participated.<ref name=toiyt>{{cite news |title=No coaches for India's synchronized swimmers but there's YouTube! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-news/no-coaches-for-indias-synchronized-swimmers-but-theres-youtube/articleshow/6703215.cms |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=7 October 2010}}</ref> Their participation marked a significant moment for the sport in India, despite facing challenges like lack of dedicated coaches.<ref name=toiyt /><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian synchro swimmer learns moves from YouTube |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/indian-synchro-swimmer-learns-moves-from-youtube/article1214506/ |website=The Globe and Mail |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=en-CA |date=7 October 2010}}</ref>

==National Governing Body==
The [[Swimming Federation of India]] (SFI) recognizes artistic swimming as a discipline under its purview. Their website includes a dedicated page for "Synchronized Swimming Events" which outlines eligibility and criteria for competitions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swimming Federation of India - Governing Body of Aquatic Sports |url=https://www.swimming.org.in/ |website=Swimming Federation Of India |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

==Challenges and Development==
Artistic swimming in India faces developmental hurdles. Limited access to qualified coaches and training facilities can hinder the sport's growth. However, there are signs of progress. Private instructors offering lessons can be found in major cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Synchronized swimming Classes Near Me on Superprof - Fees From ₹499/hr |url=https://www.superprof.co.in/lessons/synchronized-swimming/india/ |website=Superprof |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

'''Infrastructure''': The lack of sufficient training facilities and pools dedicated to artistic swimming poses a significant challenge.<ref name=moi >{{cite web |title=Swimming Federation Of India: History, Achievements And Challenges |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/sports/swimming-federation-of-india-history-achievements-and-challenges |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

'''Funding''': Limited financial support hampers the development and promotion of the sport.<ref name=moi />

'''Awareness and Popularity''': Artistic swimming is less popular compared to other sports like cricket, resulting in fewer resources and media attention.<ref name=moi />

==Future Potential==
With growing awareness and increased access to resources, artistic swimming in India has the potential to attract a wider audience. The dedication of individual athletes and coaches can pave the way for future national teams to compete at international events.

==See also==
* [[Swimming in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9Ba4anIpR0 Video showcasing artistic swimming routine with Indian music]
* {{cite web |title=Swimming |url=https://olympicdreamindia.com/swimming/ |website=Olympic Dream India |access-date=16 July 2024}}
* {{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Kazak swimmers present Natu Natu at the opening of Olympic-length swimming pool at HPS |url=https://www.newstap.in/city-news/kazak-swimmers-present-natu-natu-at-the-opening-of-olympic-length-swimming-pool-at-hps-1469847 |website=www.newstap.in |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=en |date=1 April 2023}}

{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:Sport in India by sport]]
[[Category:Water sports in India]]
[[Category:Synchronised swimming in India]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Shaukat Aziz

2026-03-06T11:36:50Z

Vikiutq: minor edit

{{Short description|Pakistani banker and politician (born 1949)}}
{{Other people||Shaukat Aziz (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shaukat Aziz
| image = Shaukat Aziz.jpg
| native_name = شوکت عزیز
| caption = Aziz in 2007
| office = 15th [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| president = [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| term_start = 28 August 2004
| term_end = 15 November 2007
| predecessor = [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]] (caretaker)
| office1 = [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister1 = [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] Himself
| term_start1 = 6 November 1999
| term_end1 = 15 November 2007
| predecessor1 = [[Ishaq Dar]]
| successor1 = [[Salman Shah (economist)|Salman Shah]] (caretaker)
| office3 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 20 August 2004
| term_end3 = 15 November 2007
| constituency3 = [[NA-59 (Attock-III)]]
| predecessor3 = [[Eman Waseem]]
| successor3 = [[Sardar Saleem Haider Khan]]
| birth_name = Shaukat Abdul Aziz
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|3|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)|Federal Capital Territory]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (2002–2007)
| spouse = Rukhsana Aziz
| residence = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| alma_mater = [[Gordon College (Pakistan)|Gordon College]] [[Institute of Business Administration, Karachi|IBA]]
| native_name_lang = ur
}}

'''Shaukat Aziz'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|شوکت عزیز}}}} (born 6 March 1949) is a Pakistani-born British former [[banker]] who served as the 15th [[prime minister of Pakistan]] from 28 August 2004 to 15 November 2007. When his term as Prime Minister was over, he immediately left Pakistan and settled in the United Kingdom. Previously, he served as the [[finance minister of Pakistan]] from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007.

Aziz was born in [[Karachi]]. He graduated from the [[Institute of Business Administration, Karachi|Institute of Business Administration]] and later joined the corporate staff of the [[Citibank|CitiBank Pakistan]] in 1969. He initially served as CitiBank financier, and became [[Executive Vice President|executive vice-president]] of Citibank in 1999.

In 1999, Aziz entered politics on the personal request of [[Pervez Musharraf]] and moved to Pakistan from the United States to assume charge of the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance Ministry]] as the finance minister. In 2004, Aziz was nominated by Musharraf as his prime minister after taking resignation from [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] on 6 June 2004.

== Early life and education ==
Shaukat Aziz was born in Karachi, Pakistan, on 6 March 1949. He studied at Saint Patrick's School, Karachi and Abbottabad Public School, Abbottabad, Pakistan.<ref name="Chinese University of Hong Kong">{{cite web|title=Shaukat Aziz|url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ipro/aziz/biography.html|work=Chinese University of Hong Kong|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113151018/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ipro/aziz/biography.html|archive-date=13 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, S.A. Aziz<ref name="The Directorate-General of the Associate Press of Pakistan"/> (sometimes Abdul Aziz) was a [[Broadcast engineering|radio engineer]] employed in the state-owned [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] (PBC) as chief engineer.<ref name="The Directorate-General of the Associate Press of Pakistan">{{cite news |agency=Associate Press of Pakistan |title=Radio Pakistan playing important role in national integration:Shaukat Aziz |url=https://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3699&itemid=5 |access-date=30 May 2012 |date=12 February 2004 |page=1 |format=webcache |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626082425/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content |archive-date=26 June 2010 }}</ref>

The PBC moved his family to [[Abbottabad]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North West Frontier Province]] where he attended the [[Abbottabad Public School]]. Later, the family moved back to Karachi. Aziz matriculated and obtained high-school diploma from [[Saint Patrick's High School, Karachi|Saint Patrick's High School]] and proceeded to Government College now GCU In Lahore where he passed his inter-level and ascended to attend the [[Gordon College (Rawalpindi)|Gordon College of Rawalpindi]], Punjab province in 1965. Aziz obtained a BS<ref name="Chinese University of Hong Kong"/> degree in Economics<ref name="Chinese University of Hong Kong"/> in 1967 from Gordan College and moved back to Karachi the same year to enroll in a master's programme.<ref name="Chinese University of Hong Kong"/> Aziz attended the master's programme of the [[Institute of Business Administration, Karachi|Institute of Business Administration]] (IBA) in Karachi and obtained [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in business administration in 1969.<ref name="Chinese University of Hong Kong"/>

== Banking career ==
Initially, Aziz joined the corporate branch of Citibank Pakistan as its credit officer in 1969. During his career, Aziz subsequently served in various countries including Pakistan, Greece, United States, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Philippines, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Singapore.
{{quote box|quote=When a multinational corporation wants to enter emerging markets, it call its lawyers, its accountants, its embassy...and of course, Citibank...|source=Aziz as the director of Asia/Pacific global finance operations, CitiBank<ref name="SAGE Publications"/>|width=33%}} After arriving to assume the charge of corporate assignment in the United States, Aziz settled in New York City and took over the office operations of Citibank at the [[Empire State Building]].<ref name="Public Affairs Trade Mark (Kishore Mahbubani)">{{cite book|last=Mahbubani|first=Kishore|title=The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to East|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=USA|isbn=978-1-58648-671-6|pages=163–165|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj-XPYft7ekC&q=shaukat+Aziz+New+York&pg=PA163|access-date=6 June 2012|chapter=Pakistan: Asian Tiger|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009024131/http://books.google.com/books?id=Jj-XPYft7ekC&pg=PA163&dq=shaukat+Aziz+New+York&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BevPT9WBEcKg2QXkz-jKDA&ved=0CFUQuwUwBDgK#v=onepage&q=shaukat%20Aziz%20New%20York&f=true|archive-date=9 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz acquired [[Permanent residence (United States)|permanent residence]] status,<ref name="Shaheen Sehbai, Washington DC, July 18, 2004"/> but did not acquire [[American citizenship]],<ref name="Shaheen Sehbai, Washington DC, July 18, 2004">{{cite web|last=Shaheen Sehbai|title=The Irrelevant Controversy Over US Citizenship of PM-in-Waiting Shaukat Aziz|url=http://antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/july04/P1_ss.htm|location=Washington DC|date=18 July 2004|access-date=8 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110174739/http://antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/july04/P1_ss.htm|archive-date=10 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> whilst continuing to upgrade his legal status.<ref name="Public Affairs Trade Mark (Kishore Mahbubani)"/>{{clarify|date=January 2018}}

In the U.S., Aziz held numerous positions in Citibank across several divisions including Corporate and Investment Banking (CIB), Corporate Planning Officer (CPO), Chief Financial Officer of Citicorp and managing director of Citibank Singapore. He has been a board member of Citibank subsidiaries, including Saudi American Bank, Citicorp Islamic Bank, and of several non-profit organizations.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3941185.stm Profile: Shaukat Aziz], BBC News</ref> Aziz played a pivotal role in expanding Citibank branches and corporate directive operations throughout the country and was instrumental in bringing multinational banking industries into Pakistan in the 1990s.<ref name="SAGE Publications">{{cite book|last=Conklin|first=David W.|title=Cases in the Environment of Business: International Perspective|year=2006|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=London UK.|isbn=1-4129-1436-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppjam4YUSiUC&q=shaukat+aziz+citigroup&pg=PA317|edition=1|page=[https://archive.org/details/casesinenvironme0000unse/page/371 371–318]|chapter=The Global Network|url=https://archive.org/details/casesinenvironme0000unse/page/371}}</ref>

At Citibank, Aziz served as the corporate director of Asia Pacific global finance operations and had been notable for financing and managing funds on behalf of Citibank and other financial corporations in global stock markets.<ref name="SAGE Publications"/> He was also involved with [[Citi Private Bank]], a subsidiary of Citigroup.<ref name="Author House TM">{{cite book|last=Leahy|first=Jack|title=Survive & Prosper: Grow your business in Today's Economy|publisher=Author House|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=978-1-4389-9395-9|pages=144, 146|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRMfhLOPKhwC&q=shaukat+aziz+citigroup&pg=PA146|chapter=Utilize your Time Effectively|date=16 September 2009|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728200855/http://books.google.com/books?id=VRMfhLOPKhwC&pg=PA146&dq=shaukat+aziz+citigroup&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0PbDT7TdOMijiALB_c3XBw&ved=0CEsQuwUwBA#v=onepage&q=shaukat%20aziz%20citigroup&f=true|archive-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz regarded his career in Citigroup as "extremely helpful" in preparing him for the executive public office, in 2006.<ref name="Farrar, Straus, and Giroux">{{cite book|last=Rothkopf|first=David|title=Superclass: The Global Power Elites|year=2008|publisher=Farrar, Straus, and Giroux|location=United States|isbn=978-0-374-53161-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beHXwswSD9AC&q=shaukat+aziz+citigroup&pg=PA150|page=150|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720043931/http://books.google.com/books?id=beHXwswSD9AC&pg=PA150&dq=shaukat+aziz+citigroup&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Y_vDT-qFGsqziQK1orThCw&ved=0CEUQuwUwAzgK#v=onepage&q=shaukat%20aziz%20citigroup&f=true|archive-date=20 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 040422-D-9880W-024.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Aziz engaging in discussions with American officials.]]
Aziz continued to visit Pakistan, working to expand Citibank's financial services and banking, overseeing the wide expansion of Citigroup's branches and its influence in Pakistan.<ref name="SAGE Publications"/> In the 1990s, he worked closely with the governments of [[Benazir Bhutto]] and [[Nawaz Sharif]] to help negotiate economic relief packages and aid to Pakistan, while maintaining diverse relations with [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] who would also visit the United States as part of Sharif's and Benazir Bhutto's state visits.<ref name="SAGE Publications"/>

By the 1990s, Aziz had established many notable contacts within the United States administration.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/> In a book, ''Global Financial Warrior'', written by John B. Taylor, Aziz had substantial access to the US Treasury, [[World Bank]] and many other world financial institutions.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/> Aziz worked closely with the United States in order to finance U.S. war games and operations.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/> Aziz knew the volumes of secretive methods of transferring funds in and out of South Asia, particularly clandestine financing of nuclear weapons programmes of [[Indian nuclear programme|India]] and [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|Pakistan]] at its most, Taylor maintained.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/>

== Finance minister ==
{{Main|Corporate sector of Pakistan#Corporate sector of Pakistan|l1=Corporate capitalization in Pakistan|Economy of Pakistan|Finance Minister of Pakistan}}
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 030415-D-2987S-003.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Aziz on a visit to United States]]
Shaukat Aziz had been a president of [[Citi Private Bank]] in New York before returning to Pakistan in 1999.<ref name="University of California Press Ltd.">{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|title=India|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press Ltd.|location=London, England|isbn=0-520-24696-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C&q=shaukat+aziz+citigroup&pg=PR24|edition=3|page=xxiv|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131120739/http://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C&pg=PR24&dq=shaukat+aziz+citigroup&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_vrDT_SeO6bciALIpqCsCA&ved=0CDcQuwUwADgK#v=onepage&q=shaukat%20aziz%20citigroup&f=true|archive-date=31 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly, General Pervez Musharraf arrived for a small personal trip to the United States after staging a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]] to deposed the people-elected prime minister [[Navaz Sharif]] on 12 October 1999.<ref name=Telepak/>

On 26 November 1999, while addressing a gathering of influential lobbyists of the [[Pakistani American|Pakistani American community]], a political lobbying sub-body of the [[Association of Physicians of Pakistani Descent of North America|Association of Pakistani Physicians of North America]] (APPNA), Musharraf stated that: "Shaukat Aziz has come to Pakistan with forty other financial experts who have offered free service to revive Pakistan's national economy".<ref name=Telepak>{{cite web|last=NOKIA Ltd|title=Shaukat Aziz|url=http://www.telepk.com/personalities/shaukat-aziz/|publisher=Telepak|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510070129/http://www.telepk.com/personalities/shaukat-aziz/|archive-date=10 May 2012|url-status=dead}}{{unreliable source?|date=January 2013}}(looks like a cache of an early WP article)</ref> After a brief session, Musharraf asked Shaukat Aziz to stand up and introduce himself to the audience.<ref name=Telepak/>

Aziz reportedly returned with Musharraf in November 1999 and took charge of the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] as its [[Minister of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance Minister]]. Aziz took control of the economy with responsibility for [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)#Finance|Finance]], [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Economic Affairs]], [[Statistics Division of the Government of Pakistan|Statistics Division]], [[Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives|Planning and Development]], and [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)#Revenue|Revenue divisions]]. As Minister of Finance Aziz also headed the Economic Coordination Committee of the Cabinet, the Cabinet Committee on Investment, the executive committee of the National Economic Council, and the Cabinet Committee on Privatization. As Finance minister, all [[: Category:Government-owned companies of Pakistan|state-owned mega-corporations]] came under the government-ownership while restructuring each mega-corporation to set off to privatisation.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, 2012">{{cite book|last=Ghias|first=Shoaib A.|chapter=Miscarriage of Chief Justice: Judicial Power and the Legal Complex in Pakistan under Musharraf|title=Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post-Colony|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01278-3|pages=350–351|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4JtL4b3ggC&pg=PA348|edition=1|access-date=6 June 2012|chapter-format=google books}}</ref> During his first days, Aziz worked to control the economy in a difficult and hostile environment with then-President [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] who called him "an alien", and many among those who were close to deposed prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] and Benazir Bhutto.<ref name="The Two Wheel Spinners: PM Shaukat Aziz and ManMohan Singh">{{cite book|title=The Two Wheel Spinners: PM Shaukat Aziz and ManMohan Singh|isbn=978-1-4389-3800-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vX9WKBEJHhkC&q=Shaukat+Aziz+and+Rafiq+Tarar&pg=PA217|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131163337/http://books.google.com/books?id=vX9WKBEJHhkC&pg=PA217&dq=Shaukat+Aziz+and+Rafiq+Tarar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fY_WT9DRE8nU2AX2prSODw&ved=0CFMQuwUwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=true|archive-date=31 January 2014|url-status=live|date=23 July 2009|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Mohammad Ashraf|publisher=AuthorHouse }}</ref> Other politicians including [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician, born 1953)|Fazal-ur-Rehman]] and [[Ameen Faheem]] became hostile towards Aziz and his policies; and harboured grave doubts about him because Aziz was not like a traditional politician in the country, an accredited politician.<ref name="The Two Wheel Spinners: PM Shaukat Aziz and ManMohan Singh"/>

Initially there was a decline in the economy, and Aziz attributes this as "state (Pakistan) unpleasant relations with international financial institutions.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers">{{cite book|last=Mahmood|first=Sohail|title=The Musharraf Regime and Governance Crises|year=2001|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=United States|isbn=1-59033-135-4|pages=72; 83; 84; 101; 104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNnaIBd8jk0C&q=Shaukat+Aziz+Finance+minister&pg=PA101|access-date=6 June 2012|format=google books|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703112139/http://books.google.com/books?id=FNnaIBd8jk0C&pg=PA101&dq=Shaukat+Aziz+Finance+minister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VvfOT5ayCYbq2AWV6-SHDQ&ved=0CD8QuwUwAjgU#v=onepage&q=Shaukat%20Aziz%20Finance%20minister&f=true|archive-date=3 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> There was a ~70% decline in the national economy with the loss of $150 million (1999) to $600 million (2000), which constituted 0.21% of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) global flow.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers"/> Aziz took initiatives for FDI offering incentives to foreign investors with his [[macroeconomic]] policies, taxation framework and a consistent investment policy.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers"/>

[[File:Aziz-Wolfowitz.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Shaukat Aziz with [[Paul Wolfowitz]] at The Pentagon, 2003.]]
After the [[11 September attacks]] in the United States and [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|Pakistan's role]] in the [[war on terror]], Aziz travelled to the United States in order to negotiate a relief and [[U.S. aid to Pakistan]].<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd.">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=John B.|title=Global Financial Warriors|year=2007|publisher=W.W. Norton and Company Ltd.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-393-06448-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalfinancialw00tayl/page/17 17–33]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIMmgiqwC6EC&q=Shaukat+Aziz+Finance+minister&pg=PA17|edition=1|chapter=The untold story of global finance of war on terror: Pakistan|access-date=13 February 2016|url=https://archive.org/details/globalfinancialw00tayl/page/17}}</ref> He closely worked with [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|US Secretary of the Treasury]] on the detail of the devised plan on how to [[War against the Taliban|remove the Taliban]] from Afghanistan, cancellation and debt relief, loans from the World Bank, and direct support from U.S. Aid for national public development.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/> Aziz recommended policies and new plan of economic reforms, including the improved budgetary transparency and spending controls— a plan that was widely accepted by the United States.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/> With the help from [[United States Department of the Treasury]], Aziz thwarted individuals, difficulties and obstacles to achieve success in his economic programmes.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/> In 2002, Aziz worked with U.S. administration to help advise the United States to finance the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|war in Afghanistan]].<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/> In the words of John B. Taylor, Aziz suggested that U.S. should call out for a meeting of finance ministers of the [[G7|G7 member]] countries, where the illicit funding of money would become a great problem for G7 countries in the future.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/> In April 2002, Aziz chaired a ''historical'' meeting on behalf of Pakistan and the United States, helping the G7 members to understand how the illicit money was transferred was shared with the finance ministers of G7 members and Pakistan on other side.<ref name="W.W. Norton and Company Ltd."/>

In 2001, Aziz implemented and activated the [[Privatization in Pakistan|Privatisation Programme]] (first founded by former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] in 1991) and opened all state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to private sector.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, 2012"/> This programme undertook the country into rapid economic growth and extreme level of industrialisation the country had for yet seen since 1972.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, 2012"/> After the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 general elections]], Aziz intensified his programme and aggressively implemented [[economic liberalisation]] policies in the country.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, 2012"/> Aziz's financial policies came under surrounding controversies,<ref name="Cambridge University Press, 2012"/> creating new problems for Prime minister [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] to counter who was forced to resign the office in his favour.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, 2012"/> His affordable real estate scheme encouraged common men to afford a house and a vehicle on low investment. On the other hand, this scheme brought an increased violation of zoning regulations in construction companies. Although, Zafarullah Khan Jamali controlled the inflation at its low level, his deregulation policies of price control caused the oil and sugar prices to skyrocket.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, 2012"/> His public and liberalisation of economy policy expanded the political role of [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] in a higher level of the government and to target high-level of government corruption independently without government interferences.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, 2012"/>

Pakistan's fiscal performance was praised by [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and the World Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pakistantimes.net/2004/01/28/top3.htm |title=Top Stories: IMF, WB praise Pakistan's economic and fiscal performance |work=Pakistan Times |access-date=6 June 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019130859/http://pakistantimes.net/2004/01/28/top3.htm |archive-date=19 October 2010 }}</ref> The World Bank further reiterated that Pakistan's economic growth bolstered international confidence.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\story_23-3-2007_pg5_16 Pak economic growth has bolstered int’l confidence: WB] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222065912/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007 |date=22 February 2008 }}, ''Daily Times''.</ref>

===Assassination attempt===
While campaigning on 30 July 2004, Aziz survived an assassination attempt in the [[Attock District]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref name="CBC News">{{cite news|last=Press Release|title=Pakistan's PM designate survives assassination attempt|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/pakistan-s-pm-designate-survives-assassination-attempt-1.514614|access-date=28 May 2012|publisher=CBC News|date=30 July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistani PM-Designate Escapes Assassination Attempt - 2004-07-30 |url=https://www.voanews.com/archive/pakistani-pm-designate-escapes-assassination-attempt-2004-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707055911/https://www.voanews.com/archive/pakistani-pm-designate-escapes-assassination-attempt-2004-07-30 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2020 |work=Voice of America}}</ref> The suicide bomb attack was staged in [[Fateh Jang]], a small town to the north of the capital, Islamabad, where Aziz was contesting an election.<ref name="CBC News"/> The attempt was made when Aziz was departing after meeting with constituents. A suicide bomber, who was travelling with the Aziz motorcade, detonated the device next to the car in which Aziz was travelling, killing himself and Aziz's chauffeur, as well as six others.<ref name="CBC News"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Leader Survives Suicide Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/30/international/middleeast/pakistan-leader-survives-suicide-attack.html |work=The New York Times |date=30 July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aziz survives attempt on life; 7 dead: 70 hurt after Fatehjang rally attack |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/395931 |work=Dawn |date=31 July 2004}}</ref>

