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Blue movie

2026-05-19T00:55:24Z

Vikibnf: stub

{{wiktionary|blue movie}}
'''Blue movie''' or '''blue film''' may refer to:
{{tocright}}
==Videos==
* [[Pornographic film]], when used as informal catch-all euphemistic term
* [[Softcore pornography]], when used in a modern sense for a softcore film on network television in after-the-watershed hours
* ''[[Blue Movie]]'', a 1969 film by Andy Warhol
* [[Blue Movie (1971 film)|''Blue Movie'' (1971 film)]], a film by Wim Verstappen
* ''Blue Movie'', a 1989 pornographic mockumentary film directed by [[Jack Remy]]
* [[Blue (1968 film)|''Blue'' (1968 film)]], a Western film by Silvio Narizzano
* [[Blue (1993 film)|''Blue'' (1993 film)]], a film by Derek Jarman
* [[Blue (2002 film)|''Blue'' (2002 film)]], a Japanese film by Hiroshi Ando
* [[Blue (2009 film)|''Blue'' (2009 film)]], an Indian film by Anthony D'Souza
* [[Kalyug (2005 film)|''Kalyug'' (2005 film)]], an Indian film by Mohit Suri, working title ''Blue Film''
* [[Blue Film (2025 film)|''Blue Film'' (2025 film)]], an American drama film
* ''[[Blue Film: Estimation]]'', a 1968 Japanese pink film

==Books==
* [[Blue Movie (1970 book)|''Blue Movie'' (1970 book)]], a book of the 1969 Andy Warhol film
* [[Blue Movie (novel)|''Blue Movie'' (novel)]], a 1970 novel by Terry Southern
* "[[The Blue Film]]", a 1954 short story by the English novelist Graham Greene

==Music==
* [[Blue Film (album)|''Blue Film'' (album)]], an album by Lo-Fang
* "Blue Movie", a 2014 song by Lowtide from their [[Lowtide (album)|eponymous debut album]]
* "Blue-film Movie", a 2002 song by Sneaker Pimps from ''[[Bloodsport (album)|Bloodsport]]''

==See also==
* {{in title}}

{{Disambiguation}}

Swag (film)

2026-05-07T23:02:40Z

Vikibnf: Started A Info From Scratch!

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Hasith Goli}}
{{Long plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swag
| image = Swag film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Hasith Goli
| screenplay =
| writer = Hasith Goli
| producer = T. G. Vishwa Prasad
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Sree Vishnu]]
* [[Meera Jasmine]]
* [[Ritu Varma]]
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[Daksha Nagarkar]]
* [[Ravi Babu]]
}}
| cinematography = Vedaraman Sankaran
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| studio = People Media Factory
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|4}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} ₹8.05 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Sree Vishnu Swag Movie Total WW Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/sree-vishnu-swag-movie-total-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=29 October 2022 |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Swag''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[black comedy]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Hasith Goli, and produced by People Media Factory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-10-01 |title=Director Hasith Goli on 'Swag': I was confident that Sree Vishnu can enact any number of characters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-hasith-goli-on-swag-i-was-confident-that-sree-vishnu-can-enact-any-number-of-characters/article68701038.ece |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003050219/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-hasith-goli-on-swag-i-was-confident-that-sree-vishnu-can-enact-any-number-of-characters/article68701038.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahrukh |date=2024-10-04 |title=Swag Telugu Movie Review: In-Depth Analysis and Rating |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/movie-review/swag-telugu-movie-review-in-depth-analysis-and-rating-912033 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Sree Vishnu]] in a [[dual role|five roles]], alongside [[Ritu Varma]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Daksha Nagarkar]] and [[Ravi Babu]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-10-01 |title='Swag' explores the conflict between matriarchy and patriarchy: Sree Vishnu |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/swag-explores-the-conflict-between-matriarchy-and-patriarchy-sree-vishnu-911163 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-03 |title=The release date for Sree Vishnu starrer Swag announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/03/the-release-date-for-sree-vishnu-starrer-swag-announced |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
During the 16th-century reign of Queen Rukmini Devi of the Vinjamara dynasty, her husband, King Bhavabhuti, fed up with the male oppression endured under the [[matriarchal]] rule, sought to assume control of the kingdom and transform it into a [[patriarchal]] society. With the support of the rajaguru, Bhavabhuti devised a plan requiring Rukmini Devi to give their son, Ajeya, his surname Swaganika instead of Vinjamara. Once this change was made, the transition to patriarchy followed, as Bhavabhuti belonged to the Swaganika dynasty. When the rajaguru documented Ajeya in the family tree, he expressed concern that Bhavabhuti's descendants might eventually not have any male heirs, leading to the extinction of the Swaganika clan. This was because a daughter would join another family upon marriage, due to the change in surname. Following a heated argument, Bhavabhuti and the rajaguru cursed each other, declaring that if the latter's descendants failed to record the male offspring of Bhavabhuti's lineage, both families would face the prospect of having no further male heirs.

In the present, SI Bhavabhuti is retiring from the police force and has been denied a pension due to complaints about his misconduct and his chauvinistic attitudes. Along with a few others, he receives letters from an anonymous sender claiming to be a descendant of the Swaganika clan, instructing recipients to visit the "Vamsa Vruksha Nilayam" (Family Tree Mansion) to claim the clan's wealth; the last known descendant, Yayathi, failed to ever register his children's names, leaving the legacy unclaimed. Maharishi, the current heir of the rajaguru, hopes that the descendant is a woman, as this would bring an end to the Swaganika clan and allow him to acquire the wealth through the conditions of the curse. Alongside Bhavabhuti, two others arrive at the mansion: Anubhuti, a cynical misandrist construction worker seeking funding for a new business, and Singareni "Singa", a jobless social media influencer who is unaware of his biological father. Astrologer Ekambaram predicts that Singa could attain success if he fathers a son in the future. He opposes this marriage later as he finds out that Singa's girlfriend is none other than his own daughter Kaluva, citing Singa's unemployment and moreso, his unknown father.

It is later revealed that the letters were sent by Vibhuthi, a transgender dancer who is Bhavabhuti's twin. Bhavabhuti arrests both Vibhuthi and Singa, prompting Vibhuthi to share her story with Singa and the other inmates. Yayathi, a 70s-era stage dancer whose family has fallen from prominence over the years, has seven daughters borne by his wife Kausalya. Yet he still longs for a son, believing his entry into the family tree will bring them wealth and happiness. Yayathi's friend Vasudeva is also trying for a son and has several daughters. Yayathi's wife, Kausalya, gives birth to twin boys - Dhanubhuti and Bhavabuti - upon which Yayathi gives the latter to Vasudeva to adopt. The descendant of the rajaguru, guarding the Swaganika wealth at this time, urges Yayathi to bring both twins for registration in the family tree, as his own male lineage is at risk if he doesn't fulfill his duties, as per the original curse. However, Vasudeva and his family discretely abandon town and set off for Kolkata, worried that Yayathi might reclaim his adoptee son in the future.

Years later, during his adolescence, Dhanubhuti begins to display feminine traits and develops a passion for classical dance. When Yayathi discovers this, he confronts Dhanubhuti and becomes concerned that having him in the family could jeopardize his daughters' marriage prospects. Consequently, Yayathi enrolls Vibhuthi in a dance class and skips town with the rest of the family, before Dhanubhuti returns home. However, Kausalya leaves behind a plate bearing the emblem of the Swaganika dynasty, which is necessary for her child's registration in the family tree and claiming of the wealth. Dhanubhuti eventually undergoes gender affirmation surgery, transitioning into Vibuthi, and becomes a celebrated yet ostracized Kathakalli dancer.

However, frustrated with society's mistreatment towards her, Vibhuthi once contemplated suicide. She then encountered Revathi, Bhavabhuti's pregnant wife, alone in a bus and experiencing labour pains. Vibhuthi assists Revathi in delivering a baby boy, who turned out to be Singa. Told through intermittent flashbacks, Bhavabhuti and Revathi share a loving relationship in 90s Vizag - with Revathi working as a college teacher, advocating for gender equality and the importance of education. However, underneath the surface of this romantic couple, was later revealed Bhavubhuti's discrete maliciousness. Whenever Revathi became pregnant and the fetus was female, Bhavabhuti spiked her with abortion medication. After multiple [[miscarriage]]s, when Revathi was finally expecting Singa, the doctor expressed concern that Bhavabhuti might have been responsible for her previous [[abortion]]s. Consequently, when they discovered the child was a boy, Revathi fled from Bhavabhuti, unable to reconcile her beliefs with his views, convinced he would never change - thus ending up on the bus where she was found by Vibuthi.

After Revathi left with Singa, Vibhuthi, longing to be a mother herself, adopted Anubhuti from an orphanage. However, due to bullying at school linked to her mother's transgender identity, Anubhuti developed a hostile attitude toward Vibhuthi and dreamed of escaping her after starting her own business. This deeply saddened Vibhuthi, who wrote the anonymous letters that gathered her family, including Yayathi and Vasudeva, in one place. There, she was registered as the heir of the Swaganika clan, and ready to declare herself as a male for the sake of completing the ceremony. However, Vibhuthi chose to prioritize her self-respect and decided to provide Anubhuti with the family and wealth she desired. She handed Revathi's letter to Singa as she left. Yayathi acknowledged Vibhuthi as his daughter, leading to a reconciliation between her and Anubhuti. Singa gave the letter to Bhavabhuti, suggesting it might contain some final words of love from Revathi, who had died long ago. Bhavabhuti, upon reading Revathi's last message, realized how lonely he had become and broke down in tears.

Ultimately, it was revealed that the Swaganika wealth was used to establish an educational institution that offered free education for all genders, where Anubhuti and Vibhuthi taught dance, and Bhavabhuti served as the principal. Singa becomes a responsible man and marries Kaluva. He later becomes a father and embraces his child, without worrying about his child's gender.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sree Vishnu]] in [[dual role|quintuple role]] as
** [[King]] Bhavabhuthi Swaganika
** [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Valasala Bhavabhuthi
** Vibhuthi (Dhanubhuthi)
** Yayathi
** Singareni "Singa"
* [[Meera Jasmine]] in [[dual role]] as
** Queen Uthphalaa Devi
** Revathi, wife of SI Valasala Bhavabhuti
* [[Ritu Varma]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Queen Vinjamara Rukmini Devi
** Sagunuka Anubhuti, the adopted daughter of Vibhuthi
* [[Daksha Nagarkar]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Vasundhara Devi
** Kaluva, girlfriend and eventually, wife of Singa
* [[Sharanya Pradeep]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Dakshayani
** Kausalya
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Rajaguru
** Maharshi
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Valasala Vasudeva
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Chinna Raju
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Vijjamma
* [[Ravi Babu]] as Chinnayana
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Michael, Singa's friend
* [[Rajyalakshmi]] as Yayati's mother-in-law
* Ashok Kumar as Sripathi
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Nishkalmasha
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]] as Vasu
* [[Gangavva]] as Head of Cheli Kathalu
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Shankar
* Anand Bharathi as Kalavar
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Ekambaram, Kaluva's father
* [[కాదంబరి కిరణ్|Kadambari Kiran]] as Main employee at Vamsa Vruksha Nilayam
* [[Vasu Inturi]] as B. Daveedu
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Babaji
* Sunaina Badam as anchor
* Shivakumar Ramachandravarapu as Visesh
* Bindu Chandramouli as a Government employee
* Harsh Roshan in a [[dual role]]s as
** Teen Bhavabhuthi
** Teen Dhanubhuthi (Vibhuthi)
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Swag
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Tips Industries]]
| producer = Vivek Sagar
}}

The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] are composed by [[Vivek Sagar]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| title1 = Singaro Singa
| length1 = 3:20
| lyrics1 = Niklesh Sunkoji
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
| title2 = Guvva Gootilo
| length2 = 4:19
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Geetha Madhuri]], Snigdha Sharma
| title3 = Englandu Rani
| length3 = 4:02
| lyrics3 = Swaroop Goli
| extra3 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| title4 = Neelo Naalo
| length4 = 4:35
| lyrics4 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra4 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Anjana Sowmya (additional vocals by Shrutika Samudrala)
| title5 = Sandamaama
| length5 = 4:54
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra5 = Rhithwik S. Chand
| title6 = Thandava Roopam
| length6 = 4:00
| lyrics6 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| extra6 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar]]
}}

==Release==
''Swag'' was released on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2024-09-29 |title=Ritu Varma to Shine as Maharani Rukmini Devi in the Upcoming Film Swag |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ritu-varma-to-shine-as-maharani-rukmini-devi-in-the-upcoming-film-swag-910625 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Swag Trailer Unveiled! Sree Vishnu's Film Is About Gender Game Crossing The Limits |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/swag-trailer-unveiled-sree-vishnus-film-is-about-gender-game-crossing-the-limits-article-113824235 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001232940/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/swag-trailer-unveiled-sree-vishnus-film-is-about-gender-game-crossing-the-limits-article-113824235 |url-status=live }}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and premiered on 25 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-26 |title=Sree Vishnu's Swag now out on OTT: When and where to watch Telugu black comedy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sree-vishnus-swag-now-out-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-telugu-black-comedy/articleshow/114625618.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a positive review with particular praise to Hasith Goli, and the performances of Sree Vishnu, Ritu Varma and Meera Jasmine. She further wrote that, "There are times when the multiple timelines and characters can feel tiresome. But ultimately, it finds its rhythm and can leave you with a smile".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-10-04 |title='Swag' movie review: Hasith Goli and a brilliant Sree Vishnu strike again with a deceptive, layered satire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/swag-movie-review-hasith-goli-and-sree-vishnu-strike-again-with-a-deceptive-layered-satire/article68717403.ece |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'' opined that the confused story and screenplay are the major negatives, while the performances of Sree Vishnu, Meera Jasmine and Ritu Varma is the major positive of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SWAG Movie Review: రివ్యూ శ్వాగ్‌.. శ్రీవిష్ణు ఖాతాలో హిట్‌పడిందా? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/swag-movie-review-in-telugu/0203/124181013 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28351127|title=Swag}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about gender]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films about parent–child relationships]]
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]

Preetha Krishna

2026-05-06T14:28:44Z

Vikibnf: created the article w/ refs

{{short description|Indian spiritual and philosophy teacher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Preetha Krishna
| image = Preetha krishna.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Preetha Krishna
| birth_name = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| education = Masters in Business Administration
| alma_mater =
| other_names = Preethaji
| occupation = Spiritual teacher and Philosopher
| years_active =
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Ekam - The Oneness Temple|Ekam]]
| parents =
| spouse = Krishnaji
| children = Lokaa
| website = {{official_website}}
}}

'''Preetha Krishna''' (also known as Preethaji) is a spiritual teacher,<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-08-06|title=Sustainability must start from oneness within, says spiritual teacher|url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/sustainability-must-start-oneness-within-says-spiritual-teacher|work=TheEdge Malayasia}}</ref><ref name="gentry2021">{{cite podcast |host=Tom Gentry|title=20 Questions for Sri Preethaji |website=The Path to Authenticity |date=5 Oct 2021 |url=https://www.thepathtoauthenticity.com/blogs/questionnaire/20-questions-for-sri-preethaji/ |access-date=24 Sep 2024}}</ref> author<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-10-01|title=Inside The Four Sacred Secrets Book Launch Hosted By Usher (You Read That Right) |url=https://thechalkboardmag.com/the-four-sacred-secrets-book-launch|access-date=24 Sep 2024}}</ref> and co-founder of [[Ekam - The Oneness Temple|Ekam]]<ref>{{cite news |agency=Hans News Service|last=Jaffer|first=Askari|date=5 Sep 2019|title= Together they lead people towards inner transformation & love: Preethaji & Krishnaji's Journey|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/together-they-lead-people-towards-inner-transformation-love-561003|access-date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=TimesNow News|date=1 Jun 2023|title= Mukti Guru Sri Preethaji at the India Economic Conclave 2023 on India Being The Consciousness Superpower|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/mukti-guru-sri-preethaji-at-the-india-economic-conclave-2023-on-india-being-the-consciousness-superpower-article-100681523#new_tab|access-date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== Work ==
Preetha Krishna is a spiritual teacher and is known for her teachings on consciousness and personal development. She has conducted programs in various countries across the world including India,<ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/go-on-a-self-awakening-journey-with-bodhi-a-3-day-spiritual-intensive-768100</ref> the USA,<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/ari-emanuel-brings-meditation-wme-img-tony-robbins-1022194 ''Ari Emanuel Brings Meditation to WME-IMG With Tony Robbins''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825000350/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/ari-emanuel-brings-meditation-wme-img-tony-robbins-1022194 |date=25 August 2017 }}. Article by Chris Gardner from 21 July 2017 in ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.</ref> China,<ref>https://www.ted.com/talks/preetha_ji_the_force_of_innovation_preethaji_tedxcaohejingpark_sep_2018?subtitle=en</ref> Malaysia,<ref>https://www.optionstheedge.com/topic/people/ekam-co-founder-sri-preethaji-mission-raise-global-consciousness-about-spirituality-and</ref><ref>https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/sustainability-must-start-oneness-within-says-spiritual-teacher</ref> Korea and other countries.<ref>https://n.news.naver.com/article/023/0003848737?lfrom=kakao#new_tab</ref> She has given TED talks at Kansas City in 2017<ref>https://www.tedxkc.org/preetha-ji</ref> and at Shanghai in 2018.<ref>https://www.ted.com/talks/preetha_ji_the_force_of_innovation_preethaji_tedxcaohejingpark_sep_2018?subtitle=en</ref>

In 2002, Preetha Krishna founded the ''Women's Movement for the Golden Age'' in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].<ref>''Movement to empower women launched''. Article in [[The Times of India]] from 18 February 2002.</ref> In 2009 along with her husband, Krishna, also known as 'Krishnaji',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguin.com.au/authors/krishnaji|title=Krishnaji|website=Penguin Books Australia|access-date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> she co-founded ''One World Academy'',<ref>{{cite web |date=2017|title=Preethaji is the cofounder of the One World Academy (OWA)|url=https://www.tedxkc.org/preetha-ji|website=TEDx|access-date=24 Sep 2024}}</ref> a philosophy and meditation school in [[Kanchipuram]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/owa-350?guccounter=1 |title = Preetha ji – HuffPost |website = www.huffingtonpost.com |accessdate = 13 June 2018 |url-status = live |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180613063410/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/owa-350?guccounter=1 |archivedate = 13 June 2018 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> that later turned into O&O Academy.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oo.academy/who-we-are/ |title = Who We Are – O&O Academy |website = oo.academy |accessdate = 13 June 2018 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180613063411/http://www.oo.academy/who-we-are/ |archivedate = 13 June 2018 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2018, Preetha Krishna along with her husband created the Ekam World Peace Festival<ref>{{cite news |agency=ANI News|date=14 Aug 2020|title= Ekam World Peace Festival holds meditation for ending domestic violence|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/ekam-world-peace-festival-holds-meditation-for-ending-domestic-violence20200814182612|access-date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> which is an annual meditation event conducted at [[Ekam - The Oneness Temple|Ekam]]. The event has drawn together several million participants from across the world<ref>{{cite news |agency=ED Times|date=14 Aug 2021|title= The EKAM World Peace Festival (EWPF) – Online Gathering Of 20 Million Peace Makers|url=https://edtimes.in/the-ekam-world-peace-festival-ewpf-online-gathering-of-20-million-peace-makers|website=www.edtimes.in|access-date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> including celebrities.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Business News This Week|date=17 Aug 2020|title= Saina Nehwal and Mithali Raj at Ekam world Peace Festival|url=https://businessnewsthisweek.com/national/saina-nehwal-and-mithali-raj-at-ekam-world-peace-festival/|access-date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic|global pandemic]], it was conducted online.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Global Prime News|last=Murdheswar|first=Sachin|date=17 Sep 2021|title=Ekam organise the World's Biggest Online Meditation Event|url=https://globalprimenews.com/2021/09/17/ekam-organise-the-worlds-biggest-online-meditation-event/|access-date=23 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== Business links ==

Preetha Krishna is a director of Kosmik Music and production company Kosmik Global Media, which owns the [[Bengaluru Bulls]], a [[Pro Kabaddi League]] team.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thakur|first=Soumik|date=30 Dec 2021|title=Bengaluru Bulls ink partnership with PK Consciousness|work=Sports Mint |url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/bengaluru-bulls-ink-partnership-with-pk-consciousness/|access-date=28 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=IANS|date=16 July 2014|title=Bangalore franchise kabaddi team launched|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bangalore-franchise-kabaddi-team-launched-114071601156_1.html|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>

Krishna is the daughter-in-law of "self-styled godman" [[Kalki Bhagawan|Kalki Bhagavan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-12-21 |title=Kalki Bhagavan case: 900 acres of benami land attached by I-T |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kalki-900-acres-of-benami-land-attached-by-i-t/articleshow/72909944.cms |access-date=2026-04-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Income Tax Department]] raided premises associated with Preetha Krishna and issued an order against her over unaccounted for cash and undeclared assets. She then filed a writ petition in the [[Madras High Court]] against this.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Mohamed |last=Imranullah|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kalki-bhagavans-daughter-in-law-moves-hc-against-look-out-circular/article30042861.ece|title='Kalki' Bhagavan's daughter-in-law moves HC against 'look out circular'|date=22 November 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The court in 2020 quashed the order passed by the tax department.<ref>https://indiankanoon.org/doc/101686316/</ref> Later, in 2022 the court dismissed the subsequent appeal by the department.<ref>https://indiankanoon.org/doc/101686316/</ref>

== Publications ==
=== Books authored ===
* ''Freedom in relationships.'', Preetha Krishna (2013)<ref>{{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Preetha |title=Freedom in relationships |date=2013|publisher=O&O Academy|isbn=978-0-9887-0390-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Krishna |first= Preetha |year=2013 |title=Freedom in Relationships |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32310589-freedom-in-relationships|isbn=978-0-9887-0390-2}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-0-9887-0390-2}}
* ''The Four Sacred Secrets: For Love and Prosperity, A Guide to Living in a Beautiful State'', Preetha Krishna (2019)<ref>{{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Preetha |title=The four sacred secrets: how to overcome stress and anxiety and live in a beautiful state |date=2019 |publisher=Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, Inc |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5011-7377-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Afreen |first=Saima |date=2019-08-26 |title=For a happy better Life |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2019/Aug/26/for-a-happy-better-life-2024938.html |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Krishna|first=Preetha|year=2019|title=The Four Sacred Secrets: For Love and Prosperity, A Guide to Living in a Beautiful State|publisher=Simon and Schuster |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43258146-the-four-sacred-secrets|isbn=978-1-5011-7377-6}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-1-5011-7377-6}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category}}
* {{official_website}}
* [https://lewishowes.com/podcast/preetha-ji/ Preetha Krishna, interviewed by Lewis Howes]

{{Portal bar|Biography}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Preetha}}
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Paramita Satpathy

2026-04-29T04:36:40Z

Vikibnf: created the stub more to come

{{Short description|Odia writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Paramita Satpathy
| native_name = '''ପାରମିତା ଶତପଥୀ'''
| native_name_lang = or
| image = Paramita Satpathy.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =Paramita Satpathy
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|08|30}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Commissioner, Income-taxIncome-tax, Writer
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = 
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = Nityanand Satpathy [[Pratibha Satpathy]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 2016
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|paramitasatpathy.com}}
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Paramita Satpathy''' (born 30 August 1965) is an Indian writer. Paramita is the daughter of Sahitya Akademi Award winner poet [[Pratibha Satpathy]] and Nityananda Satpathy.

Her first short-story was published in 1985 in 'Jhankar' magazine. Paramita, who has authored seven short-story collections, has been selected for the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2016 for Odia. She has won the award for ‘Prapti’, a short-story collection she wrote in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title='Prapti' wins Paramita Sahitya Akademi Award|url=http://www.orissapost.com/prapti-wins-paramita-sahitya-akademi-award/|accessdate=22 December 2016|work=Orissapost}}</ref>
Prapti was released in a compact disc (CD) in August 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150806/jsp/odisha/story_35581.jsp#.VdfeReHxtaM | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150822023826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150806/jsp/odisha/story_35581.jsp%23.VdfeReHxtaM | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 August 2015 | title=Paramita's Prapti unveiled in new avatar | work=The Telegraph | date=6 August 2015 | accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>
Many of her novels have also been translated in Hindi, English, Bengali, Telugu and Marathi languages.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paramita Satpathy to receive Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/paramita-satpathy-to-receive-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-183209/|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=Odisha Television Ltd}}</ref>

Paramita who had joined [[Indian Revenue Service]] in 1989, is posted as the commissioner of the Income Tax department.<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha writer Paramita Satpathy to receive Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/12/21/odisha-writer-paramita-satpathy-to-be-conferred-with-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award/|accessdate=22 December 2016|work=Odisha Sun Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225001503/http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/12/21/odisha-writer-paramita-satpathy-to-be-conferred-with-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award/|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2012/paramita-satpathy/ | title=Paramita Satpathy | publisher=Samanvay | accessdate=22 August 2015}}</ref>

== Writings ==
Paramita, has seven short-story collections and a novel to her credit like-
* Chandan ke Phool, 2015
* Narikabi O Anyamane, 2015 <ref>{{cite news|title=ପୁସ୍ତକ ପରିଚୟ|url=http://www.dharitri.com/sahityayan/270615/p8.htm|accessdate=24 July 2016|newspaper=ସାହିତ୍ୟାୟନ (ଧରିତ୍ରୀ)}}</ref>
* Prapti, 2012
* Intimate Pretence, 2010
* Kurei Fula, 2009
* Dur ke Pahad, 2007
* Antaranga Chhala, 2006
* Apathacharini, 2005
* Birala Rupaka, 2003
* Bhashakshara, 2000
* Bibidha Aswapna, 1997

== Awards ==
*[https://indiaeducationdiary.in/kalinga-international-award-anand-nilakantan-kalinga-literary-award-haraprasad-das-klf2017-start-june-10/ Kalinga Karubaki Award 2017], [[Kalinga Literary Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/kalinga-international-award-anand-nilakantan-kalinga-literary-award-haraprasad-das-klf2017-start-june-10/|title = Kalinga International Literary Award to Anand Neelakantan, Kalinga Literary Award to Haraprasad das, KLF2017 to start from June 10|date = 4 June 2017}}</ref>
* Sahitya Akademi Award, 2016 <ref>{{cite news|last1=Panda|first1=Subhransu|title=Paramita Satpathy bags Sahitya Akademi Award for 2016|url=http://www.odishastory.com/2016/12/21/paramita-satpathy-bags-sahitya-akademi-award-for-2016/|accessdate=21 December 2016|publisher=Odisha Story|archive-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430131407/http://www.odishastory.com/2016/12/21/paramita-satpathy-bags-sahitya-akademi-award-for-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Kadambini Galpa Samman, 2010
* Seashore srujan Samman, 2010<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article587668.ece |title=Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo bags Seashore Sahitya Akademy Samman |work=thehindu.com |year=2010 |quote=Seashore Srujan Samman went to poet Sucheta Mishra, short story writer Paramita Satapathy |accessdate=10 May 2012}}</ref>
* Amrutayan Galpa Puraskar
* Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award, 2006<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/annual-literary-awards-presented/article819571.ece | title=Annual literary awards presented | work=The Hindu | date=8 October 2010 | accessdate=22 August 2015}}</ref>
* Bharatiya Bhasa Parishad Yuva Puraskar, 2003
* Gangadhar Rath Foundation Award, 2002
* Bhubaneswar Book Fair Award, 2001

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://paramitasatpathy.com/ Official website]

{{Odia literature}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satpathy, Paramita}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Uppal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:20Z

Vikibnf: Started Initial Details Basic Info!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Uppal
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (47-Uppal highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Uppal Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Bandari Lakshma Reddy]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 4,54,690
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 47
}}

'''Uppal Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 14 constituencies in Ranga Reddy district part of [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is also one of the 24 constituencies of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]].

[[Bandari Lakshma Reddy]] is the current MLA from this constituency.

==Overview==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following localities.

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal/Ward No
|-
| [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
|-
| [[Kapra]]
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 2009-14
| [[B. Raji Reddy|Bandari Raji Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014-18
| [[N. V. S. S. Prabhakar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2018-23
| Bethi Subhas Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2023-
| [[Bandari Lakshma Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

==Election results==

===2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Bandari Lakshma Reddy]]
| votes = 1,32,927
| percentage = 48.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=M. Parmeshwar Reddy|votes=83,897|percentage=30.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[N. V. S. S. Prabhakar]]|votes=47,332|percentage=17.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,536|percentage=0.92|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=49,030|percentage=17.82|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,75,085|percentage=51.94|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppal<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/42769/266 Uppal 2018 Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Bethi Subhas Reddy]]
| votes = 1,17,442
| percentage = 51.53%
| change = +21.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Tulla Veerender Goud]]
| votes = 69,274
| percentage = 30.40%
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[N. V. S. S. Prabhakar]]
| votes = 26,798
| percentage = 11.19%
| change = -24.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 2,712
| percentage = 1.19 %
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 48,168
| percentage = 21.4%
| change = +15.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,27,899
| percentage = 51.65%
| change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppal<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34774/239 Uppal 2014 Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[N. V. S. S. Prabhakar]]|votes=82,395|percentage=36.8%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Bethi Subhas Reddy|votes=68,226|percentage=30.4%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bandari Lakshma Reddy]]|votes=34,331|percentage=15.3%|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=14,169|percentage=6.3%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,25,935|percentage=49.7%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[B. Raji Reddy|Bandari Raji Reddy]]
| votes = 57,874
| percentage = 37.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = M. Yadagiri Reddy
| votes = 29,691
| percentage = 19.34%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Amirishetty Narender
| votes = 25,634
| percentage = 16.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 28,183
| percentage = 18.36%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,53,500
| percentage = 42.39%
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.40|78.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mundka Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:25Z

Vikibnf: new new info more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mundka
| mla = [[Gajender Drall]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North West Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 8
}}
'''Mundka Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.

[[Mundka]] assembly constituency is a part of [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]] Lok Sabha constituency. This constituency was created by reorganization by [[Delimitation commission of India|delimitation commission]] in 2008.

==Assembly segment and councillors ==
After 2016 delimitation, Mundka assembly has 5 wards.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Ward No!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party!!Elections
|-
| 36
| [[Jayender Kumar Dabas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan=5| [[2017 Municipal Corporation of Delhi election|2017 Delhi MCD elections]]
|-
| 35
| Poonam Dabas
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 37
| Jyoti Racchoya
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 38
| Babina Pawanjeet Shokeen
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| 39
| Anil Lakra
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/mundka.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Manoj Kumar Shokeen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Rambir Shokeen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| Sukhbir Singh Dalal
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Dharampal Lakra]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Gajender Drall|Gajender Singh Drall]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2025===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2025"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Mundka<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Mundka">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Mundka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U058.htm |accessdate=21 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221174309/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U058.htm |archivedate=21 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mundka Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Mundka Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/mundka |access-date=8 March 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308105036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/mundka |archive-date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gajender Drall]]|votes=89,839|percentage=47.07|change={{Increase}}4.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Jasbir Karala|votes=79,289|percentage=41.54|change={{decrease}}12.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dharampal Lakra]]|votes=10,290|percentage=5.39|change={{Increase}}2.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,088|percentage=0.30|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=10,550|percentage=5.6|change={{decrease}}5.81}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,89,765|percentage=60.6|change={{Increase}}1.16}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Bharatiya Janata Party|loser = Aam Aadmi Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

===2020===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Mundka]]<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Dharampal Lakra]]|votes=90,293|percentage=53.78|change=-3.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Azad Singh|votes=71,135|percentage=42.37|change=+9.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Naresh Kumar|votes=5,082|percentage=3.03|change=-5.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=903|percentage=0.54|change=+0.19}}
{{Election box candidate|party=SBP|candidate=Chetram|votes=273|percentage=0.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19,158|percentage=11.41|change=-13.39}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,67,208|percentage=59.44|change=-3.56}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Aam Aadmi Party|swing=-3.44}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

===2015 election===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Mundka]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Sukhbir Singh Dalal
|votes = 94,206
|percentage = 57.24
|change = +41.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Master Azad Singh]]
|votes = 53,380
|percentage = 32.44
|change = +2.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rita Shokeen
|votes = 13,446
|percentage = 8.17
|change = -4.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = 778
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 576
|percentage = 0.35
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,826
|percentage = 24.80
|change = +20.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,635
|percentage =63.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing = +41.68
}}
{{Election box end}}

<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Mundka <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=8 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rambir Shokeen
| votes = 52,564
| percentage = 34.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Azad Singh
| votes = 45,430
| percentage = 29.62
| change = -16.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Krishan Kumar
| votes = 23,872
| percentage = 15.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Naresh Kumar
| votes = 19,157
| percentage = 12.49
| change = -18.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar Parihar
| votes = 2,912
| percentage = 1.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Gurcharan Singh
| votes = 2,830
| percentage = 1.84
| change = -10.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Delhi Janata Party
| candidate = Vijay Kumar Garg
| votes = 1,397
| percentage = 0.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Ulama Council
| candidate = Alam Khan
| votes = 860
| percentage = 0.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Pragatisheel Congress
| candidate = Karam Chand Lathwal
| votes = 709
| percentage = 0.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Bahujan Samman Party
| candidate = Arvind Kataria
| votes = 552
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jagdish
| votes = 528
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Satya Narayan
| votes = 454
| percentage = 0.30
| change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Reeta
| votes = 301
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Satya Vijayee Party
| candidate = Mukesh Sharma
| votes = 271
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Aikta Manch Party
| candidate = Gauri Shankar
| votes = 260
| percentage = 0.17
| change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
| candidate = Renu Bharti
| votes = 193
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Dal (Integrated)
| candidate = Meenu
| votes = 193
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Kamal Goyal
| votes = 175
| percentage = 0.11
| change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 734
| percentage = 0.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,134
| percentage = 4.65
| change = -9.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 153,584
| percentage = 63.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent (politician)
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Mundka<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Manoj Kumar
| votes = 47,355
| percentage = 45.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Prem Chander Kaushik
| votes = 32,458
| percentage = 31.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jasbir
| votes = 12,382
| percentage = 11.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Chandi Ram
| votes = 6,909
| percentage = 6.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhagwan Singh
| votes = 858
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhand Bharat Samaj Party
| candidate = Sharafat Ali
| votes = 768
| percentage = 0.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vijay Kumar
| votes = 555
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Majdoor Kisan Union Party
| candidate = Jaideep Singh
| votes = 350
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Aikta Manch Party
| candidate = Nagendra Sharma
| votes = 297
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Md Yasin Khan
| votes = 251
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prem Narayan
| votes = 209
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lokpriya Samaj Party
| candidate = Lal Chand
| votes = 198
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar Parihar
| votes = 192
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Mahvir
| votes = 190
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Vikrant Kapoor
| votes = 179
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Uttar Pradesh United Democratic Front
| candidate = Md Mehraj
| votes = 178
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,897
| percentage = 14.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,03,329
| percentage = 55.0
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.69|77.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dilip Dandekar

2026-04-19T05:40:06Z

Vikibnf: starting new details.

