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Talismanic shirt

2026-05-08T15:35:23Z

Vikipft: created bio

{{Short description|Shirt functioning as a talisman in Islamic culture}}
[[File:Imperial Dress Inside of Topkapi palace Museum 06.JPG|thumbnail|A talismanic shirt in the collection of the [[Topkapı Palace]]|233x233px]]
[[File:Talismanic Shirt MET ISL108.jpg|thumb|15th–early 16th century talismanic shirt in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. Attributed to [[North India]] or the [[Deccan]]. Cotton, ink, gold; plain weave, painted|229x229px]]
[[File:New York Public Library, Spencer Collection Turk. MS. 3 Siyar-i Nabî fol. 214r Ka'b al-Ahbar watches Islamic declaration of faith appear miraculously on Yahya's robe twice.jpg|thumb|Islamic miniature depicting [[Ka'b al-Ahbar]] watching the [[Shahada|Islamic declaration of faith]] appear miraculously on [[John the Baptist in Islam|Yahya]]'s talismanic shirt after being cut out once|263x263px]]
[[File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage txt-0471-front.jpg|thumb|right|Talismanic shirt depicting the holy sanctuaries of Mecca and Medina, 16th or early 17th century|231x231px]]
[[File:Щэтемыгъафэ_джан_001.jpg|thumb|232x232px|Talismanic shirt of [[Jembulat Boletoqo]]. Displayed at the [[National Museum of the Republic of Adygea]]]]
[[File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Talismanic shirt.jpg|thumb|right|Talismanic shirt inscribed with Qur'anic verses, the [[Asma ul-Husna|Asma' al-Husna]], and prayers, with views of Mecca and Medina; 17th century Turkey, [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]|211x211px]]
A '''talismanic shirt''' (or '''talisman shirt'''; {{langx|tr|tılsımlı gömlek}}; {{Langx|fa|پیراهن طلسمات|pirâhan telesmat}}) is a worn textile [[talisman]]. Talismanic shirts are found throughout the [[Muslim world]]. The shirts can be grouped to four types which differ in style and the symbols used: an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], a [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]], a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and a West African one.<ref name=vam>{{cite web|last1=Atighi Moghaddam|first1=Behnaz|title=Guest Post: A Warrior's Magic Shirt|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/research-department/guest-post-a-warriors-magic-shirt|website=Victoria and Albert Museum|accessdate=7 October 2015|language=en|date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

The earliest surviving examples were made in or near the 15th century,<ref name=vam /> though the tradition of talismanic shirts might be much older. In [[Yusuf (surah)|Surah Yusuf]] of the [[Quran]], a shirt of the prophet [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]] is described as giving him protection and even miracle-working. He hands it over so it can heal the blindness of his father [[Jacob in Islam|Jacob]]: {{Cite quran|12|93|q=Go with this my shirt, and cast it over the face of my father: he will come to see}}.

The shirts may be [[inscription|inscribed]] with verses from Quran, names of [[Allah]] and of prophets and with numbers. They may carry images or symbols, including those from [[astrology]]. The inscribed names are believed to be capable of offering protection and guidance to the carrier.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Al-Saleh|first1=Yasmine|title=Amulets and Talismans from the Islamic World|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tali/hd_tali.htm|website=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|date=November 2010}}</ref> Although talismanic shirts can be worn to protect against many evils, most of them seem to be intended as a shield in battle.<ref name="vam" />

==Some examples in collections==
* Talismanic shirt, [[Bursa]], Turkey, end of the 14th–beginning of the 15th century, [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]], Istanbul, accession number 539<ref>{{cite web|last1=Özay|first1=Alev|title=Talismanic shirt|url=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;tr;Mus01;18;en|website=Discover Islamic Art|publisher=Museum With No Frontiers|date=2015|accessdate=7 October 2015}}</ref>
* Talismanic shirt for [[Sultan Cem]], 1480, [[Topkapı Palace Museum]], Istanbul. It was produced when Cem was still [[Şehzade]]. Unusually, the beginning and end of the manufacturing of the object are inscribed.
* Talismanic shirt for Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul. It was commissioned by Suleiman's wife [[Hürrem Sultan]].<ref name=vam />
* Talismanic shirt, Northern India or Deccan, 15th–early 16th century, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York, accession number 1998.199<ref>{{cite web|title=Talismanic Shirt|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/453498|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=7 October 2015|language=en}}</ref>
* Talismanic shirt, India, 15th–16th century, [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London, accession number T.59-1935<ref name=vam />
*The [[Khalili Collections]] include four talismanic shirts. The [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]] has shirts from 17th century Turkey (TXT 545) and from 16th or 17th century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]] (TXT 471) that depict the holy sites of Mecca and Medina and are inscribed with prayers and extracts from the Quran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hajj and The Arts of Pilgrimage {{!}} Talismanic Shirt with Depictions of the Two Holy Sanctuaries|url=https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-talismanic-shirt-with-depictions-of-the-two-holy-sanctuaries-txt471/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Khalili Collections|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hajj and The Arts of Pilgrimage {{!}} Talismanic Shirt|url=https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/talismanic-shirt-txt-545/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Khalili Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> The one from Turkey is unusual in having realistic, rather than schematic, depictions of the holy sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nassar|first=Nahla|date=2021|title=Talismanic shirt|url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;uk;Mus22;28;en|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Discover Islamic Art}}</ref> The [[Khalili Collection of Islamic Art]] includes shirts from 16th century Turkey (TXT 463) and 18th/19th century India (TXT 574).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islamic Art {{!}} Talismanic shirt|url=https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/talismanic-shirt-txt-463/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Khalili Collections|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Islamic Art {{!}} Talismanic shirt on green ground|url=https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/talismanic-shirt-on-green-ground-txt-574/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Khalili Collections|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Talismanic shirt of [[Jembulat Boletoqo]], the [[Chemirgoys|Chemguy]] Grand Prince of [[Circassia]] (1827–1836). Displayed at the [[National Museum of the Republic of Adygea]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2021 |others=Translated by Beşto Yılmaz Beştepe |title=Çemguy Prensi Canbulat Bolotoko’nun Tılsımlı Gömleği |url=http://cherkessia.net/makale_detay.php?id=3969 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=cherkessia.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Емиж |first=Нафисэт |date=2013-09-24 |title=Адыги отгоняли злых духов оберегами |url=https://aheku.net/news/culture/4894 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Адыгэ Хэку |language=ru}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{anli|Ghost shirt}}
*{{anli|Cloak of Muhammad}}
*{{anli|Relics of Muhammad}}

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Anetshofer |first1=Helga |title=The Hero Dons a Talismanic Shirt for Battle: Magical Objects Aiding the Warrior in a Turkish Epic Romance |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |date=October 2018 |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=175–193 |doi=10.1086/699185}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Felek |first1=Özgen |title=Fears, Hopes, and Dreams: The Talismanic Shirts of Murād iii |journal=Arabica |date=13 September 2017 |volume=64 |issue=3-4 |pages=647–672 |doi=10.1163/15700585-12341454}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hedayat Munroe |first1=Nazanin |title=Wrapped Up: Talismanic Garments in Early Modern Islamic Culture |journal=Journal of Textile Design Research and Practice |date=2 January 2019 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=4–24 |doi=10.1080/20511787.2019.1586316}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Saarthak |editor1-last=Bağcı |editor1-first=Serpil |title=16th International Congress of Turkish Art, October 3-5, 2019, Ankara : Proceedings |date=2023 |publisher=Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Culture and Tourism |location=İstanbul |isbn=9789751757272 |pages=1085–1098 |edition=1|url=https://www.academia.edu/118793885 |chapter=A Talismanic Tunic with Images of Mecca & Medina: Pilgrimage, Place and the Body in the Mughal and Ottoman Empires}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tezcan|first1=Hülya|title=Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi koleksiyonundan tilsimli gömlekler|date=2011 |publisher=Timaş|location=Istanbul|isbn=978-6051143651|language=tr}}

== External links ==
{{commons-cat-inline|Talismanic shirts}}

[[Category:Talismans]]
[[Category:Shirts]]
[[Category:Islamic clothing]]

D. K. Ravi

2026-05-05T14:45:45Z

Vikipft: made a post

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1979–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. K. Ravi IAS
| image = DK Ravi (1979-2015).jpeg
| birth_name = Doddakoppalu Kariyappa Ravi
| birth_place = Doddakoppalu,
([[Kunigal]] taluk, [[Karnataka]], India)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1979|6|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|3|16|1979|6|10|df=yes}}
| order =
| office = Additional Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start = 29 October 2014
| term_end = 16 March 2015
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Deputy commissioner (India)|Deputy commissioner]] of [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| term_start1 = 10 August 2013
| term_end1 = 29 October 2014
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = Dr. K. V. Trilok Chandra
| alma_mater = [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|IARI]], [[New Delhi]] [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]]
| occupation = Indian Civil servant (Indian administrative service officer)
| spouse = Kusuma Hanumantharayappa
| death_cause = [[Suicide]]
| district = Kolar
}}

'''Doddakoppalu Kariyappa Ravi''' (10 June 1979 – 16 March 2015) was an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of [[Karnataka]] cadre, from the 2008 batch.<ref name=persmin>{{cite web|author= persmin|title= 'Executive Record Sheet Generator (IAS Officers)'|url= http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01KN108K03|publisher= persmin.nic.in|accessdate= 17 March 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318094213/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01KN108K03|archive-date= 18 March 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> He first came into limelight as a [[District magistrate|deputy commissioner]] of the [[Kolar district]], after launching an official crackdown against the encroachment of government lands and rampant [[Sand theft|illegal sand mining]] in the district.<ref>{{cite news |title= IAS officer Ravi found hanging in apartment |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/IAS-officer-Ravi-found-hanging-in-apartment/articleshow/46588780.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref> Following fourteen months of service, he was transferred to [[Bangalore]] by the [[government of Karnataka]] as Additional Commissioner of Commercial Taxes (Enforcement) in October 2014. After his five months' tenure as additional commissioner which involved tax raids on major tax-evading [[real estate]] firms, he was found dead at his residence in Bangalore on 16 March 2015, under suspicious circumstances.<ref name="dc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150317/nation-current-affairs/article/what-tipped-ias-officer-dk-ravi-over-edge|title=What tipped IAS officer DK Ravi over edge? | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=17 March 2015|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= IAS Officer, Who Took On The Sand Mafia, Found murder in Bengaluru |url= http://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/ias-officer-who-allegedly-received-threat-calls-from-sand-mafia-found-dead-in-bengaluru-747123 |publisher= NDTV |date= 16 March 2015|accessdate= 16 March 2015}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Ravi was born on 10 June 1979 in the Kunigal taluk, [[Tumkur district]] of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]],<ref>{{cite web|title=An upright officer, who brooked no interference from politicians|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/An-upright-officer-who-brooked-no-interference-from-politicians/articleshow/46588798.cms|work=The Times of India|date=17 March 2015|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> into an agricultural family of Kariyappa and Gowramma. He had two siblings: brother Ramesh and sister Bharathi.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bhuvaneshwari, S.|title= 'He would not have committed suicide'|url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/he-would-not-have-committed-suicide/article7001219.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 March 2015|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> He graduated from [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]] with an [[Bachelor of Science in Agriculture|undergraduate degree in agriculture]] and went to pursue his post-graduation course in [[nematology]] from [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="et1">{{cite news |title= IAS officer DK Ravi found dead in Bengaluru, police suspect suicide |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ias-officer-dk-ravi-found-dead-in-bengaluru-police-suspect-suicide/articleshow/46593113.cms |newspaper=Economic Times|date= 17 March 2015|accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref> Prior to his entry into civil service, he worked as Sub Inspector of Excise with the Karnataka state Excise Department for over a year and a half. He cleared the 2008 [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] [[Civil Services Examination (India)|Civil Services Examination]] with an all-India rank of 34.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://upsc.gov.in/exams/final-results/csm/2008/eresults.pdf | title=CIVIL SERVICES (MAIN) EXAMINATION Result, 2008| publisher=upsc.gov.in | date=5 May 2009 | accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> Opting for [[Indian Administrative Service]], he was trained at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]], [[Mussoorie]], for a probation period of two years between August 2009 to August 2011 and was allotted his home state cadre of Karnataka.<ref name=persmin/>

== Career ==
===As assistant commissioner in Gulbarga===
Ravi's first posting as a civil servant was as the [[assistant commissioner (revenue)|assistant commissioner]] in [[Gulbarga]] from August 2011 to December 2012, following which he served as the [[District magistrate|deputy commissioner]] of [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]] from August 2013 to October 2014. During this tenure, he was known for his work in ridding encroachments and exposing sand mafia in the district.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news |author= Dev, Arun |title= IAS officer DK Ravi who 'exposed tax frauds' found dead in Bengaluru |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/IAS-officer-DK-Ravi-who-exposed-tax-frauds-found-dead-in-Bengaluru/articleshow/46586702.cms|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 16 March 2015|accessdate= 16 March 2015}}</ref>

===As deputy commissioner of Kolar district===
During his stint as a Deputy commissioner of the [[Kolar district]] from August, 2013 to October, 2014, Ravi became almost a public figure due to his functioning as a pro people administrator, and launching of innovative reforms like conducting of [[Revenue]] and [[Land law#Land rights|Podi]] [[Tribunal|adalat s]], which went on to being getting recognised and implemented in other districts by the state government. He also had taken many bold steps to protect encroachment on government lands, including tanks, the main water source in the region and had ensured the checks on quality of building materials of public property like roads, during his tenure at Kolar. Subsequently, he was transferred out of this position in October, 2014, allegedly due to pressure from vested interests involved in land grabbing and illegal sand mining. His popularity among people of Kolar was evidenced when large number of people staged protests, following his transfer orders as deputy commissioner.<ref>{{cite news |author= Staff Correspondent |title= 'Kolar residents protest move to transfer DC' |url= http://thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kolar-residents-protest-move-to-transfer-dc/article6520385.ece |newspaper= The Hindu|date=21 October 2014|accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Staff Correspondent |title= 'Deputy Commissioner inspects roads, takes officers, contractors to task' |url= http://thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/deputy-commissioner-inspects-roads-takes-officers-contractors-to-task/article5637252.ece|newspaper= The Hindu|date=31 January 2014|accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref>

===As Additional Commissioner of Commercial Taxes (Enforcement)===
Ravi was posted as the Additional Commissioner of Commercial Taxes (Enforcement) by the government on 29 October 2014 in [[Bangalore]]. Following this, he prepared a list of top-50 tax defaulters and set a target of {{INRConvert|1000|c}} tax collection from the tax evading defaulters. He began raids in Bangalore and expanded to places across [[Karnataka]] raiding well-known business groups such as Embassy which include shares of state home minister, Rajesh Exports, Shubh Jewellers, RMZ Institution, Nitesh Builders, [[Prestige Group]], [[Raheja Developers]] and Mantri Developers, and had reportedly collected over {{INRConvert|138|c}} in the first two weeks.<ref>{{cite web |author= Satish, D. P. |title= DK Ravi: An IAS officer who paid with his life to end corruption |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dk-ravi-an-ias-officer-who-paid-with-his-life-to-end-corruption/534425-62-129.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150318033729/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dk-ravi-an-ias-officer-who-paid-with-his-life-to-end-corruption/534425-62-129.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 March 2015 |publisher= IBNLive |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref> Following this, he allegedly received threat calls from the defaulters.<ref>{{cite news |title= IAS officer DK Ravi, who took on sand mafia, found dead at his Bengaluru house |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150316/nation-crime/article/ias-officer-dk-ravi-who-took-sand-mafia-found-dead-his-bengaluru-house |newspaper= Deccan Chronicle |date= 16 March 2015 |access-date= 16 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Mondal, Sudipto |title= IAS officer who took on sand mafia found dead in Bengaluru residence |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ias-officer-who-took-on-sand-mafia-found-dead-in-bengaluru/article1-1327089.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150317102424/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ias-officer-who-took-on-sand-mafia-found-dead-in-bengaluru/article1-1327089.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 17 March 2015 |newspaper= Hindustan Times |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref>

==Death==
On 16 March 2015, Ravi was found hanging at his residence in [[Koramangala]], Bangalore. He had gone to office from [[Nagarbhavi]], Bangalore (the house of his in-laws), on Monday morning. He returned to his apartment at St John's Woods near Koramangala by 11.30 a.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). His family found him hanging by the ceiling fan in his bedroom of their apartment at 6:30 p.m. (IST), when they rushed home after he didn't answer the phone calls and no return phone calls made during the day.<ref name="et1"/> Following the news reaching the Bangalore police, [[police commissioner]] M. N. Reddi said that forensic and medical evidence hinted the death was prima facie a case of suicide.<ref>{{cite news |title= 'IAS officer DK Ravi's death prima facie a suicide case': Reddi |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ias-officer-dk-ravi-s-death-prima-facie-a-suicide-case-reddi-115031700317_1.html |newspaper= Business Standard |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref> An [[autopsy]] on his body was conducted on the morning of 17 March at [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] in Bangalore, following which it was shifted to his in-laws' house in Nagarbhavi.<ref>{{cite news |author= Bharadwaj, Aditya K. V. |title= D.K. Ravi's body reaches home after autopsy |url= http://thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/dk-ravis-body-reaches-home-after-autopsy/article7002922.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref> His last rites were performed on 18 March in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |author= Kundapura, Vishwa |title= Fan takes Kolar soil for D.K. Ravi's last rites |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/fan-takes-kolar-soil-for-dk-ravis-last-rites/article7006739.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 18 March 2015 |accessdate= 27 March 2015}}</ref> The eleventh-day ritual, in accordance to customs of [[Hinduism]], was held in his hometown Doddakoppalu, with his nephew performing the rituals.<ref>{{cite news |author= Bhuvaneshwari S. |title= D.K. Ravi's 'Vaikunta Samaradhane' held in Tumakuru |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dk-ravis-vaikunta-samaradhane-held-in-tumakuru/article7040159.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 27 March 2015 |accessdate= 27 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
Ravi's death infuriated people and the civil society alike who took to the streets on March 17 across parts of [[Karnataka]] such as [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] and [[Gulbarga]], where he served as an Assistant Commissioner.<ref name="et1"/> Towns in [[Kolar district]] observed total [[bandh]] with shops, commercial establishments, schools and colleges staying closed during the day, with state-run and private buses, auto rickshaws and other vehicles not operating. The protest was joined by lawyers, students and workers of various political parties and organizations.<ref name=toi9/><ref>{{cite web |title= Massive Protests, Call For CBI Probe After 36-Year-Old IAS Officer is Found Dead in Bengaluru |url= http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/protests-over-ias-officers-death-in-kolar-call-for-cbi-probe-747255|publisher=NDTV|date= 17 March 2015|accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Bhuvaneshwari, S. |title= Tearful Kunigal shuts down for its son D.K. Ravi |url= http://thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tearful-kunigal-shuts-down-for-its-son-dk-ravi/article7003207.ece|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref> Crowds in Bangalore gathered in protest demanding an independent probe into the case and outside his residence to pay tributes to him.<ref name=toi9>{{cite news |title= Bandh, massive protest in Karnataka after IAS officer D K Ravi who 'exposed tax frauds' found dead|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bandh-massive-protest-in-Karnataka-after-IAS-officer-D-K-Ravi-who-exposed-tax-frauds-found-dead/articleshow/46593135.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref> This was also followed by outpouring of anger and grief by people in various [[social media]] platforms like [[Facebook]], [[Quora]] and [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web |title= 'Be the Agent of Change,' Said DK Ravi, 36, IAS Officer Found Dead in Bengaluru |url= http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ias-dk-ravi-profile-747387 |publisher= NDTV |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Upadhyaya, Prakash |title= IAS Officer DK Ravi Dead: Twitterati Mourns his Death, Remembers him as an Agent of Change |url= http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dk-ravi-dead-twitterati-mourns-his-death-remembers-him-agent-change-626437 |publisher= IBTimes |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 17 March 2015}}</ref>

On March 17, opposition parties in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] demanded from the government an investigation by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), but were refused. They went on to protest the government by launching in assembly, the overnight sit in.<ref>{{cite news |title= BJP, JD(S) stage night-long 'dharna' demanding CBI probe into Ravi's death |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjp-jds-stage-nightlong-dharna-demanding-cbi-probe-into-ravis-death/article7003700.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate= 18 March 2015}}</ref> The government, however, announced a [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Investigation Department]] (CID) investigation the same day. But some critics and members of the public opposed to the investigation by the CID, a police agency under the control of state government, which might risk the investigation's impartiality, efficiency and thoroughness.<ref>{{cite news |title= Govt announces CID probe into IAS officer's death |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/466145/govt-announces-cid-probe-ias.html|newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 17 March 2015 |accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> During initial investigations, the police made references to 44 phone calls made by Ravi to a female [[Indian Administrative Services]] batchmate, within an hour, on 16 March, the day he died.<ref>{{cite magazine | title =Bangalore IAS officer made 44 calls to female batchmate in an hour | quote = The IAS officer, considered to be an honest and upright administrator, also reportedly sent text messages to the batchmate prior to his death. Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah had also talked about the 44 calls made to a woman IAS officer in his interaction with reporters after the death.| magazine = India Today | date =20 March 2015 | url =https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangalore-ias-officer-dk-ravikumar-female-batchmate-cid-245089-2015-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =IAS officer called batchmate 44 times on day he died: Police| quote =On the day he committed suicide, 36-year-old IAS officer D K Ravi, whose death has triggered widespread protests and demands for a CBI probe, called a 2009 IAS batchmate as many as 44 times in the span of an hour, investigation of his call detail records by the police has revealed. The woman IAS officer, who has known Ravi since their IAS training days, has been approached by the police as part of the probe. This interaction between Ravi and the woman IAS officer, who is married and posted in southern Karnataka, and their final conversations are a central part of the probe by the Criminal Investigation Department of the Karnataka police| newspaper =The Indian express| date =20 March 2015| url =http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ias-officer-called-woman-batchmate-44-times-day-he-died-probe-on-police/| archive-date =20 March 2015| access-date =20 March 2015| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150320211602/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ias-officer-called-woman-batchmate-44-times-day-he-died-probe-on-police/| url-status =dead}}</ref> However, subsequent [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Investigation denied this, while revealing that he had called her only once, not 44 times.<ref>{{cite news|title=DK Ravi Murder case: CBI says officer called his woman IAS batch mate only once and not 44 times|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/dk-ravi-murder-case-cbi-says-officer-called-his-woman-ias-batch-mate-only-once-and-not-44-times/|accessdate=21 May 2015|agency=ANI|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=21 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Karnataka High Court]] restrained the government from publishing any interim report of the CID.<ref>{{cite news | author =PTI | title =CBI probe ordered into death of upright IAS officer D K Ravi | quote =Initially rejecting calls for a CBI probe, the government had said that a CID inquiry would do and had planned to table an interim report of Criminal Investigation Department in the Assembly. But its plans did not materialise as the Karnataka High Court last evening restrained the state government from publishing any interim report of CID into the “unnatural death” of Ravi. | newspaper =The Financial Express | date = 23 March 2015 | url =http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/cbi-probe-ordered-into-death-of-upright-ias-officer-d-k-ravi/56507/ |accessdate= 23 March 2015 }}</ref> Yielding to pressure from protests carried out by people across Karnataka and parts of India, and by the opposition parties in the assembly, the state government agreed to hand over the case to the CBI on 23 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title= IAS officer DK Ravi's death: Karnataka CM bows to pressure, says yes to CBI probe |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ias-officer-dk-ravi-death-karnataka-govt-orders-cbi-probe/article1-1329492.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150323101441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ias-officer-dk-ravi-death-karnataka-govt-orders-cbi-probe/article1-1329492.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 23 March 2015 |newspaper= Hindustan Times |date= 23 March 2015 |accessdate= 23 March 2015}}</ref>

In April 2015, the [[Government of India|union government]] ordered a CBI probe after the Karnataka government sent a fresh notification without any time limit for the probe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre nod to CBI probe in DK Ravi's death case|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/centre-nod-to-cbi-probe-in-dk-ravis-death-case.html|publisher=dailypioneer.com|date=14 April 2015}}</ref> In its report submitted to the Assistant Commissioner, Bengaluru South Sub-Division and Sub-Divisional Magistrate in November 2016, the CBI concluded that Ravi committed "suicide due to personal reasons". On 26 November, it was communicated to the government by the Magistrate to close the case under section 176 of [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gowhar|first1=Imran|title=D.K. Ravi committed suicide, concludes CBI|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/D.K.-Ravi-committed-suicide-concludes-CBI/article16699169.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=14 March 2017|date=25 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IAS officer D K Ravi committed suicide: Karnataka government|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ias-officer-d-k-ravi-committed-suicide-karnataka-government-4408555/|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=14 March 2017|date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The 2019 film [[Chambal (film)|''Chambal'']] was Closely based on the life of D. K. Ravi. 2021 Telugu movie [[Republic (film)|''Republic'']] was inspired by him.

== See also ==
* [[Land grabbing]]
* [[VV Mineral|Sand mining in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150318094213/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01KN108K03 Biodata of D. K. Ravikumar]

{{DEFAULTSORT:RAVI, DK}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Illegal mining in India]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:2015 suicides]]

Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao

2026-04-29T19:57:50Z

Vikipft: created bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]] NCP (SP)<ref name="ThePrint">{{Cite news
|title = Former BJP MLA from Latur Sudhakar Bhalerao joins NCP (SP)
|url = https://theprint.in/india/former-bjp-mla-from-latur-sudhakar-bhalerao-joins-ncp-sp/2170370/
|work = The Print
|date =
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref> (2024{{endash}}present)
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2009{{endash}}2024)<ref name="MidDay">{{Cite news
|title = Maharashtra: Former BJP MLA from Latur Sudhakar Bhalerao joins NCP (SP)
|url = https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/maharashtra-former-bjp-mla-from-latur-sudhakar-bhalerao-joins-ncp-sp-23362894
|newspaper = Mid-Day
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref>
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = Chandrashekhar Bhosale
| successor = [[Sanjay Bansode]]
}}
'''Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao''',<ref name="Affidavit">{{Cite web
|title = Affidavit of Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao
|url = https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/ECI/Affidavits/S13/SE/237/SUDHAKAR%20SANGRAM%20BHALERAO/SUDHAKAR%20SANGRAM%20BHALERAO.htm
|website = Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref> also known as '''Sudhakar Bhalerao''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician who served as Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir constituency]] elected in 2009<ref name="LatestLY">{{Cite web
|title = Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao - Winner 2009 Maharashtra Election: Udgir Assembly Constituency
|url = https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/2009/udgir/sudhakar-sangram-bhalerao/
|website = LatestLY
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref> and 2014.<ref name="LatestLY2014">{{Cite web
|title = Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao - Winner 2014 Maharashtra Assembly Election: Udgir Assembly Constituency
|url = https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/2014/udgir/sudhakar-sangram-bhalerao/
|website = LatestLY
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref> He contested in 2024 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] Election.<ref name="IndiaTV">{{Cite web
|title = Maharashtra Election: Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao - Candidate Profile Udgir Assembly Constituency
|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/udgir-constituency/candidate-list/sudhakar-sangram-bhalerao
|website = India TV News
|date =
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref> He lost election<ref name="News18">{{Cite web
|title = Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao - Maharashtra Assembly Election Candidate Profile 2024
|url = https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/maharashtra/sudhakar-sangram-bhalerao-s13aed2008a237e2024c002/
|website = News18
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref> against [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party SP]] Candidate with the Margin of 93,214 votes, Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao gained 58,824 votes.<ref name="NDTV2024">{{Cite web
|title = Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao - Maharashtra Assembly Election 2024 (Udgir) Candidate Profile
|url = https://www.ndtv.com/elections/maharashtra/assembly-election-candidates-list-2024/sudhakar-sangram-bhalerao-13237-2
|website = NDTV
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="ECIResults">{{Cite web
|title = Maharashtra Assembly Election 2024 - Candidatewise Votes for Sudhakar Sangram Bhalerao
|url = https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13237.htm
|website = Election Commission of India
|date = November 2024
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref>

==Constituency==
Udgir is a reserved constituency (Scheduled Caste) in the Latur district of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udgir Constituency - Maharashtra Assembly Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/udgir |website=The Times of India |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref> The constituency comes under Latur district of Maharashtra State.

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Party !! Constituency !! Result
|-
| 2009 || style="background: #FF9933; color:black;" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]|| style="background: #90EE90;" | Won
|-
| 2014 || style="background: #FF9933; color:black;" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]|| style="background: #90EE90;" | Won
|-
| 2024 || style="background: #0000FF; color:white;" | NCP-SP || [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]|| style="background: #FFCCCB;" | Lost<ref name="IndiaTodayResults">{{Cite web
|title = Maharashtra Assembly Election Results: Udgir (SC) Constituency
|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/maharashtra/udgir-sc-constituency-result-13237
|website = India Today
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref><ref name="TOIUdgir">{{Cite news
|title = Udgir Assembly Constituency Election Results - Maharashtra
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/udgir
|work = The Times of India
|access-date = 2025-07-14
|language = en
}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kerala Forest Department

2026-04-29T09:17:27Z

Vikipft: Stub

{{short description|Indian law enforcement agency in Kerala}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{Sources exist|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Kerala Forest
| nativenamea = {{lang|ml|കേരള വനം വകുപ്പ്}}
| logo = [[File:Logo of Kerala Forest Department.png|frameless|center|image has rationale=yes]]
| logocaption = Seal of Kerala Forest Department
| seal =
| sealcaption =
| motto = सुरक्षित भाव्यर्थम्
| mottotranslated = For Secure Future
| formed = {{start date and age|1888}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| legaljuris = [[Kerala]]
| governingbody = [[Forest|Forests and Wildlife Department]],
[[Government of Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Vazhuthacaud]], [[Kerala]]
| sworntype = Executive officer
| employees =
| budget =
| country = India
| sworn = {{collapsible list
| PCCF: 2
| Addl. PCCF: 3
| CCF: 11
| CF: 15
| DCF: 32
| ACF: 101
| Range Officers: 205
| Deputy Range Forest Officers: 158
| Section Forest Officers: 952
| Beat Forest Officers: 2,618
}}
| minister1name = [[A. K. Saseendran]]
| minister1pfo = Minister for Forests and Wild Life Protection
| chief1name = Minhaj Alam IAS<ref>https://forest.kerala.gov.in/forestapp/public/directorydetails</ref>
| chief1position = Additional Chief Secretary (Forests and Wildlife)
| chief2name = Rajesh Ravindran, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]<ref>https://forest.kerala.gov.in/forestapp/public/directorydetails</ref>
| chief2position = [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests|Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Head of The Forest Force]]
| parentagency =
| child1agency =
| child2agency =
| website = {{URL|forest.kerala.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kerala Forests''' is a department of the [[Government of Kerala]] responsible for [[forestry]] and [[wildlife management]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The department is involved with the protection and conservation of flora and fauna in their [[habitat|natural habitat]]s and conserves {{cvt|11,524.149|sqkm}} of [[forests]] forming 29.65% of the total geographic area of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-25 |title=Kerala forest dept sensitizes staff on forest 'cover' and 'area' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/forest-dept-sensitizes-staff-on-forest-cover-and-area/articleshow/98984368.cms |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Headquartered in [[Vazhuthacaud]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the department is headed by the [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]], serving as the [[Head of Forest Forces|Head of Forest Force]].The headquarters also houses the Forest Central Library which is open for public access.

==Organisational Structure==
The Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department, under the leadership of Minister [[A. K. Saseendran]] for Forests and Wildlife, is administered by the [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] to Government (Forests and Wildlife). The Principal Secretary (Forests and Wildlife) is the administrative head of the department and is assisted by Additional Secretaries, Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and Under Secretaries at the Secretariat level.

=== Forest headquarters ===
The Kerala Forest Department is headed by a [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]], designated as the [[Head of Forest Forces|Head of Forest Foreces]] (HoFF), who is assisted by several officers, including Additional Principal Chief Conserverator of Forests (APCCF), Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF), Conservator of Forests (CF), and Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF). The department has a staff strength of over 11,000 employees, including forest officers, rangers, guards, and other support staff.
The department is organized into five circles, each headed by a Chief Conservator of Forests. The circles are further divided into divisions and ranges, each headed by a Divisional Forest Officer and Range Officer, respectively.<ref name=":0" />

* Forest Management Wing: Headed by a Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF), is responsible for supervising field formations at the division and range levels and enforcing forest laws.<ref name=":0" />
* Wildlife Wing: Headed by the Chief Wildlife Warden, ensures that field functionaries work to protect various species within the State’s diverse ecosystems.
* Finance and Budget Wing
* Administration Wing: headed by an Additional PCCF, responsible for administrative matters of the department.
* Vigilance and Forest Intelligence Wing:
* [[Social forestry in India|Social forestry wing]]: The wing has 3 Circles and 14 Social Forestry Divisions.
* Eco-Development & Tribal Welfare Wing: This wing is headed by an Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Ecodevelopment & Tribal Welfare).
* Ecologically Fragile Land (EFL) Wing:
* Special Afforestation & Nodal Office Wing:
* Information Technology Wing & Human Resources Wing

===Hierarchy===
*Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & [[Head of Forest Forces|Head of Forest Force]] (PCCF & HoFF)
*Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF)
*Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (APCCF)
*Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF)
*Conservator of Forests (CF)
*Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) / Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) / Wildlife warden
*Assistant Conservator of Forests (ACF)
*Range Forest Officer (RFO)
*Deputy Range Forest Officer (DyRFO)
*Section Forest Officer (SFO)
*Beat Forest Officer (BFO)
*Forest Driver (Dvr)
==Ranks and Insignia==
The Kerala Forest Department has three categories of officers: [[Indian Forest Service]] (IFS), Kerala Forest Service (KFS), and Kerala Forest Subordinate Service.

The IFS cadre includes officers from Assistant Conservator of Forests (ACF) to Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF). These are Group A gazetted officers appointed through the [[Union Public Service Commission]]. The Kerala Forest Service (KFS) comprises Deputy Conservators of Forests (Non-IFS), Assistant Conservators of Forests (Non-IFS), and [[Forest range officer|Range Forest Officers]]. The Kerala Forest Subordinate Service includes Deputy Range Forest Officers, Section Forest Officers, Beat Forest Officers, and Forest Drivers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/forestapp/public/documents/circulars/circular0711202407:42:19.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250708090606/https://forest.kerala.gov.in/forestapp/public/documents/circulars/circular0711202407:42:19.pdf |archive-date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=forest.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

Uniform (''[[Khaki]]'') is mandatory only for field-level officers (Range Forest Officers and below); senior officers ACF and above do not have a prescribed uniform.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! No.
! Rank
! Shoulder insignia
|-
| 1
| Range Forest Officer (RFO)
| [[File:Range Forest Officer (RFO) rank insignia (Kerala).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|-
| 2
| Deputy Range Forest Officer (Dy.RFO)
| [[File:Deputy Range Forest Officer rank insignia (Kerala).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|-
| 3
| Section Forest Officer (SFO)
| [[File:Section Forest Officer rank insignia (Kerala).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|-
| 4
| Beat Forest Officer (BFO) / Driver (DVR)
| [[File:Beat Forest Officer rank insignia (Kerala).png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|}

==Responsibilities==
* Biodiversity conservation
* Forest protection
* Wildlife management and research
* Forest development
* Social forestry
* Forest vigilance and evaluation
* Eco-development and tribal welfare
* Planning and research
* Rehabilitation and special afforestation
* Human resource development

==See also==
*[[Department of Environment (Kerala)|Department of Environment, Government of Kerala]]
*[[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra]] - Forest Science Centers
* [[Operation Shikkar]] - Combat illegal ivory smuggling and poaching

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in Official Website]
* [http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Government of Kerala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ |date=18 January 2006 }}
* [http://moef.nic.in/index.php Ministry of Environments and Forests, Government of India]
* [http://www.minister-forest.kerala.gov.in/ Minister for Kerala Forests and Wildlife]
* [http://www.kfri.res.in/ Kerala Forest Research Institute]

[[Category:State forest departments of India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Government departments of Kerala|Forest]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Kerala]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Environment of Kerala]]

Mahashraman

2026-04-26T23:50:05Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|Indian Jain monk}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = [[Acharya]]
| name = Acharya Mahashraman
| image = Acharya Shree Mahashraman Acharya Padabhishek.jpg
| alt = Mahashramanji
| caption = Jain Shwetambar Terapanth's 11th Acharya Mahashramanji
| religion = [[ terapanth,Jainism]]
| sect = Shwetambar Terapanth
| official_name = Acharya Mahashraman
| birth_name = Mohan Jhumarmal Dugar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|05|13}}
| birth_place = [[Sardarshahar]], [[Rajasthan]]
| nationality = INDIA
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents = Jhumarmalji and Nemadevi Dugar
| initiation_name = Muni Mudit Kumar
| initiator = shasan stambh Mantri Muni Shri Sumermalji (Ladnun)
| initiation_place = [[Sardarshahar]], [[Rajasthan]]
| initiation_date = 5 May 1974
| works = *Anuvrat Movement,
*Preksha Dhyan and
*Tri-Nation Ahimsa Yatra — covering India, Nepal, and Bhutan covering more than 55000 KM on foot (as of 28th Jan 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=आचार्यश्री महाश्रमण ने 55 हजार किमी की पदयात्रा कर रचा इतिहास, जगाई अहिंसा की अलख|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-acharya-shri-mahashraman-created-history-by-taking-a-50-thousand-km-walk-trough-23-states-of-india-and-nepal-and-bhutan-3816957.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Hindustan|language=hindi|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127212736/https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-acharya-shri-mahashraman-created-history-by-taking-a-50-thousand-km-walk-trough-23-states-of-india-and-nepal-and-bhutan-3816957.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Acharya Mahapragya]]
| successor =
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Acharya Mahashraman''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Ācārya Mahāśramaṇa; born 13 May 1962) is the eleventh [[Acharya]], supreme head of [[Jain]] [[Śvetāmbara Terapanth]] sect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.com/index.php?lang=en|title=Home|website=www.terapanthinfo.com|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306161722/http://www.terapanthinfo.com/index.php?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahashraman heads all activities functioning under [[Shewtambar Terapanth|Terapanth]] organisation, most notably [[Anuvrata|Anuvrat]], [[Preksha meditation|Preksha Meditation]], [[Mahāprajña|Jeevan Vigyan]] (Science Of Living).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahimsayatra.acharyamahashraman.in/AboutAhimsaYatra|title=Ahimsa Yatra - About|website=www.ahimsayatra.acharyamahashraman.in|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227181519/http://www.ahimsayatra.acharyamahashraman.in/AboutAhimsaYatra|url-status=live}}</ref> All the Terapanth sub-organisations, notably. [[Jain Vishva Bharati Institute|Jain Vishva Bharati]], [http://www.jstmahasabha.org/ Terapanth Mahasabha], etc. are working under the guidance of Acharya Mahashraman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww5.terapanth.com/|title=terapanth.com|website=ww5.terapanth.com|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718005737/http://ww5.terapanth.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jvbharati.org/|title=Jain Vishva Bharati|website=www.jvbharati.org|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601175707/https://www.jvbharati.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> His views are liberal and secular. He has a firm conviction to promote nonviolence, moral values and principles.<ref name="Message to JVBI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jvbi.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=188&Itemid=883|title=Message to JVBI|website=www.jvbi.ac.in|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530204828/http://www.jvbi.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=188&Itemid=883|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandar_K|title=Acharya Mahashraman|url=https://anuvibha.org/acharya-mahashraman/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=ANUVIBHA|language=en-US|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420073533/https://anuvibha.org/acharya-mahashraman/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
In Rajasthan, Acharya Mahashraman was born on 13-May 1962 (Vaisakha Shukla navami) i.e. 13-May 1962 in Sardarshahar, Churu. His real name is Mohan Dugar. His parents were Nemadevi and Jhumarmalji. He was the seventh child among his eight siblings. He lost his father at the early age of seven. An unexpected emptiness entered the family. The absence of his father was made up by his mother's love and affection. She taught him good moral values and gave him a good education. As a result, he was inclined towards spirituality and religion.[8][9]

In spite of knowing that it is a difficult path, he did not change his mind. His feeling of detachment increased day by day. As time passed, he expressed his feelings before [[Acharya Tulsi (Jain monk)|Acharya Tulsi]]. At that time Acharya Tulsi was in Delhi to celebrate 2500 years of [[Mahavira|Tirthankar Mahavira's]] [[Nirvana|Nirvana Kalyanaka]]. Acharya found him capable for initiation and after due investigation, he approved for his initiation in [[Sardarshahar|Sardarsahar]] by Muni Sumermal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Rajendra Kumar|first=Muni|url=https://books.jvbharati.org/pdf/jvbebook/1642314500.pdf|title=जैन विद्या भाग -1|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati|date=June 2017|editor-last=Shashan Shree|editor-first=Muni Sumermal Sudarshan|location=Nagaur|pages=39–44|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321043654/https://books.jvbharati.org/pdf/jvbebook/1642314500.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the age of 12, he was initiated by Muni Sumermal on Sunday on V.S. 2031 Vaishaka Shukla Chaturdashi i.e. 5 May 1974. His entire life changed after initiation not only externally but also internally. Study of scriptures and practice of meditation became a part of his life. At that time, his daily routine was to refrain from unnecessary talk and to memorize sutras. He avoided all sorts of deviations and loved being alone. During study period, he learnt various languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit, Hindi and English. Sometimes he stayed with Ācārya Tulsi and at times had an independent journey too. He continued to stay with Ācārya Tulsi from Bidasar Maryada Mahotsav, i.e., from Vikram Samvat 2040.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Tater|first=Dr Sohan Raj|title=Yuvacharya Mahashramana: A Grand and Impressive Personality|url=http://drsohanrajtater.com/articles/article41.pdf|journal=Parmarthik Shikshan Sanstha, Ladnun (Raj.)|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321041245/http://drsohanrajtater.com/articles/article41.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=साध्वी|first=श्री सुमति प्रभा|url=http://www.acharyamahashraman.in/images/ebooks/AchryaShreeMahashamanParichay.pdf|title=आचार्य श्री महाश्रमण जीवन परिचय|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati|year=2011|location=Ladnun (Rajasthan)|pages=5–16|language=hi|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321070044/http://www.acharyamahashraman.in/images/ebooks/AchryaShreeMahashamanParichay.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Vikram Samvat 2042 (1986 A.D.) Maagh shukla saptami (16 February 1986), on the occasion of Maryada Mahotsav in Udaipur, Acharya Tulsi asked him to assist [[Mahāprajña|Mahapragya]] in his internal works.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

==Spiritual endeavors==
In the year Vikram Samvat 2043 Vaishakha Shukla Chaturthi (14 May 1986), on the eve of [[Akshaya Tritiya]], he became group leader in [[Beawar]].
"In the year 2046 Bhaadrav Shukla Navami (9th of September 1989), he was appointed as '''''Mahashraman''''' in "'''Yogakshema Varsha" ('''''keeping knowledge ever expanding''''')'''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lodha|first=Shri Chanchal Mal Sa|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EVEBQAAQBAJ&dq=Acharya+Mahashraman&pg=PA298|title=History of Oswals|publisher=iprakashan|page=298|language=en|chapter=Mahashraman Shri Mudit Kumar|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706032821/https://books.google.com/books?id=1EVEBQAAQBAJ&dq=Acharya+Mahashraman&pg=PA298|url-status=live}}</ref> This post was newly inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Venerable Life Of Acharya Tulsi - A Mural Painting [6] - PADA-VISARJAN @ HereNow4U|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=1299|access-date=2020-12-14|website=HereNow4U: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness|language=en|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706032825/https://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=1299|url-status=live}}</ref> He was highly acclaimed after the post of Yuvacharya.
In the process of Vikaas Yatra, Mahashraman had proceeded with four independent yatras. The first yatra was completed in the year 1990 from February to March which started from Ladnun, Sardarshahar via Dungargarh and ended at [[Chhoti Khatu]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The second independent movement started in the year 1990 from November to December, after Pali Chaaturmas. This Yatra started in Sivaanchi Maalaani and was completed on Sojat road via Rani station on 10 January 1991. After completion of his yatra, Ācārya Tulsi instructed that if he was found leading a luxurious life, he should do meditation for three long hours in standing posture. Muni Mudit was so humble that he at once accepted his orders without complaining.<ref name=":3" />

His third Vikaas yaatra started in the year 1994-1995 on 25 November to 4 January after Delhi [[Chaturmas]] in surrounding areas.<ref name=":0" />

His fourth [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Anuvrat]] Preksha Yatra started on 17 February 2000, from Taranagar to Ganganagar via Sardarshahar, Dungargarh and ended in Bidasar on 11 June 2000. This Yatra was more effective than the previous ones.<ref name=":2" />

=== The Tri-Nation Ahimsa Yatra (2014-2022) ===
Acharya Mahashraman had started his Tri-Nation Ahimsa Yatra to advance the cause of non-violence with the aim of promoting harmony and brotherhood, escalating moral values and movement towards de-addiction. It was an endeavour to awaken a new faith in the infinite power of non-violence<ref>{{Cite web|last=Webdunia|title=आचार्य महाश्रमण की अहिंसा यात्रा : इंसानियत की लहलहाती हरीतिमा का आगाज|url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/religious-article/acharya-mahashraman-114110800038_1.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=hindi.webdunia.com|language=hi|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730165907/https://hindi.webdunia.com/religious-article/acharya-mahashraman-114110800038_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He had covered more than 50000 KM on foot<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-07-15|title=Madhavaram all set for Jain acharya's four-month-long visit|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madhavaram-all-set-for-jain-acharyas-four-month-long-visit/article24422994.ece|access-date=2020-12-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730070733/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madhavaram-all-set-for-jain-acharyas-four-month-long-visit/article24422994.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> in the Yatra which covered three countries (viz. India, Nepal and Bhutan) and 23 states of India.

The Yatra started from the [[Red Fort]], [[New Delhi]], in the year 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|title=अहिंसा ही है सबसे बड़ा धर्म : आचार्य महाश्रमण|url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-11730546.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730165933/https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-11730546.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to [[Nepal]] in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=10.09.2014 ►Letter from Prime Minister of Nepal Shree Sushil Koirala to Acharya Shree Mahashraman @ HereNow4U|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=100737|access-date=2020-12-14|website=HereNow4U: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730165048/https://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=100737|url-status=live}}</ref> covering Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand, Guwahati in 2016 covering West Bengal, Sikkim, [[Bhutan]], Meghalaya, and Nagaland, Kolkata in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 24, 2017|first=Srishti|last=Dasgupta|title=sundeep bhutoria: When all roads led to peace and wisdom|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/when-all-roads-led-to-peace-and-wisdom/articleshow/61199975.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811124958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/when-all-roads-led-to-peace-and-wisdom/articleshow/61199975.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> covering Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-14|title=Dharmendra Pradhan welcomed Jain Apostle Acharya Mahashraman's Ahimsa Yatra|url=https://orissadiary.com/dharmendra-pradhan-welcomed-jain-apostle-acharya-mahashramans-ahimsa-yatra/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=orissadiary.com|language=en-US|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207231336/https://orissadiary.com/dharmendra-pradhan-welcomed-jain-apostle-acharya-mahashramans-ahimsa-yatra/|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai in 2018 covering Tamil Nadu and Kerala, Bengaluru in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-14|title=Ahimsa Yatra: Acharya Sri Mahashramanji to arrive in city on Nov.19|url=https://starofmysore.com/ahimsa-yatra-acharya-sri-mahashramanji-to-arrive-in-city-on-nov-19/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706032822/https://starofmysore.com/ahimsa-yatra-acharya-sri-mahashramanji-to-arrive-in-city-on-nov-19/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Hyderabad 2020.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Inspiring through exemplary lives|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/nov/24/inspiring-through-exemplary-lives-2227178.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304102100/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/nov/24/inspiring-through-exemplary-lives-2227178.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-14|title=Mysuru to host Terapanth acharya after 50 yrs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mysuru/mysuru-to-host-terapanth-acharya-after-50-yrs-776154.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621035951/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mysuru/mysuru-to-host-terapanth-acharya-after-50-yrs-776154.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His Ahimsa Yatra was ended in New Delhi on 27 March 2022 at Talkatora Stadium.

On,28 January 2021, Acharya Mahashraman, the 11th [[Acharya]] of Terapanth Dharmasangha, the pioneer of '''[[Ahimsa]] [[Yatra]]''', crossed the '''50,000km''' mark<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=29 Jan 2021|title=धर्म:आचार्य महाश्रमण ने 50 हजार किमी की पदयात्रा कर रचा इतिहास, अहिंसा की अलख जगाने कर रहे देश विदेश में पदयात्रा|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/delhi-ncr/news/acharya-mahashraman-created-a-history-of-50-thousand-km-march-traveling-abroad-in-the-country-burning-the-flame-of-non-violence-128171520.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 Jan 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129094715/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/delhi-ncr/news/acharya-mahashraman-created-a-history-of-50-thousand-km-march-traveling-abroad-in-the-country-burning-the-flame-of-non-violence-128171520.html|archive-date=29 Jan 2021}}</ref> and created a new history by marching through his holy steps.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=Dainik|first=Jagran|date=2021-01-28|title=जैनाचार्य श्री महाश्रमण ने 50 हजार किलोमीटर की पदयात्रा कर रचा इतिहास|work=Dainik Jagran|url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/ludhiana-jainacharya-shree-mahashraman-created-a-history-by-doing-a-50-thousand-kilometer-walk-21311623.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129095900/https://m.jagran.com/punjab/ludhiana-jainacharya-shree-mahashraman-created-a-history-by-doing-a-50-thousand-kilometer-walk-21311623.html|archive-date=29 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Acharya Shri Mahashraman did 50 thousand km padyatra|url=https://hindustan24.online/tag/acharya-shri-mahashraman-did-50-thousand-km-padyatra/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Hindustan 24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In today's era full of material resources, where there are so many modes of transport, there are arrangements, still keeping the [[Rishi|Indian Sage tradition]] alive,<ref name=":7" /> Acharya Mahashraman is making a continuous march for public service.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Tiwari|first=Abhishek|date=27 Jan 2021|title=आचार्यश्री महाश्रमण ने 50 हजार किमी की पदयात्रा कर रचा इतिहास, जगाई अहिंसा की अलख|work=Hindustan Live|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-acharya-shri-mahashraman-created-history-by-taking-a-50-thousand-km-walk-trough-23-states-of-india-and-nepal-and-bhutan-3816957.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 Jan 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127124810/https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-acharya-shri-mahashraman-created-history-by-taking-a-50-thousand-km-walk-trough-23-states-of-india-and-nepal-and-bhutan-3816957.html|archive-date=27 Jan 2021}}</ref> From the figures, this [[Yatra]] is 125 times bigger than [[Salt March|Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March]] and 1.25 times more than the [[Earth's circumference|circumference of the earth]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 Jan 2021|title=आत्मार्थी की परमार्थ की भावना से पचास हजार किलोमीटर की यात्रा|work=Thar Express News|url=https://www.tharexpressnews.com/indiaonlinenews/acharya-mahasharman_5984.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 Jan 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128132338/https://www.tharexpressnews.com/indiaonlinenews/acharya-mahasharman_5984.html}}</ref> If a person undertakes such a [[Padayatra|padyatra]], he can travel more than 15 times from the northern end of India to the southern end or from the eastern end to the western end.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=आचार्य महाश्रमण ने रचा अहिंसा यात्रा का स्वर्णिम इतिहास - Ajmernama|date=28 January 2021 |url=https://ajmernama.com/guest-writer/354618/|access-date=2021-01-30|language=en-US|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221000653/https://ajmernama.com/guest-writer/354618/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Even before the start of the [[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa Yatra]], Acharya Mahashraman had traveled about 34,000kms on foot for the purpose of self-welfare.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhatnagar|first=Rajesh|date=29 Jan 2021|title=आचार्य महाश्रमण ने 50 हजार किमी पदयात्रा कर रचा नया इतिहास|work=Patrika|url=https://www.patrika.com/ahmedabad-news/acharya-mahashraman-made-a-new-history-by-walking-50-thousand-km-6658474/|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130034047/https://www.patrika.com/ahmedabad-news/acharya-mahashraman-made-a-new-history-by-walking-50-thousand-km-6658474/|archive-date=30 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> He has visited Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh and traveled to Nepal and Bhutan to inspire people to walk on the path of virtue by training meditation, yoga etc., it also paved the way for the sophistication of their misdeeds.<ref name=":6" /> He emphasized the change of heart, also trained the public through various seminars, and workshops during his visit. With his inspiration, millions of people irrespective of caste, religion and class have accepted the pledge of goodwill, morality and de-addiction in this long non-violence journey.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=गर्ग|first=ललि‍त|title=अहिंसा यात्रा के प्रणेता आचार्य महाश्रमण|url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/indian-religion-sant-mahatma/acharya-mahashraman-121012800086_1.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=hindi.webdunia.com|language=hi|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706161820/https://hindi.webdunia.com/indian-religion-sant-mahatma/acharya-mahashraman-121012800086_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The closing ceremony of the Ahimsa Yatra which has been going on for the last eight years under the leadership of Acharya Mahashraman was held in Delhi on 27 March 2022 at [[Talkatora Stadium]], in which many saints, Union Ministers, MPs, litterateurs, journalists, Social workers and non-violence workers participated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अहिंसा यात्रा का समापन समारोह 27 मार्च को - Live Aaryaavart (लाईव आर्यावर्त) |url=https://www.liveaaryaavart.com/2022/03/blog-post_413.html#:~:text=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%2026%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A,%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4,%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%A4 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.liveaaryaavart.com |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528044659/https://www.liveaaryaavart.com/2022/03/blog-post_413.html#:~:text=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%2026%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A,%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4,%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%A4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रधानमंत्री मोदी ने श्वेतांबर तेरापंथ कार्यक्रम को संबोधित किया |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-addresses-shwetambar-terapanth-program/articleshow/90477844.cms |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518172300/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-addresses-shwetambar-terapanth-program/articleshow/90477844.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On this occasion, the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi|Shri Narendra Modi]] virtually addressed the "'''Ahimsa Yatra Sampannata Samaroh Karyakram'''" virtually and congratulated for completing the 18,000-kilometer "[[Padayatra|padyatra]]" in three countries.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=अहिंसा यात्रा संपूर्णता समारोह कार्यक्रम में प्रधानमंत्री का संबोधन |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/hi/news_updates/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a3%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518110547/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/hi/news_updates/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/ |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Prime Minister of India, pmindia.gov.in |language=Hindi}}</ref>
His full speech of 11 minutes and 5 seconds can be found on, [https://www.pmindia.gov.in/hi/news_updates/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/ ''PM Narendra Modi's Address at Ahimsa Yatra Sampannah Samaroh Karyakram'']<ref>{{Citation |title=PM Narendra Modi's Address at Ahimsa Yatra Sampannata Samaroh Karyakram | date=27 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ft9zy57pOKk |language=en |access-date=2022-05-18 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518180904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Ft9zy57pOKk |url-status=live }}</ref> and [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1810224 English rendering of PM’s address at Ahimsa Yatra Sampannata Samaroh Karyakram].

In his speech, The Prime Minister recalled the centuries-old tradition of Indian saints "चरैवेति–चरैवेति" that "emphasizes constant movement". The Prime Minister lauded the Acharya for expanding the tradition of "[[Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam]]" and propagating the mantra of ‘[[Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat|Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat]]’ as a spiritual pledge. He also recalled his long association with the "Shwetambara Terapanth" and his earlier statement that “''Ye Terapanth hain, Ye Mera Panth hain''" ("This Terapanth is My Path (way of life)). He emphasized the importance of the Ahimsa Yatra that started from the Red Fort in 2014 and noted the coincidence that he himself started his new journey as Prime Minister of India in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अहिंसा पदयात्रा समारोह में प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी ने कहा- यह तेरापंथ, मेरा पंथ है |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-prime-minister-narendra-modi-said-at-the-non-violence-padyatra-ceremony-this-is-terapanth-my-terapanth-22576961.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518172740/https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-prime-minister-narendra-modi-said-at-the-non-violence-padyatra-ceremony-this-is-terapanth-my-terapanth-22576961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He said real self-realization is possible only in the absence of any kind of addiction. He noted that lakhs and lakhs of people took up the resolution of de-addiction in the Ahimsa Yatra. He further said that when there is a realization of the Self, only then the ''"स्वयं में सर्वम्"'' is realized. Only then do we realize our duties for charity by rising above selfishness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prime Minister |first=Shree Narendra Modi |date=2022-03-27 |title=PM addresses Ahimsa Yatra Sampannata Samaroh Karyakram |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-addresses-ahimsa-yatra-sampannata-samaroh-karyakram/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.pmindia.gov.in |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518172931/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-addresses-ahimsa-yatra-sampannata-samaroh-karyakram/ }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=English rendering of PM's address at Ahimsa Yatra Sampannata Samaroh Karyakram |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1810224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327114752/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1810224 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India (pib.gov.in)}}</ref>

==Successor to [[Mahāprajña|Acharya Mahapragya]]==
In the year Vikram samavat 2054 Aashadha Badi Teej (23. June 1997) Acharya Tulsi died at [[Gangashahar]] in Terapanth Sabha Bhavan. As a result, Acharya Mahapragya announced the post of Yuvacharya, in the year Vikaram samvat 2054 Bhaadrva Shukla Baaras (14 September 1997) in the presence of about fifty thousand people. He announced the name of Mahashraman as the next successor of Terapanth. He was appointed as Yuvacharya of Terapanth. This was appreciated by all the people. At that time, his age was 35.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 10, 2010|title=Tenth Acharya of Jain Swetembar Terapanth passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Tenth-Acharya-of-Jain-Swetembar-Terapanth-passes-away/articleshow/5910971.cms|access-date=2020-12-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729153933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/tenth-acharya-of-jain-swetembar-terapanth-passes-away/articleshow/5910971.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

On 9. May 2010, [[Mahāprajña|Mahapragya]] died in Sardarshahar. Mahashraman was announced as the 11th [[Acharya]] of Terapanth sect. On 23 rd of May 2010, he enthroned officially the post of [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] amidst a huge audience in [[Gandhi Vidya Mandir]] of [[Sardarshahar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=11th Head Of Terapanth Acharya Mahashraman To Be Anointed On May 23 @ HereNow4U|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=72575|access-date=2020-12-07|website=HereNow4U: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness|language=en|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226234543/http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=72575|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Video ►23.05.2010 ►Acharya Mahashraman Patotsav @ HereNow4U|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=73804|access-date=2020-12-09|website=HereNow4U: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227093807/http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=73804|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Influences==
[[Pratibha Patil]] said,
“You are also working for Women's development and environment protection. Greeting your excellent, serene and legislative authorship, we request your cooperation in creating a peaceful society globally.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=104714|title=The Golden Present of the Era Acharya Mahashraman|website=HereNow4u: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness|language=en|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730161849/https://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=104714|url-status=live}}</ref>
He has also received congratulations from [[List of Presidents of India|Ex-President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee|Pranab Mukherji]].<ref name="Message to JVBI" />

Acharya Mahashraman's book "'''''Vijayi Bano"''''' was released by President Pranab Mukherjee on 10 July 2013. The then Chief Minister [[Ashok Gehlot]] was also present on that occasion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=11.07.2013 ►Jodhpur ►Acharya Mahashraman Book Vijayi Bano was released by President Pranab Mukherjee @ HereNow4U|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=95136|access-date=2020-12-09|website=HereNow4U: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730163050/https://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=95136|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-11|title=राष्ट्रपति ने किया महाश्रमण की पुस्तक 'विजयी बनो का विमोचन|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JOD-presidentmahashran-book-inourgration-4316841-NOR.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726211644/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JOD-presidentmahashran-book-inourgration-4316841-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Impressed with his noteworthy efforts, [[Pacific University (India)|Pacific University]] conferred him with the title '''‘Shantidoot’ ("Ambassador of Peace")'''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2016-11-26|title=Jain Acharya brings message of peace to city|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2016/11/26/jain-acharya-brings-message-of-peace-to-city/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209135734/https://theshillongtimes.com/2016/11/26/jain-acharya-brings-message-of-peace-to-city/|archive-date=9 December 2020|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Shillong Times|language=en-US}}</ref> at the '''"World Dharmguru Sammelan"''' in Udaipur, Rajasthan on May 29. Pratibha Patil, the Ex-President of India who graced the occasion with her presence, lauded the efforts of Acharya Mahashraman.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Ahimsa|date=May 2011|title=Acharya Mahashraman to Receive Shantidoot Award|page=6|work=Jain Ahimsa Times|issue=May 2011|url=http://www.jainsamaj.org/uploads/pdf/ahimsa_times_May_2011.pdf|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321073217/https://www.jainsamaj.org/uploads/pdf/ahimsa_times_May_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Digambar Jain Pilgrimage Committee has adorned him as "'''Shraman Sanskriti Udgata"'''.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pacific University, Udaipur: Top College/University in Rajasthan, India.|url=https://www.pacific-university.ac.in/Ethics-and-values|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.pacific-university.ac.in|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081111/https://www.pacific-university.ac.in/Ethics-and-values|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Narendra Modi]] on March 27, 2022 addressed the ''''Ahimsa Yatra Sampannata Samaroh Karyakram'''' of '''Shwetambar Terapanth''' virtually and congratulated Acharya Mahashramanji for completing 18,000-kilometer padyatra’ in three countries. His full speech of 11 minutes and 5 seconds is available at, [https://www.pmindia.gov.in/hi/news_updates/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/ PM Narendra Modi's Address at Ahimsa Yatra Sampannah Samaroh Karyakram]<ref name=":10" /> and [https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1810224 English rendering of PM’s address at Ahimsa Yatra Sampannata Samaroh Karyakram].<ref name=":11" />

==Books==
*''Aao Hum Jeena Sikhe (Let’s Learn to Live)''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.acharyamahashraman.in/e-book|title=E-Book|website=www.acharyamahashraman.in|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203201522/https://acharyamahashraman.in/e-book|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Kya Kehta Hai Jain Vangmay''<ref name=":1"/>
*''Dukh Mukti ka Marg''<ref name=":1"/>
*''Samvad Bhagwan Se''<ref name=":1"/>
*''Mahatma Mahapragya''<ref name=":1"/>
*''Dhammo Mangal Mukhittam''<ref name=":1" />
*''Sukhi Bano''<ref name=":1" />
*''Adrishya Ho Gaya Mahasurya''<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Acharya Tulsi]] – Jain Acharya
* [[Acharya Mahapragya]]- Jain Acharya
* [[Sadhvi Kanakprabha]]
* [[List of Jains]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.terapanthinfo.com
* http://terapanth.com
* http://www.jstmahasabha.org<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jstmahasabha.org/|title=Jain Swetamber Terapanthi Mahasabha|website=www.jstmahasabha.org|access-date=2018-12-19|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327040541/https://jstmahasabha.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=360&bih=245&hl=en&ei=OusZXNfkF5f0rQGthpLgCQ&q=ahimsa+yatra&oq=ahimsa+yatra&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-serp.3..0l4j0i2i159.14423.14731..15149...0.0..0.236.420.0j1j1......0....1.........0i71j0i13j0i2i159i13.1sSgr-E6SbE Ahimsa Yatra]
*http://www.ahimsayatra.acharyamahashraman.in/AboutAhimsaYatra {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227181519/http://www.ahimsayatra.acharyamahashraman.in/AboutAhimsaYatra |date=27 December 2019 }}
*http://www.acharyamahashraman.in/e-book

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahashraman}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]

Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom

2026-04-26T17:19:56Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|Islamic seminary in Cuttack district of the Indian state of Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom, Sungra
| native_name = جامعہ اسلامیہ مرکز العلوم سونگڑہ
| native_name_lang = ur
|image_name =
|image_size = 250
|image = The signboard of Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom Sungra.jpg
|caption = The signboard of Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom Sungra
|latin_name =
|motto =
|tagline =
|established = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1946}}
|type = [[Islamic university]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|provost =
|founder =
|rector = Sayed Naqībul Amin Barqi Qasmi
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|profess =
|address = Tabligh Nagar, Post Office: Kood, [[Salepur|Salepur block]], [[Cuttack district]], Odisha
|city =
|state =
|country = India 754221
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|fightsong =
|nickname =
|footnotes =
|website = {{URL|http://www.maahireen.com/27.html|Official website}}
|publictransit =
|telephone =
|coor =
|logo =
}}
'''Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom''', also spelled as '''Jamia Islamia Markaz-Ul-Uloom''', is the oldest Islamic educational institution of the [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi tredition]] in the [[Cuttack district]] of [[Odisha]], India.