Aziz called the incident "tragic", and said it had claimed the lives of innocent people. He added that it had reinforced his resolve to serve Pakistan and the Islamic world.<ref name="Archive, Arabnews">{{cite news|last=Farooq|first=Umer|title=Shaukat Aziz Escapes Assassination|url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=49149&d=31&m=7&y=2004|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=Arabnews|date=31 July 2004}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After safely reaching Islamabad, Aziz instigated a probe, while the foreign office contacted its mission in Egypt to try to determine the veracity of an Al Qaeda claim of responsibility.<ref name="Dawn News Archive 2004">{{cite news|title=Al Qaeda group claims attack on Shaukat Aziz: Pakistani mission in Egypt contacted •10 arrested •All options being probed|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2004/08/01/top1.htm|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=1 August 2004|author=Arshad Sharif, Mohammad Asghar & Yaqoob Malik|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116103918/http://archives.dawn.com/2004/08/01/top1.htm|archive-date=16 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Ten suspected [[Al-Qaeda]] perpetrators were arrested in Egypt and later extradited to Pakistan for the crime.<ref name="Dawn News Archive 2004"/>

== Premiership (2004–2007) ==
By 2004, Aziz had become a right hand of general Musharraf, as Musharraf described in [[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|his memoirs]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)">{{cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|year=2006|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|location=Pakistan|isbn=074-3283449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&q=shaukat+aziz&pg=PA179|edition=1|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312140623/https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&pg=PA179&dq=shaukat+aziz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4PHDT9fwE6SPiALPtrWFCA&ved=0CEQQuwUwAw#v=snippet&q=shaukat%20aziz&f=true|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The strong oligarch business class of Pakistan, notably [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]], had been impressed by Shaukat Aziz's performance as finance minister.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Following the resignation of [[Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] on 26 June 2004, Hussain nominated Aziz for the office of prime minister and was also a top choice for the candidacy of prime ministerial post by Musharraf.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/><ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan ">{{Cite web
| title =Profile: Shaukat Aziz
| publisher =BBC Pakistan
| quote =Pakistan's Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz is a former private banker credited with recent reforms of his country's economy... British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) remarks
| date =19 August 2004
| url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3941185.stm
| access-date =8 August 2011
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3941185.stm
| archive-date =10 August 2011
| url-status =live
}}</ref>

However, Aziz was not a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], although he was a [[Pakistan Senate|Senator]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> As required by the constitution, the prime minister had to be a member of the National Assembly.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Aziz was highly regarded as a "technocrat" and had gained the trust of the establishment, international institutions and public support. His nomination came after another technocrat-economist, Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]], became the [[prime minister of India]] and Aziz was widely seen as compatible with his Indian counterpart.<ref name="The Brookings Institution">{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Stephen P.|title=The Idea of Pakistan|publisher=The Brookings Institution|location=Washington DC US.|isbn=0-8157-1502-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&q=shaukat+aziz&pg=PA277|access-date=28 May 2012|page=277|year=2004}}</ref>
[[File:ShaukatAziz with Bush.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Shaukat Aziz at the White House with US president George W. Bush, 24 January 2006.]]
Having been described and labelled as an urban gentlemen and smartly dressed, Aziz was tasked with day-to-day running of the federal government and see that policies were more effectively executed while Musharraf handled the military issues.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan "/> In Pakistan, it was also said that Musharraf blindly trusted Aziz and sometimes, Musharraf's approvals were not needed for the projects that normally required permission.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan "/> Aziz quietly and more quickly undermined the elements seeking to undermine Musharraf which may have been a factor that Musharraf had blindly trusted Aziz.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan "/>

The post was held by [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sites.google.com/site/brfdictionary/glossary/s/shortcut |title=Shortcut - BRF Dictionary |access-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022122342/http://sites.google.com/site/brfdictionary/glossary/s/shortcut |archive-date=22 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> while Aziz fulfilled the constitutional requirement of securing a seat in the lower house of [[Parliament of Pakistan|parliament]]. Aziz ran from two constituencies, [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar-I]] in Sindh, and [[Attock District]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050429121136/http://pakistantimes.net/2004/08/21/top1.htm "Shaukat takes oath as MNA, Retains Attock Seat"]}} ''Pakistan Times''</ref> Even after the assassination attempt, Aziz continued campaigning and won from both constituencies. Since he could retain only one seat, he immediately vacated his [[Tharparkar]] seat, preferring to represent Attock, where he had won by 76,156 votes to 29,497.

===Domestic reforms===
[[File:Shaukat Aziz at Pentagon.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld (right) greets Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz at the Pentagon.]]
Aziz successfully oversaw the rapid development of the [[Local government in Pakistan|local government system]] in Pakistan as part of his "Strengthening Decentralisation" program.<ref name="Bulletin of Commonwealth of Nations">{{cite journal|last=CCS|title=Devolution Mark for Pakistan|journal=Bulletin of Commonwealth of Nations|year=2006|volume=6|series=1|pages=2|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:0_SxFGfVXKEJ:www.clgf.org.uk/userfiles/1/File/03-06Nov2006.pdf+Local+government+in+Pakistan+shaukat+aziz&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjTS3Isv6kVx3bwaGPdm4JAgGJPhdfIz7nnxkCXaBDyVg1oKy3Hynwatmgui-0bVeanYO1OO_11YumWHRgDrhgu4NNlCpWS4NWHnjdNKS1d9Fzbt32mpVg5o8WK6aRSgxLw5jaG&sig=AHIEtbS7AiiFox0kBgcVPR3Wuc1CCe-S4Q|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230558/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A0_SxFGfVXKEJ%3Awww.clgf.org.uk%2Fuserfiles%2F1%2FFile%2F03-06Nov2006.pdf+Local+government+in+Pakistan+shaukat+aziz&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjTS3Isv6kVx3bwaGPdm4JAgGJPhdfIz7nnxkCXaBDyVg1oKy3Hynwatmgui-0bVeanYO1OO_11YumWHRgDrhgu4NNlCpWS4NWHnjdNKS1d9Fzbt32mpVg5o8WK6aRSgxLw5jaG&sig=AHIEtbS7AiiFox0kBgcVPR3Wuc1CCe-S4Q|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> His domestic initiatives including the decentralisation in the country, and termed the local government system as "more transparent and accountable".<ref name="Bulletin of Commonwealth of Nations"/><ref name="The Commonwealth Secretariat">{{cite web|last=The Commonwealth Secretariat|title=Pakistani PM Calls for Accountability of Local Governments|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/152955/pakistani_pm_calls_for_accountability_of_local_gov.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415224136/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/152955/pakistani_pm_calls_for_accountability_of_local_gov.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2013|access-date=30 May 2012|quote=Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz of Pakistan has called on local governments to be more transparent and accountable.}}</ref> Aziz strengthened the policy formats and area of responsibility of [[National Reconstruction Bureau]] (NRB) after appointing [[Daniyal Aziz]] in 2005.<ref name="The Commonwealth Secretariat"/> In 2005, Aziz's government installed 6,000 [[Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan|water supply and sanitation filter]] plants through the Khushal Pakistan (lit. Prospered Pakistan) programme, a scheme founded by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in the 1990s.<ref name="Daily Times, Monday, July 04, 2005">{{cite news|title=PM assures fair local body elections|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-7-2005_pg7_41|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=4 July 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024220704/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-7-2005_pg7_41|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>
As prime minister, Aziz took hard stance against rivals and took a hardline against his political challengers.<ref name="ABC-CLIO Inc.">{{cite book|last=Lyon|first=Peter|title=Roots of Modern Conflict|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO Inc.|location=United States|isbn=978-1-57607-712-2|pages=25–26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&q=Shaukat+Aziz+Finance+minister&pg=PA25|access-date=6 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231221859/http://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA25&dq=Shaukat+Aziz+Finance+minister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-_XOT-vFI6as2wW9v6C5DA&ved=0CE0QuwUwBA#v=onepage&q=Shaukat%20Aziz%20Finance%20minister&f=true|archive-date=31 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz thrashed the [[Alliance for Restoration of Democracy]] (ARD) led by conservative leader [[Javed Hashmi]] who was placed in military prison on treason charges, on a support provided by Aziz.<ref name="ABC-CLIO Inc."/> His hardline and tough counter [[active measures]] forced [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] of [[Benazir Bhutto]] and [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League-N]] of [[Nawaz Sharif]] to concede their defeat and took asylum in United Kingdom.<ref name="ABC-CLIO Inc."/>

In 2005, non-partisan local government elections were decided to be held in entire country, starting first to hold the elections in Karachi, [[Sindh Province]].<ref name="Dawn Archives, 2005">{{cite news|last=Shamim-ur-Rahman|title=PM rules out delay in local body polls: Foreign observers welcome|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2005/07/10/top1.htm|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=10 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153917/http://archives.dawn.com/2005/07/10/top1.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, Aziz supervised and presided the first free and fair local body elections with PML(Q) and its allied parties sweeping the election arena.<ref name="Jang Archive Data">{{cite news|title=Group positions of all four provinces in LG polls 2005|url=http://jang.com.pk/important_events/localbodies-polls2005/news/archive_eng/19-08-05.htm|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Jang Archive Data|year=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021162853/http://jang.com.pk/important_events/localbodies-polls2005/news/archive_eng/19-08-05.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Controversially, Aziz allocated Rs. 20 million to each district where PML(Q) candidates lost the National Assembly elections in order to secure its voting bank that was lost in 2002.<ref name="Daily Times, Sunday, June 12, 2005">{{cite news|title=Local body elections in NWFP: PML district heads to get Rs 20m|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-6-2005_pg1_7|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=12 June 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163351/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_12-6-2005_pg1_7|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> In Sindh and Balochistan Province, Aziz presided the peaceful election held events and personally monitored the success of the local government body programme.<ref name=UNPO>{{cite news|last=Press release|title=Sindh: Prime Minister Lauds Peaceful Conduct of LG Polls|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/2939|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=UNPO|year=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604035926/http://www.unpo.org/article/2939|archive-date=4 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Under his first few of years of government, the law and order situation remains under control and prosperity in Balochistan,<ref name="Dawn Archives, August 30, 2005">{{cite news|last=Our Reporter|title=Jam calls on Shaukat Aziz|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2005/08/30/nat17.htm|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=30 August 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153913/http://archives.dawn.com/2005/08/30/nat17.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and presided the completion the first phase of the [[Gwadar port]].

Problems began to mount with nationalist [[Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti|Akbar Bugti]], an ally of [[Nawaz Sharif]].<ref name="The Express Tribune, November 3, 2011"/> Although, Aziz repeatedly and forcefully denied the knowledge of any military action against Bugti and, as prime minister, Aziz never released any information of any military action in Balochistan.<ref name="The Express Tribune, November 3, 2011"/> However, Aziz appeared on television screens and stated that "Akbar Bugti died in a military operation during the night of August 25–26, 2008".<ref name="The Express Tribune, November 3, 2011"/> Aziz was inflicted with the involvement in the killing of Akbar Khan Bugti, although he has denied any involvement in any manner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaukat Aziz on killing of Akbar Bugti|url=http://pakobserver.net/201112/14/detailnews.asp?id=130028|work=Pakistan Observer|access-date=30 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715033755/http://pakobserver.net/201112/14/detailnews.asp?id=130028|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref>

In Islamabad alone, Aziz's government was forced to take military action, codenamed [[Siege of Lal Masjid|Operation Sunrise]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=It�s �Operation Sunrise� not �Silence� -DAWN - Top Stories; July 12, 2007 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/12/top7.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304014535/http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/12/top7.htm |archive-date=2008-03-04 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.dawn.com}}</ref> ''(formerly Operation Silence)'' after chairing a meeting with the President.<ref name="Daily Times, Sunday, June 28, 2009">{{cite news|last=Daily Times Monitor|title=decision in Steel Mills case was disappointing: Aziz|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\06\28\story_28-6-2009_pg7_6|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times, Sunday, 28 June 2009|date=28 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701061824/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C06%5C28%5Cstory_28-6-2009_pg7_6|archive-date=1 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, Aziz maintained that his government had tried at every level of extreme to resolve the [[Lal Masjid siege|Lal Masjid issue]] through talks to save lives.<ref name="Daily Times, Sunday, June 28, 2009"/> In a television interview, Aziz maintained that "We gave them time to leave the mosque and the [[Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais|Imam-e-Kaaba Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais]] also came to Pakistan on my request in connection with the issue.".<ref name="Daily Times, Sunday, June 28, 2009"/>

One of the widely reported controversy took place in his government was the atomic proliferation scandal of Abdul Qadeer Khan. Aziz remains supportive towards Khan and efficiently took matters of Abdul Qadeer Khan in 2006 from President Musharraf. On 10 September 2006, Aziz sent flowers and personally visited Khan when he was hospitalised<ref name="Pakistan Tribune, 26 October 2007"/> and on 12 October 2007, Musharraf made it clear to United States and rest of the world that Khan "won't be handed over" at given any circumstances.<ref name="Daily Times, Friday, October 12, 2007">{{cite news|title=AQ Khan won't be handed over: Aziz|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\10\12\story_12-10-2007_pg7_18|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=12 October 2007|quote=Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan would not be handed over to anyone and foreign forces would not be allowed to conduct any operation inside Pakistan}}</ref> On a television speech, Aziz paid a huge tribute to Abdul Qadeer Khan and while commenting on last part of his speech, Aziz stressed it:

{{blockquote|text=The (meritorious) services of scientist Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan are "''unforgettable''" for our beloved country, "Pakistan" ...|sign=Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz Shukat Aziz publicly supporting Abdul Qadeer Khan in 2007|source=source<ref name="Pakistan Tribune, 26 October 2007">{{cite news|title=Dr. Qadeer's services unforgettable, says PM Shaukat Aziz|url=http://paktribune.com/news/Dr-Qadeers-services-unforgettable-says-PM-Shaukat-Aziz-192877.html|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Tribune|date=26 October 2007|quote=The services of Nuclear Scientist Dr. Qadeer Khan are unforgettable for the country; we will not hand him over to any other country ...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517112524/http://paktribune.com/news/Dr-Qadeers-services-unforgettable-says-PM-Shaukat-Aziz-192877.html|archive-date=17 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Energy policy===
{{Main|Solar power in Pakistan|Wind power in Pakistan|Nuclear power in Pakistan|Nuclear energy in Pakistan}}
{{See also|Electricity sector in Pakistan|Energy policy of Pakistan}}
[[File:Flickr - World Economic Forum - Godrej and Aziz - World Economic Forum on East Asia 2008.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Shaukat Aziz at the [[World Economic Forum]], 2008]]

After assuming the office, Aziz announced a controversial "New 25-year energy plan", aiming to raise Pakistan's dependence on imported oil for power generation to 50% by 2030.<ref name="The News International, 2011">{{cite news|last=Syed Mohibullah Shah|title=Energised, yet powerless|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-71398-Energised-yet-powerless|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=The News International|date=8 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616163600/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-71398-Energised-yet-powerless|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> His government pushed for the renewable energy, and put efforts to establish the [[Solar power in Pakistan|solar energy]] and [[Wind power in Pakistan|wind power sector]] in the country.<ref name="Science Dev Net">{{cite news|last=Syed Fareed Hussain|title=Powering up: Pakistan's push for renewable energy|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/features/powering-up-pakistans-push-for-renewable-energy.html|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=Science Dev Net|date=6 June 2007|page=1|quote=The government's focus is on diversifying energy resources, which include hydropower, natural gas, coal and nuclear energy, besides the alternatives such as solar, wind and biomass energy.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515012548/http://www.scidev.net/en/features/powering-up-pakistans-push-for-renewable-energy.html|archive-date=15 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prime Minister Aziz's "New 25-year energy plan" remains extremely controversial and met great public criticism by [[Media of Pakistan|media]] and energy experts.<ref name="The News International, 2011"/> Energy experts<ref name="The News International, 2011"/> rendered Aziz's programme as "bigger disaster" in a view when even oil rich Gulf countries were reducing their share of oil in their power production.<ref name="The News International, 2011"/> Prime Minister Aziz approved the constructional, and approved the developmental work of ''[[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|CHASNUPP-II]]'' reactor at the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant]] in [[Chashma, Pakistan|Chashma city]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] of Pakistan.<ref name='It was "a milestone" in the history of nuclear technology in Pakistan'>{{cite news|last=Directorate|title=Pakistan building nuclear plant|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4565212.stm|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=BBC Pakistan|date=28 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210134013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4565212.stm|archive-date=10 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> A 325 [[Megawatt|MW]] commercial nuclear power plant was built with Chinese assistance at the close vicinity of Chashma nuclear power complex. Aziz termed this project as "milestone" in the history of nuclear technology in Pakistan.<ref name='It was "a milestone" in the history of nuclear technology in Pakistan'/> In 2007, Aziz approved the constructional development of ''[[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex|KANUPP-II]]'' and the nuclear reprocessing site, the [[Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex|Nuclear Power Fuel Complex]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khaleeq Kiani|title=Executive Committee of the National Economic Council approves Rs154bn projects|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2007/09/20/top10.htm|work=Dawn|date=20 September 2007 |access-date=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153831/http://archives.dawn.com/2007/09/20/top10.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz oversaw to increase the capacity building of the [[Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority]], a governmental nuclear safety authority, to meet the safety requirement of nuclear power plants.<ref name="Daily Times, Pakistan">{{cite news|title=Safety of nuclear power plants: ECNEC to approve Rs 480m project for PNRA infrastructure|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_18-11-2004_pg7_31|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|location=Pakistan|date=18 November 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163107/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_18-11-2004_pg7_31|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
In 2007, Aziz further diversified his nuclear energy policy, terming it as "criteria based nuclear technology" while continued financing the nuclear power projects. Aziz presided initial construction of major [[hydroelectric power plant]]s project in Pakistan, such as approving the [[Diamer-Bhasha Dam]].<ref name="Daily Times, 2007">{{cite news|last=Release|title=Aziz urges 'criteria based' approach for civil nuclear technology|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\09\04\story_4-9-2007_pg7_18|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times, 2007|date=4 September 2007}}</ref> Its foundation was laid by his successor [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] in 2011. In 2004, Aziz directed the [[Ministry of Water and Power (Pakistan)|Ministry of Water and Power]] and [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]] to prepare an integrated energy plan for the country.<ref name="Overseas Pakistani Friends">{{cite news|last=Kaleem Omar|title=What has become of the Pakistani government's integrated energy plan?|url=http://www.opfblog.com/777/what-has-become-of-the-pakistani-government%E2%80%99s-integrated-energy-plan/|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=Overseas Pakistani Friends|date=3 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022172744/http://www.opfblog.com/777/what-has-become-of-the-pakistani-government%E2%80%99s-integrated-energy-plan/|archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> Aziz approved the "Vision 2025" programme" of [[Water and Power Development Authority]] (WAPDA) to produce power through water. The programme was intended to be launched with the help of private sector and private funding through the international megaproject.<ref name="Overseas Pakistani Friends"/> However all projects were cancelled or either put on hold by the upcoming government of [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] due economic distress, lack of capital and investment and continuing economic declines, leading an increasing circular debt.<ref name="Overseas Pakistani Friends"/>

===Defence policy===
Aziz oversaw the successful development of the [[JF-17 Thunder]] fighter programme in record time, built with the close cooperation with [[China]].<ref name="Dawn News Archive">{{cite news|last=Khaleeq Kiani|title=JF-17 aircraft to be sold, says PM|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2007/04/20/top7.htm|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=Dawn News Archive|date=20 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153839/http://archives.dawn.com/2007/04/20/top7.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, Aziz stressed that "Pakistan is not an offensive country and our defence doctrine is based on having minimum credible deterrence to maintain peace and stability in the region.".<ref name=PakTribune>{{cite news|last=Release|title=Joint production of JF-17 Thunder Aircraft holds strategic significance for Pak, China: PM Aziz|url=http://paktribune.com/news/Joint-production-of-JF-17-Thunder-Aircraft-holds-strategic-significance-for-Pak-China-PM-Aziz-172842.html|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=PakTribune|date=23 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021162902/http://paktribune.com/news/Joint-production-of-JF-17-Thunder-Aircraft-holds-strategic-significance-for-Pak-China-PM-Aziz-172842.html|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz also successfully saw the technology transfer and contract development of first combatant frigate, the [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|F-22P ''Zulfiquar'']].<ref name="China Business Alliance">{{cite web|last=Thacik|first=John|title=The Enemy of Hagemony is my Friend|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:TTcDybUSL-IJ:foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/tka072611.pdf+f+22+p+zulfikar+and+shaukat+aziz&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjYu_vo2rRA_4nvVwPJdPoUzzhF4_33SnCSe-9ce5UCvb7E7SOABXbLDg41QJe8NvEOg4EqmDwB24OlkStp52tgVs2Njkfux832HjN1doOQZKnwcukX8olXSn62cEUGKZr-1f5B&sig=AHIEtbQnQIEWow4O0KsfTYP9C40rlTqSmw|publisher=China Business Alliance|access-date=29 May 2012|format=google docs|date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230604/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3ATTcDybUSL-IJ%3Aforeignaffairs.house.gov%2F112%2Ftka072611.pdf+f+22+p+zulfikar+and+shaukat+aziz&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjYu_vo2rRA_4nvVwPJdPoUzzhF4_33SnCSe-9ce5UCvb7E7SOABXbLDg41QJe8NvEOg4EqmDwB24OlkStp52tgVs2Njkfux832HjN1doOQZKnwcukX8olXSn62cEUGKZr-1f5B&sig=AHIEtbQnQIEWow4O0KsfTYP9C40rlTqSmw|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2006, Aziz stressed that: "Pakistan's deep military and economic cooperation with China was one not based on "transient interest", but was "higher than Himalayas, deeper than oceans".<ref name="China Business Alliance"/>