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dilip Dandekar
| office = President of [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]]
| image =
| spouse = *Anjali Gogte (till 1993; her death)
*Smita Karandikar (m. 1998)
| children = 3; 1 stepdaughter
| parents = [[D. P. Dandekar|Digambar P Dandekar]] (father)
| occupation = Chairman, managing director
| relatives = [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]] (cousin-in-law)
}}

'''Dilip Dandekar''' is the [[chairman]] and [[Chief executive officer|managing director]] of [[Kokuyo Camlin]] Ltd.,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks|title=Stocks|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> taking office from June 1, 2002.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/research-leader-speak/mr-dilip-dandekar-chairman-managing-director-camlin-ltd-113111402297_1.html|title=Mr. Dilip Dandekar, Chairman & Managing Director, Camlin Ltd.|last=indiainfoline.com|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a63UOWEdSAM|title=Camlin Growth - Mr. Dilip Dandekar|via=[[YouTube]]|author=[[CNBC]] TV18}}</ref> He joined Camlin Ltd. as a management trainee<ref name=":0" /> under his father, D. P. Dandekar and uncle, G. P. Dandekar,<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/yuCdwgDkfBR3bRLuCf0AAK/Camlin-prepares-to-induct-next-generation.html|title=Camlin prepares to induct next generation - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> who were the founders of the company (initially known as Dandekar and Co.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQecp2seK90|title=Interview of Mr. Dilip Dandekar - ET Now|via=[[YouTube]]|author=ET Now}}</ref>

He currently serves as the [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Also, he is presently the chairman of [[Camlin Fine Sciences]].<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Dilip Dandekar was born the son of [[D. P. Dandekar|Digambar Dandekar]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Entrepreneurship|co-founder]] of [[Kokuyo Camlin|Camlin Ltd]]. and member of the entrepreneurial and aristocratic [[Dandekar]] family.<ref name=":22"/> Dandekar's uncle, G. P. Dandekar was the other co-founder of the company.<ref name=":22"/> Dandekar has one older brother, Subhash<ref name=":1" /> who served as [[Executive Chairman|executive chairman]] of Camlin until his retirement in 2002.<ref name=":1" />

He was married to Anjali Dandekar (née Gogte; niece of [[Raosaheb Gogte|Balkrishna "Raosaheb" Gogte]]),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7QgAAAAIAAJ&q=dilip+dandekar|title=The Makings of a Millionaire: A Tribute to a Living Legend, Raosaheb B.M. Gogte, Industrialist, Philanthropist & Educationist|last1=Kamath|first1=M. V.|last2=Gogaṭe|first2=Bāḷakr̥shṇa Mahādeva|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|page=10|language=en|quote=He married Nalini (nee Lele) and they have a daughter, Anjali, who is married to Dilip Dandekar of Camlin India|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and they had 3 children together; before her death in 1993.<ref name=":22"/> His wife was a sister-in-law to [[Jyoti Gogte]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gogte Kulavruttant|publisher=Gogte Committee|year=2006|location=[[Pune]]|pages=445–447|language=mr|trans-title=[[Gogte (disambiguation)|Gogte]] Family Genealogy Almanac|chapter=Belgav Gharana, Dusra|trans-chapter=The 2nd [[Noble house (term)|House]] of [[Belgaum]]}}</ref>

He later remarried Smita Dandekar (née Soman) in 1998. She has one daughter from her previous marriage.<ref name=":22"/>

== Career ==
Dilip Dandekar joined [[Kokuyo Camlin|Camlin]] Ltd. as management trainee<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mugtAAAAMAAJ&q=dilip+dandekar|title=Self-made impact making entrepreneurs|last1=Jain|first1=Gautam Raj|last2=Ansari|first2=M. Akbar|last3=India|first3=Entrepreneurship Development Institute of|date=1988-01-01|publisher=Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India|page=32|language=en|quote=Mr. Dilip D. Dandekar, Subhash's younger brother, joined Camlin on 1 January 1970 and ably assisted him in production and marketing functions of the Art material division.|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and became executive director of the company in 1979.<ref name=":0" /> He took charge as chairman and managing director from June 1, 2002.<ref name=":1" /> This was following the retirement of his brother, Subhash Dandekar, from the post of Executive Chairman after a period of 43 years.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIiAQAAMAAJ&q=dilip+dandekar|title=Business India|date=2017-03-11|publisher=A. H. Advani|pages=80|language=en}}</ref> Dandekar served as a Vice President of [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]]s<ref name=":0" /> and now serves as the Non Executive Chairman of [[Camlin Fine Sciences]] Ltd. (formerly, Camlin Fine Chemicals Ltd)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.camlinfs.com/boards_committe.php|title=Board and Committees|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144008/https://www.camlinfs.com/boards_committe.php|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has been its Director since June 2006.<ref name=":0" /> Dandekar served as a Joint Managing Director of Kokuyo Camlin Limited. from June 1, 2002 to February 1, 2013.<ref name=":0" />

He has served as the chairman of Camlin Limited since June 1, 2002.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIiAQAAMAAJ&q=dilip+dandekar|title=Business India|date=2017-03-11|publisher=A. H. Advani|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> Under him, in May 2011, Kokuyo S&T Company Ltd,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Japans-Kokuyo-to-buy-Camlin-in-Rs366cr-deal/articleshow/8654575.cms|title=Japan's Kokuyo to buy Camlin in Rs366cr deal - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-10-08}}</ref> a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan's Kokuyo Company Ltd acquired a controlling stake in Camlin Ltd from the Dandekar family.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/japans-kokuyo-to-buy-majority-stake-in-camlin/20110502.htm|title=Japan's Kokuyo to buy majority stake in Camlin|date=2 May 2011|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIiAQAAMAAJ&q=dilip+dandekar|title=Business India|date=2017-03-11|publisher=A. H. Advani|pages=97|language=en}}</ref> The name of the company was changed to Kokuyo Camlin Ltd.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Japans-Kokuyo-to-buy-Camlin-in-Rs366cr-deal/articleshow/8654575.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|title=Japan's Kokuyo to buy Camlin in Rs366cr deal|date=31 May 2011}}</ref>

Dilip Dandekar also serves as director to companies Indo Schottle Auto Parts Pvt. Ltd., Nilmac Packaging Industries Ltd.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtDgAAAAMAAJ&q=dilip+dandekar|title=Indian Food Industry|date=1991-01-01|publisher=The Association|page=21|language=en|quote=Nilmac Packaging Industries Ltd, promoted by Mr Dilip Dandekar, Director of Camlin Ltd, recently went on stream for the manufacture of aluminium collapsible tubes.|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and Camlin International Ltd.<ref name=":1" /> He is a member of the executive committee of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], is the President of [[Indian Merchants' Chamber|Indian Merchants’ Chamber]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/niraj-bajaj-dilip-dandekar-elected-to-imc-managing-committee_85175.html|title=Niraj Bajaj, Dilip Dandekar elected to IMC Managing Committee|date=10 March 2003|newspaper=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> and on the governing board of Bombay First and the ICFAI Business School.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=KOCL.BO&officerId=1114643|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235655/http://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=KOCL.BO&officerId=1114643|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-02-11|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|title=Kokuyo Camlin Ltd (KOCL.BO)}}</ref>

He is also on the Board of Datamatics Global Services as an Independent Director.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Official website|https://www.kokuyocamlin.com|Kokuyo Camlin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dandekar, Dilip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chilumula Madan Reddy

2026-04-19T02:41:22Z

Vikibnf: starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Chilumula|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chilumula Madan Reddy
| image = Madan Reddy.jpg
| caption = Chilumula Madan Reddy
| birth_date = 1 January 1951{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
| birth_place = [[Kaudipalli]]
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Telangana]]
| term_start = 2 June 2014
| term_end = 11 December 2023
| predecessor = ''Telangana Assembly Created ''
| successor = [[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Chilumula Madan Reddy''' is a politician from the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. He belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]] and the former MLA of [[Narsapur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chilumula Madan Reddy(TRS):Constituency- NARSAPUR(MEDAK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4929 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Avadhani |first=R. |date=2022-10-01 |title=Sharmila takes on ruling and opposition MLAs |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sharmila-takes-on-ruling-and-opposition-mlas/article65958752.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Madan Reddy was born on 1 January 1951 to Manikya Reddy and Lalithamma in Kaudipalli village of [[Kowdipalle|Kaudipalli]] mandal, [[Medak district|Medak]] district, Telangana state. He completed his B.Com graduation in 1971 from Badruka College under Osmania University.<ref name=":bio">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-06 |title=Chilumula Madan Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Narsapur {{!}} Medak {{!}} Telangana {{!}} TRS |url=https://theleaderspage.com/chilumula-madan-reddy/ |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=the Leaders Page |language=en-US}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=October 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Madan Reddy was married to Sujatha Reddy

== Political career ==
Madan Reddy, started his political career with the [[Telugu Desam Party]] contested from the [[Narsapur Assembly constituency]] in 2004 and lost against the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]] by a margin of 25817 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=ECI_2004|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/}}</ref> After that he joined the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]].<ref name=":bio" />

Later in [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Telangana elections]], he contested again from the Narsapur constituency representing Telangana Rashtra Samiti and won against the Indian National Congress candidate Vakiti Sunitha Lakshmareddy with a majority of 14,217 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Narsapur Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Chilumula Madan Reddy of TRS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/narsapur-election-result-2018-live-updates-chilumula-madan-reddy-of-trs-wins-1967959.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Telangana elections]], he again contested from the same party and same constituency<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana to go for early polls: Here is a list of the 105 TRS candidates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/sep/07/telangana-to-go-for-early-polls-here-is-a-list-of-the-105-trs-candidates-1868796.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 September 2018 }}</ref> and won against the same Indian National Congress candidate with a majority of 38,120 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narsapur Assembly election: TRS MLA Chilumula Madan Reddy wins by 38,320 votes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-election/article/narsapur-assembly-constituency-election-2018-telangana-polls-candidates/324588 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of Telangana MLAs |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/full-list-of-telangana-mlas-2162341.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He served twice as the Director of Andhra Pradesh State Irrigation Development Corporation and once as the Chairman of Medak District Library Corporation.<ref name=":bio" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chilumula, Madan Reddy}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Medak district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]

Pursurah Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:34Z

Vikibnf: created first post needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pursurah
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Pursurah.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Pursurah Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Biman Ghosh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
| constituency_no = 199
| established = 1967
| electors = 213,942
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Pursurah Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 199 Pursurah Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], along with Arunda, Balipur, Rammohan I, Rammohan II and Tantisal [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Khanakul I (community development block)|Khanakul I]] community development block, and Harinkhola I and Harinkhola II gram panchayats of [[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Pursurah Assembly constituency is part of No. 29 [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Santi Mohan Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Mahadeb Mukhopadhyay
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Manoranjan Hazra
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Santi Mohan Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Bishnupada Bera
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Nimai Mal
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Saumendra Nath Bera
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Parvez Rahaman
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|M. Nuruzzaman
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Biman Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pursurah}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Biman Ghosh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Partha Hazari
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sandip Kumar Samanta
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sheikh Habibur Rahaman
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pursurah}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Biman Ghosh]]
|votes = 1,19,334
|percentage = 53.50
|change = {{up}}44.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dilip Yadav
|votes = 91,156
|percentage = 40.86
|change = {{down}}10.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Monika Malik Ghosh
|votes = 7,828
|percentage = 3.51
|change = {{down}}33.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,788
|percentage = 1.25
|change = {{down}}0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chiranjit Barik
|votes = 1,968
|percentage = 0.88
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 28,178
|percentage = 12.64
|change = {{down}}1.50
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,23,074
|percentage = 85.80
|change = {{down}}0.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pursurah}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = M. Nuruzzaman
|votes = 1,05,275
|percentage = 51.10
|change = {{down}}5.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pratim Singha Roy
|votes = 76,148
|percentage = 36.96
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhendu Mukherjee
|votes = 18,296
|percentage = 8.88
|change = {{up}}4.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,646
|percentage = 1.77
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jhantu Saha
|votes = 2,649
|percentage = 1.29
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 29,127
|percentage = 14.14
|change = {{down}}2.40
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,06,014
|percentage = 86.33
|change = {{decrease}}3.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pursurah<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=199| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164502/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=199| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Pursurah| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Parvez Rahman
|votes = 1,07,794
|percentage = 56.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Saumendra Nath Bera
|votes = 76,104
|percentage = 39.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukumar Dhara
|votes = 7,718
|percentage = 4.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 31,690
|percentage = 16.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,91,616
|percentage = 89.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislativer Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> state assembly elections Saumendranath Bera of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Pursurah assembly seat defeating Sk. Parvez Rahman of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Nimai Mal of CPI(M) defeated Sk. Pervez Rahman of Trinamool Congress in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Gour Mohan Maity of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Bishnupada Bera of CPI(M) defeated Bibhuti Bhusan Roy of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Santi Mohun Roy of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Santi Mohun Roy of Congress defeated Bishnupada Bera of CPI(M) in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Manoranjan Hazra of CPI(M) defeated Durga Charan Chakrabarty of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp192.htm |title =192 - Pursurah Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Mahadeb Mukhopadhyay of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Santi Mohan Roy of Congress won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Prior to that the Pursurah seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pursurah Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Food Corporation of India

2026-04-15T17:07:26Z

Vikibnf: starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian statutory body}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Food Corporation of India
| logo = Food Corporation of India.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption = Food Corporation of India
| image = Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.png
| image_size = 180px
| image_caption = Parent agency - Ministry of Consumer Affairs
| type = [[public sector|Public sector company]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1965|01|14|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| founder = [[Government of India]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations = 5 (Zonal Offices)
| area_served = Throughout India
| key_people = [[Ashutosh Agnihotri]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] {{small|([[Chairperson|Chairman]] & [[Managing director|MD]])}}<ref>{{cite web |title= New CMD|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/bureaucratic-reshufflefaiz-ahmed-kidwai-appointed-dgca-chief-ashutosh-agnihotri-to-head-fci/articleshow/116917400.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
| industry = [[Food security]]
| products = [[Grain|Food grains]]
| production =
| services = Ensuring [[food security]] of [[India]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]], [[Government of India]]
| num_employees = 21,847 {{small|(as on 31 March 2019)}}
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsidy =
| homepage = {{url|fci.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Food Corporation of India''' ('''FCI''') is a Central Government agency under the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]], formed by the enactment of Food Corporation Act, 1964<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1415/5/A1964-37.pdf Provisions of the act</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Food Corporations Act|url=https://dfpd.gov.in/acts_C.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> by the [[Parliament of India]]. Its top official is designated as Chairman and Managing Director, who is a central government [[civil servant]] of the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre. The corporation was set up in 1965 with its initial headquarters at [[Chennai]]. Later this was moved to [[New Delhi]]. It also has regional centers in state capitals.

== Mandate ==
The Food Corporation of India was set up on 14 January 1965 by [[Government of India]], having its first district office at [[Thanjavur]], and headquarters at [[Chennai]], under the [[List of Indian Federal Legislation|Food Corporations Act 1964]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Acts Of Parliament|publisher=Government of India Press Delhi|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208463|year=1966|location=New Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208463/page/n324 300]}}</ref> to implement the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Policy]]'s objectives.<ref>https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/nov/doc20241123444701.pdf Objectives of fci</ref>

== Statistics ==
The FCI is one of the largest [[Multinational corporation|corporations]] in India started by the government, and one of the largest [[supply chain management]] companies in [[Asia]].<ref>https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2011/Union_Compliance_Commerical_Observations_3_2011_Chap_6.pdf functioning and expenditure of fci</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia - Google Search|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Asia|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> It operates through five zonal and 26 regional offices. Each year, the Food Corporation of India purchases roughly 15 to 20 percent of India's [[wheat]] output and 12 to 15 percent of its [[rice]] output. The purchases are made from the farmers at the rates declared by the Government of India. This rate is called the MSP ([[Minimum support price (India)|minimum support price]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Green Revolution In India|last=Chopra|first=R. N|publisher=Intellectual Publishing House|year=1984|location=Delhi|pages=37|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.263100?q=Food+Corporation+of+India}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Its silos are located at [[Hapur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Malur]] in [[Karnataka]], and [[Elavur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/over-11-mt-fci-silos-to-be-built-via-ppp/2409996/ | title=Over 11 MT FCI silos to be built via PPP | website=www.financialexpress.com| date=19 January 2022 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Food Corporation of India FC]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-11-20|title=Ashwini Kumar Choubey inaugurated Food Corporation of India's first state of art laboratory in Gurugram|url=https://orissadiary.com/ashwini-kumar-choubey-inaugurated-food-corporation-of-indias-first-state-of-art-laboratory-in-gurugram/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Odisha Diary}}

== External links ==
* [http://fci.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Indian PSU|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Food security]]
[[Category:Agricultural marketing in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Madras State]]

Ali Beg (Chagatai commander)

2026-04-14T15:32:17Z

Vikibnf: started basic biography basic info

{{Short description|Mongol military commander}}
{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Ali Beg
| native_name = علی بیگ
| native_name_lang = fa
| birth_date = Unknown
| death_date = 1305
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| death_cause = Executed by elephant trampling
| allegiance = [[Chagatai Khanate]]
| serviceyears = {{circa|1300–1305}}
| rank = [[Amir]] (commander)
| commands = Chagatai invasion force (1305)
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Mongol invasions of India]]
** Battle of Amroha / Ravi River (1305)
{{tree list/end}}
| relations = Served under [[Duwa]] (Chagatai Khan)
| module =
{{Infobox royalty
| embed = yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
}}
'''Ali Beg''' was a [[Mongol]] military commander (''[[amir]]'') of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] who led a major invasion of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] during the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji]]. In 1305, he and his co-commander Tartaq crossed the [[Indus River]] with a large army but were decisively defeated by Delhi's forces near [[Amroha]] (or the [[Ravi River]]). He was captured after the battle, Ali Beg was taken to [[Delhi]] and publicly executed by |elephant trampling. His campaign was the last major [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol incursions into the Indian subcontinent]].

The Delhi chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]] describes Ali Beg as a descendant of [[Genghis Khan]], but Ali Beg actually belonged to the [[Khongirad]] tribe. He was married to a [[Chinggisid]] princess, who was a descendant of Genghis Khan through [[Ögedei Khan]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=227}}

The Mongol commanders Ali Beg and Tartaq, who had surrendered, were presented before Alauddin with other Mongol prisoners. According to Amir Khusrau, Alauddin ordered some of the captives to be killed, and others to be imprisoned. However, Barani states that Alauddin ordered all captives to be killed by having them trampled under elephants' feet.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=393}}

Amir Khusrau and another chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]] state that Alauddin spared the lives of Ali Beg and Tartaq (probably because of their high ranks). According to Amir Khusrau, one of these commanders died "without any harm being done to him", and the other was "left alone". He ambiguously adds that Alauddin "was so successful in sport that he took their lives in one game after another".{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=170}} According to Isami, Alauddin made the two Mongol commanders ''[[emir|Amir]]s'' (officials with high status), and also gave each of them an India-born slave girl. Two months later, Tartaq started demanding answers about the fate of his army and his belongings, in a state of drunken stupor. As a result, Alauddin ordered him to be killed. Sometime later, Ali Beg was also killed because of "the evil in his heart".{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=393}}

Historian [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]] speculates that Ali Beg and Tartaq might have been killed when a large number of Mongols in Delhi rebelled against Alauddin, prompting the Sultan to order a [[1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate|massacre of all the Mongols]] in his empire.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=174}}

Isami states that after being defeated and imprisoned, they had been recruited into Alauddin's service (probably because of their high ranks), but they were later killed on Alauddin's orders.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=393}}{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=170}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url= https://archive.org/details/delhisultanatepo0000jack/page/227/mode/1up?q=%22ali+beg%22 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}

* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |editor-last2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |editor-link2=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib |editor-link=Mohammad Habib |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}

* {{cite book |last=Saksena |first=Banarsi Prasad |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor1-first=Mohammad |editor1-last=Habib |editor2-first=Khaliq Ahmad |editor2-last=Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] / [[People's Publishing House (India)|People's Publishing House]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}

* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335}}

{{refend}}

==See also==
* [[Mongol invasions of India]]
* [[Battle of Amroha]]
* [[Chagatai Khanate]]

[[Category:Chagatai Khanate]]
[[Category:1305 deaths]]
[[Category:Generals of the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Mongolian military personnel]]
[[Category:Military of the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
{{Mongol-royal-stub}}

Waghji II Rawaji

2026-04-07T19:11:43Z

Vikibnf: Started New Entry W/ Refs

{{short description|Thakore of Morvi (1870 - 1922)}}
{{infobox royalty
| image = Thakore Waghji Bawa (2).jpg
| image_size = 200x300px
| succession = [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Morvi State|Morvi]]
| reign = 17 February 1870 – 11 June 1922
| predecessor = Rawaji II Prithirajji
| successor = Lakhdirji Waghji
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|04|07|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1922|06|11|1858|04|07|df=yes}}
| spouse = Bajirajba Kunverba
| issue = {{ubl|[[Lakhdhirji Waghji]]|Ajitsinhji Waghji|Chandrasinhji Waghji|Shivsinhji Waghji|Amarsinhji Waghji|Pratapsinhji Waghji}}
| issue-link = #Early_life,_family,_and_education
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Morvi_State.png}} [[Morvi State|Morvi]]
| father = Rawaji II Prithirajji
| dynasty = [[Jadeja]]
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]
}}
}}
'''Waghji II Rawaji''' was the [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Morvi State|Morvi]] from 1870 until his death in 1922.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 7 April 1858 to Rawaji II Prithirajji.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=MORVI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/morvi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709232016/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/morvi.html |archive-date=2017-07-09 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India/zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India |date=1900 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]], [[Rajkot]], where he remained for six years, and was among its first students.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=586 |language=en}}</ref> On leaving the college in 1876, he donated the sum of Rs. 30,000 to his [[alma mater]] for the Endowment Fund of the college.<ref name=":2" /> He married Bajirajba Kunverba, who was from [[Palitana State|Palitana]], and, apart from her, he had a few other wives.<ref name=":1" /> He had issue, six sons, namely [[Lakhdhirji Waghji]], Ajitsinhji Waghji, Chandrasinhji Waghji, Shivsinhji Waghji, Amarsinhji Waghji, and Pratapsinhji Waghji.<ref name=":1" />

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father on 17 February 1870, he succeeded him as the [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Morvi State|Morvi]], but on account of his minority at the time, the State was placed under the council of administration.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seesodia |first=Jessrajsingh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Rajputs_a_Fighting_Race/ctBAAAAAIAAJ |title=The Rajputs: a Fighting Race: A Short Account of the Rajput Race, Its Warlike Past, Its Early Connections with Great Britain, and Its Gallant Services at the Present Moment at the Front |date=1915 |publisher=East and West, Limited |pages=136 |language=en}}</ref> This council consisted of Shambu Prasad Laxmilal and Azam Jhunjhabhai Sakhidas.<ref name=":2" /> They both carried on the administration on his behalf for a total of nine years.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Bombay_Presidency_K%C3%A1th/ihgIAQAAIAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Káthiáwar |date=1884 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=223, 551 |language=en}}</ref> In 1877 and 1878, he made a tour of [[India]] under the charge of Capt. Humfrey, after which he served as joint administrator with Shambu Prasad for one year.<ref name=":3" /> He was invested with full administrative powers on 1 January 1879.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Hormazjī |first=Dhanjīshāh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_K%C3%A1thi%C3%A1w%C3%A1r_Directory/NglArxWJ_h0C |title=The Káthiáwár Directory |date=1886 |publisher=Printed at the Svadesh Bándhav Press by Dámodar Goverdhandás Thakkar |pages=108 |language=gu}}</ref> The first thing he did after assuming the reins of government was to build a bridge over the [[Machchhu River|Machchhu river]].<ref name=":2" /> This bridge cost £30,000 and was opened in 1879.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He made a tour through [[Europe]] and [[United States|America]] under the charge of W.H. White in 1883.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Booth |first=Robert B. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Life_and_Work_in_India/Yus2AQAAMAAJ |title=Life and Work in India: Embodying a Short Sketch of the History and Progress of Kathiawar from 1865 to 1899 |date=1912 |publisher=J.G. Hammond |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Waghji died on 11 June 1922 and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Lakhdhirji Waghji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gazetteers_Rajkot_District/ZkRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Gazetteers: Rajkot District |date=1965 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Genealogical_and_Heraldic_History_of_t/InoHD0N_Jp0C |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage, and Companionage |date=1934 |pages=2776 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Morbi district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]

Shivamogga Town–KSR Bengaluru Jan Shatabdi Express

2026-04-07T18:59:37Z

Vikibnf: Started New Place Initial Version!

{{short description|Jan Shatabdi Express train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 87CEFA
| name = Shivamogga Town - KSR Bengaluru ''Jan Shatabdi Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]], [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://erail.in/jan-shatabdi-trains-list/a/60004|title = Jan Shatabdi Trains List}}</ref>
| first = {{start date and age|2019|02|03|df=yes}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Shivamogga, Karnataka|Shivamogga Town]] (SMET)
| stops = 6
| end = [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] (SBC)
| distance = {{cvt|274|km}}
| journeytime = 4 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Everyday.}}
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Class Seating]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| trainnumber = 12090 / 12089
| speed = {{cvt|130|km/h|round=5}} maximum, {{cvt|64|km/h}} average including halts.
| map = {{Shivamogga Town-KSR Bengaluru Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12090 / 12089 '''Shivamogga Town-KSR Bengaluru Jan Shatabdi Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast]] express train of the [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between [[Shivamogga, Karnataka|Shivamogga Town]] and [[Bangalore City railway station]] in [[India]].

It operates as train number 12090 from [[Shivamogga, Karnataka|Shivamogga Town]] to [[Bangalore City railway station]] and as train number 12089 in the reverse direction serving the state of [[Karnataka]]. Early on, during inaugural run, the train only made it to Yesvantpur Jn.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

It is among the latest trains introduced in the [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] series which were originally started by the then railway minister of India Mr. [[Nitish Kumar]] during the 2002–03 railway budget.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Speech of Shri Nitish Kumar Introducing the Railway Budget for 2002-2003 | date=2002-02-26 | url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2002-03.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415090728/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2002-03.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-15}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/>

==Coaches==

The 12090 / 89 [[Shivamogga, Karnataka|Shivamogga Town]] [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] '''Jan Shatabdi Express''' has two [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], 12 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]] and two [[Diesel generator|End on Generator]] coaches. It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2582&did=1549869780160B21ACC4FAA723E3E8A6B4CD4953A1E15|title=South Western Railway}}</ref> As it is customary with most train services in India, Coach composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==

The 12090 / 89 [[Shivamogga, Karnataka|Shivamogga Town]] [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] '''Jan Shatabdi Express''' covers the distance of {{cvt|274|km}} in 4 hours 15 mins averaging {{cvt|64|km/h}} in both directions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railyatri.in/time-table/12090|title = AII Jan Shatabdi (12090) Time Table from Shimoga Town to Yesvantpur Jn & Train Runs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railyatri.in/time-table/12089|title = Af Jan Shatabdi (12089) Time Table from Yesvantpur Jn to Shimoga Town & Train Runs}}</ref> As per Indian Railways {{cvt|55|km/h}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Route==

The 12090 / 89 [[Shivamogga, Karnataka|Shivamogga Town]] [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] '''Jan Shatabdi Express''' runs from [[Shivamogga, Karnataka|Shivamogga Town]] via [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravati]], [[Kadur Junction railway station|Kadur Junction]], [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] to [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]].<ref name="auto1"/> The 12090 / 89 [[Shivamogga, Karnataka|Shivamogga Town]] [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] '''Jan Shatabdi Express''' runs daily in both directions <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2654&did=15525506473268F79B9CCB3EFBB28DD9506030638E4F5|title=South Western Railway}}</ref>
==Traction==

Earlier, before the electrifying route is overdue, this train was pulled with [[WDP-4D]] on both inaugural run and commercial run. As the entire route is fully electrified, a [[Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WAG-9]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web | title=South Western Railway | url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2582&did=1549869780160B21ACC4FAA723E3E8A6B4CD4953A1E15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401105243/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2582&did=1549869780160B21ACC4FAA723E3E8A6B4CD4953A1E15 | access-date=2025-01-01 | archive-date=2019-04-01}}
* {{Cite web | title=Jan Shatabdi Trains List | url=https://erail.in/jan-shatabdi-trains-list/a/60004 | access-date=2025-01-01 | website=erail.in}}
* {{Cite web | title=South Western Railway | url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2654&did=15525506473268F79B9CCB3EFBB28DD9506030638E4F5 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401105249/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2654&did=15525506473268F79B9CCB3EFBB28DD9506030638E4F5 | access-date=2025-01-01 | archive-date=2019-04-01}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
* {{Cite web | title=South Western Railway | url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2582&did=1549869780160B21ACC4FAA723E3E8A6B4CD4953A1E15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401105243/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2582&did=1549869780160B21ACC4FAA723E3E8A6B4CD4953A1E15 | access-date=2025-01-01 | archive-date=2019-04-01}}
* {{Cite web | title=South Western Railway | url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2654&did=15525506473268F79B9CCB3EFBB28DD9506030638E4F5 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401105249/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2654&did=15525506473268F79B9CCB3EFBB28DD9506030638E4F5 | access-date=2025-01-01 | archive-date=2019-04-01}}

{{Jan Shatabdi Express}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivamogga Town-Yesvantpur Janshatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2019]]

Kuppusamy Annamalai

2026-04-06T08:32:00Z

Vikibnf: redirect

#REDIRECT [[K. Annamalai (BJP politician)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram

2026-04-02T05:58:48Z

Vikibnf: created basic place first draft

{{for|temple in Chennai or Aranumla|Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai|Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image = Parthasarathi and Krishna Temples, Parthivapuram. Kanyakumari.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.275331| 77.170554|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| location = Parthivapuram
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vishnu]]
| creator = Karunandadakkan (Ay dynasty)
| year_completed = 869 CE
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]], Square plan, Tritala Vimana
}}

'''Parthasarathy Temple''', also spelled '''Parthasarathi Temple''', is a 9th-century [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Vishnu in [[Kanyakumari district]] of Tamil Nadu, India. Spread over 2.5 acres, the temple is notable for the extensive records about it that have been discovered in Huzur Plates of Kollam. The inscriptions on these plates describe how the temple was built along with a ''[[Śālā|salai]]'' (boarding school) for 95 students to study the [[Vedas]] and other subjects in the Taittiriya, Talavakara and Bhavishya ''śākhas''.<ref name=Rao1>T.A. Gopinatha Rao (1910), Travacore Archaeological Series, Volume 1, pp. 1-14</ref><ref name=rajakrishnankumar/><ref name="Scharfe2018">{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|year=2018|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-0147-6|pages=175–176}}</ref>