== History ==
Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom Sungra actually started as a school, but in 1945, when ''Anjuman Tabligh-e-Islam'' was established, that school came under the supervision of the Anjuman, and the Anjuman converted this school into an Arabic seminary, transferred it, and named it ''Madrasa Arabia Islamia Sungra''. Then, on 29 December 1946, [[Muhammad Ismail Katki]] was elected the preacher of the Anjuman and the president of this madrasa, and on 7 May 1951, he was appointed as a permanent dignitary by the Anjuman.<ref name="Ismail">{{cite web|title=Maulana Sayed Muhammad Ismail Katki: Life and Work|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/206709|last=Mayurbhanji|first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn|date=24 November 2023|access-date=26 November 2023|website=www.baseeratonline.com|publisher=Baseerat Online|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Madāris">{{cite book |last1=Ishaq|first1=Mohammad Qamar|title=Hindustan Ke Aham Madāris|trans-title=Important Madrasas of India|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hindustan-ke-aham-madaris-volume-001-mohammad-qamar-ishaq-ebooks|volume=1|publisher= Institute Of Objective Studies|location=New Delhi|date=1996|page=313|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Hafiz">{{cite book |last1=Katki |first1=Syed Abdul Hafeez|title=Majlis e Shura Jamia Rashidia Riyazul Uloom Sungra|url=https://archive.org/details/majlis-e-shura-jamia-rashidia-riyazul-uloom-sungra|date=June 2004|publisher= Department of Broadcasting, Jamia Rashidia Riyazul Uloom Sungra|location=[[Cuttack]]|pages=11–12|language=ur}}</ref>

[[File:The exterior view of Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom.jpg|thumb|Exterior view of Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom]]

In 1987, on the occasion of the Imārat Conference, [[Sirajussajidin Katki]] changed the name of the seminary from "Madrasa Arabia Islamia Sungra" to "Markazul Uloom Madrasa Arabia Islamia Sungra". During his tenure, it was renamed "Al Jamia Al-Islamia Markazul Uloom", and now this institution is registered as Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom.<ref name="Ismail" />

[[File:Markazul Masajid, the mosque of Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom Sungra 9.jpg|thumb|Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom's Mosque, "Markazul Masājid"]]

[[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] was the patron of this seminary from the first day, then [[Asad Madani]] was its patron until his demise, and the current patron is [[Arshad Madani]].<ref name="Ismail" />

== Administration ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
! colspan=2|Term of office
|-
! 1
| [[Muhammad Ismail Katki]] {{small| (1914–2005)}}
| 1946
| {{circa}} 1993
|-
! 2
| [[Sirajussajidin Katki]] {{small| (1939–2006)}}
| {{circa}} 1993
| 2006
|-
! 3
|Abdul Hamid Markazi {{small|(d. 3 April 2018; As the vice rector)}}
| 2006
| 2018
|-
! 4
| Sayed Naqībul Amīn Barqi {{small| (b. ?)}}
| 2006
| --
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Jamia Ashraful Uloom]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Islamic architecture in India]]
[[Category:Deobandi madrasas]]
[[Category:Maturidi]]
[[Category:Madrasas in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1946]]
[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]

St. Thomas School, Thiruvananthapuram

2026-04-22T21:49:20Z

Vikipft: created info

{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St.Thomas Schools
| image = St. Thomas Residential School, Trivandrum.jpg
| caption = St. Thomas Residential School, Trivandrum
| motto = Thamaso ma Jyothir Gamaya
| motto_translation = From darkness take me to light
| established = 6 June 1966
| coordinates = {{coord|8.5615|76.9535|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| type = Boarding school/High school
| locale = Mukkolakkal
| grades = Kindergarten to XII
| city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| enrollment = 6000+
| faculty = 350+
| staff = 80+
| sports = [[Association football|Football (soccer)]], [[field hockey|Hockey]], [[Basketball]], [[Cricket]], [[Tennis]], [[Roller skating]]
| yearbook = Bhavana Avana
| publication = The Threshold, Vignettes
| website = {{URL|www.stthomastvm.edu.in}}
}}
'''St. Thomas Schools''' is a privately owned English medium [[coeducation]]al [[boarding school|boarding]] [[high school]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].

The school was established by the [[Mar Thoma Church]] Educational Society (MTCES) on 6 June 1966. It is located on a {{convert|30|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus at Mukkolakkal, a village on the outskirts of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city. There are distinct institutions within the campus: '''St. Thomas Central School''', '''St. Thomas Higher Secondary School''', '''St. Thomas Teachers' Training College''', '''St. Thomas Residential School''' and '''St. Thomas Pre-primary School'''. The students of the St Thomas are popularly called Santhomites.

The campus has three schools inside which offers three different syllabi of examination: [[Kerala State Education Board|Kerala State Board]],
Central Board of Secondary Education ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]), and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education/Indian School Certificate ([[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE/ISC]])

The school has a vast school bus system which spans over the entire city with more than 45 bus routes.

==History==
The school was established by the [[Mar Thoma Church]] Educational Society (MTCES) of the [[Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church]] on 6 June 1966.<ref>[http://stthomastvm.edu.in/MTCES/index.aspx Mar Thoma Church Educational Society]</ref> The Society also runs an Engineering College (St.Thomas Institute for Science and Technology) and a CBSE School (St.Thomas Public School) at its Kazhakkoottam campus and a Preschool (STPrS) at Kumarapuram. The first principal of the school was Rev. P.K. Koshy, who served as Principal from 1966 to 1968.
The principals since then were
* Mr. T.Paul Varghese (1968–72)
* Mr. P.T.Mathew (1972–73)
* Mr. Thomas Mathai (1973–81)
* Mr. Thomas.P.Athyal (1981–88)
* Dr. V.M.John (1988–98)
* Mr. M.M.Mathew (1998-03)
* Mrs. Achamma Zachariah (2003–09)
* Mr. Rajan K Varughese (2009–18)
* Mr. Babykutty P Rajan (2018– )

==Campus==
Located on the outskirts of Thiruvananthapuram city at Mukkolakkal, St. Thomas Schools has a 32-acre campus. The school has a synthetic Turf Tennis court, a hockey field, a football ground with a 400m running track, a basketball court cum skating rink, a swimming pool, boarding hostels and a canteen.

The residential school includes a state-of-the-art Computer facility and Science labs for the students. STCS and STRS have Atal Tinkering Labs funded by the Atal Innovation Mission under Niti Aayog.

==SanRevo==
SanRevo was an inter-school cultural fest hosted by the school, which was conceptualized and started by the 2007 ISC batch of St. Thomas Residential School and was one of the most awaited school fests each year. The final year students, supported by their teachers and their direct juniors were the organizers of each SanRevo.

'SanRevo' is an abbreviation for Santhome Revolution. Each SanRevo was accompanied by its own special motto; the motto for SanRevo 2013, for instance, was "Revive. Recreate. Rise." Each SanRevo also has its own personalised logo, usually a stylised phoenix. The phoenix was considered to be 'awakened' each year for the fest. Schools from across Trivandrum used to participate in SanRevo.

SanRevo has since been discontinued for unspecified reasons.

The batches of class XI and XII in STRS are given special names by the students in the respective batches each year. A list of such batch names has been given below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Batch Year !! Batch Name
|-
| 2009–10 || Helios
|-
| 2010–11 || Hybridz
|-
| 2011–12 || Centaurz
|-
| 2012–13 || Fugitivez
|-
| 2013–14 || Titanz
|-
| 2014–15 || Renegadez
|-
| 2015–16 || Crusaders
|-
| 2016–17 || Prometheans
|-
| 2017–18 || Mercenaries
|-
| 2018–19 || Centanarians
|-
| 2019–20 || Krenoviantz
|-
|2020–21 || Methanites
|-
|2021-22
|Fintanites
|-
|2022-23
|Xanthrons
|-
|2023–24 || Exorianz
|-
|2024–25 || Sentinels
|}

==Colosseum==
In 2009, St. Thomas Central School started the inter school fete, Colosseum. This is also organized by 12th grade students with help from the teachers and juniors. The motto for Colosseum 2k13 was "One Team. One Dream."

== Controversy ==
In 2017, two students of opposite sex were expelled from St Thomas Central school on charge of hugging each other in school premises. Additionally, private Instagram accounts of the students were accessed to provide additional 'evidence' against students. These personal pictures of the two teenagers were described by the school as "indecent, scandalous, highly objectionable lascivious material which appeals to prurient interest."<ref name=NM1>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hug-and-photos-kerala-school-calls-teen-bull-heat-expels-him-hc-agrees-73215|title=For a hug and photos, Kerala school calls teen a 'bull in heat', expels him: HC agrees|date=2017-12-15|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Student's parents approached the Childs Rights Commission and Kerala High Court to move against school's action. The Kerala High Court deemed the action of the school management to be legal and rejected an interim order from the Child Rights Commission that suggested the students be allowed to attend classes.<ref name=NM1 /> The school's stand was that students of opposite sex are not allowed to hug or shake each other's hands to congratulate each other and any such behavior is an act of indiscipline.

==Notable alumni==


* [[Arun Kumar Aravind]], Indian film director, editor and producer
* [[Jassie Gift]], Indian film music composer and playback singer
* [[Chandy Oommen]], MLA Puthuppally

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stthomastvm.edu.in Official website]
* [https://www.strstvm.org Residential school site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Thomas Central School}}
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Private schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Kerala]]

Radhakanta Maiti

2026-04-20T08:59:53Z

Vikipft: Starting

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Radhakanta Maiti
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Debra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Debra]]
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2016
| predecessor1 = [[Sheikh Jahangir Karim]]
| successor1 = [[Selima Khatun]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Radhakanta Maiti''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician associated with the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He served as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Debra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Debra]] constituency from 2011 to 2016.<ref>[http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default List of Winners in West Bengal 2011]</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data, AC No| publisher =Election Commission| access-date =9 July 2015| archive-date =4 April 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140404205355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| url-status =dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maiti, Radhakanta}}
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Poklok–Kamrang Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:08Z

Vikipft: Starting

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Poklok-Kamrang
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Bhoj Raj Rai]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| electors =
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
}}
'''Poklok-Kamrang Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]] a north east state of [[India]]. Poklok-Kamrang is part of [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/poklok-kamrang.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Poklok-Kamrang Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Kedar Nath Rai]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Sikkim|2019 by-election]] || [[Prem Singh Tamang]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Poklok–Kamrang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhoj Raj Rai]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=8,037 |percentage=54.99% |change={{decrease}}28.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,974 |percentage=34.03% |change={{increase}}19.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Rai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=739 |percentage=5.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanju Rai |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=691 |percentage=4.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=175 |percentage=1.20% |change={{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,063 |percentage=20.96% |change= {{decrease}}48.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,616 |percentage=86.64% |change= {{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,870 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}28.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly by-election 2019 ===
In [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]], [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] of the former ruling [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]] won in both Poklok-Kamrang and Namchi-Singhithang constituencies, so he relinquished Poklok-Kamrang seat.

In the by-election, ruling [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]] sent its president and incumbent Chief Minister, [[Prem Singh Tamang]] (P. S. Golay) to the Poklok-Kamrang constituency. Former ruling SDF participated in the Sikkim Legislative Assembly election as the opposition for the first time in 25 years. Opposition [[Indian National Congress|INC]] boycotted this by-election, and [[Hamro Sikkim Party|HSP]] didn't send its candidate to this constituency.

As a result, Prem Singh Tamang of SKM defeated his nearest rival [[Moses Rai]] of SDF.<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=25 October 2019 |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |accessdate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Sikkim|2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Poklok–Kamrang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prem Singh Tamang]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=10,585 |percentage=83.72% |change={{increase}}46.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moses Rai |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,858 |percentage=14.69% |change={{decrease}}44.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yadhu Kumar Rai |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=125 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=76 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,727 |percentage=69.02% |change= {{increase}}46.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,644 |percentage=81.30% |change= {{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,737 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}24.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Poklok–Kamrang<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=7,731 |percentage=59.09% |change={{decrease}}9.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharga Bahadur Rai |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,832 |percentage=36.93% |change={{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yadhu Kumar Rai |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=197 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Prasad Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=125 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=108 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birkha Bahadur Rai |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=90 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,899 |percentage=22.16% |change= {{decrease}}18.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,083 |percentage=83.89% |change= {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,595 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}9.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Poklok–Kamrang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kedar Nath Rai]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=7,996 |percentage=68.85% |change={{decrease}}11.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhoj Raj Rai |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,325 |percentage=28.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=178 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Prasad Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=115 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}}14.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,671 |percentage=40.22% |change= {{decrease}}24.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,614 |percentage=86.18% |change= {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,477 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}11.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Poklok–Kamrang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=7,379 |percentage=80.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Kumari Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,423 |percentage=15.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Pd Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=167 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Shila Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,956 |percentage=65.12% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,146 |percentage=86.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,595 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Poklok]]
* [[Kamrang]]
* [[Namchi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord|27.165|88.320|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Namchi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Poklok-Kamrang Assembly constituency}}

Thenzawl Peace City

2026-04-18T12:25:56Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|Planned city in Mizoram}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thenzawl Peace City
| other_name = TPC
| native_name = ''Thenzawl Muanna Khawpui''
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City

| seat_type =
| seat =
| parts_type =
| parts_style =
| parts =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Serchhip district]]
| established_title = Announced
| established_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2025|4|4}}
| founder =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| website =
}}

'''Thenzawl Peace City''' ([[Mizo language|Mizo]]: ''Thenzawl Muanna Khawpui''), is a proposed planned city located in [[Thenzawl]] in the [[Serchhip district|Serchhip District]] of the Indian state of [[Mizoram]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizorams-thenzawl-to-emerge-as-peace-city-cm-lalduhoma-1194325-2025-04-05|title=Mizoram's Thenzawl to emerge as 'peace city': CM Lalduhoma|date=5 April 2025|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Colney|first=Kimi|url=https://eastmojo.com/news/2025/08/12/thenzawl-to-become-mizorams-first-peace-city-heres-what-it-means/|title=Thenzawl to become Mizoram’s first ‘Peace City’: Here’s what it means|date=12 August 2025|newspaper=East Mojo|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name "Peace City" has been linked to state's post-conflict stability following the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] of 1986.

== History ==
The proposal to develop Thenzawl Peace City was first announced on 4 April 2025 by Chief Minister [[Lalduhoma]] at a conference of the Vantawng group of the [[Young Mizo Association]] (YMA) held at Buangpui village in Serchhip district.<ref name=":0"/>

In 2025, the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] approved funding for preparation of a detailed master plan for the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/mizoram-news/mizoram-cm-inaugurates-thenzawl-peace-city-celebration-unveils-vision-for-states-first-planned-modern-town|title=Mizoram CM Inaugurates Thenzawl Peace City Celebration, Unveils Vision For State’s First Planned Modern Town|date=1 September 2025|newspaper=[[The Sentinel (India)|The Sentinel]]|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nagaki|Nagaki Global City]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Mizoram}}

[[Category:Regions of Asia by country]]
[[Category:Proposed populated places]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

National Health Claims Exchange

2026-04-14T00:26:29Z

Vikipft: creating a post

{{Short description|Health insurance claim processing portal in India}}
'''National Health Claims Exchange (NHCX)''' is an online system for processing health insurance claims in India.

== Overview ==
In 2023, India's [[National Health Authority]] (NHA), the organization implementing the [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] and [[Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission]], aimed to create an unified portal for hospitals nationwide to process claims with nearly 50 insurance providers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=E Kumar |date=2023-10-30 |title=By Dec-end, India set to showcase a workable insurance claims exchange |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/healthcare-health-insurance-health-insurance-claim-healthcare-news-financial-transactions-3291442/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Anonna |date=2024-05-22 |title=Govt plans one-stop portal for hospitals to process insurance claims |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-plans-one-stop-portal-for-hospitals-to-process-insurance-claims-9345916/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The NHCX aims to standardize and simplify the exchange of health claims, making it easier for insurance companies, government schemes, and healthcare providers like hospitals and labs to share data, documents, and images. This system also aims to make claims processing more transparent and efficient, lowering operational costs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Shilpy |date=2024-06-10 |title=What Is National Health Claim Exchange? How It Will Provide Faster Claim Processing |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/what-is-national-health-claim-exchange-how-it-will-provide-faster-claim-processing-8927910.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2024-06-08 |title=What is the National Health Claim Exchange? {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/what-is-the-national-health-claim-exchange-explained/article68267419.ece |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Like internet and email networks, the NHCX allows data packets to be transferred between different points, ensuring "interoperability" of health claims processing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Lingamgunta Nirmitha |date=2024-05-24 |editor-last=Tiwari |editor-first=Vaibhav |title=What is NHCX, Centre's initiative to centralize health insurance processing? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/what-is-nhcx-centres-initiative-to-centralize-health-insurance-processing-101716529276534.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The platform went online in June 2024 when it processed its first claim.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varier |first=Aathira |date=9 June 2024 |title=HDFC Ergo General Insurance processes its first claim on NHCX platform |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/insurance/hdfc-ergo-general-insurance-processes-its-first-claim-on-nhcx-platform-124070900692_1.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=Onboard NHCX to streamline health-claim settlement, IRDAI nudges insurers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/onboard-nhcx-to-streamline-health-claim-settlement-irdai-nudges-insurers/article66973319.ece |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Prinja |first1=Shankar |last2=Chugh |first2=Yashika |last3=Garg |first3=Basant |last4=Guinness |first4=Lorna |title=National hospital costing systems matter for universal healthcare: the India PM-JAY experience |url=https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/11/e012987.abstract |journal=[[BMJ Global Health]] |date=2023 |volume=8 |issue=11 |article-number=e012987 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012987 |issn=2059-7908|pmc=10649618 }}

[[Category:Health programmes in India]]
[[Category:Publicly funded health care]]
[[Category:Social security in India]]

Mansing Fattesingrao Naik

2026-04-10T20:44:15Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mansing Fattesingrao Naik
| native_name =
| image =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = (2009-2014), (2019
| term_end = 2024)
| predecessor = Shivajirao Yashwantrao Naik
| successor = [[Satyajit Shivajirao Deshmukh]]
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children = Sharmila, Monalisa, Pallavi, Viraj Naik
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| constituency1 = [[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]
| profession =
| spouse = Sunita Naik
| sibling =
| father = Fattesingrao Anandrao Naik
| website =
}}

'''Mansing Fattesingrao Naik''' is a leader of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and was a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shirala Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Shirala Election Results 2019 Live Updates (शिराळा, Battis):Mansing Fattesingrao Naik of NCP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shirala-election-results-2019-live-updates-battis-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358505.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101192019/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shirala-election-results-2019-live-updates-battis-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358505.html |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref> in [[Sangli]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=Mansing Fattesingrao Naik(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency - SHIRALA (SANGLI) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10098 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031200329/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10098 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2009: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=Maharashtra Elections 2009 : Constituency-wise results|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2009_PR1142.PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710215436/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2009_PR1142.PDF |archive-date=10 July 2019 |access-date=10 July 2019 |website=pibmumbai.gov.in |language=English
}}</ref>
* 2019: Elected to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Mansing Fattesingrao}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Second Biju Patnaik ministry

2026-04-09T00:14:13Z

Vikipft: created a post

{{Short description|Government of Odisha (1990 {{ndash}} 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 22nd
| jurisdiction = [[Odisha]]
| flag_border = true
| flag = File:Seal of Odisha.svg
| incumbent = 1990 {{ndash}} 1995
| image = File:Biju Patnaik.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Biju Patnaik]] [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Odisha]]
| date_formed = 5 March 1990
| date_dissolved = 15 March 1995
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| government_head = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| deputy_government_head =
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Odisha|Governor]]
| state_head = [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Yagya Dutt Sharma]] [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]] (Acting) [[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]
| members_number = 25
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party colour|Janata Dal}}}} [[Janata Dal]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]] {{Composition bar|123|147|{{party colour|Janata Dal}}|per=1}}
| opposition_party = No Official Opposition{{efn|No party was able to secure 10% of the assembly strength i.e. 14 Seats}}
| election = [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
| legislature_term = {{ayd|5 March 1990|15 March 1995}}
| successor = [[Third Janaki Ballabh Patnaik ministry]]
| cabinet_name = Second Biju Patnaik ministry
| outgoing_formation = [[9th Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| incoming_formation = [[10th Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[First Hemananda Biswal ministry]]
}}
'''Biju Patnaik''' was elected as the chief minister of [[Odisha]] for second time in 1990 after [[Janata Dal]] secured a landslide victory in the [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]. The elections were held in February 1990. [[Janata Dal|JD]] secured 123 seats out of 147 in the [[10th Odisha Legislative Assembly|tenth Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Dhananjay |date=2025-09-17 |title=Biju Patnaik: A Short History of his Career and Achievements |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2016/December/engpdf/104-108.pdf |website=Odisha Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Kalinga Foundation Trust |url=http://www.kalingafoundationtrust.com/website/biju-patnaik-profile.htm |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=www.kalingafoundationtrust.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Sudarshan |date=July 2021 |title=Political career and achievement of Biju Patnaik |url=https://www.isca.me/IJSS/Archive/v10/i3/10.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-050.pdf |journal=International Research Journal of Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=62–65}}</ref>

== Brief history ==
The Congress Party which was in power from 1980 to 1990 had lost the confidence of the people because of continuous intra-party squabbles and allegation of corruption.

Chief Minister [[Biju Patnaik]] along with 9 Cabinet Ministers, 5 Minister of State and 1 Deputy Minister were administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Yagya Dutt Sharma]] on 15 March 1990.

Further cabinet was expanded/reshuffled in 24 July 1990, 1 January 1991, 4 December 1991 and 4 January 1993.

Shri Patnaik resigned on 15 March 1995 following his party's defeat in [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Dr. Sthitaprajna |last2=Panigrahi |first2=Puspalata |date=14 July 2024 |title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024) |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf |journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=28-33 |via=P-ISSN: 2664-6021, E-ISSN: 2664-603X, Impact Factor (RJIF): 5.92}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/357-397.pdf Source]
!Portfolio
!Portrait
!Name {{small|Constituency|List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|
* [[Chief Minister of Odisha|'''Chief Minister''']]
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ General Administration]
* '''Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
| rowspan="10" |[[File:Biju Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Biju Patnaik]] {{small|MLA from [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]}}
| rowspan="4" |15 March 1990
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://energy.odisha.gov.in/ Power]
* [https://steelmines.odisha.gov.in/ Mines & Geology]
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Community Development & Rural Reconstruction]
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Sports & Culture]
* [https://sports.odisha.gov.in/ Youth Services]
* [https://inpr.odisha.gov.in/ Information & Public Relations]
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce and Transport]
* [https://food.odisha.gov.in/ Food & Civil Supplies]
|24 July 1990
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
* [https://st.odisha.gov.in/ Science & Technology]
* [https://industries.odisha.gov.in/ Industries]
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Harijan & Tribal Welfare]
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employment]
* [https://fard.odisha.gov.in/ Fisheries & Animal Husbandry]
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://home.odisha.gov.in/ Home]
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://steelmines.odisha.gov.in/ Steel & Mines]
| rowspan="2" |24 July 1990
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://energy.odisha.gov.in/ Energy]
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ Public Grievances & Pension]
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://st.odisha.gov.in/ Science & Technology]
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Aviation in Commerce and Transport]
| rowspan="2" |4 December 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Environment]
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://home.odisha.gov.in/ Home (except Jails)]
* [https://handloom.odisha.gov.in/ Handlooms & Textiles]
* [https://pe.odisha.gov.in/ Public Enterprises]
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Cabinet Minister'''
|-
|
*[https://works.odisha.gov.in/ Works]
*[https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing & Urban Development]
| [[File:Nalinikanta Mohanty.jpg|100x100px]]
|Nalinikanta Mohanty {{small|MLA from [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]}}
|15 March 1990
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://law.odisha.gov.in/ Law]
| [[File:Narasingha Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Narasingha Mishra]] {{small|MLA from [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]}}
|15 March 1990
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest]
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Environment]
| [[File:Adwait Prasad Singh.jpg|100x100px]]
|Adwait Prasad Singh {{small|MLA from [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest & Environment]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Harish Chandra Buxipatra.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harish Chandra Buxipatra]] {{small|MLA from [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]}}
|1 January 1991
|4 December 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest]
|4 December 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Adwait Prasad Singh.jpg|100x100px]]
|Adwait Prasad Singh {{small|MLA from [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://dowr.odisha.gov.in/ Irrigation]
* [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]
|[[File:Bijoy Mohapatra MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bijoy Mohapatra]] {{small|MLA from [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]}}
|15 March 1990
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ Education in Education & Youth Services]
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Chaitanya Prasad Majhi]] {{small|MLA from [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ Education]
|1 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://dhe.odisha.gov.in/ Higher Education in Education]
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]
| [[File:Ghasiram Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]
|Ghasiram Majhi {{small|MLA from [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Bairagi Jena.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bairagi Jena]] {{small|MLA from [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]}}
|1 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health]
| [[File:Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Syed Mustafiz Ahmed|Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed]] {{small|MLA from [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture]
| [[File:Jagannath Mallik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jagannath Mallick]] {{small|MLA from [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]}}
|15 March 1990
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Ram Krushna Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ram Krushna Patnaik]] {{small|MLA from [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |
* [https://coop.odisha.gov.in/ Co-operation]
| [[File:Jagannath Mallik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jagannath Mallick]] {{small|MLA from [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Adwait Prasad Singh.jpg|100x100px]]
|Adwait Prasad Singh {{small|MLA from [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]}}
|1 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[File:Biswabhusan Harichandan.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] {{small|MLA from [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]
| [[File:Ram Krushna Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ram Krushna Patnaik]] {{small|MLA from [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]}}
|15 March 1990
|24 July 1990
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[File:Bed Prakash Agarawalla.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bed Prakash Agarwal]] {{small|MLA from [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]}}
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://revenue.odisha.gov.in/ Revenue]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Surendra Nath Naik.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surendra Nath Naik]] {{small|MLA from [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]}}
| rowspan="2" |15 March 1990
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://excise.odisha.gov.in/ Excise]
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[File:Prasanna Acharya MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prasanna Acharya]] {{small|MLA from [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]}}
|1 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Development]
| [[File:Ram Krushna Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ram Krushna Patnaik]] {{small|MLA from [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]}}
|24 July 1990
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Development (except Lift Irrigation & Minor Irrigation)]
|[[File:Prasanna Acharya MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prasanna Acharya]] {{small|MLA from [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Lift Irrigation & Minor Irrigation]
| [[File:Saharai Oram.jpg|100x100px]]
|Saharai Oram {{small|MLA from [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://industries.odisha.gov.in/ Industries (except Handlooms & Textiles)]
| [[File:Dilip Kumar Ray.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Dilip Kumar Ray]] {{small|MLA from [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]}}
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Harijan & Tribal Welfare]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghasiram Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |Ghasiram Majhi {{small|MLA from [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]}}
|1 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Tribal Welfare]
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Harijan Welfare]
| [[File:Jagannath Mallik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jagannath Mallick]] {{small|MLA from [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://handloom.odisha.gov.in/ Handlooms & Textiles Industries]
| [[File:Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed]] {{small|MLA from [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]}}
|1 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Sports & Culture]
* [https://sports.odisha.gov.in/ Youth Services]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Sarat Kumar Kar.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarat Kumar Kar]] {{small|MLA from [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]}}
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://inpr.odisha.gov.in/ Information & Public Relations]
|1 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Bairagi Jena.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bairagi Jena]] {{small|MLA from [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]
|[[File:Ananga Udaya Singh Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]] {{small|MLA from [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]}}
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce and Transport]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Bhagabat Behera MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagabat Behera]] {{small|MLA from [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]}}
|24 July 1990
|4 December 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce and Transport (except Aviation)]
|4 December 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Harish Chandra Buxipatra.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Harish Chandra Buxipatra]] {{small|MLA from [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://food.odisha.gov.in/ Food & Civil Supplies]
|[[File:Biswabhusan Harichandan.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]] {{small|MLA from [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]]}}
|24 July 1990
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Bhagabat Behera MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bhagabat Behera]] {{small|MLA from [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Damodara Rout.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Damodar Rout]] {{small|MLA from [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]}}
|24 July 1990
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj (except Social Welfare)]
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ Public Grievances & Pension]
|[[File:Prasanna Kumar Patsani.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]] {{small|MLA from [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]}}
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ School & Mass Education]
|[[File:Prafulla Chandra Ghadai.jpg|100x100px]]
|Prafulla Chandra Ghadei {{small|MLA from [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://energy.odisha.gov.in/ Energy]
| [[File:Kalindi Behera.jpg|100x100px]]
|Kalindi Behera {{small|MLA from [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Minister of State with Independent Charges'''
|-
|
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
* [https://pe.odisha.gov.in/ Public Enterprises]
|[[File:Prafulla Chandra Ghadai.jpg|100x100px]]
|Prafulla Chandra Ghadei {{small|MLA from [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]}}
|7 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://energy.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Electrification]
| [[File:Kalindi Behera.jpg|100x100px]]
|Kalindi Behera {{small|MLA from [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur]]}}
|7 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employment]
| [[File:Prafulla Samal MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prafulla Samal]] {{small|MLA from [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]}}
|7 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://fard.odisha.gov.in/ Fisheries & Animal Husbandry]
| [[File:Surjya Narayana Patro.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Surjya Narayan Patro]] {{small|MLA from [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]}}
|7 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Family Welfare]
|[[File:Kamala Das.jpg|100x100px]]
|Kamala Das {{small|MLA from [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://excise.odisha.gov.in/ Excise]
| [[File:Jayaram Pangi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Jayaram Pangi]] {{small|MLA from [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Social Welfare]
| [[File:Padmanabha Behera.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Padmanabha Behera]] {{small|MLA from [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://crafts.odisha.gov.in/ Handicraft & Cottage Industries]
| [[File:Chhotaray Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]
|Chhotaray Majhi {{small|MLA from [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Environment]
| [[File:Mangala Kisan.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Mangala Kisan]] {{small|MLA from [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://home.odisha.gov.in/ Jails]
| [[File:Kiran Chandra Singh Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Kiran Chandra Singh Deo]] {{small|MLA from [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]}}
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Minister of State'''
|-
|
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Harijan & Tribal Welfare]
| [[File:Chhotaray Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]
|Chhotaray Majhi {{small|MLA from [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar]]}}
|15 March 1990
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Development]
| [[File:Saharai Oram.jpg|100x100px]]
|Saharai Oram {{small|MLA from [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua]]}}
|15 March 1990
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ Primary & Adult Education]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Kamala Das.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |Kamala Das {{small|MLA from [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]}}
|15 March 1990
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]
|4 January 1993
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest]
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Environment]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Mangala Kisan.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mangala Kisan]] {{small|MLA from [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest & Environment]
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://industries.odisha.gov.in/ Industries]
| [[File:Dilip Kumar Ray.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Dilip Kumar Ray]] {{small|MLA from [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[File:Jadav Majhi (Dabugam).jpg|100x100px]]
|Jadav Majhi {{small|MLA from [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam]]}}
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]
| [[File:Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Sayed Mustafiz Ahmed]] {{small|MLA from [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[File:Trinath Naik.jpg|100x100px]]
|Trinath Naik {{small|MLA from [[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol]]}}
|1 January 1991
|17 October 1992
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
|[[File:Jadav Majhi (Dabugam).jpg|100x100px]]
|Jadav Majhi {{small|MLA from [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://fard.odisha.gov.in/ Fisheries & Animal Husbandry]
| [[File:Surjya Narayana Patro.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Surjya Narayan Patro]] {{small|MLA from [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employment]
| [[File:Prafulla Samal MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prafulla Samal]] {{small|MLA from [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://handloom.odisha.gov.in/ Handlooms & Textiles]
|[[File:Prasanna Acharya MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prasanna Acharya]] {{small|MLA from [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://coop.odisha.gov.in/ Co-operation]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Jayaram Pangi.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jayaram Pangi]] {{small|MLA from [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]]}}
| rowspan="2" |25 July 1990
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture]
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj]
| [[File:Padmanabha Behera.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Padmanabha Behera]] {{small|MLA from [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]]}}
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
* [https://dowr.odisha.gov.in/ Irrigation]
| [[File:Raghunath Hembram.jpg|100x100px]]
|Raghunath Hembram {{small|MLA from [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia]]}}
|1 January 1991
|15 March 1995
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|
*[https://works.odisha.gov.in/ Works]
*[https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing & Urban Development]
| [[File:Kiran Chandra Singh Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Kiran Chandra Singh Deo]] {{small|MLA from [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]}}
|1 January 1991
|4 January 1993
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Deputy Minister'''
|-
|
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Sports & Culture]
| [[File:Padmanabha Behera.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Padmanabha Behera]] {{small|MLA from [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]]}}
|15 March 1990
|1 January 1991
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chief ministers of Odisha}}

[[Category:1990 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1990|Biju II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1995|Biju II]]
[[Category:Odisha ministries|Biju II]]
[[Category:Janata Dal]]

Swati Piramal

2026-04-01T13:29:06Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|Indian scientist and businesswoman (born 1956)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swati Piramal
| image = Dr. Swati Piramal.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|3|28}}
| occupation = Vice chairperson of [[Piramal Enterprises Ltd]].
| alma_mater = [[Mumbai University]] [[Harvard School of Public Health]]
| spouse = [[Ajay Piramal]]
| children = 2
}}
'''Swati Ajay Piramal''' ([[Birth name|''née'']] Shah; born 28 March 1956) is an Indian scientist and businesswoman, she also involved in [[Health care|healthcare]], focusing on public health and innovation. She is the vice chairperson of Piramal Group, a business conglomerate with interests in pharmaceuticals, financial services, real estate and glass packaging.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stock Quote News - Stock Market Quotes, Online Stock Quotes, India|url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102134640/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2020-09-17|website=in.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Partnerships to Advance Public Health and the Economy in the COVID-19 Era |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/partnerships-to-advance-public-health-and-the-economy-in-the-covid-19-era/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Piramal has been awarded the Padma Shri, one of India's highest civilian honors, by the President of India in 2012 for her contribution to the science and technology business.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swati Piramal - Most Powerful Women in 2012 - Fortune India|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/swati-piramal?year=2012|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en}}</ref> She served as the first woman President of India's Apex Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=The SME Times News|date=2018-01-20|title=Swati Piramal- The first woman President of India's Apex Chamber of Commerce, ASSOCHAM|url=http://thesmetimes.com/swati-piramal-first-woman-president-indias-apex-chamber-commerce-assocham/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=The SME Times|language=en-US}}</ref> She also serves as a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers and Dean's Advisor to Harvard Business School and Public Health.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2012-05-28|title=Swati Piramal elected to Harvard board of overseers|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/swati-piramal-elected-to-harvard-board-of-overseers-112052800144_1.html|access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref>

She completed her schooling from [[Walsingham House School]] and [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. She earned her medical degree, an M.B.B.S from [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] in 1980. She is an alumnus of the [[Harvard School of Public Health]] where she received her master's degree in 1992. She is married to [[Ajay Piramal]], Chairman, [[Piramal Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stock Quote News - Stock Market Quotes, Online Stock Quotes, India|url=https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102134640/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-officers/PIRAta.NS|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2020-09-17|website=in.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni News and Features|url=https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu/s/1319/02-HSPH/20/interior.aspx?sid=1319&gid=2&pgid=252&cid=1285&ecid=1285&ciid=2757&crid=0|access-date=2020-09-17|website=alumni.sph.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Swati Shah was born in [[Mumbai]] on 28 March 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Piramal Family's Purposeful Philanthropy |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/philanthropy-awards-2014/the-piramal-familys-purposeful-philanthropy/39303/0 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Piramal showed interest in improving the lives of people diagnosed with chronic illnesses. Therefore, after her high school and college, she pursued a degree in medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Dr. Swati A Piramal a women[sic] Business tycoon|url=https://magazine.xpert.tv/dr-swati-a-piramal-a-women-business-tycoon/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Xpert Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> She undertook a postgraduate course in public health at [[Harvard University]] after her marriage and having children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2014-06-01|title=Swati Piramal: What makes her special|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/swati-piramal-what-makes-her-special/15344153|access-date=2020-09-17|website=mid-day|language=en}}</ref>

In the mid-1970s, Piramal came across a girl affected with polio, and she and her medical school friends set up a polio centre. In the first year, they treated 25,000 children. To convince local residents to get their children immunized, Piramal and her friends performed street plays about polio prevention. They also went door-to-door, educating families. They treated children, mostly for free. Ten years later, everyone in the area who needed vaccination or treatment had received it. Having achieved its goal, the centre was closed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Piramal Healthcare Director runs the business with a smile|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-swati-piramal/story/18325.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=30 August 2011 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Swati Shah Piramal is married to [[Ajay Piramal]] and have one son, Anand Piramal who is wedded to Isha Ambani, business magnate [[Mukesh Ambani]] and his wife [[Nita Ambani]]'s only daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=Isha Ambani and Anand Piramal {{!}} Mumbai {{!}} Celebrity Weddings |url=https://www.weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/isha-ambani-and-anand-piramal-mumbai/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=WeddingSutra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 12, 2018 |title=Who is Anand Piramal, the man Mukesh Ambani's daughter Isha is marrying?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/who-is-anand-piramal-mukesh-ambani-isha-1406111-2018-12-10|access-date=2022-02-11|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Ajay and Swati also have one daughter, Nandini Piramal D'Young, who is wedded to an American citizen, Peter D'Young.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Interesting things about Nandini Piramal you need to know - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/interesting-things-about-nandini-piramal-you-need-to-know/articleshow/70073776.cms|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Shah-Piramal lives in Gulita which is owned and bought by Piramals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-15 |title=Isha Ambani and Anand Piramal to move into ₹450 cr Mumbai bungalow |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/antilia-isha-ambani-anand-piramal-mumbai/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Career==
She is the founder of the Gopikrishna Piramal Hospital in [[Mumbai]],<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|title=Swati Piramal joins Nestle Board of Directors|date=2 August 2010|url=https://www.nestle.in/asset-library/documents/profile/swati_a_piramal_profileandloa.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> and has launched public health campaigns against chronic disease, [[Osteoporosis]], [[Malaria]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Epilepsy]] and polio.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

As Director of the [[Piramal Foundation]], she helps promote health in rural India with HMRI – a mobile health service,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Piramal|first1=Swati|title=Swati Piramal {{!}} The foundation for a family|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/x9LaUEgIY4mqjN6VogiGPO/My-work-to-support-adolescent-girls-in-India.html|accessdate=23 September 2016|website= Livemint.com |date=23 February 2014}}</ref> [[women's empowerment]] projects, and supporting community education that creates young leaders. She is a director of Sarvajal foundation for clean water.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Of India|first1=Press Trust|title=Assocham appoints Swati Piramal as its new president|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/assocham-appoints-swati-piramal-as-its-new-president-109100900176_1.html|accessdate=23 September 2016|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard|date=9 October 2009}}</ref> She has been nominated in the list of the 25 Most Powerful Women, eight times, and is now a part of the Hall of Fame of Most Powerful Women.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Piramal Healthcare Director runs the business with a smile|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/special/most-powerful-women-in-business-2011-swati-piramal/story/18325.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=30 August 2011 }}</ref> She serves on the Scientific Advisory Council of the Prime Minister and served on the Council of Trade of the Prime Minister (2010 - 2014).<ref name=":1" />

She currently serves on the Dean's Advisory Board of both the Harvard School of Public Health and the Harvard Business School. She serves on the Boards of Indian and International Academic institutions such as IIT Bombay, and Harvard University.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kanga|first1=Fareeda|title=Swati Piramal: What makes her special|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/swati-piramal-what-makes-her-special/15344153|accessdate=23 September 2016|agency=Mid-Day|publisher=Mid-Day Infomedia Ltd|date=1 June 2014}}</ref>

== Board memberships ==

* Vice-Chairperson, Piramal Group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-16|title=First Indian garden at the Chelsea Flower Show wins Silver Gilt medal|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/first-indian-garden-chelsea-flower-show-swati-piramal/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Architectural Digest India|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Director, Piramal Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni News and Features|url=https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu/s/1319/02-HSPH/20/interior.aspx?sid=1319&gid=2&pgid=252&cid=1285&ecid=1285&crid=0&calpgid=61&calcid=753|access-date=2020-09-18|website=alumni.sph.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref>
* Dean's Advisory Board of both the Harvard School of Public Health and the Harvard Business School.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-25|title=Swati Piramal, Director of Piramal Healthcare|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/voices/events/piramal/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Voices in Leadership|language=en-us}}</ref>
* Non-Executive Director, Nestlé India Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Swati A. Piramal, Non-Executive Director|url=https://www.nestle.in/sites/g/files/pydnoa451/files/asset-library/documents/profile/dr_swati_piramal.pdf}}</ref>
* Served as the first woman president of India's Apex Chamber of Commerce, ASSOCHAM, in 90 years.<ref name=":0" />
* Served on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Prime Minister for 10 years (2006-2014) as well the Council of Trade of the Prime Minister.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and honours==
[[File:Secretary Clinton Meets With Business Leaders in Mumbai (3730888811).jpg|thumb|Swati Shah Piramal and several business leaders with [[Hillary Clinton]] in Mumbai]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
|-
|2004
2005
|BMA Management Woman Achiever of the Year Award<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dr. Swati A. Piramal|url = http://girlsindia.in/dr-swati-a-piramal/|publisher = Girls India|year = 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2010
2011
|President of ASSOCHAM.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Swati Piramal to head ASSOCHAM, announces four-point agenda|date = October 2009|url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/swati-piramal-to-head-assocham-announces-four-point-agenda_419302.html|publisher = moneycontrol.com|orig-year = 2009}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|One of India's high civilian honours, the [[Padma Shri]] award, by the President of India, Ms. Pratibha Patil (180).<ref>{{cite news|last=Bharti|first=Prasar|title=President gives away Padma Awards|url=http://newsonair.nic.in/news.asp?cat=National&id=NN3842}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|Swati received the Alumni Merit Award, the highest award bestowed on Alumni from Harvard.<ref>{{Cite news|title = 2012 Alumni Award of Merit|url = http://alumni.sph.harvard.edu/s/1319/GID2/social.aspx?sid=1319&gid=2&pgid=598|publisher = Harvard – School of Public Health|year = 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|Received the Lotus Award at New York, from Children's Hope India, for Leadership and Philanthropy.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Press Release: Celebrating 20 Years of Service to Children|date = October 2012|url = http://www.childrenshopeindia.org/2012/10/press-release-chgala2012/|publisher = Children's Hope India|orig-year = 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130414135543/http://www.childrenshopeindia.org/2012/10/press-release-chgala2012/|archive-date = 14 April 2013|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|Nominated for the Forbes Philanthropy Awards 2013 in the Outstanding Philanthropist category.<ref>{{cite magazine|title = Philanthropy Awards 2013 |date = 2013 |url = http://forbesindia.com/awards/philanthropy/award_categories.html |magazine = Forbes}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Honoured with Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honour).<ref>{{cite news|title = Industrialist Swati Piramal Awarded Top French Honour |date = 2022 |url = https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/industrialist-swati-piramal-awarded-top-french-honour-3351995}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Swati Piramal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Piramal, Swati}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Piramal Group]]

Logic Masters India

2026-03-30T11:08:40Z

Vikipft: creating new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian representative of the World Puzzle Federation}}
'''Logic Masters India''' (commonly abbreviated as 'LMI') is the [[India|Indian]] representative of the [[World Puzzle Federation]] (WPF) which is responsible for conducting national [[sudoku]] championships since 2008 to select the Indian team for the world championships. It also aims to organize various sudoku and [[puzzle]] activities in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Logic Masters India |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/?g=abtus |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=Logic Masters India}}</ref>

There are three main contest types: '''Sudoku Mahabharat''', '''Puzzle Ramayan''' and '''Daily Puzzle Test.'''
[[File:Logo of Logic Masters India.png|thumb|right|alt=Logo of Logic Masters India|Logic Masters India]]

== Sudoku Mahabharat & Puzzle Ramayan ==
Each year, the '''Sudoku Mahabharat''' (SM) championship consists of 4 online rounds while the '''Puzzle Ramayan''' (PR) consists of 6 (approximately one every 2-3 weeks), based on different categories and themes of Sudoku variants (Puzzle types). The online rounds are open to all participants including international solvers.

There are 3-4 spots for the Indian A team for the [[World Sudoku Championship]] (WSC) and [[World Puzzle Championship]] (WPC), which will be decided during the offline finals of the tournaments.

Each Sudoku Mahabharat round consists of six Standard Sudokus (two 6X6, four 9X9) and six Sudoku Variants (each variant will appear in both sizes, i. e. 6X6 and 9X9).<ref name="sm2023">{{Cite web |title=Sudoku Mahabharat 2023 at Logic Masters India |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/SM/2023sm.asp |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref>

Each Puzzle Ramayan round consists of three puzzles each in 6 puzzle types within the theme (in double theme rounds, three puzzles each in 3 puzzle types within each theme) and two exploratory variant puzzles in two types within the original theme (in double theme rounds, 2 variant puzzles in one type within each theme).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Puzzle Ramayan 2023 at Logic Masters India |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/PR/2023pr.asp |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref>

Participants will get points as allotted for each sudoku correctly submitted. The test uses instant grading where the solver can confirm if the solution is correct immediately after submitting. Each incorrect submission reduces the puzzle's potential score. The first, second, third, and fourth incorrect submissions reduce the potential score to 90%, 70%, 40%, and 0% respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SM 2023 R1 - Standard & Odd Even - Instruction Booklet |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/lmitests/dl.asp?attachmentid=1087 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=Logic Masters India}}</ref>

[[File:ISCSM.png|thumb|right|alt=Logo of ISC and SM|Indian Sudoku Championship (ISC) and Sudoku Mahabharat (SM)]]

[[File:IPCPR.png|thumb|right|alt=Logo of IPC and PR|Indian Puzzle Championship (IPC) and Puzzle Ramayan (PR)]]

=== Sudoku Mahabharat 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Round
!Author
!Dates<ref name=":2">All rounds will start some time on Friday and will be open till Thursdays; All times in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]+05:30)</ref>
!India 1
!India 2
!India 3
|-
|Standard & Irregular
|R. Kumaresan, Hemant Malani
|09-15 Feb 2024
|Akash Doulani
|Shilpa Nukala
|Kishore Kumar
|-
|Odd Even & Hybrids
|Akash Doulani, Arun Iyer, Pranav Kamesh S
|08-14 Mar 2024
|Kishore Kumar
|Nityant Agarwal
|Harsh Poddar
|-
|Math & Neighbours
|James Peter, Madhav Sankaranarayanan, Puwar Dhruvarajsih
|05-11 Apr 2024
|Nityant Agarwal
|Ashish Kumar
|Manjiri
|-
|Outside & Converse
|Nityant Agarwal, Priyam Bhushan, Jeet Sampat
|17-23 May 2024
|Kishore Kumar
|Akash Doulani
|Harsh Poddar
|}
<ref name="sm2024" />

=== Sudoku Mahabharat 2023 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Round
!Author
!Dates<ref name=":2">All rounds will start some time on Friday and will be open till Thursdays; All times in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]+05:30)</ref>
!India 1
!India 2
!India 3
|-
|Standard & Odd Even
|R. Kumaresan, Hemant Malani, Arun Iyer
|20-26 Jan 2023
|James Peter
|[[Rohan Rao]]
|Ashish Kumar
|-
|Outside & Hybrids
|Nityant Agarwal, Akash Doulani, Puwar Dhruvarajsinh
|10-16 Feb 2023
|Rohan Rao
|Kishore Kumar
|Ashish Kumar
|-
|Math & Irregular
|James Peter, Madhav Sankaranarayanan, Priyam Bhushan
|03-09 Mar 2023
|Rohan Rao
|Kishore Kumar
|Nityant Agarwal
|-
|Neighbours & Converse
|Ashish Kumar, Kishore Sridharan, Pranav Kamesh S
|24-30 Mar 2023
|James Peter
|Manjiri
|Harsh Poddar
|}
<ref name="sm2023" />

=== Sudoku Mahabharat 2022 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Round
!Author
!Dates<ref name=":1">All rounds will start some time on Friday and will be open till Wednesdays; All times in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]+05:30)</ref>
!India 1
!India 2
!India 3
|-
|Standard & Neighbours
|R. Kumaresan
|25 Feb-02 Mar 2022
|Rohan Rao
|James Peter
|Nityant Agarwal
|-
|Odd Even & Hybrids
|Madhav S. & Arun I.
|01 - 06 Apr 2022
|Kishore Kumar
|Manjiri
|James Peter
|-
|Converse & Outside
|Harmeet S. & Dhruvarajsinh P.
|22 - 27 Apr 2022
|Kishore Kumar
|James Peter
|Jaipal Reddy
|-
|Math & Irregular
|Nityant A. & James P.
|27 May - 01 Jun 2022
|Rohan Rao
|Kishore Kumar
|Ashish Kumar
|}
[[File:Penalty example.png|alt=penalty example|thumb|A demonstration of the penalty system]]
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudoku Mahabharat 2022 at Logic Masters India |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/SM/2022sm.asp |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref>

=== Puzzle Ramayan 2024 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Round !! Author !! Dates<ref name=":2" />!! India 1 !! India 2 !! India 3
|-
| Classics || Prasanna Seshadri || 19-25 Jan 2024 || Ashish Kumar || Nityant Agarwal || Swaroop Guggilam
|-
| Loops & Numbers || Ashish Kumar || 23-29 Feb 2024 || Kishore Kumar || Harmeet Singh || Amit Sowani
|-
| Evergreens & Made In India || Madhav Sankaranarayanan || 29 Mar – 04 Apr 2024 || Swaroop Guggilam || Nityant Agarwal || Kishore Kumar
|-
| Word & Object Placement || Chandrachud Nanduri & Prasanna Seshadri || 26 Apr - 02 May 2024 || Ashish Kumar || Rakesh Rai || Tigran Wadia
|-
| Shading & Regions || Priyam Bhushan & Prasanna Seshadri || 03-09 May 2024 || Ashish Kumar || Nityant Agarwal || Kishore Kumar
|-
| Snake & Casual || Nityant Agarwal & Prasanna Seshadri || 07-13 Jun 2024 || Ashish Kumar || Rakesh Rai || Amit Sowani
|}
<ref name=":0" />

=== Puzzle Ramayan 2023 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Round !! Author !! Dates<ref name=":2" />!! India 1 !! India 2 !! India 3
|-
| Classics || Prasanna Seshadri || 13-19 Jan 2023 || Ashish Kumar || Rohan Rao || Rajesh Kumar
|-
| Evergreens & Rule Pool || Chandrachud Nanduri || 03-09 Feb 2023 || Rohan Rao || Ashish Kumar || Amit Sowani
|-
| Shading & Made In India || Ashish Kumar & Pranav Kamesh S || 24 Feb – 02 Mar 2023 || Rohan Rao || Amit Sowani || Nityant Agarwal
|-
| Object Placement & Number Placement || Priyam Bhushan || 17-23 Mar 2023 || Ashish Kumar || Swaroop Guggilam || Kishore Kumar
|-
| Casual & Word || Madhav Sankaranarayanan || 07-13 Apr 2023 || Swaroop Guggilam || Ashish Kumar || Rakesh Rai
|-
| Regions & Loops || Nityant Agarwal || 21-27 Apr 2023 || Ashish Kumar || Swaroop Guggilam || Rajesh Kumar
|}
<ref name=":0" />

=== Puzzle Ramayan 2022 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Round !! Author !! Dates<ref name=":1" />!! India 1 !! India 2 !! India 3
|-
| Classics || Prasanna Seshadri || 11 - 16 Feb 2022 || Swaroop Guggilam || Ashish Kumar || Rajesh Kumar
|-
| Casual & Word || Amit Sowani || 18 - 23 Mar 2022 || Rakesh Rai || Rohan Rao || Swaroop Guggilam
|-
| Regions & Evergreens || Ashish Kumar || 8 - 13 Apr 2022 || Swaroop Guggilam || Kishore Kumar || Rakesh Rai
|-
| Number Placement & Puzz.link || Nityant Agarwal || 06 - 11 May 2022 || Ashish Kumar || Rohan Rao || Swaroop Guggilam
|-
| Loops & Shading || Madhav Sankaranarayanan || 03 - 08 Jun 2022 || Rohan Rao || Ashish Kumar || Nityant Agarwal
|-
| MII & Object Placement || Priyam Bhushan & Chandrachud Nanduri || 17 - 22 Jun 2022 || Rohan Rao || Ashish Kumar || Nityant Agarwal
|}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puzzle Ramayan 2022 at Logic Masters India |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/PR/2022pr.asp |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref>

== Daily Puzzle Test ==
This contest type is online only and consists of 16 puzzles of the same type. Every puzzle will be live for 30 hours. Cumulative points from each day's solving will determine the final scores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nurimisaki Nomad (17th Sep to 7th Oct) |url=https://logicmastersindia.com/daily/?contest=D202209N#about |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=logicmastersindia.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Sudoku]]
*[[Puzzle]]
*[[World Sudoku Championship]]
*[[World Puzzle Championship]]

== External links ==
*[https://logicmastersindia.com Official website]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sudoku competitions]]

Rohit Srivastava (scientist)

2026-03-29T18:44:01Z

Vikipft: New

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rohit Srivastava
| image = 14-InOffice.jpg
| caption = In office at IIT Bombay
| birth_place =
| fields = [[Biomedical Engineering]]
| workplaces = [[IIT Bombay]]
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering]] (B.E.)|[[Louisiana Tech University]] (PhD)}}
| awards = {{ublist|[[Rashtriya_Vigyan_Puraskar|Vigyan Shri 2024]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.bio.iitb.ac.in/people/faculty/srivastava-r/}}
}}
'''Rohit Srivastava''' (born 1976) is a Himanshu Patel Chair Professor in the Department of Biosciences and Bioegineering at [[IIT Bombay]] specialising in medical diagnostic devices, nanoengineered materials and photothermal cancer therapy. He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in [[Medical Sciences]] in the year 2021 for his contributions to the development of affordable medical devices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=584 |website=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology |publisher=CSIR Human Resource Development Group |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>

Rohit Srivastava heads the NanoBios Lab in the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering in IIT Bombay.<ref>{{cite web |title=NanoBios Lab, IIT Bombay |url=https://www.nanobioslab.com/ |website=NanoBios Lab |publisher=NanoBios Lab |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref> The lab has developed and commercialised several products including UChek which is a mobile based portable urine analysis system, a low-cost reader for analyzing urine dip sticks, and Suchek which is an indigenous, low-cost glucometer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Products and Technologies |url=https://www.nanobioslab.com/products-and-technologies |website=NanoBios Lab |publisher=NanoBios Lab |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref> He along with his collaborators has as many as 90 granted Indian and three US patents to their credit with more than 250 patent applications filed over 19 years at IIT Bombay.<ref name="CV"/>

Srivastava was honoured with the Vigyan Shri award, one of four prestigious categories, for making significant advancements in medical diagnostic devices, nanoengineered materials, and photothermal cancer therapy in 2024, as a professor of the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering at IIT-Bombay.

Expressing delight at the honour by the government, Srivastava said: “This is a testimony to the hard work done by our translational science lab.” He also thanked the institute for providing an ecosystem which, he said, is unparalleled in the country, as it allowed him to file more than 250 patents and set up more than 10 startups with over 50 PhD students.

“This is a proud moment for not just me but the entire IIT-B for getting the first ever Vigyan Shri in Innovation and Technology. I believe that our work in affordable medical devices and maternal and childcare will hold extreme promise for the future,” he added. Srivastava went to St Xaviers and DAV Model schools in Durgapur before moving to VNIT Nagpur to earn a degree in biomedical engineering. He then moved to the US to complete his MS and PhD. On his return to India in 2005, he joined IIT-B as a professor and setup a lab. Srivastava eventually moved into translational biomedical engineering, observing a need in India for indigenous medical products. “This was a decision that led to our lab commercialising several medical products and setting up many startups,” he said.

==Education==

Rohit Srivastava received his PhD degree in biomedical engineering from [[Louisiana Tech University]], US, under the supervision of Michael J. McShane in 2005, MS in engineering from the same university and BE degree in electronics engineering from [[Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering]], Nagpur in 1999.<ref name="CV">{{cite web |title=Srivastava, R |url=https://www.bio.iitb.ac.in/people/faculty/srivastava-r/ |website=IIT Bombay |publisher=IIT Bombay |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref>

==Honours and recognitions==

Rohit Srivastava has been conferred several awards including the following:<ref name="CV"/>

* Vigyan Shri Award under [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar]] scheme (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP) - 2024 : Final List of Awardees |url=https://awards.gov.in/Home/GoToIndex?filename=Award%2FCommunication%2F202488013634H24ZU2.pdf|website=awards.gov.in |publisher=CASU, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar: Chandrayaan-3 team and 32 others selected for first ever edition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/rashtriya-vigyan-puraskar-chandrayaan-3-team-and-32-others-selected-for-first-ever-edition-here-is-full-list/articleshow/112349033.cms?from=mdr |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'' 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>
* Dr Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Medical Sciences 2021
* Prof H H Mathur Award for Excellence in Translational Sciences at IIT Bombay
* Himanshu Patel Chair Professor at IIT Bombay
* [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE) – Abdul Kalam Technology Innovation National Fellowship 2019
* [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) – Elected Fellow 2019
* [[Royal Society of Biology]] – Elected Fellow 2019
* [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] – Elected Fellow 2019
* Shri Om Prakash Bhasin Award for Excellence in Health and Medical Sciences, 2018
* Department of Biotechnology (DBT) National Bioscience Award 2016
* Stars in Global Health, Grand Challenges Canada (GCC), Canada
* Stanford MedTech Award 2016
* DBT Biotech Product and Process Development and Commercialization Award 2015
* Vasvik Award – Award in the area of Biological Sciences and Technology 2013
* Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India (OPPI) Award – Young Scientist Award 2014

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{google scholar id|2U6D6OMAAAAJ}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, Rohit}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Louisiana Tech University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Goalpokhar Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T14:28:42Z

Vikipft: created info.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Goalpokhar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Goalpokhar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Goalpokhar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| constituency_no = 30
| established = 1957
| electors = 224,633
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Goalpokhar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 30 Goalpokhar Assembly constituency covers [[Goalpokhar I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Goalpokhar Assembly constituency is part of No. 5 [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
!Election Year
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Goalpokhar constituency'''
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|'''Muzaffar Hussain'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|'''Mohammad Hayat Ali'''
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |'''Mohammad Salimuddin'''
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sheikh Sharafat Hossain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="4" |'''[[Md. Ramjan Ali]]'''
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Hafiz Alam Sairani]]'''
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|'''[[Deepa Dasmunsi]]'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|'''2009'''
|'''[[Ali Imran Ramz]]'''
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}
'''bolded year =''' bye

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Goalpokhar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sarjit Biswas
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Juber Alam
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Masood Md. Naseem Ahsen
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nabin Chandra Singha
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 Election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Goalpokhar constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
|votes = 105,649
|percentage = 65.40
|change = +21.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Md. Ghulam Sarwar
|votes = 32,125
|percentage = 19.89
|change = +8.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Masood Md. Naseem Ahsen
|votes = 19,391
|percentage = 12.00
|change = -26.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,016
|percentage = 1.25
|change = +0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunil Biswas
|votes = 865
|percentage = 0.54
|change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shambhu Lal Roy
|votes = 694
|percentage = 0.43
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Raghu Nath Singha
|votes = 405
|percentage = 0.25
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Nabin Chandra Singha
|votes = 380
|percentage = 0.24
|change = -1.00
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 161,535
|percentage = 74.90
|change = +0.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 Election===

{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Goalpokhar constituency}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
|votes = 64,869
|percentage = 43.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Afjal Hosen
|votes = 57,121
|percentage = 38.67
|change = -10.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debashis Sarkar
|votes = 16,966
|percentage = 11.49
|change = +5.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Julia Yeasmin
|votes = 2,887
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Dulal Rajbanshi
|votes = 1,827
|percentage = 1.24
|change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mansingha Hansda
|votes = 1,805
|percentage = 1.22
|change = -2.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,557
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raghu Nath Singha
|votes = 685
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 147,717
|percentage = 74.31
|change = +0.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Md. Ghulam Rabbani of Congress defeated his nearest rival Saifur Rahman of AIFB.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Goalpokhar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=30|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Goalpokhar|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 20 April 2011|archive-date = 15 June 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615071027/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=30|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
|votes = 61,313
|percentage = 49.05
|change = -2.02#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Saifur Rahman
|votes = 47,900
|percentage = 38.32
|change = -4.89#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shaukat Ali
|votes = 6,956
|percentage = 5.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamaruzzama
|votes = 4,592
|percentage = 3.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Dulal Rajbanshi
|votes = 2,264
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Niva Sarkar (Das)
|votes = 1,970
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 124,995
|percentage = 73.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = 2.87#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress and Forward Bloc vote percentages in 2006 and 2011, as adequate data not available for intervening bye-election.