In August 2006, Aziz visited the People's Republic of China, seeking Chinese cooperation in [[space technology]]. China expressed interest in helping Pakistan with developing and launching [[satellites]].<ref name="Asia Times Online">{{cite news|last=Syed Fazl-e-Haider|title=China, Pakistan cooperate in space|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/ID26Df01.html|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=Asia Times Online|date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604051018/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/ID26Df01.html|archive-date=4 June 2011|url-status=unfit}}</ref> In a joint statement of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz and Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]], Aziz emphasised that: "both countries are determined to elevate their friendship and strategic partnership.".<ref name="Asia Times Online"/> A contract was signed with China, Aziz authorized the development of the satellite, ''[[PAKSAT-1R|Paksat-IR]]''.<ref name="Asia Times Online"/> Aziz presided over the security, expansion, and modernization of the country's [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear deterrence]] programme as part of his defence policy. Aziz oversaw the successful development of the ''[[Shaheen-II]]'' missile program and witnessed its first flight at an undisclosed location in April 2006.<ref name="BBC Pakistan, Saturday, 29 April 2006, 07:12 GMT 08:12 UK">{{cite news|title=Pakistan stages new missile test|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4957218.stm|access-date=30 May 2012|publisher=BBC Pakistan|date=29 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021171838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4957218.stm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> After witnessing the test, Aziz maintained that: "We will continue to pursue vigorously our security and energy needs from all sources including nuclear.".<ref name="Missile Threat Initiatives">{{cite news|last=MTI|title=Hatf 6|url=http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.54/missile_detail.asp|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Missile Threat Initiatives|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505045900/http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.54/missile_detail.asp|archive-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> On 8 August 2005, Aziz issued directives to tightened the security and control and command of the [[National Command Authority (Pakistan)|National Command Authority]] and ordered strict monitoring of atomic assets and facilities at all levels of command.<ref name="Nuclear South Asia"/>

In 2004, Aziz stated and clarified Pakistan's nuclear policy to the world and India in an interview given to the ''[[Times of India]]'':

{{blockquote|text=Pakistan's strategy of "[[Minimum Credible Deterrence]]" guarantees "peace in the region", and the nuclear weapons programme is moving "strength to strength" ... |sign=Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, ''[[Times of India]]''|source=<ref name="Repro India Ltd.">{{cite book|last=Anjali|first=Ghosh|title=India's Foreign Policy Pakistan Factor|year=2009|publisher=Repro India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131710258|pages=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&q=MIRAGE+5+and+Pakistan+Navy&pg=PA66|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109133418/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=MIRAGE+5+and+Pakistan+Navy&source=bl&ots=Ic1oORApBI&sig=3prKb5O9VjFQca7uXn_alCal8bg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=J-iBT4HLKuTgiAL06u2KAw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=MIRAGE%205%20and%20Pakistan%20Navy&f=true|archive-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> }}

From 2005 and onwards, Aziz's government took major steps against [[atomic proliferation]]<ref name="Nuclear South Asia"/> while also making several decisions to increase the capacity of nuclear deterrence and sufficient use of nuclear energy for the civil sector.<ref name="Nuclear South Asia">{{cite web|last=Kazi|first=Reshmi|title=Nuclear South Asia|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2eZG21sB6fgJ:kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/100228/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/616c878a-cf16-4569-985d-718531ea3b29/en/IPCS-Special-Report-08.pdf+SHaukat+Aziz+and+nuclear+weapons&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgkWZJ52DRXy4WvURCYBK85JnQgtYO-AU9lFC-HvoplBPlQdCz7SCDwi-fjuIe7CXgcu1qQ8HFdveXYR-lKJ6gdwtUSO2crv7W-ur0B6UBcJyTnm2XBqbAFb2c4-O7h8vtvN2Zv&sig=AHIEtbSp3R5aBoBSW77TpSFSQhhYutK8Dg|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230607/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A2eZG21sB6fgJ%3Akms1.isn.ethz.ch%2Fserviceengine%2FFiles%2FISN%2F100228%2Fipublicationdocument_singledocument%2F616c878a-cf16-4569-985d-718531ea3b29%2Fen%2FIPCS-Special-Report-08.pdf+SHaukat+Aziz+and+nuclear+weapons&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgkWZJ52DRXy4WvURCYBK85JnQgtYO-AU9lFC-HvoplBPlQdCz7SCDwi-fjuIe7CXgcu1qQ8HFdveXYR-lKJ6gdwtUSO2crv7W-ur0B6UBcJyTnm2XBqbAFb2c4-O7h8vtvN2Zv&sig=AHIEtbSp3R5aBoBSW77TpSFSQhhYutK8Dg|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign policy of Pakistan}}
On foreign fronts, Aziz closely collaborated with Musharraf while working to develop the [[Pakistani geostrategy|geostrategy]] in the region. Aziz took initiatives to strengthen the relations with the [[Pakistan–United States relations|United States]], [[Pakistan–European Union relations|European Union]], [[Pakistan–Russia relations|Russia]], [[India–Pakistan relations|India]], [[China–Pakistan relations|China]], and [[Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations|Saudi Arabia]]. Under his government, relations with the United States were extremely cordial and friendly.<ref name="Atlantic Council">{{cite web|last=Atlantic Council|title=US-Pakistani Relations "Challenging," Says Ex-Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz|url=http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/us-pakistani-relations-challenging-says-ex-prime-minister-shaukat-aziz|work=Atlantic Council|access-date=30 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309093919/http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/us-pakistani-relations-challenging-says-ex-prime-minister-shaukat-aziz|archive-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> His foreign policy strictly pursued and followed a "Balance Foreign Policy (BFP)" programme with an initial goal to keen to forge robust friendly ties with international community, US and European Union (EU).<ref name="Pakistan Tribune, 27 June 2006">{{cite news|title=Pakistan pursuing balanced foreign policy: Shaukat Aziz|url=http://paktribune.com/news/Pakistan-pursuing-balanced-foreign-policy-Shaukat-Aziz-148138.html|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Tribune|date=27 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021162812/http://paktribune.com/news/Pakistan-pursuing-balanced-foreign-policy-Shaukat-Aziz-148138.html|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Shaukat Aziz with C. Rice.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Shaukat Aziz with [[Condoleezza Rice]], 2006]]
Accompanied by [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] of Turkey, Aziz travelled to Iran in 2006, and privately told [[Iranian President]] [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] he must change course regarding its [[Nuclear program of Iran|nuclear program]], as the current direction was neither in Iran's nor the region's interest.<ref name="Dawn News Archives, 2006">{{cite news|title=2006: Shaukat Aziz told Ahmedinejad to abandon Iran's nuclear weapons program|url=http://dawn.com/2011/07/09/2006-shaukat-aziz-told-ahmedinejad-to-abandon-irans-nuclear-weapons-program/|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103142751/http://dawn.com/2011/07/09/2006-shaukat-aziz-told-ahmedinejad-to-abandon-irans-nuclear-weapons-program/|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz urged Ahmadinejad to immediately place a moratorium on [[uranium enrichment]], while on the other hand Erdoğan described the EU-3 proposal, with Russian enhancements, as a very attractive offer for Iran.<ref name="Dawn News Archives, 2006"/> Both Aziz and Erdoğan condemned Ahmedinejad's statements attacking Israel as completely unacceptable and serving no purpose.<ref name="Dawn News Archives, 2006"/> Aziz's tenure saw considerable improvements in [[Pakistan-Japan relations|relations]] with Japan. After visiting Japan, Aziz welcomed investment in the manufacturing sector and Pakistani-Japanese joint ventures in steel manufacturing as an excellent symbol of cooperation in expanding steel production between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steel mill project to be operative in two years'|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\05\13\story_13-5-2007_pg5_3|work=Daily Times|access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref>

Aziz paid a farewell visit to South Korea to strengthen and enhance [[Pakistan–South Korea relations|relations]] between the two countries.<ref name="Daily Times, September 29, 2005">{{cite news|last=Shahzad Raza|title=PM's visit to South Korea: Shaukat Aziz will sign accords on assistance and development|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-9-2005_pg7_35|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=29 September 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163234/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-9-2005_pg7_35|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Aziz cautiously supported South Korea's stance while refraining to criticise North Korea.<ref name="Daily Times, September 29, 2005"/> On a three-day state visit, Aziz and his counterpart [[Lee Hae Chan]] signed two agreements on cultural exchange and providing human resource management, and improving trade and cultural ties between South Korea and Pakistan.<ref name="Daily Times, September 29, 2005"/> Aziz strongly allied with the United States in the fight against terrorism, and in a meeting with an American journalist, Aziz maintained that: "Pakistan is now ideally positioned to "work with cooperation rather than confrontation as a force for peace, stability, and prosperity."<ref name="Daily Princeton">{{cite web|title=Pakistan is a U.S. ally, prime minister says|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2006/11/10/16518/|work=Daily Princeton|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515145043/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2006/11/10/16518/|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his tenure, relations with the United States strengthened and progressed.<ref name="Daily Times, Thursday, March 09, 2006">{{cite news|title=Pak-US relations are long-lasting, says Shaukat|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\03\09\story_9-3-2006_pg7_53|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=9 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004215517/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C03%5C09%5Cstory_9-3-2006_pg7_53|archive-date=4 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, Aziz quoted: "Pakistan-American relations are based on mutual trust and respect and are long-standing."<ref name="Daily Times, Thursday, March 09, 2006"/> During his repeated visits to the United States, Aziz worked and deliberately approached the U.S. administration on building a strategic partnership with the United States, and made efforts to build a "robust-broad-based strategic relationship".<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/> Aziz's economic, domestic, and internal reforms focused on enriching a longer-term sustainable Pakistan-U.S. relationship and contributed immeasurably to both countries' joint struggle against extremism.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations">{{cite web|last=Haas|first=Richard|title=Pakistan-U.S. Relations: Building a Strategic Partnership in the 21st Century|url=http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/pakistan-us-relations-building-strategic-partnership-21st-century-rush-transcript-federal-news-services-inc/p9609|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=30 May 2012|quote=Pakistan has had the distinction of being both the most allied ally and the most sanctioned ally of the United States. However, an enduring feature has been the friendship between the people of our two countries.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703031646/http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/pakistan-us-relations-building-strategic-partnership-21st-century-rush-transcript-federal-news-services-inc/p9609|archive-date=3 July 2011}}</ref>

[[Pakistan - Israeli relations|Relations]] with Israel were considered important by Aziz's government, and supported Musharraf's policy on Israel.<ref name="Asia Tribune">{{cite news|last=Hussain|first=Iqbal|title=Pak denies Aziz's meeting with Israeli FM|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2005/02/02/pak-denies-aziz%E2%80%99s-meeting-israeli-fm|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=Asia Tribune|date=2 February 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513150516/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2005/02/02/pak-denies-aziz%E2%80%99s-meeting-israeli-fm|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> At foreign fronts, Aziz maintained a "''Telephone Policy''"<ref name="Dawn News Archives, September 8, 2005 Thursday">{{cite news|last=Abdul Qadir|title=Aziz briefs more Arab leaders on contact with Israel|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2005/09/08/top3.htm|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=8 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153915/http://archives.dawn.com/2005/09/08/top3.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> on diplomatic engagement with Israel, whilst keeping Saudi Arabia and Turkey in tacit contact.<ref name="Dawn News Archives, September 8, 2005 Thursday"/><ref>{{cite news|last=APP|title=Shaukat Aziz telephones Bahrain, Morocco PMs amid Pak-Israel contacts|url=http://paktribune.com/news/Shaukat-Aziz-telephones-Bahrain-Morocco-PMs-amid-Pak-Israel-contacts-118665.html|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Tribune|date=11 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021162815/http://paktribune.com/news/Shaukat-Aziz-telephones-Bahrain-Morocco-PMs-amid-Pak-Israel-contacts-118665.html|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> During his tenure, [[Pakistan-United Kingdom relations|bilateral relations]] with the United Kingdom were enhanced and reached to a new level after meeting with British prime minister [[Tony Blair]] in 2005, and tightened the economic and defence relations with British counterpart Gordon Brown in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|last=Press Release|title=People of Pakistan have to decide about democracy: Tony Blair|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=136467|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021162726/http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=136467|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Brown thanked Aziz for the successful launching of a $500 million [[Eurobond (international)|Eurobond]], which was oversubscribed four times.<ref name="Daily Times, Saturday, February 14, 2004">{{cite news|last=APP Release|title=Shaukat Aziz meets with Gordon Brown|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-2-2004_pg5_2|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=14 February 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163607/http://dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-2-2004_pg5_2|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> After assuming the office of prime minister, Aziz left for China, as his foreign state visit as prime minister in 2004.<ref name="Dawn News Archives, 14 December 2004 Tuesday">{{cite news|last=Bahzad Alam Khan|title=Shaukat Aziz leaves for China today|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2004/12/14/top9.htm|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=14 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153921/http://archives.dawn.com/2004/12/14/top9.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, Aziz made his final state visit as prime minister to China to sign a [[Free Trade Agreement]]<ref name="India news, Wednesday, April 11, 2007, 15:10 [IST]">{{cite news|last=Martha Stewart|title=Islamabad: Shaukat Aziz to visit China|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/04/11/shaukat-aziz-to-visit-china-1176280944.html|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=OneIndia|date=11 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513152830/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/11/shaukat-aziz-to-visit-china-1176280944.html|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> with China, and regarded the country as a "strategic partner"<ref name="Daily Times, Wednesday, August 08, 2007"/> and a "time-tested friend",<ref name="Daily Times, Wednesday, August 08, 2007"/> whilst China regarded the FTA agreement as "a historic development".<ref name="Daily Times, Wednesday, August 08, 2007">{{cite news|last=Foreign Office of Pakistan|title=Pakistan and China strategic partners, says Shaukat Aziz|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007/08/08/story_8-8-2007_pg7_11|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=Daily Times|date=8 August 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163315/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%2F08%2F08%2Fstory_8-8-2007_pg7_11|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Aziz built closer economic ties with India while alleviating the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|territorial conflicts]]. After meeting with Indian counterpart [[Manmohan Singh]], a confident measuring building process was initiated by Aziz.<ref>{{cite news|last=APP|title=Shaukat Aziz's trip to India|url=http://paktribune.com/speakouts/Shaukat-Azizs-trip-to-India-61.html|access-date=3 June 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Tribune|date=25 November 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128173707/http://paktribune.com/speakouts/Shaukat-Azizs-trip-to-India-61.html|archive-date=28 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Aziz pushed his foreign policy to Russia,<ref name="Dawn Archive, January 28, 2006 Saturday"/> calling Russia a "global super power".<ref name="Dawn News Archives">{{cite news|title=Cooperation with Russia increasing, says Aziz|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2006/11/26/top13.htm|access-date=6 June 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=26 November 2006|quote=Pakistan is keen to enhance its bilateral relations with Russia. Russia is a major global super power and we want to have an ongoing dialogue between the two countries on diplomatic, economic and security matters...— Shaukat Aziz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153919/http://archives.dawn.com/2006/11/26/top13.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, Aziz invited state-run and private-media of Russia where he repeatedly stressed for the need to enhance cooperation between Pakistan and Russia in the fields of education, science and technology, energy, defence and trade and investment.<ref name="Dawn Archive, January 28, 2006 Saturday">{{cite news|last=Our Reporter|title=Aziz wants ties with Russia enhanced|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2006/01/28/top8.htm|access-date=6 June 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=28 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153836/http://archives.dawn.com/2006/01/28/top8.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, in 2007, Russian prime minister [[Mikhail Fradkov]] paid a three-day-long visit to Pakistan, becoming the first Russian prime minister and leader to visit the country in 38 years.<ref name="Dawn News Archives, April 12, 2007 Thursday">{{cite news|last=Akhlaque|first=Qudssia|title=Russian PM Arrives to Pakistan|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2007/04/12/top7.htm|access-date=6 June 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=12 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153911/http://archives.dawn.com/2007/04/12/top7.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> During this trip, Aziz and Fradkov pledged to boost economic ties and signed two co-operation agreements .<ref name="Gulf News, Pakistan">{{cite news|title=Old Cold War foes Pakistan and Russia pledged to boost economic ties|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=143432&version=1&template_id=41&parent_id=23|access-date=6 June 2012|newspaper=Gulf News|location=Pakistan|date=13 April 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045225/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2|archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

=== Economic policy ===
{{Main|Privatization in Pakistan#Privatization (intensification phase: 1999-2008)|l1=Privatization, Third Phase|Economic liberalisation in Pakistan}}
[[File:Pakistan gdp growth rate.svg|thumb|right|260px|Pakistan's GDP growth rate from the period of nationalisation in the 1970s until the economic boom in 2004–08]]
During his tenure, Aziz aggressively promoted the privatisation, deregulation and economic liberalisation programme and open the large heavy mechanical industries, petroleum companies, electropetroleum and chemical enterprises and state-owned corporations to private sectors.<ref name="Oxford Business Group">{{cite book|title=Regrouping Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Oxford Business Group|location=United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuSY8llhkPQC&q=Shaukat+Aziz&pg=PA26|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231221905/http://books.google.com/books?id=YuSY8llhkPQC&pg=PA26&dq=Shaukat+Aziz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1IXFT5j3D6ipsALPiJjABg&sqi=2&ved=0CEEQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=true|archive-date=31 December 2013|url-status=live|isbn=9781902339740}}</ref> His tenure as finance minister and prime minister, the agriculture production and construction well increased, whilst aggressively and forcefully implementing his policies to liberalise the trade, and eliminated the non-tariff barriers.<ref name="Oxford Business Group"/> Under his regime, the maximum bound tariffs were brought down to high as 300% to 25% whilst the applied tariff averages falls in the range of 5% to 10%.<ref name="Oxford Business Group"/>
[[File:Poverty in Pakistan.jpg|left|thumb|260px|The poverty alleviation programme performances indicates Aziz's successful implementation of his policies.]]
GDP growth, which was at 3.9% in October 1999, stood between 6.6% and 9%. He successfully privatised all state-owned corporations and state enterprises before completing his term.<ref name="Public Affairs TM">{{cite book|last=Lieven|first=Anatol|title=Pakistan: A Hard Country|publisher=Public Affairs TM|location=United States|isbn=978-1-61039-021-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEZt49MVZIAC&q=Shaukat+Aziz+economy&pg=PA70|edition=1|access-date=30 May 2012|chapter=Peoples, Land, and Politics|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231221853/http://books.google.com/books?id=fEZt49MVZIAC&pg=PA70&dq=Shaukat+Aziz+economy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=54XFT42xBoiqsAL0xpW7Bg&ved=0CF4QuwUwBw#v=onepage&q=Shaukat%20Aziz%20economy&f=true|archive-date=31 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Aziz's strategy failed deal with underlying problems deeply in country's economy.<ref name="Public Affairs TM"/> The [[Great Recession]] led to a sharp drop in the country's economy while an acute electricity shortage in the country revealed the incompetence by the Peoples Party's government, but also the failure of his government to develop the necessary energy infrastructure on time.<ref name="Public Affairs TM"/>

Political economists, however, gave other side of story by arguing that his policies were not aimed at alleviating poverty as he seldom offered relief to the poor sections of the society. Shaukat Aziz is roundly criticized for his policy of downsizing in the [[public sector]] and disintegrating the effects of nationalisation policies of [[Benazir Bhutto]] as early as the 1990s but Aziz defended as he points out that his policies made these institutions viable while they were on the verge of collapse. [[S. Akbar Zaidi]] argues that his policies mastered Pakistan's economy but such indicators are misleading and unsustainable because his policies do not examine or explain the particular, perplexing economy of Pakistan.<ref name="Dawn News, 2011">{{cite news|last=Zaidi|first=S. Akbar|title=Perplexing economy|url=http://dawn.com/2011/11/25/perplexing-economy/|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=Dawn|date=25 November 2011|location=Pakistan|quote=-Shaukat Aziz economic team were masters. However, such indicators are misleading and unsustainable because they do not examine or explain the particular, perplexing economy of Pakistan. Some good research highlighting what makes Pakistan's economy run in the first place is a minimum starting point to revive Pakistan's economy. There is great need for some unconventional wisdom.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611181950/http://dawn.com/2011/11/25/perplexing-economy/|archive-date=11 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Privitization ====
An unsuccessful attempt to privatise the [[Pakistan Steel Mills]] was also thwarted by trade unions and pro-nationalization elements who took the case to [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] in 2006. But Aziz said that his privatisation program produced "the second fastest growing economy in the world."<ref name="BBC Pakistan, Malcolm Borthwick">{{cite news|last=Malcolm Borthwick|title=Pakistan steels itself for sell-offs|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5007680.stm|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=BBC Pakistan|date=1 June 2006|quote=Pakistan has had the most broad-based structural reform of any country in Asia. Last year, we were the second fastest growing economy in the world after China. We grew at 8.4%|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510094309/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5007680.stm|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Public image ==
A banker and financier by training and extensive experience in the United States, Aziz's credentials are extremely high and considered one of the successful finance ministers of Pakistan.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> His credential records are similar to those of the successful US treasury secretaries such as [[Bob Rubin]] and [[Nicholas F. Brady]] who did well under Clinton and Reagan administrations.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/> He understandood the role of banking, finance, investment and consumer credit in economic growth of a nation.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/> Aziz presided over a strong banking sector, and unprecedented investment and growth finance sectors in Pakistan to underpin its economy.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/> He strengthened capital availability, an essential and increasingly important economic input, in addition to labour and land improvements.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/> With higher education budget up 15-fold and overall education spending up 36% in two years, he focused on education to improve the availability of skilled labour to fill new jobs.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/>

{{quote box |quote = As Prime minister and as well as finance minister, Aziz did extraordinarily well ... statistics on Pakistan's economic growth has now grown at 8.4%— the second fastest growing economy in the world after China|source= — Richard Haas, 2006|<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/> }}

Aziz aggressively pushed land development and public and private construction spending to improve infrastructure and facilities to attract greater business investment.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/> The international communities regarded Aziz as a reformer, with Pakistan's structural reforms ranking high amongst emerging economies.<ref name="Council on Foreign Relations"/> Aziz co-chaired the Secretary-General's High Level Panel on the United Nations System-wide Coherence in the areas of development, humanitarian assistance and the environment. Aziz oversaw the success of the privatisation programme in Pakistan and most of the proceeds so far have come from the telecom and banking sectors, around 80% of Pakistan's banking sector was put under the private hands.<ref name="BBC Pakistan, Malcolm Borthwick"/>

{{quote box |quote=Nothing is sacred, we are packaging up our companies |source= — Prime minister Shaukat Aziz, 2006|<ref name="BBC Pakistan, Malcolm Borthwick"/>}}

The BBC noted that the privatisation programme, initiated by Nawaz Sharif in 1990, picked up from a jog to a sprint under watchful eyes of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. The prime minister is considered the chief architect of privatisation and is widely respected among foreign investors.<ref name="BBC Pakistan, Malcolm Borthwick"/> In an interview with BBC, Aziz mentioned Pakistan's economic growth as he puts it:

{{blockquote|text=Pakistan has had the most broad-based structural reform of any country in Asia. Last year, we were the second fastest growing economy in the world after China. We grew at 8.4%....|sign=Shaukat Aziz, 2006|source=<ref name="BBC Pakistan, Malcolm Borthwick"/>}}

In 2008, Aziz participated in the Global Creative Leadership Summit, organised by the [[Louise Blouin]] Foundation. As a delegate, he delivered a keynote speech for the panel entitled "Economic Crisis, Economics of Change: Credit, Commodities, and Trade."