The temple has a square plan from adhisthana to its sikhara for the main shrine as well as smaller shrines in the compound. The main temple illustrates a tritala vimana with a Garuda namaskara mandapa in front. Inside the main temple is a raised mukha-mandapa that connects to the ''garbhagriha'' (sanctum). Around the sanction is an open pradakshina-patha (circumambulation path), which is surrounded by walls and a raised platform with rooms. Outside is spacious courtyards and smaller shrines. The Vimana is in Chola style, while the temple layout reflects the early Kerala Hindu temple architecture.<ref name=asi1>ASI Thrissur Circle, [http://www.asithrissurcircle.in/monuments Tamil Nadu:Parthasarathi Temple, Parthivapuram], ASI, Government of India</ref>

The temple is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India, Thrissur circle. It is a protected monument.<ref name=asi1/>

==Location ==
[[File:Parthasarathy Temple, Parthivapuram. Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu - 5.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Parthasarathy Temple, Parthivapuram]]
The Parthasarathy temple is located in the village of Parthivapuram (Tamil Nadu), about 50 kilometers northwest of [[Kanyakumari]], Tamil Nadu and 50 kilometers southeast of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] – the capital of Kerala. It is along Highway 179, east of the Thamiraparani river.<ref name=asi1/>

== History ==

The temple was built by the [[Ay dynasty|Ay]] king Karunandadakkan. His Huzur inscription, dated to 28 April 869 CE, records the construction of the temple of "Vishnu-bhattarakar" and the naming of the place as Parthiva-shekhara-puram, now shortened to Parthiva-puram. The temple site was originally called Ulakkudi-vilai, and comprised cultivated fields. It was a part of Pashungalam (present-day Painkulam or Paingulam, located south of Parthivapuram). The land originally belonged to the ''sabhai'' ("assembly") of [[Munchirai]], and the king took it from them in exchange for land at another place.<ref name="EI42">{{cite book |author=K.G. Krishnan, Mysore |chapter=Parthivapuram Inscription of (Kollam) Year 98+1 |editor=K.V. Ramesh |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=XLI |year=1989 |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/79612.pdf |pages=1-6 }}</ref>

According to the inscription, the temple was consecrated with an image of [[Vishnu]] on the [[Kaliyuga|Kali]] day 1449087, on the fifteenth day of the king's ninth regnal year. Archaeologist [[T. A. Gopinatha Rao|T.A. Gopinatha Rao]] (1910) calculated this date as 22 June 857 CE,<ref name=Rao1/><ref name=sarkar1978>H. Sarkar (1978), ''An Architectural Survey of Temples of Kerala'', Archaeological Survey of India, Number 2, pages 135–138</ref> but K.G. Krishnan (1989) corrected this to 869 CE.<ref name="EI42"/>

The inscription mentions that the king also established a school (''śalai'') of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] studies at the site ([[#Vedic school|see below]]). The school was modeled after the school at Kandalur, and had 95 students.<ref name="EI42"/>

A 923 CE inscription found in front of the temple records gifts to the temple, by Panchavan Brahmadhiraja alias Kumaran Narayanan. The donor was probably a high-ranking office in the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] administration (possibly that of king Rajasimha). The first gift was that of two perpetually-burning lamps, and was maintained by Kannan Manikkan and Pagan-Chivindravan, who were in-charge of the 14 [[water buffalo|buffaloes]] that provided the fuel (presumably [[ghee|clarified butter]]) for the lamps. The second gift was that of [[paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]] for feeding students. The inscription also states that the donor arranged for a capital amount to provide for the repairs to the temple: a local potter named Kaman Chengodan and other men from his extended family were required to maintain major parts of the temple out of the interest accruing from this capital.<ref name="EI42"/>

According to ''[[Epigraphia Indica]]'' Volume 42 (1989), this 923 CE inscription is the earliest known record dated in the [[Kollam Era]]. The era was mainly used in the [[Kerala]] region, and the village was a part of Kerala before it was transferred to Tamil Nadu. Although the inscription does not mention the name of the era it is dated in, there are strong reasons for believing that it is dated in the Kollam Era. The inscription is written in Sanskrit and Tamil languages, which are inscribed in [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and [[Vatteluttu]] scripts.<ref name="EI42"/>

Another 10th century inscription (dated before 940 CE) discovered at the temple, in [[Tamil language]] and Vatteluttu is dated to the reign of Para-kesari-varman Virasholap-perumangadigal, who is identified with [[Parantaka I]] alias Virachola.<ref name="EI42"/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Parthasarathy Temple, Parthivapuram. Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu - 2.jpg|thumb|A view of the Parthasarathy Temple sanctum from the circumambulation path]]
The temple architecture illustrates the ''tritala-vimana'' of [[Hindu temple]] architecture. It has a square plan from ''adhishthana'' (platform) to its ''sikhara'' (top crown) with a metallic ''kalasha''. The main temple opens to the west, while the smaller shrines outside in the compound facing the main temple open west, south and north.<ref name=sarkar1978/>

The main temple is a mix of bricks and stone. All its ''talas'' (levels of the tapering spire above the sanctum) are of bricks, and they include the architectural features such ''kutas'', ''panjaras'' and ''salas'' found in Hindu temples of South India. The second ''tala'' above the sanctum include four deities: Brahma on the north side, Indra on east, Dakshinamurti (Shaiva) on the south as is typical in Hindu temples, and Narasimha (half lion - half man avatar of Vishnu) on west. The square plan architecture of the ''shikhara'' has a ''nasika'' at each [[cardinal direction]].<ref name=sarkar1978/> The sanctum's platform is made of granite and is moulded. The temple walls is built of laterite blocks, but over time the application of lime somewhat hides it. The ''simha mala'' and the ''kapota'' is also made from granite, unusual for temples so far in southern peninsula. The walls are decorated with ''makara-torana'' ornaments.<ref name=sarkar1978/>

[[File:Parthasarathy Temple, Parthivapuram. Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu - 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|One of the six smaller shrines in the temple compound.]]
Beyond the square sanctum with Vishnu inside, the temple features a ''mukha-mandapa'' (main pavilion) allowing devotees to enter from three directions, a portico with a few steps, and a ''namaskara-mandapa'' with Garuda. According to Sircar, some of the elements in portico and mandapa are likely later additions in the 15th or 16th-century.<ref name=sarkar1978/> These restorations or additions have preserved the original temple's classical ''sandhara vimana'' architecture, relatively common in much of Kerala.<ref name=sarkar1978/>

The smaller shrines are also from the 9th-century, and they have statues in them.<ref name=sarkar1978/> These are similar to most Hindu temples where all three major traditions – Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shakti – are revered together. The smaller shrines are dedicated to Krishna, Shiva, [[Bhagavati]] (Shakti), Dakshinamurti, and [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]].<ref name=sarkar1978/>

The temple compound stones and the base mouldings feature minor inscriptions, with one that mentions a "Vira Chola" – likely Virarajendra. These record a donation of silver image and of gifts to the temples by merchants and wealthy patrons.<ref name=Rao2>T.A. Gopinatha Rao (1910), Travacore Archaeological Series, Volume 1, pp. 287–289, 295–296</ref>

==Vedic school==
[[File:Parthivapuram Grant (9th century AD, south India) (plates I and V).jpg|thumb|Two of five 9th-century inscription plates in Tamil and Sanskrit about the school of higher studies at Parthasarathi temple.]]
The Parthasarathy Temple at Parthivapuram is notable for the detailed description about the history, motivation, construction and scope of the temple in the copper plate inscriptions among the Huzur Plates of Kollam (s 42), also called the ''Palayam sasanam''. These plates were piled in an almirah and ignored through the early 20th-century. T.A. Gopinath Rao found them, translated and understood their significance, then published them to scholarly audience.<ref name=Rao1/>

Only 5 of the copper plates have survived, and they are inscribed on both sides. The language and script is Tamil on 9 of the 10 faces, and it is Sanskrit in Grantha script on the last face.<ref name=Rao1/> The first plate mentions that the land was purchased or exchanged for in-kind land by the king over time for the temple and school from the farming community of Minchirai (now about 2 kilometers of the temple location). Then the temple and ''salai'' (boarding school) for 95 ''sattars'' (Skt: chatra, students) were built.<ref name=Rao1/><ref name=rajakrishnankumar/> According to Jayadevan, this aspect of temple and school construction as recorded by the Ay king is notable and suggests that the farming community in Travancore region of India had highly developed land rights in the 9th-century. The king respected those rights.<ref>Podmaja Jayadevan (1986), Land Rights of Ay Kingdom based on inscriptions, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, volume 47, pp. 188-189, {{JSTOR|44141540}}</ref>

The king announces a land grant for the college in the first plate.<ref name=Rao1/> The second and third plates state that the temple will maintain a sacred perpetual lamp, a garden with gardener, temple musicians, assigns temple servants to maintain the temple and school at state expense, and provides resources of annual seven day community festival in the month of Panguni ending in a chariot procession to bathe the Vishnu statue in nearby river.<ref name=Rao1/> The fourth plate calls upon the communities in the kingdom to protect and support the temple, the school and its students.<ref name=Rao1/>

The fourth and fifth plates provide the Vedic and related studies focus and constitution for the school:<ref name=Rao1/><ref name=rajakrishnankumar>SR Rajakrishnan and Ajit Kumar (2016), Heritage, Volume 4, University of Kerala, pp. 454-458</ref><ref>Justin Wilson (1998), ''Education in Medieval Tamilnadu: An Epigraphical Peep into its nature'', Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 59, pp. 1057-1064, {{JSTOR|44147081}}</ref>
*it will host 45 students for higher studies in Paviliya-Bahv-rc (Bhavisya) sakha studies{{refn|group=note|This is one of the Rigveda sakha.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|year=2018|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-0147-6|page=175 footnote 62}}</ref>}}
*it will host 36 students for higher studies in [[Taittiriya Shakha|Taittiriya sakha]] studies{{refn|group=note|This is one of the Yajurveda sakha.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|year=2018|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-0147-6|page=175 footnote 63}}</ref>}}
*it will host 14 students for higher studies in Talavakara sakha studies{{refn|group=note|This is one of the Samaveda sakha, the Jaiminiyas.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|year=2018|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-0147-6|page=175 footnote 64}}</ref>}}
*the hostel and school expenses will be paid in part from the taxes collected from the following villages: Omayanadu, Singulunadu, Mudalanadu, Padaippanadu and Valluvanad
*it states that no visitor, no staff and no student will interfere in the daily operations of the temple and school
*it lists the rules of conduct for temple and school servants and teachers
*it lists the rules for selection and admission for students, and their behavior while at school; for example, it states that five senior students or teachers must test the candidate's ability to recite fluent Sanskrit and examples of Vedic passages;<ref>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|year=2018|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-0147-6|page=175}}</ref> the students should not possess or carry weapons inside the school; the students should not keep female companions or concubines inside the school; minor infractions by the student would lead to fines and loss of meals in the school<ref name=Rao1/>

The temple illustrates and follows the guidelines given in the Hindu text ''Karanagamma''. It states that temples dedicated to worship of deities should serve many more social purposes, such as including and managing schools. These include the teaching elementary studies and alphabet, to higher studies for ''chatra'' such as the various Vedic philosophies. This was not the only temple with such a school, states T.A. Gopinath Rao – a Sanskrit scholar known for his many books on [[Hindu iconography]] and temples.<ref name=Rao3/> Rao states that inscriptions evidence points to similar schools in 9th-century Kanyakumari, called ''Srivallabhapperunjalai'', another in the temple at Tiruvorriyur. In other parts of Tamil Nadu, the [[Tirumukkuddal Inscription of Virarajendra]] in Venketesaperumal (Vishnu) temple provides very detailed inscription about a Vishnu temple whose ''Jananatha mandapa'' operated and managed a Vedic school for 95 students, a 15-bed hospital and a hostel. These schools were supported by a combination of state financing, wealthy donors and the daily food and others donations of the Vishnu devotees.<ref name=Rao3>T.A. Gopinatha Rao (1910), Travacore Archaeological Series, Volume 2, pp. 137–138</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Cattas and Bhattas|author= Veluthat Kesavan| journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| year= 1975| volume= 36| p= 98-109|jstor=44138839}}</ref>

==Preservation==
The Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram is an ASI protected heritage monument and is managed by the Thrissur circle, Kerala.<ref name=asi1/>

== Gallery ==
{{commonscat|Parthasarathi Temple, Parthivapuram}}
<gallery>
File:9th century Parthasarathi temple mandapa Parthivapuram Puthukkadai Tamil Nadu.jpg|A mandapa in the main temple
File:9th century Parthasarathi temple sanctum vimana with Brahma, Parthivapuram Tamil Nadu.jpg|Brahma on the second ''tala'' of Vimana
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Purana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in India]]
[[Category:869 establishments]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Kerala]]

Agra Fort

2026-03-27T06:32:02Z

Vikibnf: cleanup

{{Short description|Historical Mughal fort in India}}
{{Use India English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Agra Fort
| image = Agra 03-2016 10 Agra Fort.jpg
| image_size = 400px
| caption = Agra Fort
| location = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| area = {{convert|94|acre|ha|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| architecture = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| owner = * [[Lodi Dynasty]] (1504–1526)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1540)
*[[Sur Empire]] (1540–1555)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1556–1761)
*[[Kingdom of Bharatpur]] (1761–1774)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1774–1785)
*[[Maratha Confederacy]] (1785–1803)
*[[Company rule in India|British East India Company]] (1803–1858)
*[[British Raj]] (1858–1947)
*[[Government of India]] (1947–present day)
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)}}(iii)
| ID = 251
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.179542|N|78.021101|E|display=title,inline|format=dms}}
| year = 1983
| embedded = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=220|frame-align=center|zoom=13|type=shape|stroke-width=2|plain=yes|frame-latitude=27.179542|frame-longitude=78.021101}} Map of Agra Fort
}}
}}

The '''Agra Fort''' (''Qila Agra'') is a historical [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[fort]] in the city of [[Agra]], also known as ''' Agra's Red Fort'''. Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] was crowned at this fort in 1530. It was later renovated by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] from 1565 and the present-day structure was completed in 1573. It served as the main residence of the rulers of the [[Mughal dynasty]] until 1638, when the capital was shifted from Agra to [[Delhi]]. It was also known as the "Lal-Qila" or "Qila-i-Akbari".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agra Fort|url=http://www.tajmahal.gov.in/agrafort.aspx|access-date=2022-02-23|website=www.tajmahal.gov.in}}</ref> Before being captured by the British, the last Indian rulers to have occupied it were the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. In 1983, the Agra fort was inscribed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] because of its importance during Mughal rule.<ref>{{cite web|title= Agra Fort - World HeritageCentre|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251|website= UNESCO.ORG|access-date= 26 December 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100717221242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/|archive-date= 17 July 2010|url-status= live}}</ref> It is about {{Convert|2.5|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of its more famous sister monument, the [[Taj Mahal]]. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city. It was later [[Renovation|renovated]] by [[Shah Jahan]].

Like the rest of Agra, the history of Agra Fort prior to [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s invasion is unclear. However, in the 15th century, the Chauhan‌ [[Rajput]]s ‌occupied ‌it. ‌Soon after, Agra assumed the status of capital when [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]] (1487–1517 CE) shifted‌ his‌ capital‌ from ‌Delhi and constructed a few buildings in the preexisting fort at Agra. After the first battle of Panipat (1526 CE), Mughals captured the fort and ruled from it. In 1530 CE, Humayun was crowned in it. The fort was given its present appearance during the reign of Akbar (1556–1605 CE). Later, this fort was under the rule of [[Jats]] ‌of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] for 13 years.

==History==
[[File:Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg|thumb|left|Agra Fort captured by [[Hemu]] before the [[Battle of Delhi (1556)]]]]
[[File:The Fort Delhi Gate dli A136 cor.jpg|left|thumb|Samuel Bourne, "[https://library.nga.gov/permalink/01NGA_INST/1cl1g8d/alma991734193504896 The Fort. Delhi Gate. Agra]", 1863–1869, photograph mounted on cardboard sheet, [https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections.html Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C.]]]
After the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526, [[Babur]] stayed in the fort, in the palace of Ibrahim Lodi. He later built a [[baoli]] (step well) in it. His successor, [[Humayun]], was crowned in the fort in 1530. He was defeated at the Battle of [[Bilgram]] in 1540 by [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The fort remained with the Suris till 1555, when Humayun recaptured it. [[Adil Shah Suri]]'s general, [[Hemu]], recaptured Agra in 1556 and pursued its fleeing governor to Delhi, where he met the Mughals in the [[Battle of Tughlaqabad]].<ref name="jnsarkar">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longman | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | year=1960 | pages=66–67| isbn=9780861251551 }}</ref>

[[File:Diwan-E-Aam Inside.JPG|thumb|''Diwan-i-Aam'', Hall of Public Audience]]
Realising the importance of its central situation, Akbar made it his capital, and arrived in Agra in 1558. His historian, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]], recorded that this was a brick fort known as 'Badalgarh'. It was in a ruined condition and Akbar had it rebuilt with red [[sandstone]] from Barauli area [[Dholpur district|Dhaulpur district]], in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=fort>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=1985|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=78–80|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref> Architects laid the foundation and it was built with bricks in the inner core with sandstone on external surfaces. Some 4,000 builders worked on it daily for eight years, completing it in 1573.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55649/page/n381/mode/1up | title=The Akbarnama of Abul Fazl Vol. 2 | year=1907 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agrafort.asp |title=Agra Fort (1983), Uttar Pradesh – Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203060952/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agrafort.asp |archive-date=3 December 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

It was only during the reign of Akbar's grandson, [[Shah Jahan]], that the site took on its current state. Shah Jahan built the [[Taj Mahal]] in the memory of his wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. Unlike his grandfather, Shah Jahan tended to have buildings made from [[white marble]]. When [[Shah Jahan]] suddenly fell ill, a bloody [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|war of succession]] broke out between his sons, where [[Aurangzeb|Aurangazeb]] was victorious. Aurangazeb would go on to place his father under house arrest in Agra fort.

The fort was under the [[Jat people|Jat]] rulers of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] for 13 years. In the fort, they built the 'Ratan Singh ki Haveli'. The fort was invaded and captured by the [[Maratha Empire]] in the early 18th century. Thereafter, it changed hands between the Marathas and their foes many times. After their catastrophic defeat at [[Third Battle of Panipat]] by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] in 1761, Marathas remained out of the region for the next decade. Finally [[Mahadji Shinde]] took the fort in 1785. It was lost by the Marathas to the [[East India Company|British]] during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1803.<ref name=fort/> The fort was the site of a [[Battle of Agra|battle]] during the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] which caused the end of the [[British East India Company]]'s rule in India and led to a century of direct rule in India by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]].<ref name=fort/><ref>{{cite book|title=Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri: Monuments, Cities and Connected Histories|year=2021|first=Shashank Shekhar |last=Sinha|isbn=9789389104097|publisher=Pan Macmillan|page=88}}</ref>

[[File:Scene of the gunpowder explosion at Agra Fort, 29 November 1871.jpg|thumb|Scene of the gunpowder explosion at Agra Fort, 29 November 1871]]
On 30 November 1871, thirty six people died when a cartridge factory located inside the fort exploded.<ref name="ILN 1872">{{cite news |title=The Explosion at Agra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cdGU9T66vUC&pg=PA10 |access-date=28 December 2020 |volume=6 |publisher=The Illustrated London News |date=6 January 1872 |pages=9–10}}</ref>

==Layout==
[[File:Plan du fort d'Agra (1901).jpg|thumb|Plan of the Red Fort, Agra, from [[Murray's Handbooks for Travellers]] 1911]]
The {{convert|380000|m2|acre|adj=on|abbr=on}} fort has a semicircular plan, its chord lies parallel to the river [[Yamuna]] and its walls are seventy feet high. Double ramparts have massive circular bastions at intervals, with [[battlements]], [[embrasures]], [[machicolations]] and string courses. Four gates were provided on its four sides, one Khizri gate opening on to the river. Two of the fort's gates are notable: the "Delhi Gate" and the "Lahore Gate". The Lahore Gate is also popularly also known as the "Amar Singh Gate," for [[Amar Singh Rathore]].<ref name=fort/>

The monumental Delhi Gate, which faces the city on the western side of the fort, is considered the grandest of the four gates and a masterpiece of [[Akbar]]'s time. It was built circa 1568 both to enhance security and as the king's formal gate, and includes features related to both. It is embellished with intricate inlay work in [[white marble]]. A wooden [[drawbridge]] was used to cross the moat and reach the gate from the mainland; inside, an inner gateway called Hathi Pol ("Elephant Gate") – guarded by two life-sized stone [[elephants]] with their riders – added another layer of security. The drawbridge, slight ascent, and 90-degree turn between the outer and inner gates make the entrance impregnable. During a siege, attackers would employ elephants to crush a fort's gates. Without a level, straight run-up to gather speed, however, that is prevented by this layout.<ref>{{cite book|title=Natural Stone and World Heritage: Delhi-Agra, India|first1=Gurmeet |last1=Kaur|first2= Sakoon N. |last2=Singh|first3= Anuvinder |last3=Ahuja|first4= Noor Dasmesh |last4=Singh |date=24 May 2020 |pages=84|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781000040692}}</ref>

The northern portion of the fort is still used by the Indian military (the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Brigade]] in particular), so the Delhi Gate cannot be used by the public. Tourists enter via the Amar Singh Gate.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

The site is very important in terms of architectural history. [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal]] recorded that five hundred buildings in the designs of [[Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]] were built in the fort. Some of them were demolished by [[Shah Jahan]] to make way for his white marble palaces. Most of the others were destroyed by the British troops of [[East India Company]] between 1803 and 1862 for raising barracks. Hardly thirty Mughal buildings have survived on the south-eastern side, facing the river, such as the Delhi Gate and Akbar Gate and one palace – "Bengali Mahal".

Akbar Darwazza (Akbar Gate) was renamed Amar Singh Gate by Shah Jahan. The gate is similar in design to the Delhi Gate. Both are built of red sandstone.<ref name=fort/>

The Bengali Mahal is built of red sandstone and is now split into Akbari Mahal and [[Jahangiri Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adfagra.org/monuments-of-agra/agra-fort/92-2/ |title=The Bengali-Mahal, adfagra.org |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410164020/https://www.adfagra.org/monuments-of-agra/agra-fort/92-2/ |archive-date=10 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Historical sites ==
[[File:Hauz i Jahangiri.jpg|thumb|Jahangir's Hauz, 1916–18]]
* '''[[Jahangir]]'s Hauz''' (tank) (1610 AD): this monolithic tank (hauz) was used for bathing. It is 5 feet high, 8 feet in diameter and 25 feet in circumference. On the external side of the rim there is an inscription in [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]] which mentions it as '''Hauz-e-Jahangir'''. It was first discovered near the [[courtyard]] of Akbar's palace. In 1843 AD and later it was placed in front of Diwan-e-Am. In 1862, it was shifted to public garden (Company Bagh) where it suffered much damage. Later, Sir John Marshall brought it back to Agra Fort and placed there. Due to this hauz, the palace became famous as Jahangiri Mahal though it is part of Akbar's Bengali mahal.
* '''[[Shah Jahani Mahal|Shahjahani Mahal]]''' (1628–35 AD): it is situated in between the white marble Khas Mahal and the red stone Jahangiri Mahal and is set transitionally in between these two residential complexes of two different ages. It is the earliest attempt of the Mughal emperor Shahjahan to convert an existing red stone building in accordance with his taste and it was his earliest palace in Agra Fort. It has a large hall, side rooms and an octagonal tower on the riverside. The skeletal construction of brick and red stone was all redone with a thick white stucco plaster and colourfully painted in floral designs. The whole palace once glistened white like white marble. On the face towards the Khas Mahal, is a large spacious white marble dalan, composed of five arches, supported on double pillars and protected externally by a chhajja. Its closed western bay houses, the Ghaznin gate, Babur's baoli and a well are situated beneath it.
[[File:Red Fort, Ghazni gate (photographic restoration).jpg|thumb|The Ghaznin Gate, taken in 1842 from the tomb of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in [[Ghazni]], [[Afghanistan]]]]
*'''Ghaznin Gate''' (1030 AD): the gate originally belonged to the tomb of [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]] at Ghazni. It was brought from there by the British in 1842. Lord Ellenborough, the Governor General, in historic proclamation claimed, that these were the sandalwood gates of Somnath which Mahmud had taken to Ghazni in 1025, and the British had thus avenged an insult of 800 years back. This false claim was made just to win the goodwill of the Indian people. The gate is, in fact, made of local deodar wood of Ghazni and not of sandalwood. The style of decoration bears no resemblance to ancient Gujrati woodwork. There is also an Arabic inscription carved on the upper part. It mentions Mahmud with his epithets. Sir John Marshall had placed here a notice-board which described the whole episode about this gate. It is 16.5 feet high and 13.5 feet broad and its weight is about half a ton. It is made up of geometrical, hexagonal and octagonal panels which have been fixed, one with the help of the other into the frame without rivets. The idea to restore it at Somnath was ultimately given up and the gate was abandoned. Since then, it is stored in a room.<ref>[[:File:Ghaznin Gate description, Agra Fort.jpg|Agra Museum notice]]</ref>
*'''Jahangir's Chain of Justice''' (c. 1605 AD): this is the spot where Mughal king Jahangir instituted his 'chain of justice'(Zanjir-i-Adl) in c. 1605 AD. He records in his memoir that after his accession, the first order he gave, "was for the fastening up of the chain of justice so that if those engaged in the administration of justice should delay or practice hypocrisy, the aggrieved might come to this chain and shake it so that its noise might attract my attention". It was made of pure gold. It was 80' in length and had 60 bells. Its weight was 1 Quintal. One end was fastened to the battlements of the Shah-Burj and the other end to a stone post on the bank of the river. This is not a myth. Contemporary foreign travellers like William Hawkins personally saw it. It has also been depicted in a contemporary painting made in 1620 AD. This was a way to redress the grievances of the people who could approach the king, the highest judicial authority of the empire, directly, without fee, fear or formality for immediate relief. There was no distinction of caste or creed or between poor and rich. Jahangir's administration of justice 'Adl-i-Jahangir' became a legend in Indian history.
*'''The Muthamman Burj''' (Shah-Burj) & '''Jharokha''' (1632–1640 AD): this palace surmounts the largest bastion of Agra Fort on the riverside, facing the East. It was originally built of red stone by Akbar who used it for jharokha darshan, as well as for sun worship, every day at sunrise. Jehangir also used it as jharokha, as is faithfully shown in his painting made in 1620. He also instituted his 'Adl-i-Janjir'(the chain of justice) on its south side. Owing to its octagonal plan, it was called 'Muthamman Burj'. It has also been mentioned as 'Shah-Burj'(the imperial or king's tower) by Persian historians and foreign travellers. Its name jasmine tower or 'Samman-Burj' as recorded by the contemporary historian Lahauri is a misnomer. It was rebuilt with white marble by Shah Jehan around 1632–1640 AD. He also used it for jharokha darshan which was an indispensable a Mughal institution as was 'Durbar'. It is an octagonal building, five external sides of which make a dalan overlooking the river. Each side has pillar and bracket openings, the easternmost side projects forward and accommodates a jharokha majestically. On the western side of this palace is a spacious dalan with Shah-Nasin (alcoves). A shallow water-basin (kunda) is sunk in its pavement. It is profusely inlaid. This dalan opens on a court which has a [[chabutara]] projected by a jali screen, on its northern side, a series of rooms leading to Shish Mahal on its western side; and a colonnade (dalan) with a room attached to its on the southern side. It is, thus, a large complex entirely built of white marble. It has deep niches on the walls, to break the monotony. Dados have repetitive stylized creepers inlaid on borders and carved plants on the centre pillars, brackets and lintels also bear exquisitely inlaid designs and it is one of the most ornamented buildings of Shah Jehan. This palace is directly connected to the Diwan-i-Khas, Shish Mahal, Khas Mahal, and other palaces. and it was from here that the Mughal emperor governed the whole country. This burj offers full and majestic view of Taj Mahal and Shah Jehan spent eight years (1658–1666 AD) of his imprisonment in this complex, and it is said that he died here. His body was taken by boat to the Taj Mahal and buried.
*[[File:Shish Mahal 17.JPG|thumb|Shish Mahal]]'''Shish Mahal''' (1631–40 AD): it was built by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan as a part of summer palace. Its most distinctive feature is glass mosaic work done on its walls and ceiling. These glass pieces have high mirror quality which glittered and twinkled in thousand ways in semi-dark interior. The glass was imported from Haleb of Syria. Shahjahan built glass palace also at [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)|Lahore]] and Delhi.

==In popular culture==
*The Agra Fort won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] in 2004. [[India Post]] issued a stamp to commemorate this event.
*The Agra Fort plays a key role in the [[Sherlock Holmes]] mystery ''[[The Sign of the Four]]'', by Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]].
*The Agra Fort was featured in the music video for [[Habibi Dah (Nari Narain)|Habibi Dah]], a hit song of Egyptian [[Celebrity|pop star]] [[Hisham Abbas]].
*[[Shivaji]] came to Agra in 1666 as per the "[[Treaty of Purandar (1665)]]" entered into with [[Jai Singh I]] to meet [[Aurangzeb]] in the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]]. In the audience, he was deliberately placed behind men of lower rank. Insulted, he stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Singh's quarters on 12 May 1666.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Map of Agra Fort.jpg|Plan of Agra Fort on display at the fort, 2012
File:Diwan-E-Aam (Hall of Public Audience).jpg|Exterior of Diwan-i-Am or Hall of Public Audience
File:Diwan-i-Aam Hallways.jpg|Interior of Diwan I Am (Hall of Public Audience)
File:Agra castle India persian poem.jpg|[[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]] [[Nastaliq|Calligraphy]] in Agra Fort
File:Diwan-i-Am-1.jpg|Agra Fort Diwan I Am (Hall of Public Audience)
File:Amar Singh Gate, Agra.jpg|Amar Singh Gate, Agra
File:Agra Fort 13.JPG|Jahangir Palace
File:Agra Fort 20.jpg|Diwan-i-Khas
File:Delhi gate 6.jpg|Delhi gate, by Seeta Ram, 1814–15
File:Agrafortushnish2.jpg|Agra Fort insides
File:AgraFortColumn.jpg|Decorated column
File:Agrafortushnish3.jpg|Decorations on the ceiling
File:Weeks Edwin Gate Of The Fortress At Agra India.jpg|Weeks Edwin Gate of the Fortress at Agra India
File:Inside Red Fort, Agra.jpg|Inside the Fort's extensive compound
File:Agra Fort Rempart.jpg|Rampart of Agra Fort
File:Bathtub of Jahangir.jpg|Bathtub of Jahangir
File:Taj and jamuna river from Agra Fort.jpg|[[Taj Mahal]] and Yamuna river
File:Agra fort, Agra, India.jpg|[[Musamman Burj]] inside
File:Agra Fort Anguri Bagh (side view)-Agra-Uttar Pradesh-N-UP-A1-b.jpg|Anguri Bagh, the garden in the courtyard
File:Agra Fort Shish Mahal-Agra-Uttar Pradesh-N-UP-A1-y.jpg|Agra Fort: Shish Mahal
File:Agra Fort John Russell Colvin's Tomb-Agra-Uttar Pradesh-N-UP-A1-i.jpg|Agra Fort: Hon'ble John Russell Colvin's Tomb
File:Agra India persian poem.jpg|[[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]] [[Nastaliq|calligraphy]] in Agra Fort
</gallery>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Architecture}}}}
* [[Badshahi mosque]]
* [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
* [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
* [[Forts in India]]
* [[Humayun's tomb]]
* [[Jama Masjid, Agra|Jama Masjid]]
* [[List of forts in India]]
** [[List of forts in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Agra circle]]
* [[Taj Mahal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Agra|Agra Fort}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091203060952/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agrafort.asp Agra Fort (1983), Uttar Pradesh – Archaeological Survey of India]
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/agrafort/maps/maps.html Agra Fort map] (from Murray's travel guide, 1909)

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Agra district}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Forts in Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Agra Fort| ]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:Mughal fortifications]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kollam Orthodox Diocese

2026-03-26T17:43:53Z

Vikibnf: Creating Info

{{Short description|Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=August 2018}}
{{One source|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction =
|name = Diocese of Kollam
|image = Malankara Emblem.png
|imagewidth =
|alt =
|caption = '''Catholicate Emblem'''
|country = [[India]]
|headquarters = Bishop's House, Cross Jn., Kollam - 691 001
|coordinates =
|denomination =
|border = Orthodox
|territory = [[Kollam]]
|metropolitan = H. G. Dr. [[Joseph Mar Dionysius]]
|established = 1876, by [[Ignatius Peter IV]]
|website = [https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kollam/ Kollam Diocese]
|first_incumbent = [[Dionysious V]]
|diocese = Kollam Diocese
|rite = [[Malankara Rite]]
|bishop =
|parent_church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
}}

The '''Kollam Orthodox Diocese''', one of the 32 dioceses of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], was created after the Mulanthuruthy Synod in 1876. H.G. Dr. [[Joseph Mar Dionysius]] is the Metropolitan of the diocese, whose head office is in Bishop's House, Cross Junction, [[Kadappakada]], [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], [[Christianity in India|India]].