===2009 bye election===
The bypoll to the Goalpokhar seat was necessitated after sitting MLA of Congress Deepa Dasmunsi resigned. For Elected As MP of Raiganj. As of Results, Ali Imran Ramz of Forward Bloc Defeated Md. Ghulam Rabbani of Congress By almost a Margin of 15,000 Votes.
{{Election box begin | title=West Bengal state assembly bye election, 2009: Goalpokhar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011by>{{cite web| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/mamata-banerjee-wins-assembly-bypoll_591641.html | title = Mamata Banerjee wins assembly bypoll | access-date = 28 September 2011 | publisher = PTI, 28 September 2011 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = [[Ali Imran Ramz]]
|votes = 72,017
|percentage = 76.74
|change = +12.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
|votes = 57,299
|percentage = 23.26
|change = -7.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 94710
|percentage = 44.88
|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2009===
In the by election in 2009 caused by the election of the sitting MLA, [[Deepa Dasmunshi]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] to the Lok Sabha from [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]], the Goalpokhar assembly seat was won by [[Ali Imran Ramz]] of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]].<ref name="vidhansabha2009bye">{{cite web |title=Results of bye – elections to the 31 (thirty one) Assembly Constituencies and 1(one) Lok Sabha Constituency |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/current/pn101109.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://indian-electionaffairs.com/results/bye-elections/West_Bengal_bye-elections-2009.html| title = West Bengal State Assembly Byelections 2009| publisher = Indian Election Affairs| access-date = 29 August 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024926/http://indian-electionaffairs.com/results/bye-elections/West_Bengal_bye-elections-2009.html| archive-date = 13 July 2011}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Deepa Dasmunshi of Congress defeated [[Hafiz Alam Sairani]] of Forward Bloc in the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]].<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Hafiz Alam Sairani of Forward Bloc defeated Deepa Dasmunshi of Congress in 2001,<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Md Mustafa of Congress in 1996.<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Md Ramjan Ali of Forward Bloc defeated Nizamuddin Ahamed of Congress in 1991<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Puranmal Chand Maheswari of [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]/ Independent, in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp29.htm | title = 29 - Goalpokhar Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1957–1972===
Sheikh Sharafat Hussain of Congress won in 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Mohamad Salimuddin of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won 1969<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Mohammad Hayat Ali of PSP won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Muzzafar Hussain of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Prior to that Goalpokhar constituency was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Panjiri

2026-03-28T03:09:48Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|Traditional Indian Ayurvedic sweet}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Panjiri
| image = [[File:Panjeeri..JPG|300px|Panjeeri]]
| caption =
| alternate_name = Kasaar<ref>{{cite book | title=Rajpal Hindi Shabdkosh | date=2 August 2021 | isbn=9788170280866 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmksYDDN_voC&dq=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&pg=PA155| last1=Bahri | first1=Hardev | publisher=Rajpal & Sons }}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Whole-wheat flour]], [[sugar]], [[ghee]], [[dried fruit]]s, herbal gums
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Panjiri''' is a<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Peter |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRWkAgAAQBAJ&dq=Panchajiraka&pg=PA211 |title=Handbook of Herbs and Spices: Volume 2 |date=2004-03-23 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-85573-835-5 |language=en |quote=In puerperal diseases such as fever, loss of appetite and disordered secretions after delivery, the following preparation called panchajiraka paka is used.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SONI |first=JAYANTI |title=Recipe: Jayanti's Magical Dhaniya Panjiri |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/recipe-jayantis-magical-dhaniya-panjiri/20240605.htm |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Rediff |language=en |quote=A powdery Indian sweet with panj (from panch) or five key elements, it is derived from the Sanskrit word panchajīraka that siginifies an Ayurvedic concoction.}}</ref> sweet dish from [[India]]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Abdul|pages=419 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=andTEAAAQBAJ&dq=panjiri+pakistan&pg=PA419 |title=Microbial Biofertilizers and Micronutrient Availability The Role of Zinc in Agriculture and Human Health |date=2021
|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-76609-2 |language=en |quote=It is a staple from Punjab region of Pakistan and India}}</ref><ref name=crooke>{{cite book |last1=Crooke |first1=William |title=A Rural and Agricultural Glossary for the N.W. Provinces and Oudh |date=1888 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |isbn=9788185326009 |page=218 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7411/page/n223/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=obrien>{{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Charmaine |title=The Penguin Food Guide to India |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |location=New York |isbn=9789351185758 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&dq=panjiri+punjabi&pg=PT40 |quote=Panjiri is a Punjabi sweet made of wheat flour or semolina cooked in ghee to which sugar, dried fruits, and natural gum are added.... These are eaten during winter to ward off cold weather ills and also given to women who are breastfeeding.}}</ref> which is specially prepared for [[Krishna Janmashtami]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="jan" /> festival. The sweet panjiri evolved from an Ayurvedic preparation called ''Panchajīraka''.<ref name=":1" />

==Etymology==
The term ''panjīrī'' is derived from [[Sanskrit]] word ''panchajīraka''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lingham) |first=Durgadas (Rodney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O25EAwAAQBAJ&dq=panchajeeraka&pg=PA130 |title=Foundations of Ayurveda: Ancient Indian Medical Knowledge for Modern-Day Problems |date=2013-05-24 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4477-7049-7 |language=en}}</ref> which is an [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] preparation. The term ''panchajīraka'' is ultimately from Sanskrit elements ''panch'' (five) and ''jīraka'' (cumin or herbal ingredients here).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Varmā|first=Rāmacandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtwUAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+|title=Saṅkshipta Hindī śabdasāgara|date=1971|publisher=Nāgarīpracāriṇī Sabhā|language=hi}}</ref> Panjiri is prepared by roasting wheat flour in [[ghee]] and adding dry fruits and spices like jeera ([[cumin]]), dhaniya ([[coriander]]), saunth (dry [[ginger]] powder), saunf (fennel) etc. Alternatively, the term ''panjeri'' is also used in [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] dialects.<ref name=":6" />Similarly, term ''pañjarī'' is used in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] languages. As per ''The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary, Pañjarī'' is sweetmeat composed of five ingredients, viz. ginger, coriander, ''ōṃvā'' or Ajwaen, pepper (or cocoanut), and sugar. Distributed on birthdays of ''Kṛṣṇa'' & ''Rāma'' and of children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molesworth |first=J. T. (James Thomas) |date=1857 |title=A dictionary, Marathi and English. 2d ed., rev. and enl |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/molesworth_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&searchhws=yes |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=}}</ref>

==Regions of use==
Panjiri is consumed in [[India|Indian]] states of [[Jammu division|Jammu]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cuisine of Jammu |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/Cuisines-of-jammu.aspx |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=www.jktdc.co.in |quote=Jammu is famous all over India for Chocolate Barfi, Sund Panjeeri, Patisa and Rajma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FigAAAAMAAJ&q=jammu+Panjiri|title=Jammu & Kashmir|last2=Pandita|first2=K. N.|last3=Charak|first3=Sukh Dev Singh|last4=Rizvi|first4=Baqr Raza|last5=India|first5=Anthropological Survey of|date=2003|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7304-118-1|language=en}}</ref> [[Himachal Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borah |first=Jahnabee |date=2020-08-29 |title=Why Himachali cuisine is having a moment |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/why-himachali-cuisine-is-having-a-moment-11598600133557.html |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=mint |language=en |quote=One of them, called panjiri, is a nourishing mix of Himachali grains and nuts, akin to muesli, and can double up as a snack or breakfast item. }}</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Abdul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=andTEAAAQBAJ&dq=panjiri+pakistan&pg=PA419 |title=Microbial Biofertilizers and Micronutrient Availability The Role of Zinc in Agriculture and Human Health |date=2021 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=419 |isbn=9783030766092 |language=en |quote=It is a staple from Punjab region of Pakistan and India}}</ref> [[Haryana]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBJWAAAAYAAJ&q=+Panjiri|title=Haryana District Gazetteers: Ambala district gazetteer, 1883-84|date=1998|publisher=Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department, Haryana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhIwAQAAIAAJ&q=Panjiri|title=Haryana|date=1994|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers|isbn=978-81-7304-091-7|language=en}}</ref> [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cultures|first=Institute of Traditional|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei8oAQAAMAAJ&q=Gujarati+Panjiri|title=Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures, Madras|date=1966|publisher=University of Madras|language=en}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is known by the name ''Panchjeeraka Gudam'' in [[South India|Southern Indian]] states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Rodney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qGNBQAAQBAJ&dq=panchajeeraka&pg=PA263 |title=Aushadh Rahasya: The Secret of Ayurvedic Herbs and Disorders of the Mind |date=2013-05-29 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-08378-4 |language=en |quote=Pancha-Jeeraka Guda Post-natal care for mothers}}</ref>

==Cultural uses==

Panjiri is traditionally prepared in the entire Northern, Central and Western India, and is often prepared as a [[Prasāda|Prasad]] in [[Hindus|Hindu]] prayers during [[Krishna Janmashtami|Krishna Janamashtami]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUJlAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80|title=Rājasthānī-Hindī kahāvata-kośa: Aṃ se kā taka kahāvateṃ|date=2003|publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="jan">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=Janmashthmi 2020: Why is Panjiri so popular in Janmashtmi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/why-is-panjiri-so-popular-in-janmashtmi/photostory/77432644.cms |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote=Panjiri is one of the quintessential delights of Krishna Janmashtmi bhog. It is offered to Lord Krishna, the eighth avatar of Lord Vishnu on the occasion of his birth anniversary. }}</ref> [[Satyanarayan Puja]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pandey|first=Indu Prakash|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9doJAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3|title=Avadhī kahāvateṃ|date=1977|publisher=Racanā Prakāśana|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sadaiv|first=Shashikant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eomDDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3&pg=PT70|title=Vrat-Upvas Ke Dharmik Aur Vaigyanik Adhar|date=2020 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-87980-55-6|language=hi}}</ref> and [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata Purana Katha]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-19 |title=Panchamrit Panjiri Prasad |url=https://nishamadhulika.com/en/330-panchamrut-panjiri-prasad.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Indian Vegetarian Recipes in Hindi {{!}} NishaMadhulika.com |language=Hindi |quote=Panchamrit Panjeeri Prasad is distributed after Satyanarayan Katha, Bhagwad Puja, Krishna Janmashthami. It is also known as Charanamrit or Charanamrut. It is called Panchamrit because it is made by mixing 5 ingredients together}}</ref> The [[Braj Region|Braj region]] in Uttar Pradesh is specially known for its traditional Panjiri prepared during Krishna Janamashtami festival.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-08-28 |title=Braj decked up for Janmashtami |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/353764/braj-decked-up-janmashtami.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |quote=Preparations for Wednesday’s Krishna Janmashtami, the birthday of Lord Krishna, have reached a crescendo in the whole of Braj region of Uttar Pradesh... Special pakwans (dishes), laddoos, dry fruits, panjeeri, panchamrit are being prepared. Most people fast and eat only after the midnight birth of Krishna.}}</ref> In [[Braj Cuisine|Braj culinary tradition]], Panjiri is prepared as a special bhog to commemorate birth of Lord Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivatsa |first=Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NssSEQAAQBAJ&dq=panjiri+braj&pg=PA16 |title=A TO Z INDIA - AUGUST 2024 |date=2024-07-06 |publisher=A TO Z INDIA |language=en |quote=Panjiri is offered to Lord as special offerings and special prayers are held for devotees. Next day after Janamashtami, Nandutsav is celebrated in Braj in all temples and houses}}</ref> Apart from this, Panjiri is also prepared as an offering to [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devtas]] on occasions like Shanti Puja, [[Havan]], [[Thrayodashi|Trayodashi Vrats]], [[Navratri|Navratri Vrats]], [[Dussehra]], Janamdivas (birthdays) and other events in the [[Panchang]], i.e. Hindu Lunisolar calendar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Amrita |date=2018-04-20 |title=Panjiri (Prasad for Indian Pooja) |url=http://thefoodsamaritan.com/panjiri-prasad-for-indian-pooja/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=The Food Samaritan |language=en-US |quote=Panjiri is one of the Prasad (food offered to Gods and then distributed between the devotees) items which is prepared for Pooja (the Indian prayer sessions) Havan as well as on auspicious days....Shanti Havan, Janamashtami, Navratri, kids’ birthdays, Dussehra and for Trayodashi fasts and other events in the Indian Lunar Calendar. Also it is common within the punjabi diaspora as it has been traditionally sent to them by their families back home.}}</ref>

== Variations ==

=== Phalahari dhaniya panjiri ===
This Panjiri is prepared using [[Dhaniya]], i.e. coriander seeds and is specifically prepared for [[Vrata|Vrat]]. The wheat flour panjiri is replaced with Dhaniya Panjiri because consuming grains is generally not allowed during fasting, hence this dish is prepared with the powder of coriander seeds, ghee, sugar, almonds and raisins.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All you need to know about dhaniya panjiri |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-dhaniya-panjiri/articleshow/70771522.cms |access-date=2023-04-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Pushtimargiya panjiri ===
This special variant of Panjiri is associated with [[Pushtimarg|Pushtimarg Sampradaya]] of [[Vaishnavism]]. Panjiri forms one of the 56 dishes of the ''Chhapan Bhog'' for [[Shrinathji|Bhagwan Shrinathji]], form of Bhagwan Krishna. This Panjiri is prepared as a Naivedhya for Shrinathji. The main ingredients used include : ''Variyali'' (fennel), ''Ajmo'' (carom), ''Dhanna'' (coriander), ''sunthi'' (dry ginger), pepper flakes and ''gari'' (dry coconut).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saroj Shah દ્વારા રેસીપી પંજરી પુષ્ટી માર્ગીય (Panjiri Pushtimarg Recipe In Gujarati) |url=https://cookpad.com/in-gu/recipes/16450013-%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0-%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%9F-%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%AF-panjiri-pushtimarg-recipe-in-gujarati |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=કૂકપૅડ |date=20 August 2022 |language=gu}}</ref>

=== Dogra sund panjiri ===
In [[Jammu region]], a special variation of Panjiri is prepared for winter season & Janamashtami Vrat and is called ''Sund Panjiri''. This variation is prepared using lots of dry ginger powder (''sund'' in [[Dogri language|Dogri]]) and is loaded with dry fruits native to hills of Jammu division.

=== Rajasthani gond panjiri ===
In [[Rajasthan]], Panjiri or Panjeri is prepared using edible gum (also known as ''Gond'' locally). The mixture is used to prepare [[Laddu|laddus]] out of it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gond ke laddu Rajasthani Recipe - Recipe Gond ke laddu Rajasthani Cuisine |url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/culture/cuisines/gond-k-laddu |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Rajasthan Direct}}</ref>

=== Mathura's panchamrit panjiri ===
This particular variation of panjiri is prepared using atta (wheat flour) as a Prashad for ''Satyanarayan Puja''. [[Tulasi]] leaves (holy basil leaves) are also added to the mixture. It is served along with ''Charnamrit'' (a yogurt based sweet drink) and is associated with Braj region.<ref name=":5" />

=== Phool makhana panjiri ===
It is prepared using ''phool makhanas'' (foxnuts) and is specially associated with [[Bihari cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title=How to make Makhana Panjiri |url=https://nishamadhulika.com/en/2205-how_to_make_makhana_panjiri.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Indian Vegetarian Recipes in Hindi {{!}} NishaMadhulika.com |language=Hindi}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Satyanarayan Puja]]
*[[Krishna Janmashtami|Krishna Janamashtami]]
*[[Malted milk]]
*[[Horlicks]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani cuisine]]
[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]
[[Category:Rajasthani cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Culture in Comilla]]
[[Category:Wheat-based drinks]]

Barkudia insularis

2026-03-26T07:06:45Z

Vikipft: New new entry initial version.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2009}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Chilka spotted skink
| image =
| image_caption = Head scalation
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Bauer, A. |author2=Srinivasulu, C. |author3=Srinivasulu, B. |author4=Roy, A.D. |author5=Murthy, B.H.C.K. |author6=Molur, S. |author7=Pal, S. |author8=Mohapatra, P. |author9=Agarwal, I. |author10=Sondhi, S. |date=2020 |title=''Barkudia insularis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T2593A176084098 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T2593A176084098.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Barkudia
| species = insularis
| authority = [[Nelson Annandale|Annandale]], 1917
| range_map = Barkudia insularis distribution (colored).png
}}

[[Image:Chilika lake.png|right|thumb|200px|Map of [[lake Chilka]].]]

'''''Barkudia insularis''''', commonly known as the '''Madras spotted skink''', is a [[critically endangered]] limbless [[skink]] which was described in 1917 by [[Nelson Annandale]] and rediscovered in the wild in 2003. Little is known about the species but it was previously believed to be found only in the [[mangrove]] habitats near [[Barkuda Island]] in [[Chilka Lake]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal |first= P.K |last= Behera| title= Ecotech Education and Ecosystem Conservation of the Lake Chilika, Orissa |url= http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/lake2006/programme/programme/proceedings/fullpaper_pdfs/Prashanth.pdf}}</ref> Later observations in adjoining parts of Odisha indicate a larger range within the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |first=Minati |last=Singha |title=Rare, endangered legless lizard spotted for 4th time since 1917 in Odisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/rare-endangered-legless-lizard-spotted-for-4th-time-since-1917-in-odisha/articleshow/90233675.cms |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The lizard looks like a large [[earthworm]] and lives in the [[subsoil]] and probably feeds on small [[arthropod]]s.

The [[holotype]] was found in loose earth near the roots of a banyan tree of Badakuda Island of Chilka lake in 1917. Only four reports of the species have been made since its description, all within Odisha: observations in 1917 and 2003 at Barkuda Island in Chilka Lake, a 1979 observation in [[Nandankanan Zoological Park]], and a 2022 observation made near the vicinity of [[Buguda]]. The 2022 observation marked the first photograph taken of a live individual of the species.<ref name=":0" />

==Taxonomic description==
''Barkudia'' (Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. xiii, 1917 p. 20 - type species ''insularis'') is characterised by the palatine bones not meeting on the mid-line of the palate, which is toothless; nostril between the nasal and the rostral in an emargination of the latter; supranasals present; pre-frontals and frontoparietals absent; body elongated; no limbs;

''Barkudia insularis'' has the snout depressed, obtusely pointed, projecting strongly beyond the labial margin; rostral large, emarginate laterally to receive the nasal shield; supranasals large, in contact with one another and with the first labial; fronto-nasal broader than long, larger than the frontal; interparietal much larger than the frontal; parietals narrow, obliquely placed, in contact with one another behind it; 3 supraoculars, the first entering the supraciliary margin, the first two in contact with the frontal; 1 large supraciliary in the angle formed by the 3 suboculars; nasal shield comparatively large, the nostril at its anterior extremity; 1 large loreal; a preocular; lower eyelid composed of 2 or 3 opaque scales; upper eyelid vestigial; 4 supralabials, the third below the eye; ear-opening minute; a singly azygous postmental; body elongate with 140 ventral scales between the post-mental and pre-anal plates; 20 smooth scales round the mid body. Tip of the tail blunt and not much narrower than the base of the tail.

Light brown above, each dorsal scale with a central dot; altogether there form 12 or 14 longitudinal lines down the back and along the tail; lower parts whitish; top of head clouded with brown. The type was dug from loose earth at the root of a banyan tree. A second was seen in the same locality by [[Frederic Henry Gravely]] in the rainy season of 1919. It burrowed rapidly into the ground.<ref>Smith, M. A. 1941 Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia. p. 352-353</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
* Annandale, N. 1917 [http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/013/01/0017-0021.pdf A new Genus of Limbless skinks from an Island in the Chilka Lake] Rec.Ind. Mus. 13: 20
* Biswas, S. or Acharjyo, L.N. (1979) A Note on the Distribution of ''Barkudia insularis'', a Rare Limbless Lizard from Orissa J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 76: 524–525
* Das, Indraneil; Dattagupta, Basudeb 1997 Rediscovery of the holotypes of ''Ophisops jerdoni'' Blyth, 1853 and ''Barkudia insularis'' Annandale, 1917. Hamadryad 22 (1): 53-55

==External links==
* {{NRDB species|genus=Barkudia|species=insularis}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216081307/http://www.chilika.com/rediscover.htm Rediscovery]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q309309}}

[[Category:Barkudia]]
[[Category:Lizards of India]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1917]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nelson Annandale]]

Mansukhbhai Vasava

2026-03-25T20:31:06Z

Vikipft: reworked lead per sources and improved wording per sources

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava
| image = Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava addressing a meeting on effective and efficient implementation mechanism of schemes of Ministry of Tribal Affairs for development of Tribals, in New Delhi on August 05, 2014.jpg
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|6|1}}
| birth_place =[[Narmada district|Narmada]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| residence =Rajendra Nagar Society, Rajpipla, Jalaram Road, Narmada, [[Gujarat]]
| nationality =[[India]]n
| office1= [[Minister of State]] [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 22 May 2014
| term_end1 = 5 July 2016
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency= [[Bharuch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharuch]]
| term_start= 1998
| predecessor = [[Chandubhai Deshmukh]]
| successor =
| education=B.A, M.S.W.
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Saraswatiben Vasava
| profession= Agriculturist
| children = 1 son and 2 daughters
| footnotes =Source [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=501]
}}

'''Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava''' (born 1 June 1957) is an Indian politician associated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and former Union Minister of State for Tribal Affairs (till July 5, 2016) in the Government of India under the Prime Ministership of [[Narendra Modi]]. He is a senior leader of the bharatiya janata party. He first got elected to [[12th Lok Sabha]] in a by-election held on 25 November 1998 from the [[Bharuch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharuch]] Parliamentary Constituency of [[Gujarat]], once a stronghold of Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]]'s political advisor [[Ahmed Patel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/S06/GJ-23-LS.HTML|title=Bye-elections November, 1998 - Parliamentary Constituency 23 - Broach|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> He was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1998, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 from the same constituency (renamed as Bharuch in 2008); five times in a row. He also served in the Government of Gujarat in 1994 as a Deputy Minister. He holds a master's degree in Social Work (M.S.W.) from Gujarat Vidyapith, Ahemadabad and was graduated (B.A.) from
South Gujarat University.

== Political career ==
He served as Minister of State from May 2014 to 5 July 2016.<ref>{{citation |title=Najma Heptulla, G M Siddeshwara resign from Modi Cabinet |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/najma-heptulla-g-m-siddeshwara-resign-naqvi-becomes-minority-affairs-minister/1/713432.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=12 July 2016 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Position
|-
| 1994-96 || Member, Gujarat Legislative Assembly
|-
| 1994-96 || Deputy Minister, Government of Gujarat
|-
| 1998 || Elected to 12th Lok Sabha
|-
| 1998-99 || Member, Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme
|-
| 1998-99 || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
|-
| 1999 || Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
|-
| 1999-2000 || Member, Committee on Labour and Welfare
|-
| 1999-2000 || Member, Committee on Private Members' Bills and Resolutions
|-
| 1999-2000 || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Rural Development
|-
| 2004 || Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
|-
| 2004-2007 || Member, Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers
|-
| 2004-2007 || Member, Committee on Petitions
|-
| 5 Aug. 2007 || Member, Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers
|-
| 2009 || Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (4th term)
|-
| 31 Aug. 2009 || Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=501 Detailed profile: Mansukhbhai D. Vasava] in India.gov.in website

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{16th LS members from Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasava, Mansukhbhai}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Bharuch]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949

2026-03-25T18:11:58Z

Vikipft: made a location - done

{{Short description|Legislation act by the Government of Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949
| legislature = Bihar Legislative Assembly
| long_title = An Act to provide for the administration and management of the Bodh Gaya Temple and associated lands
| citation = Bihar Act No. X of 1949
| territorial_extent = [[Bihar]], India
| enacted_by = Government of Bihar
| date_enacted = 1949
| status = in force
}}

'''Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949''' is legislation enacted by the Government of [[Bihar]], [[India]], to regulate the administration and management of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarao |first=K. T. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_History_of_Mahabodhi_Temple_at_Bodh/H5n9DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bodh+Gaya+Temple+Act&pg=PA177&printsec=frontcover |title=The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya |date=2020-09-16 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-8067-3 |language=en}}</ref> The temple is regarded as the most significant pilgrimage site in [[Buddhism]], traditionally identified as the place where [[The Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] attained enlightenment under the [[Bodhi tree|Bodhi Tree]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ober |first=Douglas F. |date=July 2019 |title=From Buddha Bones to Bo Trees: Nehruvian India, Buddhism, and the poetics of power, 1947–1956 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/from-buddha-bones-to-bo-trees-nehruvian-india-buddhism-and-the-poetics-of-power-19471956/254B8FBD4C70428800419BF150F34C9D |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1312–1350 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X17000907 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2025-04-13 |title=In the shadow of the Bodhi tree |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/in-the-shadow-of-the-bodhi-tree/article69445887.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Background ==
Prior to the enactment of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act, the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] was managed by the Mahant, a [[Hindus|Hindu]] priestly authority. This arrangement led to disputes over the custodianship and administration of the temple due to its religious significance for [[Buddhists]] around the world. In response, the [[Government of Bihar]] introduced the Bodh Gaya Temple Act in 1949 to establish a formal administrative structure for the temple’s affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-05 |title=Buddhists challenge Hindu control over centuries-old Mahabodhi temple at Bodh Gaya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19920630-buddhists-challenge-hindu-control-over-centuries-old-mahabodhi-temple-at-bodh-gaya-766476-2013-01-05 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Umesh Kumar |date=2025-03-18 |title=Tracing the Bodh Gaya temple conflict: From Ashoka to Viceroy to Lalu and roadside protests |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/03/18/tracing-the-bodh-gaya-temple-conflict-from-ashoka-to-viceroy-to-lalu-and-roadside-protests |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

== Provisions of the act ==
The Act establishes a '''Bodh Gaya Temple Management Committee''' responsible for overseeing the temple’s administration and associated properties. The committee consists of nine members, with the District Magistrate of [[Gaya district]] serving as the ex-officio chairperson. Of the other members, four are nominated from the [[Buddhism|Buddhist community]] and four from the [[Hindus|Hindu community]]. This structure was intended to provide shared oversight, reflecting the temple’s religious and cultural importance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Anand |date=2025-03-28 |title=Bihar’s Mahabodhi Temple Protests: Buddhists Demand Control, Challenging 1949 Act |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/mahabodhi-temple-bodh-gaya-bihar-buddhists-protest-controversy/article69381982.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=Explained: The decades old dispute over who controls Mahabodhi temple in Gaya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/explained-the-decades-old-dispute-over-who-controls-mahabodhi-temple-in-gaya-9919163/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Amendments ==
Since its enactment, the Act has undergone amendments. A notable change in 2013 removed the requirement that the District Magistrate, who serves as the ex-officio chairperson of the management committee, must be Hindu. This amendment allowed individuals of any religious background to hold the position.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-31 |title=Amendment allows non-Hindu to head Bodh Gaya temple committee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amendment-allows-nonhindu-to-head-bodh-gaya-temple-committee/article4974856.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title=Buddhism's holiest site erupts in protests over Hindu 'control' of shrine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/3/24/buddhisms-holiest-site-erupts-in-protests-over-hindu-control-of-shrine |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Legal challenges and debates ==
In recent years, the Act has been the subject of legal scrutiny and debate. Some Buddhist organizations have argued that the legislation grants significant administrative control to non-Buddhist authorities over a site of religious significance for Buddhists. In 2024, the [[Supreme Court of India]] declined to admit a petition seeking exclusive Buddhist control of the temple, maintaining the validity of the existing legal framework established by the Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC on Bodh Gaya Temple: Supreme Court Rejects Plea, Asks Petitioner to Move Patna HC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sc-refuses-to-entertain-plea-challenging-bodh-gaya-temple-act-asks-petitioner-to-move-patna-hc-3608732 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-06-30 |title=SC Refuses Plea For Handing Over Bodh Gaya Temple To Buddhists |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/sc-refuses-plea-for-handing-over-bodh-gaya-temple-to-buddhists-enn25063004153 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> The matter continues to generate discussion and public interest, particularly regarding religious representation and the governance of cultural heritage sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court on Bodh Gaya Temple Act |url=https://www.editorji.com/india-news/supreme-court-on-bodh-gaya-temple-act-1751267438218 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Editorji |language=en}}</ref>

== Socio-political significance ==
The Bodh Gaya Temple Act serves as an important legal framework for the administration of the Mahabodhi Temple, a prominent Buddhist pilgrimage site and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The Act reflects ongoing efforts to balance religious interests and secular governance in the management of religious monuments in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2013-08-01 |title=Bodhgaya : Buddhist monks demand removal of Hindus from temple management committee |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bodhgaya-buddhist-monks-demand-removal-of-hindus-from-temple-25800.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Why are monks protesting at Bodh Gaya, Buddhism's holiest site, in Bihar? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/bihar-bodh-gaya-mahabodhi-temple-act-buddhist-monks-protest-13876287.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Mahabodhi Temple]]
* [[Buddhism in India]]
* [[Freedom of religion in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1949 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:Law about religion in India]]
[[Category:History of Bihar (1947–present)]]
[[Category:State legislation in India]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 4

2026-03-25T12:52:46Z

Vikipft: New first entry and citations

{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 4
| image = BiggBoss4.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #30D5C8
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Salman Khan]]
| num_days = 97
| num_housemates = 16
| winner = [[Shweta Tiwari]]
| runner_up = [[The Great Khali|Dalip Singh Rana]]
}}
| num_episodes = 98
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|03}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2011|01|08}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 4''''' is the fourth season of Indian [[reality TV]] show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'', which aired on [[Colors TV]] from 3 October 2010. This season was longer than its predecessor, ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 3|Bigg Boss 3]]'' and lasted for 14 weeks (97 days) ending on 8 January 2011. [[Salman Khan]] joined the show for the first time as host and has subsequently hosted all the following seasons.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg boss 8|url=http://biggboss8contestants.com|work=Times of India|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110060942/http://biggboss8contestants.com/|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This season became the highest-rated season with the finale TRP reaching 6.2 and the average TRP being 4.8.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindi Tv Show Bigg Boss Season 4 Synopsis Aired On Channel|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-shows/bigg-boss-season-4|access-date=2020-09-20|website=Nettv4u|language=en}}</ref>

During the launch on 3 October, fourteen hand-picked housemates<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss Season 4 Housemates |url=http://bb4.in.com/bigg-boss-4-housemate.html |publisher=Bb4.in.com |access-date=1 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116222717/http://bb4.in.com/bigg-boss-4-housemate.html/ |archive-date=16 November 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Meet the Bigg Boss 4 contestants|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/02/exclusive-meet-bigg-boss-4-contestants.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=18 December 2010|date=2 October 2010}}</ref> entered the house located in [[Lonavala]], a hill station, about 100 kilometres east of [[Mumbai]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. Two additional wild card entries were made during the second and third weeks, taking the number of contestants to sixteen. The housemates, considered strangers to each other, spent 96 days (14 weeks) locked up together under the supervision of 32 cameras fitted around the house.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss |url=http://endemol.co.in/what-we-do/non-fiction/big-boss/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728225652/http://endemol.co.in/what-we-do/non-fiction/big-boss/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2010 |publisher=Endemol |access-date=1 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Four of the housemates, [[Ashmit Patel]], [[Dolly Bindra]], [[The Great Khali]] and [[Shweta Tiwari]], reached the final week, facing public vote. The show ended on 8 January 2011 with the grand finale. [[Shweta Tiwari]] emerged as the winner, going away with a prize money of {{INR}} 10 million, while [[The Great Khali]] was announced as the runner-up.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shweta Tiwari wins Bigg Boss 4 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Shweta-Tiwari-wins-Bigg-Boss-4/Article1-648150.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112013729/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Shweta-Tiwari-wins-Bigg-Boss-4/Article1-648150.aspx |archive-date=12 January 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shweta Tiwari wins Bigg Boss|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Shweta-Tiwari-wins-Bigg-Boss-4/articleshow/7243422.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104094212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-08/tv/28353603_1_shweta-tiwari-dolly-bindra-manoj-tiwari|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=8 January 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 January 2011}}</ref>

== Production ==
===Development===
[[File:Salmanrampwalk.png|thumb|left|100px|[[Salman Khan]] appointed as a host for the first]]
The season was announced in June 2010 by the makers and channel. [[Amitabh Bachchan]], who presented the third season announced his departure from the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/salman-khan-takes-over-from-big-b-as-bigg-boss-host-615829|title=Salman Khan takes over from Big B as 'Bigg Boss' host|date=6 August 2010}}</ref> [[Shahrukh Khan]] was first offered to host the series but he rejected it and was later replaced by [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/jul/13/shahrukh-khan-to-host-bigg-boss-4-169543.html|title=Shahrukh Khan to host 'Bigg Boss 4'?|date=13 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/king-khan-says-no-to-bigg-boss-4/story-klV56GaE4owwvuNAKhumtL.html|title=King Khan says no to Bigg Boss 4|work=Hindustan Times |date=24 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shah-rukh-khan-bigg-boss-salman-khan-5339347/|title=Shah Rukh Khan was the original choice for Bigg Boss, says Salman Khan|date=4 September 2018}}</ref> The final list of contestants was revealed on 2 October 2010.

===Broadcast===
The series was broadcast on [[Colors TV]] for the second time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2010/10/bigg-boss-makes-big-start-on-colors|title=Bigg Boss Makes Big Start On Colors|date=3 October 2010}}</ref> Salman Khan presented the show on the weekends where a segment called 'Bigg Boss - Aapka Farmaan' was introduced and broadcast every Friday (eviction night) and Saturday. The finale was aired on 8 January 2011.

===Casting===
In July 2010, [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] was roped in as the first housemate to enter. Khan quit her show ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]'' to be a part of the series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sara-doesnt-want-to-act-in-soaps/articleshow/6111090.cms|title=Sara doesn't want to act in soaps!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 July 2010}}</ref> In September 2010, [[Shweta Tiwari]] was roped in as the second housemate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggbossfour.blogspot.com/2010/09/shweta-tiwari-in-bigg-boss.html|title=Shweta Tiwari in Bigg Boss|date=18 September 2010}}</ref>

In September 2010, [[Kelly Brook]] rejected the show and was replaced by [[Veena Malik]], who was confirmed last minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/29/kelly-brook-rejects-bigg-boss-offer.htm|title=Playboy star rejects Bigg Boss offer|date=29 September 2010}}</ref> [[Neetu Chandra]], [[Shoaib Akhtar]] and [[Sania Mirza]] had also rejected the series as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/neetu-skips-bigg-boss-4-for-tamil-film-616697|title=Neetu skips Bigg Boss 4 for Tamil film|date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Shweta Tiwari wins Bigg Boss 4.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Shweta Tiwari]] became the first female to win the series]]
Wrestler [[The Great Khali]] was roped in as the first wild card entrant in October 2010. In November 2010, [[Pamela Anderson]] entered the show as a guest which spiked the rating up high.

===Eye logo===
The eye logo was revealed in September 2010 with colours contrasting of white, black and turquoise.

===House===
The house images were revealed in September 2010 with a big garden, dining area, living area, confession room and bedroom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-4-house-to-have-a-common-bedroom-616766|title=Bigg Boss 4 house to have a common bedroom!|date=2 October 2010}}</ref>

===Release===

In September 2010, a promo featuring [[Salman Khan]] was released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/07/slide-show-1-what-do-you-think-of-the-bigg-boss-promo.htm|title=What do you think of the Bigg Boss promo?|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> The music video promo of Bigg Boss 4 was later released in mid September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-unveil-stylish-promo-video-for-big-boss-4/|title=Colors unveil stylish promo video for 'Big Boss 4'|work=BizAsiaLive |date=20 September 2010}}</ref>

===Controversies===
* During the first week of the show's airing, activists of ''[[Shiv Sena]]'', a political party, started protesting against the inclusion of Pakistani housemates in the show.<ref>[http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100003522-shiv_sena_tries_to_stop_bigg_boss_4_for_third_day/ Shiv Sena tries to stop Bigg Boss 4 for third day]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sena-ups-the-heat-on-Bigg-Boss-show/Article1-610735.aspx |title=Mumbai Sena ups the heat on Bigg Boss show |publisher=Hindustantimes.com |date=2010-10-10 |accessdate=2010-11-29 |archive-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114143745/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sena-ups-the-heat-on-Bigg-Boss-show/Article1-610735.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* One of the contestants, Sakshi Pradhan felt that she may be pregnant and spoke about her concern to fellow housemates Shweta Tiwari, Veena Malik and Sara Khan. However the video of the conversation was not aired. After receiving permission from Bigg Boss, Sakshi was allowed to leave the house for a short time to see a doctor.<ref>[http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100003561-bigg_bosss_sakshi_pradhan_pregnant/ Bigg Boss: Sakshi Pradhan pregnant]</ref>
* After being evicted from the house, Rahul Bhatt claimed that Bigg Boss is scripted.
* In November 2010, the Information and Broadcasting Ministry served a stay order to [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]], due to complaints of indecent exposure aired on national television, asking the channel to change the timings of the show from 9 PM to 11.30 PM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailypioneer.com/297356/Bigg-Boss-IB-Ministry-gives-Insaaf-to-viewers.html |title=The Pioneer :: Home : >> Bigg Boss IB Ministry gives Insaaf to viewers |publisher=Dailypioneer.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-21}}</ref> The channel later got a stay order from [[Bombay High Court]] allowing them to continue the telecast of the show during prime time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss to continue its telecast at 9pm|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bigg-boss-to-continue-telecast-at-nine-pm/20101118.htm|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=21 December 2010}}</ref>

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Shweta
| Day 1
| Day 97
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Khali
| Day 14
| Day 97
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Ashmit
| Day 1
| Day 97
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | Dolly
| Day 21
| Day 45
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| Day 56
| Day 97
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" | {{nowrap|3rd runner-up}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" | Samir
| Day 1
| Day 45
| {{cRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| Day 49
| Day 91
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 6
| Veena
| Day 1
| Day 84
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 7
| Seema
| Day 1
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Sara
| Day 1
| Day 70
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Manoj
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Hrishant
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Anchal
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Rahul
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Begum
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Sakshi
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Abbas
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Devender
| Day 1
| Day 1
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|}

==Housemates==
===Original entrants===
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] – Indian television star.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2010 |title=Exclusive: Meet the Bigg Boss 4 contestants |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/02/exclusive-meet-bigg-boss-4-contestants.htm |access-date=18 December 2010 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> Shweta is well known for playing the famous role of Prerna in the popular [[Ekta Kapoor]] longest running serial ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' which aired on [[Star Plus]].
* [[Abbas Kazmi]] – [[Ajmal Kasab|Ajmal Kasab's]] renowned Lawyer.
* [[Samir Soni]] – Bollywood actor. He is known for his roles in films like ''[[Kabhie Tum Kabhie Hum]]'' and ''[[Vivah]]''. He also appeared in the popular drama series ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''. He won the Most Stylish Housemate award in the finale, a Chevrolet car as the prize.
* [[Seema Parihar]] – Indian politician.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seema Parihar has acted in film before Bigg Boss |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/nov/261110-Seema-Parihar-Bigg-Boss-The-Bandit-Queen.htm |access-date=3 December 2010 |publisher=Mid-Day}}</ref> She has also acted in Wounded – a film based on her real-life story.
* [[Ashmit Patel]] – Bollywood actor. He is known for his role in films like ''Murder'' and ''Silsilay''. Actress [[Ameesha Patel]] is his sister.
* [[Ali Saleem]] – Pakistani TV anchor. He cross-dresses as a woman wearing a sari and asks influential guests provocative questions in his show ''Late Night with Begum Nawazish Ali''.
* [[Sakshi Pradhan]] – Reality TV Star. She is the winner of the second season of the reality show ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''.
* Devender Singh ( also known as Bunty Chor) – Criminal. He has been accused of robbery and was on the most wanted list of the Delhi police. [[Dibakar Banerjee]] has made a film on him, ''[[Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!]]'', where Abhay Deol played the protagonist.<ref name="indexp389536">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-want-to-retain-my-individuality-abhay-deo/389536/ |title=I want to retain my individuality: Abhay Deol |date=23 October 2008 |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Bhatt]] – Actor.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web |date=13 November 2009 |title=Who is Rahul Bhatt? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Who-s-Rahul-Bhatt/Article1-475931.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009032129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Who-s-Rahul-Bhatt/Article1-475931.aspx |archive-date=9 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |df=dmy}}</ref> He is the son of [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and brother of [[Alia Bhatt]].
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] – TV Actress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sara Khan of Bidaai fame to enter Bigg Boss house this year! |url=https://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/sara-khan-chunky-pandey-on-bigg-boss-4/6152/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806180955/http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/sara-khan-chunky-pandey-on-bigg-boss-4/6152/ |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=4 August 2010}}</ref> She rose the fame of Sadhana from the [[Star Plus]] popular show ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss 4: Sara Khan evicted! |date=10 December 2010 |url=http://scrutinybykhimaanshu.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/sara-evicted-from-bigg-boss.html |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Bigg Boss doesn't need gimmicks to boost TRPs': Sara Khan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sara-khan-talks-about-her-big-boss-experience/20101213.htm |access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref>
* Anchal Kumar – Model.
* [[Hrishant Goswami]] – Model. He is the winner of the 2004 Gladrags Manhunt contest.
* [[Veena Malik]] – Pakistani actress and model. She has appeared in many films like ''[[Tere Pyar Mein]]'', ''[[Pind Di Kurhi (2005 film)|Pind Di Kudi]]'' and ''[[Kyun Tum Se Itna Pyar Hai]]'' in the Pakistani industry.
* [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]] – Bhojpuri actor and politician. He has appeared in over 50 films in the industry.

===Wild card entries===
* [[The Great Khali|Dalip Singh Rana]] (also known as The Great Khali) – Wrestler.
* [[Dolly Bindra]] – Actress.<ref>{{cite web|title=JUST IN: Dolly's dramatic entry inside the Bigg Boss' house|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/just-in-dollys-dramatic-entry-inside-the-bigg-boss-house/135992-44.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130075923/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/just-in-dollys-dramatic-entry-inside-the-bigg-boss-house/135992-44.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2010|publisher=IBNLive|access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>

===Guests entrants===
Throughout the series various guests may appear from time to time for a visit.
* [[Ali Merchant]] stayed in the house as a guest from day 30 to day 41.
* [[Pamela Anderson]] entered the house on 16 November 2010 and stayed for 3 days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pamela Anderson in Bigg Boss 4|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pamela-Anderson-in-Bigg-Boss-4/articleshow/6920413.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-13/tv/28265010_1_bigg-boss-house-pamela-anderson-khali|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=13 November 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2010}}</ref>

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: white; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Day
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:5%;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:5%;" | Purpose of Visit
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Ref(s)
|-
! rowspan="9" | Premiere
! rowspan="9" | Day 1
| [[Kashmera Shah]]
| rowspan="3" | Special appearances from ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|Season 1]]''
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2010/10/bigg-boss-makes-big-start-on-colors|title=Bigg Boss Makes Big Start On Colors|date=4 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rakhi Sawant]]
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Ravi Kishan]]
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Sambhavna Seth]]
|Special appearances from ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Season 2]]''
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Bakhtiyaar Irani|Bhakhtyar Irani]]
| rowspan="4" | Special appearances from ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 3)|Season 3]]''
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Tannaz Irani]]
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Raju Srivastav]]
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Vindu Dara Singh]]
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| Palak Tiwari
| To support mother [[Shweta Tiwari]]
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
! Week 1
! Day 6
| [[Ajay Devgn]]
| To promote his film ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2010/10/bigg-boss-makes-big-start-on-colors|title=Ajay Devgan to promote Aakrosh on Bigg Boss 4|date=8 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 2
! Day 13
| [[John Abraham]] & [[Pakhi Tyrewala]]
| To promote their film ''[[Jhootha Hi Sahi]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Bigg Boss 4: John Abraham to appear?|date=14 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 3
! Day 20
| [[Anupam Kher]]
| To promote his film ''[[Nakshatra (film)|Nakshatra]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Bigg Boss 4: Anupam Kher to grace the show this week!|date=20 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 4
! Day 27
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| To promote his film ''[[Action Replayy]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Akshay Kumar-Salman Khan reunion on Bigg Boss 4|date=27 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Week 5
! Day 33
| [[Shashank Vyas]], [[Pratyusha Banerjee]], [[Mahhi Vij]], [[Rashami Desai]], [[Tina Datta]], [[Nandish Sandhu]] & [[Vishal Karwal]]
| From Colors shows to celebrate Diwali
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Bigg Boss 4: Colors parivaar to enter the house to celebrate Diwali|date=5 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Day 34
| [[Rohit Shetty]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Shreyas Talpade]] & [[Kunal Khemu]]
| To promote their film ''[[Golmaal 3]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-invites-golmaal-3-cast-to-bigg-boss-sets-1567.html|title=Salman Invites Golmaal 3 Cast To Bigg Boss Sets|date=6 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" | Day 39
| Ali & Sara's family
| rowspan="2" | To attend Ali and Sara's wedding
| <ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/shaadi-shehnaais-for-sara-ali-on-bigg-boss-4-8573|title=Shaadi Shehnaais for Sara-Ali on Bigg Boss 4|date=11 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jay Bhanushali]], [[Krystle D'Souza]], [[Abigail Jain]], [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]], Jatin Shah & [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 17#Housemates|Vicky Jain]]
| <ref name=":3" />
|-
! Day 41
| Gaurav Chaudhary & [[Shalini Chandran]]
| To promote their show ''[[Rishton Se Badi Pratha]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Bigg Boss 4: Gaurav Chaudhary and Shalini Chandran to promote their new show|date=12 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 7
! Day 47
| [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] & [[Kunal Kohli]]
| To promote their film ''[[Break Ke Baad]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Imran Khan appears on Bigg Boss for 'Break Ke Baad' promotions; Deepika gives it a miss|date=19 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 8
! Day 55
| [[Arbaaz Khan]] & [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
| To celebrate the success of ''[[Dabangg]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/broadband/video/Television/lhws4e43/3/Sonakshi-And-Arbaaz-On-Bigg-Boss-4.html|title=Sonakshi And Arbaaz On 'Bigg Boss 4'|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 9
! Day 61
| [[Anil Kapoor]] & [[Akshaye Khanna]]
| To promote their film ''[[No Problem (2010 film)|No Problem]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggbossfour.blogspot.com/2010/12/anil-kapoor-and-akshaye-khanna-rock.html|title=Anil Kapoor and Akshaye Khanna rock Bigg Boss|date=4 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 10
! Day 69
| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| To promote her film ''[[Ragini MMS]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bollyspice.com/ekta-kapoor-announces-ragini-mms-on-bigg-boss/|title=Ekta Kapoor announces "Ragini MMS" on Bigg Boss|date=12 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 11
! Day 76
| [[Farah Khan]] & [[Katrina Kaif]]
| To promote their film ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/katrina-to-enter-bigg-boss-house-tonight/articleshow/7116956.cms?from=mdr|title=Katrina to enter 'Bigg Boss' house tonight|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=17 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | Week 12
! rowspan="4" | Day 79
| [[Neelam Kothari]]
| To support her husband [[Samir Soni|Samir]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Bigg Boss 4: Neelam Kothari appears to support husband Samir Soni|date=20 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| Asha Patel
| To support her son [[Ashmit Patel|Ashmit]]
| <ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/sherlyn-chopra-in-bigg-boss-3/|title=Its family week in Bigg Boss 4|date=21 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| Harminder Kaur
| To support her husband [[The Great Khali|Dalip]]
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| Palak Tiwari
| To support her mother [[Shweta Tiwari|Shweta]]
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
! Day 83
| [[Rani Mukerji]] & [[Vidya Balan]]
| To promote their film ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2010/12/27/rani-mukherjee-vidya-balan-and-salman-khan-launch-no-one-killed-jessica-cd-at-the-bigg-boss-house|title=Rani Mukherjee, Vidya Balan and Salman Khan Launch 'No One Killed Jessica' CD on Bigg Boss|date=27 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
! Week 13
! Day 90
| [[Dharmendra]] & [[Bobby Deol]]
| To promote their film ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Dharmendra in Big Boss|url=http://thebihartimes.com/dharmendra-in-big-boss/10121260/2010/12/31.html|publisher=Bihar Times|date=2 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! Week 14
! Day 97
| [[R. Madhavan]] & [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| To promote their film ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2011/01/09/tanu-weds-manu-on-bigg-boss-4-finale-263797/|title='Tanu Weds Manu' On 'Bigg Boss 4′ Finale|date=9 January 2011}}</ref>
|}

==Weekly summary==
The main events in the house are summarised in the table below. A typical week began with nominations, followed by the shopping task, and then the eviction of a housemate during the Saturday episode. Evictions, tasks, and other events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 1
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 1:''' [[Shweta Tiwari|Shweta]], [[Abbas Kazmi|Abbas]], [[Samir Soni|Samir]], [[Seema Parihar|Seema]], [[Ashmit Patel|Ashmit]], [[Sakshi Pradhan|Sakshi]], Devender, [[Rahul Bhatt|Rahul]], [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara]], Anchal, Hrishant, [[Veena Malik|Veena]] & [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj]] entered the main house.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-4-a-pot-full-of-controversial-names-597052|title=Bigg Boss 4: A pot full of controversial names|date=4 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 1:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to vote for the first house captain. The twist was that Bigg Boss asked them to vote but all housemates thought it was for the first eviction. They later found out it was for the first captain. As Devender got the majority votes, he was elected as the first house captain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10896184/|title=Devender: The new house captain|website=[[IMDb]] |date=4 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 2:''' Housemates had to nominate two other housemates. As a result; Seema, Abbas, Sara and Hrishant were nominated for eviction. Bunty was later nominated by Bigg Boss for consistently breaking the rules of the house.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-28949.html|title=Who will get eliminated in Bigg Boss 4: Sara, Abbas, Hrishant or Seema?|date=7 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Samay Dhere Dhere Chal'''
* Each housemate has to take care of the hour glass and ensure that sand constantly flows.
:'''Begum's Talk Show'''
* Bigg Boss gave a mini task which was a chat show with Begum and the 4 nominated housemates. Transformation from Ali to Begum is no small occasion and all the women inmates got together to help her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10896190/?ref_=ttep_ep4|title=A task and an election|website=[[IMDb]] |date=6 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Reward'''
!—
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Abbas had to nominate two housemates for the second week eviction. He chose to nominate Seema and Veena.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biggbossfour.blogspot.com/2010/10/abbas-kazmi-voted-out-of-bigg-boss-day.html|title=Abbas Kazmi Voted out of Bigg Boss, Day 5|date=8 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 2:''' Devender was ejected from the house due to his violent and bad behaviour, abusing and cursing Bigg Boss, breaking rules of the house and trying to cover the cameras by socks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Superchor-Bunty-thrown-out-of-Bigg-Boss-4/Article1-607903.aspx|title=Superchor Bunty thrown out of Bigg Boss 4|date=4 October 2010}}</ref>
* '''Day 5:''' [[Abbas Kazmi|Abbas]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 2
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 13:''' [[The Great Khali|Dalip Singh Rana]] entered the house as the first wild card entrant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10896212/?ref_=ttep_ep14|title=WWE ka Bahubali, the Great Khali|website=[[IMDb]] |date=16 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 7:''' Bigg Boss asked for two names for the next house captain for the second week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10896192/?ref_=ttep_ep5|title=The house gets a new captain|website=[[IMDb]] |date=7 October 2010}}</ref> The housemates decided that Nawazish and Samir will be participating for the next captain. As Nawazish had the majority votes, he was the next house captain for the second week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10896194/?ref_=ttep_ep6|title=Begum becomes the captain|website=[[IMDb]] |date=8 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 8:''' Housemates had to nominate two other housemates. As a result; Sakshi, Seema and Samir were nominated for eviction. Sakshi was already nominated by captain Nawazish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tv-actress-dolly-bindra-joins-bigg-boss-4/702087/|title=Bigg Boss 4: Sakshi, Seema, Nawazish nominated|date=11 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Shakti De Bhakti De Mukti De'''
* The housemates had to wear a white gown and hat and chant, on a particular music. Once the music is over, then they need to say one good and bad point about the inmate on their right.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-housemates-go-the-spiritual-way/articleshow/6734489.cms|title=Bigg Boss housemates go the spiritual way!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments'''
!—
|-
| '''Reward'''
!—
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Sakshi had to pick one housemate she would like to nominate for the third week eviction. She chose to nominate Nawazish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/sakshi-pradhan-revenge-begum-181010.html|title=Sakshi Pradhan takes her revenge from Begum|date=19 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 12:''' [[Sakshi Pradhan|Sakshi]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 3
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 21:''' [[Dolly Bindra]] entered as the second wild card entrant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2017/bangalore-molestation-case-esha-gupta-slams-abu-hamzi-son-farhan-for-his-insensitive-comments-251010.html|title=Dolly Bindra enters Bigg Boss 4!|date=26 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 11:''' Bigg Boss asked Samir to pick two housemates for the next house captain for the third week. He chose Ashmit and Rahul. As Rahul got the majority votes, he was elected as the next captain.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 15:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to nominate on housemate for eviction. Shweta was nominated by captain Rahul. As a result; Nawazish, Shweta and Veena were nominated for eviction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.worldsnap.com/entertainment/begum-veena-shweta-on-bigg-boss-hitlist-93923.html|title=Begum, Veena, Shweta on Bigg Boss hitlist|date=20 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''Tasks''' ||
: '''Dhan Dhana Dhan!'''
* All housemates have to print notes. Each note is worth 1000 points. Housemates have to accumulate a total of 50,00,000 points in notes. Hrishant and Shweta have been given task to rob 15,00,000 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10896224/?ref_=ttep_ep17|title=Secret task for Hrishant and Shweta|website=[[IMDb]] |date=19 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| '''Passed – Hrishant and Shweta'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"| '''Failed – Other Housemates'''
|-
||
:'''Dixcy Scot'''
* There is a wrestling match between the male housemates. Dalip is the referee and consultant. Female participants are the cheerleaders, except for Shweta, who was the presenter along with Nawazish.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/wrestling-task-announced-in-bigg-boss/articleshow/6786559.cms|title=Wrestling task announced in Bigg Boss|newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| '''Passed – Manoj'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"| '''Failed – Other Male Housemates'''
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* '''Day 17:''' Rahul was punished and was asked to wash all clothes of the other housemates, after he failed to enforce Bigg Boss rules in his captaincy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Rahul-the-in-house-laundry-boy/articleshow/6791775.cms|title=Rahul the in-house laundry boy|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Nawazish was asked to nominate one housemate. Nawazish nominated Veena and Sara.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 19:''' [[Ali Saleem|Nawazish]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 4
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 22:''' Housemates had to nominate two other housemates for eviction. Sara was directly nominated by captain Manoj. As a result; Sara, Samir and Dalip were nominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tv-actress-dolly-bindra-joins-bigg-boss-4/702087/|title=Bigg Boss 4: Sara, Khali, Samir nominated|date=23 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 17:''' Bigg Boss asked Manoj to name two housemates for the next house captain for the fourth week. He named himself and Samir. Manoj was elected as the next house captain after getting majority votes.
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''Tasks''' ||
:'''BB Rhyming'''
* Dolly and Manoj were chosen as judge by the Bigg Boss for rhyming play. The teams were:
:'''Team A''': Samir & Shweta
:'''Team B''': Hrishant & Seema
:'''Team C''': Ashmit & Veena
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| '''Passed – Team B, Hrishant & Seema'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"| '''Failed – Other Housemates'''
|-
| '''Punishments'''
! —
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* '''Day 26:''' Bigg Boss staged a fake eviction process and sent Sara to a secret room.
* After her fake eviction, Sara was asked to nominate two housemates for the fifth week eviction. She nominated Dolly and Samir.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 26:''' [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara]] was asked to leave the house but was sent to a secret room and resulted to the eviction being cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scrutinybykhimaanshu.blogspot.com/2010/12/sara-evicted-from-bigg-boss.html|title=Sara Evicted from Bigg Boss!|date=12 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 5
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 30:''' [[Ali Merchant]] entered as a guest entrant.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 29:''' Bigg Boss cancelled the nomination procedure and nominated those contestants who have been breaking this rule. As a result; Manoj, Hrishant, Anchal, Veena, Rahul, Seema & Shweta were nominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/seven-housemates-booked-by-bigg-boss_21591?ri=3&rv=9873|title=Seven housemates booked by Bigg Boss|date=1 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 25:''' Bigg Boss asks Shweta to name two housemates for the next house captain. She chose Ashmit and Hrishant. Later with majority votes, Ashmit was elected as the new captain.
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Aa Pappiyaan Jhappiyan Pa Le'''
* The house is transformed into a puppy care centre. Bigg Boss asks six contestants to become puppies while five contestants are asked to work as their caretakers. Mandira was the supervisor of the task.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-puppy-task/articleshow/6859423.cms|title=Bigg Boss' puppy task|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 November 2010}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:25px; width:60%;"
|-
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:5%;" | Caretaker
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:5%;" | Puppy
|-
| Shweta
| Dalip
|-
| Hrishant
| Veena
|-
| Ashmit
| Sara
|-
| Seema
| Dolly
|-
| Samir
| Manoj
|}
----
:'''Other Tasks'''
* Dolly and Seema were assigned a task to make gajar ka halwa and who ever makes the best will be the winner and will be the chef for Ali and Sara's wedding.
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#7fff00;"| '''Passed – Seema'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"| '''Failed – Dolly'''
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* Bigg Boss punishes and nominated those housemates who broke the rules most of the time.
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* '''Day 31:''' Bigg Boss announced that Ali and Sara will get married inside the house which was a surprise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sara-khan-and-ali-merchant-to-get-paid-to-marry-on-bigg-boss-85323-2010-11-09|title=Sara Khan and Ali Merchant to get paid to marry on 'Bigg Boss'|date=10 November 2010}}</ref>
* After getting evicted, Rahul had to nominate two housemates. He nominated Veena and Sara.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 33:''' [[Rahul Bhatt|Rahul]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 6
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 36:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to nominate two other names for eviction. Anchal was directly nominated by captain Hrishant. As a result; Anchal, Dolly and Ashmit were nominated.
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 32:''' Bigg Boss asked Anchal to name two housemates for the next house captain; she chose Hrishant and Samir. Hrishant was elected as the next house captain with majority votes.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Ali and Sara's wedding'''
* Ali and Sara are getting married and Bigg Boss assigns tasks to make it go all good for the couple. It includes, mehendi, clothes, haldi ceremony and the big wedding day.
|-
| '''Punishments'''
! —
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Anchal had to nominate two housemates for next week's eviction. She nominated Veena and Sara.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 40:''' Anchal was evicted from the house after facing the public vote. [[Ali Merchant|Ali]] left the house as his guest duration days were finished.
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 7
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 44:''' [[Pamela Anderson]] entered the house as a guest entrant.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 43:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to nominate two other names for eviction. Dolly was directly nominated by captain Shweta. As a result; Dolly, Sara and Dalip were nominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.worldsnap.com/entertainment/dolly-bindra-wrestler-khali-sara-nominated-for-eviction-95311.html|title=Dolly Bindra, Wrestler Khali, Sara Khan nominated for eviction|date=17 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 41:''' Bigg Boss asked Veena to name two housemates for the next house captain; she chose herself and Shweta. Shweta was elected as the next house captain with majority votes.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Wazan Ghatao Tandrusti Badhao'''
* The housemates have to decrease their weight through exercises. Dalip will act as the PT instructor.
|-
| '''Punishments'''
! —
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* '''Day 47:''' Salman Khan announced there was no eviction.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 45:''' [[Dolly Bindra|Dolly]] and [[Samir Soni|Samir]] were ejected from the house following a huge fight in which they broke most of the rules.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dolly-and-samir-thrown-out-of-the-bigg-boss-house-for-violating-rules/135237-44.html|title=Dolly and Sameer thrown out of the Bigg Boss house for violating rules|date=18 November 2010|access-date=17 November 2010|archive-date=20 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120181852/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dolly-and-samir-thrown-out-of-the-bigg-boss-house-for-violating-rules/135237-44.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Day 48:''' [[Pamela Anderson|Pamela]] left the house as her guest duration days was completed.
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 8
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 49:''' [[Samir Soni]] re-entered the house
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 50:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to nominate two other names for eviction. As a result, Ashmit, Hrishant, Samir, Shweta and Veena were nominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/bigg-boss-4-day-49-ashmit-shweta-hrishaant-veena-samir-nominated_100463841.html|title=Bigg Boss 4 Day 49: Ashmit, Shweta, Hrishaant, Veena & Samir nominated|date=23 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 49:''' Bigg Boss asked Manoj to name two housemates for the next house captain; he chose Dalip and Seema. Seema was elected as the next house captain with majority votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/releases/seema-parihar-the-new-captain|title=Seema Parihar is the new captain|date=22 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Gaon Gaon Shahar Shahar'''
* Bigg Boss has given a task to the leftover contestants of the house that they have to portray the characters of hardcore villagers and modern city people. Bigg Boss has divided them into two teams. The village team is composed of Shweta, Samir, Veena and is headed by Ashmit. The modern city people team is headed by Seema and composed of Sara, Hrishant, Manoj and Khali. The city people have to stay inside the house and dress in a modern way and eat only continental food, whereas the villagers have to stay in the garden area, dress in the village garb and eat food made on stoves. Both the teams have to remain in their respective areas, which is defined by the ‘Lakshman Rekha’.
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:25px; width:60%;"
|-
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:5%;" | Villagers
! style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:5%;" | Modern
|-
| Ashmit
| Seema
|-
| Samir
| Hrishant
|-
| Veena
| Manoj
|-
| Shweta
| Sara
|-
| Samir
| Dalip
|}
* Bigg Boss said both teams failed the task as many violated the rules.
|-
| '''Punishments'''
! —
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Hrishant had to nominate two housemates for next week's eviction. He nominated Shweta and Samir.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 54:''' Hrishant was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 9
| '''Entrances''' ||
* '''Day 57:''' [[Dolly Bindra]] re-entered the house.
|-
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 57:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to nominate two other names for eviction. Captain Dalip had to nominate one housemate directly for nomination. He chose to nominate Veena. Later Dolly was given a special power to save a housemate. She saved Veena. As a result; Ashmit and Manoj were nominated.
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 53:''' Bigg Boss asked Seema to name two housemates for the next house captain; she chose Dalip and Manoj. Dalip was elected as the next house captain with majority votes.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Paathshala'''
* Housemates are given school uniform and have to appear like school kids. Seema is made the principal while Manoj and Ashmit are made the Hindi and English teachers respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Bigg-Boss-housemates-goes-back-to-school/articleshow/7015571.cms|title=Bigg Boss housemates goes back to school|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments'''
! —
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Manoj had to nominate two housemates for next week's eviction. He nominated Sara and Samir.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 61:''' [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 10
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 64:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to nominate two other names for eviction. Captain Dolly had to nominate one housemate directly for nomination. She chose to nominate Sara. As a result; Sara, Veena and Samir were nominated.
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 60:''' Bigg Boss asked Dolly to name two housemates for the next house captain; she chose herself and Veena. Dolly was elected as the next house captain with majority votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/dolly-wins-hearts-elected-as-house-captain/story-G2ZrmGlYExE193vEkob9bP.html|title=Dolly wins hearts, elected as house captain|date=2 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Jaago Ghar Walon Warna Waat Lag Jaaegi'''
* The housemates will be allowed to sleep between 4am and 12 noon and two contestants will be nominated to perform a certain task in the garden area. The task is to counter-balance one's weight with the corresponding weight provided by Bigg Boss. A giant weighing scale has been provided in the garden area for the task. The first pair to try the task was Sara and Shweta.
|-
| '''Punishments'''
! —
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Sara had to save one housemate for next week's eviction. She saved Ashmit.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 68:''' [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 11
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 71:''' Captain Dalip had to nominate two housemates who will directly get nominated. As a result; Seema & Samir were nominated.
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 66:''' Bigg Boss asked Dolly to name three housemates for the next house captain; she chose herself, Dalip and Seema. On Day 67, Dalip was elected as the next house captain with majority votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/bigg-boss4-khali-captain-2time-101210.html|title=Khali becomes the captain for the 2nd time|date=10 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Haath Choota Toh Kismat Phooti'''
* The housemates will be divided into three pairs. The first pair will be Ashmit and Shweta, second pair will be Dolly and Veena and the third pair will be Samir and Seema. The housemates will be tied together with a handcuff and one member of each pair has to wear a blindfold and keep an egg on his hand all the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/veena-tells-ashmit-importance-of-hug/articleshow/7093560.cms?|title=Veena tells Ashmit importance of hug!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 December 2010}}</ref>
----
:'''Other Tasks'''
* Shweta and Ashmit are given secret task to hide important things of Veena and Dolly, which they succeed and earn 300 points each.
|-
| '''Punishments''' ||
* '''Day 71:''' Bigg Boss took back the captaincy from Dalip due to breaking of house rules by the housemates. Dalip is asked to make food for all the contestants as a punishment.
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Seema had to nominate two housemates for next week's eviction. She nominated Dalip and Veena.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 75:''' [[Seema Parihar|Seema]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 12
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 78:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to nominate two other names for eviction. As a result; Ashmit, Veena and Dalip were nominated.
|-
| '''Captain''' ||
* '''Day 77:''' Bigg Boss asked the housemates to vote between Ashmit and Shweta for the next captain. Shweta was elected as the last house captain of the season with majority votes.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
* As a result of previous week's mistakes, Bigg Boss has not provided any flour and housemates have to grind it themselves using chakki. They will also feed Khali as he has been directed not to take any food item by himself.
* This week housemates have to save water to promote save water campaign. Water will come in limited amount in the morning and evening hours. Housemates have been provided buckets to store water for daily works.
|-
| '''Punishments'''
! —
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists''' ||
* After getting evicted, Veena had to save one housemate for week 13 nominations. She saved Ashmit.
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 82:''' [[Veena Malik|Veena]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 13
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 85:''' Bigg Boss asked to nominate one housemate for this week's eviction. As a result; Dolly, Samir and Shweta were nominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.samaylive.com/entertainment-news/676479985/bigg-boss-4-sameer-shweta-dolly-to-face-eviction-process.html|title="Bigg Boss 4: Sameer, Shweta, Dolly to face eviction process"|date=31 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Bigg Boss Ki Kahani, Hamari Zabani'''
* Housemates have to enact different past events which took place in the house. The task will continue for three days; housemates will act on three different themes namely fights, laughters and love.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss 4 house garnished with emotions|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/top-stories/news/2010/bigg-boss4-house-garnished-emotions-311210.html|date=31 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Punishments'''
! —
|-
| '''Reward'''
! —
|-
| '''Twists'''
! –
|-
| '''Exits''' ||
* '''Day 89:''' [[Samir Soni|Samir]] was evicted from the house after facing the public vote.
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#30D5C8; color:#000; width:1%;" | Week 14
| '''Nominations''' ||
* '''Day 94:''' Bigg Boss asked the remaining contestants; Ashmit, Dolly, Khali and Shweta to nominate one housemate who they would like to evict from the house. As the other housemates got confused, Ashmit volunteered his own name. Bigg Boss announced that Ashmit will remain in the house and he would get a cash prize of Rs. 5 lakhs, regardless if he wins the show or not.
|-
| '''Tasks''' ||
:'''Jee Lay Jee Jaan Sey'''
* Each housemate will be given a specific song every day and they have to dance on it. During the task duration, all the housemates put together can sleep for total of 60 hours.
|-
| '''Happenings''' ||
*'''Day 92''': Bigg Boss announces no nominations and that all were nominated for the final results.
*'''Day 93''': Bigg Boss assigned a new and last task for the season.
*'''Day 94''': Bigg Boss announced a shocking twist for the four remaining housemates.
*'''Day 95''': Bigg Boss announced the finalists of season 4 and hosted a party for them.
*'''Day 96''': The four finalists gear up for the finale.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFEF00;" | '''Finalists'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" | {{nowrap|'''3rd runner-up'''}}|| [[Dolly Bindra]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''2nd runner-up'''}}|| [[Ashmit Patel]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" | {{nowrap|'''1st runner-up'''}}|| [[The Great Khali|Dalip Singh Rana]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#73FB76; " | '''Winner''' || [[Shweta Tiwari]]
|}

==Nomination table==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 10}}
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 12}}
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 13}}
! colspan="4" style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Week 14}}
|-
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 94}}
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 97}}
|- style="background:#C2DFFF;"
! Nominated for Captaincy
| All Housemates
| All Housemates
| Rahul Shweta
| All Housemates
| Ashmit Dolly Hrishant Shweta
| Hrishant Samir
| Shweta Veena
| Dalip Seema
| Dalip Manoj
| Dolly Veena
| Dalip Dolly Seema
| Ashmit Shweta
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! '''House Captain'''
| '''<s>Devinder</s>'''
| '''Begum'''
| '''Rahul'''
| '''Manoj'''
| '''Ashmit'''
| '''Hrishant'''
| '''Shweta'''
| '''Seema'''
| '''Dalip'''
| '''Dolly'''
| '''Dalip'''
| '''Shweta'''
|-
! Captain's Nomination
| style="background:#ccc;" |{{nowrap|''Refused to vote''}}
| Sakshi
| Shweta
| Sara
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''No Nominations''
| Anchal
| Dolly
| Ashmit
| Veena
| Sara
| Samir Seema
| Ashmit Veena
|-
| colspan="17" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! colspan="4" | Evict
! None
! colspan="9" | Evict
! colspan="2" | ''WIN''
|-
| colspan="17" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Shweta
| Seema Abbas
| Rahul Manoj
| Anchal
| style="background:#fbf373; text-align:center;"| Sara, Ashmit
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Dolly Ashmit
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Ashmit Veena
| Ashmit Sara
| Veena Dalip
| style="background:#ccc;"|''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| Dolly
| Ashmit
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Winner''' (Day 96)
|-
! Dalip
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''Exempt''
| style="background:#959FFD;"|Samir Sara
| style="background:#ccc;"|''No Nominations''
| Veena Samir
| Sara Hrishant
| Ashmit Hrishant
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Shweta Seema
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| Ashmit Veena
| Samir
| Ashmit
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D1E8EF;" | {{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up'''''}} (Day 96)
|-
! Ashmit
| Sakshi Seema
| Samir Shweta
| Veena
| Samir Seema
| style="background:#cfc;"|''House Captain''
| Dolly Manoj
| Dalip Manoj
| Shweta Manoj
| Shweta Manoj
| Samir Seema
| style="background:#FFD700;" |''Exempt''
| Dolly Dalip
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Dolly
| Ashmit
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''''{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}''''' (Day 96)
|-
! Dolly
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Anchal Veena
| style="background:#ccc;"|''No Nominations''
| Veena Ashmit
| style="background:#959FFD;"|Hrishant Sara
| style="background:#FFE08B; text-align:center;"| ''Ejected'' (Day 45)
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Veena (to save)}}
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''No Nominations''
| Ashmit Samir
| Shweta
| Ashmit
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#DDA0DD;"|{{nowrap|'''''3rd runner-up'''''}} (Day 96)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Samir
| rowspan="2" | Hrishant Rahul
| rowspan="2" | Hrishant Ashmit
| rowspan="2" | Veena
| rowspan="2" | Ashmit Sara
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" | Dolly Ashmit
| Sara Veena
| rowspan="2" | Sara Veena
| rowspan="2" | Sara Ashmit
| rowspan="2" | Ashmit Veena
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" | Ashmit Veena
| rowspan="2" | Dolly
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 90)
|-
| style="background:#FFE08B" |{{nowrap|''Ejected'' (Day 45)}}
|-
! Veena
| Seema Sara
| Samir Rahul
| Sara
| Rahul Seema
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Shweta Samir
| Dalip Seema
| Samir Shweta
| style="background:#959FFD;" | Manoj Seema
| Shweta Samir
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Dalip Dolly
| style="background:#FA8072" |Ashmit (to save)
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 83)
|-
! Seema
| Begum Sara
| Anchal Manoj
| Hrishant
| Samir Sara
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Dolly Ashmit
| Ashmit Hrishant
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Ashmit Manoj
| Veena Ashmit
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FA8072" |Dalip Veena (to evict)
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 76)
|-
! Sara
| Hrishant Anchal
| Rahul Seema
| Veena
| Samir Seema
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |<s>Dolly Samir (to evict)</s>
----{{nowrap|''Secret Room'' (Days 26–28)}}
| Veena Manoj
| Dalip Seema
| Dalip Veena
| Manoj Ashmit
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Dalip Veena
| style="background:#FA8072" |Ashmit (to save)
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 69)
|-
! Manoj
| Seema Abbas
| Shweta Seema
| Sara
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Dalip Ashmit
| Sara Ashmit
| Ashmit Hrishant
| Ashmit Sara
| style="background:#FA8072" |Samir Sara (to evict)
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 62)
|-
! Hrishant
| Seema Abbas
| Seema Samir
| Veena
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Samir Sara
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Samir Dalip
| Shweta Samir
| style="background:#FA8072" |{{nowrap|Shweta Samir (to evict)}}
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 55)
|-
! Anchal
| Sakshi Sara
| Samir Seema
| Shweta
| Sara Samir
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Dolly Shweta
| style="background:#FA8072" |Veena Sara (to evict)
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 41)
|-
! Rahul
| Veena Shweta
| Veena Sara
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Veena Sara
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FA8072" |Veena Sara (to evict)
| colspan="10" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 34)
|-
! Begum
| Seema Manoj
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Samir
| style="background:#FA8072" |Dalip (to evict)
| colspan="12" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 20)
|-
! Sakshi
| Seema Hrishant
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Hrishant Aanchal
| style="background:#FA8072" |{{nowrap|Begum (to evict)}}
| colspan="13" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 13)
|-
! Abbas
| Seema Begum
| style="background:#FA8072" |Seema Veena (to evict)
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072" |''Evicted'' (Day 6)
|-
! Bunty
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| colspan="15" style="background:#FFE08B;" | ''Ejected'' (Day 1)
|-
| colspan="17" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| ''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
| ''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
| ''[[#endnote 7|7]]''
| {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 8|8]]''
| ''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
| ''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 11|11]]''
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 12|12]]''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF;"
! Against Public Vote
| Abbas <s>Devinder</s> Hrishant Sara Seema
| Sakshi Samir Seema
| Begum Shweta Veena
| Dalip Samir Sara
| Anchal Hrishant Manoj Rahul Seema Shweta Veena
| Anchal Ashmit Dolly
| Dalip Dolly Sara
| Ashmit Hrishant Samir Shweta Veena
| Ashmit Manoj <s>Veena</s>
| Samir Sara Veena
| Samir Seema
| Ashmit Dalip Veena
| Dolly Samir Shweta
| colspan="3" | Ashmit Dalip Dolly Shweta
|-
! {{nowrap|Secret Room}}
| colspan="4" style="background:#ccc" |''none''
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |'''Sara'''
| colspan="11" style="background:#ccc" |''none''
|-
! {{nowrap|Re-entered}}
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc" |''none''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Samir'''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Dolly'''
| colspan="8" style="background:#ccc" |''none''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Ejected
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''Devender'''
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |''none''
| style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''Dolly'''
| colspan="9" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |''none''
|-
| style="background:#FFE08B;" |'''Samir'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Abbas'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Sakshi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Begum'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''No eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Rahul'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Anchal'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |''Eviction Cancelled''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Hrishant'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Manoj'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Sara'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Seema'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Veena'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Samir'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|''No eviction''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Dolly'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''Ashmit'''
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Dalip'''
| style="background:#73FB76;"|'''Shweta'''
|}
</blockquote>
'''Color Key'''
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#DAFF99|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has Re-Entered.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the person was saved by another housemate.
: {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#87CEFA|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate was in the caravan or secret room.
: {{Color box|#E9FFDB|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate entered as a wild card entrant.
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the first runner-up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the second runner-up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the third runner-up.
: {{Color box|#FA8072|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{Color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} indicates the housemate was ejected.