== Post-premiership ==
Shaukat Aziz currently resides in West London, United Kingdom. He serves on a number of boards and advisory boards including [[Millennium & Copthorne Hotels|Millennium & Copthorne Hotels plc]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millenniumhotels.com/corporate/investor_relations/board_members.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416110011/http://www.millenniumhotels.com/corporate/investor_relations/board_members.html |archive-date=16 April 2010 }}</ref> and [[The Blackstone Group]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackstone.com/cps/rde/xchg/bxcom/hs/firm_leadership_advisoryboard.htm |title=International Advisory Board |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219022248/http://www.blackstone.com/cps/rde/xchg/bxcom/hs/firm_leadership_advisoryboard.htm |archive-date=19 December 2011 }}</ref> According to Aziz, he has maintained good relations with several members of his government and the members of the [[Pakistan Parliament|Parliament]] including his former foreign minister [[Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri|Khurshid Kasuri]] and the former railways minister [[Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]] and his party president [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]].<ref name="Daily Times, Sunday, June 28, 2009"/> In the midst of 2009, the polls performed by various news agencies, Aziz's approval rating ranged from 30.7%,<ref name="Election Commission of Pakistan"/> but ratings dramatically fell down to 17.3%<ref name="Election Commission of Pakistan"/> in the end of 2009.<ref name="Election Commission of Pakistan"/> In 2012, in polls managed by various news surveys, Aziz's popularity approval ratings ranged at 20.5%.<ref name="Election Commission of Pakistan">{{cite press release|title=Popular Ratings of Shaukat Aziz|url=http://electionsmeter.com/polls/shaukat-aziz|publisher=Election Commission of Pakistan|access-date=3 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408000407/http://electionsmeter.com/polls/shaukat-aziz|archive-date=8 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz remained active in political arena of the country and has vigorously defended his financial policies. Aziz criticised the care-taker government of [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]] for the economic collapse, and predicted that, "the [[2013 Pakistani general election|next elections]] will sweep, paving the way for a two-party system to emerge with the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League]] in the government and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Peoples Party]] in the opposition".<ref name="Dawn Archives, June 05, 2008 Thursday">{{cite news|last=M. Ziauddin|title=Aziz blames caretakers for most economic woes|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2008/06/05/top4.htm|access-date=12 June 2012|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=5 June 2008 |quote=Nawaz Sharif will soon pull the plug on Asif Ali Zardari and force a fresh election which he will sweep, paving the way for a two-party system to emerge with the PML-N in the government and the PPP in the opposition, predicted former prime minister Shaukat Aziz}}</ref>

He remains active on economic issues and harshly criticised the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) for failing to show leadership during the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref name="Daily Times, Friday, October 17, 2008">{{cite web|title=IMF missing in financial crisis: Shaukat Aziz|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\10\17\story_17-10-2008_pg5_7|work=Daily Times |date=17 October 2008|access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> While attending the international business conference at Philippines, Aziz maintained that: "This global institution (IMF) which is supposed to look at everything going on was not even in the room where meetings are going on".<ref name="Daily Times, Friday, October 17, 2008"/>

=== Legal case ===
On 30 October 2011, Aziz directed a letter sent from Dubai to the Provincial Police Office to [[Balochistan]] High Court stating "he had been mentioned in the FIR registered at the Dera Bugti Police Station on 13 October 2009, which alleged that then president Pervez Musharraf used him as part of Akbar Bugti case in which the latter committed suicide during a military operation.".<ref name="The Express Tribune, November 3, 2011">{{cite news|last=Shehzad Baloch|title=Akbar Bugti killing: Shaukat Aziz denies prior knowledge of operation|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/286890/akbar-bugti-killing-shaukat-aziz-denies-prior-knowledge-of-operation/|access-date=30 May 2012|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=3 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418022635/http://tribune.com.pk/story/286890/akbar-bugti-killing-shaukat-aziz-denies-prior-knowledge-of-operation/|archive-date=18 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz maintained that he was informed of "unfortunate event" through the televised media.<ref name="The Express Tribune, November 3, 2011"/> Aziz later stated in television that Akbar Bugti died in a military operation during the night of 25/26 August 2008.<ref name="The Express Tribune, November 3, 2011"/>

== Wealth ==
On 5 November 2017, Aziz appeared on the [[Paradise Papers]] leaks.<ref name="GEO News, November 05, 2017">{{cite news|last=GEO News|title=Pakistanis names in Paradise papers|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/166213|newspaper=Geo News|date=5 November 2017|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105204535/https://www.geo.tv/amp/166213|archive-date=5 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The leaks claimed that he was linked with the Antarctic Trust, which was set up by Aziz himself. This trust was neither declared by him as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister]] nor as [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|finance minister]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Paradise Papers: ICIJ names Pakistanis Shaukat Aziz and Ayaz Khan Niazi|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/166213-two-pakistanis-named-in-paradise-leaks|access-date=5 November 2017|work=[[Geo News|Geo TV]]|date=5 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105204620/https://www.geo.tv/latest/166213-two-pakistanis-named-in-paradise-leaks|archive-date=5 November 2017}}</ref> Aziz, a former Citibank executive, told the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists|ICIJ]] he had set the trust up for [[estate planning]] purposes and that the funds had come from his employment at Citibank. An internal Appleby document raised concerns about warrants issued for him in connection with the killing of a local leader. Aziz dismissed both the murder charge and the allegations of financial impropriety.<ref name=explore>{{cite web|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/explore-politicians-paradise-papers/|title=Explore The Politicians in the Paradise Papers|date=5 November 2017 |publisher=ICIJ|access-date=6 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106011937/https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/explore-politicians-paradise-papers/|archive-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Aziz, Shaukat (2016). ''[[From Banking to the Thorny World of Politics]]''

==See also==
* [[List of prime ministers of Pakistan]]
* [[:Category:Government of Shaukat Aziz|Government of Shaukat Aziz]]
** [[Privatization in Pakistan]]
** [[Corporate sector of Pakistan|Market corporatisation]]
* [[2008 Pakistani parliamentary election]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3941185.stm Profile] by the [[BBC]], dated 30 July 2004

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ishaq Dar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Finance]]|years=1999–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Salman Shah (economist)|Salman Shah]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]|years=2004–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Muhammad Mian Soomro]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{PakistaniPMs}}
{{Finance Minister of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aziz, Shaukat}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Karachi]]
[[Category:Citigroup people]]
[[Category:Government Gordon College alumni]]
[[Category:Institute of Business Administration, Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistani bankers]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pakistani financiers]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:People named in the Paradise Papers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]]

Pizhaikkum Vazhi

2026-03-06T03:38:02Z

Vikiutq: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pizhaikkum Vazhi
| image = Pizhaikkum Vazhi 1948.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Pizhaikkum Vazhi poster
| native_name = பிழைக்கும் வழி
| director = R. Mithra Das
| producer = [[T. S. Durairaj]] [[K . N. Palanivelu]]
| writer = T. K. Sundara Vaathiyar
| screenplay =
| story = T. K. Sundara Vaathiyar
| based_on = 
| starring = [[T. S. Durairaj]] T. A. Jayalakshmi [[T. S. Balaiah]] [[Kali N. Rathnam]] M. R. Swaminathan [[C. T. Rajakantham]]
| narrator = 
| music = Aswathamma
| cinematography = J. G. Vijayam
| editing = G. Srihari
| studio = Maragadha Pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1948|9|16}}<ref name="book" />
| runtime = 16,673 ft.
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Pizhaikkum Vazhi''''' ({{translation|Way of Living}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language]] [[comedy film]] released in 1949 with [[T. S. Durairaj]] and T. A. Jayalakshmi in the lead roles.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=18 June 2011 |title=Blast from the past — Pizhaikkum Vazhi {{sic|nolink=y|(1948)}} |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-pizhaikkum-vazhi-1948/article2115563.ece |access-date=12 October 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="book">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1948-cinedetails24.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012225233/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1948-cinedetails24.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 October 2016 |title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru |publisher=Sivagami Publications |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The hero (played by T. S. Durairaj) is an idler. He thinks it is easy to earn a living by cheating innocent and unsuspecting people. There is a fake 'swami' (M. R. Swaminathan) and the hero becomes a fake disciple of the 'swami'. He makes cheating the formula of his living. How he does it and what comes to him form the story.<ref name=hindu />

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[T. S. Durairaj]]
* T. A. Jayalakshmi
* [[T. S. Balaiah]]
* [[Kali N. Rathnam]]
* M. R. Swaminathan
* Kulathu Mani
* K. K. Perumal
* P. G. Venkatesan
* [[C. T. Rajakantham]]
* P. S. Gnanam
* P. R. Mangalam
* C. K. Nagaratnam
* R. Saraswathi
* Bhagyalakshmi
* N. S. Narayana Pillai
* P. Sundara Rao
{{div col end}}<ref name=hindu />

== Production ==
This is the first film produced by the comedian actor [[T. S. Durairaj]].<ref name=hindu />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by G. Aswathaama and the lyrics were written by T. K. Sundara Vaathiyar. Singers are [[T. S. Durairaj]], M. R. Swaminathan and [[Kali N. Rathnam]]. [[Playback singer]]s are [[D. K. Pattammal]] and [[A. P. Komala]].

The well-known Carnatic singer [[D. K. Pattammal]] rendered three songs in this film: ‘Enga naatukku entha naadu eedu...', ‘Kottai kattatheydaa...' and ‘Mudalai vaayil...'. [[T. S. Durairaj]] also sang a song 'Thuruppu (trumps) illaamey paruppu vegumaa....?' that was well received by the audience.<ref name=hindu />

{| class="wikitable"ty sle="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ayye En Arase Ennai" || T. S. Durairaj & M. R. Swaminathan || rowspan=8|T. K. Sundara Vaathiyar || 03:04
|-
| 2 || "Enga naatukku entha naadu eedu" || D. K. Pattammal || 03:15
|-
| 3 || "Kottai Kattatheydaa" || D. K. Pattammal || 02:45
|-
| 4 || "Mudnalai Vaayil Meendum" || D. K. Pattammal || 02:42
|-
| 5 || "Pei Kondalainthalum" || Kali N. Rathnam & T. S. Durairaj || 02:37
|-
| 6 || "Aasaiyum Anbum Nirainthidum" || A. P. Komala || 02:59
|-
| 7 || "Vennai Thayir Paal Thirudum" || A. P. Komala || 03:02
|-
| 8 || "Thuruppu Illaamey Paruppu Vegumaa" || T. S. Durairaj ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|26742893}}

[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1948 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1948 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1948 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{1940s-Tamil-film-stub}}

The Walden School, Hyderabad

2026-03-03T09:55:44Z

Vikiutq: Started first data more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = The Walden School
| image =
| caption = Awakening Intelligence
| established = 2015
| schooltype = Progressive School
| gender = Co-educational
| founder = Sujana Mayreddy<ref>{{cite web|title=Founder|url=https://www.magnetschool.edu.in/about/|website=magnetschool.edu.in|accessdate=28 April 2016}}</ref>
| sister_school = [[Walden's Path]]
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|https://walden.edu.in}}
}}
'''The Walden School''' (formerly The Magnet School)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Magnet School|url=https://www.magnetschool.edu.in/|website=Magnet School|publisher=The Magnet School|accessdate=1 June 2015}}</ref> is a K-12 Progressive School in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]] that is inspired by the philosophy and views on education of [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]. The Walden school is managed by the Walden Education Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Walden Education Foundation|url=http://www.corpdir.in/1606642-walden-education-foundation/basic.html|website=corpdir.in|publisher=corpdir|accessdate=22 February 2016}}</ref> The Walden School follows 'The Studio Approach' with Science, Mathematics, Language and Literature. The Walden School developed an approach and methodology that enables children to discover multiple ways of solving problems in Mathematics and applying concepts in Science.<ref>{{cite news|title=AN INTERESTING PATH TO TAKE...|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=AN-INTERESTING-PATH-TO-TAKE-17042015452026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111121/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=AN-INTERESTING-PATH-TO-TAKE-17042015452026|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2015|accessdate=17 April 2015|issue=Times School|publisher=Times Of India|date=17 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Our Approach|url=https://www.magnetschool.edu.in/approach/|website=The Magnet School|accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref>

==Studio-based learning==
The Walden School follows Studio Based Learning developed by [[John Dewey]]. Unlike a lab that uses standardised procedures with set equipment to reproduce a protocol in order to obtain set outcomes, a Studio is a space that invigorates, inspires and provides an opportunity to create, construct and test objectives and hypotheses and analyse data.<ref>{{cite web|title=Studio Based Learning|url=https://www.magnetschool.edu.in/studio-based-learning/|website=www.magnetschool.edu.in|publisher=The Magnet School|accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref>

At The Walden School, The Experiential Studio serves grades 1 - IV while The Scholar's Studio serves grades V - XII.

==See also==
{{portal|Schools}}
*[[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]
*[[Jiddu Krishnamurti Schools]]
*[[Rishi Valley School]]
*[[The Valley School]]
*[[Vidyaranya High School]]
*[[The School KFI]]
*[[Walden's Path]]
*[[Alternative education]]
*[[Alternative school]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://walden.edu.in The Walden School]
* [http://waldenspath.com Official website]

{{Jiddu Krishnamurti}}
{{International schools in India}}
{{coord missing|Telangana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walden School Hyderabad}}
[[Category:Progressive education]]
[[Category:Experiential learning]]
[[Category:Alternative schools in India]]
[[Category:International schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Jiddu Krishnamurti schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Telangana]]

{{Telangana-school-stub}}

1998 Indian general election in Karnataka

2026-02-27T15:05:32Z

Vikiutq: Added a pg.

{{Short description|Parliamentary election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Indian general election in Karnataka, 1998
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Indian general election in Karnataka, 1996
| previous_year = 1996
| next_election = 1999 in Indian general election in Karnataka
| next_year = 1999
| election_date = 16, 22 and 28 February 1998
| seats_for_election = 28 (of 543) seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| registered =
| turnout =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PM at the inauguration of the Shivamogga Airport with Sri Yediyurappa, in Karnataka on February 27, 2023 (cropped).jpg||bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = '''[[B. S. Yediyurappa]]'''
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not Contest''{{efn|Yediyurappa was the sitting MLA for [[Shikaripura Assembly constituency|Shikaripura]]}}
| seats1 = '''13'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 7
| popular_vote1 = 5,686,151
| percentage1 = 26.95%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 2.10%

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = -
| seats2 = 9
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 4
| popular_vote2 = '''7,642,756'''
| percentage2 = '''36.22%'''
| swing2 = {{increase}} 5.93%

| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=H. D. Deve Gowda, 2005.jpg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| leaders_seat4 = [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]] (''won'')
| party4 = Janata Dal
| alliance4 = [[United Front (India)|UF]]
| seats4 = 3
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 13
| popular_vote4 = 4,576,244
| percentage4 = 21.69%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 13.22%

| leader5 = [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
| leaders_seat5 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Rajya Sabha]]
| party5 = Lok Shakti
| alliance5 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| seats5 = 3
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 3
| popular_vote5 = 2,425,799
| percentage5 = 11.50%
| swing5 = {{increase}} 11.50%

| map_image =
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption =
| map2_image =
| map2_caption =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| before_party = [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| after_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] on 16, 22 and 28 February 1998 to elect the members of the [[12th Lok Sabha|twelfth]] [[Lok Sabha]]. The elections were held three years ahead of schedule after the government led by [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] collapsed when the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) withdrew its support in November 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-757497.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103054302/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-757497.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Government Falls, Indian Premier Quits; Coalition Splits Amid Gandhi Assassination Debate|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 November 1997|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

The result was another hung parliament, with no party or alliance able to muster a majority. However, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was able to form a coalition government led by the [[National Democratic Alliance]] with the outside support of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He was sworn in as [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] with support from 272 of 543 MPs. However, his government collapsed on 17 April 1999 when the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] withdrew its support, after Vajpayee refused to meet the demands of its leader [[J. Jayalalithaa]], namely halting the [[J. Jayalalithaa#Corruption cases|corruption cases]] against her and the sacking of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] led by her bete-noire [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJPs-one-vote-defeat-in-1999-was-narrowest-in-history/articleshow/3261721.cms|title=BJP's one-vote defeat in 1999 was narrowest in history|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225090822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJPs-one-vote-defeat-in-1999-was-narrowest-in-history/articleshow/3261721.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to [[1999 Indian general election|fresh elections]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-confidence-motion-atal-bihari-vajpayee|title=The 1999 No-Trust Motion That Former PM Vajpayee Lost by One Vote|website=The Quint|access-date=22 March 2019|date=20 July 2018|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044456/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-confidence-motion-atal-bihari-vajpayee|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elections were the second consecutive general elections in which the party that received the most votes did not win the most seats.

== Election schedule ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Karnataka 1998 General Election Schedule by Constituency
! Phase
! Constituency
! Polling date
! Counting date
! Declaration of result
|-
| rowspan="18"|Phase 1
| Kanakapura
| rowspan="18"|16 February 1998
| rowspan="28"|02 March 1998
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Bangalore North
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Bangalore South
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Mandya
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Chamarajanagar
| 03 March 1998
|-
| Mysore
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Mangalore
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Udupi
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Hassan
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Chikmagalur
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Shimoga
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Kanara
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Dharwad South
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Dharwad North
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Belgaum
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Chikkodi
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Bagalkot
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Bijapur
| 03 March 1998
|-
| rowspan="10"|Phase 2
| Bidar
| rowspan="10"|22 February 1998
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Gulbarga
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Raichur
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Koppal
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Bellary
| 03 March 1998
|-
| Davangere
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Chitradurga
| 03 March 1998
|-
| Tumkur
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Chikballapur
| 02 March 1998
|-
| Kolar
| 02 March 1998
|}

==Voter Turnout==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! #
! Constituency Name
! Turnout
|-
|1
|[[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar (SC)]]
|51.33%
|-
|2
|[[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]
|59.00%
|-
|3
|[[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]]
|50.62%
|-
|4
|[[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
|59.92%
|-
|5
|[[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
|62.61%
|-
|6
|[[Davangere Lok Sabha constituency|Davangere]]
|70.06%
|-
|7
|[[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency|Chitradurga]]
|66.20%
|-
|8
|[[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
|67.45%
|-
|9
|[[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikballapur]]
|72.09%
|-
|10
|[[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar (SC)]]
|72.27%
|-
|11
|[[Kanakapura Lok Sabha constituency|Kanakapura]]
|63.90%
|-
|12
|[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]
|57.78%
|-
|13
|[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|57.95%
|-
|14
|[[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|74.48%
|-
|15
|[[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar (SC)]]
|69.03%
|-
|16
|[[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
|69.22%
|-
|17
|[[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]
|73.66%
|-
|18
|[[Udupi Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi]]
|67.38%
|-
|19
|[[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
|73.74%
|-
|20
|[[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikmagalur]]
|69.25%
|-
|21
|[[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
|70.87%
|-
|22
|[[Kanara Lok Sabha constituency|Kanara]]
|67.27%
|-
|23
|[[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad South]]
|67.65%
|-
|24
|[[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad North]]
|63.99%
|-
|25
|[[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
|61.39%
|-
|26
|[[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi (SC)]]
|64.86%
|-
|27
|[[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]
|67.13%
|-
|28
|[[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]
|57.82%
|-
|}

==List of Political Parties==
=== National Democratic Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 18
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Shakti}}
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Coconut Tree.png|50px]]
| [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
| 10
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!28
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! '''Flag'''
! Symbol
!''Leader''
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Sitaram Kesri]]
| style="text-align:center| 28
|}

===Janata Dal===
{|class="wikitable " width="50%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal]]
|[[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]]
|
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|28
|-
|}

==List of Candidates==
Source: <ref>https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/closecontest/12/43#:~:text=Electors:%203%2C30%2C98%2C338,6%2C55%2C370</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ramchandra Veerappa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Gundappa Korwar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Babu Honna Naik
|-
!2
|[[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Basavaraj Patil Sedam]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Basawaraj Jawali]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[Qamar ul Islam]]
|-
!3
|[[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| [[Abdul Samad Siddiqui]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Venkatesh Nayak]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Raja Rangappa Naik
|-
!4
|[[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| Agadi Virupakshappa Sanganna
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[H. G. Ramulu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[Basavaraj Rayareddy]]
|-
!5
|[[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| [[N. Thippanna]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. C. Kondaiah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Y. Nettakallappa
|-
!6
|[[Davangere Lok Sabha constituency|Davangere]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[G. M. Siddeshwara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| S.H. Patel
|-
!7
|[[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency|Chitradurga]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| P. Kodandaramaiah
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[C. P. Mudalagiriyappa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Thippeswamy
|-

!8
|[[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Narayana
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[C. N. Bhaskarappa]]
|-
!9
|[[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikballapur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| Jayanthi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[R. L. Jalappa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[C. Byre Gowda]]
|-
!10
|[[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| V. Hanumappa
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. H. Muniyappa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Balaji Channaiah
|-
|-
!11
|[[Kanakapura Lok Sabha constituency|Kanakapura]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[M. Srinivas (politician, born 1942)|M. Srinivas]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Dr. D. Premachandra Sagar
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|-
!12
|[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| [[Jeevaraj Alva]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[C. Narayanaswamy]]
|-
!13
|[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ananth Kumar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| D.P. Sharma
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[V. Somanna]]
|-
!14
|[[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| H. Srinivas
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[G. Made Gowda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[Ambareesh]]
|-
!15
|[[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| Susheela Keshavamurthy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Srinivasa Prasad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| A. Siddaraju
|-
!16
|[[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Chikkamadu S.|S. Chikkamadu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[G. T. Devegowda]]
|-
!17
|[[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[V. Dhananjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Janardhana Poojary]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Mathanda Ramesh
|-
!18
|[[Udupi Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[I. M. Jayarama Shetty]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Oscar Fernandes]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Mattar Rathnakar Hegde
|-
!19
|[[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Susheela Shivappa
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
!20
|[[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikmagalur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[D. C. Srikantappa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Veerappa Moily]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| B. L. Shankar
|-
!21
|[[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ayanur Manjunath]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[D. B. Chandregowda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| B. P. Shivakumar
|-
!22
|[[Kanara Lok Sabha constituency|Kanara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ananth Kumar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Margaret Alva]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Bobati Udachappa Kheerappa
|-
!23
|[[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad South]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| B.M. Menasinakai
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Prof. I.G. Sanadi
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[Basavaraj Shivannanavar]]
|-
!24
|[[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad North]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Vijay Sankeshwar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[D. K. Naikar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Shankaranna Munvalli
|-
!25
|[[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Babagouda Rudragouda Patil
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Shivanand H. Koujalagi
|-
!26
|[[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| [[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[B. Shankaranand]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Chaugule Shakuntala Tukaram
|-
!27
|[[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]
|{{Party name with colour|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
| Ajaykumar Sambasadashiv Sarnaik
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Siddu Nyamagouda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| [[H. Y. Meti]]
|-
!28
|[[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Patil Basanagouda Linganagouda
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[M. B. Patil]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Patil Ravikant Shankareppa
|-
|}