==History==
[[File:Pallimeda Kundara.jpg|thumb|Old Building(Pallimeda) of St.Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church, Kundara]]
[[Kollam]] is an ancient commercial center and seaport. According to tradition, [[Thomas the Apostle]] arrived in the city and founded a church which is now underwater. Kollam is one of the seven dioceses created after the Mulanthuruthi Syrian Christian Association ([[synod]]) of 1876, led by Patriarch of Antioch [[Ignatius Peter IV]]; the other dioceses are Kottayam, Kandanadu, Angamali, Niranam, Thumpamon, and Kochi. Originally, there were over 30 churches in the diocese.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book|title=Malankara Orthodox Church Encyclopedia (Malayalam)|publisher=[[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]|pages=268–269|edition=1993}}</ref> [[Dionysious V]] was its first [[metropolitan bishop]]. He was succeeded by [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala]], who also led the Niranam diocese.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Vattasserril Geevarghese, [[Geevarghese II]] (when the diocese's head office was in the [[Kundara]] seminary), Alexios Mar Thevodosios of Bethany (who became metropolitan in 1938),<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> [[Mathews I]], and [[Mathews II]] followed.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>

Mathews I moved the diocese's head office from Kottappuram Seminary in [[Kottarakkara]] to Cross Junction, near [[Kadappakada]], where the bishop's house (''aramana'') and St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Cathedral were built.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Mathews II was appointed assistant metropolitan in 1985, and became metropolitan in 1991; the following year, there were 130 parishes and 13 churches.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> After his death, [[Didymos I]] became the diocese's eighth metropolitan. The [[Thiruvananthapuram Orthodox Diocese]] was created from the Kollam diocese in 1979, and the [[Adoor Kadampanad Orthodox Diocese|Adoor Kadampanad]] and [[Kottarakkara Punalur Orthodox Diocese]]s were created from the Thiruvananthapuram diocese in 2010.

==Diocesan Metropolitans==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Kollam Orthodox Diocesan Metropolitan
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1876
| style="text-align: center;" | Unknown
| Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II also known as [[Dionysious V]]
| 1st Metropolitan of the diocese (Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan)<ref name="Dionysious V">{{cite web|url= https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kollam|title= Dionysious V |publisher=malankaraorthodoxchurch.in}}</ref>

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | Unknown
| style="text-align: center;" |1902
|Chathuruthiyil [[Gregorios of Parumala|Geevarghese Mar Gregorios]]
| 2nd Metropolitan of the diocese<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.syriacchristianity.info/StGG/as_metropolitan.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170515191445/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/StGG/as_metropolitan.htm|url-status= usurped|archive-date= 15 May 2017|title= Geevarghese Mar Gregorious |publisher=mosc.in}}</ref>

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" |1902
| style="text-align: center;" |1909
|Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II also known as [[Dionysious V]]
| Ruled Again as the Malankara Metropolitan<ref name="Dionysious V"/>

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1909
| style="text-align: center;" | 1912
| [[Saint Dionysius of Vattasseril|Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril]]
| 3rd Metropolitan of the diocese <ref>{{cite web|url= https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kollam|title= Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril |publisher=malankaraorthodoxchurch.in}}</ref>

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1912
| style="text-align: center;" | 1934
| Kallasseril Geevarghese Mar Gregorious and as [[Baselios Geevarghese II]]
| 4th Metropolitan of the diocese <ref>{{cite web|url= https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kollam|title= Geevarghese Mar Gregorious |publisher=mosc.in}}</ref> as mar Gregorios (1912-1929) as Catholicos (1929-1934)

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" |1934
| style="text-align: center;" |1941
|[[Baselios Geevarghese II]] Catholicos
|Ruled as Malankara Metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1941
| style="text-align: center;" | 1965
| Mattackal Alexios Mar Theodosios
| 5th Metropolitan of the diocese <ref>{{cite web|url= http://dioceseofniranam.org/945/1047/metropolitans-from-the-diocese/late-metropolitans/alexios-mar-theodosius|title= Alexious Mar Thevedosius |publisher=malankaraorthodoxchurch.in}}</ref>

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1966
| style="text-align: center;" | 1991
| Mathews Mar Coorilos (Later [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II]])
| 6th Metropolitan of the diocese <ref>{{cite web|url= https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kollam|title= Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews I |publisher=mosc.in}}</ref>

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1991
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
| [[Mathews Mar Epiphanios]]
| 7th Metropolitan of the diocese <ref>{{cite web|url= https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kollam|title= Mathews Mar Epiphanios |publisher=mosc.in}}</ref>

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
|style="text-align: center;" |2009
|style="text-align: center;" |14-Oct-2022
|Zachariah Mar Anthonios
|8th Metropolitan of the diocese

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
|style="text-align: center;" |03-Nov-2022
|style="text-align: center;" |Present
|[[Joseph Mar Dionysius]]
|9th Metropolitan of the diocese
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Assistant Metropolitan
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 15%;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Metropolitan
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 35%;" | Notes

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
| style="text-align: center;" |1938
| style="text-align: center;" |1941
| Alexios Mar Theodosios
|Assistant Metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1953
| style="text-align: center;" | 1966
| [[Mathews Mar Coorilos]]
| Assistant Metropolitan <ref>{{cite web|url= https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kollam|title= Mathews Mar Coorilos |publisher=mosc.in}}</ref>

|- valign="top" style="background-color: white;"
|style="text-align: center;" | 1985
|style="text-align: center;" | 1991
|Mathews Mar Epiphanios
|Assistant metropolitan

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 1991
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
| [[Zachariah Mar Anthonios]]
| Assistant Metropolitan <ref>{{cite web|url= https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kollam|title= Zachariah Mar Anthonios |publisher=mosc.in}}</ref>
|}

==Major churches==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth East Syriac Persian Saints of the Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|alt=Two bearded holy men, holding staffs|[[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]]. According to [[Saint Thomas Christians|tradition]], they arrived in Kollam in 823.]]
[[File:Orthodox Bishop House, Kollam.jpg|thumb|St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Kollam (Bishop House)]]
The diocese has 64 parishes. The Kadeesha Syrian Church in Port Kollam, the tomb of Mar Abo in [[Thevalakkara]], [[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church, Kallada|St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church in West Kallada]], and St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church in [[Kundara]] are its oldest religious buildings. Kundara Seminary, the Nedumpaikulam St. George Orthodox Syrian Church, and the Nallila Bethel St. George Orthodox Syrian Church are other churches.

=={{anchor|Parish List}}Parishes==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala (1905).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Chathuruthiyil Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|alt=Painting of a bishop]]
[[File:Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II.jpg|thumb|Mathews II|alt=Outdoor photo of a smiling Mathews II]]
{{div col}}
* Ananthamon Sehion St. George Orthodox Church
* Ambalanirap St. George Orthodox Church
* Chowallor St. George Orthodox Church
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, [[Chittumala]]
* Edavattom St. George Orthodox Church
* Edakulangara Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Erathukulakkada Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Kadamanthadom Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church
* Karimthottuva St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* [[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church, Kallada]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Kizhakkekallada|East Kallada]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Kareepra]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Puthoor]]
* Kunathoor St. George Orthodox Church
* Kulakkada St.George Orthodox Church
* Kadeeshtha Orthodox Church, [[Kundara]]
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Kundara
* St. George Orthodox Church, Kaithacode
* St. Elijah Orthodox Church, [[Koduvila]]
* Kollam Kadeesha Orthodox Church
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kollam
* Mar Semavoon Desthuni Orthodox Church, Manjakala
* St. Mary's Salem Orthodox Church, [[Manappally]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, Maruthoorbhagam
* Mar Thevodoros Orthodox Church, Madhavasseri
* St. Peter and Paul Orthodox Church, Maranadu
* Mar Barsauma Orthodox Church, Maranadu
* St. Stephen's Orthodox Church, [[Mukhathala]]
* St.George Orthodox Church, Mukhathala
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Muthupilakkadu
* St. George Orthodox Church, Muthupilakkadu
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Mynagapally
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Nallila]]
* St. Gabriel Orthodox Church, Nallila
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Nadutheri]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Nedumbaikulam
* St. George Orthodox Church, Nedumbaikulam
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, [[Pattazhy]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, Pattazhy
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Pattazhy
* Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church, Pattazhy
* St. Stephen's Orthodox Church, Pandithitta
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Perinadu
* Mar Kuriakose Orthodox Church, [[Perayam, Kollam|Perayam]]
* St. John the Baptist Orthodox Church, [[Perumpuzha]]
* St. George Orthodox Church, [[Puthoor]]
* Mar Baselios Gregorios Orthodox Church, [[Poruvazhy]]
* St. Thomas Orthodox Church, [[Sooranad]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Sooranad
* St. Thomas Orthodox Valiyapally, [[Thazhava]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, [[Thalavoor]]
* Marthamariam Orthodox Church, Thamarakkudy
* Marthamariam Orthodox Church, Thevalakara
* St. George Orthodox Church, Thevalappuram
* St. George Orthodox Church, Kundara Kuzhimathikadu
* St. Mary's Orthodox Church, [[Perinad]]
* St. Thomas Orthodox puthenpally, [[Thrippilazhikom]]
* St. Thomas Orthodox sehion church, [[Thrippilazhikom]]
{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kundara Valiyapally.jpg|St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church, Kundara
File:Holy Altar of Kundara ValiyaPally.jpg|Holy Altar of St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church, [[Kundara]].
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/ Malankara Orthodox Church website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/MOSCKollamDiocese/ Diocese of Kollam]

{{Dioceses of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church dioceses]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox dioceses in India]]

Nur Khan

2026-03-19T07:03:38Z

Vikibnf: enhance layout additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|3rd Pakistani Air Chief (1923–2011)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Air Marshal]] [[Malik (surname)|Malik]]
| name = Nur Khan
| native_name = {{nq|نور خان}}
| honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-e-Jurat|HJ]] [[Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam|HQA]] [[Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam|SQA]] [[Sitara-e-Pakistan|SPk]]
| image = Air Marshal Nur Khan.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Portrait, {{circa|1965}}
| office = Member of the 7th [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| constituency = [[NA-43 (Attock-III)]]
| term_start = 20 March 1985
| term_end = 29 May 1988
| office1 = 6th [[Governor of West Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 1 September 1969
| term_end1 = 31 January 1970
| predecessor1 = [[Tikka Khan]]
| successor1 = [[Attiqur Rahman]]
| office2 = 3rd [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] [[Pakistan Air Force]]
| term_start2 = 23 July 1965
| term_end2 = 31 August 1969
| deputy2 = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; 
|title=''See list''
|2=Mohammad Akhtar (1966)|3=S.A. Yusaf (1966-67)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Who_s_who_in_British_Aviation/Es0pAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=S.%20A.%20Yusaf|title=Who's who in British Aviation|page=19|year=1967}}</ref>|4=Abdul Qadir (1967-69)|5=[[Khyber Khan]] (1969)|
}}
| predecessor2 = [[Asghar Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Abdur Rahim Khan]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin
| cont = yes
| Other offices
| titlestyle = border:3px dashed lightblack;
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office3 = [[Pakistan Cricket Board#Governance of Pakistan cricket|Chairman Board of Control for Cricket in Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 10 February 1980
| term_end3 = 2 February 1984
| predecessor3 = [[Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan]]
| successor3 = [[Safdar Butt]]
| appointed3 = [[General Zia-ul-Haq]]
| office4 = 7th, 10th [[President of the Pakistan Hockey Federation]]
| term_start4 = 1976
| term_end4 = 2 February 1984
| predecessor4 = [[Sadiq Hussain Qureshi]]
| term_start5 = 1967
| term_end5 = 1969
| office6 = Chief Administrator Civil Aviation Authority and Tourism (Pakistan)
| term_start6 = February 1964
| term_end6 = 22 July 1965
| office7 = President [[Peshawar Club]] Limited
| term_start7 = March 1968
| term_end7 = March 1969
| term_start8 = April 1959
| term_end8 = June 1961
| office9 = [[Managing Director]] [[Pakistan International Airlines]]
| term_start9 = 6 March 1959
| term_end9 = 22 July 1965
| predecessor9 = Zafar-ul-Ahsan
| successor9 = [[Asghar Khan]]
| office10 = Commander [[PAF Station Mauripur]]
| term_start10 = August 1956
| term_end10 = October 1957
| office11 = Commander [[PAF Station Peshawar]]
| term_start11 = December 1955
| term_end11 = August 1956
| office12 = 2nd [[Commandant]] [[RPAF College]]
| term_start12 = 15 September 1948
| term_end12 = October 1949
| predecessor12 = [[Asghar Khan]]
| successor12 = [[M. A. Rahman]]
| office13 = [[Air attaché]] to [[High Commission of Pakistan, London]]
| term_start13 = January 1948
| term_end13 = September 1948
| predecessor13 = '''Office established'''
| office14 = Commander [[PAF Station Lahore]]
| term_start14 = August 1947
| term_end14 = December 1947
| office15 = Flight Commander Squadron Leader Operations 3 (Headquarters [[BCOF#Occupation|BCAIR]])
| term_start15 = 14 June 1945
| term_end15 = 30 September 1946
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| birth_name = Malik Nur Khan Awan
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1923|2|22}}
| birth_place = [[Tamman]], [[Chakwal District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2011|12|15|1923|2|22}}
| death_place = [[CMH Rawalpindi]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place = Tamman, Talagang, Pakistan
| burial_place_coordinates = 
| party = [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (1988–89)
| otherparty = [[Council Muslim League]] (1970-71) [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (1985-88)
| spouse = {{marriage|Begum Farhat|1952}}
| children = 4
| education = [[Colonel Brown Cambridge School]] [[Chief's College, Lahore]] [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] ([[B.A.]]) [[No. 1 (I) SFTS]] [[Joint Services Staff College (UK)]] [[RAF Staff College, Andover]] [[PAF Staff College]]
| relatives = [[Amir Mohammad Khan]] [[Sardar Mumtaz Khan]] [[Malik Sher Bahadur]] (nephew)
| nickname = ''Nuroo''
| branch = {{air force|British Raj}} {{small|(1941)}} {{air force|PAK}} {{small|(1947)}}
| serviceyears = 1941–1970
| rank = [[File:UK-Air-OF8.svg|40px]] [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|30px]] [[Air Marshal]]
| commands = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; 
|title=''See list''
|2=[[PAF Station Chaklala]]|3=[[RPAF College]]|4=[[PAF Station Peshawar]]|5=[[PAF Station Mauripur]]|
}}
| battles = {{Tree list}}
*[[World War II]]
**[[Burma campaign (1944)]]
**[[Burma Campaign 1944–1945]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
*[[Waziristan rebellion (1948-1954)]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
**[[Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965]]
*[[Six-Day War]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Hilal-e-Shujaat]] (1978) [[Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika]] (1979)
| mawards = '''[[#Awards and decorations|See list]]'''
}}

'''Malik Nur Khan Awan'''{{efn|[[Urdu]]: {{nq|ملک نور خان اعوان}}; Sometimes spelled as Malik Noor Khan<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Brezhnev_Plan_for_Asian_Security/OCUhAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Malik+Noor+Khan%22|title=Brezhnev Plan for Asian Security: Russia in Asia|year=1975|author=[[A. G. Noorani]]|page=65}}</ref> and erroneously as Mohammad Nur Khan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reports_Service/O_MuAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Mohammad+Nur+Khan%22|title=Reports Service: South Asia series|volume=12-13|year=1968|author=American Universities Field Staff|pages=2, 10}}</ref>}} (22 February 1923 — 15 December 2011) known as the Man of Steel, The Man With The [[Midas Touch]],{{efn|A reference to the Greek myth in which King [[Midas]] turned anything he touched into gold.}} and informally, Nuroo, was a [[three-star rank]] officer who led the [[Pakistan Air Force]] in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], a politician, sports administrator, airline executive and [[statesman]] who served as the third [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] of the PAF from 1965 to 1969 and sixth [[Governor of West Pakistan]] from 1969 to 1970.

Born in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], Khan graduated from [[Chief's College, Lahore]] and [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]]. At the college, he gained fame for his boxing skills and joined the [[Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] in 1940. At the age of 17, he was commissioned into the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] as a fighter pilot in 1941 and trained with the [[Royal Air Force]] as a gunner and bomber pilot. He was later deployed to Burma and flew sorties against Imperial Japan in [[World War II]]. In May 1944, he conducted a dive-bombing mission on a bridge at the Arakan front.

In 1945, Khan served as Flight Commander. After the [[Partition of British India]] in 1947, Khan opted for the [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]] and commanded [[PAF Station Chaklala]]. Subsequently, he became the first air attache of Pakistan to London and later the second commandant of the [[RPAF College]]. In 1958, ''[[Flight (magazine)|Flight]]'' highlighted Air Commodore Nur Khan's leadership of No. 1 Group PAF and described him as "probably the youngest air officer anywhere in the world" at the age of 35.

Widely regarded as Pakistan's greatest administrator, Khan was known for his intellect and management abilities, which largely benefited the country in both sports and aviation. As managing director of [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) from 1959 to 1965, he transformed the airline into one of the world's frontline carriers. During this period, he acquired several properties for the airline, including the [[Roosevelt Hotel (Manhattan)|Roosevelt Hotel]] in [[New York City]], the Scribe Hotel in [[Paris]], the Central Hotel in [[Abu Dhabi]], and the Minal Hotel in [[Riyadh]]. He also set up the intercontinental chain of hotels in Pakistan and the Malam Jabba ski resort. His tenure, along with that of his successor [[Asghar Khan]], is often referred to as the "golden years of PIA" in the aviation community. [[PAF Base Nur Khan]] is named after him.

Shortly before the outbreak of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], Nur Khan succeeded [[Air Marshal Asghar Khan]] as [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]].

== Early life ==
Malik Nur Khan was born on 22 February 1923 in [[Tamman]] into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]] family with a distinguished military heritage. His father, [[Risaldar-major|Risaldar-Major]] Malik Mihr Khan {{small|{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBI|IOM|IDSM}}}} (d. 1963)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Death_of_Nur_Khan%27s_father.jpg|title=Death of Nur Khan's father condoled|date=4 July 1963|publisher=Civil and Military Gazette of Lahore}}</ref> served as a [[Viceroy's Commissioned Officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]] from 1911 to 1936, was deployed to [[France]] and [[Belgium]] in [[World War I]] from 1914 to 1916,<ref>{{cite web|title=Awarded the Second Class of the Indian Order of Merit|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29438/supplement/592|publisher=[[The London Gazette]]|date=14 January 1916}}</ref> and was the [[aide-de-camp]] to General [[John Shea (Indian Army officer)|Sir John S.M. Shea]], the Commander-in-Chief of [[Eastern Command (India)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army List For January I|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284987/page/n377/mode/2up?q=Mihr|year=1915}}</ref> and his successor General [[Norman MacMullen]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285021/page/n47/mode/2up?q=%22Malik+Mihr%22|title=Indian Army List|date=October 1934|pages=47, 436|publisher=[[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285022/page/n49/mode/2up?q=%22Malik+Mihr%22|title=Indian Army List|date=October 1935|pages=49, 466|publisher=[[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]]}}</ref>

The family bore the title "[[Malik#Punjabi usage|Malik]]", meaning "Ruler", a designation commonly associated with Awan lineages. Among Nur Khan's relatives were the [[Nawab of Kalabagh]]<ref name="TNS">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1180467|title=Air Marshal Nur Khan: Administrator Par Excellence who took Pakistan sports to new heights|author=Dr. Salman Faridi|date=21 April 2024|newspaper=[[The News International]]}}</ref> and [[Sardar Mumtaz Khan]], a politician.<ref>{{cite news|title=Divided house of the Tammans may give PML-Q's Chaudhry Elahi an edge|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1422040|date=24 July 2018|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

Nur Khan began his education at the Government Middle School in [[Tamman]] and attended the [[Colonel Brown Cambridge School]], where he became friends with Bikram Singh, who later became a board member of the [[Civil and Military Gazette]].<ref name="WG">{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_Gallantry_is_Tradition/9w-4VTtJ2xkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Colonel+Brown+Khan&pg=PA153|title=Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College: Plantinum Jubilee Volume|year=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers|chapter=Biki's Tales|author=Bikram Singh|page=153}}</ref> He subsequently enrolled at the [[Chief's College, Lahore]], where he earned a diploma in science.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.psic.gop.pk/Download(psic)/Crafts-of-Chakwal-1.pdf#page=185|title=Crafts of Chakwal|chapter=Prominent Personalities of Chakwal: Air Marshal Malik Nur Khan|year=2016}}</ref><ref name="IWW">{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_International_Who_s_Who/ptZwCVvIJxkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Tamman|title=The International Who's who|year=1973|page=1178}}</ref> In 1934, he joined the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]], where cadets were divided into sections known as houses. Nur Khan and [[Asghar Khan]] were members of the Rawlinson House,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_Gallantry_is_Tradition/9w-4VTtJ2xkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Nur%20Khan%22%20Rawlinson|title=Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College: Plantinum Jubilee Volume|year=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers|author=Sidharth Mishra}}</ref> while [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] belonged to Kitchener House.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roba.co.in/about-us|title=ROBA History|publisher=Rimcollian Old Boys Association|access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="Air Force ISPR">{{cite web|title=Script of Documentary Air Marshal Malik Nur Khan Commander-in-Chief Pakistan Air Force, Islamabad|url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/AM_Nur_Khan_Documentary.html|website=[[Pakistan Air Force]]|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725213135/http://www.paf.gov.pk/AM_Nur_Khan_Documentary.html|archive-date=2014-07-25}}</ref>

On his entry form, [[Chancellor (education)|Principal]] [[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey]], remarked: "An excellent military family from a very military center. The boy has been well educated and is more advanced than many Awans of his age. He is physically fit and should make an officer anyhow, he is the right type."<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/>

At the college, Khan gained a reputation as a "killer" boxer and a devout Muslim. He went on to earn a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[military administration]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Panther_Red_One_Memoirs_of_a_Fighter_Pil/0k-6DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nur+Khan&pg=PT142|title=Panther Red One: Memoirs of a Fighter Pilot|year=2013|author=Air Marshal Subramaniam Raghavendran|publisher=KW Publishers|page=142}}</ref> After completing his initial training at the Initial Training Wing in Lahore by May 1941, he proceeded to [[No. 1 (I) SFTS]], finishing his flying syllabus by late November that year.<ref name="LIVEFIST">{{cite news|title=COLUMN On Air Marshal Nur Khan (1923-2011)|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/column-on-air-marshal-nur-khan-1923/|date=21 December 2011}}</ref>

Khan later advanced his military education at several institutions, including the [[Joint Services Staff College (UK)]], the [[RAF Staff College, Andover]], and the [[PAF Staff College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paf.gov.pk/AM_Nur_Khan.html|title=Air Marshal Malik Nur Khan: The Legend is No More, Islamabad|website=[[Pakistan Air Force]]|date=15 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116193536/http://paf.gov.pk/AM_Nur_Khan.html|archive-date=2013-01-16}}</ref><ref name="UNC">{{cite news|title=Air Chief Marshal condoles Air Marshal (Retd) Nur Khan's death|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/39043|work=[[Brecorder]]|date=16 December 2011}}</ref>

==Service years==
===Royal Indian Air Force===
[[File:No. 1 SFTS (November 1941), cropped.png|thumb|right|100px|Nur Khan and [[Asghar Khan]] among 77 [[Pilot Officer]] Cadets at [[No. 1 (I) SFTS]], 1941]]
[[File:PWRIMC REUNION 1941.png|thumb|left|250px|[[Asghar Khan]], Cadet Captain Dharanidhar Jayal, and Nur Khan, at a PWRIMC reunion, 1941]]

Nur Khan joined the [[Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] during [[World War II]] and went for air crew training with the [[Royal Air Force]] in December 1940.<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/><ref name="tribune">{{cite web|title=Obituary|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/307432|date=16 December 2011|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref>

After graduating from the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] as part of the 6th Pilots Course, Nur Khan was commissioned into the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF) as a fighter pilot on 6 January 1941, at the age of 17. His family paid for his flying lessons from the [[Northern India Flying Club]] in [[Lahore]], where he learned how to fly the [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]] and received his pilot's A-license.<ref name="Roedad">{{cite book|author=[[Roedad Khan]]|year=1999|title=The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India-Pakistan-Bangladesh Documents, 1965–1973|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=265}}</ref>

====World War II====
[[File:RIAF Pilots circa 1941.jpg|thumb|Nur Khan, [[Asghar Khan]], [[Abdur Rahim Khan]], [[Om Prakash Mehra]], and two others (1944)]]
In the [[United Kingdom]], Khan trained with the [[Royal Air Force]] as air crew and received additional training as a gunnery and bomber pilot. Upon returning to [[British India]] in 1942–43, he was deployed to the [[Burma Campaign 1942–1943|Burma campaign]] with the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] as part of the [[occupation forces]] fighting against [[Imperial Japan]]. On 20 May 1944, he dive bombed a bridge on the [[Burma campaign (1944)|Arakan front]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/PAF_Over_the_Years/NnMSAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Nur%20Khan%20dive%20bombs%22|title=PAF Over the Years|page=4|year=2002|author=Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini}}</ref><ref name="Air Force ISPR"/>

In the mid-1940s, Nur Khan was an active supporter of the [[Pakistan Movement]], a stance that often made him the subject of teasing by his commanding officer, Flight Lieutenant [[Erlic Pinto]]. Fellow officer, Raja Gohel, fought over Khan's pro-Pakistani views, leading to a physical altercation in which Nur struck Gohel. According to Air Commodore (retd) A.C. Chacko, "Raja went literally mad with fury and we had all the trouble to prevent him bashing Nooru's head with a brick."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Combat_Lore_Indian_Air_Force_1930_1945/SEa6DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nur+Khan&pg=RA1-PT383|quote=We had our quota of Muslim officers who later made their mark in the Pakistan Air Force. Nur Khan was one of them. Though he joined us late, he soon became a trusted lieutenant of Pinto. “Nooru” gave the impression of a fanatic, sometimes Pinto used to tease him about “Pakistan”. This was a new word in those days, but Nur Khan was openly pro-Pakistani. I remember a fight between Nur Khan and Raja Gohel on this issue. Noor hit Gohel— Raja went literally mad with fury and we had all the trouble to prevent him bashing Nooru's head with a brick".|year=2014|title=Combat Lore: Indian Air Force 1930-1945|author=[[Somnath Sapru]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/images/pdfs/flights-of-valour-hsr-gohel-1705.pdf|title=Flights of Valour: The Life of Group Captain Himmat Singh Ravubha Gohel|author1=Surangana Makin|author2=Samrata Diwan|year=2021|page=41}}</ref>

===Pakistan Air Force===
====Initial years====
[[File:Liaquat Ali Khan RPAF 1950.jpg|thumb|left|Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] (left) inspects the fighter arm of the RPAF accompanied by Wing Commander Nur Khan (middle), and Air Vice Marshal Atcherley (far right) at [[PAF Station Mauripur|Mauripur Station]] on [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Independence Day]], 1950]]
[[File:PAFWorldRecordLoop1958.webm|thumb|right|300px|[[King Zahir Shah]] arrives at [[PAF Station Mauripur]] with [[President Iskandar Mirza]] and [[Nahid Mirza]], welcomed by Air Vice Marshal [[Asghar Khan]] and Air Commodore Nur Khan. Others seen in the video are [[General Ayub Khan]] and chiefs of the Iraqi, Turkish, and Iranian Air Forces. The loop is showcased towards the end. (1958)]]
After the [[Partition of British India]] on 14 August 1947, Nur Khan opted for the [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]] (RPAF) and was appointed the Commander of [[PAF Station Chaklala]].<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/>

In January 1948, Khan became the first Pakistani air attaché to the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London]]. In late 1948, he was asked to return to Pakistan and succeeded [[Asghar Khan]] as [[Commandant]] of the [[RPAF College]] on 15 September.<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/><ref name="tribune"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Regional_Trade_Directory/HmUaAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=commanding|page=370|title=Regional Trade Directory Iran-Pakistan-Turkey|year=1968}}</ref>

Khan was posted to the [[AHQ (PAF)|Air Headquarters]] in [[Rawalpindi]] as the Director of Organisation where he remained involved in the induction of aircraft under [[U.S. military aid]] from January 1950 until March 1951.<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/> That month, Khan was selected for a course at the [[RAF Staff College, Andover]]. [[Ezer Weizman]] in his autobiography, recalled an interaction with Khan while they were both studying at the college: "The following day I was approached by Wing Commander Nur Khan of the Pakistani air force. He was a formidable fellow and I was glad that he was Pakistani and not an Egyptian."<ref>{{cite book|page=112|title=On eagles' wings|year=1977}}</ref>

In the mid-1950s, Nur Khan was appointed the [[F-86 Sabre]] program director. He strongly advocated for the induction of F-86's instead of [[Republic F-84 Thunderjet]]'s into the Air Force, despite opposition by many, which often caused commotion during meetings, with Nur Khan going as far as threatening to resign. Nonetheless, he maintained his stance and the RPAF received the Sabres.<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/>

Promoted to [[Group Captain]] in 1954, Nur Khan was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff (Air) under Chief of Staff Air Commodore L. E. Jarman.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Aeroplane_Directory_of_British_Aviat/CRIEAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Nur%20Khan|title=The Aeroplane Directory of British Aviation|page=24|year=1955}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/TAInAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=nur%20khan|title=The Aeroplane|volume=86|page=211}}</ref>

In response to the threat posed by the [[Soviet Union]], Group Captains [[Asghar Khan]], Nur Khan, and Wing Commander Abdul Qadir developed an expansion plan for the PAF in March 1954. This plan outlined a ten-year goal from 1954 to 1964, aiming to establish the Air Force with 768 aircraft across 44 squadrons. It included ten day-fighter squadrons, five night-fighter squadrons, six bomber squadrons, one reconnaissance squadron, twelve fighter-bomber squadrons, six tactical light bomber squadrons, two twin-engine and one four-engine transport squadrons, and two maritime squadrons. In May 1954, Pakistan entered a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement with the [[United States]] (USA), securing substantial economic and military aid in exchange for access to PAF bases for launching reconnaissance flights into the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/DD-Journal-Oct-Dec-2022.pdf#page=26|publisher=[[Centre for Air Power Studies (India)]]|volume=11|year=2021|title=1971 War: The View From The Top|first=Anil|last=Chopra}}</ref>

From December 1955 to August 1956, Khan commanded [[PAF Station Peshawar]].<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/> Afterwards, he commanded [[PAF Station Mauripur]] from August 1956 to October 1957, where he converted the aircraft of PAF fighter squadrons from [[reciprocating engine|reciprocating (or piston)]] to [[jet engine]]s.<ref name="tribune"/> He served at the [[AHQ (PAF)|Air Headquarters]] before he was appointed as Air Officer Commanding of the No. 1 Group PAF.<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Aviation_Directory_of_Asia/Zf4WAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22M.%20Nur%22|title=Aviation Directory of Asia|volume=8|year=1963}}</ref> At the time, the RPAF was organised into two groups: No. 1 Group Headquarters for Operations, based in [[Peshawar]], and No. 2 Group Headquarters for Maintenance, located at [[Drigh Road]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3_fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22No.1%20Group%20HQ%20for%22|title=The Gold Bird: Pakistan and Its Air Force, Observations of a Pilot|page=165|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2002|author=Mansoor Shah|isbn=978-0-19-579772-5}}</ref> In 1958, ''[[Flight (magazine)|Flight]]'' highlighted Air Commodore Nur Khan's leadership of No. 1 Group PAF, describing him as "probably the youngest air officer anywhere in the world" at the age of 35.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Flight/OPc9AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22m.+nur+khan%22&dq=%22m.+nur+khan%22|title=Straight and Level|publisher=[[Flight (magazine)|Flight]]|date=21 February 1958}}</ref>

In 1957, Khan was appointed Chairman of the Committee responsible for the reorganisation of the Pakistan Air Force.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Aviation_Directory_of_Asia/cGYVAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=chairman%20committee%20nur|title=Aviation Directory of Asia|year=1965|volume=10}}</ref>

====Pakistan International Airlines====
Air Commodore Nur Khan was appointed the head of the [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) as [[Managing Director]] in the afternoon of 6 March 1959.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_Trade/HGYjAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22m.%20nur%20khan%22%20%22April%202,%201959%22|title=Pakistan Trade|volume=10|year=1959|page=22|quote=Nur Khan has been appointed as Managing Director of the Pakistan Interna-tional Airlines Corporation for a pe-riod of three years with effect from April 2, 1959.}}</ref> by [[President Ayub Khan]]. Nur Khan is credited with turning the airline into a profitable, internationally recognised entity.<ref name="PIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/691974|title=Lifting PIA: the Nur Khan way|date=31 January 2012|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1095492|title=Herald Exclusive: Plane truths|date=26 March 2014|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|author=Abid Hussain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I want to see PIA dominate the skies again|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1238606|date=12 February 2016|quote=This triumphant era began with the exemplary leadership of Air Commodore Nur Khan in the 1960s.|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|author=Hamza Siddiq}}</ref> In late 1962, Nur Khan received a two-year extension in his position of managing director by the [[Government of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Aeroplane_and_Commercial_Aviation_Ne/TrbBwFqhvkoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Nur%20Khan|page=29|year=1962|title=The Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|volume=104}}</ref>

====Commander-in-Chief (1965–1969)====
{{main|Indo-Pakistani war of 1965}}
{{main|Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965}}

[[File:Nur Khan's Interview.webm|thumb|left|250px|Air Marshal Nur Khan praises his predecessor [[Air Marshal Asghar Khan]] for the PAF's success in the war, Squadron Leader [[Sajad Haider]] is seen briefing pilots]]
[[File:IND-PAK AIR CHIEFS MEET (1966).jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the IAF]] [[Arjan Singh]] arrives at [[PAF Station Peshawar]] to meet Nur Khan after the war, 1966]]
On 23 July 1965, the outgoing [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] [[Air Marshal Asghar Khan]] handed over command of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] to Air Marshal Nur Khan. Asghar Khan did not brief him about [[Operation Gibraltar]] in [[Indian administered Kashmir]] as Asghar was not informed by the [[Pakistan Army]] either.