===Nomination notes===
{{smalldiv|1=
* {{note|1|1}}: On Day 2, Devender who became the first house captain got his captaincy revoked and also was thrown out of the house after he violated the rules.
* {{note|2|2}}: On Day 8, captain Begum was given a special power to nominate someone directly for second week's eviction. He chose Sakshi.
* {{note|3|3}}: After Dalip made his first wild cards entry, he was exempt and saved from the third week's nomination process.
* {{note|4|4}}: Bigg Boss announced a twist where it was revealed that Sara had got evicted but instead she entered the secret room therefore there was no eviction.
* {{note|5|5}}: Bigg Boss cancelled the nomination procedure and nominated those housemates directly who repeatedly broke the rules.
* {{note|6|6}}: Captain Hrishant had directly nominated Anchal for eviction hence no housemate could vote.
* {{note|7|7}}: Captain Shweta had directly nominated Dolly for eviction hence no housemate could vote.
* {{note|8|8}}: After returning, Dolly saved Veena from nominations.
* {{note|9|9}}: Captain Dolly had directly nominated Sara for eviction hence no housemate could vote.
* {{note|10|10}}: Only Captain Dalip was eligible to nominate two housemates directly for eviction.
* {{note|11|11}}: On Day 82, Veena used her special power to save Ashmit from nominations.
* {{note|12|12}}: Shweta was announced as the winner but Ashmit had received 5 lakhs as he voluntarily chose his own name to take the money.
}}

==Ratings==
* According to data available with aMap, a television viewership monitoring agency, the opening episode of ''Bigg Boss 4'' on Colors got a rating of 3.6. Season 3 had average rating of 2.43 while ''Bigg Boss 1'' and ''Bigg Boss 2'' had average ratings of 1.96 and 2.03. While ''Bigg Boss 1'' was anchored by [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] hosted ''Bigg Boss 2'' and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for ''Bigg Boss 3''.<ref name="autogenerated8">{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bigg-boss-4-salman-khan-scores-over-amitabh-bachchan/410532/ |title=Bigg Boss 4: Salman Khan scores over Amitabh Bachchan |date=7 October 2010 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
* The Grand Finale episode on 8 January 2011, received a [[Target rating point|TRP]] of 6.7, which was the highest among the finale of other Indian reality shows such as ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', ''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar|Rahul Dulhaniya Le Jayega]]'', ''[[MasterChef]]'' and ''DID –Li'l Masters''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss 4 ends on a high note with 6.7 TVR|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k11/jan/janmam51.php|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref>

==Game==
''Bigg Boss 4'', a [[mobile video game]] based on the fourth season was released by [[Indiagames]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 4 |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j57427 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101005022540/http://bb4.in.com/ ''Bigg Boss'' Season 4 Official Website]

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2010 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|04]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]

Portulaca grandiflora

2026-03-25T01:09:40Z

Vikipft: improve article per sources as per guidelines

{{Short description|Rose-like flowering plant}}
{{Redirect|Moss rose|other uses|Moss Rose (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Portulaca umbraticola|Vietnam Rose}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = PortulacaGrandiflora.jpg
|genus = Portulaca
|species = grandiflora
|authority = [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]
|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
* ''Portulaca hilaireana'' G. Don
* ''Portulaca immersostellulata'' Poelln.
* ''Portulaca mendocinensis'' Gillies ex Hook.
* ''Portulaca multistaminata'' Poelln.
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2573991
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>
}}
[[File:松葉牡丹 20190403191249.jpg|thumb|Portulaca Grandiflora]]

'''''Portulaca grandiflora''''' is a [[Succulent plant|succulent]] [[flowering plant]] in the purslane family [[Portulacaceae]], native to southern [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], and [[Uruguay]] and often cultivated in gardens.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate = 10 January 2018}}</ref> It has many [[common name]]s, including '''rose moss''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=POGR7|taxon=Portulaca grandiflora|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref> '''eleven o'clock''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''Mexican rose''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''moss rose''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''sun rose''',<ref
name=GRIN/> '''rose Jepun''',<ref name=Mitchell>{{cite book |author=Mitchell, H. |year=2003 |title=The Essential Earthman: Henry Mitchell on Gardening |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253215857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5fRmqDualkC |page=113}}</ref> '''table rose''',{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} '''rock rose''',<ref name=Mitchell/> and '''moss-rose [[purslane]]'''. Despite these names and the superficial resemblance of some cultivars' flowers to [[rose]]s, it is not a true rose, nor even a part of the [[Rosaceae|rose family]] or [[Rosids|rosid]] group; rather, it is much more closely related to [[carnation]]s and [[cactus|cacti]].

It is also seen in South Asia and widely spread in most of the cities with old 18th- and 19th-century architecture in the [[Balkans]].

==Description==
It is a small, but fast-growing [[annual plant]] growing to 30 cm tall, though usually less. However, if it is cultivated properly, it can easily reach this height. The [[leaf|leaves]] are thick and fleshy, up to 2.5 cm long, arranged alternately or in small clusters. The [[flower]]s are 2.5–3 cm diameter with five petals, variably red, orange, pink, white, and yellow.<ref name=rhs/> Their upright, or ascending, long shoots branch usually near the base. The spreading 20-to-25-millimeters-long and 2-to-3-millimeters-wide leaves are almost or completely stalk-shaped, and taper towards the tip.

The [[Axillary (botany)|axillary]] leaves have few to numerous whitish, woolly hairs which are usually shorter than the sheets. The compressed [[inflorescence]]s are surrounded by eight to ten leaves. The large flowers reach a diameter of up to 4 centimetres. The five bright [[magenta]]-coloured petals are [[obovate]] and 15 to 26 millimeters long. Around the [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] with four to nine whitish scars are about 50 [[stamens]]. [[Capsule (fruit)|Capsule]]s and [[seed]]s are not visible.<ref>Urs Eggli (ed.): Succulent Encyclopedia. Dicots (dicotyledons). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, {{ISBN|3-8001-3662-7}}, pp. 437-438 .</ref>

''P. grandiflora'' is one of the few plants that is a {{c4}}/CAM intermediate, utilizing both [[C4 carbon fixation|{{c4}} carbon fixation]] and [[Crassulacean acid metabolism]] pathways in different cells for photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guralnick|first1=Lonnie|last2=Gilbert|first2=Kate|last3=Denio|first3=Diana|last4=Antico|first4=Nicholas|date=2020-01-01|title=The Development of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Photosynthesis in Cotyledons of the C4 Species, Portulaca grandiflora (Portulacaceae)|url=https://docs.rwu.edu/fcas_fp/401|journal= Plants|volume=9|issue=1|page=55|doi=10.3390/plants9010055|pmid=31906418|pmc=7020464|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Cultivation and uses==
Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected for double flowers with additional petals, and for variation in flower colour, plain or variegated.<ref name=rhs/> It is widely grown in temperate climates as an [[ornamental plant]] for annual bedding or as a container plant. It requires ample sunlight and well-drained soils. It requires almost no attention and spreads itself very easily. In places with old architecture it can grow between the stones of the road or sidewalk. Seeds are often sold as mixtures, such as ''Double Flowering Mixture'' (see illustrations). It grows on sandy soils. In countries with a frost-free climate, it is wild.<ref>Blumea. Tijdschrift voor de Systematiek en Geography of the Plants. Volume 17, No. 2, p. 297, Leiden 1969</ref><ref>Botanical Magazine; or, Flower-Garden Displayed. Volume 56, Plate 2885. London 1829</ref>

Unlike ''[[Portulaca oleracea|P. oleracea]]'' and ''[[Portulaca umbraticola|P. umbraticola]]'', it is not edible because of its bitter taste. There are hybrids of ''P. grandiflora'' with ''P. oleracea'', ''umbraticola'' and ''villosa''.

It is visited by [[Honey bee|honeybees]] for its [[pollen]] and [[nectar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.florabeilles.org/serie/portulaca-grandiflora_apis-mellifera|title=Portulaca grandiflora & Apis mellifera|date=2012-09-09|website=Florabeilles|language=fr|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Portulaca in Kadavoor.jpg|Bicoloured
File:Portulaca grandiflora at Kadavoor.jpg|In India
File:Portulaca.jpg|Traditional Brazilian flower
File:Portulaca grandiflora 26032014.jpg|Single leaves
File:松葉牡丹 20191005155847.jpg|Cultivar with double flowers
</gallery>

==References==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q159547}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Portulaca|grandiflora]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]

Priyadarshan

2026-03-22T13:13:02Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1957)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyadarshan
| image = Priyadarshan at a press conference for ‘Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal’ (cropped).jpg
| caption = Priyadarshan at a press conference for ''Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal''
| birth_name = Priyadarshan Soman Nair
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|01|30}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1982–present
| works = [[Priyadarshan filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Lissy (Malayalam actress)|Lissy]]|1990|2016|reason=divorced}}
| partner = [[Lissy (Malayalam actress)|Lissy]] (2026-present)
| children = 2; including [[Kalyani Priyadarshan|Kalyani]]
| parents =
| honours =
| website =
}}

'''Priyadarshan''' '''Soman Nair''' (born 30 January 1957)<ref name="birthday">{{Cite web|date=30 January 2018|title=Happy Birthday Priyadarshan: Mohanlal, Riteish Deshmukh, and others wish Nimir director|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/happy-birthday-priyadarshan-5044749/|access-date=2 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202075540/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/happy-birthday-priyadarshan-5044749/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyadarshan - Film Director - Official Website |url=https://directorpriyadarshan.com/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=directorpriyadarshan.com}}</ref> is an Indian film director and [[screenwriter]]. He has worked primarily in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] cinema since 1982, directing over 80 films in multiple Indian languages, with notable works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Known for his memorable comedic films, he has received several accolades, including three [[National Film Awards]], multiple [[Kerala State Film Awards]], and the [[Padma Shri]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=Happy Birthday, Priyadarshan: Reasons why he is a master at handling every film genres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-priyadarshan-reasons-why-he-is-a-master-at-handling-every-film-genres/photostory/89210618.cms |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Most of his Hindi films are remakes of Malayalam films, some of which Priyadarshan helmed both versions.

He began his cinematic journey in the early 1980s, primarily working in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He directed several notable films during this period, including ''[[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]]'' (1986), ''[[Thalavattam]]'' (1986), ''[[Vellanakalude Nadu]]'' (1988), ''[[Chithram]]'' (1988), ''[[Vandanam]]'' (1989), and ''[[Kilukkam]]'' (1991). Throughout the 1990s, he continued directing successful films such as ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991), ''[[Mithunam (1993 film)|Mithunam]]'' (1993), ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]'' (1994), ''[[Kala Pani (1996 film)|Kaalapaani]]'' (1996), ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1997), and ''[[Megham]]'' (1999).

While working in Malayalam cinema, Priyadarshan also made his foray into [[Bollywood]] with the action thillers ''[[Gardish]]'' (1994) and ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' (1997). In the 2000s, he gained widespread recognition in Bollywood for his Hindi adaptations of Malayalam films, particularly in the comedy genre. Some of his most notable Bollywood films include ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' (2000), ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' (2003), ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'' (2004), ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' (2005), ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]'' (2006), ''[[Chup Chup Ke]]'' (2006), ''[[Dhol (film)|Dhol]]'' (2007), ''[[De Dana Dan]]'' (2009), and ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/priyadarshan-birthday-special-top-10-comedy-movies-starring-akshay-kumar-shahid-kapoor-and-more-that-you-can-watch-again-and-again-news-and-gossip-2323418/ | title=Priyadarshan birthday special: Top 10 comedy movies starring Akshay Kumar, Shahid Kapoor and more that you can watch again and again | date=30 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iforher.com/news/entertainment-news/best-priyadarshan-movies-comedy/|title=9 Priyadarshan Movies That Are So Funny You Won't Even Want to Pause for a Second|date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Priyadarshan received his early education at the [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School|Government Model School]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and later a [[Master of Arts]] in [[Philosophy]] from [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=University College, Thiruvananthapuram – University College, Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://universitycollege.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> His father, a college librarian, nurtured his love for literature, which led to a passion for storytelling. He was an avid reader in his teens, and during college, he began writing short plays and skits for [[All India Radio]]. He was influenced by the films of director [[P. Venu]]. His friends during this time included [[Mohanlal]], [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Suresh Kumar, Sanal Kumar, [[Jagadish]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], and Ashok Kumar. Mohanlal entered the [[film industry]], and his friends followed him to [[Chennai]] in search of opportunities. With Mohanlal's help, Priyadarshan worked as an assistant [[scriptwriter]] on a few films and began writing his own scripts, some of which became successful. Eventually, he returned to Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trivandrum days |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/trivandrum-days/article780844.ece |work=The Hindu |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205203610/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/trivandrum-days/article780844.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Though he initially aspired to become a cricketer, an eye injury shifted his focus toward filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-01 |title=What made Priyadarshan give up cricket? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/what-made-priyadarshan-give-up-cricket/articleshow/16624454.cms |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330051750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/what-made-priyadarshan-give-up-cricket/articleshow/16624454.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Film career ==
Priyadarshan has been active in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] since 1984 as a director and screenwriter, directing over 95 films across Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, and Telugu.

=== 1984–1987 ===
In 1984, Priyadarshan made his directorial debut with ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]'', a slapstick comedy produced by his friends Suresh Kumar and Sanal Kumar, with financial backing from Thiruvenkadam. [[Mohanlal]], who had become a well-known actor by then, starred alongside [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as the parallel lead. The film received critical acclaim and became a commercial success, running for 100 days in Kerala theaters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-18 |title=#FilmyFriday! Poochakkoru Mookkuthi: A screwball comedy that will leave you glued to your screens! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-poochakkoru-mookkuthi-a-screwball-comedy-that-will-leave-you-glued-to-your-screens/articleshow/90304772.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Following this success, Priyadarshan continued making comedies, directing ''[[Odaruthammava Aalariyam]]'' and ''[[Onnanam Kunnil Oradi Kunnil]]''. He then experimented with a family thriller, ''[[Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya]]'', starring [[Mammootty]] and Shankar. His first film without Mohanlal, ''[[Punnaram Cholli Cholli]]'', was followed by ''[[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]]'' and ''[[Aram + Aram = Kinnaram]]'', both of which were well received.

However, ''[[Rakkuyilin Ragasadassil]]'', despite featuring hit songs, failed at the box office. He regained success with ''[[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]]'', ''[[Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi]]'', and ''[[Dheem Tharikida Thom]]''. The family drama ''[[Thalavattam]]'' established him as a director capable of handling serious themes, further strengthening his position in the Malayalam film industry.

During this period, Priyadarshan also directed a Tamil film, ''[[Chinnamanikkuyile]]'', which remained unreleased. Meanwhile, his Malayalam film ''[[Cheppu]]'' achieved commercial success.

He then made ''[[Punnaram Cholli Cholli]]'', his first film without [[Mohanlal]], followed by ''[[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]]'' and ''[[Aram + Aram = Kinnaram]].'' He was later criticised for ''[[Rakkuyilin Ragasadassil]]''. Despite hit songs, the film flopped. However, ''[[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]]'', ''[[Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi]]'' and ''[[Dheem Tharikida Thom]]'' were successful. Priyadarshan gained recognition as a serious director with the successful family drama ''[[Thalavattam]]''. His [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Chinnamanikkuyile]]'' remained unreleased, while his work in Malayalam continued with ''[[Cheppu]]'', which was a success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Priyadarshan – the man at 66, and the director at 39 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/priyadarshan-the-man-66-and-the-director-39-8411624/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1988–1998 ===
In 1988, Priyadarshan directed multiple films that contributed to his growing recognition in Indian cinema. ''[[Vellanakalude Nadu]]'', scripted by Sreenivasan and starring Mohanlal, tackled themes of corruption and land mafia, becoming a significant film in his career. He then directed ''[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]'', an action film written by [[T. Damodaran]], which depicted the [[Mumbai]] underworld and achieved commercial success, running for over 150 days in theaters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-24 |title=Priyan and I share a special bond: Mohanlal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Priyan-and-I-share-a-special-bond-Mohanlal/articleshow/51683288.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

That same year, ''[[Chithram]]'', a comedy-drama starring Mohanlal, was released. The film ran for 366 days in theaters, setting box office records at the time, later surpassed by his own film ''[[Kilukkam]]'' in 1991.<ref name=":0" /> Priyadarshan's other releases in 1988 included ''[[Oru Muthassi Katha]]'' and ''[[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]]''. However, he faced setbacks in 1990 with ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]'' and ''[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]]'', which did not perform well commercially.

In 1991, ''[[Kilukkam]]'', starring Mohanlal, [[Jagathy Sreekumar|Jagathi Sreekumar]], and [[Revathi]], became a box office success, further cementing Priyadarshan's reputation. His subsequent films, ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991), ''[[Adhwaytham|Advaitham]]'' (1992), and ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]u'' (1994), all ran for over 100 days in theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-26 |title=25 Years Of Kilukkam: Some Interesting Facts About The Film! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/25-years-of-kilukkam-some-interesting-facts-about-the-mohanlal-starrer-238862.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Mithunam (1993 film)|Midhunam]]'' (1993) and ''[[Minnaram]]'' (1994) also received positive responses from audiences.

Priyadarshan expanded into Tamil cinema when he was invited by [[M. Karunanidhi]] to direct ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]'' for his son's production house. In 1991, he directed his first [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]], ''[[Nirnayam (1991 film)|Nirnayam]]'', when actor [[Akkineni Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna]] approached him to remake the Malayalam film ''[[Vandanam]]''. He made his Bollywood debut in 1992 with ''[[Muskurahat (1992 film)|Muskurahat]]'', a remake of ''Kilukkam'', though it failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0255401/reviews/ |title=Muskurahat (1992) - User reviews - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-03-30 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

In 1993, Priyadarshan returned to Bollywood with ''[[Gardish]]'', an adaptation of the Malayalam film ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedom]]'', written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. In 1994, he directed his second and, to date, last [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film, ''[[Gandeevam]]'', starring [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]. He gained national recognition in 1996 when he directed the Miss World pageant held in [[Bangalore]]. That same year, he released ''[[Kalapani (1996 film)|Kalapani]]'', a period drama about India's independence struggle, scripted by [[T. Damodaran]]. The film, starring Mohanlal, [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], and [[Amrish Puri]], was originally made in Malayalam and later dubbed into Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi. ''Kalapani'' won multiple awards and was widely praised for its historical narrative and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404130411/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf | url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf| title=43rd National Film Festival 1996 | archive-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>

In 1997, Priyadarshan directed two commercially successful films: ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' in Malayalam and ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' in Hindi, the latter being an adaptation of [[Bharathan|Bharathan's]] Tamil film ''[[Thevar Magan]]''. In 1998, he directed three Hindi films—''[[Saat Rang Ke Sapne]]'' (a remake of ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]u''), ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'' (inspired by ''[[Aniyathipraavu|Aniyathi Pravu]]''), and ''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi]]''—all of which underperformed at the box office. In 1999, he collaborated with [[Mammootty]] for ''[[Megham]]'', marking their first film together in several years.

=== 2000–2016 ===
In 2000, Priyadarshan directed [[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|''Hera Pheri'']], a Hindi adaptation of the Malayalam film ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'' (1989). The film, starring [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Suniel Shetty|Sunil Shetty]], Tabu, and [[Paresh Rawal]], became a box office success and is regarded as a landmark in Hindi cinema. It also marked the beginning of a long-term collaboration between Priyadarshan and Akshay Kumar,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Revisiting Akshay Kumar and Priyadarshan's iconic collaborations |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/best-works-of-akshay-kumar-and-priyadarshan-1.9945245 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> while Paresh Rawal became a regular in many of his subsequent films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hera Pheri - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=714& |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

Following ''Hera Pheri'', Priyadarshan directed several Hindi films, including ''[[Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar]]'', ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'', ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'', ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'', and ''[[Kyon Ki]]''. In 2000, he also directed ''[[Snegithiye|Raakilipattu]]'', a bilingual Malayalam-Tamil thriller (''[[Snegithiye]]'' in Tamil), starring Tabu and [[Jyothika]]. Adapted from the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''[[Bindhaast]]'', the film was notable for its all-female cast and received critical acclaim. While the Tamil version was released in 2000, the Malayalam version and a dubbed Hindi version (''Friendship'') were released in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0354922/releaseinfo|title=Snegithiye (2000)|publisher=IMDb|access-date=21 March 2011|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027002924/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0354922/releaseinfo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/28481.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613165307/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/28481.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2011|title=Howzzat? Priyan film releases and goes unnoticed!}}</ref>

Priyadarshan's [[English language|English-language]] [[Epic film|epic]] period film titled ''[[The Last Revolutionary]]'', produced by [[20th Century Studios|20th Century Fox]] and based on the life of Indian freedom fighter [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] was planned for filming in 2001 but was eventually shelved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/05priy.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies:'I'm a greedy filmmaker':Priyadarshan|website=rediff.com|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124062729/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/05priy.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bachchan-Jr-to-star-in-international-project/articleshow/1367975380.cms|title=Bachchan Jr to star in international project|website=The Times of India|date=12 August 2001|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313152700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bachchan-Jr-to-star-in-international-project/articleshow/1367975380.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time, [[Kamal Haasan]] was working on ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' and approached Priyadarshan to direct it. Pre-production commenced, but Priyadarshan left the project due to creative differences, leading to [[Sundar C]]. taking over as director. In 2001, Priyadarshan directed the comedy film ''[[Kakkakuyil]]'', reuniting Mohanlal and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], a successful duo from the 1980s and 1990s. The film became a box-office hit. However, his next two Malayalam films, ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' (2003) and ''[[Vettam]]'' (2004), had only an average performance at the box office, prompting him to shift focus toward Bollywood. In Hindi cinema, Priyadarshan maintained his success with films such as ''[[Chup Chup Ke]]'', ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]'', ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'', ''[[Dhol (film)|Dhol]]'', ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'', ''[[De Dana Dan]]'', and ''[[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]]''. However, subsequent films like ''[[Billu Barber|Billu]]'', ''[[Bumm Bumm Bole]]'', ''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meeta]]'', ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]'', and ''[[Tezz]]'' did not meet expectations at the box office. His 2013 film ''[[Rangrezz]]'' also failed commercially.

Priyadarshan released ''[[Kanchivaram]]'', a film about weavers in Kanchipuram. [[Prakash Raj]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] in 2008 for his performance. ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' also won awards at film festivals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-09-07 |title='Kanchivaram' wins national award for best feature film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lsquoKanchivaramrsquo-wins-national-award-for-best-feature-film/article16879932.ece |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Returning to Malayalam cinema, Priyadarshan directed ''[[Arabeem Ottakom P. Madhavan Nayarum in Oru Marubhoomikkadha]]'', starring Mohanlal. However, his subsequent films ''[[Geethaanjali]]'' (2013) and ''[[Aamayum Muyalum]]'' (2014) were box-office failures.

[[File:Jackky, Priya & Priyadarshan promote ‘Rangrezz’.jpg|thumb|Priyadarshan promoting ''[[Rangrezz]]'' with [[Jackky Bhagnani]] and [[Priya Anand]] in 2013]]

In late 2015, Priyadarshan announced a crime thriller in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] with [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Menon|first=Akhila|title=WHAT! Mohanlal Says No To Priyadarshan?|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/mohanlal-says-no-to-priyadarshan-204372.html|publisher=[[Filmibeat]]|access-date=16 March 2016|date=6 November 2015|archive-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608082912/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/mohanlal-says-no-to-priyadarshan-204372.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vikram|first=Raj|title=Mohanlal to play a blind man in Priyadarshan's 73 rd movie|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/mohanlal-to-play-a-blind-man-in-priyadarshans-73-rd-movie-12922|publisher=Metromatinee.com|access-date=16 March 2016|date=6 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328134032/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/mohanlal-to-play-a-blind-man-in-priyadarshans-73-rd-movie-12922|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> The production was confirmed, and the title ''[[Oppam]]'' was announced in December 2015. Due to weather constraints in [[Russia]], another big-budget Mohanlal film was delayed, allowing Priyadarshan to begin work on ''Oppam''.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Mohanlal-Priyadarshan to join hands for small budget film before Russian project?|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlal-priyadarshan-join-hands-small-budget-film-before-russian-project-659587|access-date=16 March 2016|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 December 2015|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074002/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlal-priyadarshan-join-hands-small-budget-film-before-russian-project-659587|url-status=live}}</ref> The screenplay and dialogues, written by Priyadarshan based on a story by [[Govind Vijayan]], received positive reviews<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title='Oppam' critics review: Comeback movie of Mohanlal, Priyadarshan duo|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/oppam-critics-review-comeback-movie-mohanlal-priyadarshan-duo-693118|access-date=13 September 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=9 September 2016|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105152735/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/oppam-critics-review-comeback-movie-mohanlal-priyadarshan-duo-693118|url-status=live}}</ref> and became a blockbuster, breaking records<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/oppam-box-office-collection-6-records-broken-by-the-mohanlal-starrer-242754.html|title=Oppam Box Office Collection: 6 Records Broken by the Mohanlal Starrer!|date=28 September 2016|website=filmibeat.com|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325043105/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/oppam-box-office-collection-6-records-broken-by-the-mohanlal-starrer-242754.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year within 16 days of release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsintrends.com/story/oppam-beats-jacobinte-swargarajyam-to-be-the-biggest-hit-of-2016--2213070.html |title=Oppam Beats Jacobinte Swargarajyam to be the Biggest Hit of 2016! |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002064858/http://www.newsintrends.com/story/oppam-beats-jacobinte-swargarajyam-to-be-the-biggest-hit-of-2016--2213070.html |archive-date=2 October 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

[[File:BLACK BOX in conversation with Director Priyadarshan, at the 46th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2015), in Panaji, Goa on November 25, 2015.jpg|thumb|Priyadarshan at [[46th International Film Festival of India]] in 2015]]

=== 2018–present ===
In early 2018, Priyadarshan began pre-production on ''[[Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham]]'', a [[Malayalam-language]] historical period film set in the 16th century. The film, starring Mohanlal, is based on the battle exploits of [[Kunjali Marakkar|Kunjali Marakkar IV]]—the naval chieftain of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] who organized the first naval defense of the Indian coast by safeguarding [[Calicut]] from [[Portuguese India|Portuguese invasion]] for almost a century. The film was released on December 2, 2021, and while it received mixed reviews, it failed at the box office due to its high production costs.

Before the release of ''Marakkar'', Priyadarshan directed a spiritual sequel to his 2003 Hindi film ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'', titled ''[[Hungama 2]]''. Released directly on 23 July 2021 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], the film received negative reviews. It was loosely based on Priyadarshan's 1994 Malayalam film ''[[Minnaram]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shilpa-shetty-s-hungama-2-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-on-july-23-1821100-2021-06-30 |title=Shilpa Shetty's Hungama 2 to premiere on Disney+Hotstar on July 23 |date=30 June 2021 |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630133808/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shilpa-shetty-s-hungama-2-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-on-july-23-1821100-2021-06-30 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Priyadarshan produced and directed ''[[Corona Papers]]'', a Malayalam film starring [[Shane Nigam]]. The film, an official remake of the Tamil film ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (inspired by Akira Kurosawa's 1949 ''Stray Dog''), was released on April 6, 2023. It received positive reviews and was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lensmenreviews.com/corona-papers-malayalam-movie-review-2023/ | title=Corona Papers Review | an Elaborate and Restructured Version of 8 Thottakkal with a Superb Sidhique | date=6 April 2023 | access-date=4 May 2023 | archive-date=12 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412014009/https://lensmenreviews.com/corona-papers-malayalam-movie-review-2023/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the same year, Priyadarshan directed the Tamil film ''[[Appatha]]'', starring Urvashi in the lead role. Released directly on 29 July 2023 on [[JioCinema]], the film was celebrated as Urvashi's 700th project and was showcased at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-27 |title=Urvasi's 700th film 'Appatha' to be screened at the Shangai Cooperation Organisation Film Festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urvasis-700th-film-appatha-to-be-screened-at-the-shangai-cooperation-organisation-film-festival/articleshow/97369393.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731212032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urvasis-700th-film-appatha-to-be-screened-at-the-shangai-cooperation-organisation-film-festival/articleshow/97369393.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-24 |title=Urvashi's 700th film 'Appatha' premieres directly on OTT from July 29 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urvashis-700th-film-appatha-premieres-directly-on-ott-from-july-29/articleshow/102078290.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724144508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urvashis-700th-film-appatha-premieres-directly-on-ott-from-july-29/articleshow/102078290.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Priyadarshan's 'Appatha' to open Shanghai Cooperation Organisation film festival |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/priyadarshan-tamil-film-appatha-open-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-festival-2326870-2023-01-26 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Priyadarshan announced the release of ''Bhooth Bangla'', a horror-comedy film starring Akshay Kumar, marking their long-awaited collaboration after 14 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Akshay Kumar begins filming of Bhooth Bangla, to release in 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-bhooth-bangla-shooting-priyadarshan-horror-comedy-poster-2647482-2024-12-10 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, he announced his intention to retire following the completion of several landmark projects, including ''Bhoot Bangla'', ''Haiwaan'', ''[[Hera Pheri 3]]'', and a highly anticipated 100th film starring his longtime collaborator [[Mohanlal]]. He is currently filming Hindi thriller ''Haiwaan'' a remake of his own Malayalam film ''[[Oppam]]'' starring [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]], which will also feature a cameo appearance by [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Scoop: Saif Ali Khan, Priyadarshan Finalise Script For Film Inspired By Mohanlal's Oppam |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/scoop-saif-ali-khan-priyadarshan-finalise-script-for-film-inspired-by-mohanlals-oppam-article-115625355 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naaz |first=Fareha |date=2025-08-23 |title=Akshay Kumar teams up with Saif Ali Khan after ‘18 years’ to kickstart Priyadarshan film ‘Haiwaan’ shoot; watch video |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-teams-up-with-saif-ali-khan-after-18-years-to-kickstart-priyadarshan-film-haiwaan-shoot-watch-video-11755932975632.html |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Priyadarshan also confirmed plans to helm ''[[Hera Pheri 3]]''. The director expressed that he feels "tired" and hopes to step away from active filmmaking upon completing these projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyadarshan To Retire After 100th Film, Confirms Mohanlal's Cameo In Akshay Kumar And Saif Ali Khan's Haiwaan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/priyadarshan-to-retire-after-100th-film-confirms-mohanlals-cameo-in-akshay-kumar-and-saif-ali-khans-haiwaan-9150412 |website=NDTV |date=23 August 2025 |access-date=24 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyadarshan announces retirement after 100th film, says he’s getting ‘tired’; reveals Mohanlal will make a cameo in Saif Ali Khan and Akshay Kumar’s Haiwaan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/priyadarshan-announces-retirement-after-100th-film-says-hes-getting-tired-reveals-mohanlal-will-make-a-cameo-in-saif-ali-khan-and-akshay-kumars-haiwaan-10208372/ |website=Indian Express |date=24 August 2025 |access-date=24 August 2025}}</ref>

== Commercials==
Priyadarshan has directed numerous [[television commercials]] films for brands such as [[Coca-Cola]], [[American Express]], [[Nokia]], [[Parker Pen Company|Parker Pens]], Asian Paints, [[Kinley (brand)|Kinley]], and [[New York Life Insurance Company|Max New York Life Insurance]].<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6762475556E91C03|title=Priyadarshan – Director's Reel|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225101931/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6762475556E91C03|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married actress [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]] on 13 December 1990.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article460867.ece|title=Lissy Priyadarshan, on her husband|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=12 February 2014|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807084145/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article460867.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> They have two children, actress [[Kalyani Priyadarshan|Kalyani]] and Sidharth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan on why Hello is the best film that has happened to her career |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kalyani-priyadarshan-on-why-hello-is-the-best-film-that-has-happened-to-her-career-4291265.html/amp |work=Firstpost |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718084133/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kalyani-priyadarshan-on-why-hello-is-the-best-film-that-has-happened-to-her-career-4291265.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Unni |first1=K. Warrier |title=Never thought Sidharth had movies in mind: Priyadarshan on double National awards that came home. |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2021/03/29/priyadarshan-sidharth-nationa-award-for-marakkar.html |publisher=onmanorama.com |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128201928/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2021/03/29/priyadarshan-sidharth-nationa-award-for-marakkar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple divorced on 1 September 2016, after 26 years of marriage.<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramani |first=A. |title=Film director Priyadarshan – actor Lissy divorce formalities complete |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Film-director-Priyadarshan-actor-Lissy-divorce-formalities-complete/articleshow/54361266.cms |access-date=10 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=10 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110234132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Film-director-Priyadarshan-actor-Lissy-divorce-formalities-complete/articleshow/54361266.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2026, Priyadarshan confirmed that he had reconciled with his former wife Lissy, nearly a decade after their divorce in 2016. He stated that although they have not remarried, they are living together and sharing their lives again.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyadarshan confirms reunion with ex-wife Lissy Says ‘We are living the same life together’ - Reports|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/priyadarshan-confirms-reunion-with-lissy-says-we-are-living-the-same-life-together-reports/articleshow/129690898.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='ഞങ്ങൾ വിവാഹം ചെയ്തില്ല, കുടുംബം പോലെ കഴിയുന്നു'; ലിസിക്കൊപ്പം ഒന്നിച്ചെന്ന വാർത്തയിൽ പ്രിയദർശൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/priyadarshan-lissy-reunion-living-together-clarification-malayalam-cinema-tw96j8wo|work=Mathrubhumi News|date=2026-03-21}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{main|Priyadarshan filmography}}

==Awards and honours==
Priyadarshan has received numerous awards from both the State and Central governments, as well as from various film organizations. He has won the prestigious '''[[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]''' three times and has been recognized for his exceptional contributions to Indian cinema.

=== National Film Awards ===

* '''2007''': Best Feature Film – ''Kanchivaram'' (Golden Lotus)
* '''2007''': Best Feature Film (Producer) – ''Kanchivaram'' (Golden Lotus)
* '''2019''': Best Director – ''Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea'' (Golden Lotus)<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2021-03-22 |title=67th National Film Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/67th-national-film-awards-complete-list-updating/article34131921.ece |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''2019''': Best Feature Film – ''Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea'' (Golden Lotus)<ref name=":1" />
* '''1996''': Best Art Direction – ''Kalapani'' (Sabu Cyril)
* '''1996''': Best Cinematography – ''Kalapani'' (Santosh Sivan)

=== Civilian Awards ===

* '''2012''': '''[[Padma Shri]]''' (India's fourth-highest civilian award)<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2013) - Year-Wise List | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | archive-date=2015-10-15}}</ref>

=== Kerala State Film Awards ===

* '''1994''': Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value – ''Thenmavin Kombathu''
* '''1995''': Second Best Film – ''Kaalapani''

=== Kerala Film Critics Association Awards ===

* '''1991''': Best Popular Film – ''Kilukkam''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Critics |first=kerala Film |title=FILM CRITICS AWARDS COMPLETE LIST FROM 1977 TILL 2012 ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 മുതല്‍ 2012 വരെ സമ്പൂര്‍ണ പട്ടിക |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''2016''': Best Film – ''Oppam''<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2017-03-06 |title=Film critics awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/film-critics-awards-announced/article17419650.ece/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''2016''': Best Director – ''Oppam''<ref name=":2" />

=== Filmfare Awards ===

* '''1997''': Best Film (Critics) – ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''
* '''2009''': Best Director (Tamil) – ''[[Kanchivaram]]''

=== Special Recognitions ===
* 2008 – [[Asianet Film Awards#Special Honour Jury Award|Special Honour Jury Award]] – for Outstanding contributions to Indian Cinema
* 2008 – Special Jury Award at Chennai & Jaipur International Film Festival – 'Sila Samayangalil', an art movie on AIDS awareness.
* 2010 – Jaihind Rajat Mudra Award
* 2016 – Asiavision Award for Best Director – ''[[Oppam]]''
* 2019 – ''[[Kishore Kumar]]'' Award by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Director Priyadarshan gets MP government's Kishore Kumar award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/director-priyadarshan-gets-mp-government-kishore-kumar-award-6068350/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publication-place=[[Khandwa]] |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022055051/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/director-priyadarshan-gets-mp-government-kishore-kumar-award-6068350/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2022 – [[Honorary doctorate]] ([[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt]]) – [[Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science]].<ref name="dr">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=Priyadarshan felicitated with an honorary doctorate by Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/priyadarshan-felicitated-with-an-honorary-doctorate-by-hindustan-institute-of-technology-science/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328094635/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/priyadarshan-felicitated-with-an-honorary-doctorate-by-hindustan-institute-of-technology-science/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=സംവിധായകന്‍ പ്രിയദര്‍ശന് ഡോക്ടറേറ്റ് |trans-title=Priyadarshan bestowed with honorary doctorate |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/03/07/priyadarshan-bestowed-with-honorary-doctorate.html |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328094635/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/03/07/priyadarshan-bestowed-with-honorary-doctorate.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Academic and Institutional Recognitions ===

* '''2013''': '''Excellence Award''' – Hindustan University, Chennai
* '''2011-2014''': '''Chairman''' – Kerala State Chalachithra Academy
* '''2011-2014''': '''Director''' – International Film Festival of Kerala

=== Government Appointments ===
*'''2001''': Chairman - Kerala State film Awards
*'''2022''': Chairman - National Film Awards - Best Film Friendly State
* '''2019''': Chairperson – Feature Films Jury, 50th International Film Festival of India (IFFI)
* '''2016''': Central Jury Chairperson – 64th National Awards (President's Award for 2016)
;Sports and Social Contributions:
* Columnist – Malayala Manorama Newspaper (for international cricket matches in Kerala)
* Chairperson – Committee of Ceremonies, 35th National Games (2015)
* Director – Rising Star Outreach of India (2014–2019)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|directorpriyadarshan.com}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0698184|name=Priyadarshan}}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100826090115/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/21/stories/2006012100150300.htm Inauguration of his Studio – Four Frames]}}
*[https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/priyadarshan/biography.html Exclusive biography of Priyadarshan and on his life]
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/priyadarsan Priyadarshan] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
{{Priyadarshan}}
{{Hera Pheri}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma

2026-03-21T00:41:29Z

Vikipft: New

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1915)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLCHPH Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma Meyrick, 1915] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/>

The species' host plants include ''[[Cinnamomum verum]]'' and ''[[Cinnamomum zeylanicum]]''. They [[leaf miner|mine]] the leaves of these host plants. The mine takes the form of a blotch under the lower cuticle. It is elongated and winding, and the larva's path is marked by [[frass]] forming a wavy, continuous, fine dark line.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188695}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1915]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Battle of Hilli

2026-03-19T06:49:50Z

Vikipft: enhance section based on references

{{short description|Battle of the Bangladeshi Liberation War}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Hilli
| partof = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| image = Battleofhilli.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Major Niazi of 31 Punjab regiment surrendering to
Lt Col V.R. Swaminathan of 22 Maratha Light infantry after the battle of Hilli/Bogra on 16 December 1971
| date = '''First Battle''': 22–24 November 1971 
'''Second Battle''': 10–11 December 1971
| place = Hilli, [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], Bangladesh
| territory = *Morapara was liberated in November
*Hilli was liberated along with [[Bogra]] in December
| result = Bangladeshi-Indian victory<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Hilli
|url=https://bangloreinternationalcentre.org/event/battle-of-hilli/|access-date=2024-04-16|website=Banglore International Centre |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-18 |title=Liberation Of Bangladesh: War in Northwestern Sector |url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/liberation-of-bangladesh-war-in-Northwestern-sector/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Global security">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/sqn-37.htm |title=Battle of Hilli |website=Global Security}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1971: Making Bangladesh a reality - II |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/1971-making-bangladesh-a-reality-ii/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Indian Defence review |language=en-US}}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flag|Bangladesh|1971}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} [[Mukti Bahini]]
{{flag|India}} {{small|(22 November –18 December 1971)}}
* {{army|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{army|Pakistan}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Maj. Gen. [[Lachhman Singh Lehl]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Brigadier Farhad Batti {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Lt. Col. Shamsher Singh {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} Major [[Kazi Nuruzzaman]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Maj. Hemant Manjrekar{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Maj. K. K. Rao{{KIA}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} Brig. Gen. [[Tajammul Hussain Malik]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} Brig. Gen. [[Mumtaz Malik]]
| units1 = '''First Battle, 23–24 November''' 
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} [[List of sectors in Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector VII]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Army.svg}} 20th Mountain Division 202nd Mountain Brigade
*5th Battalion, Garwhal Rifles
*8th Battalion, the Guards
*22nd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
*37th Mountain Regiment (artillery)
*38th Medium Regiment (artillery, understrength)
*100th Mountain Regiment (artillery)
*1 Squadron of [[T-55]]s detached from 63 Cavalry
'''Second Battle, 10–11 December''' 
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Army.svg}} 20th Mountain Division 202nd Mountain Brigade
*8th Battalion, the Guards
*22nd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry
| units2 = '''First and Second Battles''' 
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} 205th Infantry Brigade
*3rd Battalion, Baluch Regiment
*4th Battalion, Frontier Force
*32nd Battalion, Baluch Regiment
*1 [[M24 Chaffee]] Squadron
*1 artillery regiment
| strength1 = '''Total''' 
~18,000 including support and non-combat elements '''First Battle''' 
~2,700–3,600 '''Second Battle''' 
~1,800–2,400
| strength2 = '''Total''' 
~8,000 including support and non-combat elements 
'''First and Second Battle''' 
~2,700–3,600
| casualties1 = '''First Battle''' 196 killed/wounded '''Second Battle''' 20 killed/wounded
| casualties2 = '''First Battle''' ~80 killed/wounded '''Second Battle''' 20 killed 3 [[POW]] 2 M24 Chaffees destroyed 3 105mm howitzers destroyed
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

The '''Battle of Hilli''' were two major battles fought from 22 to 24 November and again from 10 to 11 December 1971. They are generally regarded as the bloodiest battles of the eastern front of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The first battle saw, according to veterans of the battle, the fiercest fighting of the war, but the second was much tamer.

The Indian objective was to capture a network of Pakistani fortifications centred around the village of Hilli to allow for an advance on the town of [[Bogra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |editor-last=Cardozo |editor-first=Ian |editor-link=Ian Cardozo |year=2016 |title=In Quest of Freedom : the War of 1971 - Personal Accounts by Soldiers from India and Bangladesh |isbn=978-93-86141-66-8 |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury India |oclc=958464642}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2023-12-20 |title=Army commemorates victory in Battle of Hilli |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/army-commemorates-victory-in-battle-of-hilli-1503251513.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==Indian objective==
The main objective of the [[Indian Army]] in the sector was to capture a network of Pakistani forts centred around Hilli, which would allow the [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] to advance toward the important town of Bogra, south-east of Hilli. The 202nd Mountain Brigade, part of [[20th Indian Infantry Division|20th Mountain Division]], was selected for the task, with its constituent battalions attacking different forts in the network. The 8th Battalion of the [[Brigade of the Guards]] was to secure the main objective of Hilli.

==Orders of battle==
===[[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]===
Sector VII was assign over Rajshahi, Pabna, Bogra and part of Dinajpur District. The headquarters of the sector was at Tarangpur near Kaliaganj under Major [[Kazi Nuruzzaman]] at the time of the battle. The sector was composed of regular militia and components from [[1st East Bengal Regiment]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Liberation of Bangladesh: War in Northwestern Sector |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/liberation-of-bangladesh-war-in-northwestern-sector/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

===India===
The 20th Mountain Division had under it four infantry brigades; the 202nd, the 165th, the 66th and the 340th. As the 165th, 66th and 340th were assigned different objectives to Hilli, the only brigade participating in the upcoming battle would be the 202nd.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2"/>

==== 202nd Mountain Brigade ====
* 5th Battalion, [[Garhwal Rifles|Garwhal Rifles]]
* 8th Battalion, Guards
* 22nd Battalion, [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
* 37th Mountain Regiment (artillery)
* 38th Medium Regiment (artillery, understrength)
* 100th Mountain Regiment (artillery)
* 1 Squadron of [[T-55]]s detached from [[63rd Cavalry (India)|63 Cavalry]]

===Pakistan===
The defence of Bogra against an entire division was the sole responsibility of the Pakistani 205th Infantry Brigade, under Brigadier Tajammul Husain Malik. The remainder of the 16th Infantry Division, of which the 205th was a part, was defending other parts of the north-western area of East Pakistan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Official History of the 1971 India Pakistan War - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/1971war/280-war-history-1971.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.bharat-rakshak.com |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231081436/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/1971war/280-war-history-1971.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== 205th Infantry Brigade ====
* 3rd Battalion, [[Baloch Regiment|Baluch Regiment]]
* 4th Battalion, [[Frontier Force Regiment|Frontier Force]]
* 32nd Battalion, Baluch Regiment
* 1 [[M24 Chaffee]] Squadron
* 1 artillery regiment

==First Battle of Hilli==
Although India and Pakistan were legally and technically at peace in November 1971, Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora ordered the attack on Hilli to lay the groundwork for the all-out offensive into East Pakistan, which he knew was coming.<ref name=":1" /> D-Day for the operation was pushed back or changed multiple times but was finally set for 22 November. 8 Guards was chosen as the battalion to launch the frontal attack on Hilli.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Chhibber |first=Anuraag |date=2016 |title=The Battle of Hilli: Tactical Lessons |url=https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/2131815590_AnuraagChhibber.pdf |journal=Scholar Warrior |pages=110–116}}</ref>

===Pakistani fortifications===
The Pakistani defenses, consisting of well-dug trenches, bunkers, railway cars repurposed into firing positions, mines, booby-traps and barbed wire were set up for all-round defence of Hilli and covered all of the approaches to the village. North of Hilli is a small locality, Morapara. Wet and soggy paddy fields, marshes and mud surrounded Hilli on all sides except Morapara, where they were patchy at best. Consequently, Morapara was the most well-defended angle of the entire complex and simultaneously the only one from which to attack. The Pakistani 4th Frontier Force (4FF), responsible for the defense of Hilli, had turned Morapara into a stronghold.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

===Indian plan of attack===
H-Hour was set for the midnight between 22 and 23 November. In the hours preceding the attack, starting a full 12 hours earlier, the artillery guns of the 37th Mountain Regiment, the 38th Medium Regiment and the 100th Mountain Regiment had begun a massive barrage.<ref name=":1" /> The barrage ended only moments before the attack began. 8 Guards attacked from the North and West, with "B" and "C" Companies attacking from the north and "A" and "D" Companies attacking from the west. By 0100 hours, "B" and "C" Companies had secured two hamlets north of Morapara and "C" Company and began providing covering fire for "A" and "B" Company, which began the attack on the defenses at Morapara, with "D" Company being held in reserve. During the attack, the battalion was to be supported by four T-55 tanks of 63 Cavalry.<ref name=":4" />

==== Attack on Morapara ====
"A" Company's commander, [[Major (rank)|Major]] Hemant Manjrekar, was killed almost instantaneously by a burst of machine-gun fire. "A" Company lost all of four of its officers (including Major Manjrekar), all of whom would be found dead mere yards from the Pakistani trenches trying to get their company moving.<ref name=":1" /> "B" Company, attacking from the north, also lost its commanding officer, Major R. Nath, almost immediately after the assault on Morapara had begun. Both companies would now be led by [[Captain]] S.K. Bansal, [[Subedar]] Raj Bahadur Singh and [[Naib subedar|Naib Subedar]] Mohammed Nayeem.<ref name=":1" /> To draw attention away from the Guards, 5 Garwhal was ordered by Brigadier Batti to launch a distracting assault on Basudeopur, a smaller fort adjacent to Morapara. "A" Company of 5 Garwhal quickly overwhelmed and secured its objective but failed to draw forces away from Morapara.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

Despite having lost most of its officers, the assault partially succeeded, and the Pakistani defenders were pushed back from portions of Morapara. However, large sections of Morapara remained occupied by the Pakistanis and needed to be cleared. "D" Company was required for that, as both "A" and "B" had suffered heavy casualties. "D" Company's CO, Major K. K. Rao, would also be almost immediately killed by machine-gun fire. Despite taking heavy casualties, the battalion had taken almost all of Morapara, save for the east end.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

The four T-55s that were assigned to provide fire support to the attack could not be used by the infantry, as they had become bogged down in the marshland that surrounded the objective.<ref name=":1" />

==== 24 November ====
Over the night of 23 and 24 November, both sides conducted patrols in strength, and Pakistani forces attempted a counterattack. Sometime in the night, 8 Guards were reinforced by a section (four tanks) of [[PT-76]] light tanks from the 69th Armoured Regiment, which aided in the repulsion of the Pakistani counterattack. The PT-76s were dispatched to Morapara, as the Brigade HQ had noticed the failure of the T-55s in those conditions. Supported by the tanks, [[Second lieutenant|Second Lieutenant]] K.S.R. Jain from "C" Company led a column of infantry and armour into East Morapara, before dawn broke on 24 November, and secured the small hamlet. That ended the First Battle of Hilli, which is often referred to as the Battle of Morapara.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Second Battle of Hilli==
The 202nd could not achieve its objective, the capture of Hilli, until 11 December and then only in the end because of the success of the 340th Brigade in breaking through Pakistani defences in other areas and in harassing Pakistani supply lines to Hilli.<ref name=":2" /> Until then, units from the 202nd had continued to engage 4 FF regularly to keep them distracted and occupied. 4 FF attempted a few counterattacks over the 19 days between 24 November and 11 December, but they were repulsed by 8 Guards and 22 [[Maratha Light Infantry|Maratha]], which had come in to reinforce the depleted 8 Guards.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

For the entirety of 10 December and that night, the surviving mortar platoons, RCL platoons and HMG platoons of 8 Guards relentlessly attacked the positions of 4 FF at Hilli.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> On the 11th, the Guards, Marathas and Garwhalis swept into Hilli and captured it with little resistance.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

==Awards==
===Bangladesh===
* Major [[Quazi Nuruzzaman]] was awarded [[Bir Uttom]], the second-highest award for individual gallantry in Bangladesh, but he rejected it as thousands of Mukti Bahini volunteers were killed and did not receive any recognition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=A. Qayyum |date=2012-05-06 |title=Lieutenant Colonel Quazi Nuruzzaman: A remembrance |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-232857 |access-date=2021-11-11 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tributes to Nuruzzaman |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2011/05/07/tributes-to-nuruzzaman |access-date=2021-11-11 |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muktibahini wins victory - Maj Gen ATM Abdul Wahab 365p |url=https://pdfcoffee.com/muktibahini-wins-victory-maj-gen-atm-abdul-wahab-365p-pdf-free.html |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=pdfcoffee.com |language=en}}</ref>

===India===
*[[Maha Vir Chakra]]; Lt Colonel (Later Major General) Shamsher Singh, 2nd Lt. Shamsher Singh Samra (P), Lance Naik Ram Ugrah Pandey (P), [[Vir Chakra]]; Sub. Raj Bahadur Singh (P), Captain Vishnu Sharma, [[Sena Medal]]; Major K. K. Rao (P)<ref name=":1" />

===Pakistan===
* [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Muhammad Akram|Muhammad Akram Shaheed]] of Pakistan won the [[Nishan-E-Haider]], the highest military honour of the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-04 |title=Pakistan Army pays tribute to Major Akram on 49th martyrdom anniversary |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2274665/pakistan-army-pays-tribute-to-major-akram-on-49th-martyrdom-anniversary |access-date=2021-11-11 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishan-e-Haiders of Pakistan |url=https://www.hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/NDkx.html |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=www.hilal.gov.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nishan-e-Haider – The Supreme Military Award for the valiant Pak armed forces' martyrs |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/455764-Nishan-e-Haider-Military-Award-armed-forces-Pak-Army- |access-date=2021-11-11 |work=Dunya News}}</ref>
* Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Tariq Anees Malik of Pakistan received Sitar-e-Jurat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Niazi |first=Amir Abdullah Khan |title=The betrayal of East Pakistan |date=1998 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=81-7304-256-X |location=New Delhi |oclc=39546284}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Battle of Turtuk]]
* [[Battle of Sylhet]]
* [[Battle of Chumb]]
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Last Stand]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |author=General A.A.K.Niazi |title=Betrayal of East Pakistan |publisher=Manohar Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=81-7304-256-X}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060116062602/http://www.indianairforce.nic.in/afsqnn37.htm Indian Air Force]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060205200131/http://defencejournal.com/oct99/battle-hilli.htm Defence Journal of Pakistan]
* {{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=Tales of Valour Season 2 unfolds the bloodiest battle of the 1971 war – The Battle of Hilli |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tales-of-valour-season-2-unfolds-the-bloodiest-battle-of-the-1971-war-the-battle-of-hilli/714502 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}
* https://www.rediff.com/news/special/we-fought-the-battle-as-if-it-was-the-last-thing-wed-ever-do/20161214.htm
* {{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=1971 War: Battle of Bogra |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/1971-war-battle-of-bogra/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}

==Further reading==
# Major General Lachhman Singh, ''Indian Sword Strikes in East Pakistan''
# Major General Lachhman Singh, ''Victory in Bangladesh''
# Major General Tajamal Hussain, ''Story of my Struggle''

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{Coord|24|51|N|89|22|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hilli 1971}}
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Battles of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Rajshahi Division]]
[[Category:November 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:December 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 1971]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Bangladesh]]

Yaksha

2026-03-19T03:06:42Z

Vikipft: small rework details for clarity also

{{short description|Nature spirits associated with Asian mythologies}}
{{other uses|Yaksha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Yaksha
| image1 = Yaksha Manibhadra - Parkham Mathura circa 150 BCE.jpg
| caption1 = "[[Parkham Yaksha]]" [[Manibhadra]], 150 BCE
| image2 = Mudgarpani Yaksha, Mathura, 100 BCE.jpg
| caption2 = "[[Mudgarpani|Mudgarpani Yaksha]]", 100 BCE<ref name="SRQF88"/>
| footer_align = center
| footer=Remains of the colossal statues of the [[Parkham Yaksha]] (150 BCE) and the [[Mudgarpani]] ("[[Mace (bludgeon)|Mace]]-holder") Yaksha (100 BCE), [[Mathura]]. These colossal statues stand around two metres tall.<ref name="SRQF88">Dated 100 BCE. {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |date=2007 |page=368, fig. 88 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA368 |language=en}}</ref> The Mudgarpani Yaksha holds a ''[[mudgar]]'' mace in the right hand, and the left hand used to support a small standing devotee or child joining hands in prayer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=365, fig. 85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA365 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalal |first1=Roshen |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |page=398 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA398}}</ref> [[Art of Mathura]], [[Mathura Museum]]
}}

The '''Yakshas''' ({{langx|sa|यक्ष}}, {{IAST3|Yakṣa}}, {{langx|pi|Yakkha|i=yes}}) are a broad class of [[nature spirit]]s, usually benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious, connected with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure and wilderness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=430}}</ref><ref name="eb">{{Cite web|last=Stefon|first=Matt|title=Yaksha {{!}} Hindu mythology|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/yaksha|access-date=15 July 2007|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903053209/https://www.britannica.com/topic/yaksha|url-status=live}}</ref> They appear in [[Hindu texts|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Buddhist texts]], as well as ancient and medieval era temples of [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]] as guardian deities.<ref name=eb/><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard John Richards|title=South-east Asian Ceramics: Thai, Vietnamese, and Khmer: From the Collection of the Art Gallery of South Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0DWAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-967-65-3075-2 |pages=27, 67}}</ref> The feminine form of the word is {{IAST3|Yakṣī}}<ref>For {{lang|sa|यक्षी}} as the feminine of {{lang|sa|यक्षः}} see V. S. Apte, ''The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', p. 776.</ref> or '''[[Yakshini]]''' ({{langx|sa|यक्षिणी}}, {{IAST3|Yakṣiṇī}}; {{langx|pi|Yakkhini|i=yes}}).<ref>For yakṣiṇī ({{lang|sa|यक्षिणी}}) as a regular Sanskrit term for a female yakṣa, and yakṣaṇī as a Buddhist variant, see [[Franklin Edgerton]], ''Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary'', Vol. 2, Motilal Banarsidass, first Ed., 1953, p. 442.</ref>

In Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts, the {{IAST|yakṣa}}s have a dual personality. On the one hand, a {{IAST|yakṣa}} may be an inoffensive nature-fairy, associated with woods and mountains; but there is also a darker version of the {{IAST|yakṣa}}, which is a kind of ([[bhoot (ghost)|bhuta]]) that haunts the wilderness and waylays and devours travellers, similar to the [[rakshasas|rakṣasas]].

A unique cultural dance form related to the Yakshas is [[Yakshagana]]. Yakshagana is a traditional stage performance, found in [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi]], Kasaragod district and Uttara Kannada, Shimoga and western parts of Chikmagalur districts, in the state of Karnataka.

==Early yakshas==
[[File:CunninghamBharhut.jpg|right|thumb|Yaksi from [[Bharhut]]]]
Yakshas appear in [[Hindu texts|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist]] texts.<ref name=eb/><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard John Richards|title=South-east Asian Ceramics: Thai, Vietnamese, and Khmer: From the Collection of the Art Gallery of South Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0DWAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-967-65-3075-2 |pages=27, 67}}</ref> Several monumental yakshas are known from the time of the [[Maurya Empire]] period. They are variously dated from around the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. These statues are monumental (usually around 2 metres tall), and often bear inscriptions related to their identification as yakshas. They are considered as the first known monumental stone sculptures in India. Two of these monumental yakshas are known from [[Patna]], one from [[Vidisha]] and one from [[Parkham, Uttar-Pradesh|Parkham]], as well as one yakshini from Vidisha. The {{IAST|yakṣas}} may have originally been the [[tutelary deity]] of a city, district, lake, or well. Their worship, together with popular belief in [[Nāga|nagas]] (serpent deities), feminine fertility deities, and mother goddesses, may have had its origin among the early Hindu people of India. Yaksha worship coexisted with the priest-conducted sacrifices of the Vedic period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=yaksha {{!}} Hindu mythology {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/yaksha |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903053209/https://www.britannica.com/topic/yaksha |url-status=live }}</ref> They were later viewed as the steward deities of the earth and the wealth buried beneath.<ref name="RDeC">{{cite book|title=Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism|last=DeCaroli|first=Robert|year=2004|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], US| isbn=978-0-19-516838-9}}</ref>

===Kubera===
[[File:Kubera, the God of Riches LACMA M.69.13.8 (1 of 9).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Kubera, the God of Riches, [[LACMA]]]]
{{Main|Kubera}}
In Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Religion, [[Kubera]], wealth and prosperity, is considered the king of the yakshas and protector of the world (''[[Lokapāla]]''). In Buddhism, he is equated with [[Vaiśravaṇa]].
{{clear}}

His many [[epithet]]s extol him as the overlord of numerous semi-divine species and the owner of the treasures of the world. Kubera is often depicted with a plump body, adorned with jewels, carrying a money-pot and a club. His [[vahana]] (vehicle) is the [[Viverrinae|mongoose]]. He is often seen with [[Lakshmi]], the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune and prosperity.