== Results ==
===Result by Party/Alliance===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 56,86,151
| 26.95
| {{increase}} 2.10
| 18
| 13
| {{increase}} 7
|-
| {{Party color cell|Lok Shakti}}
| [[Lok Shakti|LS]]
| 24,25,799
| 11.50
| {{new}}
| 10
| 3
| {{new}}
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 81,11,950
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 38.45
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 28
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 16
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 76,42,756
| 36.22
| {{increase}} 5.93
| 28
| 9
| {{increase}} 4
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 45,76,244
| 21.69
| {{decrease}} 13.22
| 28
| 3
| {{decrease}} 13
|-
| {{Party color cell|Karnataka Vikas Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Karnataka Vikas Party|KVP]]
| 3,71,346
| 1.76
|
| 19
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 2,40,806
| 1.13
| {{steady}}
| 33
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 1,59,568
| 0.76
|
| 64
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 2,11,02,670
! 100%
! -
! 200
! 28
! -
|}

===Detailed Results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
|1
|[[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar (SC)]]
|[[Ramchandra Veerappa]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,17,504
|53.25
|Babu Honna Naik
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|1,32,871
|22.28
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,84,633
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|30.97
|-
|2
|[[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]
|[[Basavaraj Patil Sedam]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,28,982
|44.72
|[[Qamar ul Islam|Qamarul Islam]]
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|1,97,184
|26.80
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,31,798
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17.92
|-
|3
|[[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]]
|[[Venkatesh Nayak|A. Venkatesh Naik]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,64,187
|44.89
|Raja Rangappa Naik
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|1,85,909
|31.59
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|78,278
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13.30
|-
|4
|[[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
|[[H. G. Ramulu]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,89,681
|40.94
|[[Basavaraj Rayareddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|2,06,559
|29.19
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|83,122
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.75
|-
|5
|[[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
|[[K. C. Kondaiah]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,84,909
|39.76
|[[N. Thippanna]]
|{{Party color cell|Lok Shakti}}
|[[Lok Shakti|LS]]
|2,21,171
|30.86
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|63,738
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.90
|-
|6
|[[Davangere Lok Sabha constituency|Davangere]]
|[[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,43,704
|42.21
|G. Mallikarjunappa
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,32,372
|40.82
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,332
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.39
|-
|7
|[[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency|Chitradurga]]
|[[C. P. Mudalagiriyappa]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,21,930
|42.88
|P. Kodandaramaiah
|{{Party color cell|Lok Shakti}}
|[[Lok Shakti|LS]]
|2,63,609
|35.11
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|58,321
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.77
|-
|8
|[[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
|[[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,27,312
|45.50
|R. Narayana
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,56,125
|35.60
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|71,187
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.90
|-
|9
|[[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikballapur]]
|[[R. L. Jalappa]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,60,761
|44.41
|[[C. Byre Gowda]]
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|2,33,706
|28.77
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,27,055
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15.64
|-
|10
|[[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar (SC)]]
|[[K. H. Muniyappa]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,04,261
|39.62
|Balaji Channaiah
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|2,26,289
|29.47
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|77,972
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.15
|-
|11
|[[Kanakapura Lok Sabha constituency|Kanakapura]]
|[[M. Srinivas (politician, born 1942)|M. Srinivas]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,70,387
|39.00
|Dr. D. Premachandra Sagar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,53,946
|37.64
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|16,441
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.36
|-
|12
|[[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]
|[[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,99,582
|42.11
|[[Jeevaraj Alva]]
|{{Party color cell|Lok Shakti}}
|[[Lok Shakti|LS]]
|3,27,135
|34.48
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|72,447
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.63
|-
|13
|[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|[[Ananth Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,29,648
|53.83
|D.P. Sharma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,49,601
|31.27
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,80,047
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|22.56
|-
|14
|[[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|[[Ambareesh]]
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|4,31,439
|54.97
|[[G. Made Gowda]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,50,916
|31.97
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1,80,523
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|23.00
|-
|15
|[[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar (SC)]]
|A. Siddaraju
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|3,40,490
|46.49
|[[Srinivasa Prasad]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,70,175
|36.89
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|70,315
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|9.60
|-
|16
|[[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
|[[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,55,846
|42.10
|[[Chikkamadu S.|S. Chikkamadu]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,52,822
|29.91
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,03,024
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12.19
|-
|17
|[[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]
|[[V. Dhananjay Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,41,362
|48.15
|[[Janardhana Poojary]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,34,455
|47.18
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6,907
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|0.97
|-
|18
|[[Udupi Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi]]
|[[I. M. Jayarama Shetty]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,41,466
|50.83
|[[Oscar Fernandes]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,84,898
|42.41
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|56,568
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8.42
|-
|19
|[[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda|H.D. Devegowda]]
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|3,36,407
|39.41
|[[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,04,753
|35.70
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|31,654
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|3.71
|-
|20
|[[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikmagalur]]
|[[D. C. Srikantappa]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,16,137
|44.00
|[[Veerappa Moily]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,63,641
|36.69
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|52,496
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.31
|-
|21
|[[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
|[[Ayanur Manjunath]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,52,277
|45.40
|[[D. B. Chandregowda]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,92,370
|24.79
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,59,907
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20.61
|-
|22
|[[Kanara Lok Sabha constituency|Kanara]]
|[[Ananth Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,63,051
|50.74
|[[Margaret Alva]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,76,004
|38.57
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|87,047
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12.17
|-
|23
|[[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad South]]
|B.M. Menasinakai
|{{Party color cell|Lok Shakti}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Lok Shakti|LS]]
|3,28,333
|46.61
|Prof. I.G. Sanadi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,41,371
|34.27
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Shakti}} ; color:white;"|86,962
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Shakti}} ; color:white;"|12.34
|-
|24
|[[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad North]]
|[[Vijay Sankeshwar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,39,660
|50.15
|[[D. K. Naikar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,10,459
|31.07
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,29,201
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|19.08
|-
|25
|[[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
|Babagouda Rudragouda Patil
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,27,891
|45.28
|[[Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,30,834
|31.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|97,057
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|13.41
|-
|26
|[[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi (SC)]]
|[[Ramesh Jigajinagi|Jigajinagi Ramesh Chandappa]]
|{{Party color cell|Lok Shakti}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Lok Shakti|LS]]
|3,59,760
|52.99
|[[B. Shankaranand]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,28,522
|33.66
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Shakti}} ; color:white;"|1,31,238
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Shakti}} ; color:white;"|19.33
|-
|27
|[[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]
|Ajaykumar Sambasadashiv Sarnaik
|{{Party color cell|Lok Shakti}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Lok Shakti|LS]]
|3,52,795
|49.73
|[[Siddu Nyamagouda]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,69,163
|37.94
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Shakti}} ; color:white;"|83,632
|style="background:{{party color|Lok Shakti}} ; color:white;"|11.79
|-
|28
|[[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]
|Patil Mallanagouda Basanagouda
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,61,623
|40.92
|Patil Basanagouda Linganagouda
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,08,801
|32.65
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|52,822
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.27
|-
|}

Source: <ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/</ref>

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Karnataka==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
!1
|[[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
|Rajya Sabha (Karnataka)
|Cabinet Minister
|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce]]
|rowspan="2"|19 March 1998
|rowspan="3"|13 Oct 1999
|{{party name with color|Lok Shakti|shortname=LS}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|2
|rowspan="2"|[[Ananth Kumar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|rowspan="2"|Cabinet Minister
|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]
|30 Jan 1999
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1998 Indian general election by state or union territory|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Karnataka]]

State Highway 4 (Tamil Nadu)

2026-02-26T11:18:44Z

Vikiutq:

{{Short description|Road in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = SH
|state = Tamil Nadu
|route = 4
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 6 
}}

'''State Highway 4''' ('''SH-4''') connects [[Arcot]] with [[Villupuram]]. Total length of SH-4 is 114 km.

==SH-4 Route==
[[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]] -[[Timiri|Thimiri]] -[[Arani, Chennai|Arani]] - [[Chetput]] - [[Valathi]] - [[Gingee]] - [[Muttathur]] - [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]] Road.
*Villupuram Road refers to the junction of SH-4 with NH-45 near Villupuram (Katpadi Gate).
*Katpadi Gate refers to crossing of Villupuram-Katpadi rail line on NH-45.

==External links==
* [http://tnhighways.googlepages.com/SH-4.jpg Arcot-Villupuram State Highway Map]

{{Tamil Nadu Highway Network}}

[[Category:State highways in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-road-stub}}

V. K. Garg

2026-02-12T03:19:01Z

Vikiutq: Started basic pg v1

{{short description|Indian environment scientist}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Prof. V. K. Garg
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Prof. V. K. Garg, Dean, School of Environment & Earth Sciences and Dean of Students Welfare, CUPB-[[Central University of Punjab]], Bathinda
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names = Vinod Kumar Garg
| fields =
| workplaces = [[Central University of Punjab]], [[Bathinda]]

| patrons =
| education = Ph.D.
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
| spouse = 
| parents =
| children =
| death_cause =
| partner = 
}}
'''V. K. Garg''' is dean of the School of Environment And Earth Sciences, [[Central University of Punjab|Central University Of Punjab]], Bathinda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cup.irins.org/profile/58681|title = Indian Research Information Network System}}</ref> He is also dean of students welfare of [[Central University of Punjab|CUPB]]. He visited EPFL, [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]], in 2015 as visiting scientist, [[Deakin University]], [[Geelong]], Australia, in January–February 2014 under TEQIP-II Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solid and hazardous Waste Management - Course|url=https://onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in/cec20_ge13/preview|access-date=2022-01-15|website=onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor {{!}} Central University of Punjab|url=http://www.cup.edu.in/Prof_V_K_Garg.php|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.cup.edu.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Education and career==
He attended [[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra in 1985 and completed his B.Sc. in biology. In 1987 he did M.Sc. in chemistry from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]], Hisar. He remained there for Ph.D., which he completed in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor {{!}} Central University of Punjab|url=https://cup.edu.in/prof_v_k_garg.php|access-date=2022-01-18|website=cup.edu.in|language=en}}</ref> He started his career as assistant scientist (1992–1996) in the Department of Agronomy, [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS Haryana Agricultural University]], Hisar. After working there he joined the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]], Hisar as associate professor (1996–2004), professor (2004–2016).<ref>{{Cite web|title=GJUST Biodata of Prof. Garg|url=http://www.gjust.ac.in/department/2016/evs/Biodata%20of%20Dr.%20V.K.pdf|access-date=2022-01-18|archive-date=2019-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712082011/http://www.gjust.ac.in/department/2016/evs/Biodata%20of%20Dr.%20V.K.pdf}}</ref> He moved in 2016 to the [[Central University of Punjab]], where he is serving in various capacities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. V. K. Garg{{!}} Central University of Punjab|url=https://cup.edu.in/prof_v_k_garg.php|access-date=2022-01-18|website=cup.edu.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Works ==
He has guided 17 doctorate students{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} and more than 150 research papers are to his credit.
* {{Citation|last1=Sachdeva|first1=Saloni|title=Zero Waste Biorefinery: A Comprehensive Outlook|date=2022|pages=3–22|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-16-8681-8|last2=Garg|first2=Vinod K.|last3=Labhsetwar|first3=Nitin K.|last4=Singh|first4=Anita|last5=Yogalakshmi|first5=K. N.|series=Energy, Environment, and Sustainability |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-8682-5_1|s2cid=245924198}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Yadav|first1=Anoop|last2=Garg|first2=V. K.|date=2015-11-09|title=Influence of vermi-fortification on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth and photosynthetic pigments|journal=International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=299–305|doi=10.1007/s40093-015-0109-z|s2cid=85848340|issn=2195-3228|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Mago|first1=Monika|last2=Gupta|first2=Renuka|last3=Yadav|first3=Anoop|last4=Kumar Garg|first4=Vinod|date=November 2021|title=Sustainable treatment and nutrient recovery from leafy waste through vermicomposting|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=347 |article-number=126390|doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126390|pmid=34822988|s2cid=244501430|issn=0960-8524}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Manbir|last2=Garg|first2=V. K.|date=2022-01-07|title=A comprehensive physico-chemical quality and heavy metal health risk assessment study for phreatic water sources in Narora Atomic Power Station region, Narora, India|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=194|issue=2|page=69|doi=10.1007/s10661-021-09694-8|pmid=34994867|s2cid=245774376|issn=0167-6369}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Dhanker|first1=Rinku|last2=Chaudhary|first2=Suman|last3=Goyal|first3=Sneh|last4=Garg|first4=Vinod Kumar|date=August 2021|title=Influence of urban sewage sludge amendment on agricultural soil parameters|journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation|volume=23|article-number=101642|doi=10.1016/j.eti.2021.101642|s2cid=236256640|issn=2352-1864}}

== Awards ==
* In 2007, received top Reviewer Award by Elsevier.
* In 2010, he received outstanding Reviewer Award from Elsevier.
* In 2011, received award for highest citations of Research work Fellow, Biotech Research Society of India.
* In 2012, Thomson Reuters India Citation Award.
* In 2013, received outstanding Reviewer Award from Elsevier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CUPB Prof. V. K. Garg CV|url=http://cup.edu.in/CV/vk%20garg.pdf|access-date=2022-01-16|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028232555/http://cup.edu.in/CV/vk%20garg.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=32em}}

==External links==
*{{google scholar id|c2k3gq0AAAAJ}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, V. K.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]

Tata 1mg

2026-02-06T18:48:26Z

Vikiutq:

{{Short description|Healthcare platform in Gurugram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = TATA 1mg
| logo = TATA 1mg Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250
| logo_caption =
| image = Tata 1mg, RR Nagar, Bangalore (2026).jpg
| image_caption = A Tata 1mg store at [[RR Nagar]], Bangalore (2026)
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = {{plainlist|
* [[Healthcare]]
* [[E-commerce]]
* [[Information technology]]
* [[Retail]]}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015}}
| founder = Prashant Tandon Gaurav Agarwal Vikas Chauhan
| hq_location_city = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = Prashant Tandon ([[CEO]]) Gaurav Agarwal ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]]) Vikas Chauhan Tanmay Saksena ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chakraborty |first=Sayan|date=2016-05-03|title=1mg Technologies appoints former Zomato executive Tanmay Saksena as COO
|work=mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/tBoc5MRiUcHxhEAy2dmfEP/1mg-Technologies-appoints-former-Zomato-executive-Tanmay-Sak.html}}</ref>
| products = [[Medicine|Medicine Supply]] [[Healthcare|Healthcare Products]]
| services = {{plainlist|
* [[Online pharmacy]]
* [[Online doctor]]
* [[Diagnostic]]
* [[E-consultation]]
* [[Blood test|Lab blood test]]}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1968|c}} (2024) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thearcweb.com/article/tata-1mgs-losses-narrow-75-revenue-rises-21-Kfp6LgYzrlJpaPxO|title=Tata 1mg FY24 results|date=27 August 2024 }}</ref>
| net_income = {{positive decrease}} {{INRConvert|-313|c}} (2024)
| revenue_year =
| num_employees = 800+ (2021)<ref name="Owler">{{cite web|title=1mg |url=https://www.owler.com/company/1mg |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref>
| parent = [[Tata Group|Tata Digital]]
| subsid =
| website =
}}

'''Tata 1mg''', previously '''1mg''',<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-11|title=Tata Digital to acquire majority stake in 1MG|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/tata-digital-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-1mg/article34785024.ece|access-date=2021-08-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a [[Healthcare in India|healthcare]] platform based in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[India]]. It provides services, including [[Online pharmacy|e-pharmacy]], [[diagnostics]], [[Electronic consultation|e-consultation]], and health content. It was founded in April 2015 by Prashant Tandon, Gaurav Agarwal, and Vikas Chauhan.<ref name="Digital healthcare platform IMG Technologies to raise $70 million | Business Standard News">{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2019-03-01|title=Digital healthcare platform IMG Technologies to raise $70 million|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/digital-healthcare-platform-img-technologies-to-raise-70-million-119030100197_1.html|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sil|first=Debarghya|date=2020-11-04|title=Online Medical and Healthcare Platform 1mg Appoints Mayank Gupta as CFO|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/359042|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2012, BLPL (Bright Lifecare Private Limited) started a [[digital health]] platform called HealthkartPlus.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2019-03-01|title=Digital healthcare platform IMG Technologies to raise $70 million|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/digital-healthcare-platform-img-technologies-to-raise-70-million-119030100197_1.html|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref> In 2015, Healthkart Plus separated from BLPL to form 1MG Technologies Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Shrutika|date=2015-04-20|title=Healthkart gets $6 million for spun-off 1MG|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Pi4fKcBNAN9nrMw1zHaODO/Healthkart-gets-6-million-for-spunoff-1MG.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Healthkart continued as a platform for fitness and health products; 1mg was a [[generic drug]] search business.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-20|title=Healthkart Separates & Rebrands HealthkartPlus To 1MG, Gets $6 Mn For The Newly Formed Entity|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/healthkart-separates-rebrands-healthkartplus-to-1mg-gets-6-mn-for-the-newly-formed-entity/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}</ref> The Gurugram-based digital health [[Startup company|startup]] maintains an online [[medicine]] database with information on [[Side effect (medicine)|side effects]] and generic substitutes and provides [[home delivery]] services for pharmacy, [[FMCG]], and lab tests. In June 2021, [[Tata Digital|Tata Digital Ltd.]] acquired a 55% stake in 1mg to form Tata 1mg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=E-health Startup 1mg Gets A $15 Million Booster Dose In Funding|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/ehealth-startup-1mg-gets-a-$15-million-booster-dose-in-funding/47681/1|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Tata 1mg overtook [[PharmEasy]] as the market leader. PharmEasy's share dropped to 15% from roughly 33% during the same period, while Tata 1mg maintained a 31% market share, up from 19% in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Web Team |first=BS |date=16 November 2023 |title=Tata 1mg overtakes PharmEasy as leaders in India's e-pharmacy market |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/tata-1mg-overtakes-pharmeasy-as-leaders-in-india-s-e-pharmacy-market-123111600366_1.html}}</ref>

In 2024, Tata 1mg and Vitonnix UK jointly introduced Vitamin Sublingual Sprays in Indian market. The first phase of the launch includes [[Vitamin D]], [[Multivitamin|Multivitamins]], [[Biotin]], and [[Melatonin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-01-10 |title=Tata 1mg & Vitonnix UK enter exclusive partnership in India |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/business/tata-1mg-vitonnix-uk-enter-exclusive-partnership-in-india-1503257795.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Tata 1mg appointed Deepa Chadha as its Chief Human Resources Officer.<ref name="f548">{{cite web | last= | first=| title=ETHRWorld | website=ETHRWorld.com | date=13 December 2024 | url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/deepa-chadha-joins-tata-1mg-as-chro/116278098 | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>

==Partnership==
In May 2025, Tata 1mg partnered with Unicommerce to enhance its e-commerce efficiency across over 1,000 cities in [[India]]. The collaboration involved the integration of Unicommerce’s SaaS technology to automate multi-channel order management and warehouse operations.<ref name="n128">{{cite web | title=Tata 1mg partners with Unicommerce to boost e-commerce efficiency across 1000 cities | website=MediaBrief | date=21 May 2025 | url=https://mediabrief.com/tata-1mg-unicommerce-ecommerce-operations/ | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[MedPlus]]
* [[Online pharmacy laws in India]]
* [[PharmEasy]]
* [[Medlife]]
* [[Flipkart Health+]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tata Group}}

[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Online retailers of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Tata Group subsidiaries]]

Mushtaq Ahmad Lone

2026-02-02T06:10:36Z

Vikiutq:

{{Short description|Indian politician (c. 1958–2002)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mushtaq Ahmad Lone
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1987
| term_end = 1990
| predecessor =
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| governor = [[Jagmohan]]
| constituency = [[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1958}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 11 September {{Death year and age|2002|1958}}
| death_place = [[Kupwara]], India
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Mushtaq Ahmad Lone''' ({{circa|1958}}{{snd}}11 September 2002<ref name="f099">{{cite web | title=Main News | website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | date=12 Sep 2002 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020912/main2.htm | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref>) was an Indian politician who served as the minister of Law in the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]] under [[Farooq Abdullah]] in 1987.<ref name="n134">{{cite web | title=Ex-minister Lone’s brother shot dead Ultras barge into house, fire point-blank | website=The Tribune | date=6 Dec 2002 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021206/main1.htm | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="l827">{{cite web | title=general election, 1987 - the legislative assembly | website=Elections in India | date=15 Aug 2021 | url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3793-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE1987/?do=download&r=8928&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=3b44b65d8ebe6b8ba7d24e212d1488fb | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC), a pro-India political party in the 20th century.<ref name="i766">{{cite web | title=State Minister Killed in Indian Kashmir | website=Voice of America | date=28 Oct 2009 | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2002-09-11-60-state-66829082/374716.html | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]||[[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||37.06%||Abdul Haq Khan||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||31.83%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Career and death ==
Lone was elected to the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 elections]], representing the [[Kupwara Assembly constituency|Kupwara constituency]].<ref name="l827"/> The 1987 elections were reportedly manipulated, which led to significant accusations of [[electoral fraud]].<ref name="y977">{{cite web | last=Mukul | first=Sushim | title=When guns got to Kashmir Valley after rigged polls of 1987 | website=India Today | date=19 Apr 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/jammu-and-kashmir-1987-assembly-election-pm-modi-lok-sabha-jknc-farooq-abdullah-terrorism-militancy-valley-jklf-2525956-2024-04-19 | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref>

On 11 September 2002, Lone, the minister of Law in the Jammu and Kashmir government, was assassinated by suspected [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], then a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla organisation]],<ref name="y592">{{cite web | title=Indian minister and 15 others killed in Kashmir attacks | website=the Guardian | date=11 Sep 2002 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/11/kashmir.india | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="n856">{{cite web | last=Ahmad | first=Murtaza Ali | title=Ambush Kills Indian State Minister | website=The Edwardsville Intelligencer | date=11 Sep 2002 | url=https://www.theintelligencer.com/news/article/Ambush-Kills-Indian-State-Minister-10500065.php | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> during an [[political campaign|election rally]] in [[Kupwara]].<ref name="w282">{{cite web | title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200209110001 | website=START | date=11 Sep 2002 | url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200209110001 | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="s351">{{cite web | title=LeT militant and suspected Lone assassin shot dead | website=The Times of India | date=15 Sep 2002 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/let-militant-and-suspected-lone-assassin-shot-dead/articleshow/22285758.cms | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> The attack, which occurred as Lone addressed the gathering in a school building, was part of a broader wave of [[insurgency in Kashmir|insurgent activity]] reportedly aimed at disrupting the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002 state elections]]. Militants opened fire from a nearby paddy field, killing Lone, his five security officers, and a civilian.<ref name="n112">{{cite web | last=McCarthy | first=Rory | title=Minister killed in Kashmir slaughter | website=the Guardian | date=12 Sep 2002 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/12/india.kashmir | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref> Lone was the second candidate to be killed during the campaign.<ref name="p472">{{cite web | title=rediff.com: J&K minister Mushtaq Ahmed Lone shot dead | website=Rediff | date=11 Sep 2002 | url=https://m.rediff.com/election/2002/sep/11jk.htm | access-date=22 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lone, Mushtaq Ahmad}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1987–1996]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 21st century]]
[[Category:People from Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]

Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:26:02Z

Vikiutq:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vaishali
| type = LS
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Veena Devi Lok Sabha MP (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Veena Devi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Rama Kishore Singh]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| assembly_cons = [[Minapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Minapur]] [[Kanti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanti]]
 [[Baruraj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruraj]] [[Paroo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Paroo]] [[Sahebganj, Muzaffarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sahebganj]] [[Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]]
}}
'''Vaishali''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|90
|[[Minapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Minapur]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|[[Ajay Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|95
|[[Kanti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanti]]
|[[Ajit Singh (Bihar politician)|Ajit Singh]]
|-
|96
|[[Baruraj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruraj]]
|[[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|97
|[[Paroo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Paroo]]
|Shankar Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|98
|[[Sahebganj, Muzaffarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sahebganj]]
|[[Raju Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|125
|[[Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]]
|[[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|Siddharth Patel
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[JD(U)]]
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-77 : Seat did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Digvijay Narain Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kishori Sinha]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Usha Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Shiva Saran Singh
|-
|1994^
|[[Lovely Anand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bihar People's Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Rama Kishore Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Veena Devi]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian General Election]]: Vaishali<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 16 - Vaishali (Bihar) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0416.htm |website=ECI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vaishali Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/vaishali-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|candidate=[[Veena Devi]]|votes=5,67,043|percentage=48.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Vijay Kumar Shukla|Munna Shukla]]|votes=4,77,409|percentage=40.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Vikky kumar|votes=34,256|percentage=2.92|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shambhu Kumar Singh|votes=21,436|percentage=1.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=27,460|percentage=2.34|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =89,634
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,72,436|percentage=62.63|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|loser=Lok Janshakti Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Vaishali<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Veena Devi]]
|votes = 5,68,215
|percentage = 52.87
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
|votes = 3,33,631
|percentage = 31.04
|change
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Abha Rai
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 27,497
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Ismohamad Alias Md. Munna
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 21,857
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Rinkoo Devi
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 16,738
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =2,34,584
|percentage =21.83
|change =+11.00
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,74,751
|percentage =61.91
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = +19.88
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Vaishali<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Rama Kishore Singh]]
|votes = 3,05,450
|percentage = 32.99
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
|votes = 2,06,183
|percentage = 22.17
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Sahni
|votes = 1,44,807
|percentage = 15.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anu Shukla
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,04,229
|percentage = 11.26
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Raaj Mangal Prasad
|votes = 7,768
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,060
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 99,267
|percentage = 10.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,25,951
|percentage = 59.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Vaishali<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
|votes = 2,83,454
|percentage = 45.53
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Shukla]]
|votes = 2,62,049
|percentage = 41.96
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Sankar Mahto]]
|votes = 17,448
|percentage = 2.79
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Prasad
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|votes = 16,057
|percentage =2.57
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hind Kesari Yadav
|votes = 11,925
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,405
|percentage = 3.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,24,859
|percentage =48.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1999">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election2004">{{cite web |title=General Election 2004 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Muzaffarpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Vaishali district topics }}
{{Bihar elections}}
{{coord|26.00|85.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarpur district]]

Suhani Dhanki

2025-12-25T08:04:33Z

Vikiutq: Started basic pg w/ sources

{{short description|Indian dancer and television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suhani Dhanki Mody
| image =
| birth_date = 25 August 1989
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2013 – present
| spouse = Prathmesh Mody
| parents =
}}
'''Suhani Dhanki''' is an Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and television actress. She made her acting debut by playing the role of [[Madri]], the princess of [[Madra Kingdom]] in [[Swastik Productions]]' [[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]] (2013–2014). She is best known for starring in Hindi historical drama, ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'', as the female lead. Alongside acting, she has an active career as a classical dance performer, trained under Dr. [[Sandhya Purecha]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Suhani Dhanki strikes a fine balance between acting and dance. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/suhani-dhanki-strikes-a-fine-balance-between-acting-and-dance/articleshow/65649414.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 September 2018 |accessdate=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-11 |title='Piyaa Albela' actress Suhani Dhanki talks about her cameo in 'Cuttputli' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/piyaa-albela-actress-suhani-dhanki-talks-about-her-cameo-in-cuttputli/articleshow/94130071.cms |access-date=2025-05-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalviews.com/sony-tv-porus-cast-real-names-background-character|title=Porus Cast - Know the Real Names & Background of the Characters!|date=2017-11-24|work=National Views|access-date=2018-09-05|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2018|title=This is how Porus actress Suhani Dhanki de-stresses herself|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/this-is-how-porus-actress-suhani-dhanki-de-stresses-herself-1220506-2018-04-26|access-date=2021-02-10|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Suhani Dhanki was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. She completed her schooling at Greenlawns High School and later graduated from [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai. From a young age, she was trained in [[Bharatanatyam]] under Dr. [[Sandhya Purecha]], an eminent scholar and dancer.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==

===Dance===

Dhanki is a disciple of the [[Thanjavur]] style of Bharatanatyam. Her performances have often integrated storytelling with dance, and she continues to be associated with classical dance institutions and festivals. Dhanki has performed across India and internationally, participating in over 400 classical dance shows.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarfojiraje Bhosle |url=https://sarfojicentre.com/suhani-dhanki.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=sarfojicentre.com}}</ref>

===Television===

Suhani made her television debut in 2013 with the role of [[Madri]]—a young and vampish queen, who harbours a rivalry with her [[Kunti|co-wife]]—in [[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']], a mythological drama aired on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]. In 2015, she played Maya, a negative role in the supernatural series [[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari|''Adhuri Kahaani Hamari'']] on [[&TV]]. In 2017, she appeared in a guest role in [[Piyaa Albela|''Piyaa Albela'']].<ref name=":1" />

Her breakthrough came with ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'' (2017–2018), where she portrayed Laachi, a fictional pirate princess and warrior. The role required her to train in sword fighting, horse riding, and underwater stunts. Her performance earned her recognition and the Best Television Actress award at the 9th [[Newsmakers Achievers Award|Newsmakers Achievers’ Awards]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suhani Dhanki Interview: My acting choices have been quite diverse {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/suhani-dhanki-interview-acting-choices-quite-diverse/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.easterneye.biz |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2017, she married Prathmesh Mody, a financial consultant based in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. In February 2021, she gave birth to a daughter and is now permanently settled in London.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial Porus's actress Suhani Dhanki ties the knot with Prathamesh Modi |date=4 December 2017 |url=https://www.abplive.in/videos/serial-porus-s-actress-suhani-dhanki-ties-the-knot-with-prathamesh-modi-612375}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2013
|''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
|[[Madri]]
|Debut
|-
| 2015–16
| ''[[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari]]''
| Maya / Rajkumari Rooplekha
| Main Female Antagonist<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dhanki|first1=Suhani|title='Adhuri Kahaani Hamari' to get 'Bajirao Mastani' touch|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/adhuri-kahaani-hamari-to-get-bajirao-mastani-touch/|website=indianexpress|date=25 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|2017
| ''[[Piyaa Albela]]''
| Chandni
| Cameo<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dhanki|first1=Suhani|title=Suhani Dhanki enters Piyaa Albela|url=http://glamgold.com/suhani-dhanki-enters-piyaa-albela/|website=glamgold|date=26 April 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017-2018
| [[Porus (TV series)|''Porus'']]
| Laachi
| Main Female Lead<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dhanki|first1=Suhani|title=Meet the 'final' Female Lead of Sony TV's 'Porus'|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/meet-the-final-female-lead-of-sony-tvs-porus-531561|website=abplive|date=25 May 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Cuttputlli]]''
| Roshini Beniwal
| Cameo
|}

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Award
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Category
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Show
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Result
|-
|2018 ||9th Newsmakers Achievers’ Award||Best Television actress ||''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''||{{won}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Winners of 9th Newsmakers Achievers' Award |date=2 May 2018 |url=https://www.afternoonvoice.com/the-winners-of-9th-newsmakers-achievers-award.html}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7287289}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanki, Suhani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}
{{Dance-bio-stub}}

Mukut Mithi

2025-12-21T15:18:25Z

Vikiutq:

{{Short description|4th Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name=Mukut Mithi
| image = Mukut Mithi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|1|1|df=y}}<ref name=express>{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Shri Mukut Mithi|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2087|publisher=Government: National Portal of India|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
| death_date =
| birth_place =Ezengo Village, [[North East Frontier Agency]]
| residence =
|alma_mater =
| death_place =
| constituency =
|occupation = Politician
|profession =
|nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]

| spouse = Pomaya Mithi
| children = 3
| office = [[Member of the Rajya Sabha]] for [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| term_start = 8 June 2008
| term_end = 23 June 2020
|predecessor = [[Nabam Rebia]]
|successor = Nabam Rebia
| office1 = [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant-Governor of Puducherry]]

| term_end1 = 12 March 2008
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| successor1 = [[Bhupinder Singh Thakur|Bhopinder Singh]] |term_start1 = 19 July 2006 |predecessor1 = [[M. M. Lakhera]]
| order3 = 4th
| office3 = Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh
| term_start3 = 19 January 1999
| term_end3 = 3 August 2003
| governor3 = [[Mata Prasad]] S. K. Sinha [[Arvind Dave]] [[V. C. Pande]]
| predecessor3 = [[Gegong Apang]]
| successor3 = Gegong Apang
|office4 = [[Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee|President, Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start4 = 19 April 2012
| term_end4 = 12 July 2014
| predecessor4 = [[Nabam Tuki]]
| successor4 = [[Padi Richo]]
| signature =
| Awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Mukut Mithi''' (born 1 January 1952) is an Indian politician and former [[List of members of the Rajya Sabha|Member]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He is a former [[Chief Minister]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He served as an MLA consecutively from 1983 until his appointment as Lieutenant Governor of [[Pondicherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] in 2006. He was [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]] from 19 January 1999 until 3 August 2003.<ref name="‘Investment risk’ behind uncontested wins in Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=28 March 2024 |title='Investment risk' behind uncontested wins in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/investment-risk-behind-uncontested-wins-in-arunachal-pradesh/article68001532.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517084635/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/investment-risk-behind-uncontested-wins-in-arunachal-pradesh/article68001532.ece |archivedate=17 May 2025 |accessdate=17 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born on 1 January 1952 at Roing in Lower Dibang Valley district in Arunachal Pradesh and did his schooling from Ramakrishna Mission School, Narendrapur and his graduation from J.N.Agricultural University, Jabalpur. For much of his political career he was a member of the [[Kerala Congress (B)]] and then the [[Arunachal Congress]]; he later broke from the Arunachal Congress in 1998 to form the [[Arunachal Congress-Mithi]]. Later Arunachal Congress-Mithi merged with Kerala Congress B. He also served as Kerala Congress B state President and also served as Kerala Congress B working Committee, Permanent Member Of the Kerala Congress B.

In July 2006 the President of India appointed Mithi to be the [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]; he was sworn in on 19 July 2006.

On 12 March 2008, Mithi resigned as Lieutenant Governor to contest the [[Rajya Sabha]] election in Arunachal Pradesh. [[Bhopinder Singh]], the Lieutenant Governor of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], was sworn in to replace Mithi on 15 March.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200803151424.htm "Bhopinder Singh sworn as Lt Governor of Puducherry"], PTI (''The Hindu''), 15 March 2008.</ref> He was administered oath as a member of Parliament (Rajya sabha) from Arunachal Pradesh on 4 June 2008.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==Personal life==
He is married to Pomaya Mithi and has three sons.<ref name=RajyaSabha>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=2087 |title=Rajya Sabha Members' Profile |publisher= Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Parliament House, New Delhi. }}</ref><ref name="19 Newcomers Win Arunachal Assembly Poll">{{cite news |date=17 May 2014 |title=19 Newcomers Win Arunachal Assembly Poll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/2014/May/17/19-newcomers-win-arunachal-assembly-poll-613969.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chief Ministers of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mithi, Mukut}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
[[Category:People from Lower Dibang Valley district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Roing]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Arunachal Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1984–1990]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]

Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Limited

2025-12-16T03:42:24Z

Vikiutq: Adding New Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited
| logo = 
| type = [[Public sector enterprise]]
| traded_as = 
| industry = [[Mining]] and [[minerals]]
| founded = 1947 (as Bikaner Gypsum Limited)
| founder = 
| hq_location_city = [[Bikaner]] (origin), [[Udaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaipur]] (current locations)
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| key_people = 
| products = High grade [[Phosphate|rock phosphate]], [[lignite]], [[limestone]], [[gypsum]]
| revenue = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| assets = 
| equity = 
| num_employees = 
| parent = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| divisions = [[Phosphate|Rock phosphate]], [[Lignite]], [[Gypsum]], [[Limestone]]
| subsid = 
| website = {{url|rsmm.com}}
}}

'''Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsmm.com/|title=Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Limited, India - Rockphosphate, SMS grade Limestone, Gypsum & Selenite and Lignite|website=www.rsmm.com|access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref> (RSMML) is a [[public sector]] enterprise of the [[Government of Rajasthan]] that is primarily engaged in [[mining]] and marketing high grade [[rock phosphate]], [[lignite]], [[limestone]] and [[gypsum]] (non-metallic minerals) through its mines located at various locations in [[Rajasthan]]. RSMML is a multiple location organization which originated from '''Bikaner Gypsum limited (BGL)''', a private company founded in the year 1947 in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan. In 1974, after the discovery of rock phosphate in Jhamarkotra ([[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]), BGL took over operations at Jhamarkotra mines. To enhance and stabilize the profit of company, the Government of Rajasthan acquired the majority of shares and company’s name was changed to '''Rajasthan state of Mines and Minerals Limited'''. RSMML has divided its functions according to the respective minerals. It is engaged in the mining of the 4 minerals gypsum, rock phosphate, limestone and lignite at 4 locations.

==Company Objective==
The very objective of the company is to achieve cost effective technological innovations in the mining of minerals and to diversify into mineral based downstream projects. The Company is also aiming at long term fuel supply to lignite based power projects and setting up wind energy farms at [[Jaisalmer]].

==Strategic Business Units & Profit Centers==
After amalgamation, four mineral based Strategic Business Units & Profit Centres (SBU & PC) have been set up as a part of corporate restructuring:
* Strategic Business Unit and Profit Centre – Rock [[Phosphate]] at [[Udaipur]]. Jhamarkotra Phosphate Rock Mine
* Strategic Business Unit and Profit Centre – [[Gypsum]] at [[Bikaner]]
* Strategic Business Unit and Profit Centre – [[Limestone]] at [[Jodhpur]]
* Strategic Business Unit and Profit Centre – [[Lignite]] at [[Jaipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasthan State Mines And Minerals Limited}}
[[Category:Government-owned mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Mining companies of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Companies based in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Mining in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Economy of Udaipur]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Rajasthan]]
{{India-company-stub}}

All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)

2025-11-18T21:19:44Z

Vikiutq: added info

{{other use|All India Indira Congress (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
| party_logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
| founder = [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]], [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]], [[Natwar Singh]], [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] & [[Vazhapadi Ramamurthy]]
| leader = [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| secretary =
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = 1996
| dissolution = 1997
| merged = [[Indian National Congress]]
| split = [[Indian National Congress]]
| eci =
| alliance =
| position =
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
| youth =
| ideology =
|colours = [[Aqua (colour)|Aqua Blue]] {{Colorsample| {{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}}}
| headquarters =
| publication =
| symbol = A Lady offering flowers
| website =
}}

The '''All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)''' was a [[political party]] in [[India]] set up by dissident [[Indian National Congress]] party leaders [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]], [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]], [[Natwar Singh]], [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]], [[Yashpal Arya]] and [[Sheila Dikshit]]. The party later merged with the Congress party when [[Sitaram Kesari]] took over the party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 1997 |title=Arjun Singh, N D Tiwari Back In Cong |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/arjun-singh-n-d-tiwari-back-in-cong-197011001086_1.html |access-date=18 November 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/31cong.htm | title=Rediff on the NeT Elections '98: Sonia will ask Congress rebels to return }}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! style="width:25%;"| Year
! style="width:15%;"| Election
! style="width:15%;"| Seats Won
! style="width:15%;"| Change in Seat
! style="width:15%;"| % of votes
! style="width:15%;"| votes swing
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1996 Indian general election]]
|| [[11th Lok Sabha]]
|| 4
|| {{increase}} 4
|| 1.5%
|| 1.5%
|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/party/detail?partyname=All+India+Indira+Congress+(TIWARI)+%5BAIIC(T)%5D|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party performance over elections - All India Indira Congress (TIWARI) All States|website=IndiaVotes|access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
||
|| 4
|| {{increase}} 4
|| 1.3%
|| 1.3%
|| <ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title=996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly: Party performance over elections - All India Indira Congress (TIWARI) |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713084900/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |url-status=dead }} 996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly: Party performance over elections - All India Indira Congress (TIWARI)]</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
||
|| 1
|| {{increase}} 1
|| 0.7%
|| 0.7%
|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/party/state_info?eid=&type=pc&partylist=All+India+Indira+Congress+(TIWARI)+%5BAIIC(T)%5D&radioselection=ac&state=32|title=IndiaVotes AC: Party performance over elections - All India Indira Congress (TIWARI) Jammu & Kashmir|website=IndiaVotes|access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
||
|| 0
|| {{nochange}} 0
|| 0.1%
|| 0.1%
|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/party/state_info?eid=&type=pc&partylist=All+India+Indira+Congress+(TIWARI)+%5BAIIC(T)%5D&radioselection=ac&state=9|title=IndiaVotes AC: Party performance over elections - All India Indira Congress (TIWARI) West Bengal|website=IndiaVotes|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505114350/https://www.indiavotes.com/party/state_info?eid=&type=pc&partylist=All+India+Indira+Congress+(TIWARI)+%5BAIIC(T)%5D&radioselection=ac&state=9|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
||
|| 0
|| {{nochange}} 0
|| 0.1%
|| 0.1%
|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/party/state_info?eid=&type=pc&partylist=All+India+Indira+Congress+(TIWARI)+%5BAIIC(T)%5D&radioselection=ac&state=9|title=IndiaVotes AC: Party performance over elections - All India Indira Congress (TIWARI) West Bengal|website=IndiaVotes|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505114350/https://www.indiavotes.com/party/state_info?eid=&type=pc&partylist=All+India+Indira+Congress+(TIWARI)+%5BAIIC(T)%5D&radioselection=ac&state=9|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

== See also ==
*[[Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]
*[[Indian National Congress (R)]]

==References==
<references/>
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:1996 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1998 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1998]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1996]]
[[Category:All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Chozhia Vellalar

2025-11-14T19:41:02Z

Vikiutq: reworked information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Caste from Southern India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Chozhia Vellalar / Sozhia Vellalar
| image =
| caption =
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| region = Tanjore (''[[Chola Nadu]]'') in current-day [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| feudal_title = [[Pillai (surname)|Pillai]], [[Chettiar]]
| related = [[Vellalar]], Indian [[Tamils]]
}}

'''Chozhia Vellalar''' (also spelt as '''Sozhia''', '''Choliya''' or '''Sholiya Vellalar''') is a caste or a [[subcaste]] of Southern India, related to the [[Vellalar]] community.<ref>Gough, Kathleen (1981). Rural Society in Southeast India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 434, 440. ISBN 978-0521239125.</ref>

They traditionally used [[Pillai (surname)|Pillai]] as a title or surname,<ref name=":0" /> up to the political hegemony of [[Dravidianism]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], where they essentially come from.

==Distribution==
The Sozhiya Vellalars were present predominantly in the [[Cauvery]] [[Delta (river)|delta]] districts of Tamil Nadu — [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayuram]], [[Nagapattinam district|Nagappattinam]] and [[Tiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]] — as well in a lesser extent in the neighbouring [[Tiruchirappalli district|Trichy]], [[Karur district|Karur]] and [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]].