After a hiatus of six years without flying fighter jets, Nur Khan quickly regained familiarity with the cockpit by doing quick checkouts on the [[Lockheed T-33]] before switching to an [[F-104 Starfighter]] and [[F-86 Sabre]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965|first=John|last=Fricker|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Battle_for_Pakistan/RPttAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22absence%20of%20some%22|year=1979}}</ref>

The [[AHQ (PAF)|Air Headquarters]] was suspicious regarding the secret operations undertaken by the army, due to previous subsequent skirmishes on the [[Indo-Pakistani border|eastern border]]. Nur Khan met with [[C-in-C of the Pakistan Army|Commander-in-Chief]] [[General Musa Khan]] who admitted that "something was afoot", with Nur Khan immediately responding "this could mean war". However, Musa tried to assure Nur Khan that India would not retaliate. Very few details of the plan were conveyed to both Nur Khan and [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Navy)|Naval Chief]] [[Afzal Rahman Khan]] by the [[Pakistan Army]] leadership.<ref name="Dawn2005">{{cite web|title=Nur Khan reminisces war|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/155474|date=6 September 2005|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Still skeptical, Nur Khan was told by General Musa to meet with the General Officer Commanding of Kashmir, [[Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik]] for further details, as he was in charge of [[Operation Gibraltar]]. Reportedly, Akhtar told Nur Khan, "don't worry, because the plan is to send in some 800,000 infiltrators inside the [[Indian administered Kashmir|occupied territory]] to throw out the Indian troops with the help of the local population", with Akhtar claiming the plan was so perfectly designed that the Indians would not be able to retaliate and therefore Nur Khan and the PAF would not need to get into war-time mode.<ref name="Dawn2005"/>

=====Post-war=====
[[File:Air Marshal Nur Khan and General Theodore J. Conway (1968).jpg|thumb|right|Air Marshal Nur Khan and General [[Theodore J. Conway]], Commander-in-Chief of [[U.S. Strike Command]], salute the colors during an arrival ceremony on the [[MacDill AFB]] flightline (October 1968)]]

Air Marshal Nur Khan made two visits to China for the procurement of F-6 jets, the first visit was in November 1965 and the second in December 1967. According to Air Marshal [[Inamul Haque Khan]], "Normally [[Premier Zhou Enlai]] did not meet military chiefs, but he had a liking for Nur Khan and thus graciously had dinner with him. F-6s were provided promptly at a crucial juncture almost free of cost, when we were passing through bad times."<ref name="PCMR">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Inam H.|title=The Origins of Pakistan-China Military Relations|url=https://pakistaniat.com/2010/03/18/china-pakistan-military-relations/|website=pakistaniat.com|date=18 March 2010}}</ref>

On [[Pakistan Day]] 1966, the PAF exhibited Chinese weapons for the first time, including five Chinese-made [[Type 59 tank]]s and four Chinese-made [[Shenyang F-6]] fighter jets, one of which was piloted by Nur Khan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Getting Arms In Communist China|date=24 March 1966|publisher=[[Montreal Gazette]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MO4tAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q=Nur%20Khan&f=false|quote=The Pakistan Army included five Chinese-made T-59 medium tanks in the military hardware it rolled out for a Pakistan Day parade in Rawalpindi, the nation's capital 1,000 miles north of Karachi. A flyover of modern jet planes included four Chinese-made MiG-19 fighters, one of them piloted by Air Marshal Nur Khan, the Pakistani Air Force commander. It was the first time Pakistan had exhibited any Communist weapons.}}</ref>

=====1967 Arab–Israeli War=====
Air Marshal Nur Khan allowed the [[Pakistan Air Force]] to serve the [[Military of the Arab League]] against Israel during the [[Six-Day War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/15/palestinians-mourn-death-of-a-bangladeshi-war-hero|title=Palestinians mourn death of a Bangladeshi war hero|date=15 June 2020|website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/arabs-recall-pakistani-pilots-gallantry-in-1967-war/2262516|title=Arabs recall Pakistani pilots' gallantry in 1967 war|date=6 March 2021|website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref>

=====Ministership=====
Nur Khan served as Minister of Communications, Health, Labour and Social Welfare, Education, Rehabilitation and Works Division, and Family Planning Division from 5 April 1969 except for the Scientific and Technological Research Division to which he was appointed on 7 May 1969 until 3 August 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Federal%20Cabinet%201947/09a%20PRESIDENT'S%20ADVISERS%2026%203%2069%20to%203%208%2069.pdf|title=Federal Cabinet President's Advisers|year=1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://communication.gov.pk/Detail/M2M4NDVkODUtZjZiOS00YWY5LTg2N2EtMzM5ZGU5ODExNzA4|title=Federal Ministers Communication Division Tenure Board}}</ref>

=====Final years=====
On 3 April 1969, [[President Yahya Khan]] appointed a four-man military council of administration to run Pakistan. He appointed Air Marshal Nur Khan, Vice Admiral Syed Ahsan, and General Abdul Hamid Khan as Deputy Martial Law Administrators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/san-rafael-daily-independent-journal-1969-04-03/page/n37/mode/2up?q=%22Air+Marshal+Nur%22|title=Names Council|date=3 April 1969|publisher=[[San Rafael Daily Independent Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="WJH">{{cite book|title=Council Appointed|date=7 April 1969|publisher=Waycross Journal-Herald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-VZAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> On 12 July, Nur Khan led a Pakistani delegation in [[Peking]], where he was welcomed by Tseng Kuo Hua. The following day, Tseng hosted a banquet in Khan's honor, and on 16 July, Khan held a banquet for Tseng.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Appearances_and_Activities_of_Leading_Pe/um8VAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA6-PP1&dq=nur%20khan|title=Appearances and Activities of Leading Personalities of the People's Republic of China|page=191|year=1970}}</ref>

=====Ministership=====
Nur Khan served as Minister of Communications, Health, Labour and Social Welfare, Education, Rehabilitation and Works Division, and Family Planning Division from 5 April 1969 except for the Scientific and Technological Research Division to which he was appointed on 7 May 1969 until 3 August 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Federal%20Cabinet%201947/09a%20PRESIDENT'S%20ADVISERS%2026%203%2069%20to%203%208%2069.pdf|title=Federal Cabinet President's Advisers|year=1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://communication.gov.pk/Detail/M2M4NDVkODUtZjZiOS00YWY5LTg2N2EtMzM5ZGU5ODExNzA4|title=Federal Ministers Communication Division Tenure Board}}</ref>

==Political career==
===Governor of West Pakistan (1969–1970)===
Nur Khan's tenure was renewed and his retirement was overturned by [[President Yahya Khan]] who appointed him as the Governor of [[West Pakistan]] on 1 September 1969. He would go on to make major reforms in the country's political and educational structure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/596414|title=Faiz`s centenary opens with book|date=5 January 2011|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref name="Roedad"/>{{rp|106}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Shah">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|date=21 April 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press, Shah|isbn=9780674419773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=nur+khan+governor&pg=PA107}}</ref>

A committee to overhaul the education system was set up with Nur Khan at the helm. The committee recommended that English should not remain the medium of instruction in Pakistan, rather Urdu and Bengali should be used.<ref>{{cite book|title= Language, education, and culture|page=93|first=Tariq|last=Rahman|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fighting_Words/fcoDezu1ABoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Nur+Khan%22&pg=PA76|page=76|title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia|year=2003|author1=Michael E. Brown|author2=Sumit Ganguly}}</ref>

In late 1969, Khan set up 19 industrial advisory panels for devising ways and means of stepping up production in all major industries in [[West Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Area_Handbook_for_Pakistan/5xENAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nur+Khan&pg=PA384|title=Area Handbook for Pakistan|year=1971|page=384}}</ref> He also supported the devolution of the controversial [[One Unit]] program and oversaw its termination in 1970.<ref name="Springer, Burki">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Pakistan Under Bhutto, 1971–1977|date=November 1988 |publisher=Springer, Burki|isbn=9781349195299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LX6xCwAAQBAJ&q=nur+khan+governor&pg=PA49|access-date=1 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> He announced new labour and educational policies to limit the role of politics in universities.<ref name="Springer, Rizvi">{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=H.|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|date=15 May 2000|publisher=Springer, Rizvi|isbn=9780230599048|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&q=nur+khan+westpakistan&pg=PA123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1969: Fifty Years Ago: 'Clean' administration|date=24 October 2019|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1512632|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

===1970s===
Initially, after retiring as the Governor, Nur Khan joined the [[Council Muslim League]] in 1970. Throughout this period, [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] criticised [[Asghar Khan]] and leaders of the Council Muslim League including Nur Khan for supporting [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Link/WGxDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=nur|title=Link|year=1971|pages=24, 30}}</ref><ref name="CML">{{cite book|title=Bhutto, Former Foreign Minister, Stirring Storm In Pakistan|last1=Zeitlin|first1=Arnold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XttIAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Nur+Khan+Moslem+Council|date=15 October 1970|publisher=[[Meriden Journal]]}}</ref>

On 5 October 1970 in [[Lahore]], Nur Khan accused [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] of conspiring with certain bureaucratic elements within [[General Yahya Khan]]'s government who sought to maintain dictatorial rule. He suggested that Bhutto was trying to seize power through backdoor dealings with the [[Pakistan Army]]'s support.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Bangla_Desh_Papers/OQ0NAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=perpetuate|title=The Bangla Desh Papers: The Recorded Statements and Speeches of Z. A. Bhutto, Mujeeb-ur-Rahman, Gen. Yahya Khan, and Other Politicians of United Pakistan, 1969-1971|year=1978|page=95}}</ref>

Following the [[1970 Pakistani general election]], [[Asghar Khan]] and Nur Khan called for the transfer of power to [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] and his [[Awami League]], who had secured the majority.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/What_s_Wrong_with_Pakistan/rRxnDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22What%27s+Wrong+with+Pakistan%3F+%22%22Nur+Khan%22&pg=PT58|title=What's Wrong with Pakistan?|year=2013|author=Babar Ayaz|page=58}}</ref>

===1980s===
Nur Khan ran as an independent candidate in the [[1985 Pakistani general election]] and was elected as a member of the [[National Assembly (Pakistan)|7th National Assembly]] from [[NA-59 (Attock-III)|NA-43 (Attock-III)]] after receiving 69,828 votes.<ref name="tribune"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://na.gov.pk/uploads/former-members/7th%20National%20Assembly.pdf#page=3|title=7th National Assembly|website=[[National Assembly of Pakistan]]|year=1988}}</ref>

In 1987, he joined the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and contested from [[Constituency NA-44]] in the [[1988 Pakistani general election]].<ref name="tribune"/> Khan received 60,962 votes and lost to [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI) candidate Sardar Mansoor Hayyat Khan Tamman who received 75,928 votes. He conceded his defeat and retired from politics soon after.<ref name="tribune"/>

==Civilian career==
===Second term as Chairman PIA===
[[File:Gulgee's portrait of Nur Khan.png|thumb|right|200px|Portrait of Nur Khan by [[Gulgee]], {{circa|1960}}]]
In November 1973, Nur Khan was specially requested by [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] to return to the [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) as chairman. During this term, the airline began operating wide-body [[DC-10]]s and [[Boeing 747]]s.<ref name="PIA"/> The iconic popular green and gold aircraft livery was introduced and Khan kept the PIA out of Pakistan's turbulent political arena, turning it into a sound commercial airline.<ref name="PIA"/>

Nur Khan was a part of the delegations that accompanied [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and his wife [[Nusrat Bhutto]] on their official state visit to [[Washington, D.C.]] on the invitation of [[President Gerald Ford]] from 4 February to 7 February 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0126/46740355.pdf#page=6|title=State Dinners|publisher=[[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]]|date=5 February 1975}}</ref>

In March 1976, Nur Khan reported that the airline had achieved its highest growth in its history the previous year.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_Affairs/e1MdAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Nur%20Khan%22|title=Pakistan Affairs|year=1975}}</ref> Nur Khan resigned on 9 November 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/Hr0P0Z6UIsNzsEnxQe-6DZ5hZMY/appointments|title=Malik Nur KHAN personal appointments}}</ref>

====Squash Federation====
From 1951 to 1963, Pakistan achieved remarkable success in Squash by winning the most coveted title, the [[British Open Squash Championships|British Open]]. Thereafter, it was a barren period for squash in the country as Pakistani players failed to get the title, with the closest being [[Aftab Jawaid]], who managed to reach the finals and was a runner-up in 1966, 1967, and 1971. However, he did become the first Pakistani to win the British Amateur title in 1964 which was later discontinued.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1552242|title=Squash: The Unheralded Hero|author=Ijaz Chaudhry|date=26 April 2020|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

When Nur Khan took over as the [[managing director]] of [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) for the second time in 1973, he immediately took revolutionary steps and initiated what was known as the PIA Colts scheme. Young promising boys were scouted and given a monthly stipend, subsequently being coached and sent to participate in international tournaments with the PIA bearing the travel expenses. Whoever performed well on the international circuit was given permanent employment in the airline. The incentives did not end there, if any of the players achieved some major success in prime events, they were rewarded with a departmental promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piac.com.pk/corporate/about-us/pia-sports|title=Torchbearers of Sports Promotion in Pakistan|access-date=1 February 2024|website=[[Pakistan International Airlines]]}}</ref>

This led to a surfeit of world class Pakistani players in the 70s, namely [[Qamar Zaman]], [[Gogi Alauddin]], [[Hiddy Jahan]], [[Mohibullah Khan]] and others. With there being at least six to seven Pakistanis among the top 10 in the world rankings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/dec2011-weekly/nos-25-12-2011/spo.htm#1|title=Tribute: A giant among men|date=25 December 2011|publisher=[[The News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/900924|title=Mohibullah Khan... the man who almost created history|date=17 October 2021|publisher=[[The News International]]}}</ref>

On Nur Khan's request in 1975, legendary four-time winner of the [[British Open Squash Championships]] [[Azam Khan (squash player)|Azam Khan]], who was running a squash club in England, trained [[Qamar Zaman]], [[Mohibullah Khan]], and [[Torsam Khan]] for the [[British Open Squash Championship|British Open]]. Subsequently, [[Qamar Zaman]] won and bought back the title to Pakistan after a 12-year drought.

Additionally, Nur Khan gave the squash world [[Jahangir Khan]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Khans_Unlimited/s1pLAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Air%20Marshal%20Nur%20Khan|title=Khans, Unlimited: A History of Squash in Pakistan|year=1997|page=128}}</ref> a pure PIA colts product who would later become the greatest squash player of all time. The Pakistan Open initiated in 1980 and became a prestigious tournament. [[Pakistan]] also hosted the [[British Open Squash Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.squashplayer.co.uk/features/azam_khan_part_one.htm|title=Azam Khan, the Greatest?|year=2008|website=Squash Player}}</ref><ref name="the-south-asian.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2001/Pakistan%20squash%204.htm|title=Pakistan Squash - The Khan Supremacy|date=November 2001}}</ref>

In 1976, Nur Khan built the PIA Squash Complex in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefridaytimes.com/05-May-2017/the-rise-and-fall-of-pia-iv|title=The rise and fall of PIA - IV|date=5 May 2017|first=Akhtar|last=Mummunka|newspaper=[[The Friday Times]]}}</ref>

====1978 Hijacking incident====
On 20 January 1978, PIA flight PK-453 heading from [[Sukkur Airport]] to [[Karachi]] was hijacked shortly after breakfast service when a man named Nazir Mohammad, armed with a revolver and dynamite stick entered the cockpit and ordered the pilots, Khaldoon Ghani and First Officer Kadir Gabol, to divert the flight to [[India]] for his cancer treatment. The captain, Khaldoon Ghani, told Nazir that the aircraft did not have enough fuel to go to India and that the plane could land in Karachi only. [[Karachi Airport]] was informed of the hijacking at 10:30am where the plane landed at 10:55am.

During the negotiations, Nazir demanded {{PKRConvert|10|m|year=1978}} and {{USD|1000000|year=1978}} for the release of passengers and crew, stating that he needed the money to enjoy his final days cut short by cancer. Nur Khan told Nazir that the PIA can make arrangements for treatment and offered to be kept as a hostage aboard the aircraft in exchange for the release of passengers and crew. Nazir rejected the offers but allowed the supply of food and water for the hostages in the aircraft. By night time, Nazir had released a total of 14 passengers and an air hostess.

Nazir sent a message to authorities that he wanted to talk to an "important person", Nur Khan accompanied by a [[Pakistan Army]] officer, entered the aircraft at around 11:50 PM. Following an hour of negotiations, Nur Khan pretended to walk away but abruptly turned around, attempting to seize the revolver from Nazir. The gun went off and Nur Khan was shot at point-blank range in his side. The aircraft crew then overpowered Nazir and he was arrested. Nur Khan was taken to [[PNS Shifa Hospital]]. The bullet was lodged about a centimeter from Nur Khan's spine. Nazir was later identified as a resident of [[Mianwali]] in his 30s, who worked in a hotel in [[Sukkur]] under the alias of Aslam Khan. He told police he was a [[Pakistan Army]] deserter of the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2IzAAAAIBAJ&pg=2#v=onepage&sq=nur&f=false|title=Hijack try fails|first=Hassan|last=Burney|date=21 January 1978|publisher=The Bryan Times|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historyofpia.com/hijackings3.htm|title=History of PIA - Pakistan International Airlines}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 1986|title=Hijacking in Karachi; Hijacking wasn't first try|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/07/world/hijacking-in-karachi-hijacking-wasn-t-first-try.html|access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="PIABeaten">{{cite book|title=Pakistani Hijacker Beaten|date=21 January 1978|publisher=OBSERVER-REPORTER, WASHINGTON. PA.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LX6xCwAAQBAJ&q=nur+khan+governor&pg=PA49}}</ref><ref name="PIANUR">{{cite book|title=Head of airline nabs Pakistani hijacker|date=21 January 1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SghKAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref>

The same year, Nur Khan was awarded the [[Hilal-e-Shujaat]] (Crescent of Courage) for his actions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gallantry_Medals_Decorations_of_the_Worl/Zq3gAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Shujaat+Nur+Khan&pg=PA165|title=Gallantry Medals & Decorations of the World|year=2001|page=165}}</ref>

==Personal life==
<blockquote>''"The more power you have, it demands much more from you; and if service to mankind on your part lacks, you have failed to discharge your responsibility, and you will be held accountable. Justice to the masses and sincerity of purpose in your actions must speak for themselves."''- Nur Khan<ref name="Air Force ISPR"/></blockquote>

Nur Khan married Shahzadi Farhat Sultan Begum in 1952. She was the eldest daughter of Captain Aziz ul-Mulk Shahzada Sultan Aziz, belonging to the [[Durrani dynasty]]. Farhat was also a cousin of [[Abida Sultan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoirs_of_a_Rebel_Princess/KyFuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22my%20cousin%20Farhat%22|title=Memoirs of a Rebel Princess|quote=I would drop in on my cousin Farhat who was married to Air Marshal Nur Khan where I would meet other family members Lall, Rahat and Mano.|page=201|author=[[Abida Sultana]]}}</ref> They had four children. A son, Mansoor Khan, and three daughters, Sima Bibi, Nighat Bibi, and Faiqa Bibi. Begum Farhat died on 19 July 2016 after a prolonged illness and her funeral was held the following day at [[PAF Base Nur Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nur Khan's wife passes away|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1271964|date=20 July 2016|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

==Later life==
On 29 August 2006, he made headlines for his criticism of the actions of the leaders of the [[PML-Q]], particularly President [[Shujaat Hussain]] and Secretary General [[Mushahid Hussain]]. Khan questioned their decision and hypocrisy to continue supporting the regime of [[Musharraf]], especially after the controversial death of [[Akbar Bugti]], caused by the [[Pakistan Army]]. Khan also said that Bugti's death was a blow to national unity.<ref name="Bugti">{{cite news|title=Killing of Bugti a blow to national unity:Nur Khan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/208139|date=30 August 2006|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

Nur Khan pointed out that Shujaat and Mushahid portrayed themselves as close friends of the late Bugti, with Shujaat even acknowledging his indebtedness to [[Akbar Bugti]] for saving his father's life when [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] had ordered Bugti, who was the [[Governor of Balochistan#List_of_governors_of_Balochistan|Governor of Balochistan]], to have Shujaat's father [[Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi]] killed while he was in prison. Khan further criticised Mushahid's role, mentioning that Bugti had included Mushahid as one of the three individuals entrusted to hear his case, with a promise to accept their verdict. Khan questioned whether this was the appropriate way to repay trusted friends.<ref name="Bugti"/>

==Illness and death==
Nur Khan had been admitted into the [[CMH Rawalpindi]] on 12 December 2011, as he was suffering from anemia and a chest infection. He died on 15 December 2011.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite news|title=Former Pakistan board president Nur Khan dies aged 88|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/former-pakistan-board-president-air-marshal-nur-khan-dies-aged-88-545567|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=15 December 2011}}</ref>

===Reactions===
Former [[C-in-C of the PAF|Commander-in-Chief]] [[Asghar Khan]] said: "Nur Khan was a patriotic, devoted and a decorated son of Pakistan. Nur Khan served the country brilliantly and led the PAF from the front in 1965 war, the country and PAF would never forget him."<ref name="NationPK">{{cite news|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/23-Feb-2012/air-marshal-r-nur-khan-remembered|title=Air Marshal (r) Nur Khan remembered|date=23 February 2012|publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]]}}</ref>

Retired [[Air Commodore Sajad Haider]] wrote: "He was my mentor, our Commander-in-Chief, a man who considered nothing impossible and proved it with his professional excellence, integrity and intrepidness. A legacy few air forces in the world could boast to have inherited. Farewell, my chief — I know you hated when I wrote in my book that you were a maverick, but you know that I meant you were incomparable and lightening fast at the draw. Pakistan’s history will place you at the highest pedestal of military leadership where few have preceded you. May your heroic and noble soul rest in heavenly peace."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/letter/308046/farewell-to-a-man-of-steel|title=Farewell to a man of steel|date=17 December 2011|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref>

Pakistani Squash legend [[Jahangir Khan]] commented, "Under him we had a golden period in cricket, squash and hockey and from [[Imran Khan]] to [[Zaheer Abbas]] and from me to [[Jansher Khan]] he helped develop a lot of players."<ref name="DAWNnews">{{cite news|title=Glowing tributes paid to legendary Nur Khan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/681178|date=17 December 2011|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

Pakistani cricketer [[Wasim Akram]] described Nur Khan as a legend off the field and stated, "We can't find an administrator like him now, what he did for sports in Pakistan will always be remembered."<ref name="DAWNnews"/>

Pakistani Olympian [[Hanif Khan]] remarked, "Field hockey is what it is because of him and because of his contribution, Pakistan held Olympic, World Cup and Champions Trophy titles simultaneously."<ref name="DAWNnews"/>

[[CAS of the PAF|Chief of Air Staff]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] expressed grief over the demise of the PAF legend, recalling how Khan led the [[Pakistan Air Force]] and achieved parity over the three time bigger Indian Air Force in the 1965 war and was "the beacon of inspiration for all rank and file" of the air force.

===Legacy and commemorations===
In 1976, Herbert Feldman in his book, ''The End & The Beginning: Pakistan 1969-1971'' noted, "Air-Marshal Nur Khan was a man cast in very different mold. An Awan from Campbellpur District in the Punjab, he was an efficient, aggressive officer with a touch of showmanship. He had the reputation of being tough and competent, with no patience for sluggards or backsliders. He was, for some time, managing director of Pakistan International Airlines and was credited with having done the job well. In the new set-up of March 1969 he was also regarded as the loner, the masterless man."<ref>{{cite book|title=The End & The Beginning: Pakistan 1969-1971|first=Herbert|last=Feldman|year=1976|page=30}}</ref>

On 22 February 2012, the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) Auditorium was renamed to Nur Khan Auditorium on what would have been his 89th birthday. Here, several colleagues and friends paid tribute to him, including retired civil servant [[Roedad Khan]], who said, "He was a man of unbounded vitality". In addition, the [[Pakistan Post]] launched a commemorative postage stamp in his honour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/697432|title=Tributes paid to Nur Khan|date=22 February 2012|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Similarly, Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] presented a crest to Khan's widow, Begum Farhat.<ref name="NationPK"/>

In commemoration of his service, PAF Base Chaklala was renamed [[PAF Base Nur Khan]] on 10 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/449964|title=Paying tribute: Chaklala renamed Nur Khan Airbase|date=11 October 2012|website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref>

The first Nur Khan Memorial Open Golf Championship was inaugurated on 25 May 2015 at the PAF Golf Club in [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paf.gov.pk/press_release/uploaded/1432556931.pdf|title=Nur Khan Memorial Open Golf Championship Starts At Peshawar|website=[[Pakistan Air Force]]|date=25 May 2015|access-date=3 November 2025|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303123229/https://www.paf.gov.pk/press_release/uploaded/1432556931.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
*[[Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam]], 1958<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Aeroplane_and_Commercial_Aviation_News/AzsPAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=nur%20khan|title=Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News|year=1961|volume=106|page=46}}</ref>
*[[Sitara-e-Pakistan]], 12 January 1963<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Progress_of_the_Month/INEo51BrL4YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=nur%20khan|title=Progress of the Month|page=14|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_West_Pakistan_Civil_List/g9eMt_WlMSMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Air%20Commodore|title=The West Pakistan Civil List|year=1968|page=1128}}</ref>
*[[Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika]], 1979<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Malta_Year_Book/0wojAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Nur+Khan%22|title=Ġieħ ir-Repubblika|year=1984|publisher=The Malta Year Book|page=83}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan ="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=PAF GDP Red.png|width=250}}
|-
|colspan ="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=SSG Paratroop Wings.png|width=220}}
|-
|colspan ="4"| {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=130}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=130}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Shujaat.png|width=130}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=MLT Medal for Service to the Republic BAR.svg|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Defence Medal 1945.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Independence - Grand Officer (Jordan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Orange-Nassau - Grand Officer.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=National Order of the Cedar - Commander (Lebanon).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Pakistan (SPk) (1957-86).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Khidmat (SK) (1957-86).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=War Medal 1965(Tamgha-e-Jang, A.H.1385).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="6" |'''PAF''' GD(P) Badge '''RED''' (More than '''3000''' Flying Hours)
|-
| colspan="6" |'''[[Pakistan Army]]''' '''[[Paratrooper]] Wings''' '''1965'''
|-
|'''[[Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
''(Crescent of the Great Leader)''
|'''[[Hilal-e-Jurat]]'''
''(Crescent of Courage)''

'''[[1965 War]]'''
|'''[[Hilal-e-Shujaat]]'''
''(Crescent of Bravery)'' '''1978'''
|'''[[Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika]]'''
''(Medal for Service to the [[Republic of Malta]])'' '''1979'''
|-
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|'''[[Burma Star]]''' '''1945'''
|'''[[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]]''' '''1945'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|-
|'''[[Pakistan Medal]]'''
''(Pakistan Tamgha)''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Order of Independence (Jordan)]]''' ''(Grand Officer)'' ''(Wisam al-Istiqial)''
|'''[[Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands)]]''' ''(Grand Officer)'' ''([[Orde van Oranje-Nassau]])''
|'''[[National Order of the Cedar]]''' ''(Lebanon)'' ''(Grand Officer)'' ''(Wisām al-Arz al-Waṭaniy)''
|-
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
'''1953'''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)'' '''1956'''
|'''[[Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
''(Star of the Great Leader)''

'''1958'''
|'''[[Sitara-e-Pakistan]]'''
''(Star of Pakistan)''

''(Commander of the Order of Pakistan)''

'''1963'''
|-
|'''[[Sitara-e-Khidmat]]'''
''(Star of Service)''
|'''[[Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(Defence Medal)''

'''[[1965 War]] Clasp'''
|}

===Foreign decorations===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |Foreign Awards
|-
! rowspan="5" |{{flag|UK}}
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Defence Medal 1945.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|-
!{{flag|Jordan}}
|'''[[Order of Independence (Jordan)|Order of Independence]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Independence - Grand Officer (Jordan).png|width=130}}
|-
!{{flag|Netherlands}}
|'''[[Order of Orange-Nassau]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Orange-Nassau - Grand Officer.png|width=130}}
|-
!{{flag|Lebanon}}
|'''[[National Order of the Cedar]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=National Order of the Cedar - Commander (Lebanon).png|width=130}}
|-
!{{flag|Malta}}
|'''[[Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=MLT Medal for Service to the Republic BAR.svg|width=130}}
|}

==Effective dates of promotion==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:#FFFFE0"| Insignia !! style="background:#FFFFE0"|Rank !!style="background:#FFFFE0"| Date
|-
|style="background:#88EEEE;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF8.svg|30px]] [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|50px]]||style="background:#88EEEE;"|[[Air Marshal]]|| style="background:#88EEEE;"|5 July 1965<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ilmi_Encyclopaedia_of_General_Knowledge/TqAEAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%225th%20July%201965,%20he%20was%20promoted%20to%20the%20rank%20of%20Air-Marshal%22|title=Ilmi Encyclopaedia of General Knowledge|year=1979|page=318}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#88EEEE;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF7.svg|30px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|40px]]||style="background:#88EEEE;"|[[Air Vice Marshal]]|| style="background:#88EEEE;"|19 May 1964<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Aero_News/E1BOAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=rank|title=Aero News|page=19|year=1964|volume=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Daily_Report_Foreign_Radio_Broadcasts/G-gzD6IE3-YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22air+commodore+noor+khan%22&pg=PA21|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ilmi_Encyclopaedia_of_General_Knowledge/TqAEAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22May%2019,%201964%22|title=Ilmi Encyclopaedia of General Knowledge|page=318|year=1979}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF6.svg|30px]] [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|20px]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[Air Commodore]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|1957
|-
|style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF5.svg|30px]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[Group Captain]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|1954
|-
|style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF4.svg|30px]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[Wing Commander]]|| style="background:#b2cefe;"|15 September 1948
|-
|style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF3.svg|30px]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[Squadron Leader]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|November 1946
|-
|style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF2.svg|30px]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[Flight Lieutenant]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|14 June 1945
|-
|style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF1A.svg|30px]]|| style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[Flying Officer]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|October 1942
|-
|style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[File:UK-Air-OF1B.svg|30px]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|[[Pilot Officer]]||style="background:#b2cefe;"|6 January 1941
|}

==Further reading==
{{cite web|title=State Department cable 130100 to U.S. Embassy, Taipei, "Nur Khan's Meeting with Chou En-lai,"|date=5 August 1969|website=[[George Washington University]]|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/sino.sov.8.pdf}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chairman of PCB}}
{{Pakistan International Airlines}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Asghar Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[C-in-C of the PAF]]|years=1965–1969}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdur Rahim Khan]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tikka Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of West Pakistan]]|years=1969–1970}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Attiqur Rahman]]}}
{{s-end}}

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Lingam

2026-03-16T18:03:31Z

Vikibnf: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Iconic representation of the Hindu god Shiva}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Linga|Shivling}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Shiv lingam Tripundra.jpg|thumb|right|A lingam with [[tripundra]], projected on a [[yoni]] base]]
{{Saivism}}

A '''lingam''' ({{IAST3|liṅga}}, lit. "sign, symbol or mark"), sometimes referred to as '''linga''' or '''Shiva linga''', is an abstract or [[Aniconism|aniconic]] representation of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu deities|god]] [[Shiva]] in [[Shaivism]].<ref name="Britannica"/> The word ''lingam'' is found in the [[Upanishads]] and [[Indian epic poetry|epic literature]], where it means a "mark, sign, emblem, characteristic",<ref name=mmw901/> the "evidence, proof, symptom" of Shiva and Shiva's power.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name=mmw901/><ref name="Bonnefoy1993p38"/>{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}}<ref name="Ger Wuj 01" /><ref name="Larson2001p190" />