==In Buddhism==
{{Buddhist term
| fontsize=100%
| title=Yaksha
|en=
|pi=Yakkha
|pi-Latn=
|my=ယက္ခ
|my-Latn=yakkha
|sa=यक्ष
|sa-Latn=yakṣa
|si=යක්ෂ
|si-Latn=yakṣa
|zh=夜叉
|zh-Latn=yèchā
|ja={{ruby-ja|夜叉|やしゃ}}
|ja-Latn=yasha
|ko=야차
|ko-Latn=yacha
|th=ยักษ์
|th-Latn=yak
|ta=இயக்கர்
|ta-Latn=yākka
|tl=Yakksa
|vi=dạ xoa
|bo=གནོད་སྦྱིན་
|bo-Latn=gnod sbyin
|km=យក្ស
|km-Latn=yoks
}}
[[File:Scroll painting of Atavaka, Unknown Artist, Japan, 14th century.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of [[Āṭavaka]], a yaksha who challenged the Buddha]]
[[File:観音と夜叉 Avalokitasvara and Yaksa.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration from an 1866 Japanese book. A yaksha, who is an incarnation of [[Guanyin|Bodhisattva Kannon]], gives a sermon to folks.]]
[[File:Plaosan Temple Guardian.jpg|thumb|A yaksha as a gate guardian (''dvarapala'') at [[Plaosan]] temple in Indonesia]]
In Buddhist literature, the {{IAST|yakṣa}} are the attendants of [[Vaiśravaṇa]], the guardian of the northern quarter, a beneficent [[deva (Buddhism)|god]] who protects the righteous. The term also refers to the [[Twelve Heavenly Generals]] who guard [[Bhaisajyaguru|{{IAST|Bhaiṣajyaguru}}]], the Medicine Buddha. The yakshas of many Buddhist stories are ugly ogres, reborn in that form because of sins committed during their past lives as humans.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Bhairav|first1=J. Furcifer|title=Ghosts, Monsters, and Demons of India|last2=Khanna|first2=Rakesh|publisher=Blaft Publications Pvt Ltd|year=2020|isbn=9789380636474|location=India|pages=417–418}}</ref>

One such malevolent yaksha, Silesaloma, appears in the [[Jataka tales]] of the [[Pali]] Buddhist canon. In the story "Prince Five-Weapons and the Sticky-Haired Demon",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prince Five-Weapons and Sticky-Hair|url=https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bt_5.htm|website=Buddhist Studies: Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110054922/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bt_5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Silesaloma is described as being the height of a palm tree, with sharp teeth and two yellow tusks, and a coat of thick, matted fur. A [[bodhisattva]] named Prince Panchayudha (Five-Weapons) attempted to kill Silesaloma, but all his attacks, from both his weapons and his bare hands, were thwarted by Silesaloma's sticky hair. Ultimately, Prince Panchayudha impressed Silesaloma with his bravery, and the yaksha decided to let him go. Panchayudha explained that Silesaloma's monstrous state was caused by wicked deeds from his past lives, and he taught the yaksha the [[five precepts]], after which Silesaloma renounced violence and transformed into a friendly forest spirit.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Mahamayuri|Mahāmāyūrīvidyārājñī]] Sūtra, a text that dates back to fourth century or earlier (translated from the [[Sanskrit]] by [[Kumarajiva]]), gives a large list of yakshas that reside in the classical cities of ancient India<ref>[V. S. Agravala, " Geographical Contents of Mahamayuri JUPHS, Vol. XV, Pt. ii, 1942, p. 28]</ref> who are invoked for the protection of the [[Buddhist dharma|Buddhist Dharma]]:

<blockquote style="margin-right:3em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 10px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
<poem>
"The deity Krakucchanda resides in [[Pataliputra]].
Aparajita resides in Sthuno.
The great yaksha Bhadra resides in Saila.
The great deity Manava resides in Uttara.
The great sage Vajrapani though lives in [[Rajgir|Rajagrha]]
Often dwells in [[Vulture Peak|Mount Grdhrakuta]].
The deity Garuda resides in the Vipula mountain.
Citragupta resides in Citemukha.
The yaksha Vakula resides in Rajagrha.
...
The yaksha king Mahagiri resides in Girinagara.
The yaksha Vasava resides in [[Vidisha|Vaidisa]].
The yaksha Karttikeya resides in [[Rohtak|Rohitaka]].
This yaksha Kumara is renowned in the great city.
...
Vaisravana who resides in the city Alakavati,
Located along the jewelled stairway of the Buddha's descent,
Is surrounded by billions of gods and goddesses.
Such yakshas command huge and powerful contingents of troops
To subjugate adversaries and enemies,
Conquering all.
They are famous throughout all directions.
Imbued with great dignity and virtue,
They come to aid
In the battles between the heavens and asuras.

These deities of virtues and great yaksha generals are located everywhere in [[Jambudvīpa|Jambudvipa]]. They uphold and protect the Buddhadharma, generating compassion."
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahamayurividyarajni.wordpress.com/2012/06/10/mahamayuri/|title=The Mahamayuri Vidyarajni Sutra 佛母大孔雀明王經|date=10 June 2012|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021102251/https://mahamayurividyarajni.wordpress.com/2012/06/10/mahamayuri/|url-status=live}}</ref>
</poem>
</blockquote>

==In Jainism==
[[File:Nswag, india, madhya pradesh, stele con yaksha-yakshini e jinas, XI sec..JPG|thumb|left|Yaksha and yakshini couple Sarvānubhūti and Kuṣmāṇḍinī, with the [[Tirthankaras]]]]
[[Jainism|Jains]] mainly maintain [[cult image]]s of [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]]s and [[Tirthankara]]s, who have conquered the inner passions and attained moksha. ''Yakshas'' and ''yakshinis'' are found in pair around the cult images of Jinas, serving as guardian deities. The ''yaksha'' is generally on the right-hand side of the Jina image while the ''yakshini'' is on the left-hand side. They are regarded mainly as devotees of the Jina and have supernatural powers. They are also wandering through the cycles of births and deaths just like the worldly souls, but have supernatural powers.<ref>Pramodaben Chitrabhanu, ''Jain symbols, Ceremonies and Practices''</ref>

[[File:'Digambara Yaksha Sarvahna' from Karnataka, India, c. 900, Norton Simon Museum.JPG|thumbnail|'Digambara Yaksha Sarvahna', [[Norton Simon Museum]], {{circa|900 CE}}]]
The Harivamsapurana (783 CE) refers to them as Shasandevatas. Initially among the yakshas, Manibhadra and Purnabadra yakshas and Bahuputrika yakshini were popular. The yaksha [[Manibhadra]] is worshipped by the Jains affiliated with the Tapa Gachchha. During tenth and thirteenth centuries yaksha Saarvanubhuti, or Sarvahna and yakshinis [[Chakreshvari]], [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]], and [[Jwalamalini]] became so popular that independent temples devoted to them were erected.

Yakshas and yakshinis are common among the [[Murtipujaka]] [[Śvētāmbara]] and Bispanthi [[Digambara]] Jains. The [[Digambara Terapanth]] movement opposes their worship.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Flügel, Peter |year=2006 |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and eialogues |publisher=Routledge |page=352}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Antiquary |date=31 December 1903 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzNCAQAAMAAJ&q=Gomedha+yaksha&pg=PA496 |access-date=31 December 2019 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Among the Murtipujaka Śvētāmbaras, the [[Tristutik Gaccha]] sect (both historical founded by Silagana and Devabhadra, and the modern sect organised by [[Rajendrasuri]]) object to the worship of shruta-devatas.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jain |first=Shalin |year=2012 |title=Divided identities: The Jain sects in medieval India |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=450–460 |jstor=44156237 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156237 |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427004419/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156237 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Shasan devatas in Jainism===
In Jainism, there are twenty-four yakshas and [[Yakshini#Yakshis in Jainism|twenty-four yakshis]] that serve as śāsanadevatās for the twenty-four tirthankaras:<ref>{{cite web |title=Twenty four Tirthankaras at a glance |website=jaindharmonline.com |url=http://www.jaindharmonline.com/tirthan/tirsum.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712011129/http://www.jaindharmonline.com/tirthan/tirsum.htm |archive-date=12 July 2006}}</ref> These yakshas are as follows:
{{clear}}
{{div col begin|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Gomukha]]
* Mahayaksha
* Trimukha
* Yaksheshvara or Yakshanayaka
* Tumbaru
* Kusuma
* Varanandi or Matanga
* Vijaya or Shyama
* Ajita
* Brahma or Brahmeshvara
* Ishvara or Yakset
* Kumara
* Dandapani
* Patala
* Kinnara
* Kimpurusha or Garuda
* Gandharva
* Kendra or Yakshendra
* [[Kubera#Beyond Hinduism|Kubera]]
* Varuna
* Bhrikuti
* Gomedha or Sarvahna
* [[Dharanendra]] or Parshvayaksha
* Matanga
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

==In poems==
In [[Kālidāsa]]'s poem ''[[Meghadūta]]'', for instance, the {{IAST|yakṣa}} narrator is a romantic figure, pining with love for his missing beloved. By contrast, in the didactic Hindu dialogue of the [[Yaksha Prashna|{{IAST|Yakṣapraśnāḥ}}]] "Questions of the {{IAST|Yakṣa}}", it is a [[tutelary deity|tutelary spirit]] of a lake that challenges [[Yudhishthira|{{IAST|Yudhiṣṭhira}}]].

In ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' poem of Sri Lanka, a local population is given the term Yakkhas. [[Prince Vijaya]] encountered the royalty of the yakkhas' queen, [[Kuveni]], in her capital of [[Lanka]] pura and conquered them.

==In Nepal==
<gallery mode=packed heights=100>
File:Architectural Support with Squatting Dwarf LACMA M.86.247.3.jpg|Architectural Support with Squatting Dwarf, 11th century, [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]
File:Spout of Bhimsen Hiti, Bhaktapur.jpg|Yaksha beneath the spout of Bhimsen Hiti, Bhaktapur
File:Maruhiti-IMG 2665.jpg|Yaksha at Maru hiti, Kathmandu
File:Chysal Dhungedhara spout.jpg|Yakshas beneath a spout of Saraswati Hiti, Chyasal
File:MET DP101030.jpg|Yakshas relief, 8th–9th century, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
</gallery>
In Nepal, squat stone versions of yakshas (sometimes twinned) were used as elements in construction. Their role was that of a [[caryatid]], which supports a part of the building, for example a column.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38307 |title=Yakshas Relief, Nepal, Kathmandu Valley, possibly Deopatan, 8th–9th century |work=Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38475 |title=Yakshas Relief, Nepal, Kathmandu Valley, possibly Deopatan, 8th–9th century |work=Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref> However, they are best known for their appearance under the spouts of ancient [[Dhunge dhara|drinking fountains]], especially fountains built in the [[Licchavis of Nepal|Licchavi era]] (c. 400–750 AD).<ref>{{cite web |last=Vajracharya |first=Gautama V. |date=7 January 2009 |url=https://www.asianart.com/articles/rainrivers/index.html |title=The Creatures of the Rain Rivers, Cloud Lakes: Newars Saw Them, So Did Ancient India |work=asianart.com |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref> [[Bhagiratha]] sculptures are more commonly found under spouts from the [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)|Malla period]] (c. 1201–1779 AD).<ref name=NepalMandala> Nepal Mandala: A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley by Mary Shepherd Slusser, Vol. 1, Princeton University Press, 1982, p 154-157</ref>

==In Thailand==
[[File:Bangkok statue.jpg|thumb|Face of the yakṣa [[Narantaka-Devantaka|Thotsakhirithon]] (ทศคีรีธร) at [[Wat Phra Kaew]], [[Bangkok]]]]
Yakshas ({{langx|th|ยักษ์}}, {{RTGS|''Yak''}}) are an important element in [[Thai temple art and architecture]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaiworldview.com/wat/wat2.htm|title=Thai temples - page 2/7|website=www.thaiworldview.com|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> They are common as guardians of the gates in Buddhist temples throughout the country since at least the 14th century. [[Ceramic art|Ceramic sculptures]] of guardian yakshas were produced in [[Thailand]], during the [[Sukhothai kingdom|Sukhothai]] and [[Ayutthaya kingdom|Ayutthaya periods]], between the 14th and 16th centuries, at several [[kiln]] complexes in [[northern Thailand]]. They are mostly depicted with a characteristic face, having big round bulging eyes and protruding [[fang]]s, as well as a green complexion. Yakshas and their female counterparts are common in the Buddhist [[Thai literature|literature of Thailand]], such as in [[The Twelve Sisters]] and [[Phra Aphai Mani]]. As [[ogre]]s, giants, and ogresses, yakshas are present as well in [[Thai folklore]].

{{lang|th-Latn|yo yak}} "{{lang|th|ย ยักษ์}}" is also used as an illustration in order to name the letter ย, the 34th consonant of the [[Thai alphabet]], according to the traditional letter symbols Thai children use to memorise the alphabet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thailandbuddy.com/learning-thai-language/Alphabet-Graffiti-Letters.html|title=Thai Alphabet in Letters|website=www.thailandbuddy.com|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330171850/http://thailandbuddy.com/learning-thai-language/Alphabet-Graffiti-Letters.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==In Sri Lanka==
Yakshas are regarded as one of the [[ancient clans of Sri Lanka]]. The word ''"Yagasha"'' has been found in a cave inscription in Tamketiya in Nailgala, Kaltota written in early [[Brahmi script]]. Professor [[Raj Somadeva]] translates the word as 'belonging
to Yakshas' or 'who wrote this inscription are Yakshas'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/14457302|title=Explorations in Sri Lankan Archaeology with Raj Somadeva PART 1|access-date=26 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826112901/https://www.academia.edu/14457302|url-status=live}}</ref> In Sinhalese, [[Demons of Sri Lanka|Demons]]
are also known as ''yakshayo'' (Singular: ''Yakshaya'').

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=250>
File:Sanchi 8-17.jpg|Yaksha couple standing on lotus leaves, the male (sic) holding a lotus bud and posed in shalabhanjika
File:Dvarapala Yaksha.JPG|Dvarapala Yaksha made of basalt. Found in Buddhist cave ([[Pitalkhora]]), 2nd century CE. [[Prince of Wales Museum]]
File:Mudgarpani Yaksha - Circa 2nd Century BCE - Bharnakalan - ACCN 87-145 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6146.JPG|[[Mudgarpani|Mudgarpani Yaksha]], 2nd century BCE, Bharnakalan, [[Mathura Museum]]
File:Vidisha District Museum Yaksha.jpg|[[Vidisha]] Yaksha, 2nd century BCE, [[Vidisha Museum]]
File:Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum Dhubela Exhibit Item (5).JPG|Gomedh and [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], 11th century, [[Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum]]
File:夜叉鬼.JPG|Carving of a yaksha (夜叉)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Dharanendra]]
* [[Dwarf (mythology)]]
* [[Gnome]]
* [[Jambhala]]
* [[Jinn]]
* [[Kubera]]
* [[List of Yakshas]]
* [[Manibhadra]]
* [[Nalakuvara]]
* [[Ogre]]
* [[Pañcika]]
* [[Pygmy (Greek mythology)]]
* [[Shedim]]
* [[Yaksha kingdom#Sthunakarna|Sthunakarna]]
* [[Suketu]]
* [[Vaiśravaṇa]]
* [[Vidyadhara]]
* [[Vajrapani]]
* [[Yaksha kingdom]]
* [[Yakshini]]
* [[Yaksha Prashna]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dhallapiccola

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Yaksha}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181758/http://www.yakshi.in/concept-of-yakshi Concept of Yakshi] (archived 21 July 2011)

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Fairies}}

[[Category:Yakshas| ]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Agricultural deities]]
[[Category:Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Nature spirits]]
[[Category:Tutelary deities]]
[[Category:Yaksha kingdom]]
[[Category:Jain minor deities]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Mythological blood-drinkers]]
[[Category:Forest spirits]]

List of Marathi film actresses

2026-03-18T08:45:46Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
This is a '''list of Marathi cinema actresses'''. [[Marathi cinema]] refers to Indian films produced in [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], the language of the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2016-09-13 |title=Usha Nadkarni turns 70 today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Usha-Nadkarni-turns-70-today/articleshow/54313096.cms |access-date=2017-02-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Based in old [[Mumbai]], it is the oldest and one of the pioneer film industries of India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-01-12 |title=World beneath her feet |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140112/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/world-beneath-her-feet |access-date=2017-02-17 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="Chaturvedi 2017">{{cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=Marathi filmmakers opt for telly stars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-filmmakers-opt-for-telly-stars/articleshow/50914725.cms |access-date=2017-02-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-06-12 |title=Documenting the dying tradition of travelling cinema in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/documenting-the-dying-tradition-of-travelling-cinema-in-india/articleshow/52706744.cms |access-date=2017-02-17 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-09-17 |title=Sticking to her guns: Anjali Patil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Sticking-to-her-guns-Anjali-Patil/article14985433.ece |access-date=2017-02-17 |website=[[The Hindu]] |ref={{sfnref | The Hindu | 2016}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title=Anuja Sathe uses own jewellery for reel wedding |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/anuja-sathe-uses-own-jewellery-for-reel-wedding/ |access-date=2017-02-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |ref={{sfnref | The Indian Express | 2016}}}}</ref>

The following are some of the most popular Indian actresses of their decades:
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 3
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Kamalabai Gokhale.jpg
| caption1 = 1910s: [[Kamlabai Gokhale]]
| image2 = Lalita Pawar (1916—1998).jpg
| caption2 = 1920s: [[Lalita Pawar]]
| image3 = Shanta Apte (1937).jpg
| caption3 = 1930s: [[Shanta Apte]]
| image4 = HansaWadkarNavjeevan (1939).jpg
| caption4 = 1940s: [[Hansa Wadkar]]
| image5 = Actress_Nanda_001.jpg
| caption5 = 1950s: [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]
| image6 = Jayshree Gadkar.jpg
| caption6 = 1960s: [[Jayshree Gadkar]]
| image7 = Smita Patil 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| caption7 = 1970s:
[[Smita Patil]]
| image8 = VarshaUsgaonkar4.jpg
| caption8 = 1980s: [[Varsha Usgaonkar]]
| image9 = Sonali Kulkarni attends 10th-anniversary bash of Viacom 18 Motion Pictures (04) (cropped).jpg
| caption9 = 1990s:
[[Sonali Kulkarni]]
| image10 = Mukta Barve at premiere of Marathi film 'Mumbai Pune Mumbai' (12).jpg
| caption10 = 2000s:
[[Mukta Barve]]
| image11 = Sai Tamhankar graces Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2018 (04) (cropped).jpg
| caption11 = 2010s: [[Sai Tamhankar]]
| image12 = Rinku Rajguru 2024.jpg
| caption12 = 2020s:
[[Rinku Rajguru]]
}}

== 1910s ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="2" |1913
|[[Durgabai Kamat]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mohini Bhasmasur]]''
|
|-
|[[Kamlabai Gokhale]]
|
|-
|1919
|Tara Koregaonkar
|''Kabir Kamal''
|''Kalidas'' (1922)
|}

== 1920s ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
|1920
|Kamala Devi
|''Sairandhri''
|''[[Savkari Pash]]'' (1925), ''Gajgouri'' (1926), ''Bhakta Pralhad'' (1926), ''[[Rani Saheba]]'' (1930)
|-
|1923
|Charu Bai
|''Guru Dronacharya''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1925
|Krishna Chauhan
|''Simantak Mani''
|''Satyabhama'' (1925)
|-
|Yamuna Gole
|''Hidimb Bakasur Wadh''
|''Kichak Wadha'' (1926), ''Bhakta Pralhad'' (1926)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1927
|Gangubai Mohite
|''Rukamangada Mohini''
|
|-
|Sushila Bai
|''[[Netaji Palkar (film)|Netaji Palkar]]''
|''Muraliwala'' (1927)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1928
|Ashrabai
|''Parshuram''
|
|-
|[[Lalita Pawar]]
|''[[Raja Harishchandra]]''
|''Netaji Palkar'' (1939), ''[[Ramshastri (film)|Ram Shastri]]'' (1930)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1929
|Shakuntala Tembe
|''Sant Mirabai''
|
|-
|Sakribai
|''[[Gopal Krishna (1929 film)|Gopal Krishna]]''
|
|}

== 1930s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = Durga Khote dans Prithvi Vallabh (1943).jpg
| caption1 = [[Durga Khote]]
| image2 = Shakuntala Paranjpye in film, Duniya Na Mane (1937).jpg
| caption2 = [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]]
| image3 = LeelaChitnis.jpg
| caption3 = [[Leela Chitnis]]
| image4 =
| caption4 =
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
|1930
|Nalini Tarkhad
|''Vasantsena''
|''[[Amrit Manthan (film)|Amrit Manthan]]'' (1934), [[Chandrasena (1935 film)|''Chandrasena'']] (1935)
|-
|1931
|Lilavati Pendharkar
|''[[Chandrasena (1931 film)|Chandrasena]]''
|''[[Agnikankan: Branded Oath]] (1932),''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1932
|[[Shanta Apte|Santa Apte]]
|''Shyamsunder''
|''[[Amrit Manthan (film)|Amrit Manthan]]'' (1934), ''[[Kunku]]'' (1937), ''[[Gopal Krishna (1938 film)|Gopal Krishna]]'' (1938)
|-
|[[Durga Khote]]
|''[[Maya Machhindra|Alakh Niranjan]]''
|''[[Ayodhyecha Raja]]'' (1932), [[Geeta (1940 film)|Geeta]] (1940), ''[[Charnon Ki Dasi|Payachi Dasi]]'' (1941)
|-
|1933
|[[Shakuntala Paranjpye]]
|''Sairandhri''
|''[[Ramshastri (film)|Ram Shastri]]'' (1944)
|-
| rowspan="5" |1935
|Usha Mantri
| rowspan="2" |''Usha''
|''Ratnavali'' (1945)
|-
|Ratnaprabha
|''[[Dharmatma (1935 film)|Dharmatma]]'' (1935), ''Dharmaveer'' (1937), ''Jwala'' (1938)
|-
|[[Shobhna Samarth]]
|''Vilasi Ishwar''
|''Taramati'' (1945)
|-
|Vasanti
|''[[Dharmatma (1935 film)|Dharmatma]]''
|
|-
|Tara
|''Naganand''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1936
|Indira Wadkar
| rowspan="2" |''Chhaya''
|''Devata'' (1939)
|-
|[[Leela Chitnis|Leela Chitis]]
|''Sant Tulsidas'' (1939)
|-
|[[Hansa Wadkar]]
|''Vijaychi Lagne''
|''[[Sant Sakhu]]'' (1941), ''[[Lokshahir Ram Joshi]]'' (1947), ''Sangtye Aika'' (1959)
|-
|Gauri
| rowspan="2" |''Sant Tukaram''
|''[[Sant Sakhu]]'' (1941)
|-
|Santa Mujumbar
|
|-
|1937
|Kusum Deshpande
|''[[Gangavataran]]''
|''Payachi Dasi'' (1941)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1938
|[[Meenakshi Shirodkar]]
|''[[Brahmachari (1938 film)|Brahmachari]]''
|''Lapandav'' (1940), ''[[Ramshastri (film)|Ram Shastri]]'' (1944)
|-
|Shanta Hublikar
|''Mazha Mulga''
|''[[Manoos]]'' (1939), ''Pahila Palna'' (1942)
|}

== 1940s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = Sulochana Latkar (May 2011).jpg
| caption1 = [[Sulochana Latkar]]
| image2 = Meenakshi Shirodkar.jpg
| caption2 = [[Meenakshi Shirodkar]]
| image3 =
| caption3 =
| image4 =
| caption4 =
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
|1940
|Shakuntala Bhome
|''Lagna Karave Pahun''
|''Sarkari Pahuna'' (1942)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1941
|[[Sumati Gupte-Joglekar]]
|''Thoratanchi Kamla''
|[[Sant Dnyaneshwar (film)|Sant Dnyaneshwar]]
|-
|[[Nalini Jaywant]]
|''Nirdosh''
|
|-
|1942
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|''Pahili Mangalagaur''
|
|-
|1943
|Nalini Dhere
|''Paisa Bolto Aahe''
|
|-
|1946
|[[Sulochana Latkar]]
|''Sasurvas''
|''Jivacha Sakha'' (1948), ''Vahinichya Bangdya'' (1953), ''Sukhache Sobti'' (1958), ''Meeth Bhakar'' (1959), ''Sangtye Aika'' (1959), ''Laxmi Ali Ghara'' (1965)
|-
|1947
|[[Usha Kiran]]
|''Kuber''
|''Krantiveer Vasudev Balwant'' (1950), ''Jasas Tase'' (1951)
|}

== 1950s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = Shashikala.jpg
| caption1 = [[Shashikala]]
| image2 = Sandhya in 1957.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sandhya Shantaram]]
| image3 =
| caption3 =
| image4 =
| caption4 =
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
|1950
|[[Shashikala]]
|''Patthe Bapurao''
|
|-
|1951
|[[Sandhya Shantaram]]
|''[[Amar Bhoopali]]''
|''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]'' (1972)
|-
|1955
|[[Nanda (actress)|Nanda Karnataki]]
|''Kuldaivat''
|''[[Shevagyachya Shenga]]'' (1955), ''Devghar'' (1956), ''Zalegele Visrun Jaa'' (1957)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1959
|[[Jayshree Gadkar]]
|''Sangte Aika''
|[[Sawaal Majha Aika!|''Sawal Maza Aika'']] (1964)
|-
|Leela Gandhi
|''Saata Janmachi Sobti''
|''Manaacha Mujra'' (1969), ''[[Sarvasakshi]]'' (1978), ''Manacha Kunku'' (1981).
|}

== 1960s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = SeemaDeo.jpg
| caption1 = [[Seema Deo]]
| image2 = Sushama Shiromanee 2019.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sushama Shiromanee]]
| image3 = Shubha Khote image.jpg
| caption3 = [[Shubha Khote]]
| image4 =
| caption4 =
| image5 =
| caption5 =
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="3" |1960
|[[Padma Chavan]]
|''Avaghachi Sansar''
|''[[Jyotibacha Navas]]'' (1975)
|-
|[[Uma Bhende]]
|''Aakashganga''
|''Madhuchandra'' (1967), ''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava|Aamhi Jato Amchya Gava]]'' (1968), ''Angai'' (1968), ''[[Bhalu]]'' (1980)
|-
|[[Seema Deo]]
|''[[Jagachya Pathivar]]''
|
|-
|1961
|[[Asha Patil]]
|''Antaricha Diwa''
|''Sadhi Mansa'' (1965), ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]'' (1974), ''[[Ram Ram Gangaram]]'' (1977)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1962
|Santa Tambe
|''Vithu Mazha Lekurwala''
|
|-
|[[Asha Kale]]
|''Baikocha Bhau''
|''Ha Khel Savlyancha'' (1976), ''[[Bala Gau Kashi Angai]]'' (1977), ''Sasurvashin'' (1978), ''Thorli Jaau'' (1983), ''Kulswamini Ambabai'' (1984)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964
|[[Reema Lagoo]]
|''Masterji''
|''[[Sinhasan]]'' (1979), ''Resham Gaath'' (2002), ''Janma'' (2011), ''[[Anumati (film)|Anumati]]'' (2013)
|-
|Maya Jadhav
|''[[Sawaal Majha Aika!|Sawaal Majha Aika]]''
|
|-
|1965
|Mandakani Bhadbhade
|''Sudharlelya Baika''
|''Zunj'' (1975)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1967
|[[Shubha Khote|Shobha Khote]]
|''Chimukala Pahuna''
|
|-
| [[Sushama Shiromanee]]
|''Kaka Mala Vachwa''
|''Mosambi Narangi'' (1981), ''Gulchadi'' (1984)
|-
|1968
|[[Jayshree T.]]
|''Dharma Kanya''
|''[[Chatak Chandni]]'' (1982)
|-
|1969
|[[Sarala Yeolekar]]
|''Saticha Vaan''
|
|}

== 1970s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = Usha Chavan.jpg
| caption1 = [[Usha Chavan]]
| image2 = Padma Chavan.jpg
| caption2 = [[Padma Chavan]]
| image3 = Usha Naik, Actor and Shrihari Sathe, Producer of the film ‘EK HAZARACHI’, at a press conference, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 29, 2014.jpg
| caption3 = [[Usha Naik]]
| image4 =
| caption4 =
| image5 =
| caption5 =
| image6 =
| caption6 =
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
|1970
|[[Usha Chavan]]
|''Songadya''
|''[[Ekta Jeev Sadashiv]]'' (1972), ''[[Pandu Hawaldar]]'' (1975), ''Nav Motha Lakshan Khota'' (1977), ''Ranpakhre'' (1980)
|-
|1971
|[[Sulabha Deshpande]]
|''Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe''
|''[[Jait Re Jait]]'' (1977), ''[[Chaukat Raja]]'' (1991)
|-
|1972
|[[Usha Naik]]
|[[Pinjara (film)|''Pinjara'']]
|''Karava Tasa Bharava'' (1975), ''Kalavantin'' (1978), ''Haldikunku'' (1979), ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]'' (2014)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1973
|[[Aruna Irani]]
|''Andhala Marto Dola''
|''Bhingri'' (1977), ''Ek Gadi Baki Anadi'' (1988), ''Changu Mangu'' (1990)
|-
|Roohi Berde
|''Jawai Vikat Ghene Haye''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1974
|[[Smita Patil]]
|''Raja Shiv Chhatrapati''
|''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]'' (1975), ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'' (1977), ''[[Umbartha]]'' (1982)
|-
|Lata Arun
|''Yashoda''
|''Zunj'' (1975), [[Pandu Havaldar|''Pandu Hawaldar'']] (1975), ''Dhamaal Jodi'' (1995)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1975
|[[Lalan Sarang]]
|''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''
|''Ha Khel Savlyancha'' (1976)
|-
|[[Ranjana Deshmukh]]
|''Chandanachi Choli Ang Aang Jali''
|''Are Sansar Sansar'' (1980), ''[[Ek Daav Bhutacha]]'' (1982), ''Gondhalat Gondhal'' (1982), ''Gup Chup Gup Chup'' (1983), ''Bin Kamacha Navra'' (1984)
|-
|Kamini Bhatia
|''Zunj''
|''Choricha Mamla'' (1976), ''Deed Shahane'' (1979), ''Mardani'' (1983)
|-
|1976
|[[Pallavi Joshi]]
|''Badla''
|''[[Rita (2009 Indian film)|Rita]]'' (2009), ''[[Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta]]'' (2013)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1977
|Shama Deshpande
|''Asla Navra Nakoga Bai''
|''Madhuchandrachi Raatra'' (1989)
|-
|[[Nutan]]
|''Paradh''
|
|-
|1978
|[[Anjali Paigankar]]
|''[[Sarvasakshi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1979
|[[Usha Nadkarni]]
|''[[Sinhasan]]''
|''[[Maherchi Sadi|Maherchi Saadi]]'' (1991), ''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]'' (2005) ''[[Agadbam]]'' (2010), ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'' (2016)
|-
|[[Nayana Apte Joshi|Nayana Apte]]
|''Janki''
|
|-
|Vandana Pandit
|''Ashta Vinayak''
|
|}

== 1980s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = SupriyaPilgaonkar.jpg
| caption1 = [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
| image2 = NiveditaJoshi.jpg
| caption2 = [[Nivedita Saraf]]
| image3 = Kishori Shahane 3.jpg
| caption3 = [[Kishori Shahane]]
| image4 = Savita prabhune colors indian telly awards.jpg
| caption4 = [[Savita Prabhune]]
| image5 = Archana Joglekar.jpg
| caption5 = [[Archana Joglekar]]
| image6 = Madhu Kambikar.jpg
| caption6 = [[Madhu Kambikar]]
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|[[Tanuja]]
| rowspan="2" |''Zaakol''
|''[[Pitruroon]]'' (2013)
|-
|[[Urmila Matondkar]]
|''[[Ajoba]]'' (2014)
|-
| rowspan="4" |1981
|[[Priya Tendulkar]]
|''Gondhalat Gondhal''
|''Mumbaicha Faujdaar'' (1984)
|-
|Suhasini Deshpande
|''Manacha Kunku''
|''Laxmichi Paule'' (1982)
|-
|[[Alka Kubal]]
|''Sobati''
|''Lek Chalali Sasarla'' (1984), ''Madhu Chandrachi Ratra'' (1989), ''[[Balache Baap Brahmachari]]'' (1989), ''[[Maherchi Sadi (film)|Maherchi Sadi]]'' (1991), ''[[Devki]]'' (2001)
|-
|Chitra Palekar
|''Akriet''
|
|-
|1982
|[[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]
|''[[Umbartha]]''
|''[[Navri Mile Navryala]]'' (1984), ''Pudhcha Paool'' (1986)
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984
|[[Savita Prabhune]]
|''[[Lek Chalali Sasarla]]''
|''[[Gadbad Ghotala]]'' (1986), ''Khara Varasdar'' (1986), ''Mamla Porincha'' (1988), ''[[Kalat Nakalat]]'' (1989), ''Tuzhi Mazhi Jamli Jodi'' (1990)
|-
|[[Nivedita Joshi-Saraf|Nivedita Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Navri Mile Navryala]]''
|''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]'' (1985), ''[[De Danadan]]'' (1987), ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'' (1988), ''[[Thartharat]]'' (1989), ''[[Majha Chakula]]'' (1994)
|-
|[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'' (1988), ''Maza Pati Karodpati (1988), [[Navra Maza Navsacha]]'' (2004), ''[[Amhi Satpute]]'' (2008)
|-
|[[Varsha Usgaonkar]]
|''Bramhachari''
|''[[Gammat Jammat]]'' (1987), ''[[Saglikade Bombabomb]]'' (1988), ''Hamal De Dhamal'' (1989), ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]'' (1992), ''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]'' (1993), ''[[Lapandav]]'' (1993)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1985
|[[Bharati Achrekar]]
|''Ardhangi''
|''[[Tighee]]'' (2026)
|-
|[[Archana Joglekar]]
|''Khichdi''
|''[[Nivdung]]'' (1989), ''Eka Peksha Ek'' (1990)
|-
|[[Prema Kiran]]
|''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]''
|''[[Gadbad Ghotala]]'' (1986), ''Khatyal Sasu Nataal Navra'' (1987)
|-
| rowspan="4" |1986
|[[Ashwini Bhave]]
|''Shabbas Sunbai''
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'' (1988), ''[[Kalat Nakalat]]'' (1989), ''[[Dhadakebaaz]]'' (1990), ''[[Dhyanimani]]'' (2017)
|-
|[[Smita Talwalkar]]
|''Dhakti Sun''
|''[[Chaukat Raja]]'' (1991), ''Ram Rahim'' (1993)
|-
|Archana Patkar
|''Pudhcha Paool''
|
|-
|[[Asawari Joshi]]
|''Mazhe Ghar Mazha Sansar''
|''[[Ek Ratra Mantarleli|Ek Ratra Manterleli]]'' (1989), ''Godi Gulabi'' (1991)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987
|[[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
|''[[Premasathi Vattel Te]]''
|''Varsa Laxmicha'' (1994), [[Putravati]] (1996) ''[[Sarkarnama]]'' (1998), ''[[Saade Maade Teen]]'' (2007)
|-
|[[Kishori Shahane]]
|''Prem Karuya Khullam Khulla''
|''[[Balache Baap Brahmachari]]'' (1989), ''[[Maherchi Sadi]]'' (1991), Mohatyachi Renuka (2006)
|-
|1988
|[[Priya Berde]]
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
|''[[Thartharat]]'' (1989), ''Yeda Ki Khula'' (1991)
|-
|1989
|[[Vandana Gupte]]
|[[Pasant Aahe Mulgi (1989 film)|''Pasant Aahe Mulgi'']]
|''[[Lapandav]]'' (1993), ''[[Pachhadlela]]'' (2004), ''[[Matichya Chuli]]'' (2006), ''[[Family Katta]]'' (2016), ''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]'' (2023)
|}

== 1990s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = AshwiniBhave.jpg
| caption1 = [[Ashwini Bhave]]
| image2 = Mrinal Kulkarni snapped at the press meet for movie on Baba Amte 08.jpg
| caption2 = [[Mrinal Kulkarni]]
| image3 = Sukanya Kulkarni.jpg
| caption3 = [[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
| image4 = Nishigandha Wad (Cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Nishigandha Wad]]
| image5 = Neena Kulkarni.jpg
| caption5 = [[Neena Kulkarni]]
| image6 = Nirmiti Sawant.jpg
| caption6 = [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut films
!Other notable films
|-
|1990
|[[Nishigandha Wad]]
|''[[Shejari Shejari]]''
|''Eka Peksha Ek'' (1990), ''[[Bandhan (1991 film)|Bandhan]]'' (1991), ''Vaat Pahate Punvechi'' (1992)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1991
|[[Prateeksha Lonkar]]
|''Ek Full Chaar Half''
|''Jamla Ho Jamla'' (1995), ''[[Bhet]]'' (2002), ''Aevdhe Se Aabhaal'' (2007)
|-
|[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]
|''[[Aayatya Gharat Gharoba]]''
|''[[Welcome Zindagi]]'' (2015), ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]'' (2013), ''[[Firebrand (2019 film)|Firebrand]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Nirmiti Sawant]]
|''[[Chaukat Raja]]''
|''[[Khabardar (2006 film)|Khabardaar]]'' (2005), ''[[Sasu Numbari Jawai Dus Numbari]]'' (2008), ''Kumari Gangubai Non Matric'' (2013), ''[[Jhimma]]'' (2021)
|-
| rowspan="5" |1992
|[[Suhas Joshi]]
|''Nishpaap''
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'' (1998), ''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]'' (2004), ''[[Jhimma]]'' (2021), [[Ekda kaay Zala (Film)|''Ekda Kaay Zala'']] (2022)
|-
|[[Neena Kulkarni]]
| rowspan="2" |''Hach Sunbaicha Bhau''
|''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]'' (1993), ''Aai'' (1995), ''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]'' (2005), ''[[Shevri (film)|Shevri]]'' (2006), ''[[Bioscope (2015 film)|Bioscope]]'' (2015), ''Photo Prem'' (2021)
|-
|[[Renuka Shahane]]
|''Aboli'' (1995), ''[[Uttar (film)|Uttar]]'' (2025)
|-
|Kishori Ambiye
|''Khulyancha Bazaar''
|''[[Zapatlela]]'' (1993)
|-
|[[Resham Tipnis]]
|''Jiwalagaa''
|''[[Apan Yana Pahilat Ka|Aapan Yana Pahilat Ka]]'' (1992), ''Satvapariksha'' (1998)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|[[Kavita Lad]]
|''Ghayaal''
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'' (1998), [[Doctor Rakhmabai (film)|''Doctor Rakhmaba''i]] (2016)
|-
|Chinmayi Sumeet
|''Bharla Ha Malavat Raktan''
|''[[Muramba]]'' (2017), ''[[Faster Fene]]'' (2017)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994
|[[Sonali Kulkarni]]
|''Mukta''
|''[[Doghi]]'' (1995), ''[[Gharabaher]]'' (2001), ''[[Devrai]]'' (2004), [[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|''Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero'']] (2014), ''[[Kachcha Limboo]]'' (2017), [[Pension (film)|''Pension'']] (2021)
|-
|[[Mrinal Kulkarni]]
| rowspan="2" |''Maza Saubhagya''
|''Lekroo'' (2000), ''Jodidar'' (2000), ''[[Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta]]'' (2013), ''[[Rama Madhav]]'' (2014), ''[[Pawankhind (film)|Pawankhind]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Sulabha Arya]]
|[[A Rainy Day (2014 film)|''A Rainy Day'']] (2014), ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'' (2016)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995
|[[Bhavana Balsavar]]
|''Sukhi Sansarachi 12 Sutre''
|
|-
|[[Sulekha Talwalkar]]
| rowspan="2" |''Aai''
|''Sanshay Kallol'' (2013), ''[[Family Katta]]'' (2016)
|-
|[[Medha Manjrekar]]
|''[[De Dhakka]]'' (2008), ''[[Kaksparsh]]'' (2012), ''[[Natsamrat]]'' (2016)
|-
|1997
|[[Surekha Kudachi]]
|''Saasuchi Maaya''
|''Mee Tulas Tujhya Angani'' (2005), ''Bharat Aala Parat'' (2007), ''Foreign Chi Patlin'' (2008)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|[[Sharvani Pillai]]
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
|''[[Jogwa]]'' (2009)
|-
|[[Smita Jaykar]]
|''Satvapariksha''
|''[[Astitva]]'' (2001), ''[[Devki]]'' (2001)
|-
| rowspan="6" |1999
|[[Deepa Parab]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Bindhaast]]''
|''Chakwa'' (2004), ''Mulga'' (2010), [[Baipan Bhaari Deva]] (2023)
|-
|[[Seema Biswas]]
|''[[Dhyaas Parva]]'' (2001), ''[[Lalbaug Parel]]'' (2010)
|-
|Sharvari Jamenis
|
|-
|Shilpa Navalkar
| rowspan="2" |''Kairee''
|''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Leena Bhagwat]]
|
|-
|[[Aishwarya Narkar]]
|''Ghe Barari''
|''Mala Jagaychay'' (2003), ''Zuluk'' (2005), ''Mee Tulas Tujhya Angani'' (2005), ''Tighi'' (2005)
|}

== 2000s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = Amruta Khanvilkar at the trailer launch of Har Har Mahadev.jpg
| caption1 = [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
| image2 = Sonalee Kulkarni 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
| image3 = Urmilla Kothare.jpg
| caption3 = [[Urmilla Kothare]]
| image4 = Kranti Redkar.jpg
| caption4 = [[Kranti Redkar]]
| image5 = Manasi Naik in 2014.jpg
| caption5 = [[Manasi Naik]]
| image6 = Mrunmayee Deshpande at the screening of Nat Samrat.jpg
| caption6 = [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="6" |2000
|[[Padmini Kolhapure]]
|''[[Chimani Pakhar]]''
|''[[Manthan: Ek Amrut Pyala]]'' (2005), ''[[Prawaas]]'' (2020)
|-
|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|''[[Astitva]]''
|
|-
|[[Kranti Redkar]]
|''Soon Asavi Ashi''
|''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad]]'' (2006), ''[[Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho]]'' (2010), ''[[Kiran Kulkarni vs Kiran Kulkarni]]'' (2016), ''[[Karaar]]'' (2017)
|-
|[[Madhurani Gokhale-Prabhulkar|Madhurani Gokhale Prabhulkar]]
|''Lekroo''
|
|-
|[[Trupti Bhoir]]
|''Bagh Haat Dakhvun''
|''[[Agadbam]]'' (2010)
|-
|[[Seema Shinde]]
|''Kulswami Tulja Bhawani''
|
|-
|2001
|[[Shilpa Tulaskar]]
|''[[Devki]]''
|''[[Dombivli Fast]]'' (2005), ''[[Anandache Jhaad|Anandache Zhaad]]'' (2006), ''[[Sugar Salt Ani Prem]]'' (2015)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|[[Jyoti Subhash]]
|''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
|''[[Valu (film)|Valu]]'' (2008)
|-
|[[Priya Bapat]]
|''[[Bhet]]''
|''[[Kaksparsh]]'' (2013), ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]'' (2014), ''[[Vazandar]]'' (2016), ''[[Aamhi Doghi]]'' (2018)
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003
|[[Sonali Khare]]
|''Resham Gaath''
|''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]'' (2004), ''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]'' (2008), ''7, Roshan Villa'' (2016), ''[[MyLek (film)|MyLek]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Pallavi Subhash]]
|''Polisachi Bayko''
|
|-
|[[Madhura Velankar]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''
|''[[Sarivar Sari]]'' (2005), ''[[Matichya Chuli]]'' (2006), ''[[Butterfly (2023 film)|Butterfly]]'' (2023)
|-
|Aditi Deshpande
|
|-
|[[Sonali Bendre]]
|''[[Anahat (film)|Anahat]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2004
|[[Atisha Naik]]
|''Wrong Mauritius''
|''[[Deool]]'' (2011)
|-
|[[Spruha Joshi]]
|''May Baap''
|''[[A Paying Ghost]]'' (2015), ''[[Lost and Found (2016 Indian film)|Lost and Found]]'' (2016)
|-
|[[Megha Dhade]]
|''Sakshatkar''
|''Bokad'' (2012)
|-
|[[Amruta Subhash]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Shwaas]]''
|''[[Gandha (film)|Gandha]]'' (2009), ''[[Astu]] (''2013), ''[[Killa (film)|Killa]]'' (2014), ''[[Ti Ani Itar]]'' (2017), ''[[Jarann]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Vibhavari Deshpande]]
|''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]'' (2004), ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]'' (2009), ''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]'' (2011)
|-
|[[Mukta Barve]]
|''Chakwa''
|''[[Jogwa]]'' (2009), ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'' (2010), ''[[Double Seat]]'' (2015), ''[[Aamhi Doghi]]'' (2018), ''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Rasika Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]
|
|-
|[[Tejaswini Pandit]]
|''Gaiir'' (2009), ''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]'' (2010), ''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Girija Oak]]
|''Manini''
|''Chingi'' (2009), ''Huppa Huiyya'' (2010), ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Aditi Sarangdhar]]
|''Akalpit''
|Divasen Divas (2006), Uladhaal (2008), Mohar (2013)
|-
|[[Supriya Pathare]]
|''He Aapla Asach Chalaycha''
|''[[Dili Supari Baikochi]]'' (2008)
|-
| rowspan="7" |2005
|[[Shweta Shinde]]
|''Aabhas''
|''Mohini'' (2008)
|-
|[[Kshitee Jog]]
|''Saha September''
|''[[Jhimma]]'' (2021), ''[[Pawankhind]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Harshada Khanvilkar]]
|''[[Dombivli Fast]]''
|
|-
|[[Tejaswini Lonari]]
|''No Problem''
|Madhu Ithe Ani Chaughe Tithe (2008), ''[[Guldasta (2011 film)|Guldasta]]'' (2011), ''Chinu'' (2012)
|-
|[[Manasi Salvi]]
|''[[Sarivar Sari]]''
|''Aai Shappath..!'' (2006)
|-
|[[Narayani Shastri]]
|''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]''
|
|-
|[[Kishori Godbole]]
|''[[Khabardar (film)|Khabardar]]''
|''[[Full 3 Dhamaal]]'' (2008)
|-
| rowspan="7" |2006
|[[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
|''[[Golmaal (Marathi film)|Golmaal]]''
|''[[Saade Maade Teen]]'' (2007), ''[[Zhakaas]]'' (2011), ''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]'' (2015), ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'' (2022)
|-
|Smita Shewale
|''Yanda Kartavya Aahe''
|''Ladi Godi'' (2010), ''[[Subhedar]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Smita Tambe]]
|''Naati Goti''
|''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]'' (2012), [[72 Miles|''72 Miles - Ek Pravas'']] (2013)
|-
|[[Kadambari Kadam]]
|''Hi Porgi Kunachi''
|''Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada'' (2007), ''[[Aaghaat]]'' (2010), ''[[Kshanbhar Vishranti]]'' (2010), ''[[Krantijyoti Vidyalay Marathi Madhyam]]'' (2026)
|-
|[[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
|''[[Gauri (2006 film)|Gauri]]''
|''[[Bakula Namdeo Ghotale]]'' (2007), ''[[Natarang]]'' (2010), ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'' (2015), ''[[Hirkani]]'' (2019), ''[[Tighee]]'' (2026)
|-
|Sarika Nilatkar
|''Pehli Sher Doosari Savaasher Navara Paavsher''
|''Ek Daav Sansaracha'' (2007)
|-
|[[Rohini Hattangadi]]
|''Devashappath Khote Sangen''
|''[[Premachi Goshta (film)|Premachi Goshta]]'' (2013), ''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]'' (2023), ''[[Aata Vel Zaali]]'' (2024)
|-
| rowspan="7" |2007
|[[Bhagyashree|Bhagyashree Patwardhan]]
|''Mumbai Aamchich''
|Zhak Marli Bayko Keli (2009)
|-
|[[Vishakha Subhedar]]
|''Premat Sarech Kahi Maaf''
|''Mast Challay Amcha'' (2011), ''[[Yedyanchi Jatra]]'' (2012), ''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa]]'' (2018)
|-
|Rujuta Deshmukh
|''Tula Shikwin Changlach Dhada''
|
|-
|[[Manasi Naik]]
|''Zabardast''
|''Cappuccino'' (2014), ''[[Murder Mestri]]'' (2015), ''[[Sakal Tar Hou Dya|Sakaal Tar Hou Dya]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Nagma]]
|''Thamb Lakshmi Thamb''
|
|-
|[[Urmilla Kothare]]
|''Shubha Mangal Saavadhan''
|''[[Mala Aai Vhhaychy!]]'' (2011), ''[[Duniyadari]]'' (2013), ''[[Ekda kaay Zala (Film)|Ekda Kaay Zala]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Smita Gondkar]]
|''[[Mumbaicha Dabewala]]''
|''[[Baloch (film)|Baloch]]'' (2023)
|-
| rowspan="6" |2008
|[[Sai Tamhankar]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Sanai Choughade]]''
|''[[No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey]]'' (2012), ''[[Duniyadari]]'' (2013), ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'' (2015), ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Shruti Marathe]]
|''[[Dharmaveer (Marathi film)|Dharmaveer]]'' (2022), ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Anita Date-Kelkar|Anita Date Kelkar]]
|''[[A Paying Ghost]]'' (2015), ''[[Me Vasantrao]]'' (2022), ''[[Vaalvi]]'' (2023), ''[[Jarann]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Aditi Bhagwat]]
|''Chalu Navra Bholi Baiko''
|''[[Sumbaran]]'' (2009)
|-
|[[Prajakta Mali]]
|''Taandala - Ek Mukhavta''
|''[[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]'' (2021), ''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]'' (2022), [[Y (2022 film)|''Y'']] (2022)
|-
|[[Suchitra Bandekar]]
|''Full 3 Dhamaal''
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy|Me Shivaji Raje Bhosale Boltoy]]'' (2009), ''[[Jhimma]]'' (2021), ''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]'' (2023)
|-
| rowspan="9" |2009
|[[Neha Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Zenda (film)|Zenda]]''
|
|-
|[[Tejashri Pradhan]]
|''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]'' (2014), ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]'' (2017)
|-
|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
|''[[Ek Cup Chya]]''
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]'' (2015), ''[[Natsamrat]]'' (2016), ''[[Dhyanimani]]'' (2017), ''[[15 August (2019 film)|15 August]]'' (2019), ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Radhika Apte]]
|''[[Samaantar]]''
|''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]'' (2012), ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014)
|-
|[[Neha Pendse]]
|''Agnidivya''
|''[[A Rainy Day (2014 film)|A Rainy Day]]'' (2014), ''[[Natsamrat]]'' (2016), ''[[June (2021 film)|June]]'' (2020), ''[[Tighee]]'' (2026)
|-
|[[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
|''[[Sumbaran]]''
|
|-
|Shweta Mehendale
|''Javai Bapu Zindabad''
|''[[Sagla Karun Bhagle]]'' (2011)
|-
|[[Parna Pethe]]
|''[[Vihir]]''
|''[[Rama Madhav]]'' (2014), ''[[Medium Spicy]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Suzanne Bernert]]
|''[[Gallit Gondhal, Dillit Mujra]]''
|
|}

== 2010s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = Pooja Sawant.jpeg
| caption1 = [[Pooja Sawant]]
| image2 = VAIDEHI PARASHURAMI.jpg
| caption2 = [[Vaidehi Parshurami]]
| image3 = Prarthana Behere.jpg
| caption3 = [[Prarthana Behere]]
| image4 =
| caption4 =
| image5 =
| caption5 = [[Tejaswini Pandit]]
| image6 = Priya-Bapat-celebrate-the-shooting-wrap-of-their-film-Visfot-2.jpg
| caption6 = [[Priya Bapat]]
| direction = vertical
| caption_align = center
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="8" |2010
|[[Manava Naik]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kshanbhar Vishranti]]''
|''[[No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey]]'' (2012)
|-
|[[Pooja Sawant]]
|''Nilkanth Master'' (2015), ''[[Dagadi Chawl]]'' (2015), ''[[Lapachhapi]]'' (2017), [[Bali (2021 film)|Bali]] (2021)
|-
|[[Samidha Guru]]
|''Kaydyaach Bola''
|''Dhating Dhingana'' (2014), ''Kapus Kondyachi Gosht'' (2014)
|-
|[[Bhargavi Chirmule]]
|''[[Ideachi Kalpana]]''
|''One Room Kitchen'' (2011), ''[[Sandook]]'' (2015)
|-
|[[Hrishitaa Bhatt]]
|''Mani Mangalsutra''
|''[[Dhol Taashe]]'' (2015)
|-
|[[Vaidehi Parshurami]]
|''Ved Lavi Jeeva''
|''[[Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar]]'' (2018), ''[[Zombivali]]'' (2022), ''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Anusha Dandekar]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Lalbaug Parel]]''
|''[[Baap Manus]]'' (2023), ''[[Juna Furniture]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Kashmera Shah]]
|''[[Nay Varanbhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha]]'' (2022)
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
|[[Mrinmayee Godbole]]
|''[[Teecha Baap Tyacha Baap]]''
|''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]'' (2017), ''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 2]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]
|''[[Shala (film)|Shala]]''
|''[[Kaksparsh]]'' (2012), ''[[Timepass (2014 Marathi film)|Timepass]]'' (2014)
|-
|[[Neha Shitole]]
|''[[Deool]]''
|
|-
|[[Tanvi Kishore]]
|''Raada Rox''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
|[[Ritika Shrotri]]
|''[[Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta]]''
|''[[Boyz (film)|Boyz]]'' (2017), [[Darling (2021 film)|''Darling'']] (2021)
|-
|Neha Gadre
|''Mokala Shwaas''
|
|-
|[[Reena Madhukar]]
|''[[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]]''
|''31 Divas'' (2018), ''[[Sur Lagu De]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Saiee Manjrekar]]
|''[[Kaksparsh]]''
|
|-
|[[Usha Jadhav]]
|''[[Dhag]]''
|''[[Firebrand (2019 film)|Firebrand]]'' (2018)
|-
| rowspan="7" |2013
|[[Anuja Sathe]]
|''Asa Mee Ashi Tee''
|''[[Ghantaa]]'' (2016)
|-
|[[Prarthana Behere]]
|''[[Jai Maharashtra Dhaba Bhatinda]]''
|''[[Mitwaa]]'' (2015), ''[[Coffee Ani Barach Kahi]]'' (2015), ''[[Aga Aga Sunbai! Kay Mhantay Sasubai? (film)|Aga Aga Sunbai! Kay Mhantay Sasubai?]]'' (2026)
|-
|[[Sagarika Ghatge]]
|''[[Premachi Goshta (film)|Premachi Goshta]]''
|
|-
|[[Sharmishtha Raut]]
|''Yoddha''
|
|-
|[[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]
|''[[Ekulti Ek]]''
|
|-
|Bhagyashree Milind
|[[Balak-Palak|''Balak Palak'']]
|[[Anandi Gopal]] (2019)
|-
|[[Pritam Kagne]]
|''Navra Maza Bhavra''
|''[[Halal (film)|Halal]]'' (2015)
|-
| rowspan="11" |2014
|[[Neha Mahajan]]
|''[[Ajoba]]''
|
|-
|[[Monalisa Bagal]]
|''[[Sau Shashi Deodhar]]''
|''[[Ravrambha]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Mayuri Deshmukh]]
|''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]''
|''31 Divas'' (2018)
|-
|[[Aaditi Pohankar]]
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|
|-
|[[Girija Joshi]]
|Govinda
|''[[Priyatama (2014 film)|Priyatama]]'' (2014)
|-
|[[Tanvi Azmi]]
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|
|-
|[[Apurva Nemlekar]]
|''[[Bhakarkhadi 7 km]]''
|''[[Ravrambha]]'' (2023)
|-
|Rajeshwari Kharat
|''[[Fandry]]''
|
|-
|[[Sanskruti Balgude]]
|''Makadacha Lagin''
|''Sarva Line Vyasta Aahet'' (2019)
|-
|[[Heena Panchal]]
|''[[Manus Ek Mati]]''
|
|-
|Disha Pardeshi
|''Prem Pahil Vahil''
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2015
|[[Anjali Patil]]
|[[The Silence (2015 film)|The Silence]]
|
|-
|[[Tisca Chopra]]
|''[[Highway (2015 film)|Highway]]''
|
|-
|[[Pallavi Patil]]
|''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]''
|
|-
|[[Surabhi Hande]]
|''[[Aga Bai Arechyaa 2]]''
|
|-
|[[Mitali Mayekar]]
|''Urfi''
|
|-
|[[Manasi Moghe]]
|''[[Bugadi Maazi Sandli Ga]]''
|''[[Autograph (2023 film)|Autograph]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]
|''[[Ekk Albela]]''
|
|-
|Kashmira Kulkarni
|''[[Carry On Maratha]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
|[[Rinku Rajguru]]
|''[[Sairat]]''
|''[[Kaagar]]'' (2019), ''[[Asha (film)|Asha]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Isha Keskar]]
|''[[CRD (film)|CRD]]''
|''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Priyanka Bose]]
|''[[Half Ticket (2016 film)|Half Ticket]]''
|
|-
|Gauri Nalawade
|''Friends''
|''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Shivani Surve]]
|''[[Ghantaa]]''
|''[[Triple Seat]]'' (2019), ''[[Vaalvi]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Anjana Sukhani]]
|''[[Laal Ishq (film)|Laal Ishq]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|[[Aarya Ambekar]]
|''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''
|
|-
|[[Rasika Sunil]]
|''[[Baghtos Kay Mujra Kar]]''
|
|-
|[[Neeta Shetty]]
|''[[Fugay]]''
|
|-
|[[Mithila Palkar]]
|''[[Muramba]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Madhuri Dixit]]
|''[[Bucket List (2018 film)|Bucket List]]''
|
|-
|Trupti Toradmal
|''[[Savita Damodar Paranjpe]]''
|''[[Shivrayancha Chhava]]'' (2024)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Sayali Sanjeev]]
|''[[Aatpadi Nights]]''
|''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]'' (2021), ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'' (2022), ''[[Ole Aale]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Amrita Rao]]
|''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]''
|
|}

== 2020s ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 120
| image_style =
| image1 = Prajakta Mali photo.jpg
| caption1 = [[Prajakta Mali]]
| image2 = Hruta Durgule.jpg
| caption2 = [[Hruta Durgule]]
| image3 = Sayali Sanjeev graces Perfect Pati TV serial launch (05).jpg
| caption3 = [[Sayali Sanjeev]]
| image4 =
| caption4 =
| image5 =
| caption5 =
| image6 =
| caption6 =
| direction = vertical
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Debut film
!Other notable films
|-
|2020
|[[Rutuja Bagwe]]
|''Respect''
|
|-
|2021
|Resham Shrivardhankar
|''[[June (2021 film)|June]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|Shivali Parab
|''Prem Pratha Dhumshaan''
|''[[Mangla (film)|Mangla]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Hruta Durgule]]
|''[[Ananya (film)|Ananya]]''
|''[[Timepass 3]]'' (2022), ''[[Aarpar]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Tejasswi Prakash]]
|''[[Mann Kasturi Re]]''
|
|-
|[[Gauri Ingawale]]
|''[[Panghrun]]''
|''[[De Dhakka 2]]'' (2022), ''[[Hi Anokhi Gaath]]'' (2024)
|-
|Ashwini Kesar
|''Ek Hota Malin''
|
|-
|[[Genelia D'Souza]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|
|-
|[[Jiya Shankar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
|Vaishnavi Kalyankar
|''[[Bamboo (2023 film)|Bamboo]]''
|
|-
|[[Priyadarshini Indalkar]]
|''[[Phulrani]]''
|''[[Navardev Bsc. Agri]]'' (2024), [[Dashavatar (2025 film)|''Dashavatar'']] (2025)
|-
|Sana Shinde
|''[[Maharashtra Shahir]]''
|
|-
|Kalindi Nistane
|''[[TDM (film)|TDM]]''
|
|-
|[[Shweta Gulati]]
|''[[Aflatoon (2023 film)|Aflatoon]]''
|
|-
|Megha Shinde
|''[[Dhishkyaoon]]''
|''Shri Ganesha'' (2024)
|-
| rowspan="12" |2024
|[[Rajshri Deshpande]]
|''[[Satyashodhak]]''
|
|-
|Pallavi Paranjape
|''[[Sridevi Prasanna]]''
|
|-
|[[Smrity Sinha]]
|''[[Musafiraa]]''
|
|-
|Vaishnavi Barde
|''Gaafil''
|
|-
|Ankita Landepatil
|''[[Delivery Boy (film)|Delivery Boy]]''
|
|-
|Swanandi Berde
|''Man Yedyagat Zala''
|
|-
|[[Niharica Raizada]]
|''[[Janma Runn]]''
|
|-
|Sanayaah Anand
|''[[MyLek (film)|MyLek]]''
|
|-
|[[Gargi Datar]]
|''Lek Asavi Tar Ashi''
|
|-
|Jui Bhagwat
| rowspan="2" |''[[Like Aani Subscribe]]''
|''[[Zapuk Zupuk]]'' (2025)
|-
|Rajasi Bhave
|''[[Gharat Ganpati]]'' (2024), [[Fussclass Dabhade]] (2025)
|-
|[[Shanvi Srivastava]]
|''Raanti''
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2025
|[[Elli AvrRam]]
|''[[Ilu Ilu 1998]]''
|
|-
|Richa Agnihotri
|''[[Sa La Te Sa La Na Te]]''
|
|-
|Surbhi Bhosle
|''[[Ek Radha Ek Meera]]''
|
|-
|Nandini Chikte
|''[[Sthal]]''
|
|-
|Shraddha Khanolkar
|''Bhera''
|
|-
|Sajiri Joshi
|''[[April May 99]]''
|
|-
|[[Esha Dey]]
|''[[Gulkand (film)|Gulkand]]''
|
|-
|Sai Godbole
|''Tu, Me Ani Amaira''
|
|-
|[[Ridhima Pandit]]
|''[[Premachi Goshta 2]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|[[Prajakta Koli]]
|''[[Krantijyoti Vidyalay Marathi Madhyam]]''
|
|-
|Anushka Sarkate
|''Jabraat''
|
|-
|[[Megha Shetty]]
|''[[After Operation London Cafe]]''
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Marathi film actors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Actresses in Marathi cinema}}

[[Category:Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian actresses|Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Lists of actresses]]

CE-20

2026-03-17T17:28:09Z

Vikipft: cleaned up page per sources

{{Short description|Rocket engine developed by ISRO for upper stage of its LVM3 rocket}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox rocket engine
|name = CE-20
|image = CE-20 Engine Config Model.png
|image_size = 250
|caption = A computer model of CE-20
|country_of_origin= [[India]]
|date =
|first_date = 5 June 2017
|last_date =
|designer = LPSC, ISRO
|manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/hal-to-produce-cryogenic-engines-for-isro/article4661042.ece|title=HAL to produce cryogenic engines for ISRO|date=27 April 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 November 2015|archive-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205081147/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/hal-to-produce-cryogenic-engines-for-isro/article4661042.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|purpose = Upper stage booster
|associated =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|status = Active

|type = liquid
|oxidiser = [[LOX]]
|fuel = [[LH2]]
|mixture_ratio = 5.05
|cycle = [[Gas-generator cycle (rocket)|Gas Generator]]
|pumps =

|description =
|combustion_chamber=1
|nozzle_ratio = 100

|thrust =
|thrust_at_altitude=
|thrust(Vac) = {{convert|186.36|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
|thrust(SL) =
|throttle_range = {{convert|180|–|220|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
|thrust_to_weight=
|chamber_pressure= {{convert|6|MPa|abbr=on}}
|specific_impulse=
|specific_impulse_vacuum= {{convert|442|isp}}
|specific_impulse_sea_level=
|total_impulse =
|burn_time = 640-800 seconds
|restarts = 
|gimbal = 
|capacity =

|dimensions =
|length =
|diameter =
|dry_weight = {{convert|588|kg|abbr=on}}

|used_in = Upper stage of [[LVM3]] & [[Next Generation Launch Vehicle|NGLV]]

|references =<ref name="CE20_ISP">{{Cite web |url= https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-oct-2018/isro-successfully-tests-cryogenic-engine-ce-20-gslv-mk-iii-chandrayaan-2-mission |title= ISRO successfully tests Cryogenic Engine (CE-20) for GSLV Mk-III / Chandrayaan-2 Mission
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804153939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-oct-2018/isro-successfully-tests-cryogenic-engine-ce-20-gslv-mk-iii-chandrayaan-2-mission |archive-date=4 August 2022 |publisher=ISRO |language=en }}</ref><ref name="AeroIndia2009_LPSC_1" /><ref name="AeroIndia2009_LPSC_2" />
|notes =
}}