==History==
Their name, ''Sozhiya'' or ''Chozhia'', reflects this geographical particularity, as a population concentrated in the heart of the ancient [[Chola kingdom]] or ''[[Chola Nadu]]'', which corresponds to the Tanjore region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=People of India: Tamil Nadu |date=1997 |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press |isbn=978-81-85938-88-2 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=K. S. |edition=1. publ |series=People of India / Anthropological Survey India. K. S. Singh |volume=XL |location=Madras |editor-last2=Thirumalai |editor-first2=R. |editor-last3=Manoharan |editor-first3=S.}}</ref> They are among the few communities to hold this title, along with notably the Chozhia [[Chettiar|Chettiars]] and Chozhia [[Iyer|Iyers]].<ref name=":0" /> The title of these communities is more indicative of their very ancient ties with the Tanjore region, rather than proof of direct kinship with the Chola dynasty.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Béteille |first=André |title=Caste, Class, and Power : Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1965 |isbn=9780520020535 |location=Berkeley |oclc=411150}}</ref> They have historically formed a large population in this area.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":1" />

In the work named ''[[Castes and Tribes of Southern India]]'', published in 1909, colonial anthropologist [[Edgar Thurston]] notes that the most eminent ''pandaram'', ''thambiran'' and ''oduvar'' – who significantly make up the ecclesiastical body or administrative and managerial bodies of [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] monasteries ([[adheenam]]) and temples – are notably drawn from the Chozhia Vellalar community.<ref name=":1">{{cite wikisource|first=|last=|year=|plaintitle=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|wslink=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|wspage=|chapter=Vellāla|page=|publisher=|scan=}}</ref> He also makes the paradoxical observation that in his times, the Chozhia Vellalars are also sometimes perceived as being of dubious ancestry or legitimacy, as it is also to their community that some ''[[parvenu]]'' individuals seeking to improve their social status try to affiliate themselves.<ref name=":1" />

In their studies of the social setting in rural southeastern India (especially Tanjore) in the second half of the twentieth century, anthropologists [[Kathleen Gough]] and [[André Beteille|André Béteille]] report that the general social perception of the Chozhia Vellalars was that of an upper caste.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gough |first=Kathleen |title=Rural change in southeast India : 1950s to 1980s |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=9780195622768 |location=New Delhi |oclc=20179784}}</ref> Although, depending on the locality, they were not a dominant caste.<ref name=":3" /> The socio-economic conditions of the community were diverse, although there was a predominance of people engaged in agriculture, with both landowners and tenant farmers.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" />

== Present status ==

Before 1975 in the state of Tamil Nadu they were classified as [[Forward caste]], but due to their economical situation, as well as [[Caste politics|caste-based regional politics]], they were reclassified as [[Other Backward Class]] under India's [[Reservation in India|Reservation]] system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm|title=List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Racine |first=Jean-Luc |title=Rise of the plebeians? the changing face of Indian legislative assemblies |date=2009 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-46092-7 |editor-last=Jaffrelot |editor-first=Christophe |series=Exploring the political in South Asia |location=New Delhi |pages=445-450 |chapter=(9) Caste and Beyond in Tamil Politics |oclc=473822352 |editor-last2=Kumar |editor-first2=Sanjay}}</ref> Till 2015, they were still classified as Forward caste in the [[Union Territory of Puducherry|Union Territory of Pondicherry]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |title=People of India : Pondicherry |last2=Ramadass |first2=M. |last3=Naidu |first3=Thalapaneni Subramanyam |last4=Xaviour |first4=D. |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press |year=1994 |isbn=9788185938257 |series=People of India / Anthropological Survey India. K. S. Singh |volume=XXXVI |location=Madras}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-02-13 |title=Include 2 More Castes in OBC List |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/Feb/13/include-2-more-castes-in-obc-list-716791.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}
*[[List of Vellalar sub castes]]
*[[List of Vellalars]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vellalar clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]

{{india-ethno-stub}}

Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu

2025-11-03T14:50:01Z

Vikiutq: Started initial post from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* Speech
* Reality show
}}
| director =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* Anitha Sampath
* [[Erode Mahesh]]
}}
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[G. Gnanasambandam]]
* Parveen Sultana
}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 19 (S3)
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx.42-50 minutes per episode
| producer =
| company =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2008|04|16|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|8|15}}
| voices =
| related =
}}

'''''Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu''''' (தமிழ் பேச்சு எங்க மூச்சு) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[reality competition]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TV show 'Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu' set to premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-tamil-pechu-engal-moochu-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/99056011.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Star Vijay brings back 'Tamizh Pechu Engal Moochu'|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-brings-back-tamizh-pechu-engal-moochu/|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=12 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The show is based on speaking Tamil letters, words, and sentences. The channel started taking auditions for this season through online audition registration. Then the offline auditions took place in [[Chennai]], [[Madurai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Trichy]] and [[Tirunelveli]], and ended in 2022.

The show's first season aired on [[Star Vijay]] in 2008. The new season<ref>{{cite web |title=விஜய் டிவியில் மீண்டும் "தமிழ் பேச்சு எங்கள் மூச்சு" நிகழ்ச்சி – ரசிகர்கள் ஆர்வம்!|url=https://littletalks.in/2023/03/22/vijay-tv-started-tamil-pechu-engal-moochu-show-again-after-15-years/|website=littletalks.in|date=22 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> scheduled to premiere on every Sunday at 11:30 from 16 April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Vijay to launch 'Tamizh pechu engal moochu' on April 16 |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/star-vijay-to-launch-tamizh-pechu-engal-moochu-on-april-16-126627.html|website=www.exchange4media.com|date=12 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Star Vijay to launch new season of Tamil oratory show Tamizh Pechu Engal Moochu|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijay-to-launch-new-season-of-tamil-oratory-show-tamizh-pechu-engal-moochu/|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=13 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The show was hosted by Anitha Sampath.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Anitha Sampath to host TV show 'Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu'|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-anitha-sampath-to-host-tv-show-tamil-pechu-engal-moochu/ar-AA19KAF3?ocid=Peregrine|website=www.msn.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Anitha Sampath to host TV show 'Tamil Pechu Engal Moochu'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-anitha-sampath-to-host-tv-show-tamil-pechu-engal-moochu/articleshow/99424602.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=12 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The show's final episode aired 15 August 2023 and ended with 19 episodes.

==Final==
The final episode was aired on 15 August 2023 in Indian [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]. The show special third guest was [[Suki Sivam]] with special guest was [[Suba Veerapandian]], [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Bava Chelladurai]], Selventhiran and [[Salma (writer)|Salma]].

The top 5 finalists were Arun, Ragavendran, Britto, Karthikraja and Naranayama Koventhan. Ragavendran, who was announced by [[G. Gnanasambandam]] and Parveen Sultana, was named the winner and received a Rs 3 lakhs cash prize award by [[Star Vijay]]. Britto was announced by Anitha Sampath as the first runner-up and was awarded a Rs 2 lakhs cash prize award by Star Vijay.

==Production==
===Release===
The first and second promos were released on 28 March 2023, The first promo featured the honorable [[Tamil Nadu]] Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=மீண்டும் வருகிறது சூப்பர் நிகழ்ச்சி – விஜய் டிவி ப்ரோமோவில் முதல்வர் மு.க.ஸ்டாலின்.|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/tamizh-pechu-engal-moochu-season-3/|website=tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=23 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='தமிழ் பேச்சு எங்கள் மூச்சு': விஜய் டிவியின் புதிய நிகழ்ச்சிக்கு முதல்வர் ஸ்டாலினின் புரமோ வீடியோ..!|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/cm-stalin-promo-for-vijay-tv-new-program-tamil-pechu-engal-moochu-news-334659|website=www.indiaglitz.com|language=ta}}</ref> appeared in the promo.<ref>{{cite web |title=தமிழ் பேச்சு எங்கள் மூச்சு... விஜய் டிவி ப்ரோமோவில் முதல்வர் மு.க.ஸ்டாலின்!|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-vijay-tv-thamizh-pechu-engal-moochu-promo-featuring-tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-916014.html|website=tamil.news18.com|date=22 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Whoa! Chief Minister MK Stalin spotted in Vijay TV's new reality show promo - Viral video|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/chief-minister-mk-stalin-in-star-vijay-tv-new-reality-show-promo-viral-video-latest-tamil-news-334676|website=www.indiaglitz.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Minister MK Stalin Appears In TV Promo; THIS Popular TV Channel's Super Hit Show Is Back Again!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2023/chief-minister-mk-stalin-appears-in-tv-promo-this-popular-tv-channel-s-super-hit-show-is-back-again-349569.html|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The third promo was released on 25 March 2023 by professor, Tamil scholar G. Gnanasambandam, Tamil writer [[Salma (writer)|Salma]], political activist [[Suba Veerapandian]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

The fourth promo was released on 26 March 2023 by lyricist, screenwriter [[Madhan Karky]], Public speaker [[Nanjil Sampath]] and Parveen Sultana. The fifth promo was released on 25 March 2023 by [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]] [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=விஜய் டி.வி ஆங்கராக தமிழிசை: என்ன நிகழ்ச்சினு பாருங்க!|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/tamilisai-soundararajan-anchoring-in-vijay-tvs-new-show-620928/|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref> The sixth promo was released on 31 March 2023 by actor [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{cite web |title="தமிழ் நமது உயிரிலே ஓட வேண்டும்" - 'தமிழ்ப்பேச்சு எங்கள் மூச்சு' நிகழ்ச்சிக்கு கமல் வாழ்த்து!|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/news-shots-tamil-news/tamilnadu/kamal-hassan-wishes-vijay-tv-thamizh-pechu-engal-moochu.html?ref=www.google.co.in|website=tamil.behindwoods.com| date=31 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Lulu Mall, Palakkad

2025-10-27T05:04:16Z

Vikiutq: Created First Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Shopping mall in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = LuLu Mall Palakkad
| image =
| caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| location =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| coordinates =
| address = NH544, Kazhchaparambu, Kannadi, Palakkad 678701
| opening_date = 18 December 2023
| developer =
| owner = [[LuLu Group International]]
| architect =
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors = 3
| floor_area =
| floors =
| parking =
| publictransit =
| website ={{URL|https://www.palakkad.lulumall.in/|Official website}}
}}

'''Lulu Mall, Palakkad''' is a shopping mall located in [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India. It is the third lulu mall in the state of Kerala, located on the [[National Highway 544 (India)|Kochi-Salem national highway]], around 9km away from city centre in [[Kannadi]], spanning at 2 lakh sq.ft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരുലക്ഷം ചതുരശ്രയടി വിസ്തീര്‍ണത്തില്‍ ഹൈപ്പര്‍മാര്‍ക്കറ്റ്, പാലക്കാട് ലുലു മാള്‍ ഉദ്ഘാടനം തിങ്കളാഴ്ച; പ്രവേശനസമയമറിയാം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/palakkad/palakkad-lulu-mall-inauguration-tomorrow-17th-december/articleshow/106060150.cms |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The mall was inaugurated in December 2023 and houses shops for both domestic and international brands as well as a multi-cuisine food court among other amenities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IN |first=FashionNetwork com |title=Lulu Group opens Lulu Mall in Kerala's Palakkad |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Lulu-group-opens-lulu-mall-in-kerala-s-palakkad,1587595.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> The property is owned and managed by [[Abu Dhabi]] based [[LuLu Group International]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=പാലക്കാട്ട് മാത്രം 1400 പേർക്കു ജോലി; എട്ടിടത്തു കൂടി ലുലു മാളും ഹൈപ്പർ മാർക്കറ്റും, അടുത്തത് കോഴിക്കോട്ട് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/palakkad/2023/12/19/lulu-mall-palakkad.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==Features==
The major attraction of the mall is the Lulu Hypermarket spreading at an area of one lakh square feet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പാലക്കാട് ലുലു മാൾ ഉദ്ഘാടനം നാളെ; വൈകിട്ട് മൂന്നു മുതൽ പ്രവേശനം |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2023/dec/17/palakkad-lulu-mall-inauguration-tomorrow-entry-from-3-pm-194579.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Samakalika Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The mall also has a Lulu Fashion Store, Lulu Connect and a Funtura game area along with a dining area with different food and beverage outlets that can seat 250 people at a time. There is also an extensive two- storied parking area below the mall, that can accommodate around 500 cars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Dhanam News |date=2023-12-18 |title=ലുലുമാള്‍ ഇനി പാലക്കാടുകാര്‍ക്കും സ്വന്തം; കൊച്ചി-സേലം ഹൈവേയിലുള്ള പുത്തന്‍ മാളിന്റെ വിശേഷങ്ങളറിയാം |url=https://dhanamonline.com/retail/palakkad-lulu-mall-opens-from-december-18-rpy-1274497 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=dhanamonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lulugroupinternational.com/ LuLu Group]

{{Shopping malls in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:2023 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2023]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Lulu Malls]]
[[Category:LuLu Group]]

Simbor

2025-10-22T16:09:57Z

Vikiutq:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simbor
| native_name = ''Enseada de Simbor''
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Former Military Outpost
| image_skyline =
|caption = The ruined Fort St. Anthony
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.76217|N|71.14983|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|DNDD]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Diu district|Diu]]
}}

'''Simbor''' is a territory of 0.91 square kilometers located in the estuary of the [[Sahil River]] (called Rio Vançoso by the Portuguese) in the cove of Simbor, about 25 km east of [[Diu, India|Diu]]. Since its establishment in the early 18th century, this [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] was subordinate to the District of Diu, [[Portuguese India]], [[Annexation of Goa|until it was occupied by India in December 1961]], along with the rest of Portuguese India. Simbor (also Simar or Simarbandar) is now part of the District of Diu, one of the three districts of the union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].

The exclave has a very thin population, essentially a floating fishing community for part of the year only.<ref>Final report on 20-year perspective plan for Daman & Diu, December 2002, Department of Tourism, Government of India, p. iv-v)</ref> Simbor is unincorporated and is part of the Diu Municipal Area and is administered by the Diu Municipal Council and the government of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2501_PART_B_DCHB_DIU.pdf Census of India 2011, Daman and Diu]</ref>

==Territory==
[[File:Portuguese Simbor 1911.png|thumb|left|140 px|Territory of Simbor]]
[[File:Distrito de Diu, India portuguesa.png|thumb|280 px|Portuguese map showing the district of Diu, including Simbor]]
The territory of the present-day exclave of Simbor is the same as it was in the colonial era. It consists of two plots of land on either side of the estuary of the Sahil (Vançoso) River and an islet at the mouth of the river on which is built [[Fort St. Anthony of Simbor]]. The village of Simbor (Simar), which in the early days had been occupied by the Portuguese for a brief period is not part of the territory. It lies about 2 km to the northeast and is part of Gujarat State.

There were no permanent settlements other than Fort St. Anthony and no local administration during the colonial period. The terrain is flat and barren. A Portuguese governor who visited the exclave in 1924 lamented that the Portuguese territory consisted only of three small sandy and arid plots of land.

==Population==
[[File:Simbor beach fish drying racks.png|thumb|left|Fish drying racks on the beach at Simbor]]
Today, as during the Portuguese period, the territory of Simbor does not have a permanent population. Rather, transient communities of fishers belonging to one or the other of the traditional [[Caste system in India|fishing castes]] have been fishing and living along the coast of southern Gujarat, including the bay of Simbor, for centuries. During the second half of the 19th century, the [[Machiyar|Machhis]] had become the main suppliers of ''bombolim'', the fish they had caught and sundried in the bay of Simbor that was eaten by the population of Diu during the monsoon season. In the mid-20th century the Machhis introduced the bag net stationary fishery which became widely practiced in the area due to the suitable marine condition of strong currents and shallow seabed. Subsequently, the [[Koli people|Kolis]] who gradually took the place of the Machhis, adopted that method. The introduction of bag net fishery in the coastal villages around Simbor transformed the livelihoods of the local Kolis from basic subsistence-based to an ability to earn a comparatively good income. Today, Koli women and children continue to dry the fish on racks on the beach of the Diu-ruled territory of Simbor, as they have been doing for generations. The fish sorting and fish drying activities, as well as the huts made of palm leaves where live the fishers and their families — a few hundred people — are a familiar scene in the exclave of Simbor during the fishing season.<ref>[https://www.thecommonsjournal.org/articles/10.18352/ijc.742/ Social wellbeing and commons management failure in a smallscale bag net fishery in Gujarat, India], International Journal of the Commons, October 2017]</ref><ref>Stéphane Guillerme [https://godispop.blog4ever.com/23-simbor-oublie-forgotten-simbor Forgotten Simbor]</ref>

Some small-scale fishing boat building activities have been developing in recent years just outside Simbor, on Gujarat State territory.

==History==
The creation of this Portuguese dependency can be traced back to the early 18th century when Ramogi Varer, leader of a band of Sanganian pirates, built a small fortified position on an islet at the mouth of the Vançoso River in the cove of Sambor, 25 km east of Diu. In 1722, Diu Governor Luís de Melo Pereira organised an expedition which captured the position and burned the pirates’ vessels. The Portuguese then decided to rebuild the existing fortification into a regular fort which was named Forte Santo António de Simbor. They also occupied the shores directly facing the position as well as the important village of Simbor 2.5 km inland, including the valuable water well of Dan-Kui. The conquest was initially welcomed by the government in Goa and a plan of the projected fort was sent to Lisbon. However, the authorities soon decided that the expenses incurred in connection with the upkeep of one more fortress were unjustified, and it was decided to demolish the new fort and use the material to obstruct the river to prevent its use by pirates. The demolition order issued in 1726 was postponed twice before it was finally decided to keep Simbor and restore the fort. The creation and consolidation of [[Junagadh State|the state of the nawab of Junagadh]] in the mid-18th century was to give rise to never-ending conflicts. Junagadh, which bordered on both Diu and Simbor, resented the fact that Portuguese control of the estuary of the Vançoso River impeded trade. It resented in particular the levy of anchorage fees on native boats, especially during the monsoon when the little bay was clogged with vessels taking shelter in the cove. Also, given Junagadh's recurrent water shortage, Portuguese control over the Dan-Kui well, whose access they restricted, was another contentious point. There were also border disputes since the extent of the Simbor had never been clearly defined.<ref name="r1">{{cite web |title=Fortim de Santo António |url=https://hpip.org/pt/heritage/details/2244 |website=Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

In the mid-19th century, the Portuguese government was pressured by Junagadh, backed by the authorities of British India, to initiate talks to resolve outstanding conflicts. The treaty signed with Junagadh in 1859 reduced Portuguese sovereignty on the mainland, which had never been extensive, to two small strips of land on either side of the estuary. Portugal, which had already lost the village of Simbor in the 18th century, lost more territory adjacent to the village, making it impossible to access the Dan-Kui well, thus making the fort more dependent on the cistern for drinking water. While the estuary of the river and the bay remained under Portuguese control, the lucrative right to levy anchorage fees was abolished. On the positive side, Portuguese soldiers, if unarmed, were permitted to cross Junagadh's territory when transiting from Diu to Simbor.<ref name="r1" />
[[File:Forte de Santo António de Simbor and garrison.png|thumb|left|Portuguese soldiers standing in front of the fort]]
[[File:Forte de Santo António de Simbor, Portuguese India.jpg|thumb|left|The fort c. 1950]]
The treaty further stipulated that since the point of confluence of three waterways (the Vançoso River plus two creeks) in the estuary constituted a [[Triveni Sangam|Triveni]], Brahmins were to be allowed to hold rituals and burn Hindu corpses at that point, while Portuguese subjects could not fish or conduct any other activities at that location. In addition, the authorities of Junagadh, if they so wished, could enclose the sacred location within a hedge or wall. Although the Hindus never availed themselves of the right to use that space, Junagadh did build a stone wall there in 1892, and requested permission in 1917 to rebuild it. This request prompted Diu Governor Raúl do Amaral to send a report to the governor-general at Goa tracing the history of the multiple conflicts related to Simbor, pointing out that the treaty of 1859 had brought nothing but humiliations for Portugal. The treaty had not eliminated all sources of friction with respect to Simbor, one being the occasional smuggling of alcohol to avoid paying Junagadh's abkari (tax on liquor and the issuance of liquor licenses), and another being the inadequate policing of the Simbor waters by the Portuguese during the monsoon months when the cove became overcrowded with boats seeking shelter.<ref name="r1" />

A report from 1889 pointed out that, despite the near total abandonment of the fort, the activities of fishermen in the waters of the exclave contributed to the small economy of Diu, since they supplied nearly all the dried fish eaten by the population of Diu during the monsoon. Nevertheless, officials more than once suggested that Simbor along with its fort, which has long ceased to serve any practical purpose, should be abandoned or exchanged. The governor of Diu who visited the exclave in 1924 lamented that Portuguese territory consisted only of three small sandy and arid plots of land, adding that following the last cyclone the fort now lay half-ruined. The small garrison of the fort constituted the only permanent settlement of the small territory.<ref name="r1" />

In 1954, [[Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|in conjunction with similar events in the Daman enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], merger activists from India occupied Fort Santo António then withdrew after having hoisted the Indian flag. On 19 December 1961, in the course of the [[Annexation of Goa|Indian invasion of Portuguese India]], the small garrison of the fort was the last military contingent to surrender in Portuguese India, through the intermediary of a Portuguese officer of Diu who had reached Fort Santo António on an Indian army vessel.<ref name="r1" />

==See also==
* [[Fort St. Anthony of Simbor]]
* [[Diu, India|Diu]]
* [[Portuguese India|Estado Português da Índia]]

==References==
<references />

==Bibliography==
* [https://www.hpip.org/pt/heritage/details/2244 Fortim de Santo António]
* PEREIRA, A.B. de Bragança, Etnografia da Índia Portuguesa

[[Category:Cities and towns in Diu district]]

Baba Keenaram Sthal

2025-10-12T10:44:07Z

Vikiutq: minor update

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Baba Keenaram Temple
| image = Baba_Kinaram.jpg
| alt = Baba Keenaram Temple
| caption = Baba Keenaram Temple in 2022
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_caption = Location within Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|25|17|45.90|N|83|0|09.50|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| locale = [[Varanasi]]
| elevation_m = 77
| deity = Vishveshwar or Vishwanath ([[Shiva]])
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Hindu temple]]
|website={{URL|aghorpeeth.org}}}}

'''Baba Keenaram Sthal''' or '''Baba Keenaram Sthal-Kreem Kund''' is a spiritual centre, headquarters, and pilgrimage site of the [[Aghori]] sect of [[Shaivism]]. It is located in Ravindrapuri, [[Varanasi]], a district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cederberg |first=Aki |author-link=Aki Cederberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3goDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Baba-Keenaram-Sthal%22&pg=PT37 |title=Journeys in the Kali Yuga: A Pilgrimage from Esoteric India to Pagan Europe |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2017 |isbn=9781620556801}}</ref><ref name=Schliesinger>{{cite book|last1=Schliesinger|first1=Joachim|title=Traditional Cannibalism in Southeast Asia and Beyond|year=2017|publisher=Booksmango|isbn=9781946765697|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YIoDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Baba+Keenaram%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PA101|access-date=6 October 2019}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to [[Baba Keenaram]], the originator of the Aghori sect of Shaivism.<ref name=IBT2017>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Ananya|title=Mystical or magical? Who are the Aghoris who feed on human brains and mate with corpses?|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=11 March 2017|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mystical-magical-who-are-aghoris-who-feed-human-brains-mate-corpses-1611017}}</ref><ref name="Navbharat Times">{{cite news|title=Baba Keenaram: चंदौली में सीएम योगी बोले- बाबा कीनाराम की जन्मस्थली बनेगी पर्यटन केंद्र - cm yogi said in chandauli - baba keenaram's birthplace will become tourist spot|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/cm-yogi-said-in-chandauli-baba-keenarams-birthplace-will-become-tourist-spot/articleshow/70898298.cms|access-date=6 October 2019|work=Navbharat Times|date=29 August 2019|language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Hindu temples in Varanasi]]
* [[Nepali Mandir]]
* [[Tulsi Manas Mandir]]
* [[Bharat Mata Mandir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://aghorpeeth.org/ Official website]
* [https://aghoristories.com/aghor/detailed-biography-of-kinaram-baba/ Biography of Baba Keenaram]

{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}
{{Temples in Varanasi}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Varanasi]]