The lingam of the [[Shaivism]] tradition is a short cylindrical pillar-like symbol of Shiva, made of stone, metal, gem, wood, clay or precious stones.<ref name="Britannica"/>{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=217}} It is often represented within a disc-shaped platform,<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="sivaya subramuniyaswami 2001" /> the ''[[yoni]]'' – its feminine counterpart,<ref name=dasgupta107/><ref name="Beltzp204">{{cite journal | last=Beltz | first=Johannes | title=The Dancing Shiva: South Indian Processional Bronze, Museum Artwork, and Universal Icon | journal=Journal of Religion in Europe | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | volume=4 | issue=1 | date=2011-03-01 | doi=10.1163/187489210x553566 | pages=204–222 | s2cid=143631560 }}</ref> consisting of a flat element, horizontal compared to the vertical lingam, and designed to allow liquid offerings to drain away for collection.<ref name="britannica"/>

The ''lingam'' is an emblem of generative and destructive power. While rooted in representations of the male sexual organ,{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=493–498}} the ''lingam'' is regarded as the "outward symbol" of the "formless reality", the symbolization of merging of the "primordial matter" (''[[Prakṛti]]'') with the "pure consciousness" (''[[Purusha]]'') in the [[Transcendence (religion)#Hinduism|transcendental context]].{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=17}} The ''lingam-yoni'' iconography symbolizes the merging of [[Microcosm–macrocosm analogy|microcosmos and macrocosmos]],<ref name="Beltzp204"/> the divine eternal process of creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence.<ref name="britannica"/><ref name=lochtefeld784>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA784|year=2001|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=784|access-date=22 May 2021|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091517/https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA784|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''lingam'' is typically the primary ''[[murti]]'' or [[Cult image#Hinduism|devotional image]] in [[Hindu temple]]s dedicated to Shiva, also found in smaller shrines, or as [[Svayambhu|self-manifested]] natural objects.<ref name=doh>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=W.J.|title=A dictionary of Hinduism|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780191726705|edition=1st|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-1458|access-date=5 January 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318040054/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-1458|url-status=live}}{{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref name="Fowler">{{cite book|last1=Fowler|first1=Jeaneane|title=Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices|date=1997|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton|isbn=978-1-898723-60-8|pages=42–43|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduismbeliefsp0000fowl/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Etymology and nomenclature ==
Lingam, states [[Monier Monier-Williams]], appears in the [[Upanishads]] and [[Indian epic poetry|epic literature]], where it means a "mark, sign, emblem, characteristic".<ref name=mmw901>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0901-lAvaNaka.jpg Linga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318211330/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0901-lAvaNaka.jpg |date=18 March 2020 }}, Monier Monier-Williams, Harvard University Archives, pp. 901-[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0902-liGgakAraNavAda.jpg 902] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311201322/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0902-liGgakAraNavAda.jpg |date=11 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name=lochtefeld390/> Other contextual meanings of the term include "evidence, proof, symptom" of Shiva and Shiva's power.<ref name=mmw901/><ref name="Bonnefoy1993p38">{{cite book|author=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|pages=38–39|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033253/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The word ''lingam'' is found in [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit texts]], such as [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]], [[Samkhya]], [[Vaisheshika]] and others texts with the meaning of "evidence" of [[Brahman|God]] and God's existence,{{refn|{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}}<ref name="Ger Wuj 01" /><ref name="Larson2001p190" /><ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="mmw901" /><ref name="Bonnefoy1993p38" />}} or existence of formless [[Brahman]].<ref name="ajai16" /> The original meaning of ''lingam'' as "sign" is used in [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]], which says "Shiva, the Supreme Lord, has no liūga", liuga ({{langx|sa|लि‌ऊग}} {{IAST3|liūga}}) meaning he is transcendental, beyond any characteristic and, specifically, the sign of gender.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}}{{sfn|Constance|James|2006|p=410}}

The term also appears in early Indian texts on logic, where an inference is based on a sign (linga), such as "if there is smoke, there is fire" where the linga is the smoke.<ref name=mmw901/> It is a religious symbol in Hinduism representing Shiva as the generative power,<ref name=lochtefeld390>{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC |year=2001 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=390 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119140900/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC |url-status=live }}</ref> all of existence, all creativity and fertility at every cosmic level.<ref name=dasgupta107/><ref name=eliade332>{{cite book|author1=Lewis R. Rambo|author2=Charles E. Farhadian|title=The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971354-7|pages=332–333|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091517/https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early Sanskrit medical texts, ''linga'' means "symptom, signs" and plays a key role in the diagnosis of a sickness, the disease.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Wadher | first1=Rupesh | last2=Dwivedi | first2=RambabuR | title=Applicability and importance of Caraka′s concept of Aaturaparijnana Hetawah in understanding a patient | journal= AYU| volume=33 | issue=2 | year=2012 | doi=10.4103/0974-8520.105236 | pages=188–192|pmid=23559788| pmc=3611657 | doi-access=free }}, Quote: "Linga or Symptomatology: Linga acquires the second position in the ''Tri Sutra''. It includes entire signs and symptoms of the diseases and health also. Only the knowledge of Hetu is not sufficient for the diagnosis of Aaturavastha. Hence Linga or the symptomatology is very useful tool in the diagnosis of a disease."</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Thakar VJ| title=Diagnostic methods in ayurveda| journal=Anc Sci Life | year= 1982 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 139–45 | pmid=22556480 | pmc=3336683}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Junjarwad | first1=Ashwini | last2=Savalgi | first2=Pavan | last3=Vyas | first3=Mahesh | title=Critical review on Bhaishajya Kaala (time of drug administration) in Ayurveda | journal= AYU| volume=34 | issue=1 | year=2013 | doi=10.4103/0974-8520.115436 | pages=6–10|pmid= 24049398| pmc=3764882 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The author of classical Sanskrit grammar treatise, Panini, states that the verbal root ''ling'' which means "paint, variegate", has the sense "that which paints, variegates, characterizes". Panini as well as Patanjali additionally mention lingam with the contextual meaning of the "gender".<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter M. Scharf|title=The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh4LAAAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-863-6|pages=66, 136 with footnotes|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093029/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh4LAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Grammatical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC|year=1977|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01706-0|pages=105–106|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093031/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the ''[[Vaisheshika]] Sutras'', it means "proof or evidence", as a conditionally sufficient mark or sign. This Vaisheshika theory is adopted in the early Sanskrit medical literature.<ref name="Ger Wuj 01">{{cite book|author1=Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld|author2=D. Wujastyk|title=Studies on Indian Medical History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDvbumli2i0C|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1768-5|pages=49–51 with footnotes|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105227/https://books.google.com/books?id=xDvbumli2i0C|url-status=live}}</ref> Like the Upanishads, where linga means "mark, sign, characteristic", the texts of the ''[[Nyaya]]'' school of Hindu philosophy use ''linga'' in the same sense.<ref>{{cite book|author=Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana|title=A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lG85RD9YZoC |year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0565-1|pages=377, 510–511}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wilhelm Halbfass|title=Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khXxReFRKCEC|year=1991|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0546-9|pages=159–161|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093117/https://books.google.com/books?id=khXxReFRKCEC|url-status=live}}</ref> In the ''[[Samkhya]] sutras'', and in [[Gaudapada]]'s commentary on ''[[Samkhyakarika]]'', the term ''linga'' has many contextual meanings such as in verses 1.124.136, 3.9.16 and 5.21.61, as it develops its theory of the nature of ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]'' (Self) and ''[[Three bodies doctrine|Sarira]]'' (body, [[Prakṛti|prakriti]]) and its proposed mechanism of rebirth.<ref name="Larson2001p190">{{cite book|author=Gerald James Larson|title=Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih2aGLp4d1gC&pg=PA190|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0503-3|pages=189–192, 270–271|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093032/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih2aGLp4d1gC&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=James W. Haag|author2=Gregory R. Peterson|author3=Michael L. Spezio|title=The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRepAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA503|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-63417-8|pages=503–504|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093033/https://books.google.com/books?id=CRepAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA503#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In the ''Purva [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimamsa]] Sutra'' and the ''Vedanta sutra'', as well as the commentaries on them, the term linga appears quite often, particularly in the form of ''"lingadarsanacca"'' as a form of citing or referencing prior Hindu literature. This phrase connotes "[we have found an] indicative sign", such as the "indicative sign is in a Vedic passage".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Alex Wayman| title=O, that Linga!|year = 1987|volume=68|issue=1/4| journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute| pages=19–20}}</ref>

[[File:4 Buddha and Shiva Linga Vajrayana Buddhism.jpg|thumb|right|A linga-yoni in Nepal carved with four seated Buddhas]]
The term ''linga'' also appears in Buddhist and Jaina literature, where it means "sign, evidence" in one context, or "subtle body" with sexual connotations in another.<ref name=wayman1987>{{cite journal|author=Alex Wayman| title=O, that Linga!|year = 1987|volume=68|issue=1/4| journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute| pages=17, 22–25}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Examples of this usage include the ''[[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra]]'' in Buddhism, and Sukhlalji's ''bhasya'' on ''[[Tattvarthasutra]]'' in Jainism.<ref name=wayman1987/>}}

==Iconography==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Mukhalinga.JPG
| width1 = 125
| alt1 = a 5th-century Mukha-linga (with face)
| caption1 = a 5th-century Mukha-linga (with face)
| image2 = Bhubaneshwar ei040.jpg
| width2 = 125
| alt2 = a Sahasra-linga (with 1001 carvings).
| caption2 = a Sahasra-linga (with 1001 carvings).
| footer = Lingam iconography exists in many forms, and their design are described in the Agama texts.
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 250
}}

===Various styles===
The lingam of the [[Shaivism]] tradition is a short cylindrical pillar-like symbol of Shiva, made of stone, metal, gem, wood, clay or precious stones.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=217}}<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342336/lingam |title= lingam |year= 2010 |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date= 23 June 2022 |archive-date= 4 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222257/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342336/lingam |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Rao1993p76"/>

Various styles of lingam iconography are found on the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fj8l8v_yP5oC&pg=PA159|title=Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam)|author=Andrew David Hardy |author2=Mauro Cucarzi |author3=Patrizia Zolese|year=2009|isbn=978-9971-69-451-7|page=NUS Press. pp. 138, 159|publisher=NUS Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/artofnepalcatalo0000palp |url-access=registration |title=Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection|year=1985 |last=Pratapaditya Pal|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05407-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofnepalcatalo0000palp/page/109 109]}}</ref> The historic lingam iconography has included:
* ''Lingam-yoni'', wherin the ''lingam'' is placed within a lipped, disked structure that is an emblem of goddess [[Shakti]] and this is called the ''[[yoni]]''. Together they symbolize the union of the feminine and the masculine principles, and "the totality of all existence", states ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.<ref name="Britannica"/>
* [[Mukhalinga]]m, where the lingam has the face of Shiva carved on it.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=Exploring India'S Sacred Art Selected Writings of Stella Kramrisch Ed. & With A Biographical Essay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxPeWwFz9MkC |year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1208-6|pages=141–147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=97–99|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref> An ''Ekmukha lingam'' has just one face, ''Chaturmukha lingam'' has four faces in the cardinal directions, while a ''Panchamukha lingam'' has a total of five (the fifth is on the top) and represents Sadashiva.<ref>{{cite book|author=N. S. Ramaswami|title=Monograph on temples of Mukhalingam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|pages=1–9|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093539/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyNuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chakravarti1986p159">{{cite book|author=Mahadev Chakravarti|title=The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMFwMHH4HzMC|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0053-3|pages=159–161|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093540/https://books.google.com/books?id=yMFwMHH4HzMC|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the mukha-lingam varieties, the four face version are more common.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Kramrisch|title=The Presence of Siva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC|year=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01930-4|pages=178–183|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092524/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ashtottara-sata linga, where 108 miniature lingas are carved on the ''pujabhaga'' (main linga) following certain geometric principles.<ref>{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=95–96|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sahasra linga, where 1001 miniature lingas are carved on the ''pujabhaga'' (main linga) following certain geometric principles (set in 99 vertical lines, 11 horizontal).<ref>{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=96–97|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Dhara linga, where lingas have five to sixty four fluted facets, with prime numbers and multiples of four particularly favored.<ref>{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=96–98|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Lingodbhava]], where Shiva is seen as emerging from within a fiery lingam.<ref name="Britannica"/> On top of this icon is sometimes a relief of a swan representing Brahma as [[Hamsa (bird)|Hamsa]], and a wild boar at the bottom representing Vishnu as [[Varaha]]. This reflects the Shaiva legend describing a competition between Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu, as to who has priority and superiority in the [[Shiva Purana]].<ref name="Britannica"/>
[[File:ShivaLingam new.png|alt=|thumb|right|Lingam as interpreted in the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] tradition, a major school of [[Shaivism]]. The icon is regarded to represent the [[Parashiva]] and [[Parashakti]] aspects of Shiva and Parvati.]]

===Construction===
A lingam may be made of clay ({{transliteration|hi|mrinmaya}}), metal ({{transliteration|hi|lohaja}}), precious stone ({{transliteration|hi|ratnaja}}), wood ({{transliteration|hi|daruja}}), stone ({{transliteration|hi|shailaja}}, most common), or a disposable material ({{transliteration|hi|kshanika}}).<ref name="Rao1993p76">{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|page=76|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref> The construction method, proportions and design is described in Shaiva Agama texts.<ref name="Rao1993p76"/> The lingam is typically set in the center of a pindika (also called yoni or pithas, symbolizing Shakti). A pindika may be circular, square, octagonal, hexagonal, duodecagonal, hexadecagonal, elliptical, triangular or another shape.<ref>{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=99–100|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref> Some lingams are miniaturized and they are carried on one's person, such as by Lingayats in a necklace. These are called ''chala-lingams''.<ref name="Rao1993p76"/> The Hindu temple design manuals recommend geometric ratios for the linga, the sanctum and the various architectural features of the temple according to certain mathematical rules it considers perfect and sacred.<ref>{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=87–94|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref> Anthropologist Christopher John Fuller states that although most sculpted images ([[murti]]s) are [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] or [[Zoomorphism|theriomorphic]], the [[Aniconism|aniconic]] Shiva Linga is an important exception.<ref name = "Fuller">{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA58|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=58|isbn=9780691120485|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093544/https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Meaning==

===Representation of Shiva===
The ''lingam'' is conceptualized both as an emblem of generative and destructive power,<ref name="britannica"/>{{sfn|Constance|James|2006|p=260-261}} particularly in the esoteric [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] and [[Tantra]] practices, as well as the [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]] traditions of Hinduism.{{sfn|Constance|James|2006|p=515-517}}

The ''lingam'' and ''yoni'' together symbolize the merging of [[Microcosm–macrocosm analogy|microcosmos and macrocosmos]],<ref name="Beltzp204"/> the divine eternal process of creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Doniger |author1-first=Wendy |author1-link=Wendy Doniger |author2-last=Stefon |author2-first=Matt |title=Lingam (Hinduism) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/lingam |date=24 December 2014 |orig-date=20 July 1998 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224444/https://www.britannica.com/topic/lingam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lochtefeld784" /> The ''lingam'' is regarded as the "outward symbol" of the "formless Reality", the symbolization of merging of the 'primordial matter' (''[[Prakṛti]]'') with the 'pure consciousness' (''[[Purusha]]'') in [[Transcendence (religion)#Hinduism|transcendental context]].{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=175-176}} [[Sivaya Subramuniyaswami]] elaborates that the lingam signifies three perfections of [[Shiva]].<ref name="sivaya subramuniyaswami 2001">{{cite book|first=Sivaya|last=Subramuniyaswami|author-link=Sivaya Subramuniyaswami|title=Dancing with Siva|year=2003|publisher=Himalayan Academy|location=USA|isbn=978-0-945497-94-3|url=https://archive.org/details/dancingwithsivah00subr_0}}</ref> The upper oval part of the lingam represents [[Parashiva]] and the lower part of the lingam, called the pitha, represents [[Parashakti]].<ref name="sivaya subramuniyaswami 2001"/> In the representation of Parashiva, Shiva is regarded to be the absolute reality, the timeless, formless, and spaceless. In the representation of Parashakti, Shiva is regarded to be all-pervasive, [[Purusha|pure consciousness]], the power and primal substance of all that exists. Parashakti is regarded to possess form, unlike Parashiva, which is formless.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/glossary_c.html|title=Dictionary of Dancing with Siva|at=Search for the 'Paraśiva: परशिव' and 'Parāśakti: पराशक्ति'|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141403/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/glossary_c.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}}

According to [[Sivananda Saraswati]], the lingam speaks unmistakable language of silence: "I am one without a second, I am formless".<ref name="Sivananda 1996"/> It is only the outward symbol of formless being, Shiva, who is [[Ātman (Hinduism)|eternal]], ever-pure, immortal essence of this vast universe, who is your innermost [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Self or Atman]], and who is identical with the [[Brahman|Supreme Brahman]], states Sivananda Saraswati.<ref name="Sivananda 1996"/>

To some Shaivites the ''lingam'' symbolizes the [[Axis mundi|axis of the universe]].<ref name="Bayly2003p55">{{cite book|author=Susan Bayly|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89103-5|pages=129–130 with footnote 55|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093036/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Shaiva Siddhanta]], the linga is the ideal substrate in which the worshipper should install and worship the five-faced and ten-armed Sadāśiva, the form of Shiva who is the focal divinity of that school of Shaivism.<ref name="GoodallEtAl">Dominic Goodall, Nibedita Rout, R. Sathyanarayanan, S.A.S. Sarma, T. Ganesan and S. Sambandhasivacarya, ''The Pañcāvaraṇastava of Aghoraśivācārya: A twelfth-century South Indian prescription for the visualisation of Sadāśiva and his retinue'', Pondicherry, French Institute of Pondicherry and Ecole française d'Extréme-Orient, 2005, p.12.</ref>

===Phallus symbol===

====Phallic origins====
Scholars, such as [[Wendy Doniger]] and [[Rohit K. Dasgupta|Rohit Dasgupta]], view ''linga'' as extrapolations of what was originally a phallic symbol.<ref>{{cite book|author=O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger|title=Śiva, the erotic ascetic|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1981|isbn=0-19-520250-3|location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger|title=On Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780199360079|location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger|title=The Hindus: An Alternative History|publisher=Viking Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0143116691|location=United States}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rohit Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis|date=26 September 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780759123144|editor1=Michael Kimmel|page=107|editor2=Christine Milrod|editor3=Amanda Kennedy|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091517/https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Doniger, there is persuasive evidence in later Sanskrit literature that the early Indians associated the lingam icon with the male sexual organ;{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=493–498}} the 11th-century CE Kashmir text ''Narmamala'' by Kshemendra on satire and fiction writing explains his ideas on parallelism with divine lingam and human lingam in a sexual context. Various Shaiva texts, such as the ''Skanda Purana'' in section 1.8 states that all creatures have the signs of Shiva or Shakti through their ''lingam'' (male sexual organ) or ''pindi'' (female sexual organ).{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=493–498}}<ref>{{cite book|author=J. L. Brockington|title=Hinduism and Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfe-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|year=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-22280-3|page=33|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093119/https://books.google.com/books?id=hfe-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Doniger, a part of the literature corpus regards ''lingam'' to be the phallus of Shiva, while another group of texts does not. Sexuality in the former is inherently sacred and spiritual, while the latter emphasizes the ascetic nature of Shiva and renunciation to be spiritual symbolism of ''lingam''. This tension between the pursuit of spirituality through householder lifestyle and the pursuit of renunciate sannyasi lifestyle is historic, reflects the different interpretations of the lingam and what lingam worship means to its devotees. It remains a continuing debate within Hinduism to this day, states Doniger.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=493–498}} To one group, it is a part of Shiva's body and symbolically ''saguna'' Shiva (he in a physical form with attributes). To the other group, it is an abstract symbol of ''nirguna'' Shiva (he in the universal Absolute Reality, formless, without attributes).{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=493–498}} In Tamil Shaiva tradition, for example, the common term for lingam is ''kuri'' or "sign, mark" which is asexual.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=493–498}} Similarly, in [[Lingayats|Lingayatism]] tradition, the lingam is a spiritual symbol and "was never said to have any sexual connotations", according to Doniger.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=493–498}}

According to Dasgupta, the lingam symbolizes Shiva in Hinduism, and it is also a phallic symbol.<ref name=dasgupta107/>

Some extant ancient lingams, such as the [[Gudimallam Lingam]], unambiguously depict a male sexual organ.

====Sexualization in Orientalist literature====
Since the 19th century CE, states Dasgupta, the popular literature has represented the lingam as the male sex organ. This view contrasts with the traditional abstract values they represent in Shaivism wherein the lingam-yoni connote the masculine and feminine principles in the entirety of creation and all existence.<ref name=dasgupta107/>

The [[Colonial India|colonial era]] [[Orientalism|Orientalists]] and [[Missionary#Christian missions|Christian missionaries]], raised in the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] mold where sex and sexual imagery were a taboo subject, were shocked by and were hostile to the ''lingam-yoni'' iconography and reverence they witnessed.<ref name="dasgupta107">{{cite book|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|author=Rohit Dasgupta|editor1=Michael Kimmel|editor2=Christine Milrod|editor3=Amanda Kennedy|isbn=9780759123144|date=26 September 2014|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091517/https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Douglas T. McGetchin|title=Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism: Ancient India's Rebirth in Modern Germany|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PHVRDSM-tyMC|year=2009|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-4208-5|page=34}}</ref>{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |p=500 |ps=, Quote: "The British missionaries most despised what they regarded as the obscene idolatry of the lingam. The British in general, who were of course Victorian in every sense of the word, regarded the Hindus, as they regarded most colonized people of color, as simultaneously oversexed and impotent, and the British presence had a negative effect on the self-perception that Hindus had of their own bodies (Nandy 1983). For, still reeling from the onslaught of the Muslim campaigns against lingams, the Hindus who worked with and for the British internalized their colonizers' scorn."}} The 19th and early 20th century CE colonial and missionary literature described ''lingam-yoni'', and related theology as obscene, corrupt, licentious, hyper-sexualized, puerile, impure, demonic and a culture that had become too feminine and dissolute.<ref name="dasgupta107" /><ref name="Ramos2017p56">{{cite book|author=Imma Ramos|title=Pilgrimage and Politics in Colonial Bengal: The Myth of the Goddess Sati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRhdDgAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-84000-2|pages=56–58|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093537/https://books.google.com/books?id=FRhdDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hugh B. Urban|title=The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKv3AgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-158-6|pages=8–10|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093538/https://books.google.com/books?id=VKv3AgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> To the Hindus, particularly the [[Shaivism|Shaivites]], these icons and ideas were the abstract, a symbol of the entirety of creation and spirituality.<ref name="dasgupta107" /> The [[British Raj|colonial]] disparagement in part triggered the opposite reaction from Bengali nationalists, who more explicitly valorised the feminine. [[Swami Vivekananda]] called for the revival of the Mother Goddess as a feminine force, inviting his countrymen to "proclaim her to all the world with the voice of peace and benediction".<ref name="Ramos2017p56" />

According to Doniger, the terms ''lingam'' and ''yoni'' became explicitly associated with human sexual organs in the western imagination after the widely popular first ''[[Kama Sutra|Kamasutra]]'' translation by [[Richard Francis Burton|Sir Richard Burton]] in 1883.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=500–502}} In his translation, even though the original Sanskrit text does not use the words ''lingam'' or ''yoni'' for sexual organs, and almost always uses other terms, [[Richard Francis Burton|Burton]] adroitly avoided being viewed as obscene to the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] mindset by avoiding the use of words such as penis, vulva, vagina and other direct or indirect sexual terms in the [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit text]] to discuss sex, sexual relationships and human sexual positions. [[Richard Francis Burton|Burton]] used the terms ''lingam'' and ''yoni'' instead throughout the translation.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=500–502}} This conscious and incorrect word substitution, states Doniger, thus served as an [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] means to "anthropologize sex, distance it, make it safe for English readers by assuring them, or pretending to assure them, that the text was not about real sexual organs, their sexual organs, but merely about the appendages of weird, dark people far away."{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=500–502}} Similar [[Orientalism|Orientalist literature]] of the Christian missionaries and the British era, states Doniger, stripped all spiritual meanings and insisted on the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] vulgar interpretation only, which had "a negative effect on the self-perception that [[Hinduism|Hindus]] had of their own bodies" and they became "ashamed of the more sensual aspects of their own religious literature".{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=499–505}} Some contemporary Hindus, states Doniger, in their passion to spiritualize [[Hinduism]] and for their Hindutva campaign have sought to sanitize the historic earthly sexual meanings, and insist on the abstract spiritual meaning only.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=499–505}}

====Rejection====
The sexualization is criticized by [[Stella Kramrisch]]{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=14}} and [[Moriz Winternitz]] who opines that the ''lingam'' in the Shiva tradition is "only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva", and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult.<ref>{{cite book|last=Winternitz|first=Moriz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA543|title=A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1981|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|page=543 footnote 4|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA543#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Alex Wayman, various works on Shaivism by some Indian authors, following the Shaiva philosophical texts and spiritual interpretations, "deny that the linga is a phallus."<ref name=wayman30>{{cite journal|author=Alex Wayman| title=O, that Linga!|year = 1987|volume=68|issue=1/4| journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute| page=30}}, Quote: "That is why today one will read in various works by Indians on Saivism a denial that the linga is a phallus; and the late Dr. Basham once told the present writer that in all the years of his India contacts he never found any Saivite admitting that the linga is a phallus."</ref> To the Shaivites, a linga is neither a phallus nor do they practice the worship of erotic penis-vulva, rather the linga-yoni is a symbol of cosmic mysteries, the creative powers and the metaphor for the spiritual truths of their faith.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Alex Wayman| title=O, that Linga!|year = 1987|volume=68|issue=1/4| journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute| pages=29–31}}</ref>

According to [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swami Sivananda]], the correlation of the linga and phallus is wrong; the lingam is only the external symbol of Shiva's formless being. He further states that it is the light or power of consciousness, manifesting from [[Sadasiva|Sadashiva]].<ref> Lord Shiva and His Worship by Sri Swami Sivananda (1945), Chapter IX: Siva Yoga Sadhna, Section 7: Worship of Siva Lingam, 2015 edition, Allahabad Book World Ltd.</ref>
{{Quote|The popular belief is that the Siva Lingam represents the phallus or the virile organ, the emblem of the generative power or principle in nature. This is not only a serious mistake but a grave blunder. In the post-Vedic period, the Linga has become symbolic of the generative power of Lord Siva. Linga is the differentiating mark. It is certainly not the sex mark.<ref>Lord Shiva and His Worship by Sri Swami Sivananda (1945), Chapter IX: Siva Yoga Sadhna, Section 7: Worship of Siva Lingam, Page 220, 2015 edition, Allahabad Book World Ltd.</ref>}}

==Worship==
[[File:Linga Temple 1.jpg|thumb|Badavlinga, [[Hampi]] ([[Vijayanagara Empire]])]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = A river and decorated Shiva linga pooja, Hindu rituals.jpg
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| image2 = Lord Shiva devotees offering milk, flowers, fruits and bel leaves on a Shivaling for seeking divine blessings, in a city temple at the celebration of Maha Shivaratri, in New Delhi on February 23, 2009 (1).jpg
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| footer = Linga-yoni worship in different ways; Left: river, Right: temple.
}}

The traditional lingam rituals in major Shiva temples includes offerings of flowers, grass, dried rice, fruits, leaves, water and a milk bath.<ref name="Britannica"/> Priests chant hymns, while the devotees go to the sanctum for a ''[[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshana]]'' followed by a clockwise circumambulation of the sanctum.<ref name="Britannica"/> On the sanctum walls, typically are reliefs of Dakshinamurti, Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. Often, near the sanctum are other shrines, particularly for Shakti (Durga), Ganesha and Murugan (Kartikeya). In the Hindu tradition, special pilgrimage sites include those where natural lingams are found in the form of cylindrical rocks or ice or rocky hill. These are called ''Svayambhuva'' lingam, and about 70 of these are known on the Indian subcontinent, the most significant being one in Kashi ([[Varanasi]]) followed by Prayaga, Naimisha and Gaya.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Rao1993p81">{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=81–84|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Historical development and meaning==

=== Archeological finds from Indus Valley civilisation===
[[File:Cat_Tien_large_lingam.jpg|thumb|Stone lingam and yoni pedestal found in [[Cát Tiên archaeological site|Cát Tiên]], Vietnam, circa 8th century CE. At 2.1 meter tall, this is the largest lingam ever found in Southeast Asia]]
[[File:Dhamekh Stupa, where the Buddha gave the first sermon on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to his five disciples, Sarnath.jpg|thumb|A Buddhist [[stupa]] (above) may have influenced the later iconography of the Hindu Shiva-linga, according to [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref name="E. U. Harding"/>{{refn|group=note|This view is shared by K.R. Subramanian, who writes that some Buddhist stupas have been worshipped by Tamil Saivites because they believe it is a Shivalinga, and some ancient stupa sculptures from Amaravati and Jaggayyapeta look so much like a linga that anyone would mistake them for one.<ref>{{cite book|author=Subramanian K R|title=Origin of Saivism and Its History in the Tamil Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHaVqNy-V6UC|year=2002|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0144-4|pages=29–30|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091517/https://books.google.com/books?id=jHaVqNy-V6UC|url-status=live}}</ref>}}]]

The colonial-era archaeologists [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] and [[Ernest J. H. Mackay|Ernest Mackay]] proposed that certain artifacts found at Harappan sites may be evidence of yoni-linga worship in Indus Valley Civilization.<ref name=aparpola1985>{{cite journal|author=Asko Parpola|author-link=Asko Parpola|title = The Sky Garment - A study of the Harappan religion and its relation to the Mesopotamian and later Indian religions| journal= Studia Orientalia| publisher= The Finnish Oriental Society| volume=57| year=1985|pages=101–107}}</ref> Jones and Ryan state that lingam/yoni shapes have been recovered from the archaeological sites at Harappa and [[Mohenjo-daro]], part of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley civilisation]].{{sfn|Constance|James|2006|p=516}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The R̥gvedic deities and their iconic forms|page=185|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|author=Jyotsna Chawla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EX3XAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|isbn=9788121500821|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092059/https://books.google.com/books?id=EX3XAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Chakravarti, "some of the stones found in [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjodaro]] are unmistakably phallic stones". These are dated to some time before 2300 BCE. Similarly, states Chakravarti, the Kalibangan site of [[Harappa]] has a small [[terracotta]] representation that "would undoubtedly be considered the replica of a modern Shivlinga [a tubular stone]."{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|title=Hindu Images and Their Worship with Special Reference to Vaisnavism: A Philosophical-theological Inquiry|last=Lipner|first=Julius J.|author-link=Julius J. Lipner|publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group|year=2017|isbn=9781351967822|location=London; New York|page=39|language=en|oclc=985345208|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114704/https://books.google.com/books?id=yDAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Srinivasan, in the [[Harappa|Harappan sites]], objects that resemble "lingam" have been found.{{sfn|Srinivasan|2004|p=434}} That includes "a seated trident-headed ithyphallic figure", which was found on Indus seals, "has been compared to Shiva as meditating [[Asceticism|ascetic]]", states Srinivasan.{{sfn|Srinivasan|2004|p=434}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Cities of the Indus Vally Civilization|first=Jonathan Mark|last=Kenoyer|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195779400|year=1998|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/ancient-cities-of-the-indus-valley-civilization-9780195779400|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091523/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/ancient-cities-of-the-indus-valley-civilization-9780195779400?cc=us&lang=en&|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, while Harappan discoveries include "short cylindrical pillars with rounded tops", there is no evidence that the people of Indus Valley Civilization worshipped these artifacts as lingams.<ref name="Britannica"/>

Scholars such as [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]] dispute whether such artifacts discovered at the archaeological sites of Indus Valley sites are yoni.<ref name=aparpola1985/><ref>{{cite book|author=Arthur Llewellyn Basham|title=The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Subcontinent Before the Coming of the Muslims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LscvuQEACAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson (1986 Reprint)|isbn=978-0-283-99257-5|page=24|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091517/https://books.google.com/books?id=LscvuQEACAAJ|url-status=live}}, Quote: "It has been suggested that certain large [[ringstone|ring-shaped stones]] are formalized representations of the female regenerative organ and were symbols of the Mother Goddess, but this is most doubtful."</ref>

According to the Indologist [[Asko Parpola]], "it is true that Marshall's and Mackay's hypotheses of linga and yoni worship by the Harappans has rested on rather slender grounds, and that for instance, the interpretation of the so-called ring-stones as yonis seems untenable".<ref name=aparpola1985/> He quotes Dales 1984 paper, which states "with the single exception of the unidentified photography of a realistic phallic object in Marshall's report, there is no archaeological evidence to support claims of special sexually-oriented aspects of Harappan religion".<ref name=aparpola1985/> However, adds Parpola, a re-examination at Indus Valley sites suggest that the Mackay's hypothesis cannot be ruled out because erotic and sexual scenes such as ithyphallic males, naked females, a human couple having intercourse and trefoil imprints have now been identified at the Harappan sites.<ref name=aparpola1985/> The "finely polished circular stand" found by Mackay may be yoni although it was found without the linga. The absence of linga, states Parpola, maybe because it was made from wood which did not survive.<ref name=aparpola1985/>