The '''CE-20''' is a [[cryogenic rocket engine]] developed by the [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC), a subsidiary of [[ISRO]]. It has been developed to power the upper stage of the [[LVM3]].<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-may-2012/indigenous-cryogenic-engine-tested-successfully|title=Indigenous Cryogenic Engine Tested Successfully|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=2018-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117195441/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-may-2012/indigenous-cryogenic-engine-tested-successfully}}</ref> It is the first Indian cryogenic engine to feature a [[gas-generator cycle]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=K. S. Jayaram|title=India's heavy-lift rocket on track for December debut following engine test|url=http://spacenews.com/indias-heavy-lift-rocket-on-track-for-december-debut-following-engine-test/|newspaper=Spacenews|date=22 February 2016}}</ref> The high thrust cryogenic engine is the most powerful upper stage cryogenic engine in operational service.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Praveen|first1=RS|last2=Jayan|first2=N|last3=Bijukumar|first3=KS|last4=Jayaprakash|first4=J|last5=Narayanan|first5=V|last6=Ayyappan|first6=G|title=Development of Cryogenic Engine for GSLV MkIII: Technological Challenges|journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering|date=February 2017|volume=171|issue=1|article-number=012059|doi=10.1088/1757-899X/171/1/012059|bibcode=2017MS&E..171a2059P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Among the thrust levels for which CE-20 is qualified are 19 tonnes for ongoing satellite missions, 20 tonnes for the [[Gaganyaan]], and an upgraded 22 tonnes for future launches like the [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]]'s BAS-01 Base Module.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bagla |first1=Pallava |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Shatabdi |date=29 June 2024 |title=Robotic Version Of Indian Space Station By 2028: ISRO Chief To NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/robotic-version-of-indian-space-station-by-2028-isro-chief-to-ndtv-5997277 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Overview==
The CE-20 is the first Indian cryogenic engine to feature a gas-generator cycle.<ref>{{cite web|author1=R. Ramachandran|title=GSLV MkIII, the next milestone|url=http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/gslv-mkiii-the-next-milestone/article5596588.ece|website=Frontline|language=en|date=22 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014|archive-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030071615/http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/gslv-mkiii-the-next-milestone/article5596588.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The engine produces a nominal thrust of 200 kN, but has an operating thrust range between 180 kN to 220 kN and can be set to any fixed values between these limits. The combustion chamber burns liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen at 6 MPa with 5.05 engine mixture ratio.<ref name="AeroIndia2009_LPSC_1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2009/krishG/IMG_0027.JPG.html|title=LPSC Handouts at Aer India-2009|date=2009-03-13|work=Specifications of CE-20|publisher=Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|access-date=2009-08-29|archive-date=2018-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064645/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2009/krishG/IMG_0027.JPG.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AeroIndia2009_LPSC_2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2009/krishG/IMG_0159.JPG.html|title=Aero India 2009, LPSC specification sheet :: IMG_0159|access-date=2018-09-12|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817032759/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2009/krishG/IMG_0159.JPG.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The engine has a [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 34.7 and a [[specific impulse]] of {{convert|442|isp}} in vacuum.<ref name="CE20_ISP"/>

==Development and Testing==
[[File:CE20 Engine 640 second test Front.jpg|thumb|left|CE-20 during static testing at Cryo Main Engine and Static Test facility (CMEST) of [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]] (IPRC), [[Mahendragiri (Tamil Nadu)|Mahendragiri]] on 19 February 2016]]
* On 28 April 2015, CE-20 cleared a 635 seconds long duration hot test at IPRC, Mahendragiri test facility. This test was preceded by two cold start tests and four short duration hot tests.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ram|first1=Arun|title=Isro's desi cryogenic engine test successful - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isros-desi-cryogenic-engine-test-successful/articleshow/47090046.cms|work=The Times of India|date=29 April 2015|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406083958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isros-desi-cryogenic-engine-test-successful/articleshow/47090046.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 16 July 2015, the first developmental CE-20 engine 'E1' was successfully endurance hot tested at ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri for a duration of 800 seconds with Mixture Ratio Controller (MRC) in closed loop mode. This duration is approximately 25% more than the engine burn duration in flight. This was tenth development test for CE-20.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-jul-2015/indigenously-developed-high-thrust-cryogenic-rocket-engine-successfully-ground|title=Indigenously Developed High Thrust Cryogenic Rocket Engine Successfully Ground Tested for a duration for 800 seconds - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=2017-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031075825/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-jul-2015/indigenously-developed-high-thrust-cryogenic-rocket-engine-successfully-ground}}</ref>
* On 10 August 2015, a short duration (5.7 seconds) hot test on the CE-20 engine was done to demonstrate the successful engine ignition with tank pressure conditions as in flight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Year End Review: Achievements of Department of Space during the year 2015|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=133949|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213021800/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=133949|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 19 February 2016, the second developmental CE-20 engine 'E2'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-feb-2016/ce-20-engine-of-gslv-mkiii-successfully-hot-tested|title=CE 20 Engine of GSLV MKIII successfully hot tested - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-12|archive-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213021520/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-feb-2016/ce-20-engine-of-gslv-mkiii-successfully-hot-tested}}</ref> was hot-tested for a duration of 640 seconds with Mixture Ratio Controller (MRC) in closed loop mode at ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO upbeat as indigenous cryo engine passes test|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-upbeat-as-indigenous-cryo-engine-passes-test/article8258313.ece|work=The Hindu|date=20 February 2016|language=en-IN|access-date=21 February 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221104636/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-upbeat-as-indigenous-cryo-engine-passes-test/article8258313.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO successfully conducts hot test of Cryo CE 20 engine|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-successfully-conducts-hot-test-of-cryo-ce-20-engine/article8258080.ece|access-date=12 February 2018|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Hindu|date=19 Feb 2016|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134425/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-successfully-conducts-hot-test-of-cryo-ce-20-engine/article8258080.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO successfully conducts hot test of Cryo CE 20 engine|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-successfully-conducts-hot-test-of-cryo-ce-20-engine/articleshow/51060286.cms|access-date=12 February 2018|agency=PTI|date=19 Feb 2016|archive-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213023043/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-successfully-conducts-hot-test-of-cryo-ce-20-engine/articleshow/51060286.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 03 December 2016, flight acceptance test of 25 seconds in high altitude conditions was carried out on third developmental CE-20 engine (E3).<ref>{{cite web|title=High Altitude Flight Acceptance Test of CE20 Engine Conducted Successfully|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/high-altitude-flight-acceptance-test-of-ce20-engine-conducted-successfully|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213021724/https://www.isro.gov.in/high-altitude-flight-acceptance-test-of-ce20-engine-conducted-successfully}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/GSLV-engine-tested-at-Mahendragiri/article16756493.ece|title=GSLV engine tested at Mahendragiri|date=3 December 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220230813/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/GSLV-engine-tested-at-Mahendragiri/article16756493.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf|title=Department of Space Outcome Budget 2016-17|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625163259/http://isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf}}</ref> It was successfully flown on the first developmental flight 'D1' of the GSLV Mk-III on 5 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.space.com/37093-india-launches-most-powerful-rocket-yet.html|title=India Just Launched Its Heaviest & Most Powerful Rocket Yet|last=Malik|first=Tariq|date=2017-06-05|work=Space.com|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2017-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605220605/http://www.space.com/37093-india-launches-most-powerful-rocket-yet.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 25 January 2017, CE-20 engine E2<ref name=":0" /> integrated with development stage for GSLV Mk III, C25 'D' was tested for duration of 50 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-jan-2017/isro-successfully-tests-c25-cryogenic-upper-stage-of-gslv-mkiii|title=ISRO Successfully Tests C25 Cryogenic Upper Stage of GSLV MkIII - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-12|archive-date=2018-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327213208/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-jan-2017/isro-successfully-tests-c25-cryogenic-upper-stage-of-gslv-mkiii}}</ref>
*On 17 February 2017, CE-20 engine E2<ref name=":0" /> integrated with development stage for GSLV Mk III, C25 'D' was tested for duration of 640 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-feb-2017/isro-successfully-tests-its-cryogenic-stage-c25-gslv-mkiii-flight-duration|title=ISRO Successfully Tests its Cryogenic Stage (C25) for GSLV MkIII for the Flight Duration - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-12|archive-date=2018-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214522/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-feb-2017/isro-successfully-tests-its-cryogenic-stage-c25-gslv-mkiii-flight-duration}}</ref>
*On 11 October 2018, CE-20 engine E6 completed 25 second long flight acceptance test in high altitude conditions for GSLV Mk III M1/Chandrayaan-2 mission<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-oct-2018/isro-successfully-tests-cryogenic-engine-ce-20-gslv-mk-iii-chandrayaan-2-mission|title=ISRO successfully tests Cryogenic Engine (CE-20) for GSLV Mk-III / Chandrayaan-2 Mission - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-12|archive-date=2022-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804153939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-oct-2018/isro-successfully-tests-cryogenic-engine-ce-20-gslv-mk-iii-chandrayaan-2-mission}}</ref>
*On 16 December 2021, CE-20 (E9 engine) was tested to demonstrate the repeatability of engine ignition with stable combustion. Two ignition trial tests of 3.2 seconds duration were conducted nominally followed by a nominal hot test of 50 seconds duration.<ref name="AR_2021_22">{{cite web |title=Annual Report of Department of Space 2021-2022 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/17661/annual_report_english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427032718/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/17661/annual_report_english.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |page=108}}</ref>
*On 12 January 2022, CE-20 engine E9 completed 720 second long qualification test for [[Gaganyaan]] programme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualification testing of Cryogenic Engine for Gaganyaan Programme - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-jan-2022/qualification-testing-of-cryogenic-engine-gaganyaan-programme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722152817/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/12-jan-2022/qualification-testing-of-cryogenic-engine-gaganyaan-programme |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=2022-01-12 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
*On 29 October 2022, CE-20 engine E11<ref>{{Cite web |title=CE20 engine hot test video |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/CE20engine_hot_test_video.html |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=2022-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110074111/https://www.isro.gov.in/CE20engine_hot_test_video.html |url-status=live }}</ref> completed flight acceptance hot test for 25 seconds. Test was conducted to check the integrity of hardware, subsystems' performance and tuning the engine for LVM3 M3 mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=29 October 2022 |title=Isro hot-tests CE-20 engine for GSLV-Mk3 to be used for next OneWeb launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-hot-tests-ce-20-engine-for-gslv-mk3-to-be-used-for-next-oneweb-launch/articleshow/95159556.cms |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029063430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-hot-tests-ce-20-engine-for-gslv-mk3-to-be-used-for-next-oneweb-launch/articleshow/95159556.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On 9 November 2022, CE-20 engine E9 was hot tested for 70 seconds. During this test the engine operated at thrust level of approximately 20 tonnes for the first 40 seconds and then switched to an uprated thrust regime of 21.8 tonnes lasting ~30 seconds. This uprated engine would increase payload capacity of LVM3 to GTO by up to 450 kg along an appropriate stage with additional propellant loading. As part of engine modification, Thrust Control Valve (TCV), [[3D-printed]] LOX and LH2 turbine, and exhaust casings were introduced for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Successful CE20 uprated Engine Hot Test with 21.8 T vacuum thrust |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3_CE20_uprated_Engine_Hot_Test.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110133035/https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3_CE20_uprated_Engine_Hot_Test.html |archive-date=2022-11-10 |access-date=2022-11-10 |work=Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref>
*On 23 December 2022, CE-20 engine E9 was hot tested for 650 second duration. For the first 40 seconds of test, the engine was operated at 20.2 tonne thrust level, after this engine was operated at 20 tonne off-nominal zones and then for 435 seconds it was operated at 22.2 tonne thrust level. With this test, the 'E9' engine has been qualified for induction in flight. The E9 engine with this hot test has undergone twelve hot tests with 3370 seconds cumulative burn duration at different thrust & mixture ratio levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful CE-20 Engine Hot Test with 20t off-nominal & 22.2t vacuum thrust |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/suceessful-ce-engine-hot-test.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ISRO |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224091931/https://www.isro.gov.in/suceessful-ce-engine-hot-test.html }}</ref>
*On 24 February 2023, CE-20 engine went through flight acceptance testing for LVM3-M4/[[Chandrayaan-3]] successfully. The test was done at High Altitude Test Facility and lasted for of nominal 25 seconds duration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Successful Flight Acceptance Hot Test of CE-20 Cryogenic Engine for LVM3-M4/Chandrayaan-3 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Flight_Acceptance_Hot_Test_CE20_LVM3-M4_C3.html |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=ISRO |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227164737/https://www.isro.gov.in/Flight_Acceptance_Hot_Test_CE20_LVM3-M4_C3.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=1 March 2023 |title=ISRO gets ready for Chandrayaan-3 mission; CE-20 cryogenic engine's hot test successful |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/isro-gets-ready-for-chandrayaan-3-mission-ce-20-cryogenic-engines-hot-test-successful/2996631/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Financial Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306145253/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/isro-gets-ready-for-chandrayaan-3-mission-ce-20-cryogenic-engines-hot-test-successful/2996631/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On 2 November 2025, the thrust chamber on CE-20 engine of C25 stage on LVM3-M5 flight was reignited 100 seconds after the injection of CMS-03 (aka GSAT-7R).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-02 |title=ISRO scientists perform vital experiment in LVM3-M05 mission's cryogenic stage |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-scientists-perform-vital-experiment-in-lvm3-m05-missions-cryogenic-stage/articleshow/125036745.cms |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagannathan |first=Venkatachari |date=2025-11-03 |title=India’s New Naval Sentinel Up In The Sky-GSAT-7R Strengthens Maritime Communications |url=https://orbitaltoday.com/2025/11/03/space-3/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Orbital Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eE4GJOlm0z8 |title=ISRO Chief Reveals Big Test In Space Quietly Accomplished During The LMV3 Launch On Nov 2 |date=2025-11-03 |access-date=2025-11-06 |quote=I'm very happy to announce that it is not only once we have ignited, after successfully accomplishing the mission we have restarted the cryogenic thrust chamber alone. That I have to be very frank and open, only cryogenic thrust chamber. And this will be paving the way for the future for restarting the cryogenic stage for accomplishing for placing multiple satellite in multiple orbits and also to have mission flexibility. So it's a very very important experiment what India has done and the for the first time in a deep vacuum condition we have successfully reignited the thrust chamber of the C25 cryogenic stage. |via=YouTube}}</ref>
*On 7 November 2025, a boot-strap mode start test on the CE20 engine was conducted under vacuum conditions in the High-Altitude Test (HAT) facility at IPRC, Mahendragiri for 10 second duration. Using a multi-element igniter first the thrust chamber and then the gas generator were ignited under tank head conditions, and the turbopumps were started without the use of the start-up system. Boot-strap mode build-up and steady-state operation of the engine were successfully demonstrated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful Demonstration of Boot-Strap Mode Start of CE20 Cryogenic engine |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Boot_Strap_Mode_CE20_Cryogenic_Engine.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
===CE20 Hot Tests for the Gaganyaan and 22t Thrust Qualification===
*On 9 August 2023, CE-20 engine E13 successfully operated with uprated thrust level of 22t for a nominal duration of 50 seconds. This hot test (HT-01) was aimed at engine tuning.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Monthly Summary of Department of space for the month of August 2023 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_August2023Eng.pdf |access-date=2023-12-03 |archive-date=2023-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014082226/http://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_August2023Eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On 30 August 2023, CE-20 engine E13 conducted second hot test (HT-02) to demonstrate the engine's reliability and stability for a long duration of 720 seconds with a thrust level of 19.7t.<ref name=":1" />
*On 22 September 2023, CE-20 engine E13 successfully conducted for a long duration of 670 seconds with an uprated thrust level of 22t. With this third hot test (HT-03), qualification activities of the CE-20 engine for the Gaganyaan program were successfully completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CE20 E13 Engine Hot Test for the Gaganyaan & 22t Thrust Qualification |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/CE20E13EngineHotTest.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=2023-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014124206/http://www.isro.gov.in/CE20E13EngineHotTest.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monthly Summary of Department of space for the month of September 2023 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_September2023Eng.pdf |access-date=2023-12-03 |archive-date=2023-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110152347/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_September2023Eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On 9 October 2023, CE-20 engine E13 underwent fourth hot test (HT-04), to demonstrate engine operation in off-nominal conditions. It was conducted nominally for a duration of 125 seconds. With this test, the CE-20 engine was qualified for operation at 22t thrust level during flight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CE20 E13 Engine Hot Test for 22t Thrust Qualification |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/CE20_E13_Engine_Hot_Test_for_22t_Thrust_Qualification.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=2023-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015051430/http://www.isro.gov.in/CE20_E13_Engine_Hot_Test_for_22t_Thrust_Qualification.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Monthly Summary of Department of space for the month of October 2023 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_October2023_eng.pdf |access-date=2023-12-03 |archive-date=2023-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201145251/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_October2023_eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On 19 October 2023, flight acceptance testing of CE-20 engine E12 was successfully completed for a duration of 25 seconds. This engine is assigned for the first uncrewed Gaganyaan mission HLVM3-GX.<ref name=":2" />
*On 8 November 2023, CE-20 engine E13 underwent fifth hot test (HT-05) for evaluating the off-nominal operation of the engine. Test was successfully conducted for the duration of 140 second at MET facility, IPRC, Mahendragiri and qualified the CE20 engine for operating at 22t thrust level during flight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monthly Summary of Department of space for the month of November 2023 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_November2023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226195624/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_November2023.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |quote=The fifth hot test on the CE20- E13 engine, planned for demonstrating the offnominal operation of the engine (20t-5% Pc & 20t-5% MR and 22t-5%Pc & 22t-5% MR), was successfully conducted for 140s duration on November 8, 2023 at MET facility, IPRC, Mahendragiri. With this test, the CE20 engine is qualified for operating at 22t thrust level in flight}}</ref>
*On 5 January 2024, CE-20 engine E13 underwent sixth hot test (HT-06). This vacuum ignition test was conducted for a duration of 2.5 seconds in High Altitude Test condition at Thrust chamber test facility of IPRC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monthly Summary of Department of space for the month of January, 2024 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_January2024_Eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315111030/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummary_January2024_Eng.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2024 |quote=Vacuum ignition test of CE-20 E13 cryogenic engine HT-6 successfully conducted for a duration of 2.5 seconds in High Altitude Test condition at Thrust chamber test facility at IPRC on January 5, 2024.}}</ref>
*On 13 February 2024, CE-20 engine identified for the first uncrewed [[Gaganyaan-1]] mission passed flight acceptance after a series of ground qualification tests. With this, [[Human-rating certification|human rating]] of CE-20 cryogenic engine for the Gaganyaan Programme was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful completion of Human rating of CE20 Cryogenic engine for the Gaganyaan Programme |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Successful_completion_Human_rating_CE20_Cryogenic_engine.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Upgraded Thrust Qualification ===
*On 29 November 2024, ISRO carried out a sea-level hot test for the CE-20, which has a nozzle protection system and a high-area nozzle ratio of 100. A multi-element igniter's capacity for engine restart was proven. While keeping an eye on the health condition of the other two parts, ISRO activated the first element of a multi-element igniter. All necessary performance requirements were met.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2024-12-12 |title=Isro's CE20 Cryogenic Engine passes critical sea-level hot test |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/isros-ce20-engine-passes-critical-sea-level-hot-test/articleshow/116250173.cms |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing for inflight re-ignition, full nozzle cryogenic engine (CE20) undergoes test outside vacuum chamber. |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/CE20_test_outside_vacuum_chamber.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
*On 7 February 2025, using a multi-element igniter under vacuum, ISRO successfully tested the ignition of CE-20 at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex#High Altitude Test Facility (HATF)|High Altitude Test Facility]]. The test results matched the tank pressure parameters needed for engine restart during actual space flight. The use of bootstrap mode for turbopump startup rather than conventional stored gas systems is one of the new restart strategies being investigated by ISRO. This test was part of the larger effort to allow multiple restart of cryogenic engine while in orbit. The engine performed well.This was the first time a Gas Generator cycle engine was tested in bootstrap mode in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing for inflight re-ignition - Vacuum ignition trial of Cryogenic engine with Multi-element Igniter conducted successfully |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3_CE20_vacuum_ignition_trial_cryogenic_engine_successful.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2025-02-08 |title=Isro achieves key milestone in cryogenic engine testing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/isro-achieves-key-milestone-in-cryogenic-engine-testing/articleshow/118052776.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Achievements of Department of Space - 2025|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Achievements_Department_of_Space_2025.html|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>
*On 10 March 2026, a sea-level hot test was successfully carried out for CE-20 at 22t thrust level using a multi-element igniter, and nozzle protection system for 165 seconds at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex#Cryo Main Engine Static Test Facility (CMEST)|CMEST]]. This was the twentieth test that demonstrated ignition margin for [[Gaganyaan]] over a broad range of propellant tank pressure and pre-ignition chamber pressure, engine qualification for Gaganyaan at 20t thrust level, boot-strap mode start-up to enable engine re-start during flight, qualification of indigenous turbopump bearings, indigenous sensors, and nozzle protection system. Future LVM3 missions are intended to use this engine in an uprated C32 stage to increase the payload capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO conducts sea level test of cryogenic engine at 22 tonne thrust level with full area nozzle |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_conducts_sea_level.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2026-03-12 |title=Isro tests CE20 cryo engine at 22-tonne thrust |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-tests-ce20-cryo-engine-at-22-tonne-thrust/articleshow/129510908.cms |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Manufacturing==
The CE-20 cryogenic engine is manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] at its Integrated Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing Facility (ICEMF) in [[Jeevanbimanagar|New Tippasandra]], a suburb of [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=HAL Bengaluru: President Murmu inaugurates Integrated Cryogenic Engine Manufacturing Facility at HAL |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/hals-rocket-engine-manufacturing-facility-inaugurated-8175333/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901235600/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/hals-rocket-engine-manufacturing-facility-inaugurated-8175333/ |archive-date=2023-09-01 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[CE-7.5]]
* [[LVM3]]
* [[GSAT-14]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Launch Vehicle Mark-3]]

==External links==
{{Commons category|CE-20_(rocket_engine)}}

* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/GSLV-Mk-III-project-on-course-as-India-test-fires-indigenous-cryo-engine-for-800-seconds/articleshow/48145813.cms India test-fires indigenous cryo engine for 800 seconds]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2009/krishG/IMG_0027.JPG.html LPSC handouts during Aero India-2009 with Ce-20 specifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064645/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2009/krishG/IMG_0027.JPG.html |date=18 January 2018 }}
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2009/krishG/IMG_0159.JPG.html LPSC handouts during Aero India-2009 with specifications of all Liquid-fueled engines of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817032759/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/AeroIndia2009/krishG/IMG_0159.JPG.html |date=17 August 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090726124921/http://www.isro.org/rep2009/citizens.htm Status of CE-20 in Space Transportation/GSLV - Mk III of ISRO's 2008-09 Annual Report]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-upbeat-as-indigenous-cryo-engine-passes-test/article8258313.ece# ISRO upbeat as indigenous cryo engine passes test]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Rocket engines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ce-25}}
[[Category:Rocket engines of India]]
[[Category:Rocket engines using hydrogen propellant]]
[[Category:Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Deva dynasty (Saketa)

2026-03-06T19:14:38Z

Vikipft: added info

{{Short description|Royal dynasty in Kosala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{for|the [[Bengal]] rulers|Deva dynasty}}
{{Location map
| India
| width = 250px
| float =
| border =
| caption = Location of [[Saketa]] (modern [[Ayodhya]]) in [[India]], where the Deva dynasty flourished.
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = Saketa/ Ayodhya
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 26.80
| lon_deg = 82.20
}}
[[File:Dhanadeva Ayodhya inscription.jpg|thumb|The [[Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription]], 1st century BCE.<ref name="Kishore">''Ayodhya Revisited'' by Kunal Kishore, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 p. 24.]</ref>]]
[[File:Muladeva coin Kosala.jpg|thumb|Coin of ruler Muladeva, minted in Ayodhya, Kosala. Obv: ''Muladevasa'', elephant to left facing symbol. Rev: Wreath, above symbol, below snake.]]
The '''Deva dynasty''' of [[Saketa]], was a dynasty of kings who ruled in the area of the city of [[Ayodhya]], [[Kosala]], in [[India]] from the 2nd century BCE until the end of 1st century BCE.<ref name="Kishore"/>{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1982}}

== Political history ==

Five Deva kings are attested by their coins: Mula-deva, Vayu-deva, Vishakha-deva, Patha-deva, and Dhana-deva.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|p=21}}{{sfn|Shailendra Bhandare|2006|pp=77–8, 87–8}}{{sfn|Harry Falk|2006|p=149}} Another king - Phalgudeva - is attested by the 1st century BCE [[Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription|Ayodhya inscription]] of his son Dhanadeva.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|p=21}}

After the decline of the [[Maurya Empire]], Saketa (modern [[Ayodhya]]) appears to have come under the rule of the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] ruler [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]]. One interpretation of Dhanadeva's inscription suggests that Pushyamitra appointed a Deva king as a governor at Saketa.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|p=20}} This would mean that the Devas ruled as Shunga vassals. However, another interpretation suggests that the Devas ruled as sovereigns and considered themselves as legitimate heirs of the Shungas.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|p=21}}

The ''[[Yuga Purana]]'' mentions Saketa as the residence of a governor, and describes it as being attacked by a combined force of [[Yavanas|Greeks]], [[Mathura]]s, and [[Panchala]]s.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|pp=18-19}} [[Mahābhāṣya|Patanjali's commentary]] on [[Pāṇini|Panini]] also refers to the Greek siege of Saketa.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|p=7,19}} The ''[[Yuga Purana]]'' states that Saketa was ruled by seven powerful kings after the retreat of the Greeks.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|p=20}} The ''Vayu Purana'' and the ''Brahmanda Purana'' also state that seven powerful kings ruled in the capital of Kosala. These kings appear to be same as the Deva kings: Dhanadeva's is described as the king of Kosala (''Kosaladhipati'') in his inscription.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|p=21}}

Although the texts mention seven powerful kings of Kosala, only six Deva kings are known from coins and an inscription. Indologist [[Hans T. Bakker]] speculates that Mitra-deva, who is mentioned in the 7th century text ''[[Harshacharita]]'', may have been the seventh Deva king. Mitra-deva is said to have killed Sumitra (that is, the Shunga king [[Vasumitra]]). If Bakker's identification is correct, it appears that the Deva kings rebelled against their Shunga overlords. However, several kings, whose names ended in -deva, ruled various parts of India, so this identification is not certain. Moreover, some manuscripts of ''Harshacharita'' mention the king's name as Muladeva.{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|p=21}}

The Deva dynasty was replaced by the [[Datta dynasty]] at the end of the 1st century BCE, which itself was replaced by the [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]] in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, which also ruled in [[Mathura]].<ref name="Kishore"/> It is thought that the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Northern Satraps]] ultimately replaced these local kings, until the advent of the [[Kushan Empire]].

== Rulers ==

Based on the identification of Mitradeva as a Deva king, [[Hans T. Bakker]] provides the following list of Deva kings:{{sfn|Hans T. Bakker|1984|pp=21-22}}

# Muladeva (possibly a vassal of [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]] at Saketa)
# Mitradeva (contemporary of [[Vasumitra]])
# Vayu-deva
# Patha-deva
# Phalgudeva
# [[Dhanadeva]]
# Vishakhadeva

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Hans T. Bakker |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=Ayodhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8rIygAACAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Institute of Indian Studies, University of Groningen |oclc=769116023 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Hans T. Bakker |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=24 |number=2 |year=1982 |pages=103–126 |url=https://archive.org/details/AyodhyaAsPageOfPilgrimageHTBakker_201801/page/n0 |doi=10.1163/000000082790081267 |s2cid=161957449 }}

* {{cite book |author=Harry Falk |chapter=The Tidal Waves of Indian History: Between the Empires and Beyond |editor=Patrick Olivelle |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-568935-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shailendra Bhandare |chapter=Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain |editor=Patrick Olivelle |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-568935-6 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Shunga Empire]]
[[Category:Ayodhya]]
[[Category:History of Awadh]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1st century BC]]

The Crown

2026-03-06T10:04:26Z

Vikipft: basic add layout and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Political term in the Commonwealth realms}}
{{About|the concept of the state in some nations|the television series|The Crown (TV series){{!}}''The Crown'' (TV series)|other uses|Crown (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
[[File:2022 pattern Tudor Crown (2D) Sodacan style.svg|thumb|A symbolic representation of the Crown, present on the symbols of many institutions in Commonwealth realms]]
'''The Crown''' is a political concept used in [[Commonwealth realm]]s, analogous to the concept of [[the state]] in legal systems influenced by [[Roman civil law]].<ref name="Jackson 2013">{{Citation |last=Jackson |first=Michael D. |title=The Crown and Canadian Federalism |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=Pnto |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140241/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=Pnto#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=5 September 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=978-1-4597-0989-8}}</ref>

English [[common law]] never developed a concept of the state and left supreme executive power with the monarch.<ref name="Jackson 2013"/> The concept of the Crown as a [[corporation sole]] developed in the [[Kingdom of England]] as a separation of the physical crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch. It spread through English and later [[British colonisation]], becoming embedded in the legal lexicon of the British [[dominion]]s. As the dominions gained control over the [[royal prerogative]] in the 1930s, the concept evolved such that 'the Crown [[wikt:in right of|in right of]]' each realm and territory acts independently of the other realms and territories.<ref name="Cox 2003"/>

Depending on the context, it may refer to the entirety of the state, the [[executive government]] specifically (either of a realm or one of its provinces, states or territories) or only to the [[Commonwealth realms#Monarch|monarch]] and their [[Viceroy|direct representatives]].<ref name="Jackson 2013"/> The Crown as a political concept should not be confused with physical [[crown]]s, such as those of the [[British regalia]].

==Definition==
[[File:Carl III af Det Forenede Kongerige.jpg|thumb|[[King Charles III]] (wearing the [[Imperial State Crown]]), the living embodiment of the Crown in each of the [[Commonwealth realm]]s]]
The term ''the Crown'' does not have a single definition. Legal scholars Maurice Sunkin and Sebastian Payne opined, "the nature of the Crown has been taken for granted, in part because it is fundamental and, in part, because many academics have no idea what the term ''the Crown'' amounts to".<ref>{{citation| last1=Sunkin| first1=Maurice| last2=Payne| first2=Sebastian| title=The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis| publisher=Oxford University Press| location=Oxford| year=1999}}</ref> [[Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson]] theorised that the Crown is "an amorphous, abstract concept" and, thus, "impossible to define",<ref name=TIvDE>{{cite court| litigants=Town Investments v Department for the Environment| opinion=Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest, Lord Simon of Glaisdale, Lord Kilbrandon, Lord Edmund-Davies| pinpoint=359| court=House of Lords| date=1978| url=https://app.justis.com/case/town-investments-ltd-v-department-of-the-environment/overview/c4ytm5Cto3Wca| access-date=2 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302224739/https://app.justis.com/case/town-investments-ltd-v-department-of-the-environment/overview/c4ytm5Cto3Wca| url-status=live}}</ref> while [[William Wade (legal scholar)|William Wade]] stated the Crown "means simply [[Queen Elizabeth II|the Queen]]".<ref>{{citation| last=Wade| first=William| chapter=The Crown, Ministers, and Officials: Legal Status and Liability| editor-last1=Sunkin| editor-first1=M.| editor-last2=Payne| editor-first2=S.| title=The Nature of the Crown| page=24}}</ref>

Warren J. Newman described the Crown as "a useful and convenient means of conveying, in a word, the compendious formal, executive and administrative powers and apparatus attendant upon the modern constitutional and monarchical state."<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf| editor-last1=Lagassé| editor-first1=Philippe| editor-last2=MacDonald| editor-first2=Nicholas A.| title=The Crown in the 21st Century| last1=Newman| first1=Warren J.| series=Some Observations on the Queen, the Crown, the Constitution, and the Courts| journal=Review of Constitutional Studies| volume=22| issue=1| year=2017| page=56| publisher=Centre for Constitutional Studies| location=Edmonton| access-date=5 June 2023| archive-date=16 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816131152/https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Lord Simon of Glaisdale]] stated:<ref>{{Cite BAILII|litigants=Town Investments Ltd v Department of the Environment|court=UKHL|year=1977|num=2|para=16|parallelcite=[1978] [[Law Reports|AC]] 359}}.</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The crown as an object is a piece of jewelled headgear under guard at the Tower of London. But it symbolizes the powers of government which were formerly wielded by the wearer of the crown{{spaces}}... The term "the Crown" is therefore used in constitutional law to denote the collection of such of those powers as remain extant (the royal prerogative), together with such other powers as have been expressly conferred by statute on "the Crown".}}

[[Lord Diplock]] suggested the Crown means "the government [and] all of the ministers and parliamentary secretaries under whose direction the administrative work of the government is carried out by the civil servants employed in the various government departments."<ref name="TIvDE" /> This interpretation was supported by section 8 of the [[Pensions (Colonial Service) Act 1887]] ([[50 & 51 Vict.]] c. 13), which set the terms "permanent civil service of the state", "permanent civil service of Her Majesty" and "permanent civil service of the Crown" as having the same meaning.<ref>{{harvnb| Torrance| 2023| pp=9–10}}</ref>

In each Commonwealth realm, the term ''the Crown'', at its broadest, means the [[government]] or the polity known as [[the state]], while the sovereign in all realms is the living [[metaphor|embodiment]] of the state,<ref>{{Citation| last=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II| publication-date=1 April 2005| title=Interpretation Act| section=46.1.b| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html| access-date=7 August 2009| year=2005| archive-date=5 July 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705082900/http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html| url-status=live}}</ref> or symbolic [[personification]] of the Crown.{{efn|In the Canadian context, the monarch has been described by [[Eugene Forsey]] as the "symbolic embodiment of the people—not a particular group or interest or party, but the people; the whole people";<ref name=Forsey>{{Cite journal| last=Forsey| first=Helen| title=As David Johnson Enters Rideau Hall...| journal=The Monitor| publisher=Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives| location=Ottawa| date=1 October 2010| url=http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/david-johnson-enters-rideau-hall| access-date=23 January 2011| archive-date=23 January 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123195933/https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/david-johnson-enters-rideau-hall| url-status=live}}</ref> his daughter, Helen Forsey, said of his opinion on the Crown, "for him, the essence of the monarchy was its impartial representation of the common interests of the citizenry as a whole, as opposed to those of any particular government."<ref name=Forsey/> The [[Department of Canadian Heritage]] said the Crown serves as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity, and authority for all Canadians,"<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/102-eng.cfm| author=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=19 February 2009| archive-date=27 August 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827092532/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/102-eng.cfm| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| author=Department of Canadian Heritage| author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Canada: Symbols of Canada| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2010| url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/pc-ch/CH4-130-2010-eng.pdf| page=3| access-date=4 December 2016| archive-date=21 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021093649/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/pc-ch/CH4-130-2010-eng.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> a concept akin to that expressed by [[King Louis XIV]]: "{{lang|fr|L'État, c'est moi}}", or, "I am the state".<ref>{{Citation| first=Shea| last=Derwyn| author-link=Derwyn Shea| contribution=Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995 > 1720| contribution-url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do;jsessionid=c72d607830d68e75be455a5244a3950ae2235bd3f36e.e3eQbNaNa3eRe34KaN4RaNeRb310n6jAmljGr5XDqQLvpAe?locale=en&Date=1996-04-10&ParlCommID=45&BillID=&Business=Bill+22%2C+Legislative+Assembly+Oath+of+Allegiance+Act%2C+1995&DocumentID=19205| title=Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly| date=10 April 1996| place=Toronto| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&Date=1996-04-10&ParlCommID=45&BillID=&Business=Bill+22%2C+Legislative+Assembly+Oath+of+Allegiance+Act%2C+1995| access-date=16 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611135306/https://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&Date=1996-04-10&ParlCommID=45&BillID=&Business=Bill+22,+Legislative+Assembly+Oath+of+Allegiance+Act,+1995| archive-date=11 June 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Robertson Davies]] stated in 1994, "the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada",<ref>{{Cite book| last=Davies| first=Robertson| author-link=Robertson Davies| title=Hunting Stuart and The Voice of the People| publisher=Simon & Pierre| date=8 August 1996| location=Toronto| isbn=978-0-88924-259-3| url=https://archive.org/details/huntingstuartvoi0000davi}}</ref> and past Ontario chairman of the [[Monarchist League of Canada]] Gary Toffoli opined, "the Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels [...] She is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the state."<ref>{{Citation| first=Gary| last=Toffoli| contribution=Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995 > 1620| contribution-url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do;jsessionid=c72d607930d600b4e9b4ead54d5496d1d6b94ab16cbc.e3eRb3iNcheNe34OaN4La3yRa3j0n6jAmljGr5XDqQLvpAe?locale=en&Date=1996-04-10&ParlCommID=45&BillID=&Business=Bill+22%2C+Legislative+Assembly+Oath+of+Allegiance+Act%2C+1995#P58_1620| title=Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly| date=10 April 1996| place=Toronto| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&Date=1996-04-10&ParlCommID=45&BillID=&Business=Bill+22%2C+Legislative+Assembly+Oath+of+Allegiance+Act%2C+1995| access-date=16 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611135306/https://www.ontla.on.ca/web/committee-proceedings/committee_transcripts_details.do?locale=en&Date=1996-04-10&ParlCommID=45&BillID=&Business=Bill+22,+Legislative+Assembly+Oath+of+Allegiance+Act,+1995| archive-date=11 June 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}{{refn|<ref name=Compendium>{{cite web| author=Table Research Branch of the House of Commons| author-link=House of Commons of Canada| title=Compendium of Procedure| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=March 2008| location=Ottawa| page=1| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/pdf-e/parliamentaryframework-e/c_d_rolecrowngovernorgeneral-e.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025024722/http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/pdf-e/parliamentaryframework-e/c_d_rolecrowngovernorgeneral-e.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2012| url-status=live| access-date=14 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| author=Cabinet Secretary and Clerk of the Executive Council| title=Executive Government Processes and Procedures in Saskatchewan: A Procedures Manual| location=Regina| publisher=Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan| date=April 2004| page=10| url=http://www.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=635,617,534,206,Documents&MediaID=752&Filename=2004Manual.pdf| access-date=30 July 2009| archive-date=11 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611021424/http://www.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=635,617,534,206,Documents&MediaID=752&Filename=2004Manual.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx| author=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer| access-date=15 May 2009| archive-date=20 February 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220102227/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=51 |place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2012| edition=2| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| access-date=28 November 2012| archive-date=4 February 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204231448/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Marleau| first=Robert| author2=Montpetit, Camille| title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |year=2000| location=Ottawa| section=1. Parliamentary Institutions > Institutional Framework > The Crown| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch01&Seq=3&Lang=E |isbn=2-89461-378-4| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008170948/http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Sec=Ch01&Seq=3| archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| author=Citizenship and Immigration Canada| author-link=Citizenship and Immigration Canada| title=Discover Canada| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2009| page=2| url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/discover.pdf| isbn=978-1-100-12739-2| access-date=3 December 2009| archive-date=22 November 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122160954/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/discover.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Tidridge| first=Nathan| title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government| page=17| publisher=Dundurn Press| location=Toronto| year=2011| isbn=978-1-4597-0084-0| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC| access-date=29 October 2015| archive-date=22 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222041846/https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC| url-status=live}}</ref>}} The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and the body politic (which never dies).<ref name=Twomey34>{{citation| url=https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf| title=The Role of Monarchy in Modern Democracy: European Monarchies Compared| editor-last1=Hazell| editor-first1=Robert| editor-last2=Morris| editor-first2=Bob| chapter=Royal Succession, Abdication, and Regency in the Realms| last=Twomey| first=Anne| date=17 September 2020| page=34| publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing| location=London| isbn=978-1-5099-3103-3| access-date=2 May 2023| archive-date=16 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816131152/https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> The Crown and the sovereign are "conceptually divisible but legally indivisible [...] The office cannot exist without the office-holder".{{efn|As Peter Boyce put it, "the Crown as a concept cannot be disentangled from the person of the monarch, but standard reference to the Crown extends well beyond the Queen's person."<ref>{{Citation| last=Boyce| first=Peter John| title=The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand| page=81| publisher=Federation Press| location=Sydney| year=2008a| isbn=978-1-86287-700-9}}</ref>}}<ref>{{citation| url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/op-ed/Succeeding+Canadian+throne/7651371/story.html| last1=Bowden| first1=James| last2=Philippe| first2=Lagassé| title=Succeeding to the Canadian throne| date=6 December 2012| work=Ottawa Citizen| access-date=6 December 2012| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130110062651/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/op-ed/Succeeding+Canadian+throne/7651371/story.html| archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> This theory is the basis of the immediate succession of the new British monarch upon the death of his or her predecessor; whilst the body natural may have passed, the body politic lives on.

The terms ''the Crown'',<ref>{{citation| url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F-11/FullText.html| author=Elizabeth II| title=Financial Administration Act| date=9 October 2012| section=83.1| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=6 December 2012| archive-date=2 August 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802061843/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F-11/FullText.html| url-status=live}}</ref> ''the Crown in Right of [jurisdiction]'', ''His Majesty the King in Right of [jurisdiction]'',<ref>{{cite web| author=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II| title=Memorandum for Understanding of Cooperation on Addressing Climate Change| date=21 May 2004| page=1| location=Toronto| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://arizonaenergy.org/images/ontario_mou_e.pdf| access-date=16 May 2009| archive-date=20 November 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120042909/http://arizonaenergy.org/images/ontario_mou_e.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> and similar, are all synonymous and the monarch's [[legal personality]] is sometimes referred to simply as the relevant jurisdiction's name.<ref name=Compendium/><ref>{{Cite web| author=Elizabeth II| author-link=Elizabeth II| title=A First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord| url=http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf| series=1| year=2004| page=3| place=Ottawa| publisher=Assembly of First Nations| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051006193757/http://afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf| archive-date=6 October 2005| access-date=29 September 2009}}</ref> In countries using systems of government derived from Roman [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]], the state is the equivalent concept.<ref>{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=PA20| last=Jackson| first=Michael D.| title=The Crown and Canadian Federalism| page=20| publisher=Dundurn Press| location=Toronto| year=2013| isbn=978-1-4597-0989-8| access-date=17 August 2017| archive-date=5 September 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140242/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status=live}}</ref> However, the terms ''the sovereign'' or ''monarch'' and ''the Crown'', though related, have different meanings: ''the Crown'' includes both the monarch and the government.

The Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crown's legal personality is usually regarded as a [[corporation sole]],<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/15-16/20| author=George V| title=Law of Property Act 1925| location=London| publisher=King's Printer| date=9 April 1925| section=s. 180| access-date=11 September 2015| archive-date=9 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809091852/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/15-16/20 |url-status=live}}</ref> it can, at least for some purposes, be described as a [[corporation aggregate]] headed by the monarch.<ref>{{citation| title=The Crown as Corporation| first=Frederic| last=Maitland| author-link=Frederic William Maitland| journal=Law Quarterly Review| issue=17| year=1901| pages=131–46 |url= http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/maitland/crowncor.mai |access-date=9 September 2015| archive-date=10 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092649/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/maitland/crowncor.mai| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| author=The Law Commission| type=Affidavit| date=November 1996| location=Lincoln County, Nevada| title=Paper 143: The execution of deeds and documents by or on behalf of bodies corporate| journal=Halsbury's Laws of England| publication-date=1974| volume=9| edition=4| id=1206| url=http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/cp143_Execution_of_Deeds_and_Documents_Consultation.pdf |access-date=11 September 2015| archive-date=23 July 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723153849/http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/app/uploads/2015/03/cp143_Execution_of_Deeds_and_Documents_Consultation.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Frederic William Maitland]] argued the Crown is a corporation aggregate embracing the government and the "whole political community".<ref>{{citation| last=Maitland| first=Frederic William| title=The Constitutional History of England| publisher=Cambridge University Press| location=Cambridge| year=1908| page=418}}</ref> J.G. Allen preferred to view the Crown as a corporation sole; one office occupied by a single person, enduring "through generations of incumbents and, historically, lends coherence to a network of other institutions of a similar nature."<ref>{{citation| last=Allen| first=J.G.| title=The Office of the Crown| journal=Cambridge Law Journal| location=Cambridge| volume=77| issue=2| date=July 2018| page=300| doi=10.1017/S0008197318000338| s2cid=149843556| url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/22408| access-date=13 April 2023| archive-date=5 September 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905134141/https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/22408;jsessionid=74743043243267F1CB9A0CAA9F9F830B |url-status=live}}</ref> Canadian academic Philippe Lagassé found the crown "acts in various capacities, as such: crown-in-council (executive); crown-in-parliament (legislative); crown-in-court (judicial). It is also an artificial person and office as a corporation sole. At its most basic, 'the Crown' is, in the UK and other Commonwealth realms, what in most other countries is 'the state'."<ref>{{citation| last=Lagassé| first=Philippe| title=The State, The Crown, and Parliament, lecture given at Carleton University| location=Ottawa| date=2 November 2021}}</ref>

==History==
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| caption1 =[[Balmoral Castle]] in [[Aberdeenshire]], Scotland, a privately owned property of Charles III and not property of the Crown
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The concept of the Crown took form under the [[feudal system]].<ref>{{cite journal| title=The Crown as Corporation| author-link=Frederic William Maitland| last=Maitland| first=Frederic| journal=Law Quarterly Review| number=17| year=1901| pages=131–46| url=http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/maitland/crowncor.mai| access-date=9 September 2015| archive-date=10 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092649/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/maitland/crowncor.mai| url-status=live}}</ref> Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights and privileges were ultimately bestowed by the ruler. Land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common [[socage]]: owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the crown. When such lands become ownerless, they are said to [[escheat]]; i.e. return to direct ownership of the Crown ([[Crown land]]). {{lang|la|[[Bona vacantia]]}} is the [[royal prerogative]] by which unowned property, primarily unclaimed inheritances, becomes the property of the Crown.{{efn|Jurisdictions in which this prerogative does not apply include [[Cornwall]], where unowned property becomes the property of the [[duke of Cornwall]], and [[Lancashire]], where it becomes the property of the [[duke of Lancaster]].}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nguyen|first=Nam H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPVRDwAAQBAJ&q=Bona+vacantia&pg=PT779|title=Essential 25000 English-Cebuano Law Dictionary|date=18 March 2018|publisher=Nam H Nguyen|language=en|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=5 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140242/https://books.google.com/books?id=KPVRDwAAQBAJ&q=Bona+vacantia&pg=PT779#v=snippet&q=Bona%20vacantia&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

As such, the physical crown and the property belonging to successive monarchs in perpetuity came to be separated from the person of the monarch and his or her private property. After several centuries of the monarch personally exercising supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power, these functions decreased as parliaments, ministries, and courts grew through the 13th century.<ref>{{citation| url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf| last=Torrance| first=David| title=The Crown and the Constitution| date=11 January 2023| publisher=House of Commons Library| page=8| access-date=1 March 2023| archive-date=2 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302033737/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> The term ''the Crown'' then developed into a means by which to differentiate the monarch's official functions from his personal choices and actions.<ref name=Torrance7>{{harvnb| Torrance| 2023| p=7}}</ref> Even within medieval England, there was the [[doctrine of capacities]] separating the person of the king from his actions in the capacity of monarch.<ref>{{cite book|first=Claire|last=Valente|title=The Theory and Practice of Revolt in Medieval England|publisher=Aldershot|location=Ashgate|year=2003|isbn= 0-7546-0901-4|page=30}}</ref>

The Crown was first defined as an 'imperial' crown during the reign of [[Henry VIII]] in the [[Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532]] which declared that 'this realm of England is an empire{{Spaces}}... governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same'.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Johnston |editor-first1=W. Dawson |editor-last2=Johnston |editor-first2=Jean Browne |date=1896 |title=English Historical Reprints |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMghAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA32 |location=Michigan |publisher=Sheehan & Co. |page=32 |isbn= |access-date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701134422/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMghAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[William Blackstone]]'s 1765 ''[[Commentaries on the Laws of England]]'', he explained that "the meaning therefore of the legislature, when it uses these terms of ''empire'' and ''imperial'', and applies them to the realm and crown of England, is only to assert that our king is equally sovereign and independent within these his dominions, as any emperor is in his empire; and owes no kind of subjection to any other potentate on earth."<ref>{{cite book |last=Kitson Clark |first=G. |author-link=George Kitson Clark |date=1967 |title=An Expanding Society |url={{Google books|ODo9AAAAIAAJ|page=63|plainurl=yes}} |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=63 |isbn=}}</ref>

When the [[Kingdom of England]] merged with those of [[kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], the concept extended into the legal lexicons of the United Kingdom and its dependencies and overseas territories and, eventually, all of the independent Commonwealth realms.

==Functions==
===Executive government===
{{main|King-in-Council}}
The institution and powers of the Crown are formally vested in the king, but, [[constitutional convention (political custom)|conventionally]], its functions are exercised in the sovereign's name by [[ministers of the Crown]]{{efn|[[Executive (government)|Executives]] who are themselves servants of the Crown.<ref name="Turpin-Tomkins2007"/>}} drawn from and [[responsible government|responsible to]] the elected chamber of [[parliament]].<ref name="Turpin-Tomkins2007">{{cite book |last1=Turpin |first1=Colin |last2=Tomkins |first2=Adam |title=British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials |date=28 June 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46536-6 |page=366 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYuF6jmoem8C |access-date=3 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140242/https://books.google.com/books?id=QYuF6jmoem8C |url-status=live }}</ref>

The king or queen is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the [[viceroy]]s, judges, members of the armed forces, police officers, and parliamentarians),{{efn|The [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] found in the 1980 case ''[[Attorney General of Quebec v. Labrecque]]'' that [[civil servant]]s in Canada are not contracted by an abstraction called ''the state'', but, rather, they are employed by the monarch, who "enjoys a general capacity to contract in accordance with the rule of ordinary law."<ref>{{Citation| last=Smith| first=David E.| title=The Invisible Crown| publisher=University of Toronto Press| year=1995| location=Toronto| isbn=0-8020-7793-5| page=79}}</ref>}} the guardian of foster children ([[Crown ward]]s), as well as the owner of all [[Crown land]] (''public land'' or ''state land'' in other countries), buildings and equipment (Crown property),<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dgcb-dgras/pd/fs-se/gm-mg/2009/414-011759Z-eng.asp |last=Department of National Defence| title=DCBA 414 011759Z Apr 09 MFSI Annual Rates for the Fiscal Year 2009/2010| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=16 May 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111747/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dgcb-dgras/pd/fs-se/gm-mg/2009/414-011759Z-eng.asp| archive-date=28 August 2009}}</ref> state-owned companies (Crown corporations or [[Crown entities]]),<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2004/0115/latest/DLM329631.html| title=Crown Entities Act 2004| work=New Zealand Legislation| publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office| date=25 February 2024| access-date=24 February 2024| archive-date=5 September 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905134201/https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2004/0115/latest/DLM329631.html| url-status=live}}</ref> and the copyright for government publications ([[Crown copyright]]).<ref>{{cite map| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| title=Canada| url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/national/can_political_e/map.pdf| format=PDF| year=2006| access-date=16 May 2009| archive-date=26 March 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326043231/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/national/can_political_e/map.pdf}}</ref> This is all in his or her position as sovereign, not as an individual; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper [[advice and consent]] of his or her relevant ministers. Should the monarch [[abdicate]], all such property would remain with the Crown and come under the ownership of their successor.

===Legislative===
{{main|King-in-Parliament}}
[[File:Ceremonial Mace of the Queensland Parliament.jpg|thumb|The mace of the [[Parliament of Queensland]], symbolising the authority of parliament as derived from the Crown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislative Assembly Chamber |url=https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Visit-and-learn/Visitors/Take-a-look-inside-Parliament-House/Legislative-Assembly-Chamber |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Queensland Parliament]]}}</ref>]]
The concept of the Crown as a part of parliament is related to the idea of the [[fusion of power]]s, meaning that the [[executive branch]] and [[legislative branch]] of government are fused together. This is a key concept of the [[Westminster system]] of government, developed in England and used in countries in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and beyond. It is in contradistinction to the idea of the [[separation of powers]].

In Commonwealth realms that are [[federation]]s, the concept of the King in parliament applies within that specific parliament only, as each sub-national parliament is considered separate and distinct from each other and from the federal parliaments (such as [[States and territories of Australia|Australian states]] or the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]]).

===Justice===
{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Royal coat of arms, Westminster Magistrates' Court - geograph.org.uk - 2844500.jpg|thumb|The [[Coat of arms of the United Kingdom|coat of arms of the sovereign of the United Kingdom]] on the [[Westminster Magistrates' Court]] building in [[London]], England]]

The King is the 'fountain of justice'. In [[criminal law|criminal proceedings]], the Crown is the prosecuting party (led by a [[Crown prosecutor]], or [[Crown attorney]] in parts of Canada); the case is usually designated (in [[case citation]]) as ''R v <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[defendant]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'',<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/r-v-tarrant/R-v-Tarrant-20200713.pdf| title=The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant| publisher=In the High Court of New Zealand Christchurch Registry| access-date=22 July 2022| archive-date=7 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221204/https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/r-v-tarrant/R-v-Tarrant-20200713.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> where ''R'' can stand for either ''rex'' (if the current monarch is male) or ''regina'' (if the monarch is female), and the ''v'' stands for ''versus''. For example, a criminal case against Smith might be referred to as ''R v Smith'' and verbally read as "the Crown against Smith".

The Crown is, in general, [[Sovereign immunity|immune to prosecution and civil lawsuits]]. So, ''R'' is rarely (albeit sometimes{{efn|For exceptions in the United Kingdom, see [[Crown Proceedings Act 1947]]}}) seen on the right hand side of the 'v' in the first instance. To pursue a case against alleged unlawful activity by the government, a case in [[Judicial review in English law|judicial review]] is brought by the Crown against a [[minister of the Crown]] on the application of a [[claimant]]. The titles of these cases now follow the pattern of ''R (on the application of [X]) v [Y]'', notated as ''R ([X]) v [Y]'', for short. Thus, ''[[R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union]]'' is ''R (on the application of Miller and other) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union'', where "Miller" is [[Gina Miller]], a citizen. Until the end of the 20th century, such case titles used the pattern ''R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, [[ex parte]] Miller''. Either form may be abbreviated ''R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union''.

In [[Scotland]], criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the [[lord advocate]] (or the relevant [[procurator fiscal]]) in the name of the Crown. Accordingly, the abbreviation ''HMA'' is used in the [[High Court of Justiciary]] for ''His/Her Majesty's Advocate'', in place of ''rex'' or ''regina''; as in, ''[[Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial|HMA v Al Megrahi and Fahima]]''.

Most jurisdictions in [[Australia]] use ''R'' or ''The King'' (or ''The Queen'') in criminal cases. If the Crown is the respondent to an appeal, the words ''The King'' will be spelled out, instead of using the abbreviation ''R'' (i.e. the case name at trial would be ''R v Smith''; if the defendant appeals against the Crown, the case name would be ''Smith v The King''). In [[Western Australia]] and [[Tasmania]], prosecutions will be brought in the name of the respective state instead of the Crown (e.g. ''The State of Western Australia v Smith''). [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] trials in the original jurisdiction will be brought in the name of the [[Director of Public Prosecutions (Victoria)|director of public prosecutions]]. The [[Director of Public Prosecutions (Australia)|Commonwealth director of public prosecutions]] may choose which name to bring the proceeding in. Judges usually refer to the prosecuting party as simply "the prosecution" in the text of judgments. In civil cases where the Crown is a party, it is a customary to list the body politic (e.g. ''State of Queensland'' or ''Commonwealth of Australia'') or the appropriate government minister as the party, instead. When a case is announced in court, the clerk or bailiff may refer to the Crown orally as ''our sovereign lord the king'' (or ''our sovereign lady the queen'').

In reporting on court proceedings in [[New Zealand]], news reports will refer to the prosecuting lawyer (often called a Crown prosecutor, as in Canada and the United Kingdom) as representing the Crown; usages such as, "for the Crown, Joe Bloggs argued", being common.

The Crown can also be a plaintiff or defendant in civil actions to which the government of the Commonwealth realm in question is a party. Such [[crown proceedings]] are often subject to specific rules and limitations, such as the enforcement of judgments against the Crown. {{lang|la|[[Qui tam]]}} lawsuits on behalf of the Crown were once common, but have been unusual since the [[Common Informers Act 1951]] ended the practice of allowing such suits by common informers.