Vakrangee Limited

2025-10-02T07:38:50Z

Vikiutq: Started initial details more to come

{{Short description|Indian technology company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vakrangee Limited
| logo = Vakrangee Limited Logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|511431}}|{{NSE|VAKRANGEE}}}}
| ISIN = INE051B01021
| industry = [[ITES]]
| founder = [[Dinesh Nandwana]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Company Annual report 2016-2017 |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=Vakrangee ltd. |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.vakrangee.in/pdf/annual-general-meetings/2016-2017/Vakrangee%20AR%202016-17.pdf |accessdate=8 June 2018 |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328222916/http://www.vakrangee.in/pdf/annual-general-meetings/2016-2017/Vakrangee%20AR%202016-17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|[[Dinesh Nandwana]] {{Small|(Managing Director & CEO)}}|Nishikant Hayatnagarkar {{Small|(Whole Time Director)}}}}
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[e-governance]]|Vakrangee Kendra|Vakrangee ATM}}
| revenue = {{INRConvert|40|b}} (2017)<ref name=AR1617>{{cite web|url= http://www.vakrangee.in/pdf/annual-general-meetings/2016-2017/Vakrangee%20AR%202016-17.pdf|title= Annual Report 2016-17|publisher= Vakrangee Ltd|access-date= 14 October 2017|archive-date= 15 October 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044739/http://www.vakrangee.in/pdf/annual-general-meetings/2016-2017/Vakrangee%20AR%202016-17.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{INRConvert|9.5|b}} (2017)<ref name=AR1617/>
| net_income = {{INRConvert|3.5|b}} (2017)<ref name=AR1617/>
| assets = {{INRConvert|22.7|b}} (2017)<ref name=AR1617/>
| equity = {{INRConvert|20.6|b}} (2017)<ref name=AR1617/>
| num_employees = 1,706 (2017)<ref name=AR1617/>
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1990|05|28}}<ref name=AR1617/>
| location = Vakrangee House, Plot No. 66, Marol Co-Op. Industrial Estate, Off. M. V. Road, Andheri (E), Mumbai – 400 059<ref name=AR1617/>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.vakrangee.in}}
}}

'''Vakrangee Limited''' is a technology company based in [[Mumbai]], [[India]] that provides banking, insurance, e-governance, e-commerce, and logistics services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vakrangee.in/ |title=Vakrangee Limited |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903111121/https://vakrangee.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Vakrangee Softwares Ltd">{{cite web |url=http://quotes.wsj.com/IN/511431/company-people |title=Vakrangee Softwares Ltd. |website= wsj.com |publisher= The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> The company is one of the main providers of the software and equipment for [[Indian Election Commission|voter ID]] cards and [[Aadhaar]] cards.<ref name="Vakrangee Ltd. – Company History">{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/company/vakrangee-3546/information/company-history |title=Vakrangee Ltd. – Company History |website= business-standard.com |publisher= Business Standard |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref>

According to Forbes, the company is the largest single systems integrator for all key government projects in India.<ref name="Vakrangee">{{cite web |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/companyprofile2017/vakrangee/1645/91 |title=Vakrangee |website= forbesindia.com |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> As of June 2018, its largest owners included the promoter's family, the government of [[Singapore]], Wellington Trust Company, [[Life Insurance Corporation]] and Jagdishchander Bansal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholder pattern (31 March 2018) |url=http://www.vakrangee.in/data/annual_quarterly_results/Shareholding%20Pattern%20Q4.pdf |website=Company official website |publisher=Vakrangee |accessdate=8 June 2018 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619053215/http://www.vakrangee.in/data/annual_quarterly_results/Shareholding%20Pattern%20Q4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Vakrangee limited was founded in [[Marol]] Naka, Mumbai, 1990 by [[Dinesh Nandwana]], a Chartered Accountant (CA).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/super-50-companies-2017/1645/all |title= Super 50 Companies 2017 |date= 5 October 2017 |website= forbesindia.com |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> Though the company commenced its operations as a technology consultancy, it gradually expanded its operations, first by making voter identity cards in 1993, and subsequently as a franchisee for making Aadhaar UID cards in 2010. In July 2017, [[Forbes India]] included the company in its "Super 50" list of companies 2017 as it had a market capitalization of more than {{INRConvert|240|b}}.<ref name="Vakrangee"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.vakrangee.in/data/annual_quarterly_results/Q1%20%20FY2017-18%20-%20Results%20Update%20%20Investor%20Presentation.pdf |title= Q1FY2017-18 Results Update & Investor Presentation |date= 30 June 2017 |website= vakrangee.in |publisher= Vakrangee Ltd. |accessdate= 14 October 2017 |archive-date= 15 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044700/http://www.vakrangee.in/data/annual_quarterly_results/Q1%20%20FY2017-18%20-%20Results%20Update%20%20Investor%20Presentation.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Operations==
Vakrangee operates a franchisee network of more than 37,000 centers known as "Vakrangee Kendras" in 16 states of India. These centers undertake a mix of tasks, from voter ids, aadhaar registration, as well as white label ATMs ([[Automated teller machine|ATM]] machines used by different banks).<ref name="Vakrangee Ltd">{{cite web |url= https://in.finance.yahoo.com/quote/VAKRANGEE.NS/profile |title=Vakrangee Ltd. |website= in.finance.yahoo.com |publisher= Yahoo Inc. |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> Most of its centers act as "last-mile retail points of sale" and are located in the rural, semi-urban and urban areas that do not have access to technology and often electricity.<ref name="Vakrangee"/>

Vakrangee also operates e-Governance projects with the Government of India.<ref name="Vakrangee Ltd"/><ref name="Vakrangee Softwares Ltd"/><ref name="Vakrangee Ltd. – Company History"/>

===Vakrangee Kendras===
As of December 2017, the company operated 44,286 Vakrangee Kendras through a franchisee-based model. Each outlet provides a range of services related to the [[government of India]] under various [[e-governance]] initiatives of the government. These include disbursement of money under [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] scheme, pension and basic banking under [[National Pension System]] and [[Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana]], processing of passports, microinsurance under [[Atal Pension Yojana]], [[Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana]] and [[Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana]], tax and cess collection,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/2017/04/18/vakrangee-jumps-on-plan-to-provide-gst-related-services |title= Vakrangee Jumps On Plan To Provide GST-Related Services |website= bloombergquint.com |publisher= Bloomberg L.P | date= 18 April 2017 |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> enrollment and issuance of [[Aadhaar]] card, [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|NREGA]] Job card, [[Voter ID (India)|Election card]], [[Indian passport|Passport]], birth, death, domicile and land record certificates among other services.<ref name="Vakrangee Ltd"/>

Vakrangee Kendras also provides various other services like banking by acting as banking correspondent for many scheduled commercial banks and insurance as a corporate agent to some insurance companies, utility bill, mobile & DTH payments,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://corporateethos.com/tech-terrain/vankrangee-indusind-bank-tie-up-for-bill-payments-services/ |title=Vakrangee, IndusInd Bank Tie Up for Bill Payments Services |website= corporateethos.com |publisher= Corporate Ethos |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> ticketing & logistics, e-learning & certifications, and e-commerce through [[Amazon (company)#Website|Amazon.in]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/pressrelease/prnw/48640/26-000-vakrangee-kendras-ease-demonetisation-pressure-push-g.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015095047/https://www.telegraphindia.com/pressrelease/prnw/48640/26-000-vakrangee-kendras-ease-demonetisation-pressure-push-g.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2017 |title=26,000 Vakrangee Kendras Ease Demonetisation Pressure, Push Government's Digital Initiative |date= 27 December 2016 |website= telegraphindia.com |publisher= The Telegraph |accessdate=14 Oct 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20377827 |title=Company Overview of Vakrangee Limited |website= bloomberg.com |publisher= Bloomberg L.P |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/vakrangee-gains-on-strategic-tie-up-with-indian-oil-corporation-116030200158_1.html |title=Vakrangee gains on strategic tie-up with Indian Oil Corporation |website= business-standard.com |date=2 March 2016 |publisher= Business Standard |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Amazon%E2%80%99s-offline-thrust-to-online-sales/article14435748.ece#! |title=Amazon's offline thrust to online sales |newspaper= The Hindu |date=21 June 2016 |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> The company, licensed by the Reserve Bank of India, operates a network of white labeled Vakrangee ATM centers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/vakrangee-gets-whitelabel-atm-licence/article5617522.ece |title=Vakrangee gets white-label ATM licence |website= thehindubusinessline.com |publisher= The Hindu Business Line| date= 25 January 2014 |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/money/banking/rbi-appoints-3-nbfcs-for-setting-up-of-white-label-atms/story/206604.html |title= RBI appoints 3 NBFCs for setting up of white label ATMs |website= businesstoday.in |publisher= The India Today Group| date= 27 May 2014 |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref>

===e-Governance Projects===
Under this segment, Vakrangee delivers IT and IT enabled services to the Government of India, various state governments, and the Government of [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Investor presentation (2018) |url=http://www.vakrangee.in/data/annual_quarterly_results/Q3%20%209M%20FY2017-18%20Results%20Update%20Presentation.pdf |website=Vakrangee official website |publisher=Vakrangee |accessdate=8 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142943/http://www.vakrangee.in/data/annual_quarterly_results/Q3%20%209M%20FY2017-18%20Results%20Update%20Presentation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> These projects include collection services, recruitment application processing for government-related services, grievance management services, land records digitization, electoral rolls, among others<ref name="Vakrangee Ltd. – Company History"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Heubach Colorants India

2025-08-25T16:28:49Z

Vikiutq:

{{Short description|Indian chemical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Heubach Colorants India Limited
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|506390}} {{NSE|HEUBACHIND}}
| logo =
| foundation = 1956
| founder =
| location_city = [[Navi Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| area_served =
| key_people =
| num_employees =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| industry = [[Speciality chemicals]]
| subsid =
| parent = Heubach Group
| products = [[Pigments]], [[Textile]] [[Chemicals]] & [[Leather]] [[Chemicals]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/clariant-chemicals-(india)-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13874.cms |title=CLARICHEM History | Clariant Chemicals (India) Ltd Company History & Profile |publisher=Economic Times |date= |accessdate=2010-12-23}}</ref>
| former_names = {{ubl|Colour-Chem Ltd (1956–2006)|Clariant Chemicals India Ltd (2006–2022)}}
| homepage =
}}
'''Heubach Colorants India Ltd''', formerly known as '''Clariant Chemicals India Ltd''', is an Indian [[specialty chemicals]] manufacturing company, headquartered in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref name="mct">{{cite news |title=Heubach Colorants India Ltd. |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/clariantchemicalsindia/history/cci08 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> It is engaged in the manufacture of specialty chemicals for domestic and industrial use. It manufactures and markets pigments, pigment preparations and dyes for textiles, leather, paints, plastic, printing, personal care and agrochemicals sectors in India and international markets.<ref name="bst">{{cite news |title=Heubach Colorants India Ltd. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/heubach-colorants-india-ltd-share-price-119.html |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

==History==
In 1956, the company was incorporated as Colour-Chem Ltd with technical and financial collaboration from [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]] and [[Bayer AG|Bayer]]. It was founded by three Indian business groups: the Ruias, the Khataus, and Ghias.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hdfcsec.com/Market/Information.aspx?CoCode=119&RptType=History |title=CLARIANT CHEMICALS (INDIA) LTD |publisher=HDFC Securities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711154534/http://www.hdfcsec.com/Market/Information.aspx?CoCode=119&RptType=History |archive-date=2011-07-11 |accessdate=2010-12-23}}</ref><ref name="mct"/>

In 1997, Hoechst's specialty chemicals division merged with [[Clariant]], as a result of which Hoechst's 50.1% [[controlling stake]] in Colour-Chem Ltd was transferred to Clariant.<ref name="bst"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Clariant India, Colour-Chem Call Off Merger |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/clariant-india-colour-chem-call-off-merger-197071001092_1.html |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Clariant increased its stake in the company to 70.1% following an [[Tender offer|open offer]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clariant arm makes open offer for Colour Chem |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2003/apr/07colour.htm |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> In 2005, Clariant announced the merger of four group companies into Colour-Chem Ltd, and Colour-Chem Ltd was renamed as Clariant Chemicals India Ltd in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clariant to merge all grp companies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/clariant-to-merge-all-grp-companies/articleshow/1330238.cms |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Clariant sets swap ratio for quartet |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/clariant-sets-swap-ratio-for-quartet/cid/852536 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=The Telegraph India}}</ref><ref name="mct"/>

In 2022, Clariant Chemicals India Ltd was renamed to Heubach Colorants India Ltd, after Clariant sold its pigments business to Heubach Group and SK Capital Partners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clariant Chemicals India to change name to Heubach Colorants India |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/news/markets/clariant-chemicals-india-to-change-name-to-heubach-colorants-india |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=India Infoline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Clariant Sells Pigments Unit to Heubach, SK Capital Partners |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-14/clariant-sells-pigments-unit-to-heubach-sk-capital-partners |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref>

In October 2024, Sudarshan Chemical Industries announced the acquisition of Heubach Group for €127.5 million in an asset and share transaction, months after the latter filed for insolvency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Rajesh |title=Sudarshan Chemical Industries acquires Germany-based world’s second biggest pigment company Heubach Group |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sudarshan-chemical-industries-acquires-germany-based-worlds-second-biggest-pigment-company-heubach-group/articleshow/114150091.cms |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 October 2024}}</ref> The acquisition was completed in March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudarshan Chemical Completes Acquisition Of Heubach Group |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/sudarshan-chemical-completes-acquisition-of-heubach-group-549720 |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1956]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:2025 mergers and acquisitions]]

Buddhajñānapāda

2025-07-05T20:52:38Z

Vikiutq: starting first entry w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist monk}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Buddhajñānapāda
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image =
|caption =
|alias =
|dharma name =
|birth_date = {{circa|770 CE}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{circa|820 CE}}
|death_place =
|nationality =
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|school = {{plainlist|
* [[Vajrayana]]
}}
|lineage =
|title =
|location =
|education = {{plainlist|
* [[Vikramashila]]
* [[Nalanda]]
}}
|teacher = [[Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)|Haribhadra]]
|reincarnation of =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|students =
|spouse =
|children =
}}
'''Buddhajñānapāda''' (also known as '''Buddhaśrījñāna''', '''Jñānapāda''' and '''Śrījñānapāda''') (c. 770–820 CE) was an [[History of Buddhism in India|Indian Buddhist]] monk and scholar. He is associated with the transmission of the [[Guhyasamāja Tantra]] of the [[Vajrayana]] school of [[Buddhism]].

He is notable for being the first abbot of the [[mahavihara]] of [[Vikramashila]] which is now situated in the modern-day state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald |title=Vikramaśīla |journal=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2014 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-4826?rskey=wLU4Fm&result=2}}</ref> He was probably a guru working in the court of the [[Pala Empire]] prior to this and was a disciple of [[Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)|Haribhadra]] who was the preceptor of [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]]. His writings survive in both their original [[Sanskrit]] as well as in later [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]] translations.<ref name="BrillEncy">{{cite journal |title=Jñānapāda |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online |doi=10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_2037 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_2037|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Life==
[[File:Vikramshilauniv.jpg|thumb|The main stupa at [[Vikramashila]] monastery]]
Sources on Buddhajñānapāda come from his own treatise, entitled the Mukhāgama and also from the subsequent commentaries that followed this, some by his disciples. This work now only survives in its [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] translation which has therefore left some uncertainty regarding place names.<ref name= "BrillEncy" />

Buddhajñānapāda doesn't provide any information on his place of birth or ancestry. Instead, his biography begins at the still-unidentified monastery of Trikaṭuka where he studied with his teacher, [[Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)|Haribhadra]]. Later he travelled to and taught at [[Nalanda mahavihara]]. At Nalanda, a [[Bhikkhunī|bhikkhuni]] of noble ancestry called Guṇamitrā requested him to compose some works for her. These works likely relate to the [[Prajñāpāramitā]] as the colophon of these works on this topic mentions her name.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Ronald |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement |date=2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120819917 |pages=309–312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&dq=Buddhaj%C3%B1%C4%81nap%C4%81da&pg=PA311}}</ref>
Following his stay at Nalanda, he then travelled to the region of [[Oddiyana]] where he received teachings from a monk called ''Vilāsavajra''. Hagiographic sources then identify that his next teacher was the goddess [[Lakshmi]] who instructed him for a period of eight months at a locality that has been identified as possibly the [[Wakhan corridor]]. At the time, the Wakhan region was under the occupation of the [[Tibetan Empire]].<ref name= "BrillEncy" />
After wandering at other locations in the north, he later travelled to the [[Konkan]] region in [[Western India]] where he spent nine years being instructed by a guru called ''Pālitapāda'' with whom he learnt the [[Guhyasamāja Tantra]]. However, he did not find what he learnt fulfilling enough so his next destination was the vicinity of [[Bodh Gaya]] where he stayed at [[Konch (community development block)|Konch]]. Here he studied intensively for six months for the purpose of writing the ''Mukhāgama''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szántó |first1=Péter-Dániel |title=Early Works and Persons Related to the So-called Jñānapāda School |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |date=2015 |volume=36/37 |pages=537–562 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15092963}}</ref> He also spent time around [[Rajgir]] where he composed further works and taught students. He also spent time around [[Rajgir]] where he composed further works and taught students. As per Buddhajñānapāda himself, he had eighteen students in his retinue at this time.<ref name= "BrillEncy" />
[[File:Guhyasamaja.jpg|thumb|Statue of Guhyasamaja in union with consort, [[Capital Museum]]]]
Buddhajñānapāda is silent at this point about his career however Tibetan sources confirm that following this, he took part in the consecration of [[Vikramashila]] and took on the role of head monk/abbot. The eleventh-century monk, Atiśa who also studied at Vikramashila during a later period writes that Buddhajñānapāda organised large rituals to honour King [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]] and bestowed tantric initiations on Dharamapala's son; [[Devapala of Bengal|Devapala]] for which he was given treasures in return.<ref name= "BrillEncy" />
==Works==
The [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]] canon lists fifteen texts that have been written by Buddhajñānapāda however some of these attributions are questionable. These works include:<ref name= "BrillEncy" />

*''Saṃcayagāthāpañjikā''
*''Mahāyānalakṣaṇasamuccaya''
*''Prajñāpradīpāvalī''
*''Mukhāgama''
*''Catuṣpīṭhatantra''
*''Samantabhadrasādhana''
*''Ātmasādhanāvatāra''
*''Muktitilaka''

There are other works other than the above attributed to Buddhajñānapāda however these are smaller in scope or found to be incomplete. Buddhajñānapāda's style of writing has been described as "terse and elegant" and his rhetorical skill was noted by his contemporaries and emulated by his spiritual descendants. Buddhajñānapāda also made references to non-Buddhist religions indicating that he lived at a time when there was a lot of intellectual interaction between different religions within India. There is still an ongoing debate as to whether he fell within the [[Yogachara]] or [[Madhyamaka]] schools of thought.<ref name= "BrillEncy" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalton |first1=Jacob |title=Conjuring the Buddha: Ritual Manuals in Early Tantric Buddhism |date=2023 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231556187 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GBpEAAAQBAJ&dq=Buddhaj%C3%B1%C4%81nap%C4%81da&pg=PT179}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Monks of Vikramashila]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:7th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monks]]

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Srinivas Alias Bapusaheb Balajirao Gorthekar Deshmukh

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Ananda Gotrikas

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Gadhra

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gadhra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7418|N|86.2436|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purbi Singhbhum district|Purbi Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.48
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18,801
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 831002
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 81.63%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gadhra''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block|Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district|Purbi Singhbhum district]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=400| height=350| zoom=11

| coord={{coord|22|49|30|N|86|13|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration''' M: municipality, OG: outgrowth, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly For East Singhbhum district location map see [[Ghatshila#Geography|Ghatshila]] or [[Musabani#Geography|Musabani]] page

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|45|35|N|86|11|43|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbera | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbera Colony]] (CT) ||label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|36|N|86|15|13|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Chhota Gobindpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Chhota Gobindpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|44|30|N|86|14|37|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Gadhra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=Gadhra (CT) |shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|46|44|N|86|16|43|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Ghorabandha| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Ghorabandha]] (CT) |shape-color4= #A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|45|10|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Haludbani| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Haludbani]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|46|N|86|11|34|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Purihasa| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Purihasa]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|0|N|86|13|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Sarjamda| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Sarjamda]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chota Gamahria | numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor8= #A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Kopali | numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Kopali]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|46|9|N|86|11|43|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Tata Nagar Railway Colony| numbered10=OG| mark-title10=[[Tata Nagar Railway Colony]] (OG) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|46|10|N|86|10|49|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Jugsalai| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jugsalai]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|49|39|N|86|12|59|E}} | label-pos12= top|label12=Mango| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Mango (Jamshedpur)]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Adityapur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color13=#800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Jamshedpur| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|15|N|86|16|0|E}} |label15= Subarnarekha |labela15= River |label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 15| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|45|5|N|86|6|0|E}} |label16= Kharkhai |labela16= River |label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16= -15| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Dalma |labela17= Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary | numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|15|0|E}}| label18= Dimna Lake | label-color18 = #77A1CB | label-angle18= 15| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|15|0|E}}| label19= Dalma Hills | label-color19 = #C42222 | label-angle19= 0| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none}}

===Location===
Gadhra is located at {{coord|22.7418|N|86.2436|E|display=inline}}.

===Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration===
With its recognition as an industrial town as early as the 1911 census, Jamshedpur was set on the road of steady population growth, as large number of emigrants flocked in for work opportunities. While in the earlier decades the central nucleus grew, in the later decades towns around Jamshedpur grew rapidly. In 2011, Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration included 13 urban centres, with a total population of 1.3 million people. However, in more recent years, Jamshedpur UA “has lacked the growth and development observed around other similar industrial towns in western and southern India.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ahgis/files/3m/5-3.pdf |title = Growth of Industrial Cities in India: A Case Study of Jamshedpur | work= Amaresh Dubey|publisher= The Third Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives, 5 June 2015 | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gadhra had a total population of 18,801, of which 9,837 (52%) were males and 8,964 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 2,550. The total number of literate persons in Gadhra was 13,266 (81.63% of the population over 6 years).
<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 363456, Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 15 December 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block#Language and religion]])

Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration includes: [[Jamshedpur]] (Industrial Town), [[Jamshedpur]] (NAC), [[Tata Nagar Railway Colony]] (OG), [[Mango (Jamshedpur)|Mango]] (NAC), [[Jugsalai]] (M), [[Bagbera Colony|Bagbera]] (CT), [[Chhota Gobindpur]] (CT), [[Haludbani]] (CT), [[Sarjamda]] (CT), Gadhra (CT), [[Ghorabandha]] (CT), [[Purihasa]] (CT), [[Adityapur]] (M Corp.), [[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) and [[Kopali|Kapali]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of Urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 15 December 2021 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=11 January 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Gadhra had a population of 15,742. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gadhra has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 55%. In Gadhra, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Purbi Singhbhum'', Gadhra covered an area of {{cvt|4.48|km2}}. It has an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1,030.2 |mm}}. Among the civic amenities, it had {{cvt|14|km|}} of roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, uncovered well. It had 3,228 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had 2 hospitals, 2 dispensaries, 2 health centres, 18 family welfare centres, 18 maternity and child welfare centres, 16 maternity homes, 3 nursing homes, 4 veterinary hospitals, 5 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 7 primary schools, 4 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at Karandih, {{cvt|7|km}} away. Two important commodities it produced were cement, iron. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 private commercial bank, 1 cooperative bank, 12 non-agricultural credit soc1eties.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 863-871 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 14 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jamshedpur]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}