Indologist Wendy Doniger rejects Srinivasan's interpretation, and states that this relatively rare artifact can be interpreted in many ways and has unduly been used for wild speculations such as being a linga. Another Indus [[stamp seal]] often called the [[Pashupati seal]], states Doniger, has an image with a general resemblance with Shiva and "the Indus people may well have created the symbolism of the divine phallus", but given the available evidence we cannot be certain, nor do we know that it had the same meaning as some currently project them to might have meant.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=485–502}}

===Vedic texts===

====Vedas====
The word ''lingam'' is not found in the ''[[Rigveda]]'',{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=489–502}} or the other Vedas.<ref name=welden445>{{cite journal|title=The Samkhya Term, Linga| author= Ellwood Austin Welden|journal= The American Journal of Philology|volume= 31|number = 4| year=1910|pages= 445–459| publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|jstor=288521| doi= 10.2307/288521}}</ref> However, [[Rudra]] (proto-Shiva) is found in the Vedic literature.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=489–502}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Phillips|author2=Michael Kerrigan|author3=David Gould|title=Ancient India Myths and Beliefs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C|year=2011|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4488-5990-0|pages=41–45|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092018/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C|url-status=live}}</ref>

Worship of the lingam was not a part of the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]. The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the [[Samhita#Atharva veda|Atharva Veda]] [[Samhita]] sung in praise of the ''Yupa-Stambha'', the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless ''[[Stambha]]'' or ''Skambha'', and it is shown that the said ''Skambha'' is put in place of the eternal [[Brahman]]. Just as the [[Yajna]] (sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the ''Soma'' plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic sacrifice]] gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the ''Yupa-Skambha'' gave place in time to the ''Shiva-Linga''.<ref name="E.U.Harding">{{cite book | last = Harding | first = Elizabeth U. | title = Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar | chapter = God, the Father | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | year = 1998 | pages = 156–157 | isbn = 978-81-208-1450-9}}</ref><ref name="paris_congress">{{cite book | last = Vivekananda | first = Swami | title = The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda | chapter = The Paris congress of the history of religions | chapter-url = http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/the_paris_congress.htm | volume = 4 | access-date = 30 September 2008 | archive-date = 24 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162216/http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/the_paris_congress.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> In the text ''Linga Purana'', the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva.<ref name="paris_congress" />

There is a hymn in the [[Atharvaveda]] that praises a pillar (''[[stambha]]''), and this is one possible origin of linga worship.<ref name="nksingh">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Nagendra Kr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVyPg9osxG8C&pg=PA1567|title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism|date=1997|publisher=Centre for International Religious Studies|isbn=9788174881687|edition=1st|location=New Delhi|page=1567}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> According to Swami Vivekananda, the Shiva-linga had origins in the idea of ''Yupa-Stambha'' or Skambha of the Vedic rituals, where the term meant the sacrificial post which was then idealized as the eternal [[Brahman]]. The ''Yupa-Skambha'' gave place in time to the ''Shiva-Linga'', quite possibly with influence from Buddhism's stupa shaped like the top of a stone linga, according to Vivekananda.<ref name="E. U. Harding">{{cite book | last = Harding | first = Elizabeth U. | title = Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar | chapter = God, the Father | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | year = 1998 | pages = 156–157 | isbn = 978-81-208-1450-9}}</ref><ref name="paris_congress" />

====Shvetashvatara Upanishad====
[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]] states that, of the three significations of ''Lingam'', the primary one is "[[Purusha|the imperishable Purusha]]", [[Brahman|the absolute reality]],{{sfn|Constance|James|2006|p=410}} whereby the ''linga'' is "sign", a mark that provides the existence of [[Brahman]],{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}}{{sfn|DeVito|DeVito|1994|p=5}} which is itself formless.<ref name="ajai16">{{cite journal|title=Stewards of Creation Covenant: Hinduism and the Environment|last=Mansingh|first=Ajai|journal=Caribbean Quarterly|year=2016|volume=41|issue=1|publisher=A Journal of Caribbean Culture|page=62|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075|doi=10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907185105/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Furthermore, it mentioned that Shiva is transcendent, beyond any characteristic or ''liūga'', specifically the sign of gender.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}} Linga, "sign", not only signifies the existence of perceptible "things" but also denotes the imperceptible essence of "a thing" or pieces of [[Brahman]] called [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atma]]{{sfn|DeVito|DeVito|1994|p=5}} even before that thing has come to exist in any concrete form.{{refn|group=note|The form of fire, which exists in the kindling stick in a latent form, may not be seen, yet its ''linga'' is not destroyed but be seized again by another kindling stick.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}} Fire in its latent condition, unkindled, the potential of fire, its imperceptible essence, is the ''liūga'' of fire, in contrast with and indispensable to its visible form ([[Rūpa]]).{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}}}} The imperceptible essence of "a thing", in its potentiality, is the ''liūga'' of the thing.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}}

The insight of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad conveyed through the word ''liūga'' is formulated explicitly in [[Samkhya]] and [[Yoga (philosophy)|schools of Yoga]] or [[Darshana Upanishad|ways of looking at things]], that is, looking at their appearance and at Ultimate Reality.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}} ''Liūga'' here denotes the [[Three bodies doctrine|subtle body]], (liṇga śarīra) underlying and ontologically preceding anything perceptible.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}} The perceptible state, in this context, is the [[Three bodies doctrine|gross body]] (sthūla śarīra), or concrete reality as it appears to the sense organs. In between the Ultimate and concrete reality is [[Prakṛti]], also called [[Pradhana]]{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}} which is the imperceptible substratum of the manifest world or pre-matter.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=122}} Out of this imperceptible cosmic substance, all things have come out, and to which they will return ultimately.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}}

===Early iconography and temples (3rd century BCE - first mill. CE)===
[[File:Gudimallam Lingam in-situ photograph.jpg|thumb|right|Gudimallam Lingam]]
[[File:Worship of Shiva Linga by Gandharvas - Shunga Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 3625 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6098.JPG|thumb|Linga inside a railing (left), being worshipped by [[Gandharva]] winged creatures. [[Art of Mathura]], circa 100 BCE.<ref name="US435">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=435 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA435 |language=en |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093549/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA435#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

The [[Gudimallam Lingam]], one of the oldest examples of a lingam, is still in worship in the Parashurameshwara temple, [[Gudimallam]], in a hilly forest about {{convert|20|km}} east of [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John Guy|title=Indian Temple Sculpture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YLqAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|isbn=978-1-85177-509-5|page=35|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092019/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YLqAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been dated to the 3rd-century BCE,<ref name="Britannica"/> or to the 2nd{{nbsp}}century BCE,<ref name="Klostermaier">{{cite book|last1=Klostermaier|first1=Klaus K.|title=A Survey of Hinduism|date=2007|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4|edition=3.|page=111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092030/https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C|url-status=live}}</ref> and is mostly accepted to be from the 3rd- to 1st-century BCE,{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=491–493}} though some later dates have been proposed. The stone lingam is clearly a representation of an anatomically accurate [[phallus]], with a figure of [[Lakulisha]], the [[Asceticism#Indian religions|ascetic]] manifestation of [[Shiva]],{{sfn|Srinivasan|2004|p=434}} carved on the front, holding an antelope and axe in his hands.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=491–493}}<ref name="elgood">{{cite book|last1=Elgood|first1=Heather|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|date=2000|publisher=Cassell|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-9865-6|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAcF8RgbtZ0C|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081254/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAcF8RgbtZ0C|url-status=live}}</ref> He stands on top of a [[Apasmara]] ''(demon) dwarf'', who symbolizes spiritual ignorance, greed, sensual desires or ''[[Kama]]'' and nonsensical speech on the spiritual path, hence must be subdued in spiritual pursuits.<ref name=rao227>{{cite book |author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC |year=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0877-5 |pages=223–229, 237 |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548 Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215105555/http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548 |date=15 February 2017 }} [[The Art Institute of Chicago]], United States</ref><ref name="Arundhati2002">{{cite book|author=P. Arundhati|title=Annapurna : A Bunch of Flowers of Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfK2LoH_j54C&pg=PA40|year=2002|publisher=Concept|isbn=978-81-7022-897-4|pages=40–45|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092523/https://books.google.com/books?id=cfK2LoH_j54C&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

In this earliest representation, the phallic representation illustrates the centrality of the energetic principle of '''''Urdhva Retas''''' ({{langx|sa|ऊर्ध्वरेतस्}} {{IAST3|Ūrdhvaretas}}, lit. "ascent of vital energies or fluid") the upward flow of energy in spiritual pursuits and practice of [[Celibacy#Hinduism|celibacy]] ([[Brahmacharya|Brahmacarya]]),<ref name="govind52">{{cite journal|author=Ghurye, G.S.|year= 1952|title= Ascetic Origins|journal= Sociological Bulletin|volume= 1|issue= 2|publisher= Sociological Bulletin, 1(2)|pages= 162–184|doi=10.1177/0038022919520206|s2cid= 220049343}}</ref> contrary to fertility or release of vital energies.<ref name="brill72" /><ref name="urdhvaretas">{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/urdhvaretas|website=www.wisdomlib.org|title=Urdhvaretas, Urdhvaretās, Ūrdhvaretas, Urdhva-retas: 7 definitions|date=9 September 2014|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715033141/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/urdhvaretas|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}}<ref name="abha70">{{cite book|title=The Tantric Tradition|author=Swami Agehananda Bharati|year=1970|isbn=0877282536|publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser|page=294}}</ref><ref name="urdh_dev18">{{cite book|title=Shiva to Shankara: Giving Form to the Formless|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|pages=13–14|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9789352641956|year=2018}}</ref> Lakulisa as an [[Asceticism#Indian religions|ascetic]] manifestation of Shiva is seen in later peninsular [[Linga Purana|Indian scriptures]] whose ithyphallic aspects connotes [[Asceticism#Indian religions|asceticism]] and conserved procreative potentialities ([[Brahmacharya|Brahmacarya]] or [[Celibacy#Hinduism|celibacy]]), rather than mere [[eroticism]].{{sfn|Srinivasan|2004|p=434}}<ref>O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. "Asceticism and Sexuality in the Mythology of Śiva. Part I." ''History of Religions'' 8, no. 4 (1969): 300-37. Accessed September 7, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062019 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630063016/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062019 |date=30 June 2021 }}.</ref> According to Stella Kramrisch, the pictorial symbol of the Gudimallam Lingam should not be mistaken for fertility or eroticism, due to incomplete or impure understanding of the underlying refined principles.{{refn|name="ilph_rep_l"|group=note}}{{refn|group=note|Furthermore, the phallic shape, standing erect, always negates its function as an organ of procreation. Rather, the shape or pictorial representation is conveying that, the seed was channeled upward, not ejected for the sake of generation, but was reversed, retained and absorbed for regeneration as creative energy.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=555}}}}{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=238}}
[[File:Natural Sivalinga near Ziro, Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Natural rock linga, [[Arunachal Pradesh]]]]

The Bhita linga – now at the Lucknow museum – is also dated to about the 2nd century BCE, and has four directional faces on the pillar and a [[Brahmi script]] inscription at the bottom.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Kramrisch|title=The Presence of Siva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC|year=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01930-4|page=179|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092524/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rao1993p63"/><ref name="Chakravarti1986p131">{{cite book|author=Mahadev Chakravarti|title=The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMFwMHH4HzMC&pg=PA131|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0053-3|pages=131–133|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092524/https://books.google.com/books?id=yMFwMHH4HzMC&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Above the four faces, the Bhita linga has the bust of a male with his left hand holding a vase and the right hand in the ''abhaya'' (no-fear) mudra.<ref name="Rao1993p63"/>{{refn|group=note|This linga is likely a dedication memorial stone according to the inscription which states, "The Linga of the sons of Khajahuti, was dedicated by Nagasiri, the son of Vasethi. May the deity be pleased."<ref name="Rao1993p63"/> Bloch objected to "Linga of the sons" interpretation, stating it made no sense. Other scholars maintain that to be a cryptic epigraphic reference to "worshipped by", given the mention of "deity" later in the inscription.<ref name="Chakravarti1986p131"/><ref>{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=L'Art en Inde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKgQAQAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=H. N. Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-0630-3|page=77}}</ref>}} The pillar itself is, once again, a realistic depiction of phallus but neither symbolizes fertility nor sexuality, but the refined energetic principles of ''Urdhva Retas''{{refn|group=note|In the practice of seminal retention through self-discipline and [[Sādhanā]], the mind is stirred, but not by external stimuli, but the result of realisation of true nature of the Self in the path of liberation ''(moksha)''. However, due to lack of understanding of the iconography of Lingam, the representation is often misunderstood.<ref name="patt06">Pattanaik, Devdutt. Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the phallic symbol. Indus Source, 2006.</ref><ref name="brill72" />}} during [[Sannyasa]] or [[Asceticism]].{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}}<ref name="brill72" /><ref name="abha70"/><ref name="Rao1993p63">{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=63–67|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019091516/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="urdh_dev18" />

The Mathura archaeological site has revealed similar lingams, with a standing Shiva in front (2nd century CE) and with one or four faces around the pillar (1st century CE to 3rd century CE).<ref>{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|title=Indian Costume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irh9dvlLz3MC&pg=PR16|year=1966|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-403-5|pages=xvi, xlvii|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092525/https://books.google.com/books?id=irh9dvlLz3MC&pg=PR16#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shashi Asthana|title=Mathurā Kalā: Catalogue of Mathura Sculptures in National Museum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0efVAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=National Museum of India|isbn=978-81-85832-10-4|pages=23–28|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092526/https://books.google.com/books?id=0efVAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous stone and cave temples from the mid to late 1st millennium feature lingams. The [[Bhumara Temple]] near Satna [[Madhya Pradesh]], for example, is generally dated to late 5th-century [[Gupta Empire]] era, and it features an Ekamukha Lingam.<ref name="Asher1980p27">{{cite book|author=Frederick M. Asher|title=The Art of Eastern India: 300 - 800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-gGxzx6wxIC|year=1980|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-1225-7|page=27|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092526/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-gGxzx6wxIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Meister1984p494">{{cite book|author=Michael W. Meister|title=Discourses on Siva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9I3pAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-7909-2|page=494|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092526/https://books.google.com/books?id=9I3pAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Epics and puranas===
{{See also|Itihasa-Purana}}

====Mahabharata====
According to Wendy Doniger, ''lingam'' in the ''Mahabharata'' is represented as the phallic form which suggests [[Three bodies doctrine|Sthula sarira]] of Shiva,{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=491–493}}{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=220-222}} although not the primary significance,{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=221}} however it connotes much more than that.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=222}} The [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic shape]], in this specific context, functions as the [[Three bodies doctrine|"subtle body"]] (''Lińga Śarīra''){{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=176}} of Shiva in the ''Mahabharata''.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=222}} It is a superabundant evocation of fierce potency on a cosmic scale, although it states crassly phallic.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=222}} Doniger further finds that Shiva was called by many names, including [[Rudra]] or Girisha.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=491–493}} Chapter 10.17 of the ''Mahabharata'' also refers to the word ''sthanu'' in the sense of an "inanimate pillar" as well as a "name of Shiva, signifying the immobile, ascetic, desexualized form of the ''lingam''", as it recites the legend involving [[Shiva]], [[Brahma]], Brahma as [[Prajapati]].{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=491–493}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Freud's Mahabharata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hhnDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-087834-4|pages=123–124, footnote 179|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092527/https://books.google.com/books?id=4hhnDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> This mythology weaves two polarities, one where the lingam represents the potentially procreative phallus (fertile lingam) and its opposite "a pillar-like renouncer of sexuality" (ascetic lingam), states Doniger.{{sfn |Doniger |2011 |pp=491–493}}

====Puranas====
The [[Linga Purana]] (5th century CE -10th century CE) states, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless".<ref name="Daniélou1991p222"/> The source of the universe is the signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of ''unchanging principle'' and the ''ever changing'' nature.<ref name="Daniélou1991p222"/> The ''Linga Purana'' and [[Ishvara Gita|Siva Gita]] texts builds on this foundation.{{Sfn|Kramrisch|1994|pp=171-185}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Anantharaman|last=K.V.|title=Siva Gita A Critical Study|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/295754|chapter=Chapter X - Omnipotence of Siva Linga|hdl=10603/295754|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230125037/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/295754|url-status=live}}</ref> Linga, states [[Alain Daniélou]], means sign.<ref name="Daniélou1991p222">{{cite book|author=Alain Daniélou|title=The Myths and Gods of India |url=https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani|url-access=registration|series=Princeton Bollingen Series|year=1991|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani/page/222 222]–224}}</ref> It is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept of [[Brahman]], which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less.<ref name="Daniélou1991p222"/>

According to the ''Linga Purana'', the lingam is a complete symbolic representation of the formless Universe Bearer{{snd}}the oval-shaped stone is the symbol of the Universe, and the bottom base represents the Supreme Power that holds the entire Universe in it.<ref name="Sivananda 1996">{{cite book|last=Sivananda|first=Swami|title=Lord Siva and His Worship|publisher=The Divine Life Trust Society|year=1996|chapter=Worship of Siva Linga|chapter-url=http://www.dlshq.org/download/lordsiva.htm#_VPID_80|access-date=8 December 2008|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218010322/http://www.dlshq.org/download/lordsiva.htm#_VPID_80|url-status=live}}</ref> A similar interpretation is also found in the [[Skanda Purana]]: "The endless sky (that great void which contains the entire universe) is the Linga, the Earth is its base. At the end of time the entire universe and all the Gods finally merge in the Linga itself."<ref name="Skanda">{{cite web|url=http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve/skanda.htm|title=Reading the Vedic Literature in Sanskrit|website=is1.mum.edu|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192901/http://is1.mum.edu/vedicreserve/skanda.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the ''Linga Purana'', an Atharvaveda hymn is expanded with stories about the great Stambha and the supreme nature of Mahâdeva (the Great God, Shiva).<ref name="paris_congress"/>

According to [[Shiva Purana]] (10th century CE - 11th century CE), the legend about the origin of the phallic form of Shiva is that some [[brahmin]] devotees of Shiva were highly engrossed in the meditation of Shiva. In the meantime, Shiva came in a hideous naked [[Asceticism|ascetic]] form with ashes smeared all over his body holding his phallus, to test the devotion of his devotees. The wives of the sages were scared at this sight but some embraced the [[Asceticism|holy ascetic]]. Although Shiva put them to test, the sages and wives did not recognize him.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=206}} The sages were stupefied and deluded by Śiva's power of illusion, [[Maya (religion)|māyā]],{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=206}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=The reason for Śiva's assuming the phallic form (liṅga) [Chapter 12]|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226513.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.wisdomlib.org|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414115236/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226513.html|url-status=live}}</ref> became infuriated at this sight and cursed the ascetic form of Shiva: <ref name=":0"/> "You are acting pervertedly. This violates the Vedic path. Hence let your penis fall on the ground.”{{refn|group=note|Although the sages were also [[Asceticism|ascetics]], only because they observed established conventions, they failed when Shiva tested them with his outrageous ways.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=206}} The purpose of Shiva's visit to the hermitage, the place where the sages were living with their wives, was to enlighten the false sages by allowing them to humiliate him.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=207}} But the sages were lost in anger, but Shiva allowed himself to be humiliated in the image that met the eye of the sages.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=207}} Even though Shiva excited some of them as the source of their desire, they were unable to see him as the killer of desires.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=207-208}} Although Shiva revealed his true nature by his dance ([[Tandava]]), yet so great was his power of illusion ([[Maya (religion)|māyā]]), the deluded sages did not recognize him.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=207-208}} That falling phallus burnt everything in front; wherever it went it began to burn everything there. It went to all three Hindu worlds ([[hell]], [[heaven]], [[earth]]). All the worlds and the people were distressed. The sages could not recognise it as Shiva and sought refuge from [[Brahma]].

[[Brahma]] answered that they should pray to [[Parvati]] to assume a form of vaginal passage, and perform a procedure reciting vedic mantras and decorating the penis with flowers etc., so that the penis would become steady. As the phallus was held by Parvati in that form, an auspicion arrow formed. The pedestal shaped as the vagina and the phallus fixed therein are symbolic of the eternal creative forces personified as Śivā and Śiva. After the procedure was completed, the penis became static. This phallus was known as ''"hatesa"'' and "Siva Siva".<ref name=":0" /> In one version of the story found in ''[[Vamana Purana]]'', Shiva's visit to the hermitage in [[Deodar forests]] was an act of grace at [[Parvati]]'s request.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=206}}}}

[[File:Lingothbhavar.jpg|thumb|[[Lingodbhava]] is a Shaiva sectarian icon where Shiva is depicted rising from the Lingam (an infinite fiery pillar) that narrates how Shiva is the foremost of the [[Trimurti]]; [[Brahma]] on the left and [[Vishnu]] on the right are depicted bowing to Shiva in the centre.]]
The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' also describes the origin of the lingam, known as Shiva-linga, as the beginning-less and endless cosmic pillar (''[[Stambha]]'') of fire, the cause of all causes. Shiva is pictured as emerging from the lingam{{snd}}the cosmic pillar of fire{{snd}}proving his superiority over the gods [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]]. It also describes right way to worship Shiva linga in its 11th chapter in detail <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-19|title=Mode of worshiping the phallic form of Śiva and making gifts [Chapter 11]|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc225556.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.wisdomlib.org|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114311/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc225556.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chaturvedi">{{cite book|last=Chaturvedi|title=Shiv Purana|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=978-81-7182-721-3|pages=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bchgql0em9YC&q=shiva+purana&pg=PA29|edition=2006|year=2004|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160110/https://books.google.com/books?id=bchgql0em9YC&q=shiva+purana&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="british museum">{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/s/stone_statue_of_shiva_as_lingo.aspx|title=Stone statue of Shiva as Lingodbhava|last=Blurton|first=T. R.|year=1992|work=Extract from Hindu art (London, The British Museum Press)|publisher=British Museum site|access-date=2 July 2010|archive-date=6 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706053323/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/s/stone_statue_of_shiva_as_lingo.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> This is known as [[Lingodbhava]]. The ''[[Linga Purana]]'' also supports this interpretation of lingam as a cosmic pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.<ref name="british museum" /><ref name="E. U. Harding" /><ref name="paris_congress" />

===Muslim rule===
In the 11th-century CE, after [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|conquests of the subcontinent by Muslim rulers]], several sultans of Delhi, often [[Iconoclasm|iconoclastic]], regarded the lingam as a sexual and anthropomorphic statue of Shiva, and ordered as many be destroyed as possible and destroyed them all off then after.<ref name="Doniger2011p498">{{harvnb|Doniger|2011|pp=498–499}}: "But several of the Delhi sultans, those who were particularly devout and iconoclast Muslims, regarded the lingam as sexual and anthropomorphic, and took pride in destroying as many lingams as they could. In 1026, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked the temple of Somnath, which held a famous Shiva lingam; this much, at least, seems to be historical fact. But then comes the mythologizing. According to some versions of the story, including early Turko-Persian triumphalist sources, Mahmud stripped the great gilded lingam of its gold and hacked it to bits with his sword, sending the bits back to Ghazni, where they were incorporated into the steps of the new mosque (Keay 2000: 207–209). Medieval Hindu epics of resistance created a countermythology in which the stolen image came to life (another bit of evidence that it was regarded as a living thing, a body in itself) and eventually, like a horse trotting back to the stable, returned to the temple to be reconsecrated (Davis 1997: 90–112)"</ref> In some situations, the linga were deliberately laid at the thresholds of mosques for public usage and incorporated into Islamic architecture, notably at a mosque in [[Banbhore]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mehrdad Shokoohy|title=Muslim Architecture of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InklyjG57csC&pg=PA17|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-49984-5|pages=17–18|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093039/https://books.google.com/books?id=InklyjG57csC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Lingayatism ==
[[File:Necklace with Shiva's Family LACMA M.85.140.jpg|thumb|upright=0.55|left|A necklace with linga-containing pendant is constantly worn by the Lingayats.{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=244}}]]
[[Lingayats]], a sect of the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] religious tradition in India, wear a miniaturized linga called the {{transliteration|hi|istalinga}}.{{sfn|McCormack|1963|pp=59–62}} [[Lingayats]] wear a lingam inside a necklace, called ''[[Lingayats|Ishtalinga]]''.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208-209}}{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=239–240}} Initially known as ''Veerashaivas'' (heroic worshippers of Shiva), since the 18th century CE adherents of this faith are known as ''Lingayats''.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|pp=71–72}} This tradition originated in Karnataka around the 12th-century CE.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208-209}}{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=6}} Lingayatism is derived from the term ''linga'' and suffix ''ayta''.<ref name="Iyer1965">{{cite book|author=L.K.A. Iyer|title=The Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9jbqGLH7ioC|year=1965|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=81–82|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093544/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9jbqGLH7ioC|url-status=live}}</ref> The term Lingayat is based on the practice of both genders of Lingayats wearing an {{transliteration|hi|iṣṭaliṅga}} (also called {{transliteration|hi|karasthala-linga}}) contained inside a box with a necklace all the time. The {{transliteration|hi|istalinga}} is a personalized and miniature oval-shaped linga and an emblem of their faith symbolising [[Parashiva]], the absolute reality and their spirituality.<ref name="Iyer1965"/>{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|pp=22, 82-83}} It is viewed as a "living, moving" divinity within the Lingayat devotee. Every day, the devotee removes this personal linga from its box, places it in left palm, offers [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] and then meditates about becoming one with the linga, in his or her journey towards the ''atma-linga''.<ref name="WaghorneCutler1996p184">{{cite book|author1=Joanne Punzo Waghorne|author2=Norman Cutler|author3=Vasudha Narayanan|title=Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LD91JTIl8uIC&pg=PA184|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10777-8|pages=184 note 15|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093549/https://books.google.com/books?id=LD91JTIl8uIC&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Pilgrimage sites ==
An [[Amarnath Temple#Shiva Linga|ice lingam]] at [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] in the western [[Himalayas]] forms every winter from ice dripping on the floor of a cave and freezing like a [[stalagmite]]. It is very popular with pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/07/amarnath_journey_to_the_shrine.html|title=Amarnath: Journey to the shrine of a Hindu god|newspaper=Boston.com|date=13 July 2012|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708050954/http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/07/amarnath_journey_to_the_shrine.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Shri Parkasheshwar Mahadev Mandir Spatika Lingam.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Lord Amarnath.jpg
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| footer = Left: 2 sphatika (quartz) lingams in the Shri Parkasheshwar Mahadev Temple, Dehradun; Right: Ice Lingam in the cave at the [[Amarnath Temple]], Kashmir.
}}
In [[Kadavul Temple]], a 700-pound, 3-foot-tall, naturally formed [[Spatika Lingam|Sphatika (quartz) lingam]] is installed. In the future, this crystal lingam will be housed in the [[Iraivan Temple]]. It is claimed as among the largest known sphatika self formed ([[Svayambhu|Swayambhu]]) lingams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/monastery/temples/kadavul|title=Kadavul Hindu Temple|last=under the section "General Introduction"|website=Himalayanacademy|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628072447/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/monastery/temples/kadavul|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/monastery/temples/iraivan/in-the-news|title=Iraivan Temple in the News|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628072606/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/monastery/temples/iraivan/in-the-news|url-status=live}}</ref> Hindu scripture rates crystal as the highest form of Shiva lingam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=453|title=Rare Crystal Siva Lingam Arrives at Hawaii Temple|website=hinduismtoday|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628072358/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=453|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shivling (mountain)|Shivling]], {{convert|6543|m}}, is a mountain in [[Uttarakhand]] (the Garhwal region of Himalayas). It arises as a sheer pyramid above the snout of the [[Gangotri Glacier]]. The mountain resembles a Shiva lingam when viewed from certain angles, especially when travelling or trekking from Gangotri to Gomukh as part of a traditional Hindu pilgrimage.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

A lingam is also the basis for the formation legend (and name) of the [[Borra Caves]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

[[Banalinga]] are the lingam which are found on the bed of the [[Narmada River]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadkarni |first=Vithal C. |date=2013-04-04 |title=Stones brook no contest |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/vedanta/stones-brook-no-contest/articleshow/19370160.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-24 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006191957/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/vedanta/stones-brook-no-contest/articleshow/19370160.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lesser known [[Bhooteshwarnath]] Mahadeva in [[Gariaband district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] is a rock Shivlinga and said to be the Largest Natural Shivlinga in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/spiritual/kehte-hain-here-is-the-world-largest-natural-shivling-288172|title=यहां है विश्व का सबसे बड़ा प्राकृतिक शिवलिंग|date=16 January 2015|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414143543/https://www.naidunia.com/spiritual/kehte-hain-here-is-the-world-largest-natural-shivling-288172|url-status=live}}</ref> whose height is increasing with each passing year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/miraculous-bhuteshwar-shivling-growing-every-own-075906962.html|title=Bhuteshwar Shivling|website=news.yahoo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185839/https://in.news.yahoo.com/miraculous-bhuteshwar-shivling-growing-every-own-075906962.html|archive-date=2018-06-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/chhattisgarh/unbelievable-this-shivling-in-chhattisgarh-grows-every-year_1836049.html|title=Shivling in Chhattisgarh|date=18 December 2015|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213916/http://zeenews.india.com/news/chhattisgarh/unbelievable-this-shivling-in-chhattisgarh-grows-every-year_1836049.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The tallest Shiva lingam in the world is located at [[Chenkal]] village in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 10, 2019|title=Tallest Shiva lingam in country enters India book of records {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/tallest-shiva-lingam-in-country-enters-india-book-of-records/articleshow/67478120.cms|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630003437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/tallest-shiva-lingam-in-country-enters-india-book-of-records/articleshow/67478120.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center">
File:Kbal_Spean, sur les pentes sud-ouest du mont Kulen (12).jpg|Lingam at [[Kbal Spean]], Cambodia
File:Relief Showing Shiva Linga Worshipped by Saka Devotees - Kushan Period - Dampier Nagar - ACCN 36-2661 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5614.JPG|[[Shiva]] Linga worshipped by [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] devotees, circa 2nd century CE
File:Shiva dans le linga de feu (musée Guimet) (8205960337).jpg|[[Lingodbhava]] (Chola period)
File:ShivaManifesting-BMA.jpg|[[Lingodbhava]] (Chola period)
File:Statue of Pashupatinath Mandsaur.jpg|Eight-faced Shivlingam in [[Pashupatinath Temple, Mandsaur|Pashupatinath Temple]] at [[Mandsaur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
File:Nepalese stone linga SF Asian Art Museum.JPG|A 10th-century four-face [[Mukhalinga]], [[Nepal]]
File:Siva linga.jpg|64 lingams ([[Nepal]])
File:Plaque with Shivalinga and Worshipper LACMA M.85.125 (1 of 4).jpg|An 11th century CE linga-yoni plaque with a worshipper ([[Nepal]])
File:Shiva Ling.jpg|Lingam from [[Angkor|Angkor period]], [[Battambang province|Battambang Province]] ([[Cambodia]])
File:041 Linga and Yoni, Museum Mojopahit (40386002682).jpg|Linga-yoni, Java ([[Indonesia]])
File:Cattien copper linga.png|Copper lingam at the [[Cát Tiên archaeological site|Cát Tiên sanctuary]], [[Vietnam]]
File:Jatalinga sur cuve à ablution (musée Guimet) (5153565239).jpg|A ''jatalinga'' with ''yoni'' ([[Champa]], [[Vietnam]])
File:Katas_Raj_Temple,_Lahore24.JPG|A lingam at the [[Katas Raj Temples]] in north [[Pakistan]]
File:Shiva phallus - Wat Hiranyawat - Chiang Rai - 2017-01-02 - 002.jpg|Ganesha and Shiva Linga, [[Chiang Rai]], [[Thailand]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Banalinga]]
* [[Hindu iconography]]
* ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' - a Lingam stone plays a central part in the film's plot
* [[Jyotirlinga]]
* [[Lingayatism]]
* [[Mukhalinga]]
* [[Gudimallam Lingam]]
* [[Pancharamas]]
* [[Shaligram]]
* [[Spatika Lingam]]
* ''[[Lingashtaka]]''
*[[Sahasralingam Shivalinga, Kaithwalia]]{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|refs=
{{refn|name="ilph_rep_l"|group=note|
Kramrisch claims that the representation of the phallic shape in the [[Gudimallam Lingam]] does not represent sexuality.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=218}} It represents "seminal retention" and practice of [[Celibacy#Hinduism|celibacy]] ([[Brahmacarya]]) (illustration of ''Urdhva Retas''),{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}}<ref name="brill72">Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.</ref><ref name="patt06" /><ref>Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.</ref> and represents Shiva as "he stands for complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=218}}}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Basham, A. L. ''The Wonder That Was India: A survey of the culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the coming of the Muslims'', Grove Press, Inc., New York (1954; Evergreen Edition 1959).
* {{Citation | last =Blake Michael | first =R. | year =1992 | title =The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-0776-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wclA8r5f_LcC&pg=PA40}}
* Chakravarti, Mahadev. ''The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages'', Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass (1986), {{ISBN|8120800532}}.
* {{Citation|last =Dalal | first =Roshen | year =2010 | title =The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths | publisher =Penguin Books | isbn =978-0-14-341517-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA209}}
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Richard H. |title=Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India |year=1992 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691073866 }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism |first=Alain |last=Daniélou |author-link=Alain Daniélou |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani/page/222 222]–231 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Company |isbn=0-89281-354-7 |year=1991 | url=https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani |url-access=registration }}
*{{citation |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva |journal=Soc. Res. Social Research |volume=78 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=485–508 |jstor=23347187 |oclc=772197753 |issn=0037-783X }}
* Drabu, V.N. ''Śaivāgamas: A Study in the Socio-economic Ideas and Institutions of Kashmir (200 B.C. to A.D. 700)'', New Delhi: Indus Publishing (1990), {{ISBN|8185182388}}.
* {{cite book |last=Kramrisch |first=Stella |title=The Presence of Siva |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location= Delhi|isbn= 9788120804913 }}
* {{Citation | last =McCormack | first =William | year =1963 | title =Lingayats as a Sect | journal =The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=59–71 | doi=10.2307/2844333 | jstor =2844333 }}
* {{Citation | last =Olson | first =Carl | year =2007 | title =The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction | publisher =Rutgers University Press | isbn =978-0813540689}}
*{{cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Rāmakaraṇa |title=Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : eight collections of hymns containing one thousand and eight names of Śiva |publisher=Nag Publishers |location=Delhi |year=1996 |isbn=9788170813507 |oclc=36990863}} Includes ''Śivasahasranāmakoṣa'', a dictionary of names. This work compares eight versions of the ''Śivasahasranāmāstotra''. The preface and introduction (in English) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another. The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.
* Schumacher, Stephan and Woerner, Gert. ''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion, Buddhism, Taoism, Zen, Hinduism'', Shambhala, Boston, (1994) {{ISBN|0-87773-980-3}}.
* {{Citation | last = Schouten | first =Jan Peter | year =1995 | title =Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-8120812383}}
* {{ Citation | last=Kramrisch |first=Stella |title=The Presence of Śiva |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0691019307 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/presenceofsivamy00skra}}
* {{cite book|last=Chakravarti|first=Mahadev |title=The concept of Rudra-Śiva through the ages |year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=81-208-0053-2}}
* {{cite book|first1=Jones|last1=Constance|first2=Ryan|last2=James|title= Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher= Facts On File |isbn= 0816054584|year=2006}}
* {{cite book|first1=Carole|last1=DeVito|first2=Pasquale|last2=DeVito|title= India - Mahabharata. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1994 (India)|year=1994|publisher= United States Educational Foundation in India|language=en}}
* {{cite book|first=Sharada|last=Srinivasan|title=World Archaeology|chapter=Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze|doi=10.1080/1468936042000282726821|volume=36|year=2004|issue=3|pages=432–450|publisher=The Journal of Modern Craft|s2cid=26503807|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/1468936042000282726821}}
* {{cite book|first=John A.|last=Grimes|title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1996|isbn= 0791430677}}
* {{cite journal|title= The Five Cosmic Elements as Depicted in Indian and Chinese Cosmologies|journal= The American Journal of Chinese Medicine|volume=17|year=1989|doi=10.1142/S0192415X89000346|last=Mahdihassan|first=S.| series=4|issue= 3n04|pages= 245–252|pmid= 2699158|access-date=16 September 2021|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0192415X89000346|url-access=subscription}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}