{{anchor|Divisible}}

==Divisibility of the Crown==
{{Further|Commonwealth realm#The Crown's role}}

Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible and the sovereign was advised only by their ministers in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite journal| title=The Concept of the Crown| last=Saunders| first=Cheryl| journal=Melbourne University Law Review |volume=38| page=883| year=2015}}</ref> However, as the self-governing [[dominion]]s of the British Commonwealth gained control over the exercise of the royal prerogative in the 1930s, this concept has evolved such that "the Crown [[wikt:in right of|in right of]]" each realm and territory acts independently of the other realms and territories.<ref name="Cox 2003">{{cite SSRN |ssrn=420026 |title=The Development of a Separate Crown in New Zealand |last=Cox |first=Noel |author-link=Noel Cox |date=18 August 2003 }}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{Cite book| last1=Lauterpacht| first1=E.| last2=Greenwood| first2=C. J.| title=International Law Reports| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=1992| location=Cambridge| pages=286, 713| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyEP1rc4P3UC| volume=87| isbn=978-0-949009-99-9| access-date=29 October 2015| archive-date=5 September 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140243/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyEP1rc4P3UC| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| author=Royal Institute of International Affairs| others=British Institute of International Affairs| title=The British Year Book of International Law| volume=53| publisher=[[H. Frowde]]| date=1983| location=Oxford| pages=253, 257, 258| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFgzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22crown+in+right+of+the+united+kingdom%22| access-date=29 October 2015| archive-date=5 September 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140244/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFgzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22crown+in+right+of+the+united+kingdom%22| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Bourne| first=C.B.| title=Canadian Yearbook of International Law| volume=23| publisher=UBC Press| year=1986| location=Vancouver| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIoTqgSdDTwC| isbn=978-0-7748-0259-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| title=The Australian law journal| volume=52| publisher=Law Book Co. of Australasia Ltd.| year=1978| location=North Ryde| pages=58, 203, 207| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLYtAQAAIAAJ&q=%22crown+in+right+of+the+united+kingdom%22| id=3910867| access-date=29 October 2015| archive-date=5 September 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140840/https://books.google.com/books?id=KLYtAQAAIAAJ&q=%22crown+in+right+of+the+united+kingdom%22| url-status=live}}</ref>}}

The [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]] recognised the dominions as "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations."<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=November 1926 |title=Report of the Inter-Imperial Relations Committee of the Imperial Conference 1926 |url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf |website=Documenting a Democracy |publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> The [[Statute of Westminster 1931]], enshrined in law in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia (though repealed in New Zealand under the [[Constitution Act 1986]]), recognised "a common allegiance to the Crown" in its preamble and established a [[Convention (political norm)|constitutional convention]] that any "alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles" would require the assent of each of the dominion parliaments as well as the UK Parliament.<ref name="Cox 2003" /><ref>{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |title=Preamble |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1936-12-11/debates/d6ce0331-7555-4f18-8d73-ffd03269c013/Preamble |house=House of Commons |date=11 December 1936 |column=2229 |speaker=[[Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow|Donald Somervell]] |position=[[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]] |quote=...the Preamble sets out as the established constitutional position that any alteration of the law affecting the succession to the Throne shall thereafter require the assent as well of the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is a constitutional convention and is not a statutory provision...}}</ref>{{efn|The convention requiring parliamentary assent from each realm to a change in the royal style and titles was created when a uniform single title existed for the British monarch. However, with the accession of Elizabeth II in 1952, this was replaced by [[1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference|an agreement]] that each realm would pass its own [[Royal Style and Titles Act]], allowing the monarch's title to vary in each realm but sharing a common format.<ref name="Cox 2003" />}} However, this unity of action was tested with the 1936 [[abdication of Edward VIII]] when the [[Irish Free State]] implemented the abdication a day later than the United Kingdom and the other dominions, creating a 24-hour divergence whereby Edward VIII was king in the Irish Free State and George VI was king elsewhere.<ref name="Cox 2003" />

The historian [[Vernon Bogdanor]] has stated that it remains constitutionally inappropriate for the succession to the Crown to diverge, even as the Commonwealth realms have attained complete independence from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bogdanor |first=Vernon |date=1995 |title=The Monarchy and the Constitution |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269 |isbn=9780198293347 }}</ref> The constitutional conventions established in the Statute of Westminster which require uniformity in the laws of succession, along with a common format for the royal styles and titles, distinguish the Crown of the Commonwealth realms from a [[personal union]], under which there is no alignment between multiple thrones and different laws of succession may exist.<ref name="Cox 2003" /> The convention was reaffirmed with the 2011 [[Perth Agreement]], whereby the Commonwealth realms co-operated to end [[male-preference primogeniture]] in unison in March 2015.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=26 March 2015 |title=New rules on royal succession come into force |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32073399 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 700
| perrow =
| image1 = Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and her Canadian Ministers at Rideau Hall 1 July 1967.jpg
| caption1 = [[Elizabeth II]], [[Queen of Canada]], with her [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] in [[Rideau Hall]], 1 July 1967
| image2 = New Zealand Cabinet, 1981.jpg
| caption2 = Elizabeth II, [[Queen of New Zealand]], with her [[Cabinet of New Zealand|Cabinet]], 1981
| image3 = Second Keating Cabinet 1994.jpg
| caption3 = [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] [[Bill Hayden]], representing Elizabeth II, [[Queen of Australia]], with [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] outside [[Government House, Canberra|Government House]], 25 March 1994
| image4 = The Queen attending Cabinet to mark her Diamond Jubilee.jpg
| caption4 = Elizabeth II, [[Queen of the United Kingdom]], with her [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] at [[10 Downing Street]], 18 December 2012
| footer = The monarch, and their governors or governors-general, may only act in relation to each realm or territory on the advice of that realm or territory's respective ministers
}}

===Canada===
{{See also|Monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada}}
The preamble to the [[British North America Act 1867]] expressed the desire of the Canadian provinces to be united into one dominion "under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom".<ref>{{Cite canlaw |short title=Constitution Act |abbr=S.C. |year=1867 |chapter=3 |wikilink=Constitution Act, 1867 |link=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-1.html |linkloc=Justice Laws Website }}</ref> However, the judgement in ''[[Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta]]'' ([[EWCA]], 1982) ruled that the obligations of the Crown towards [[Canadian Indian|the indigenous peoples in Canada]] were held by the Crown in right of Canada and not the Crown in right of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=11 March 1982 |title=R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex parte Indian Association of Alberta |url=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/r-v-secretary-of-803094397 |website=vLex |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

In Canada, one Crown acts separately in each of Canada's eleven governments (one federal and ten provincial).<ref name=Romney274>{{Cite book| last=Romney| first=Paul| title=Getting it wrong: how Canadians forgot their past and imperilled Confederation| publisher=University of Toronto Press| location=Toronto| page=[https://archive.org/details/gettingitwrongho0000romn/page/274 274]| url=https://archive.org/details/gettingitwrongho0000romn| url-access=registration| year=1999| isbn=978-0-8020-8105-6}}</ref> For example, when Crown land is transferred between the federal government and a province, it is the responsibility to manage the land that is being transferred; the Crown does not transfer ownership to itself.<ref>{{Citation |author=Ministry of Natural Resources |title=Disposition of Public Land to Other Governments and Agencies |date=24 January 2006 |page=2, at 3.2.B |url=http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/crown-land/mnr_e000096.pdf |place=Toronto |publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario |quote=When public land is required by the federal government or one of its departments, or any provincial ministry, the land itself is not transferred. What is transferred is the responsibility to manage the lands on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen (HMQ). This is accomplished by an Order-in-Council or a Minister's Order that transfers management of land either from HMQ in right of Ontario to HMQ in right of Canada as represented by a department or to HMQ in right of Ontario as represented by another ministry. The Crown does not transfer ownership to itself. |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074542/http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/crown-land/mnr_e000096.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite court |url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1944/1944canlii29/1944canlii29.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305064539/https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1944/1944canlii29/1944canlii29.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2017 |litigants=Attorney-General of Canada v. Higbie |vol=1944 CanLII 29 (SCC) |pinpoint=p. 404 |court=Supreme Court of Canada |date=23 March 1944 }}</ref> As [[Eugene Forsey]] wrote in ''Crown and Cabinet'', "the provinces are not themselves 'monarchies.' They are a part of a constitutional monarchy, Canada. The Queen is Queen of Canada, not Queen of Ontario, Queen of Quebec, Queen of British Columbia, etc. She is, of course, queen ''in'' all these provinces. But she is 'Queen of Canada,' and it is as such that she is queen ''in'' each of the provinces."<ref>{{Citation| last=Forsey| first=Eugene| author-link=Eugene Forsey| date=31 December 1974 |editor-last=Forsey| editor-first=Eugene| editor-link=Eugene Forsey| title=Freedom and Order: Collected Essays - Crown and Cabinet| location=Toronto| publisher=McClelland & Stewart Ltd.| isbn=978-0-7710-9773-7}}.</ref>

===Australia===
It is a matter of debate whether separate Crowns exist for each [[Australian state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Twomey |first=Anne |author-link=Anne Twomey (academic) |title=The Australia Acts 1986: Australia's Statutes of Independence |date=2010 |publisher=Federation Press |isbn=978-1-86287-807-5 |editor-link=Anne Twomey (academic) |location=Annandale, NSW |pages=456–479}}</ref> When referring to the Crown in multiple jurisdictions, wording is typically akin to "the Crown in right of [place], and all its other capacities".<ref name="clayton-utz-retail-leases">{{cite web |author1=Clayton Utz |author1-link=Clayton Utz |title=Retail Leases Comparative Analysis – The Act Binds the Crown |url=https://www.claytonutz.com/document/retail-leases-comparative-analysis/what-s-covered-by-the-act-/the-act-binds-the-crown |website=Clayton Utz |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714175739/https://www.claytonutz.com/document/retail-leases-comparative-analysis/what-s-covered-by-the-act-/the-act-binds-the-crown |archive-date=14 July 2022 }}</ref>

===New Zealand===
In New Zealand, the term "the Crown" is used to mostly mean the authority of government; its meaning changes in different contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal| last1=Shore| first1=Cris| last2=Kawharu| first2=Margaret| date=17 June 2014| title=The Crown in New Zealand: Anthropological Perspectives on an Imagined Sovereign| url=https://sites.otago.ac.nz/Sites/article/view/267| journal=Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies| language=en| volume=11| issue=1| pages=17–38| doi=10.11157/sites-vol11iss1id267| issn=1179-0237| doi-access=free| access-date=12 May 2021| archive-date=14 June 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614153551/https://sites.otago.ac.nz/Sites/article/view/267| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=15 November 2019| title=Definition of 'the Crown' a difficult matter| url=https://www.lawsociety.org.nz/news/lawtalk/issue-819/definition-of-the-crown-a-difficult-matter/| access-date=12 May 2021| publisher=New Zealand Law Society {{!}} Te Kāhui Ture o Aotearoa| language=en| archive-date=12 May 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512220035/https://www.lawsociety.org.nz/news/lawtalk/issue-819/definition-of-the-crown-a-difficult-matter/| url-status=dead}}</ref> In the context of considering the [[Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements|claims and settlements related to the Treaty of Waitangi]], historian [[Alan Ward (historian)|Alan Ward]] defines the Crown as "the people of New Zealand—including [[Māori people|Māori]] themselves—acted through elected parliament and government."<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Waitangi Tribunal–Te Roopu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi |date=2004 |publisher=Bridget Williams Books |isbn=1-877242-32-2 |editor-last1=Hayward |editor-first1=Janine |editor-link=Janine Hayward |location=Wellington, N.Z. |oclc=60361482 |editor-last2=Wheen |editor-first2=Nicola R. |editor-link2=Nicola Wheen}}</ref>

===Crown Dependencies===
[[File:Flag of Jersey.svg|thumb|The [[flag of Jersey]], displaying the [[Coat of arms of Jersey|badge of Jersey]] surmounted by a [[Plantagenet]] [[crown (heraldry)|crown]]]]
In the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], legislation refers to "the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"<ref>{{cite web| title=Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown officers| url=http://www.guernsey-press.com/pdf/JsyCrownOfficers.pdf| access-date=7 November 2011| archive-date=22 November 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122163301/http://www.guernsey-press.com/pdf/JsyCrownOfficers.pdf}}</ref> or "the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick"<ref>{{cite web| title=The Unregistered Design Rights (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Ordinance, 2005| url=http://www.guernseylegalresources.gg/ccm/legal-resources/ordinances/intellectual-property/unregistered-design-rights-bailiwick-of-guernsey-ordinance-2005.en| access-date=7 November 2011| archive-date=21 July 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031210/http://www.guernseylegalresources.gg/ccm/legal-resources/ordinances/intellectual-property/unregistered-design-rights-bailiwick-of-guernsey-ordinance-2005.en}}</ref> and the law officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that, "the Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the ''république'' of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"<ref>{{cite web| title=Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown officers| url=http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Guernsey%20LOs%20Submission%2020100330%20HR%20v1.pdf| access-date=7 November 2011| archive-date=10 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010220559/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Guernsey%20LOs%20Submission%2020100330%20HR%20v1.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the monarch, for the governance of these islands, including the states of Guernsey and legislatures in the other islands, the royal court and other courts, the lieutenant governor, parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council".<ref>{{cite news| title=It's a power thing… |url=http://www.thisisguernsey.com/2010/06/21/its-a-power-thing/| date=21 June 2010 |work=Guernsey Press| access-date=7 November 2011| archive-date=10 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610140928/http://www.thisisguernsey.com/2010/06/21/its-a-power-thing/}}</ref>

In the [[Bailiwick of Jersey]], statements by the [[law officers of the Crown]] define the Crown's operation in that jurisdiction as "the Crown in Right of Jersey",<ref>{{cite web| title=Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers| url=http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf| access-date=7 November 2011| archive-date=12 August 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812153038/http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in Right of Jersey and not to the [[Crown Estate]] of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web| title=Written Question to H.M. Attorney General| url=http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/questions/23532-33785-2262010.htm| access-date=7 November 2011| archive-date=27 September 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927015030/http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/questions/23532-33785-2262010.htm}}</ref> The Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the [[Perth Agreement]] in Jersey law, as the "[[Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey|Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Jersey]]".<ref>{{cite web| title=Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013| url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/15.730.aspx| publisher=States of Jersey| access-date=6 October 2021| archive-date=5 September 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905134027/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/15.730.aspx| url-status=live}}</ref>

Legislation in the [[Isle of Man]] also defines the Crown in Right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=3&parentActiveTextDocId=3312343&ActiveTextDocId=3312364&filesize=13636| title=The Air Navigation (Isle of Man) Order 2007 (No. 1115)| access-date=7 November 2011| archive-date=28 March 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328050859/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/1115/article/3/made| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===British Overseas Territories===
Following the decision of the [[Lords of Appeal in Ordinary]] in ''[[Ex parte Quark]]'', 2005, it is held that the King, in exercising his authority over [[British Overseas Territories]], does not act on the advice of the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom]], but in his role as king of each territory, with the exception of fulfilling the UK's international responsibilities for its territories. To comply with the court's decision, the territorial governors now act on the advice of each territory's executive and the UK government can no longer disallow legislation passed by territorial legislatures.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HhsZSMEH5DoC&pg=PA49 ''Overseas Territories: Seventh Report of Session 2007–08, Vol. 2: Oral and Written Evidence''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123072439/https://books.google.com/books?id=HhsZSMEH5DoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA49 |date=23 November 2022 }}. London, UK: The Stationery Office, 6 July 2008, pp. 49, 296–297</ref> The Lords of Appeal wrote that "the Queen is as much the Queen of New South Wales and Mauritius and other territories acknowledging her as head of state as she is of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom."<ref>Lords of Appeal, [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd051013/quark-1.htm ''Ex parte Quark'', 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224160034/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd051013/quark-1.htm |date=24 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Symbolism==
The Crown is represented by the image of a crown in [[heraldry]] and other imagery such as [[cap badge]]s, uniforms, government logos and elsewhere. The heraldic crown is chosen by the reigning monarch. From 1661 to the reign of [[Queen Victoria]], an image of [[St Edward's Crown]] was used.<ref name="Boutell 1983">{{cite book |last=Boutell |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Boutell |editor-last1=Brooke-Little |editor-first1=J. P. |editor-link1=John Brooke-Little |date=1983 |edition=Revised |title=Boutell's Heraldry |url=https://archive.org/details/boutellsheraldry0000bout_y2m5/page/184/mode/2up |location=London and New York |publisher=Frederick Warne |pages=184–185 |isbn=0723230935}}</ref> The early part of Victoria's reign depicted the Imperial State Crown [[Coronation of Queen Victoria#Crown jewels and coronation robes|created for her coronation]], while a [[Tudor Crown]] began to be used from the 1860s.<ref name="Boutell 1983" /> In 1901, the Tudor Crown design was standardised and continued in use until the reign of [[Elizabeth II]] in 1952 when a heraldic St Edward's Crown was restored.<ref name="Boutell 1983" /><ref name="Fox-Davies">{{cite wikisource |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry |chapter=Chapter 22 |last=Fox-Davies |first=Arthur Charles |author-link=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |date=1909 |publisher=T. C. & E. C. Jack |location=London |pages=358–359 }}</ref> In 2022, [[Charles III]] opted for a modified Tudor Crown design.<ref name="Royal Cypher">{{cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Royal Cypher |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher |website=[[College of Arms]] |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927145228/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Symbols of State Guidance 2023">{{cite web |url=https://publicsafetyfoundation.uk/uploads/ciiir_state_symbols_guidance_july_2023.pdf |title=Symbols of State Guidance |author= |date=July 2023 |website=The Public Safety Foundation (UK) |publisher= |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011071240/https://publicsafetyfoundation.uk/uploads/ciiir_state_symbols_guidance_july_2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 500
| image1 = Crown of Saint Edward (Heraldry).svg
| caption1 = St Edward's Crown
| image2 = 1901 pattern Tudor Crown (2D).svg
| caption2 = 1901 pattern Tudor Crown
| image3 = 2022 pattern Tudor Crown (2D) Sodacan style.svg
| caption3 = 2022 pattern Tudor Crown
}}

[[Crown copyright]] applies [[Copyright law of the United Kingdom#Perpetual rights|in perpetuity]] to depictions of the [[Royal Arms]] and any of its constituent parts under the [[royal prerogative]], and [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] restricts rights to reproduce them.<ref name="National Archives FAQs">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/copyright-assignments/frequently-asked-questions/ |title=Frequently asked questions |website=The National Archives |access-date=3 August 2024 |quote=The Royal Arms and its constituent parts are protected by perpetual Crown copyright, and may only be re-used by His Majesty the King, members of the Royal Family, government departments and official holders of the Royal Warrant. |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716002914/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/copyright-assignments/frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="National Archives Royal Arms guidance">{{cite web |url=https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/use-of-the-royal-arms.pdf |title=Reproduction of the Royal Arms |author= |website=The National Archives |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615091004/https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/use-of-the-royal-arms.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of the [[Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988]] made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1988 |chapter=48 |act=Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 |section=171 |accessdate=3 August 2024 }}</ref>

In addition, use of images of the crowns for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the [[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|Paris Convention]]) under sections 4 and 99 of the [[Trade Marks Act 1994]], and their use is governed by the [[Lord Chamberlain's Office]].<ref name="Trade Marks Act 1994 s.4">{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1994 |chapter=26 |act=Trade Marks Act 1994 |section=4 |accessdate=25 July 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Trade Marks Act 1994 s.99">{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1994 |chapter=26 |act=Trade Marks Act 1994 |section=99 |accessdate=25 July 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Royal Arms restrictions">{{cite web |url=https://www.royal.uk/use-of-royal-arms |title=Use of Royal Arms, Names and Images |author= |website=[[British royal family|The Royal Family]] |publisher=[[Royal Households of the United Kingdom|The Royal Household]] |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905142231/https://www.royal.uk/use-of-royal-arms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also an offence under Section 12 of the [[Trade Descriptions Act 1968]] to give a false indication that any goods or services are supplied to the monarch or any member of the royal family.<ref name="Trade Descriptions Act 1968">{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1968 |chapter=29 |act=Trade Descriptions Act 1968 |section=12 |accessdate=25 July 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Royal Arms restrictions" />

== Crown forces ==
The term "Crown forces" has been used by [[Irish republicans]] and [[Irish nationalism|nationalists]], including members of [[paramilitary]] groups, to refer to British security forces which operate in [[Ireland]]. The term was used by various iterations of the [[Irish Republican Army]] during conflicts such as [[Irish War of Independence]] and [[the Troubles]]. As noted by Irish republican [[Danny Morrison (Irish republican)|Danny Morrison]], "[t]he term 'security forces' suggests [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]], which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority."{{Efn|In Danny Morrison's words, "[t]he term 'security forces' suggests [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]], which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irlandinit-hd.de/sub_misc/bsands.htm#Analysis:%20Words%20of%20Freedom |title=Saving 'Bobby Sands Street' > Words of Freedom |last=Morrison |first=Danny |date=24–26 January 2004 |work=Irish History |publisher=Irlandinitiative Heidelberg |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928130357/http://www.irlandinit-hd.de/sub_misc/bsands.htm#Analysis:%20Words%20of%20Freedom |url-status=dead }}</ref>|name=Morrison}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Hawes-Bilger |first=Cordula |title = War Zone Language: Linguistic Aspects of the Conflict in Northern Ireland |year=2007 |publisher=Francke |isbn=978-3-7720-8200-9 |page=148}}; {{cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=Conor |year=2004 |title=Terrorism, insurgency and the military response from South Armagh to Falluja |journal=The RUSI Journal |volume=149 |issue=5 |pages=22–25 |issn=0307-1847 |doi = 10.1080/03071840408523120 |s2cid=152582870}}; {{cite journal |last=Tomaney |first=John |year=2000 |title=End of the Empire State? New Labour and Devolution in the United Kingdom |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=675–688 |issn=0309-1317 |doi = 10.1111/1468-2427.00271 |bibcode=2000IJURR..24..675T }}</ref> Due to the Irish War of Independence, "the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ferriter |first=Diarmaid |title=Ambiguous Republic: Ireland in the 1970s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qN-jf5dN7QAC&pg=PT247 |access-date=21 August 2015 |date=1 November 2012 |publisher=Profile Books |quote=Because of the events of the War of Independence, the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative. |isbn=978-1-84765-856-2 |page=247 |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905141228/https://books.google.com/books?id=qN-jf5dN7QAC&pg=PT247#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Monarchy}}
* {{annotated link|Crown Court}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last1=|first=|last2=|first2=|title=The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-826273-2|editor-last=Sunkin|editor-first=Maurice|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262732.001.0001|editor-last2=Payne|editor-first2=Sebastian}}

{{Commonwealth realms}}
{{Monarchies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crown, The}}
[[Category:British Overseas Territories]]
[[Category:Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Commonwealth realms]]
[[Category:Common law]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Legal fictions]]

Harivaṃśa

2026-03-04T11:30:24Z

Vikipft:

{{Short description|Work of Sanskrit literature}}
{{Distinguish|Harivaṃśapurāṇa (Jainism)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{stack begin}}
[[File:Harivamsa, Krishna's epic story, Mahabharata, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|320px|18th century Harivaṁśa manuscript in Devanāgari script]]
{{Hindu scriptures}}
{{stack end}}

The '''''Harivamsa''''' ({{Langx|sa|हरिवंश|lit= The genealogy of [[Hari]]}}, {{IAST3|Harivaṃśa}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asian arts - Sanskrit: epic and didactic literature (400 bc–ad 1000) {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts/Sanskrit-epic-and-didactic-literature-400-bc-ad-1000 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>) is an important work of [[Sanskrit literature]], containing 16,374 [[shlokas]], mostly in the ''[[anustubh]]'' [[Metre (poetry)|metre]]. The text is also known as the ''Harivamsa Purana.'' This text is believed to be a ''khila'' (appendix or supplement) to the ''[[Mahabharata]]''<ref name="Datta"/><ref name=mahabharata>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/mbs/mbs01002.htm The Mahabharata in Sanskrit: Book I: Chapter 2] in sacred-texts.com website, (MBh.1.2.69): "hari vaṃśas tataḥ parva purāṇaṃ khila saṃjñitam bhaviṣyat parva cāpy uktaṃ khileṣv evādbhutaṃ mahat." ["Hari Vamsa Purana known as Khila (supplement) and Bhavishya Parva also spoken as Khila are wonderful and great"].</ref> and is traditionally ascribed to [[Veda Vyasa|Vyasa]]. The most celebrated commentary of the ''Mahabharata'' by [[Neelakantha Chaturdhara]], the ''Bharata Bhava Deepa'' also covers the ''Harivamsa''. According to a traditional version of the ''Mahabharata'', the ''Harivamsa'' is divided into two ''parvas'' (books) and 12,000 verses.<ref name="Datta"> Datta, Manmathanatha, [Manmatha Nath Dutt], (1895). [https://archive.org/details/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog/page/n35/mode/1up A prose English translation of the Mahabharata (tr. literally from the original Sanskrit text)], Adi Parva, Mahabharata 1.2.377-378, Printed by H.C. Dass, Calcutta, p. 21: "There are Harivansa and Vavisya in its appendix. The number of slokas composed by the great Rishi in the Harivansa, is twelve thousand. These are the contents of the chapters called Parva Sangraha in the Bharata."</ref> These are included with the eighteen ''parvas'' of the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name=mahabharata/> The Critical Edition has three ''parvas'' and 5,965 verses.<ref>Debroy, Bibeck, (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BRnpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 ''Harivamsha''], Penguin Books India, Gurgaon, "Introduction": "There are thus 5,965 shlokas in all of ''Harivamsha''. Non-Critical versions will often have doubled this number, reflective of the slashing."</ref>

The Adi Parva of Harivamsa describes the creation of the cosmos and the legendary history of the kings of the Solar and Lunar dynasties leading up to the birth of [[Krishna]]. Vishnu Parva recounts the history of Krishna up to the events prior to the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name=mw426>Maurice Winternitz (1981), History of Indian Literature, Vol. 1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-0836408010}}, pages 426-431</ref> Bhavishya Parva, the third book, includes two alternate creation theories, hymns to Shiva and Vishnu and provides a description of the [[Kaliyuga|Kali Yuga]].<ref>Maurice Winternitz (1981), History of Indian Literature, Vol. 1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-0836408010}}, pages 432-435</ref> While the ''Harivamsa'' has been regarded as an important source of information about beliefs about the origin of [[Vishnu]]'s incarnation Krishna, there has been speculation as to whether this text was derived from an earlier text and what its relationship is to the [[Brahma Purana]], another text that deals with the origins of Krishna.<ref>Ruben, Walter, (1941). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/594498 "The Kṛṣṇacarita in the Harivaṃśa and Certain Purāṇas"], Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 61, No. 3, p.115.</ref>

==Chronology==

{{stack begin | float = left}}
{{Location map | India Gujarat
| alt = Dwarka is on sea coast
| float = left
| caption =
| label = Dwarka
| lat_deg = 22.23
| lon_deg = 68.97
}}

[[File:Dwarka1.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Dwarka]] is the setting for many chapters in the ''Harivamsa''.<ref>Manmatha Nath Dutt, [https://archive.org/stream/Vishnupurana-English-MnDutt#page/n15/mode/2up Vishnu Purana], Harivamsa (1896), pages 283-286</ref> The city is described as near the sea, in modern era [[Gujarat]]; a painting of the city in the 19th century (lower).]]
{{stack end}}
[[File:Parashurama leads Krishna and Balarama toward Mount Gomanta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Parashurama]] leads [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]] toward Mount Gomanta. Miniature from a ''Harivamsha'' series ascribed to [[Purkhu of Kangra]]. [[Kangra State|Kangra]], c. 1800-1815. [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]]]]
The bulk of the text is derived from two traditions, the {{IAST|pañcalakṣaṇa}} tradition, that is, the five marks of the [[Purana]] corpus one of which is the ''{{IAST|vaṃśa}}'' genealogy, and stories about the life of Krishna as a herdsman.

The text is complex, containing layers that go back to the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE.<ref>Bhattacharya, Pradip, (May 27, 2017). [https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-the-harivansha-the-significance-of-a-neglected-text/ "Review of André Couture: Krsna in the Harivamsha, Vol. 1, 2015"]: "Couture finds no cogent basis for Vaidya's dating of the HV to 300 or 400 CE. The recent conclusions of scholars like Hiltebeitel, Bailey, Sutton, Biardeau and Fitzgerald that the MB was compiled between 200 BCE and 200 CE as a response to Buddhism, would apply equally to the HV."</ref>

Probably there was an oral previous version because later in time, the text was enlarged by additions and was matched in style to the Mahabharata.<ref>Ruben, Walter, (1941). "The Krsnacarita in the Harivamsa and Certain Puranas," Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 61, No. 3, p.124.</ref>

The origin of this appendix is not precisely known but it is apparent that it was a part of the ''Mahabharata'' by the 1st century CE because "the poet [[Aśvaghoṣa|Ashvaghosha]] quotes a couple of verses, attributing them to the ''Mahabharata'', which are now only found in the ''Harivamsa''."<ref>Datta, Amaresh (ed.), 1988. [https://search.worldcat.org/es/title/encyclopaedia-of-indian-literature-vol-2-devraj-to-jyoti/oclc/34346334 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Vol. 2: Devraj to Jyoti], Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, p. 1558.</ref>

Sivaprasad Bhattacharyya, also considered that Ashvaghosha referred to the Harivamsa, and found internal and external evidence that it was an authoritative text by the first century CE and that its later redaction took place around the end of the second or beginning of the third century CE.<ref>Lorenz, Ekkehard, (2007). [https://ia600100.us.archive.org/29/items/Pushtimarg/Bryant_Edwin_F._%28editor%29_-_Krishna__A_Sourcebook.pdf "The Harivamsa: The Dynasty of Krishna"], in: Edwin F. Bryant (ed.), Krishna: A Sourcebook, Oxford University Press, '''p. 97''': "Sivaprasad Bhattacharyya, who holds that already Ashvaghosha (first century C.E.) referred to the HV, finds internal and external evidence that 'the H.V. was certainly an authoritative text by the first century A.C. and its later redaction took place about the end of the second or beginning of the third century A.C.'"</ref>

[[Edward Washburn Hopkins]] considered the ''Mahabharata'' increased by the addition of the ''Harivamsa'' c. 200 CE,<ref>Hopkins, Washburn E., (2020) [1915]. [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111551999-001/html "Date of Epic Poetry"], in: E. Washburn Hopkins, Epic Mythology, '''p. 1''': "The Mahabharata has been increased by the late addition of the Harivamsha (perhaps 200 A. D.) [...]"</ref> but also the possible existence of Harivamsa as part of the around hundred thousand verses within the Mahabharata as it can be attested in the Southern recension of the latter.<ref>Hopkins, Washburn E., (2020) [1915]. [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111551999-002/html "Date of Epic Poetry"], in: E. Washburn Hopkins, Epic Mythology, '''p. 2''': "Northern version [of the Mahabharata] contains 84,126 verses, which, with the 16,375(526) verses of the Harivamsha, make 100,501(651) verses [...] It is therefore doubtful whether the attribution of a lakh of verses [in the Mahabharata] necessarily implies the existence, as part of the lakh, of the Harivamsha. Yet on the whole this is probable, owing to the fact that the expansion in [the Southern recension] appears for the most part to be due rather to the inclusion of new material than to the retention of old passages."</ref>

[[R. C. Hazra]] has dated the Purana to the 4th century CE on the basis of the description of the [[rasa lila]] in it, as according to him, the ''[[Visnu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' belong to the 5th century CE and 6th century CE respectively.<ref>Hazra, Rajendra Chandra, (1975)[1940]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jar4V3piCeQC&q=Harivamsa Studies in the Purāṇic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs], Motilal Banarsidass, p. 55: "[V]isnu-p. is earlier than the Bhagavata [...] Harivamsa also [...] being dated about 400 A. D. [...] Thus the date of composition of the Bhagavata falls in the sixth century A. D."</ref> According to Dikshit, the date of the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' is 3rd century CE. When we compare the biography of Krishna, the account of Raji, and some other episodes as depicted in the {{IAST|Harivaṃśa}}, it appears to be anterior to the former. Therefore, the {{IAST|Viṣṇu parva}} and the {{IAST|Bhaviṣya parva}} can be dated to at least the 3rd century CE.

J. L. Masson and [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.| D. H. H. Ingalls]] regard the language of Harivamsa not later than 2nd or 3rd century CE and possibly from the 1st century CE; and André Couture that Mathura's description in Harivamsa is similar to cities of Kushana period (1st to mid-3rd century CE).<ref>Bhattacharya, Pradip, (May 27, 2017). [https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-the-harivansha-the-significance-of-a-neglected-text/ "Review of André Couture: Krsna in the Harivamsha, Vol. 1, 2015"]: "[C]outure conclude[s] that the Mathura described in the HV is evocative of cities of the Kushana era (1st to mid-3rd century CE) and not of the end of the Dvapara Yuga [...]"</ref>

By its style and contents, the {{IAST|Harivaṃśa's Adi parva}} appears to be anterior to the {{IAST|Viṣṇu parva}} and {{IAST|Bhaviṣya parva}}. The verses quoted by [[Asvaghosa]] belong to this parva. On this basis, we can safely assume the {{IAST|Harivaṃśa parva}} (except for the later interpolations) to be at least as old as the 1st century CE.

==Editions==

The {{IAST|Harivamśa}} is available in three editions. The vulgate text of the {{IAST|Harivamśa}} has total 271 {{IAST|adhyāya}}s (chapters), divided into three ''parvas'', {{IAST|Harivaṃśa parva}} (55 chapters), {{IAST|Viṣṇu parva}} (81 chapters) and {{IAST|Bhaviṣya parva}} (135 chapters). The traditional edition contains 12000 shlokas (verses) 2 sub-parvas, the Harivamsa Parva (187 chapters) and the Bhavishya Parva (48 chapters) with a total of 235 chapters. The Critical Edition or CE (1969–71, Ed. P.L. Vaidya), estimated to be c. 300 Common Era by Vaidya,<ref>Hein, Norvin, (May, 1986). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062622 "A Revolution in Kṛṣṇaism: The Cult of Gopāla"], in: History of Religions, Vol. 25, No. 4, Religion and Change: ASSR Anniversary Volume, The University of Chicago Press, p. 296.</ref> is around a third (118 chapters in 6073 slokas)<ref>Bhattacharya, Pradip, (May 27, 2017). [https://pradipbhattacharya.com/2017/05/27/review-the-harivansha-the-significance-of-a-neglected-text/ "Review of André Couture: Krsna in the Harivamsha, Vol. 1, 2015"].</ref> of this vulgate edition. Like the vulgate, the chapters in the CE are divided into three parvas, {{IAST|Harivaṃśa parva}} (chapters 1-45), {{IAST|Viṣṇu parva}} (chapters 46-113) and {{IAST|Bhaviṣya parva}} (chapters 114 -118). Vaidya suggests that even the CE represents an expanded text and proposes that the oldest form of {{IAST|Harivamśa}} probably began with chapter 20 (which is where ''[[Agni Purana]]'' 12 places its start) and must have ended with chapter 98 of his text.<ref>[{{IAST|Harivaṃśa}} 1969-71: 785, XXX and 795]</ref>

==Translations==

[[File:Dwarka.jpg|thumb|250px|City of [[Dwarka]] in Harivamsa, as painted for the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]]]

The ''Harivamsa'' has been translated in many Indian vernacular languages; The vulgate version containing 3 books and 271 chapters has not been translated into English yet. The only English translation of the traditional version containing 3 sub-parvas—Harivamsa parva (55 chapters), Vrishnu parva (131 chapters), and Bhavishya parva (49 chapters) for a total of 235 chapters—is by Manmatha Nath Dutt in 1897 and it is in the public domain. The critical edition has been translated into English twice so far, once in 2016 by the late economist [[Bibek Debroy]] and in 2019 by Simon Brodbeck.

It has been translated into [[French language|French]] by M. A. Langlois, 1834–35.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027095422/http://geocities.com/harindranath_a/maha/transm.html Translations of the Harivamsa]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Adi Parva|First book of Mahabharata: Adi Parva]]
*[[Svargarohana Parva|Previous book of Mahabharata: Svargarohana Parva]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* Bowker, John, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 410
* Winternitz, Maurice (1981) History of Indian Literature Vol. I. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
* Ruben, Walter (1941) "The Krsnacarita in the Harivamsa and Certain Puranas.” ''Journal of the American Oriental Society''. Vol. 61, No.3. pp. 115–127.
* Lorenz, Ekkehard (2007) ''The Harivamsa: The Dynasty of Krishna'', in Edwin F. Bryant (ed.), Krishna, A Source Book, Oxford University Press.
* Shastri, Rajendra Muni, ''Jaina Sahitya mein Sri Krishna Charita'', Jaipur, Prakrit Bharati Akademi, 1991.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/ Original Sanskrit text online with English translation]
*Manmatha Nath Dutt, [https://archive.org/stream/Vishnupurana-English-MnDutt#page/n15/mode/2up Vishnu Purana], English Translation of Book 2 of Harivamsa (1896)
*Alexandre Langlois, [https://archive.org/stream/harivansaouhist00langgoog#page/n6/mode/2up Harivansa: ou histoire de la famille de Hari], French Translation of Harivamsa (1834)
*[http://www.vyasamadhwa.org/upanyasa/Harivamsha/ Discourse on Harvamsha] by Dr Vyasanakere Prabhanjanacharya
{{Mahabharata}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]

Kanya Kumari (film)

2026-03-03T09:09:34Z

Vikipft: Done.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Srujan Attada}}
{{About|the 2025 film|the 1974 film of the same|Kanyakumari (film)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kanya Kumari (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Srujan Attada
| writer = Srujan Attada
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Srujan Attada
* Sateesh Reddy Chinta
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* Geeth Saini
* Sreecharan Rachakonda
}}
| cinematography = {{plain list|
* Shiva Gajula
* Haricharan K
}}
| editing = Naresh Adupa
| music = Ravi Nidamarthy
| studio = Radical Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|08|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kanya Kumari''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[Romance film|romantic film]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written, produced and directed by Srujan Attada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanya Kumari Review: A coming-of-age story that fails to age well |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kanya-kumari-review-geeth-sainis-film-has-great-intentions-but-rushed-story-telling/09e0f8fce4684 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> It stars Geeth Saini and Sreecharan Rachakonda in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-21 |title=Kanya Kumari trailer: A rooted farmer and a girl with urban ambitions create an 'organic love story' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/21/kanya-kumari-trailer-a-rooted-farmer-and-a-girl-with-urban-ambitions-create-an-organic-love-story |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 27 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-08-11 |title=Presenter Madhu Shalini's Kanya Kumari locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/11/presenter-madhu-shalinis-kanya-kumari-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot centres on Kanya Kumari, a village girl aspiring to be a software engineer, and her childhood friend Tirupati, a devoted farmer content with village life, as they navigate their contrasting dreams, familial expectations, and societal differences while falling in love, exploring themes of ambition vs. roots, family duty, and finding balance. The film follows their romantic journey as they face challenges and ultimately try to reconcile their differing life paths.

== Cast ==
* Geeth Saini as Kanya Kumari
* Sreecharan Rachakonda as Tirupati
* Bhadram
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Bride’s father
* Prabhavathi Varma as Bride’s mother
* Vasu Sri
* Sai Krishna Yashodha as Seenu

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack were composed by Ravi Nidamarthy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-12-02 |title='Yadha Yadha Savvadi' from 'Kanyakumari' hits the right note |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/yadha-yadha-savvadi-from-kanyakumari-hits-the-right-note-926453 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = Srujan Attada
| all_music =
| title1 = Yadha Yadha Savvadi
| length1 = 3:34
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Jayasri Pallem
| title2 = Kathilanti Pillave
| length2 = 3:22
| extra2 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| title3 = Kalala Kurisina
| length3 = 4:08
| extra3 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], Jayasri Pallem
| title4 = Premalo
| length4 = 2:35
| extra4 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kanya Kumari'' was released on 27 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-08-13 |title=There are so many stories that need to be told, says actress Madhu Shalini who turns producer with Telugu film 'KanyaKumari' (IANS Exclusive) |url=https://ianslive.in/there-are-so-many-stories-that-need-to-be-told-says-actress-madhu-shalini-who-turns-producer-with-telugu-film-kanyakumari-ians-exclusive--20250813102631 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref> It was later released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 17 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Kanya Kumari now streaming on these OTT platforms |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/17/kanya-kumari-now-streaming-on-these-ott-platforms |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Bhargav Chaganti of [[NTV (India)|NTV]] rated it 2.75 out if 5 and appreciated lead cast performances and music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-08-27 |title=Kanyakumari Review: కన్యాకుమారి రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/kanyakumari-movie-review-a-heartwarming-rural-love-story-850316.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref> [[Namasthe Telangana|''Namasthe Telangana'']] noted technical production and Geeth Saini's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2025-08-27 |title=Kanya Kumari Movie {{!}} 'కన్యాకుమారి' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. విలేజ్ ప్రేమకథ ఎలా ఉందంటే.! |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/new-village-love-story-kanya-kumari-movie-review-2122102 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27055121|Kanya Kumari}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2020s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

Kanthan Karunai massacre

2026-03-02T10:53:29Z

Vikipft: cleanup

{{Short description|1987 mass murder in Sri Lanka}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Kanthan Karunai massacre
| image = Kandankarunai Poster Tamil.png
| caption =
| location = [[Jaffna]], [[Jaffna|Jaffna district]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| coordinates =
| target = [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] civilians (mostly [[PLOTE]], [[EPRLF]] supporters)
| date = March 30, 1987
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[Mass murder]] via shooting
| fatalities = 63
| injuries =
| perps = [[LTTE]] Commander Selvakumar Chellasamy alias Aruna
| susperps =
| weapons = AK-47
}}

'''Kanthan Karunai massacre''' is the name of a mass murder of approximately 63 detainees held by the rebel group [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) on March 30, 1987 in [[Nallur, Sri Lanka]]. Most of the detainees held were surrendered youth from rival rebel group [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] (EPRLF), as well few members from [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] and [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization]] (TELO) along with two local businessmen. The massacre is named after the name of a house that the detainees were formerly held but not where they were eventually killed.

==Incident==
On the morning of March 30, 1987 a local area commander of the LTTE, [[Sathasivam Krishnakumar]] alias Kittu was attacked with a [[grenade]] as he was leaving his girlfriend’s home. Although the attack did not kill him, it wounded him seriously enough to warrant an amputation of one of his legs.<ref name="lancet"/> Following the attack [[Selvakumar Chellasamy]] alias Aruna, a prominent early member and a regional commander of LTTE reached the house where the detainees were held and is alleged to have killed with an AK-47 all but 2 of the detainees. The estimate of the dead ranges 40 to 63.<ref name="thenewsminute">{{cite web |url= http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/colonel-kittu-ruthless-long-forgotten-ltte-fighter-tamil-movie-wants-celebrate-46663
|format=html|title= Colonel Kittu, A long forgotten ruthless leader, a Tamil movie wants to celebrate|date=2016-08-17}}</ref><ref name="lancet">{{cite web
|url= http://archive.lacnet.org/2006/2006_04_05/
|format= html
|title= Jaffna residents remember Nallur massacre
|date= 2006-04-05
|access-date= 2017-04-28
|archive-date= 2013-06-21
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130621133910/http://archive.lacnet.org//2006/2006_04_05/
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>
One of the murdered detainee was later identified as a popular medical officer with EPRLF, Raveendran alias Benjamin from [[Talawakelle]], Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.namathumalayagam.com/2017/04/blog-post_6.html
|format=html|title=வன்னியில் இருந்து வெளியேற்றத் திட்டமிடப்பட்ட மலையக மக்கள் - மல்லியப்பு சந்தி திலகர்|date=2017-04-01}}</ref>

==Reactions==
As most of the rebel groups fighting the Sri Lankan state were composed of minority Tamils, this incident where the perpetrator and the victims were all Tamils created a sense of betrayal.<ref name="lancet"/> Senior leaders within the LTTE hierarchy too were perturbed by the murders and expressed their displeasure to LTTE leader [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]].<ref name=casebook/> According to the testimonial of Thalayasingam Sivakumar an early member of LTTE, in a Canadian court during his refugee claimant process, Aruna the perpetrator was not adequately punished for his murders. Apparently he lost rank and was released within few months of incarceration. Aruna was later killed in action, fighting against the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] by the LTTE.<ref name="casebook">{{cite web |url= https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/canada-sivakumar-v-canada
|format=html|title= Sivakumar v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (C.A.), [1994] 1 F.C. 433, 1993-11-0 |date=1993-11-01 }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:1987 crimes in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1987]]
[[Category:Attacks on civilians attributed to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:1980s massacres in the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Sri Lanka in 1987]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary

2026-02-23T04:58:42Z

Vikipft: creating a pg

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) - cropped.jpg
| image_caption = [[Indian wolf]] (''Canis lupus pallipes'')
| image_alt = Photo of an Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes)
| map = India Jharkhand#India
| map_caption = Location in [[India]]
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Latehar district]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coords|23|27|N|84|02|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = 63.25 km2.
| established = 1976
| governing_body = Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| website = {{url|https://forest.jharkhand.gov.in/wildlife/mahuadand.aspx}}
}}

'''Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary''' is a [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Latehar district]] of [[Jharkhand]]. It is part of [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/counting-of-wolves-to-begin-in-jharkhands-mahuadanr-wolf-sanctuary-from-january-next-year/na20211217214406051|title=Counting of wolves to begin in Jharkhand's Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary from January next Year|website=etvbharat|date=17 December 2021|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/human-intervention-force-wolves-to-abandon-den-in-their-lone-sanctuary/articleshow/87593046.cms|title=Human intervention force wolves to abandon den in their lone sanctuary|website=Times of india|date=9 November 2021|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> It was declared to be a wildlife sanctuary in 1976 for the protection of the [[Indian wolf]].<ref name="News182024">{{cite news|title=देश का पहला भेड़िया अभयारण्य, दुर्लभ इंडियन ग्रे वुल्फ हैं मौजूद, 54 साल बाद फिर सर्वे|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/palamu-country-first-wolf-sanctuary-built-in-palamu-rare-indian-gray-wolf-present-survey-again-after-54-years-8599022.html|work=News18|date=16 August 2024|access-date=6 February 2025|lang=Hindi}}</ref> Its the only wildlife sanctuary in India dedicated exclusively to the [[Indian wolf|Indian grey wolf]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-30 |title=Explore India’s first sanctuary dedicated to the Indian wolves |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/pets-animals/take-tour-first-only-wildlife-sanctuary-indian-wolves-mahuadanr-wolf-sanctuary-9976791/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary is located in [[Latehar district]] of [[Jharkhand]].
In 1976, the sanctuary was declared a wolf sanctuary for the protection of the Indian wolf (''Canis lupus pallipes'') population. It is part of [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]]. It is spread over approx. 63 square kilometres.<ref name="News182024"/>

==Wildlife==
The sanctuary is home to many species of wild animals including [[spotted deer]], [[wild boar]], [[Striped hyena|hyena]], [[Sloth bear|bear]] and [[Indian wolf|wolf]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA308|title=India - A Travel Guide|chapter=Mahuadanr Wildlife Sanctuary, Ranchi|author=Sharma, Shiv, Dr.|page=308|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Limited|year=2008|isbn=9788128400674}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=3 Hyena Cubs Sighted Near Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/3-hyena-cubs-sighted-near-mahuadanr-wolf-sanctuary/articleshow/111179191.cms|work=Times of India|date=22 June 2024|access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> There are large numbers of wolf dens in the park, where the packs nest and rear their young, and where males court females during the breeding season, between November and February. According to the first count in 1979, there were 49 wolves in the sanctuary. In 2009, there were 58 wolves counted in the sanctuary. There were 120 wolves in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-population-of-wolves-increased-in-lockdown-india-only-wolf-sanctuary-in-palamu-jharkhand-jagran-special-22023977.html|title=लाकडाउन में बढ़ गई भेड़ि‍यों की आबादी, लातेहार में है देश का एकमात्र भेड़‍िया अभयारण्य|website=Jagran|date=16 September 2021|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> According to survey of wild life Institute in 2024, there were four packs and 70 wolves in the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!bharat/team-of-wildlife-institute-is-conducting-a-survey-of-wolves-for-the-first-time-since-1970-hindi-news-jhn24080802602|title=1970 के बाद पहली बार हो रहा भेड़ियों का सर्वे, झारखंड में हैं 70 दुर्लभ प्रजाति के इंडियन ग्रे वुल्फ - Survey of wolves|work=ETV Bharat|date=8 August 2024|access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Palamu Division topics}}
{{Protected areas of Jharkhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Latehar district]]
[[Category:Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}
{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Gonu Jha

2026-02-13T13:49:27Z

Vikipft: brief expand structure for accuracy further and corrected details

{{Refimprove|date = January 2015}}
{{short description|Court jester in 13th-century}}
[[File:Memorial Statue of Gonu Jha.jpg|thumb|Memorial Statue of Gonu Jha at the entrance of the [[Uchhaith|Uchchaith Bhagawati Mandir]] Complex]]
'''Gonu Jha''' was a ''"Pratyutpannamati"'' (ready-witted) character and a contemporary of King of [[History of Mithila|Mithila]] in the 13th century CE. Renowned for his sharp wit, intelligence, and sense of humor,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Shailendra Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbUCijBHS7AC&dq=gonu+jha&pg=PA29 |title=Hari Mohan Jha |date=1994 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-652-4 |language=en}}</ref> he is often referred to as the "[[Birbal]] of Bihar," drawing parallels with other iconic court jesters like [[Tenali Rama]] and [[Gopal Bhar]]. He was a military scholar of Mithila.<ref name="Rakesh1996">{{cite book | author=Ram Dayal Rakesh | title=Folk tales from Mithila | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSXaAAAAMAAJ | accessdate=5 April 2012 | date=1 January 1996 | publisher=Nirala Publications | isbn=978-81-85693-55-2 | page=26}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2004">{{cite book | author=Ganga Prasad Sharma | title=Gonu Jha | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnUxagFKc-EC | accessdate=5 April 2012 | date=1 January 2004 | publisher=Manoj Publications | isbn=978-81-8133-778-8}}</ref>

==Background==
Gonu Jha is believed to have lived during the 13th or 14th century CE. He hailed from Bharwara village, in present-day [[Darbhanga district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&dq=gonu+jha&pg=PA163 |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref>

He was a contemporary of King [[Harisimhadeva|Hari Singh]] of Mithila and served as a courtier in his court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bajpai |first=Lopamudra Maitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2J_5DwAAQBAJ&dq=gonu+jha&pg=PT167 |title=India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage |date=2020-10-28 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-20585-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Folklore and legacy==
Gonu Jha's tales are an integral part of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]'s rich oral tradition. His stories often depict him using his cleverness to outsmart adversaries, challenge societal norms, and bring justice to the common people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vermavkv |date=2023-10-29 |title=# Our Folk Tales : Gonu Jha # |url=https://retiredkalam.com/2023/10/29/our-folk-tales-gonu-jha/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Retiredकलम |language=en}}</ref> The tales of Gonu Jha have been passed down through generations, primarily in the [[Maithili language]], and continue to be a source of inspiration and amusement.

==In popular culture==
* ''Gonu Jha (film)'', a Bhojpuri comedy film directed by Shreeman Mishra was released in 2014. In that film, Navin Mishra portrayed the character of Gonu Jha.{{citation needed|date = May 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Gopal Bhar]]
* [[Tenali Rama]]
* [[Birbal]]
* [[List of people from Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Humor and wit characters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Gonu}}
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Humour and wit characters of India]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Darbhanga district]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Entertainer-stub}}

L. Prakasam

2026-02-08T09:20:30Z

Vikipft: Stub

{{Short description|Indian church leader (died 1998)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=April 2023}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox clergy
| name = Lella Prakasam, [[CBCNC]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date =18 July 1998<ref name="calvary">[http://www.cbchurchvizag.com/our%20message.aspx The Pastors Who Served Calvary. Calvary Baptist Church, Visakhapatnam]</ref>
| death_place =[[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh
| occupation = Auxiliary Secretary, [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]]
| ordained =
| writings =
| congregations = [[Ichchapuram]],<ref name="Carder"/> [[Sompeta]],<ref name="calvary"/> [[Tekkali]],<ref name="Carder"/> [[Visakhapatnam]]<ref name="Carder"/>
| offices_held ={{unbulleted list|[[Chaplain]], Arogyavaram Eye Hospital, [[Sompeta]]<ref name="Carder"/>|Manager, [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]]<ref name="calvary"/> Bible House and Reading Room, [[Visakhapatnam]] {{small|(1974–1982)}}<ref name="Sowing">''Sowing Circle: The Bulletin of the [[Bible Society of India]]'', volume 13, number 3, September–December 1998, p. 14.</ref>|Auxiliary Secretary, [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]],<ref name="calvary"/> [[Secunderabad]] {{small|(1982–1998)}}<ref name="Sowing"/>}}
| title = [[The Reverend]]
| parents =
| footnotes =
}}

'''L. Prakasam''' was a pastor of the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] who served as the auxiliary secretary of the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]] during the period 1982<ref name="Sowing"/>–1998,<ref name="Prema">''Prema Sakshi'', volume 6, issue 4, August 2008. pp. 11–41. ''Prema Sakshi'', a monthly registered (APTEL 07419/01/2002) magazine published by I. C. Ashok Kumar at Neena Publications, Door Number 1-5-4/1/A, First Floor, Behind Sai Raja Deluxe Cinema, Musheerabad, Hyderabad 500 048.</ref> the longest in the history of the auxiliary.

Prakasam belonged to the [[Krishna district|Krishna]] Association of the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] and hailed from [[Akiveedu]].<ref name="Carder">W. Gordon Carder, ''On the Beginning of the Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission to India'', revised version, p. 220. Cited in the Baptist Quarterly, 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hLhPAQAAIAAJ]</ref>

==Ecclesiastical ministry==
===Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars===
The [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] posted Prakasam to parishes in the northern coastal area of [[Andhra Pradesh]] along the [[Bay of Bengal]] in [[Ichchapuram]], [[Sompeta]], [[Tekkali]] and [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="Carder"/> Prakasam was Pastor of the Calvary Baptist Church, [[Visakhapatnam]] in 1980–1981.<ref name="calvary"/>

===Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary===
Prakasam first joined the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]] during the tenure of the Auxiliary Secretary [[B. G. Prasada Rao]] in 1974<ref name="Sowing"/> as Manager<ref name="Sowing"/> of the Bible House and Reading Room<ref>''The Journal of the [[Christian Medical Association of India]]'', volume 38, 1964, p. 79. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V7k6AQAAIAAJ&q=bible+house+visakhapatnam]</ref> in [[Waltair]]. In 1981, when the successive auxiliary secretary, [[T. B. D. Prakasa Rao]] was recalled by his church society, the vacant position was filled with the elevation of Prakasam as the auxiliary secretary of the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]], who moved over to [[Secunderabad]]. During the tenure of Prakasam, revisions of the [[Bible]] in the [[Telugu language]] were periodically held by the [[Old Testament]] scholars [[Graham Ogden]], G. Babu Rao<ref name="Wilson"/> and [[G. D. V. Prasad]] and the [[New Testament]] scholar [[Jonadob Nathaniel]] from the [[Bible Society of India]], [[Bangalore]]. Prakasam was also instrumental in the modernisation<ref name="Sowing"/> of the auxiliary, ensuring that the Translations, Distribution,<ref name="Sowing"/> and Resource Mobilisation areas were developed.

After serving nearly 17 years of distinguished work at the auxiliary, Prakasam died on 18 July 1998<ref name="calvary"/> in [[Visakhapatnam]]. To fill the unexpected void, the [[Bible Society of India]] appointed<ref>''Sowing Circle: The Bulletin of the [[Bible Society of India]]'', volume 14, number 2, May–August 1999, p. 45.</ref> Prakasam's [[confidant]] and Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary [[Old Testament]] Common Language Translation Coordinator G. Babu Rao, who was a [[lecturer]] at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]], and well versed with the Bible Society work as translator<ref name="Wilson">[[H. S. Wilson]] (editor), ''The Church on the Move: Essays in Honour of [[Victor Premasagar]],'' Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1988, p. vi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=babu+rao]</ref> since 1973<ref>Suppogu Israel, G. Babu Rao (translated), ''[[Book of Ruth]]'', [[Bible Society of India]], [[Bangalore]], 1976. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U_WVZwEACAAJ&q=g.babu+rao+bible+society]</ref><ref>Suppogu Israel, G. Babu Rao (translated), ''The Man You Cannot Ignore'', [[Bible Society of India]], [[Bangalore]], 1976. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_rObXwAACAAJ&q=g.babu+rao+bible+society]</ref> from the period of [[B. G. Prasada Rao]].

{{S-start}}
{{s-other}}
{{Succession box| before=[[T. B. D. Prakasa Rao]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] 1976–1981<ref name="Prema"/>| title=Auxiliary Secretary [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]], [[Secunderabad]]| after=G. Babu Rao, [[CBCNC]] 1998–2001<ref name="Prema"/>| years=1982<ref name="Sowing"/>-1998<ref name="Prema"/>}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakasam, L.}}
[[Category:Indian Baptists]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian Baptist Ministries]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Hometown (Indian TV series)

2026-02-05T04:25:59Z

Vikipft: Added

{{Short description|Indian comedy drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hometown (Indian TV series).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Srikanth Reddy Palle
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]]
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]]
* [[Annie (Telugu actress)|Annie]]
* Prajwal
* Sairam
}}
| music = Suresh Bobbili
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| executive_producer = Sreekesh Bompally
| producer = {{plain list|
* [[Naveen Medaram]]
* Rajashekar Medaram
}}
| editor = Carthic Ved
| cinematography = Devdeep Gandhi Kundu
| runtime = 25{{ndash}}30 minutes
| company = {{plain list|
* MNOP
* Amogha Arts
}}
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|4|4|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Hometown''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] television series created and directed by Revanth Levaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Home Town On OTT : When And Where To Stream Rajeev Kanakala And Jhansi Starrer Telugu Web Series Online |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/home-town-on-ott-when-and-where-to-stream-rajeev-kanakala-and-jhansi-starrer-telugu-web-series-online-10221543 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> The series features [[Rajeev Kanakala]], [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]], [[Annie (Telugu actress)|Annie]] and Prajwal in primary roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-03-10 |title=Aha comes with nostalgic telugu comedy web series 'Hometown' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/aha-comes-with-nostalgic-telugu-comedy-web-series-hometown-952571 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

It was released on 4 February 2025 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref name="aha OTT’s ‘Hometown’ web series to take viewers on a nostalgic ride this April 4">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=aha OTT's 'Hometown' web series to take viewers on a nostalgic ride this April 4 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/aha-otts-hometown-web-series-to-take-viewers-on-a-nostalgic-ride-this-march-4-1864387 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=2 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414040048/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/aha-otts-hometown-web-series-to-take-viewers-on-a-nostalgic-ride-this-march-4-1864387 |archive-date=14 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Aha comes with nostalgic telugu comedy web series ‘Hometown’">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Aha comes with nostalgic telugu comedy web series 'Hometown' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/aha-comes-with-nostalgic-telugu-comedy-web-series-hometown-952571 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=10 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414040226/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/aha-comes-with-nostalgic-telugu-comedy-web-series-hometown-952571 |archive-date=14 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Prasad
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]]
* Prajwal Yadma as Srikanth
* [[Annie (Telugu actress)|Annie]] as Jyothy
* U. Sai Ram
* Anirudh Bhaskar
* Sravya Dimple Vippagunta
* Abhay BR
* Anji Valguman
* Mallesh Balastu

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#9C2A5D |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=India |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Cricket World Cup
|DirectedBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|WrittenBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|4|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Weekly Magazine
|DirectedBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|WrittenBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|4|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Love
|DirectedBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|WrittenBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|4|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Facebook
|DirectedBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|WrittenBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|4|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Fly
|DirectedBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|WrittenBy = Srikanth Reddy Palle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|4|4|df=y}}
| ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
}}

== Reception ==
''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote that "Home Town is a series with a routine storyline that could have benefited from more comedy and novelty. However, it falls into the "been there, done that" category, with most scenes evoking a déjà vu feeling rather than offering anything fresh or exciting".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Town web series review: A nostalgic attempt that feels dull and repetitive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/home-town-review-rajeev-kanakalas-series-is-a-nostalgic-attempt-that-feels-repetitive/6cb2c960c9902 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 and wrote that "''Home Town'' remains bland and half-hearted even during its most emotionally potent moments".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-04 |title=Home Town Movie Review: A coming-of-age story with some humour but little depth |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Apr/04/home-town-movie-review-a-coming-of-age-story-with-some-humour-but-little-depth |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|35977284}}
* [https://www.aha.video/webseries/home-town ''Hometown''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2025 web series endings]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Erumely Sree Dharmasastha Temple

2026-02-04T13:05:00Z

Vikipft: made new location

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Erumely Sree Dharmasastha temple
| image = File:Erumeli Petta Sastha Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Temple entrance arch
| map_type = India Kerala#India
| map_caption = Erumely Sree Dharmasastha Temple (Kerala)
| coordinates = {{coord|9|28|48.4|N|76|50|38.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kottayam]]
| location = [[Erumely]]
| elevation_m = 73
| deity = [[Ayyappan]]
| festivals= Thiruulsavam (Kumbham)
| architecture = Traditional Kerala style
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
|date_established =
| date_built =
| creator =
| governing_body =[[Travancore Devaswom Board]]
| website =
}}

'''Erumely Sree Dharmasastha Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in the heart of [[Erumely]] town in [[Kottayam district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Ayyappa]] or [[Sastha|Dharmasastha]]. It is also an important meeting place of [[Sabarimala]] pilgrims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/city/kerala/kottayam/destinations/temples/erumelisasthatemple.html |title=Temples in Kottayam district }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Temple ==
There are two temples in Erumely town. This temple is known as ''Valiyambalam'' and the other one is ''Kochambalam''. Both the temples are situated within {{cvt|0.5|km|mi}}. The famous ''[[Pettathullal|Erumely Pettathullal]]'' during [[Sabarimala]] pilgrimage is performed near the Valiyambalam and Kochambalam. The Erumely 'Vavar masjid' is also located near to the temple. Pilgrims have the necessary facilities like accommodation, food and water at this temple, provided by Travancore Devaswom Board. 'Tazhmon Mutt' holds the tantric rights of the temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pedia.desibantu.com/erumely-sree-dharma-sastha-temple/|title=✍pedia - Erumely Sree Dharma Sastha Temple|date=2011-12-01|newspaper=✍pedia|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>

== Festival ==
Annual festival (utsavam) is hosted in the month of February (Kumbham) for 10 days and celebrated grandly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com/?page_id=157|title= Sree Dharmasastha temple-Erumely}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Sabarimala Trek]]

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Erumeli South, Kerala, India - panoramio (4).jpg|Courtyard of temple
File:Erumely Temple.jpg|Temple entrance at night
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Erumely Sree Dharmasastha Temple}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Ayyappan temples]]

Indian Rotorcraft

2026-01-28T09:26:17Z

Vikipft: Added.

{{Short description|India helicopters manufacture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indian Rotorcraft
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type =
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 2010
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = [[Aviation]]
| products = [[helicopter]]s, [[System|components]]
| services =
| market cap =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Tata Sons]], [[Leonardo S.p.A.]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Indian Rotorcraft Limited (IRL)''' is a company specialising in the manufacture of [[helicopter]]s within [[India]] for the global market. Established in 2010, it is operated as a [[joint venture]] between Indian conglomerate [[Tata Sons]] and [[United Kingdom|Anglo]]-[[Italy|Italian]] defense company [[Leonardo S.p.A.]] Ground was broken on a dedicated facility at [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad]] in March 2012; its completion has been delayed reportedly due to protracted rulings from overseeing Indian government agencies.

==History==
Indian Rotorcraft was founded upon a partnership agreement signed between Tata Sons and [[United Kingdom|Anglo]]-[[Italy|Italian]] helicopter manufacturer [[AgustaWestland]] (a company which has since been integrated into [[Leonardo S.p.A.]] in 2016) during January 2010.<ref name = "fi march2010">{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/indian-aerospace-industry-opens-up/92140.article |title = Indian aerospace industry opens up |publisher = [[Flight International]] |first = Siva |last = Govindasamy |date = 1 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/business-briefs/97137.article |title = Business briefs |publisher = Flight International |date = 30 November 2010}}</ref> At the time, India was viewed by helicopter manufacturers as one of the biggest potential growth markets. Speaking of the venture in 2012, [[Ratan Tata]], chairman of Tata Sons, stated: "The project is integral to our plans in the aerospace sector and we look forward to an enduring and successful partnership with AgustaWestland."<ref name = "fi march2012"/>

[[File:Agusta A-119 Koala, Schenk Air AN0221121.jpg|thumb|An AW119 helicopter]]
During March 2012, Indian Rotorcraft broke ground on a 40,000m2 new facility adjacent to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad]], India; once complete, this site, which includes a main assembly facility, flight hangar, offices and several helicopter landing pads, will accommodate the assembly, customisation and flight-testing of helicopters for the global market.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2998281.ece |title=Indian Rotorcraft breaks ground for Hyderabad copter facility |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=V. Rishi Kumar. |date=15 March 2012 |accessdate=15 March 2012}}</ref> The first helicopters to be manufactured by the joint venture is slated to be the [[AgustaWestland AW119]]Ke; other types, such as the [[AgustaWestland AW101]], are likely to follow in the future.<ref name = "fi march2012"/> Tata have mooted plan to manufacture up to 80 per cent of the [[Sikorsky S-92]] at the facility as well. In addition to whole rotorcraft, the joint venture shall also engage in the manufacture of components for various other military and commercial aircraft.<ref name = "fi march2012"/>

Assembly activity, which is to reportedly have the initial capacity to complete a maximum of 30 helicopters per year, was at one point slated to commence during April 2014.<ref name = "fi march2012">{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/indian-rotorcraft-breaks-ground-on-hyderabad-facility/104474.article |title = Indian Rotorcraft breaks ground on Hyderabad facility |publisher = Flight International |first = Siva |last = Govindasamy |date = 21 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/india-jv-may-open-way-back-for-agustawestland/111638.article |title = India JV may open way back for AgustaWestland |publisher = Flight International |first = Radhakrishna |last = Rao |date = 11 November 2013}}</ref> During summer 2015, it was reported that further delays to starting assembly were likely as the [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] (FIPB), an Indian government agency, repeatedly deferred a pending decision on the proposal.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/assembling-of-aw-choppers-by-irl-likely-to-be-delayed/article7451452.ece |title = Assembling of AW choppers by IRL likely to be delayed |publisher = [[Business Line]] |date = 22 July 2015}}</ref> During September 2015, after two years of deferment, the proposal was at last cleared by the FIPB, allowing work to proceed; at the time, an Indian Rotorcraft spokesperson was unwilling to commit to a final timeframe for production rollout.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.livemint.com/Industry/rISQb6Hm5msQdr9o6CyKFL/FIPB-greenlights-TataAW-chopper-plant-proposal-in-Hyderabad.html |title = FIPB greenlights Tata-AW chopper plant proposal in Hyderabad |publisher = livemint.com |date = 14 October 2015}}</ref> However, during May 2016, another pending ruling by the FIPB was deferred without any stated reason; allegedly, the FIPB is liaising with the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]] on the matter.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/govt-defers-approval-to-agustawestland-fdi-in-indian-joint-venture/story-paqcVhw0fJtkLsmRsWhJ5O.html |title = Govt defers approval to AgustaWestland FDI in Indian joint venture |publisher = Hindustan Times |date = 3 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/544141/fipb-has-sought-defence-min.html |title = 'FIPB has sought Defence Min inputs on FDI in Agusta, Tata JV' |publisher = [[Deccan Herald]] |date = 3 May 2016}}</ref> The Indian government's apparent hesitancy on the issue has been alleged to be linked to the [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/india-amid-row-over-scam-govt-defers-approval-to-agustawestland-s-fdi-in-indian-jv-327068 |title = Amid row over VVIP choppers scam, govt defers approval to AgustaWestland's FDI in Indian JV |publisher = indiatvnews.com |date = 2 May 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Aircraft manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Leonardo S.p.A.]]
[[Category:Tata Sons]]

Our Lady of Chindhaaththirai Matha Shrine, Erukkur

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#REDIRECT [[Erukkur]]

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Meitei traditional fishing

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{{Short description|Fishing in Meitei civilization}}
{{Distinguish|Fishes in Meitei culture}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
[[File:ꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯕ.jpg|thumb|An ancient [[Meitei woman]] fishing in a wetland]]
[[File:Fishing in the lake.jpg|thumb|An ancient [[Meitei woman|Meitei lady]] fishing in a lake]]
[[File:Classical Meitei sculptures of ancient Meitei fishermen using different indigenous Meitei fishing instruments & tools to catch fish 02.jpg|thumb|Classical Meitei sculptures of ancient Meitei fishermen using different indigenous Meitei fishing instruments & tools to catch fish]]
[[Fishing]] ({{langx|mni|nga phaba}}<ref>Babbar, Meena. Linguistic Companion for Travels in the Indian-Sub-continent. India: Trishul Publications, 1990. p. 66, 275</ref>) is one of the [[:en:Meitei intangible cultural heritage|Meitei intangible cultural heritage]] of [[Manipur]] and other Meitei populated areas of [[Meitei people in Assam|Assam]], [[Meitei people in Tripura|Tripura]] as well as of [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] and [[Meitei people in Myanmar|Myanmar]].
[[Meitei people]] (also known as [[Manipuris]]) fish in lakes, rivers, swamps, and marshy areas. Fishing is an important part of their daily life. They use many traditional fishing methods that develop over time.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

== History ==

The [[Ancient Meitei language]] text [[Panthoibi Khonggul|Panthoipi Khongkul]] describes fishing activities in Manipur before the reign of [[Nongdā Lāiren Pākhangba|Nongda Lairel Pakhangba]] (c. 33 CE). It mentions women catching fish using Nupee-Il and Long at a place called Turel Langmeipung. One day, [[Panthoibi]], a girl from the Mangang clan, used Nupee-Il to fish. She also used a tool called Tunggol to store the fish she caught.
Another old text, Moirang Shai-On Taret, talks about fishing in those times. It tells of a feast organized with permission from the King of [[Moirang]]. This feast followed a traditional game played between maidens led by [[:en:Yaithing Konu|Yaithing Konu]], a noble’s daughter, and married women led by Nganbi. For the feast, women caught fish in [[Loktak Lake]] using their tools. Some women fished in shallow waters with Long, while others fished from boats using Nupee-Il. Operating Nupee-Il while standing on boats is a special skill of valley women in Manipur and is still practiced today.<ref name=":kuey.net_fishing">{{Cite web|others=Educational Administration: Theory and Practice|title=An Important Aspect Of The Fishing Practice Carried Out By The Meiteis: A Historical Perspective|url=https://kuey.net/index.php/kuey/article/download/6402/4682/12913|website=Educational Administration: Theory and Practice (Kuram ve uygulamada eğitim yönetimi)}}</ref>
In early times, people also fished by building fishing weirs and using traps. Old texts mention that kings constructed royal fishing weirs and appointed fishery officers to manage fishing grounds. Nongban Kadem, from the [[Angom]] clan, served King Ura Konthouba (c. 568 CE) and built fishing weirs and traps.
In ancient Manipur, different groups of people lived in various areas. Each group tried to control important fishing places, which often led to conflicts over fishing rights in rivers and streams.<ref name=":kuey.net_fishing" />

=== Meitei Kings and Fishing ===
In the past, Meitei kings collected fish as taxes from lakes and fishing areas they owned. Fish was an important food for Meitei people. The kings likely built fishing areas, canals, and cleaned swamps to catch more fish. Organizing fishing was important to keep the Kingdom’s economy strong.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing">{{Cite web|title=Traditional Fishing Systems In Manipur|url=https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1135415.pdf|website=INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CREATIVE RESEARCH THOUGHTS - IJCRT (IJCRT.ORG)}}</ref>

=== Fishing during Luwang Chief Shapaiba's time ===
During [[Luwang]] Chief Shapaiba's rule, Lamphel Shoy Weir was built to catch fish and trap animals. He also created two areas to farm Ngaroi fish (Crossocheilus burmanicus hora). Mkubi Shoy was made for fishing under the guidance of Luwang Salai Hanba.
Nambul Shoy was given as a gift to Yumburembi of Kanglei when she married Thangyi Ningthouba of Luwang. Their oldest son, Pathang Ahanba, managed it.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />
* Aka Shoy was fishing in the rainy season when many fish were caught.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />
* Akum Shoy was fishing in the dry season, catching special fish like Ngashep (Mysrus bleekeri).<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />
Later, the youngest son, Naoremton, managed Nambul Shoy because his mother wanted him to. The weir had many names like Lumpu Shoy, Hekap Shoy, Hesgotpan Ngashep Leikang-Ee, Akum Lairak-Ee, and Lanloi Chingareng Khamla Loukhnong Shoy.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

=== Fishing and canals in the past ===
At Kanglei Wakhei Kon near Heipok River, there was a weir (Shoy) owned by Theba Nahakpa. The Kanglei chief controlled this weir and allowed women from the Heirem-Khunjam clan to fish in the river. A person named Heirem Khunchem built a dike (Pn) across a canal leading to a lake called Konte Pat. He made a fishing weir using bamboo pieces (Kharai). Another weir made of metal was owned by a young man named Thingkonpa from Heirem.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />
The chief of Heirem built the Heirem Nongyai Khong canal, also known as Ngakha Khong (Puntius puntio), mainly for fishing. This canal was specially designed so fish could grow well. It was not very deep—when cows, pigs, or dogs crossed it, their bodies barely touched the water.
During Chief Puriklai's rule, a fishing weir was built at Ungamel, where the Khuga and Manipur Rivers meet. It was made to catch many fish. Chief Puriklai also created Moirang Nongkangkhong at Khoiritak to trap animals and built the Laphu Khumtam Shoy canal for fishing.
Chief Yoirel Tompokpa created Khuyon Penba Shoy to catch Pengba Fish (Osteobrama belangeri) and also for water transport. Sanathoibi Shoy was located between the Khuman and Heirem Khuncham clan areas and owned by Kege Moirang Leima Angom Ningol Sanathoibi.
Queen Meitei Leima Koubaron Taipongambi worked with her husband, King Khagemba, to make fishing easier. She built a fishing canal called Leima Taipombi Lemlei Ngayok Khong to catch fish like Penba and Ngawa whenever needed.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

== Fishing terms in Meitei language {{anchor|Terms in Meitei language}} ==
{{Further|Meitei grammar|Meitei literature}}
* Ngāmi (ꯉꯥꯃꯤ, /ŋá.mí/) refers to a fisherman, an individual whose occupation or activity involves catching fish. Morphologically, the term is derived from "ngā" (fish) and "-mi" (person), signifying a person associated with fish or fishing.<ref name=":uchicago_fish">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|date=2006|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (fish related terms)|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=Fish&matchtype=default|access-date=2025-03-24|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|location=Chicago|pages=5–209|language=mni, en|publication-place=US}}</ref>
* Ngācang (ꯉꯥꯆꯡ, /ŋá.cə́ŋ/) denotes the quantity of fish caught within a basketlike fishing trap. Morphologically, "ngā-" (fish) and "‑cang" (to enter) describe its functional use.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Ngānei (ꯉꯥꯅꯩ-, /ŋá.nəi/): A verb referring to the act of catching fish with a net and a fishing basket in a large pond or similar environment. Morphology: "ngā-" (fish) and "-nei" (to stir violently).<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Ngārak (ꯉꯥꯔꯛ, /ŋá.rək/): Represents the amount of fish caught in a single haul using a fishing net. Morphology: "ngā-" (fish) and "-rak" (to be caught).<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Ngāruk (ꯉꯥꯔꯨꯛ, /ŋá.ruk/): Refers to a fish basket. Morphology: "ngā-" (fish) and "-ruk" (basket).<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Ngārubāk (ꯉꯥꯔꯨꯕꯥꯛ, /ŋá.ru.bak/): A squarish fish basket equipped with a cover. Morphology: "ngā-" (fish), "-ru" (basket), and "-bāk" (to be flat).<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Ngārengjei (ꯉꯥꯔꯦꯟꯖꯩ, /ŋá.reŋ.jəi/): A small wooden or bamboo rod inserted into the mouth of a fish. Morphology: "ngā-" (fish), "-reng" (to penetrate), and "-jei" (stick).<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* arakpa (ꯑꯔꯛꯄ, /ə.rək.pə/) is an adjective describing fish or other items caught in a net. Morphologically, it is composed of "a-", the attributive prefix; "rak," meaning "to be caught"; and "-pa," a nominalizer that turns the verb into an adjective.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* ikāngā (ꯏꯀꯥꯉꯥ, /í.ká.ŋá/) refers to fish that emerge on land during the rainy season. Morphologically, it is made up of "i-", meaning "water"; "kā," meaning "to climb"; and "ngā," meaning "fish," collectively emphasizing the behavior of fish climbing from water.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* in (ꯏꯟ, /ín/) is a fishing net. The associated verb "khon-" (/~ kʰon/) means to trawl with a fishing net, while "cing-" (/~ ciŋ/) refers to pulling a fishing net out of water. Morphologically, "khon-" comes from the idea of "to trawl," and "cing-" implies "to pull out water."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* isit- (ꯏꯁꯤꯠ-, /í.sit/) is a verb meaning to draw water from a pond or similar place for fishing. Morphologically, it consists of "i-", meaning "water," and "sit," meaning "to draw out water."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Khoi (ꯈꯣꯏ, /kʰoi/) refers to a fishhook, a tool utilized for catching fish. The associated verb "~cop-" denotes the act of fishing using a hook and line, derived from the morphological components "~cop-" meaning "to set a hook and line." Additionally, "~thā-" (/~tʰa/) serves as a related term, directing one to the usage of "khoi cop-" for a comprehensive understanding of its application.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Khoijāk (ꯈꯣꯏꯖꯥꯛ, /kʰoi.jak/) refers to bait, specifically material placed on a fishhook to attract and lure fish. The morphological composition of the term includes "khoi-" (fishhook) and "-jāk" (food or cooked rice), indicating its role as sustenance used in the act of fishing.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Khoijei (ꯈꯣꯏꯖꯩ, /kʰoi.jəi/) refers to a fishing rod, an implement used to catch fish. The term is morphologically derived from "khoi-" (fishhook) and "-jei" (rod), emphasizing its function as a rod designed for attaching a fishhook in the fishing process.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Khoiri (ꯈꯣꯏꯔꯤ, /kʰoi.ri/) refers to a fish line, which is a cord or thread utilized in fishing, typically in conjunction with a fishhook. The term's morphological construction consists of "khoi-" (fishhook) and "-ri" (a length of something), highlighting its function as an essential component for setting up fishing gear.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* Khon (ꯈꯣꯟ-, /kʰon/) is a verb that describes the action of dragging a fishing net beneath the water.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
** The related term Khondok (ꯈꯣꯟꯗꯣꯛ, /kʰon.dok/) extends this concept to mean catching nearly all the fish in a pond or similar body of water using a fishing net. The morphological composition is "khon-" (to drag a fishing net under the water) and "-dok" (Out), emphasizing the exhaustive nature of the act.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* cā- (ꯆꯥ-, /ca/) refers to the act of swimming visibly, usually said of fish. Morphologically, it derives from cā‑khat- (/ca.kʰət/), meaning "to swim visibly‑Up," which describes swimming towards the water's surface.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* thu- (ꯊꯨ-, /tʰu/) is a verb that means to catch an animal, bird, or fish in a trap, or to carry roe or eggs internally, typically in the case of fish or snails.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* thum- (ꯊꯨꯝ-, /tʰum/) refers to placing a basket-like fishing trap in water.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* pātsel (ꯄꯥꯠ ꯁꯦꯜ, /pát.sel/) refers to the tax paid for fishing in a lake or similar area. Morphologically, it derives from pāt‑sel, meaning "lake‑money."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* pātcāba (ꯄꯥꯠꯆꯥꯕ, /pát.cá.bə/) denotes a lessee of a fishery. Morphologically, it derives from pāt‑cā‑ba, meaning "lake‑to eat‑Nom."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* pourā (ꯄꯧꯔꯥ, /pəu.ra/) refers to a bamboo pole used as a support in a fishing net.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* phādok- (ꯐꯥꯗꯣꯛ, /pʰá.dok/) describes catching nearly all animals, or fish in a habitat, or separating eloped individuals. Morphologically, it derives from phā‑dok-, meaning "to catch‑Out."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* lak- (ꯂꯛ-, /lə́k/) refers to the state of being caught, usually applied to fish in nets.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* lu (ꯂꯨ, /lú/) refers to a type of fishing basket. Morphologically, the related verb ~ thum- describes placing such baskets into the water and derives from ~ thum-, meaning "to place."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* lukāihi (ꯂꯨꯀꯥꯏꯍꯤ, /lu.kai.hi/) refers to a small boat used in fishing. Morphologically, it derives from lu‑kāi‑hi, meaning "a kind of fishing basket‑to remove‑boat."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* lubāk (ꯂꯨꯕꯥꯛ, /lú.bak/) refers to a squarish lidded basket often used for carrying or holding fish. Morphologically, it derives from lu‑bāk, meaning "a kind of basket‑to be broad."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* long (ꯂꯣꯡ, /loŋ/) describes a portable, rounded fishing net.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* long (ꯂꯣꯡ, /lóŋ/) also refers to a fishing tool with a long handle and sharp spikes.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* longup (ꯂꯣꯡꯎꯞ, /loŋ.up/) describes a cone-shaped fishing basket with a narrow opening at the top. Morphologically, it derives from long‑up, meaning "a kind of rounded fishing net‑to cover."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* son- (ꯁꯣꯟ-, /són/) is a verb meaning to pull a fishing net out of the water. The related term songat- (/són.gət/) refers to pulling a specific fishing net out of the water. Morphologically, it derives from son‑gat-, meaning "to pull a fishing net out of water‑Up."<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />
* hanggen (ꯍꯡꯒꯦꯟ, /həŋ.gen/) refers to a frame made of bamboo to which a fishing net is attached.<ref name=":uchicago_fish" />

== Implements and tools ==
[[File:Meitei traditional fishing equipments, instruments or tools, hung in a wall, in Joysana Retreat, a resort in Oinam town.jpg|thumb|Meitei traditional fishing equipments, instruments or tools, hung in a wall]]

Meitei traditional fishing tools include long nets like Long gil and il, as well as scoop baskets such as Long-Khonba and Phum-Thaba. They also used scoop nets, box traps like Taijep-Lu and Kabo-Lu, and conical traps like Shouraru. Fishing lines of different lengths were employed, such as long lines (Khoishang-Thaba) and short lines (Khoi-Chopa, Khoiya-Thaba, Khoitek Thaba). Additionally, lift nets like Nupi-Il, gill nets like Lang-Thaba, and dip nets like Iljao-Thaba were commonly used.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

In Manipur, Meitei traditional fishing tools are made from materials that are cheap, light, and easy to find. These tools are designed so women can use them easily. Both men and women can use most of these tools.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries">{{Cite web|others=Gender in Aquaculture and Fisheries: The Long Journey to Equality Asian Fisheries Science|title=Fisheries Related Traditional Knowledge of Meitei Community of Manipur, India|url=https://www.asianfisheriessociety.org/publication/downloadfile.php?id=1117&file=Y0dSbUx6QTRNakl4TVRjd01ERTBOemczTkRBNU5qVXVjR1Jt#:~:text=Long%20khonba%3A%20It%20is%20a,1)%20for%20fishing.|website=Asian Fisheries Society|publisher=Asian Fisheries Society: ICAR-[[National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources]]}}</ref>
* Longthrai: This is a scoop net made of nylon. It has a round bamboo frame and a bamboo handle. The net has a wide, round opening and becomes narrow at the end. It is used in shallow water like small streams.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" /><ref name=":ijsr.net_fishing" />
* Longoop: This is a bell-shaped fish trap. Both men and women use it. It is made from bamboo strips and has a small opening at the top and a wide bottom. It works in shallow, muddy water to catch fish.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" /><ref name=":ijsr.net_fishing" />
* Kabow Loom: This is a fish trap that works with or without bait. It has narrow ends and a wide middle part with a valve to stop fish from getting out. It catches catfish and other live fish. One end of the trap is closed, and the other end is open with a removable cover. Fish can be taken out through the open end.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" />
* Nupee Een: This fishing tool is made especially for women. Many people in Manipur use it. It has two bamboo sticks, 10 to 12 feet long, tied together in the middle. A net with small holes (0.5 cm) is attached to the four corners of the sticks. The bamboo sticks bend into a curve. A bamboo stick called a Poura is fixed in the middle and works like a lever to lift the net. A rope is tied to this stick to pull up the net.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" />
* Long-Thiba (Spike Fishing): This tool has 7–9 small bamboo sticks polished at the tips with tin. These sticks are attached to a 10-foot-long bamboo pole using cane strips. It is used by men to fish during the dry season. Sometimes, it is also used for protection against snakes and wild animals in the fishing areas of lakes.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

=== Fishing Traps ===
==== Taijeps / Bamboo Basket / Box Trap ====
The Taijeps is a rectangular fishing trap made from seasoned bamboo splits tied together with polythene straps. It is used in lakes and ponds, set among weeds in rows. The trap has an open mouth on one side, with non-return valves fixed inside the mouth that point inward to prevent fish from escaping. Three-fourths of the traps are usually set in rows, facing different directions depending on the fisherman’s preference.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|">{{Cite web|others=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 12 (1), January 2013, pp. 137-143|title=Traditional fishing methods in Central valley region of Manipur, India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261894579|website=researchgate.net|publisher=[[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]], (Deemed University, ICAR), Versova, Mumbai; Division of Extension Communication and Training, [[Central Rice Research Institute]], ICAR, Cuttack, Orissa; Division of Aquaculture, [[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]], (Deemed University, ICAR), Versova, Mumbai}}</ref>
Traditional fishermen follow specific rules when using traps, as described by Bira Singh:<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />
* Gillnets must not be placed in front of box traps.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />
* Surrounding nets or gillnets cannot enclose other fishing gear set by fellow fishermen.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />
* Fish already hooked and trapped in a box cannot be taken by nearby fishermen using the same gear.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />
* Each trap must have an identification mark, called “looyek,” to identify the owner.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Kabo-Lu / Tubular Trap ====
This trap has valves at both ends and a larger opening in the middle, which tapers towards both ends. It is made of bamboo splits, and the openings are designed so that fish, once inside, cannot escape. The trap is secured with cane or polythene straps. It is typically placed in areas with thick aquatic weeds or in water channels and outlets from ponds. This trap is mainly used to catch catfish.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Sora-lu / Conical Trap ====
Sora-lu is the largest fishing trap used in Manipur. It is mainly used to catch small fish like air-breathing fish and weed fish. This trap is placed near river mouths and lakes with mild water currents. It is also used in paddy fields during the rainy season, between June and August.
The trap has two parts: the larger part is conical and tapers to a circular end with detachable ropes tied at opposite sides, while the smaller part is tubular and tapers at the end. The conical part gathers fish, and the tubular part collects them. These two parts are joined by a detachable rope tied at the smaller part's opening.
To operate, fishermen place the trap in a selected area and secure it with two poles at opposite sides. The circular end of the larger part is inserted into the smaller part to form a continuous trap. The rope is tied to a pole to prevent the trap from being moved by water currents. Fishing is usually done in the evening, and the trap is left overnight. Fish are harvested in the morning by detaching the smaller part of the trap. This method allows the trap to be reused throughout the day.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

== Methods and techniques ==
{{Further|fishing techniques}}
[[Meiteis]] fishing methods and techniques involve fishing with long nets, spike fishing, and catching fish with scoop baskets. They also dug holes in canals and ponds for fishing and practiced encircle fishing with Phum Namba. Fishing weirs (Shoy) were constructed and used as part of their fishing methods.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" /><ref name=":kuey.net_fishing" />
[[File:Loktak Lake Boat people Moirang Manipur India.jpg|thumb|Fishing in the [[Loktak lake]]]]

=== Major fishing methods ===
==== Nupi-il / Lift Net ====
The word "Nupi" means woman, and "il" means net in [[Meitei language]]. This fishing tool is mostly used by women. The net is usually made of nylon, but in some areas, cotton is also used.
It is built using two bamboo frames, each about 3 to 3.5 meters long. The frames are joined in the middle with cane strips to create four tips. Each tip of the net is fastened to the ends of the bamboo frames. A bamboo pole called "poura" supports the entire structure, acting as a fulcrum in the middle of the frames. A hauling rope, about 7 meters long, is used to lift the net.
The net can be operated from the banks of lakes, rivers, ponds, or from boats. The fisherman inserts the bamboo pole (poura) into the dyke or uses their thighs for support when operating the net from a boat. Pressing down the pole lifts the net from the water, and the fish are collected by hand.
This method is used all year round and can catch many types of fish, including Indian Major Carps, Puntius species, Chanda ranga, Chanda nama, Esomus dendricus, and air-breathing fish.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Il-jao / Dip Net ====
Il-jao means “big net” in [[Meitei language]], with “il” meaning net and “jao” meaning big. This fishing tool is used between May and September in Loktak Lake. It is made by stitching 9–12 small dip nets together into a rectangular shape. The four corners of the net are tied to bamboo poles, which are further supported by another pole to keep the structure stable.
The net is fixed to the bamboo poles using floating masses of vegetation (Phoomdis) in the lake. The net is left underwater for 4–5 hours or sometimes even a whole day. To attract fish, rice bran dough is spread over the net. When the net is hauled, two fishermen on boats lift it toward the Phoomdis. They untie the lower two ropes and gradually pull the net above the water's surface. Fish caught are collected by beating the net with smooth bamboo poles called “pou” to move them to the collection side.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Lang / Gill Net ====
Lang is a popular fishing gear used by fishermen. It is a single-wall net made of monofilament, with mesh sizes designed to catch specific fish. Fish are trapped by their gills in the net and cannot escape.
The net is placed at the surface of ponds or lakes for a few hours. Fishermen haul it out either from the dyke or from a boat. In the study area, species-specific gill nets are common, and they are classified based on the type of fish caught.
The five types are: Ngapai Lang (Chitala chitala gillnet); Ngarang Lang (Nangra viridecsens gillnet); Phabou Lang (Puntius gillnet); Ukabi lang (Anabas testudineus gillnet); and Lang jao (Big gillnet).<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" /><ref name=":ijsr.net_fishing">{{Cite web|title=Fishing Techniques Used by the Fisherwomen of Loktak Lake Manipur|url=https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v12i11/SR231111204202.pdf|website=International Journal of Science and Research}}</ref>

==== Khoisang Thakpa / Longline ====
Khoisang Thakpa means setting a longline on the water's surface. This fishing tool is mostly used during the summer season (June–August). It is made of nylon or cotton twine, 50–100 meters long, with 30–50 baited hooks attached at intervals of 2–3 meters along the line. The line is stretched across the water surface.
For operation, one end of the line is tied to a fixed pole, and the rest of the line is secured to weeds along the way. The tail end is tied to another fixed pole. The longline is set early in the morning and left for 8–10 hours before being hauled. It can then be reset in a different area.
The live bait commonly used includes Puntius species, insects, earthworms, Esomus dendricus, Amblypharyngodon mola, prawns, and sometimes small Channa species.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Moirang Lang / Encircling Net ====
This fishing method is similar to using a purse seine or setting up a gill net. It works well in large water bodies to catch groups of fish. To create the encircling net, 5–10 gill nets are joined together.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

This gear is used when the water level is at its lowest, usually from November to June. Fishermen look for fish groups by observing the water's color and the movement of aquatic plants. Once the fish are spotted, the net is set up around the fish group to trap them.
The fishermen drive the fish toward the net by striking the boat's edge or using a spear from inside the encircled area. The fish get caught in the net. The catch depends on the size of the net's mesh.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Moonamba / Drag Net ====
This fishing method is used during the dry season in beels, ponds, and lakes. Fish from shallow or almost dry areas are dragged out with this net. It is effective for catching different sizes of fish, from small to large.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

Two fishermen are needed to use this gear. The net is dipped fully into the water and turned along with the current. When the fishermen feel fish getting caught in the net, they close the net mouth, lift it out of the water, and remove the fish.
Fish species caught include Puntius sp., Anabas testudineus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Channa sp., Amblypharyngodon mola, Esomus dendricus, and air-breathing fish.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

=== Minor fishing methods ===
==== Longthrai Fishing / Scoop Net ====
The scoop net, called Longthrai, comes in various shapes like cup, triangle, circular, or trapezoidal. It is made of nylon or mosquito net fixed to a bamboo or jute frame with a long handle. This gear is used from the dyke, boat, or near the pond or lake margins, especially in weed-filled areas. It is practiced all year round by men, women, and children and is considered the easiest way to catch fish. Fish species caught include minnows, prawn, Channa species, Anabas testudineus, and Clarias batrachus.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Long-Oop Fishing / Plunge Cover-Basket ====
The Long-Oop is a bell-shaped basket made of seasoned bamboo strips, about 50–55 cm tall, with a base diameter of 40–50 cm and a top opening of 13–15 cm. It is used during the dry season when water levels are low. One person operates it, plunging it into the water to trap fish. It is a common tool found in every fisherman’s house. Species caught include Indian major carps, exotic carps, Notopterus species, and Channa striatus.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Long Fishing / Spear ====
This method uses a spear with 5–9 prongs made of steel or bamboo tipped with iron. The spear is attached to a bamboo pole 3–4 meters long. Expert fishermen use it to catch fish by spotting bubbles or movements in the water. The spear is thrown from boats or dykes to catch fish. Species caught include Channa striatus, Labeo rohita, common carp, exotic carps, and Wallago attu.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" />

==== Khoi Choppa / Pole Line ====
This fishing method is used by people of all ages, from children to older fishermen. It consists of a bamboo pole or split, about 1.5–2 meters long, or longer depending on the fishing area. A nylon or cotton thread, 2–3 meters long, is tied to the tip of the pole, with a baited hook at the end. A small float or stick, around 3–4 cm long, is attached to the middle of the thread to act as an indicator when a fish is caught. The float moves when a fish is hooked.
For fishing in running water, a lead weight is attached to the thread about 10–15 cm above the hook to keep the line steady in the water. Baits such as earthworms, maida paste, hentak, or boiled rice paste are commonly used. Fish species caught with this method include Clarias batrachus, Channa striatus, Labeo rohita, and Monopterus cuchia.<ref name=":researchgate.net/publication/261894579_Traditional_Fishing_Methods_in_Central_Valley_Region_of_Manipur-India|" /><ref name=":ijsr.net_fishing" />

=== Il Chingba ===
[[File:Een Chingbee.jpg|thumb|Een Chingba]]
This fishing method uses a tool called Nupee-Il, which is very popular in Manipur's valley. It is made by arranging two bamboo frames in an X shape, joined in the middle with a cane strip. The four tips of the frames are attached to the corners of a rectangular net. A bamboo pole supports the entire setup during use.
Women usually perform this type of fishing. It can be done from the banks of ponds, rivers, lakes, or even from boats. Many types of fish can be caught with this method.<ref name=":kuey.net_fishing" /><ref name=":ijsr.net_fishing" />

=== Long Khonba ===
This type of fishing is done only by the women of the Meitei community. After the monsoon season, groups of women go to waterlogged, swampy areas. They fish in shallow rivers, wetlands, marshes, and low-lying paddy fields. They use a tool called "Long," which is made from split bamboo woven into a half-elliptical basket. They also tie a bamboo basket called "Tongol" around their waists to hold the fish they catch. These traditional tools are light and easy for the women to use.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" /><ref name=":kuey.net_fishing" />

=== Loo Thumba (Setting Up the "Loo" Trap) ===
"Loo" is a traditional, cone-shaped fish trap made by splitting a large bamboo into thin rods, which are then tied together with cane threads. The trap has a wide opening that slowly narrows at the end. It is used to catch fish in rice fields or small streams. The trap is fixed in narrow channels along the edges (bunds) of the rice fields, and water carries the fish into it. People check and collect the fish every 2 to 3 hours. This trap is light, so both men and women can set it up.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" /><ref name=":kuey.net_fishing" />

=== Ishitpa ===
After the monsoon season, people fish in swampy, wet areas like rice fields. Families—with men, women, and children—join together for this activity. They build a small mud wall to split the area into two parts. Then, using a scoop called an Istop, they remove the water from one part. In the part with less water, the women catch fish by hand.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" />

=== Kommenba ===
This method is used by the Meitei community in Thoubal district right after the rice harvest while the fields are still wet. The rice straw is spread around the field, leaving small patches of bare ground. Traditional fish traps called Taichep are set in these bare spots overnight. These traps are rectangular and have one open side with a one-way entrance. Fish enter the trap but cannot get out. As the oxygen level drops under the straw, fish move to the open areas and get trapped. Both men and women easily handle these small, lightweight traps.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" />

=== Phum Namba ===
{{Further|Phumdi}}
[[File:The Loktak Lake.jpg|thumb|Fishing among the [[phumdi]] floating biomass in the [[Loktak lake]]]]
In [[Manipur]]’s wetlands, especially at [[Loktak Lake]] in [[Bishnupur district]], people build floating mats called "phum." These mats are round or half-round and are made from weeds, water plants, and other natural materials. The mats last a few months. Sometimes villagers, including women, add extra nutrients like rice husk powder and other aquatic plants to the center of the phum. This helps to attract fish. During the lean season (usually from October to March), the villagers harvest the phum along with the fish that have gathered around them. This method is called Phum Namba.<ref name=":asianfisheriessociety.org_fisheries" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Local traditional fishing culture in Loktak lake By M Asnikumar|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Science_and_Technology.Local_traditional_fishing_culture_in_Loktak_lake_By_M_Asnikumar|access-date=2025-03-26|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Khoishang-Thaba (Long Line Fishing) ===
This is an important fishing method used by men throughout the year. It involves a long thread, 90–100 meters long, with multiple hooks tied to it at 2-meter intervals. Before starting, the fishing area of the lake is cleaned. The long line is operated from a boat, and one end of the thread is tied to a bamboo pole. The hooks are baited with lures, and the fishing is set in the evening. Fishermen collect the fish the next morning.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

=== Khoiya and Khoitek-Thaba (Short Pole Line) ===
A 3-foot-long reed ([[Phragmites karka]]) is used, and a thread is tied to it. At the end of the thread, a bamboo piece called Kanam is attached and baited. This is the oldest form of short pole line fishing in Manipur, later renamed Khoitek. The bamboo piece is now replaced with a modern harpoon. This type of fishing is done early in the morning by men using boats.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

=== Long-Oop Tanba ===
This method uses a bell-shaped fishing tool called Long-Oop, which is operated by men. The bottom of this tool is very wide, with a small opening at the top to remove the caught fish. It is used in waist-deep water, where the operator slowly wades and plunges it into the water. This tool is good for catching medium to large fish.<ref name=":kuey.net_fishing" />

=== Phoom Chingba ===
{{Further|Phumdi}}
In this method, floating vegetation called Phoom is cut and pulled out of the water. A large sickle with a long bamboo handle, known as Phoomlen Thanggol, is used for this. The vegetation is cut into pieces, pulled to the bank, and the fish hiding inside are collected by hand. One to three people are needed for this method.<ref name=":kuey.net_fishing" />

=== Khut Humba ===
This is the simplest fishing method, done without any tools. It is carried out in various water bodies like ponds, canals, rivers, flooded fields, swamps, and marshy areas. Fish are caught using only bare hands.<ref name=":kuey.net_fishing" />

== Fishing in agricultural fields ==
The [[Meiteis]] have been fishing in agricultural fields since farming began in Manipur. Farmers fished in their own fields when the fields had enough water for growing rice. This method of fishing was popular in many farming areas of the valley. Farmers used homemade nets and "lu" (rectangular fishing tools made of bamboo, cane, or plastic strips) to catch fish.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

== Fishing during the off-season ==
During the off-season, water from lakes, swamps, and marshes was drained through canals and streams to make the land ready for farming and settlements. Low dikes (called Pn) were built across rivers and streams using clay, wood, and bamboo.
When water flowed back through the canals, people used large and small cone-shaped fishing tools made from bamboo and cane (called Shouraru) to catch many kinds of fish. This method of fishing was called Shoychaba, and it was managed by people who took care of the fishing areas (Shoy).<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />
The fishing system had two types:
* Akashoy: Fishing during the rainy season when the water level was high.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />
* Akumshoy: Fishing during the winter season when the water level was low.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />
Some of the important canals (Khongs) made by the state were Nongmaikhong, Ungamel Marin, Nganan Marin, Komnakhong, Phabakchao Khongjin, Shamushang, Maramba Marine, Nahakhong, and Mahrani Khong. Fishing weirs (Shoy) were built in these canals.
There were also streams like Irumbi Stream of Naransena, Moirang River, Yangoi River, and Langkambi Marin that were managed by Shoychaba for fishing.
With the introduction of the Patchaba system (Pat = lake, Chaba = person who looks after the protected lake), some lakes were made into protected fishing areas.<ref name=":ijcrt.org_fishing" />

== In mythology and folklore ==
{{Further|Meitei mythology|Meitei folklore|Meitei folktales|Meitei traditional religion}}
[[File:Khuman Khamba in the Loktak lake.jpg|thumb|Princess [[Thoibi]] fishing in the [[Loktak lake]], while [[Khuman Khamba]] came and unintentionally met her]]

=== Loktak Ima ===
{{Further|Loktak Ima}}
[[Loktak Ima]] or Loktak Lairembi, a mother goddess, is believed to be the one who takes care of the fish in [[Loktak Lake]]. According to traditional Meitei beliefs, she is responsible for making sure that the fish population is always restored. Even if people catch a lot of fish from the lake, the fish never disappear completely. The goddess ensures that the fish population continues to grow and remain healthy.
She is greatly respected and honored by the fishermen communities of the Meitei ethnicity. These communities live in and around the areas surrounding Loktak Lake, and they hold the goddess in high regard for her role in protecting and maintaining the fish population in the lake.<ref>Krishna, Sumi (2020-11-29). Agriculture and a Changing Environment in Northeastern India. [[Routledge|Taylor & Francis]]. pp. 78, 79. ISBN 978-1-000-08443-6.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohanty|first=Trishna|date=2020-02-08|title=Manipur's Loktak lake chokes from a catastrophic project flagged off 50 years ago|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/manipurs-loktak-lake-chokes-from-a-catastrophic-project-flagged-off-50-years-ago/article30759633.ece|access-date=2025-03-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Khamba Thoibi ===
{{Main|Khamba and Thoibi|Khamba Thoibi Sheireng}}
Fishing in [[Loktak Lake]] serves as the central theme in the classical Meitei epic narrative of the [[Khamba Thoibi]]. Princess [[Thoibi]] invited [[Khamnu]] to fish with her in the lake as part of a celebratory gathering of women. The King issued strict orders prohibiting men from entering the lake during the event.
Khamnu informed her brother [[Khamba]] about the prohibition and left him at home. During his sleep, Khamba dreamed of Goddess [[Panthoibi]], who appeared in Khamnu's guise and urged him to prepare vegetables. Upon waking, Khamba reflected on the dream, and God [[Thangjing]] assured him it was genuine. Khamba proceeded to the lake, boarded a boat, and rowed in the wrong direction, prompting Thangjing to shroud the hills with clouds.
A storm redirected Khamba's boat to the area where Thoibi and the women were fishing. Thoibi noticed Khamba nearby and questioned Khamnu about the man who had defied the King's orders. Khamnu denied knowing him.
As Khamba approached, Thoibi admired his well-crafted appearance, and Khamba was equally captivated by Thoibi's beauty. The divine will of God orchestrated their encounter, leading to mutual love.<ref>Hodson, T. C. (Thomas Callan) (1908). The Meitheis. [[Duke University]] Libraries. London, D. Nutt. p. 135-136.</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Khuyol Haoba and Yaithing Konu ===
During a festive occasion in [[Moirang]], all the unmarried women gathered at [[Loktak Lake]] for fishing, while men were prohibited from entering the waters. Lady [[:en:Yaithing Konu|Yaithing Konu]]'s fishing net's wooden frame broke, causing her distress as only men could fix it. [[Khuyol Haoba]], hiding nearby, emerged to assist in repairing the net. The encounter led to their falling in love at first sight.<ref name=":0">Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature. Original from:the [[University of Michigan]]. India: [[Sahitya Akademi]]. p. 66. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.</ref>

=== Sandrembi Chaisra ===
{{Main|Sandrembi Chaisra}}
In the [[Meitei folktale|Meitei story]] of [[Sandrembi Chaisra]], two widows made their living by selling vegetables in the market and fishing at Shilempat (Shilem Lake). Sangkhuleima, the younger widow, often tried to harm Yangkhuleima, the elder widow. One day, while fishing at the lake, Yangkhuleima caught many types of fish, whereas Sangkhuleima only caught snakes and reptiles but no fish at all.<ref>Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020-11-25). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. [[Routledge]]. ISBN 978-1-00-029629-7.</ref>
[[File:Sangkhuleima and Yangkhuleima.jpg|thumb|350px|[[:en:Women in Meitei culture|Co-wives]] catching fish and [[:en:List of creatures in Meitei culture|other creatures]] in the [[Meitei folktale]] of [[Sandrembi Chaisra]]]]

== In popular culture ==
* [[:en:Loktak Lairembee (film)|Loktak Lairembee (film)]], a Meitei documentary movie

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Classical Meitei sculptures of ancient Meitei fishermen using different indigenous Meitei fishing instruments & tools to catch fish 04.jpg
File:A figure of an ancient Meitei fisherman (wearing a Khudei) trying to catch fish using a traditional Meitei wooden (bamboo) basket like cage (known as "long-oop" or "long-up" in Classical Meitei language) — MMRC, Thoubal, Kangleipak.jpg
File:A sculpture of a Meitei woman riding on a wooden boat & trying to catch fish using a fishing net having bamboo pole & frames, using one of her hands & both legs with another hand holding an oar — MMRC, Thoubal district, Kangleipak.jpg
File:A figure of an ancient Meitei woman (wearing red coloured phanek & yellow kokkhum) trying to catch fish using different traditional Meitei baskets & cages made of wooden, bamboo & kouna reeds — MMRC, Thoubal district, Kangleipak.jpg
File:A figure of a Meitei woman riding on a wooden boat & trying to catch fish using a fishing net having bamboo pole & frames, using one of her hands & both legs with another hand holding an oar — MMRC, Thoubal district, Kangleipak.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]
* [[Women in Meitei civilization]]
* [[Plants in Meitei culture]]
* [[Lai Haraoba]]
* [[Meitei martial arts]]
* [[Meitei traditional games]]
* [[Meitei traditional toys]]
* [[Meitei traditional weapons]]
* [[Fishing in India]]
* [[Fishing industry in Bangladesh]]
* [[Fishing in Myanmar]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Bangladesh|Civilization|Food|Fish|India|Myanmar|Technology|Water}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Fish in culture]]
[[Category:Fish in popular culture]]
[[Category:Fish in religion]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur]]
[[Category:Culture of Tripura]]
[[Category:Culture of Myanmar]]

Yasmin Surveyor

2026-01-05T20:58:58Z

Vikipft: created details

{{Short description|Indian academic, banker, and social worker}}
'''Yasmin Khurshedji Surveyor''' was an Indian academic, banker, and social worker who is recognized as Asia’s first woman commerce graduate.<ref name="TOI2025">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sydenham-celebrates-asias-1st-woman-comm-grad/articleshow/119315357.cms "Sydenham celebrates Asia's 1st woman comm grad"], ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref><ref name="TOI2003">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/found-indias-first-woman-commerce-graduates-degree/articleshow/153622.cms "Found: India's first woman commerce graduate's degree"], ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> She graduated from Sydenham College, Mumbai in 1925 at a time when participation of women in higher education, especially in commerce, was extremely rare.<ref name="TOI2025" />

== Early life and education ==
Surveyor pursued a degree in commerce at [[Sydenham College, Mumbai]].<ref name="Bank History"/> Among her teachers was the young Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]], who later became a key figure in India’s social reform and constitutional history.<ref name="TOI2025" />

== Career ==
Following her graduation, Yasmin Surveyor broke another barrier by joining the [[Central Bank of India]] as its first female employee.<ref name="Zoroastrians">[https://zoroastrians.net/2020/04/04/central-bank-of-india-a-pioneeer/ "Central Bank of India – a Pioneer"], Zoroastrians.net. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> She worked in banking at a time when very few women were employed in the sector.

After retirement, Surveyor volunteered at the [[Ratan Tata Institute]], dedicating her time to the welfare of women and children.<ref name="TOI2025" /> She remained active in social causes into her eighties.

== Legacy ==
Surveyor’s achievements are regarded as milestones in Indian social history, paving the way for women’s entry into higher education and professional fields such as banking. Her life and legacy are celebrated by Sydenham College and recognized by academics and historians as a turning point in women’s empowerment in India and Asia.<ref name="TOI2025" /><ref name="TOI2003" />

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="TOI2025">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sydenham-celebrates-asias-1st-woman-comm-grad/articleshow/119315357.cms "Sydenham celebrates Asia's 1st woman comm grad"], ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref>
<ref name="TOI2003">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/found-indias-first-woman-commerce-graduates-degree/articleshow/153622.cms "Found: India's first woman commerce graduate's degree"], ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref>
<ref name="Zoroastrians">[https://zoroastrians.net/2020/04/04/central-bank-of-india-a-pioneeer/ "Central Bank of India – a Pioneer"], Zoroastrians.net. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref>
<ref name="Bank History">[https://twitter.com/bankhistory/status/1242692883909455872 Bank History (Nirav Shah) – Twitter], Published March 2020.</ref>
</references>

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Surveyor, Yasmin}}
[[Category:Indian women bankers]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Clari5

2025-12-16T21:00:58Z

Vikipft: made a article - done

{{Short description|Software company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Clari5 (CustomerXPs)<ref>{{cite news |title=Perfios acquires fraud-detection platform Clari5 to expand offerings |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mergers-acquisitions/perfios-acquires-fraud-detection-platform-clari5-to-expand-offerings-12933521.html |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Methri |first1=Gloria |title=Perfios acquires fraud-detection platform Clari5 |url=https://ibsintelligence.com/ibsi-news/perfios-acquires-fraud-detection-platform-clari5/ |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=IBS Intelligence |date=7 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rahul K. |title=Perfios acquires Bengaluru-based fraud detection platform Clari5 |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2025/02/07/perfios-acquires-bengaluru-based-fraud-detection-platform-clari5 |access-date=28 August 2025 |work=Techcircle |date=7 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=:f/>
| logo = Clari5 (CustomerXPs) logo.png
| industry = {{ubl|[[Enterprise software|Software]]|[[Fintech]]}}
| foundation = 2006
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| key_people = {{ubl|Rivi Varghese (Co-founder, CEO)|Aditya Lal (Co-founder, CTO)|Balaji Suryanarayana (Co-founder, COO)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/how-startups-like-redbus-india-homes-zovi-customerxps-gained-from-some-of-indias-best-known-mentors/articleshow/15625930.cms|title=How startups like RedBus, India Homes, Zovi & CustomerXPs gained from some of India's best-known mentors|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>}}
| num_employees = 200 (2025)<ref name="perfios">{{cite news |title=Perfios acquires fraud detection platform Clari5 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/perfios-acquires-fraud-detection-platform-clari5-for-undisclosed-amount/articleshow/117989822.cms |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.clari5.com}}
}}
'''CustomerXPs''', [[doing business as]] '''Clari5''',<ref name=:f>{{cite news |last1=Muhn |first1=Julie |title=India’s Perfios to Acquire Clari5 (CustomerXPs) |url=https://finovate.com/indias-perfios-to-acquire-clari5-customerxps/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=Finovate |date=10 February 2025}}</ref> is a [[financial technology]] company based in [[Bengaluru]], India. It develops financial crime risk management and [[customer experience]] management software for banks and financial institutions. The company was founded in 2006, and acquired by Perfios in February 2025.

==History==
Clari5 (CustomerXPs) was founded in 2006 by Rivi Varghese, Aditya Lal, Balaji Suryanarayana, and Sandhya V.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://smartceo.co/breaking-the-silos/|title=Breaking the silos – SmartCEO|website=smartceo.co|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-06}}</ref>

In 2008, former [[Infosys]] executive Sharad Hegde invested approximately $1 million in CustomerXPs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/9933619.cms|title=CustomerXPs a software with a human touch|date=2011-09-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-11-06}}</ref> In January 2011, CustomerXPs raised $4 million in Series A funding from [[JAFCO Asia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CustomerXPs raises $4m from Jafco Asia in Series A funding |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-57709820110615 |access-date=9 December 2021 |agency=Reuters|date=15 June 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> CustomerXPs also received support from [[Microsoft Ventures#Accelerator Program|Microsoft Accelerator]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/12/07/microsoft-and-wipro-to-help-startups-grow-business/|title=Microsoft and Wipro to help startups grow business|date=2016-12-07|work=Techcircle.in – India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|access-date=2017-11-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/microsoft-eyes-late-stage-startups-in-india/article19566907.ece|title=Microsoft eyes late-stage startups in India|last=Abrar|first=Peerzada|date=2017-08-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The company launched its Clari5 brand in 2012. In 2014, it released Clari5 Sherlock as a fraud detection system using big data analytics. By 2017, the company reported managing 200 million accounts at a single site.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Vishal |title=The Top Fraud Analytics Startups in India |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/the-top-fraud-analytics-firms-in-india/ |access-date=9 December 2021 |work=Analytics India Magazine |date=11 September 2020}}</ref> Clari5 was listed among the top 100 global regtech companies in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/indias-customerxps-idfy-among-the-top-100-global-regtech-companies-for-2020-4717621.html|title=India's CustomerXPs, IDfy among the Top 100 Global Regtech Companies for 2020|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

In January 2025, [[Punjab National Bank]] became the first bank to implement [[Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre|I4C]]'s National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) using Clari5's real-time NCRP integration platform.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sachdev |first1=Navanwita Bora |title=PNB first Bank in India to launch Clari5’s real-time NCRP Integration Solution with I4C |url=https://thetechpanda.com/pnb-first-bank-in-india-to-launch-clari5s-real-time-ncrp-integration-solution-with-i4c/41488/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=TheTechPanda.com |date=28 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2025, B2B SaaS company Perfios acquired Clari5. After the acquisition, Clari5 became a wholly owned subsidiary while maintaining independent operations.<ref name="perfios"/><ref name="perfios2">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Rwit |title=Perfios acquires financial crime management company Clari5 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/perfios-acquisition-clari5-financial-crime-management-saas-fintech-ai-fraud-detection-banking-security-11738897265232.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=Mint |date=7 February 2025}}</ref> In May 2025, [[Mashreq (bank)|Mashreq Bank]] announced a partnership with Clari5 for a [[generative AI]]-powered fraud detection, prevention, and investigation platform called Clari5 Genie.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mashreq and Clari5 launch GenAI-powered fraud detection platform |url=https://ibsintelligence.com/ibsi-news/mashreq-and-clari5-launch-genai-powered-fraud-detection-platform/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=IBS Intelligence}}</ref>

==Product==
The Clari5 enterprise fraud management (EFM) platform enables banks and financial institutions to perform [[Real-time business intelligence|real-time]], cross-channel monitoring and prevention of digital payment fraud, [[anti–money laundering]] (AML) compliance checks, and customer onboarding [[risk assessment]].<ref name="perfios2"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Case Study: Oracle Database In-Memory and CASE STUDY CustomerXPs Delivers CrossChannel Fraud Management in Real Time |url=https://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/dbim-customerxps-case-study-3208833.pdf |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=Oracle}}</ref> It uses [[Artificial intelligence in fraud detection|artificial intelligence (AI)-based fraud detection]] techniques such as [[Anomaly detection|behavioral anomaly analysis]] and [[Profiling (information science)|customer profiling]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Factsheet – Clari5 Real-time Anti-Money Laundering System |url=https://www.finastra.com/sites/default/files/file/2022-10/resource-unified-fraud-risk-and-aml-compliance-framl-factsheet.pdf |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=Finastra}}</ref>

==Recognition==
* 2025 [[The Economic Times|ET Brand Equity]] Disruption Awards - Industry Excellence BFSI & FinTech<ref>{{cite news |title=ET Brand Equity Brand Disruption Awards 2025 |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/disruption-awards/winners-list |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 2025 Bharat Fintech Summit Awards - Best RegTech and Best Use of Emerging Technologies<ref>{{cite news |title=Awards - Bharat Fintech Summit |url=https://bharatfintechsummit.com/awards/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=bharatfintechsummit.com}}</ref>
* 2023 IBS Intelligence Global FinTech Innovation Awards - Best Risk Management Implementation<ref>{{cite news |title=IBS Intelligence announces its Global Fintech Innovation Awards 2023 results |url=https://ibsintelligence.com/ibs-intelligence-announces-its-global-fintech-innovation-awards-2023-results/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=IBS Intelligence}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Banking software companies]]
[[Category:Financial software companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]

Lolark Sasthi

2025-11-24T17:55:35Z

Vikipft: creating a entry - done

{{Short description|Hindu festival}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
[[File:Vertigo View At Varanasi Lolark Kund (243970515).jpeg|thumb|Lolark Kund near [[Tulsi Ghat]]]]

'''Lolark Shasthi''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival celebrated near [[Tulsi Ghat]] in [[Varanasi]], India. It falls during the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|monsoon season]], on the sixth day of the bright half of the month of [[Bhaadra|Bhadrapada]] (usually in September).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham|title=The reason why thousands of people visit the 50 feet deep Lolark Kund in Varanasi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-reason-why-thousands-of-people-visit-the-50-feet-deep-lolark-kund-in-varanasi/articleshow/68537432.cms |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Observances ==
Dedicated to [[Surya]], the Sun God in Hinduism, Varanasi will witness the holy dip taken by thousands of female devotees in the ancient [[stepwell]] pond of [[Lolark Kund]] (a [[Sacred waters|sacred water body]] in Hinduism) and mark the festival of Lolarak. Couples from Varanasi and its neighbouring villages will perform religious rituals and pray to Lord Lolark Aditya that they be blessed with a child. Devotees will leave their clothes and a fruit or a vegetable (from which they pledge to abstain thereafter) in the kund after taking a holy dip in the Lolark kund. Many do so with hopes for a male child/heir or offspring. As thousands come to bathe in the holy waters of the Lolark kund at sunrise, a makeshift colourful bazaar mushrooms around the kund. Families cook [[Puri (food)|puris]] on open campfires all around the ancient kund. Steps lead down to the Kund from three sides. On the fourth side, the kund takes the shape of an enlonged, arched well, pointing in the direction of the rising sun (Ganges). Some devotees also throw considerable amounts of gold jewellery into the pond, which may later be harvested and distributed amongst the [[Mahant]] and [[Brahmins]] in order to finance the event and its clean-up afterwards.

== See also ==
* [[Benares]]
* [[Fertility deity]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Varanasi]]

{{Hindu-festival-stub}}

Sarti, Punjab

2025-09-18T08:10:02Z

Vikipft: created data

{{About|a village in [[Pathankot District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]|other places with the same name|Sarti}}
{{Short description|Village in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox place
| name = Sarti
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| coordinates = {{coord|32|28|36|N|75|49|13|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]
| subdivision_name3 = Dhar Kalan
| area_total_km2 = 12.95
| elevation_m = 529
| population_total = 3960
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 145022
}}

'''Sarti''' is a village in Dhar Kalan Tehsil, [[Gurdaspur district|Pathankot District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is located 55 kilometres northeast of its district capital [[Pathankot]], and 8 kilometres north of [[Dhar Kalan]]. As of the year 2011, its population is 3,960.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Sarti is located on the eastern shore of the [[Ranjit Sagar Dam]] Lake, near the boundary with [[Kashmir]]. The village has an average elevation of 529 meters above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarti topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-w94tnx/Sarti/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Sarti has a [[Humid subtropical climate|Humid Subtropical Climate]] (Cwa) according to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen Climate Classification]]. It sees its driest month in October, with 19 mm of average rainfall, and its wettest month in July, with 400 mm of average rainfall.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|collapsed = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| location = Sarti
| Jan high C = 16.6
| Feb high C = 19.2
| Mar high C = 24.6
| Apr high C = 30.8
| May high C = 35
| Jun high C = 34.6
| Jul high C = 30.1
| Aug high C = 29.1
| Sep high C = 29
| Oct high C = 27.7
| Nov high C = 23.3
| Dec high C = 19
| Jan mean C = 10.3
| Feb mean C = 12.9
| Mar mean C = 17.7
| Apr mean C = 23.7
| May mean C = 28.3
| Jun mean C = 29.5
| Jul mean C = 27.1
| Aug mean C = 26.3
| Sep mean C = 25
| Oct mean C = 21.5
| Nov mean C = 16.6
| Dec mean C = 12.2
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 4.4
| Feb low C = 6.7
| Mar low C = 10.3
| Apr low C = 15.5
| May low C = 19.9
| Jun low C = 23
| Jul low C = 23.8
| Aug low C = 23.2
| Sep low C = 20.3
| Oct low C = 15.1
| Nov low C = 10.2
| Dec low C = 6.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 99
| Feb rain mm = 139
| Mar rain mm = 95
| Apr rain mm = 55
| May rain mm = 30
| Jun rain mm = 124
| Jul rain mm = 400
| Aug rain mm = 330
| Sep rain mm = 121
| Oct rain mm = 19
| Nov rain mm = 20
| Dec rain mm = 50
| source = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarti climate (India): Temperature Sempor & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/punjab/sarti-473655/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census, Sarti has a population of 3,960, of which 2,023 are male and 1,937 are female. There are a total of 769 households within the village. Its literacy rate is 66.44%, with 1,489 of the male residents and 1,142 of the female residents being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

Gutha Muniratnam

2025-09-13T21:48:34Z

Vikipft: Post.

{{Short description|Indian social worker (1936–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Muniratnam
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|6 January 1936}}
| birth_place = Seethapuram, Tiruvalur, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death-date and age|6 May 2021|6 January 1936}}<ref>[http://www.uniindia.com/~/padma-shri-dr-muniratnam-of-rass-passes-away/States/news/2389036.html Padma Shri Dr Muniratnam of RASS passes away]</ref>
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Social worker
| yearsactive = since 1981
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Rangaiah Naidu Mangamma
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Rajiv Gandhi Manav Seva Award 75th Avatar Mahotsava Award Dr. Paidi Lakshmaiah Memorial Award ICSW Best Welfare Worker Award [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] Gem of India Award Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi Award Shiromani Award Indira Gandhi National Award [[Government of India|GOI]] National Award Balabhandu Award Rotary Award [[FICCI]] Award [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] Endowment Award
}}

'''Gutta Muniratnam''' (6 January 1936 – 6 May 2021)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-05-06 |title=Social activist passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/social-activist-passes-away/article34501732.ece |access-date=2025-04-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> was an Indian social worker, a member of the [[National Planning Commission of India]] and the founder of '''Rashtriya Seva Samithi''' (RASS),<ref name="Google Book">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24vUAwAAQBAJ&q=G.+Muniratnam&pg=PA91 | title=Globalization, 3rd Edition: Theory and Practice | publisher=A and C Black | author=Eleonore Kofman, Gillian Youngs | year=2008 | pages=296 | isbn=9780826493644}}</ref> a [[non governmental organization]] engaged in the social welfare activities in over 2500 socio-economically backward villages in the [[Rayalaseema]] region,<ref name="Bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/media/pdf/JBA_1995_Bio_G_Muniratnam.pdf | title=Jamnalal Bajaj Bio | publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation | date=2014 | access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> spread across the present day states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Telangana-state-may-get-two-Rayalaseema-districts/articleshow/21412251.cms | title=TOI | publisher=Times of India | date=28 July 2013 | access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> He was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Muniratnam Nayudu was born on 6 January 1936,<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation">{{cite web | url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/1995/science--and--technology/g.-muniratnam | title=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation | publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation | date=2014 | access-date=7 December 2014 | archive-date=9 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209025616/http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/1995/science--and--technology/g.-muniratnam | url-status=dead }}</ref> at the remote hamlet of Seethapuram in Tiruvalur of the undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, to Rangaiah Naidu and Mangamma.<ref name="IBN LIve">{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/muniratnam-dedicates-his-padma-to-rass-workers/224429-60-114.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141207145159/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/muniratnam-dedicates-his-padma-to-rass-workers/224429-60-114.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 December 2014 | title=IBN LIve | publisher=IBN LIve | date=28 January 2012 | access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> He did his schooling in Tirutani and during that period, he came under the influence of the renowned [[Gandhian]]s, [[N. G. Ranga]] and [[Nirmala Deshpande]].<ref name="RASS" /> He started his social involvement by organizing a few children's clubs called ''Balananda Sangham'' when he was 15.<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" /> Later, he joined the ''Bharat Sevak Samaj'',<ref name="Bharat Sevak Samaj">{{cite web | url=http://bharatsevaksamaj.org/ | title=Bharat Sevak Samaj | publisher=Bharat Sevak Samaj | date=2014 | access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> and got associated with their youth welfare programs during the period 1960-66.<ref name="Bio" /> In 1970, Muniratnam moved to [[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh|Tirupati]] where he had the opportunity to meet the social activist, Rajgopal Naidu.<ref name="RASS" /> The association paved the way for the organization, ''Rayalaseema Seva Samithi'', in 1981, which was later renamed as ''Rashtriya Seva Samithi'' (RASS).

Muniratnam, a recipient of DLitt (Honoris Causa) from [[Sri Venkateswara University]],<ref name="RASS" /> lived in [[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh|Tirupati]] where RASS has its headquarters.<ref name="RASS">{{cite web | url=http://www.rassngo.org/images/dr_g_muniratnam_profile.pdf | title=RASS | publisher=RASS | date=2014 | access-date=7 December 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031756/http://www.rassngo.org/images/dr_g_muniratnam_profile.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Muniratnam died from [[COVID-19]] on 6 May 2021, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. He was 85 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/tirupati-rass-founder-muniratnam-succumbs-to-covid-19-685189 | title=Tirupati: RASS founder Muniratnam succumbs to Covid-19 | publisher=The Hans India | date=7 May 2021 | access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

==Rashtriya Seva Samithi and social career==
Rashtriya Seva Samithi, erstwhile Rayalaseema Seva Samithi, has hosted the social activities of Muniratnam, ever since he founded the organization, with assistance from Rajgopal Naidu, in 1981.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" /><ref name="RASS" /> One of the first attempts was to make modern scientific applications available to the poor farmers of the drought prone Rayalaseema region and he succeeded in establishing a ''Krishi Vigyan Kendra'' under the umbrella of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]].<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" /> Later, his activities focussed on women and child welfare for which several ''Mahila Mandals'' were established.<ref name="Bio" /> He is known to have initiated several agro-forestry and horticultural programs by supplying saplings free of cost. The nursery, set up by RASS is reported to have supplied over six hundred thousand saplings and grafts to the farmers.<ref name="Bio" /> The organization has developed a 75-acre farm, received as a grant from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]], where modern agricultural methods are being implemented.<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" /> They have also supplied smokeless ''chulhas'' (kitchen stoves) and have a running program to train the women in using the stoves.<ref name="Bio" />

Another area of focus of the organization is in employment generation for which they have established several small scale manufacturing units in garments, assembly of electronic products, toys and foodstuffs. The units provide training and job opportunities to people and help them set up their own units after successful completion of training by providing financial assistance. They claim the scheme has benefitted over 2000 women.<ref name="Bio" /> They are also involved in sanitation programs under which 750 low cost comfort stations have been constructed. The program also incorporates waste water disposal by channelising it for irrigation purposes. Awareness campaigns on community health, family planning services, personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are also regularly conducted and a nurses training centre is also in operation, since 1986, under the management of the organization.<ref name="Bio" /> They have also set up many maternity care centres in and around [[Chittoor district]].<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" />

Under the guidance of Muniratnam, the organization is reported to have established 600 early education centres, benefitting 30,000 children of the region. The organization is known to have set up 1100 basic education centres in [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] and [[Cudappah]] districts to provide non formal education to 32,000 children of which 166 centres are exclusively for girls and another 227 centres open to backward communities.<ref name="Bio" />

Rashtriya Seva Samithi has a reported presence in 2500 villages spread in four districts in the Rayalaseema region.<ref name="Bio" /> In order to broaden the reach of his activities, Muniratnam has already set up a nationwide organization, ''Sahaya Samithi'', widening the scope of activities to include the rehabilitation of physically and mentally challenged children incorporating assistance for destitute women.<ref name="Bio" /> Muniratnam attended conferences and seminars to deliver keynote addresses<ref name="speech">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4s98sdh6iZM | title=Speech by Dr. Muniratnam | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=16 January 2014 | access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> and wrote articles to propagate his views.<ref name="article">{{cite web | url=http://www.nirmaladeshpande.org/HTML/muniretnam.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141207145857/http://www.nirmaladeshpande.org/HTML/muniretnam.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 December 2014 | title=Article by Muniratnam | publisher=Nirmala Deshpande.org | date=2014 | access-date=7 December 2014 }}</ref>

==Positions==
Muniratnam, a former member of the [[National Planning Commission of India]],<ref name="Google Book" /> has served on many government constituted committees and agencies. At the central government level, he has been a member of ''Sakshara Bharat'', ([[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]]), Regional Committee of the Council for Advance of People's Action and Rural Technology CAPART, ([[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]]),<ref name="Web India">{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20120126/1915124.html | title=Web India | publisher=Web India | date=25 January 2012 | access-date=7 December 2014 | archive-date=25 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225153701/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20120126/1915124.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> National Consultative Committee on De-addiction and Rehabilitation (NCCDR),<ref name="Web India" /> (Ministry of Social Justice), the Governing Board of ''Rashtriya Mahila Kosh'' (RMK),<ref name="Web India" /> the Executive Committee of the Central Social Welfare Board<ref name="Web India" /><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/honour-for-muniratnam/article4437228.ece | title=The Hindu | date=21 February 2013 | access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> and the [[National Literacy Mission|National Literacy Mission Authority]], ([[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]]).<ref name="RASS" /> He has held the chairs of the State Resource Center<ref name="Web India" /> and ''Jan Sikshan Sansthan'',<ref name="JSS">{{cite web | url=http://jss.nic.in/ | title=JSS | publisher=JSS | date=2014 | access-date=7 December 2014 | archive-date=18 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218165230/http://jss.nic.in/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> two of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] initiatives.<ref name="RASS" />

At the State administration level, Muniratnam has held the chair of Orissa Tribal Development Project and has been a member of the GO-NGO Coordination Committee and the Advisory Council of the Vigilance Commission of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="RASS" /> He was the president of Akhil Bharat Rachanatmak Samaj, New Delhi,<ref name="IBN LIve" /> vice president of the [[Harijan Sevak Sangh|All India Harijan Sevak Sangh]] Delhi,<ref name="IBN LIve" /> and the convenor of the National Forum of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (NGO sector). He was the Chairperson of ''Krishi Vigyan Kendra''<ref name="KVK">{{cite web | url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/krishi-vigyan-kendra.htm | title=KVK | publisher=ICAR | date=2014 | access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] housed at [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]]<ref name="Web India" /> and ''Balaji Bala Vikas''.<ref name="RASS" /><ref name="Balaji Bala Vikas">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EVUGwAACAAJ | title=Balaji Bala Vikas | publisher=Rayalaseema Seva Samithi | author=Rayalaseema Seva Samithi | year=1986}}</ref> He was also a life member of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Mumbai, [[Indian Red Cross Society]], Andhra Pradesh, Youth Hostels of India, New Delhi and the [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]] (IIPA), Delhi.<ref name="RASS" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Three years after the establishment of Rashtriya Seva Samithi, in 1984-85, Muniratnam received the National award for his contributions to Child welfare.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" /><ref name="RASS" /> In 1987, Indian Merchants Chamber awarded him the Jamnalal Bajaj Endowment Award<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" /><ref name="RASS" /> and another award came his way in 1989, the Indira Gandhi Unity Award from the [[National Integration Council]], New Delhi.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" /><ref name="RASS" /> This was followed by the Shiromani Award (1991), Gem of India Award (1992) from All India Achiever's Association, Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi Award (1992) from the International Institute of Peace and Friendship Society, Balabhandu Award (1995) from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and Dr. Paidi Lakshmaiah Memorial Award, (1998) from the Government of India.<ref name="RASS" />

[[Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation]] conferred their annual [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] on Muniratnam in 1995.<ref name="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation" /> The next year, he received the award from the Indian Council of Social Welfare, Hyderabad, and a year later, the [[FICCI]] award.<ref name="RASS" /> He has also received Rotary India Award (2004), Rajiv Gandhi Manav Seva Award, (2006) from the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)|Ministry of Women and Child Development]] and 75th Avatar Mahotsava Award (2010) from [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]].<ref name="RASS" /> In 2012, the Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honor of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[N. G. Ranga]]
* [[Nirmala Deshpande]]
* [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]]
* [[National Literacy Mission]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24vUAwAAQBAJ&q=G.+Muniratnam&pg=PA91 | title=Globalization, 3rd Edition: Theory and Practice | publisher=A and C Black | author=Eleonore Kofman, Gillian Youngs | year=2008 | pages=296 | isbn=9780826493644}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.nirmaladeshpande.org/HTML/muniretnam.html | title=Article by Muniratnam | publisher=Nirmala Deshpande.org | date=2014 | access-date=7 December 2014 | archive-date=23 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223173022/http://www.nirmaladeshpande.org/HTML/muniretnam.html | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EVUGwAACAAJ | title=Balaji Bala Vikas | publisher=Rayalaseema Seva Samithi | author=Rayalaseema Seva Samithi | year=1986}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV4F4sUV7xE | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony - Padma Shri | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=4 April 2012 | access-date=1 December 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4s98sdh6iZM | title=Speech by Dr. Muniratnam | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=16 January 2014 | access-date=7 December 2014}}
{{Jamnalal Bajaj Award winners}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muniratnam, G.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:Social workers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Shirdale

2025-08-28T14:15:51Z

Vikipft: Created redirect page

#redirect [[Ambegaon taluka]]

{{rcatsh|
{{r from subtopic}}
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[[Category:Villages in Pune district]]

Tanay Gajjar

2025-07-29T06:10:31Z

Vikipft: updated details

{{short description|Indian sound recording engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
'''Tanay Gajjar''' is an Indian [[sound recordist|sound recording engineer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/nS6fWikJ9ybYQ7apOXxeIN/The-invisible-hand-of-audio-engineers.html|title=The invisible hand of audio engineers|date=19 March 2010|website=Livemint.com|accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> who works as a [[sound engineer]] in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/oscar-nomination-a-high-note-for-carnatic-music/article4304909.ece|title=Oscar nomination, a high note for Carnatic music|date=14 January 2013|accessdate=13 February 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Tanay Gajjar was born and raised in Mumbai. He started his career in BR Films Studio in 1995. Two years after that, he then joined Sumi Audio Vision where he headed the audio studio for 2 years. In 2000, he headed one of India's leading sound recording studios, AvA Entertainment Pvt Ltd. in Mumbai and worked there for 12 years. In 2012, he finally set up his own recording, mixing and mastering studio and called it Wow&flutteR.

Having worked extensively with music stalwarts, he also works very frequently with noted Bollywood Music Directors.

He has worked on over 200 films in the capacity of sound designer, sound editor, song and background score recording, mixing and mastering.

He has recorded, mixed and mastered numerous successful Pop, Classical, Fusion and Semi Classical Music Albums, national and international.
He has been nominated innumerable number of times for prominent awards and recognitions. He has received an IIFA( Indian international Film Awards) award, a Sahara Sangeet Award, a Zee cine Award, and an IRAA (Indian Recording Arts & Artists) award.
He has also been awarded a special recognition award for his work done in the musical recreation and digital restoration of the film Mughal-e-Azam.

Apart from being a Studio engineer, he has also been a pioneer as a Live Sound engineer with the following leading artists :- Dr. L Subramaniam, kavita Krishnamurty, Shubha Mudgal, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Suzanne D’ Mello,
, KK, to name a few.
He currently tours with two of Bollywood's leading singers., Sunidhi Chauhan, Shaan, Farhan Akhtar

Beyond that, he designs and provides acoustical consultation for Recording Studios, Mini theaters and Home Theater solutions as well as Live Sound Reinforcement. He has designed and built few recording studios, two mini theaters, most prolifically, the one at Mani Bhavan in Mumbai, it was from Mani Bhavan that Gandhi initiated the Non-Cooperation, Satyagraha, Swadeshi, Khadi and Khilafat movements.

==Filmography==
* [[Shastra (film)|Shastra]]
* [[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]
* Baadshah
* [[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]
* [[Paanch]]
* Kaho naa Pyaar hai
* Asambhav
* Hamara Dil aapke paas hai
* Hu Tu Tu
* Hello Brother
* Cchal
* Dhund
* Desh Devi
* Kaise kahoon Ke Pyaar Hai
* Tujhe Meri kasam
* Victoria No. 203
* Pyaar Deewana Hota Hai
* Hum Tumpe Marte hai
* Taj Mahal- An Eternal Love Story
* Hu Kisise Kum Nahin
* Hum Tumhaare hai Sanam
* [[China Gate (1998 film)|China Gate]]
* [[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]
* [[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]
* [[Mission Kashmir]]
* [[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha|Gadar]]
* [[Kachche Dhaage]]
* Baaz a bird in danger
* Julie
* [[Monsoon Wedding]]
* Mughal E Azam
* Paa
* [[Cheeni Kum]]
* [[Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster]]
* [[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]
* [[Jism 2]]
* Dil Ka Rishta
* The Hero- Love Story of a spy
* Janasheen
* Dus Kahaaniyan
* Tujhe meri Kasam
* Pinjar
* Yun Hota toh kya hota
* Sunday
* [[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]
* [[Dil Dhadakne Do]]
* [[Katti Batti]]
* ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]''
* Manjhi-The mountain man
* [[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! | Year
! | Award
! | Song
! | Film
! | Title
! | Result
! | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| "[[Deewani Mastani]]"
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| rowspan=3 | Best Song Engineer (Recording & Mixing)
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>
|-
|"[[Aayat (song)|Aayat]]"
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|-
| [[9th Mirchi Music Awards|2016]]
| "Mirzya"
| ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0301505}}
* [http://tanaygajjar.com/ Personal site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625034755/http://tanaygajjar.com/ |date=25 June 2013 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gajjar, Tanay}}
[[Category:Sound recordists]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Araba Dudawatan

2025-07-28T17:34:13Z

Vikipft: New a data added tags.

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{more citations needed |date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Araba Dudawatan''' is a large village located in [[Pachpadra]] tehsil of [[Balotra district]], [[Rajasthan]], India, with a total of 352 families residing. According to the 2011 census, ARABA Dudawatan village has a population of 2270, of which 1186 are males while 1084 are females.and with Two Higher secondary schools one government Hospital and also 14-15 casts population was leaving in this village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arawa Dudawatan Village Population - Pachpadra - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87510-arawa-dudawatan-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26|02|37|N|72|37|07|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}