{{Commons category|Lingam}}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141933 Some interesting Linga images from Kalanjara and Ajaigarh], SK Sullerey (1980)
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41693312 O, that Linga!], Alex Wayman (1987)
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532803/page/n81 Linga and Yoni worship], Urmila Agrawal (1995)
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147577 A note on the Linga with Sakti images in Bengal Art], KD Gupta (2011)

{{Shaivism|state=collapsed}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Hindu symbols]]
[[Category:Hindu iconography]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]
[[Category:Gender and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Phallic symbols]]
[[Category:Aniconism]]

Acharya Bhikshu

2026-03-13T17:58:26Z

Vikibnf:

{{Short description|Indian Jain spiritual leader (1726–1803)}}

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Mahamahim
| name = Acharya Bhikshu
| image = Acharya Shree Bhikshu Painting.jpg
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1726|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kantaliya]], Rajasthan
| death_date = 30 August 1803
| death_place = [[Siriyari]], [[Rajasthan]]
| honorific suffix = Swamiji
| founder = [[Śvetāmbara Terapanth]]
| successor = Ācārya Bhārimāljī
}}
{{Jainism}}
[[Image:MarydaPatral1.jpg|thumb|300px|1st Page of Letter of Conduct written by Acharya Bhikshu]]
[[Image:Maryda Patral 2.jpg|thumb|300px|2nd Page of Letter of Conduct written by Acharya Bhiksu in Rajasthani language]]
[[File:Pakki Haat in Siryari - Acharya Bhikshu's Antim Pravas Sthal.jpg|alt=Pakki Haat, Siriyari - A historic place where Acharya Bhikshu resided during his last months of life|thumb|299x299px|Pakki Haat, [[Siriyari]] - A historic place where Acharya Bhikshu resided during his last months of life]]
'''Acharya Bhikshu''' (1 July 1726 – 30 August 1803) was the founder and first spiritual head of the [[Śvetāmbara Terapanth]] sect of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dundas|first=Paul|title=The Jains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ialKAbIyV4C&pg=PA254|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-26606-8|page= 254}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Narendra|title=Encyclopaedia of Jainism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoDUPJpb63UC&pg=PA5188|year=2001|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=81-261-0691-3|chapter=Acahrya Bhikshu and Terapanth|page=5184}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

He was a Devotee of [[Mahavira]]. In the initial phase of his spiritual revolution, he moved out from the group of [[Sthanakvasi]] Acharya Raghunath. That time he had 13 saints, 13 followers and 13 the basic rules. This coincidence results in the name of "Terapanth" (Thirteen Path) and he referred it as "Hey Prabhu Yeh Terapanth".<ref>{{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Origin and development of Indus civilization (Volume 1)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_n00RqRc0C&pg=PA948|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=81-7041-859-3|page=945|year=1996}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vallely|first=Anne |title=Guardians of the transcendent: an ethnography of a Jain ascetic community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eI4PAY9rDmQC&pg=PA150|year=2002|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=0-8020-8415-X|page=59}}</ref>

The various beliefs and teachings of the religious orders of those times greatly influenced his thinking. He studied and analysed the various disciplines of the Jain religion and on this basis he compiled his own ideologies and principles of the Jain way of life. Based on the doctrines propagated, Acharya Bhikshu rigorously followed the principles. It was this way of life that was demonstrated by Acharya Bhikshu which became the foundation principle of Terapanth. The Letter of Conduct was written by him is still followed in the same manner with due respect with slight changes as per the time & situation. The original copy of letter written in Rajasthani language is still available. His followers piously referred to this monk as 'Swamiji' or 'Bhikshu Swami'.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

Acharya Bhikshu visualised a systematic, well established and orderly religious sect and saw it taking shape through ''Terapanth''. To organise and stabilise this religious order he propagated the ideology of one guru and brought to an end the concept of self discipleship.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} In this way his ideology of one Acharya, one principle, one thought and similar thinking became the ideal for other religious sects. Acharya Bhikshu said the common man should understand and practise true religion which would take him to the path of salvation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

==Life==
Acharya Bhikshu (aka Bhikhanji) was born in Kantaliya in Rajasthan in 1726. He belonged to a merchant class named Bisa Oswal. He was initiated as a monk by a Sthanakvasi Acarya Ragunathji in 1751. Upon reading the scriptures, he found that the order of monks have wandered away from true teachings of Jainism; Ragunathji seconded the same but was unwilling to bring the same in the sect as they were hard to follow by the other monks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dundas|first=Paul|title=The Jains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ialKAbIyV4C&pg=PA254|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-26606-8|page= 256}}</ref>

== Contribution ==
In the middle of the 18th century, Acharya Bhikshu led a reformist movement. A philosopher, writer, poet and social reformer, he wrote 38,000 "shlokas", now compiled in two volumes as "''Bhikshu Granth Ratnakar''". His "Nav Padarth Sadbhav", which advocated a society free from exploitation, and is regarded{{who|date=July 2015}} as a significant philosophical composition that deals exhaustively with the nine gems of Jain philosophy.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

==Postage stamp==
[[File:Aacharya Bhikshu 2004 stamp of India.jpg|thumb| Acharya Bhikshu 2004 Stamp]]
On 30 June 2004, [[India Post]] issued an INR 5 commemorative [[postage stamp]] in memory of Acharya Bhikshu on the occasion of the bicentenary of his death.

==See also==
*[[Jain Vishva Bharti Institute, Ladnun]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.terapanthinfo.com/ Terapanth Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719221606/http://terapanthinfo.com/ |date=19 July 2013 }}
*[https://www.terapanthonline.com/ Terapanth Website]

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhikshu, Acharya}}
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:1726 births]]
[[Category:1803 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:18th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Rajasthani-language writers]]

2000 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-10T14:38:03Z

Vikibnf: created redirect page

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| previous_election = 1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1995
| election_date = 17 & 22 February 2000
| next_election = 2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2004
| seats_for_election = All 147 seats in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 74
| registered = {{formatnum:24188320}}
| turnout = 59.10%
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=NaveenPatnaik.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Naveen Patnaik|Naveen Pattanaik]]
| leaders_seat1 = Hinjili
| party1 = Biju Janata Dal
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]
| leader_since1 =
| seats_before1 = New
| popular_vote1 = 29.40%
| seat_change1 = New
| seats1 = 68
| swing1 =
| image2 = Lotus flower symbol.svg
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]
| leader_since2 =
| seats_before2 = 9
| popular_vote2 = 18.20%
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}29
| seats2 = 38
| swing2 =
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hemananda-Biswal.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader3 = [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| leaders_seat3 = Laikera
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since3 =
| seats_before3 = 80
| popular_vote3 = 33.78%
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}}54
| seats3 = 26
| swing3 = 
| title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| after_party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
| after_election = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| outgoing_members = 11th Odisha Legislative Assembly
| elected_members = 12th Odisha Legislative Assembly
}}

Elections to the '''[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in February 2000 to elect members of the 147 constituencies in [[Orissa]], India. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] fought election together as [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]. The [[National Democratic Alliance]] won the most seats and [[Naveen Patnaik|Naveen Pattanaik]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister of Orissa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naveen-patnaik-an-election-ready-politician/article36594008.ece |title=Naveen Patnaik — an election-ready politician |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 September 2021 |author=Satyasundar Barik |access-date= 6 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=cmlist>{{cite web |url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/statisticsmembers.aspx?x=5 |title=List Of Honourable Chief Minister (YearWise) |access-date= 6 February 2022| website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref> The number of constituencies was set as 147 by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= December 9, 2020}}</ref>

==Parties and alliances==

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
As per prepoll alliance, seats where divided into 4:3 ratio.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[File: Biju Janata Dal Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Conch.svg|50px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
| 84
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Jual Oram]]
| 63
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}===

{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Hemananda Biswal]]
|145
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag.svg|75px]]
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol.svg|50px]]
|36
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|75px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|75px]]
|29
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI (M).png|82x82px]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|80x80px]]
|15
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[File:JD(S) Flag.png|85x85px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|50px]]
|24
|-
|{{party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|[[File:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha flag.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]]
|21
|}

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 2000.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=4770654|sw1=–5.30|seats1=26|sc1=+12
|party2=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes2=4151895|sw2=New|seats2=68|sc2=New
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=2570074|sw3=+10.32|seats3=38|sc3=+12
|party4=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes4=301729|sw4=+0.20|seats4=3|sc4=–1
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=172398|sw5=–0.49|seats5=1|sc5=Steady
|party6=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes6=162184|sw6=+0.65|seats6=0|sc6=0
|party7=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes7=118978|sw7=New|seats7=1|sc7=New
|party8=[[Trinamool Congress]]|votes8=110056|sw8=New|seats8=1|sc8=New
|party9=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes9=109256|sw9=+0.11|seats9=1|sc9=+1
|party10=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes10=48135|sw10=New|seats10=0|sc10=New
|party11=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes11=34986|sw11=New|seats11=0|sc11=New
|party12=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes12=20480|sw12=New|seats12=0|sc12=New
|party13=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes13=18794|sw13=New|seats13=0|sc13=New
|party14=[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]|votes14=6815|sw14=New|seats14=0|sc14=New
|party15=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes15=4198|sw15=–0.02|seats15=0|sc15=0
|party16=[[Samata Party]]|votes16=3732|sw16=–0.29|seats16=0|sc16=0
|party17=[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]|votes17=3051|sw17=–1.34|seats17=0|sc17=0
|party18=[[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]|votes18=2412|sw18=New|seats18=0|sc18=New
|party19=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes19=2078|sw19=New|seats19=0|sc19=New
|party20=[[Bira Oriya Party]]|votes20=1520|sw20=New|seats20=0|sc20=New
|party21=[[Proutist Sarva Samaj Samiti]]|votes21=1341|sw21=–0.05|seats21=0|sc21=0
|party22=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes22=1209|sw22=–0.03|seats22=0|sc22=0
|party23=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes23=795|sw23=+0.01|seats23=0|sc23=0
|party24=[[Odisha Communist Party]]|votes24=630|sw24=–0.16|seats24=0|sc24=0
|party25=[[Ajeya Bharat Party]]|votes25=559|sw25=New|seats25=0|sc25=New
|party26=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes26=294|sw26=New|seats26=0|sc26=New
|party27=Independents|votes27=1506216|sw27=+0.15|seats27=8|sc27=+2
|total_sc=0
|invalid=170284
|electorate=24188320
|source=[[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3628-orissa-2000/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!District
!AC. No.
!Constituency
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|1
| [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
| [[Padma Charan Haiburu]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|2
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
| Bhanu Charan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
| [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]]
| Laxman Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|5
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
| Purusottama Naik
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|6
| [[Kuliana Assembly constituency|Kuliana (ST)]]
| [[Sudam Marndi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|7
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
| Kishore Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|8
| [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]]
| Kandra Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|9
| [[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta (ST)]]
| Golak Bihari Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|10
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
| [[Bhaskar Madhei|Bhaskara Madhei]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|11
| [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| [[Kamala Das (politician)|Kamala Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|12
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| [[Jayanarayan Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| Raghunath Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|14
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| Jiban Pradip Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|15
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
| [[Kartik Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|16
| [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
| Parsuram Panigrahi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|17
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| Pradipta Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|18
| [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]
| Ratha Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|19
| [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| Biren Palei
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|20
| [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| Manas Ranjan Mallik
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|21
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]
| [[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|22
| [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
| [[Bijayshree Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|23
| [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| Prafulla Chandra Ghadai
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|24
| [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korai]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|25
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
| Surjyamani Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|26
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharamsala]]
| [[Kalpataru Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|27
| [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| Amar Prasad Satpathy
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|28
| [[Bari-derabisi Assembly constituency|Bari-Derabisi]]
| Debasis Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|29
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
| [[Pramila Mallik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|30
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|31
| [[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]
| Tapash Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|32
| [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| Nalini Kanta Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|33
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
| [[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|34
| [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| Trilochan Behera
| {{Full party name with color| All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|35
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| [[Debashish Samantaray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|36
| [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
| [[Damodar Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|37
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
| Umesh Chandra Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|38
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
| [[Bishnu Charan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|39
| [[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]
| [[Pratap Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|40
| [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| [[Sarat Kumar Kar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|41
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]
| Kalindi Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|42
| [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| Panchanan Kanungo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|43
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
| [[Nibedita Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|44
| [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| [[Samir Dey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|45
| [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]
| Bidhubhusan Praharaj
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|46
| [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| [[Pravat Tripathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|47
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]
| [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|48
| [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| [[Debi Prasad Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Khordha district|Khurda]]
|49
| [[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]
| Raghaba Chandra Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|50
| [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|51
| [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatni]]
| [[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|52
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipli]]
| [[Pradeep Maharathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|53
| [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]
| Baidhar Malik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|54
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]
| [[Surendra Nath Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|55
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|56
| [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| [[Maheswar Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|57
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]
| [[Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Khordha district|Khurda]]
|58
| [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]]
| Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|59
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| [[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|60
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| [[Prashanta Nanda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|61
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| Ramakanta Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|62
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| [[Bhagabat Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|63
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]
| Bijayalaxmi Pattnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|64
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]
| Hariharan Karan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|65
| [[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]
| Simanchala Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|66
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| [[Bikram Keshari Arukha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|67
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
| Usha Rani Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|68
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| Debaraj Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|69
| [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kavisuryanagar]]
| [[Nityananda Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|70
| [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]
| [[Ram Krushna Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|71
| [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
| [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|72
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
| [[Rama Chandra Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|73
| [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|74
| [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur (SC)]]
| Rama Chandra Sethy
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|75
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|76
| [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
| [[Usha Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|77
| [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]
| [[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|78
| [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]
| Haladhar Karji
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|79
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakhemundi]]
| Trinath Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|80
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
| Rammurthy Gamango
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|81
| [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam-cuttack (ST)]]
| Sarangadhar Kadraka
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|82
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
| [[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|83
| [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]
| Bibhisana Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|84
|[[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]
| [[Jayaram Pangi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|85
| [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]
| [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|86
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (SC)]]
| [[Arabinda Dhali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|87
| [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
| [[Mamta Madhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|88
| [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
| Basudev Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|89
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| Rabi Narayan Nanda
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nabarangpur district|Nowrangpur]]
|90
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
| Habibulla Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|91
| [[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (ST)]]
| Sadan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|92
| [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
| Bhujabal Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|93
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
| [[Parama Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nuapada district|Nawapara]]
|94
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]
| [[Basanta Kumar Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|95
| [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| [[Duryodhan Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|96
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (SC)]]
| Bira Sipka
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|97
| [[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]
| Rosni Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|98
| [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| [[Himansu Sekhar Meher]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|99
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
| [[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|100
| [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]
| [[Balabhadra Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|101
| [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]
| [[Dhaneswar Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|102
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]
| Surendra Kanhar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|103
| [[Udayagiri, Odisha Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]
| [[Saluga Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|104
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
| Bishnu Priya Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|105
| [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
| [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|106
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
| Jogendra Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|107
| [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
| Santosh Singh Saluja
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|108
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|109
| [[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]
| Surendra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|110
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]
| [[Balgopal Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|111
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|112
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]
| Kunduru Kushal
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|113
| [[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]
| [[Niranjan Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|114
| [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
| Baishnaba Padhan
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|115
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| [[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|116
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| Adwait Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|117
| [[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
| [[Anjali Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|118
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|119
| [[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
| [[Nabin Nanda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|120
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| Brahmananda Biswal
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|121
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|122
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]
| [[Mahesh Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|123
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|124
| [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]
| Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|125
| [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
| Ashok Kumar Panigrahy
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|126
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]
| [[Bimbadhar Kuanr]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|127
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| Ananda Acharya
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|128
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| [[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|129
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| Anup Kumar Sai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|130
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|131
| [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]]
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|132
| [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
| [[Rabi Narayan Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|133
| [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
| Durjodhan Sohela
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|134
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| [[Subash Chandra Panigrahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|135
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
| Shankarsan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|136
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
| Gajadhar Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|137
|[[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
| [[Mangala Kisan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|138
| [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
| George Tirkey
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|139
|[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| Ajit Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|140
| [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (ST)]]
| [[Shankar Oram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|141
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
| Dayanidhi Kisan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|142
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
| Saharai Oram
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|143
| [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]]
| [[Gourahari Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|144
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|145
| [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
| Niladri Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|146
| [[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]]
| [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|147
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
| Mayadhar Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Analysis & Govt Formation==
Due to poor handling of [[1999 Odisha cyclone]] and rise in corruption & criminal cases etc. led to rise of unpopularity of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], which eventually led to their dismissal performance in [[2000 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2000 election]].

Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] along with 14 Cabinet Ministers, 6 Minister of State with Independent Charges and 4 Minister of State were administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor [[M. M. Rajendran]] at the [[Raj Bhavan, Bhubaneswar]] on 5 March 2000. The BJD had the larger share of representation in the ministry with 16 ministers including the Chief Minister while the BJP had 9.

== See also ==
*[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2000 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:2000 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]

East Punjab

2026-03-10T12:03:11Z

Vikibnf:

{{Short description|Former province of India from 1947 to 1950}}
{{About|a former province of India|the current state|Punjab, India|other uses|Punjab (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Province of East Punjab
| common_name = East Punjab
| subdivision = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Former Province]]
| nation = [[Dominion of India]]
| demonym = [[Punjabis|Punjabi]]
| stat_year1 = 1947–1950
| stat_area1 = 150361
| era = [[Cold War]]
| year_start = 1947
| date_start = 15 August
| year_end = 1950
| date_end = 26 January
| event_end = [[Political integration of India|Disestablished]]
| capital = [[Shimla]]<ref name=capital>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZ-ibfhMyMC|title=Shimla Then & Now|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870460|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| p1 = Punjab Province (British India){{!}}Punjab Province
| s1 = Punjab, India{{!}}Punjab
| image_map = East_Punjab_Province in India (March_1948).svg
| image_map_caption = Province of East Punjab in India, March 1948
| today = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[Chandigarh]] [[Haryana]] [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| s2 = Himachal Pradesh{{!}}Punjab Hill States Union
| event1 = Punjab Hill States Union formed
| date_event1 = 15 April 1948
| s5 = Patiala and East Punjab States Union{{!}}PEPSU
| event2 = PEPSU formed
| date_event2 = 15 July 1948
}}

'''East Punjab''' was a province of the [[Dominion of India]] from 1947 until 1950. It consist of parts of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] that remained in India following the [[Partition of India|partition of the province]] between the new dominions of [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and India by the [[Radcliffe Line|Radcliffe Commission]] in 1947. The mostly Muslim western parts of the old Punjab became Pakistan's [[West Punjab]], later, renamed as [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]], while the mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern parts remained with India.

==History==
{{See also|History of the Punjab}}

===Partition of India===
{{Main|Partition of India|Partition of Punjab}}

With the [[partition of India]], the Punjab province was to be divided in two as per the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], passed by the parliament of the United Kingdom. The province was to cease to exist, and two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as West Punjab & East Punjab.<ref name=salient>{{cite web|title=Salient features of the act|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> All the [[princely state]]s of the [[Punjab States Agency]], except [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]], which acceded to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], joined the new [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], by 10 March 1948 and were temporarily merged with the East Punjab province. Later, they were combined into the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU) on 15 July 1948. The northeast Hill States of the Punjab Province (except Solan) banded together and were declared a Chief Commissioner's Province as Punjab Hill States Union on 15 April 1948. Later it was classified as a Part "C" state in 1950, with a new name [[Himachal Pradesh]]. On 1 November 1956, PEPSU was merged back into [[Punjab State]] under the [[States Reorganisation Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=195637%20&tfnm2=11 |title=States Reorganisation Act, 1956 |date=31 August 1956 |series=India Code Updated Acts |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India|pages=section 9 |access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref>

===Renaming of the state===
[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|right|thumb|300px|Administrative divisions of India in 1951]]
The [[Constitution of India]], which came into effect in 1950, renamed the province of "East Punjab" as the state of "Punjab".<ref name="Census1951" />

===Reorganisation of Indian States===
{{Main|States Reorganisation Act, 1956}}

[[States Reorganisation Act|In 1956]], the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU]] (including Solan) was merged into an expanded Punjab state.

===Punjabi Suba movement===
{{Main|Punjabi Suba movement}}

[[File:Punjabispeakers.png|thumb|right|A map of the distribution of native Punjabi speakers in India and Pakistan]]

With effect from 1 November 1966, there was yet another [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|Reorganisation]], this time on linguistic lines, when the state of Punjab as constituted in 1956 was divided into three: the mostly Hindi-speaking part became the present-day Indian state of [[Haryana]] and the mostly [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking part became the present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>S. Gajrani, ''History, Religion and Culture of India'' (2004), p. 217</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Punjab/punjab_w.htm|title=Punjab Legislative Assembly|access-date=22 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113185152/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Punjab/punjab_w.htm|archive-date=13 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> while a new union territory ([[Chandigarh]]) was also created, to serve as a capital to both states. At the same time, some parts of the former territory of Patiala and East Punjab States Union, including [[Solan district|Solan]] and [[Nalagarh]], were transferred to [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Demography ==
{{About||1931 census data|Demographics of Punjab, India#1931 census|1921 census data|Demographics of Punjab, India#1921 census|1911 census data|Demographics of Punjab, India#1911 census|1901 census data|Demographics of Punjab, India#1901 census}}

=== 1941 census ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religions in East Punjab, India region (1941)<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|42}}{{efn|name=EastPunjab1941}}
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|}}
| value1 = 46.95
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| value2 = 30.88
| color2 = Green
| label3 = [[Sikhism]]
| value3 = 21.14
| color3 = DarkKhaki
| label4 = Christianity
| value4 = 0.69
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = Jainism
| value5 = 0.21
| color5 = Brown
| label6 = Others{{efn|name=others}}
| value6 = 0.12
| color6 = grey
}}
Prior to [[Partition of India|partition]], the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the [[Radcliffe Line]] was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana, and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by [[Districts of British India|district]] and [[princely state]] with an overall total as per the [[Census in British India|1941 Indian census]].
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
|+ Religion in the Districts & Princely States of East Punjab, India region (1941)<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=19 January 2023 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>{{rp|42}}{{efn|name=EastPunjab1941|1941 figure taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]], [[Firozpur district|Firozpur]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]], [[Simla District|Simla]], [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Ambala district|Ambala]], [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]], and [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] (minus [[Shakargarh Tehsil]])), and [[princely state]]s ([[Loharu State|Loharu]], [[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kalsia State|Kalsia]], [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Sirmur State|Sirmoor]], [[Simla Hill States|Simla Hill]], [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur]], [[Mandi State|Mandi]], [[Suket State|Suket]], and [[Chamba State|Chamba]]) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the [[Radcliffe Line]]. See 1941 census data here:<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|42}} Immediately following the [[Partition of India|partition of India in 1947]], these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Bilaspur State (1950–1954)|Bilaspur State]]. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are [[Punjab, India]], Chandigarh, [[Haryana]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]].}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]/ [[Princely state]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Christianity [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others|Including [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], Judaism, [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Patiala State]]
| 597,488
| {{Percentage | 597488 | 1936259 | 2 }}
| 436,539
| {{Percentage | 436539 | 1936259 | 2 }}
| 896,021
| {{Percentage | 896021 | 1936259 | 2 }}
| 1,592
| {{Percentage | 1592 | 1936259 | 2 }}
| 3,101
| {{Percentage | 3101 | 1936259 | 2 }}
| 1,518
| {{Percentage | 1518 | 1936259 | 2 }}
! 1,936,259
! {{Percentage | 1936259 | 1936259 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Firozpur district]]
| 287,733
| {{Percentage | 287733 | 1423076 | 2 }}
| 641,448
| {{Percentage | 641448 | 1423076 | 2 }}
| 479,486
| {{Percentage | 479486 | 1423076 | 2 }}
| 12,607
| {{Percentage | 12607 | 1423076 | 2 }}
| 1,674
| {{Percentage | 1674 | 1423076 | 2 }}
| 128
| {{Percentage | 128 | 1423076 | 2 }}
! 1,423,076
! {{Percentage | 1423076 | 1423076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Amritsar district]]
| 217,431
| {{Percentage | 217431 | 1413876 | 2 }}
| 657,695
| {{Percentage | 657695 | 1413876 | 2 }}
| 510,845
| {{Percentage | 510845 | 1413876 | 2 }}
| 25,973
| {{Percentage | 25973 | 1413876 | 2 }}
| 1,911
| {{Percentage | 1911 | 1413876 | 2 }}
| 21
| {{Percentage | 21 | 1413876 | 2 }}
! 1,413,876
! {{Percentage | 1413876 | 1413876 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hoshiarpur district]]
| 584,080
| {{Percentage | 584080 | 1170323 | 2 }}
| 380,759
| {{Percentage | 380759 | 1170323 | 2 }}
| 198,194
| {{Percentage | 198194 | 1170323 | 2 }}
| 6,165
| {{Percentage | 6165 | 1170323 | 2 }}
| 1,125
| {{Percentage | 1125 | 1170323 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1170323 | 2 }}
! 1,170,323
! {{Percentage | 1170323 | 1170323 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jalandhar district]]
| 311,010
| {{Percentage | 311010 | 1127190 | 2 }}
| 509,804
| {{Percentage | 509804 | 1127190 | 2 }}
| 298,741
| {{Percentage | 298741 | 1127190 | 2 }}
| 6,233
| {{Percentage | 6233 | 1127190 | 2 }}
| 1,395
| {{Percentage | 1395 | 1127190 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 1127190 | 2 }}
! 1,127,190
! {{Percentage | 1127190 | 1127190 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hisar district]]
| 652,842
| {{Percentage | 652842 | 1006709 | 2 }}
| 285,208
| {{Percentage | 285208 | 1006709 | 2 }}
| 60,731
| {{Percentage | 60731 | 1006709 | 2 }}
| 1,292
| {{Percentage | 1292 | 1006709 | 2 }}
| 6,126
| {{Percentage | 6126 | 1006709 | 2 }}
| 510
| {{Percentage | 510 | 1006709 | 2 }}
! 1,006,709
! {{Percentage | 1006709 | 1006709 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Karnal district]]
| 666,301
| {{Percentage | 666301 | 994575 | 2 }}
| 304,346
| {{Percentage | 304346 | 994575 | 2 }}
| 19,887
| {{Percentage | 19887 | 994575 | 2 }}
| 1,249
| {{Percentage | 1249 | 994575 | 2 }}
| 2,789
| {{Percentage | 2789 | 994575 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 994575 | 2 }}
! 994,575
! {{Percentage | 994575 | 994575 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Rohtak district]]
| 780,474
| {{Percentage | 780474 | 956399 | 2 }}
| 166,569
| {{Percentage | 166569 | 956399 | 2 }}
| 1,466
| {{Percentage | 1466 | 956399 | 2 }}
| 1,043
| {{Percentage | 1043 | 956399 | 2 }}
| 6,847
| {{Percentage | 6847 | 956399 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 956399 | 2 }}
! 956,399
! {{Percentage | 956399 | 956399 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kangra district]]
| 846,531
| {{Percentage | 846531 | 899377 | 2 }}
| 43,249
| {{Percentage | 43249 | 899377 | 2 }}
| 4,809
| {{Percentage | 4809 | 899377 | 2 }}
| 788
| {{Percentage | 788 | 899377 | 2 }}
| 101
| {{Percentage | 101 | 899377 | 2 }}
| 3,899
| {{Percentage | 3899 | 899377 | 2 }}
! 899,377
! {{Percentage | 899377 | 899377 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gurdaspur district]]{{efn|name="Gurdaspur1947"|Does not include [[Shakargarh Tehsil]], which was awarded to Pakistan as part of the [[Radcliffe Line]].}}
| 174,221
| {{Percentage | 174221 | 862006 | 2 }}
| 440,323
| {{Percentage | 440323 | 862006 | 2 }}
| 200,688
| {{Percentage | 200688 | 862006 | 2 }}
| 46,743
| {{Percentage | 46743 | 862006 | 2 }}
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25 | 862006 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 862006 | 2 }}
! 862,006
! {{Percentage | 862006 | 862006 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gurgaon district]]
| 560,537
| {{Percentage | 560537 | 851458 | 2 }}
| 285,992
| {{Percentage | 285992 | 851458 | 2 }}
| 637
| {{Percentage | 637 | 851458 | 2 }}
| 1,673
| {{Percentage | 1673 | 851458 | 2 }}
| 2,613
| {{Percentage | 2613 | 851458 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 851458 | 2 }}
! 851,458
! {{Percentage | 851458 | 851458 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ambala district]]
| 412,658
| {{Percentage | 412658 | 847745 | 2 }}
| 268,999
| {{Percentage | 268999 | 847745 | 2 }}
| 156,543
| {{Percentage | 156543 | 847745 | 2 }}
| 6,065
| {{Percentage | 6065 | 847745 | 2 }}
| 3,065
| {{Percentage | 3065 | 847745 | 2 }}
| 415
| {{Percentage | 415 | 847745 | 2 }}
! 847,745
! {{Percentage | 847745 | 847745 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ludhiana district]]
| 171,715
| {{Percentage | 171715 | 818615 | 2 }}
| 302,482
| {{Percentage | 302482 | 818615 | 2 }}
| 341,175
| {{Percentage | 341175 | 818615 | 2 }}
| 1,913
| {{Percentage | 1913 | 818615 | 2 }}
| 1,279
| {{Percentage | 1279 | 818615 | 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51 | 818615 | 2 }}
! 818,615
! {{Percentage | 818615 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kapurthala State]]
| 61,546
| {{Percentage | 61546 | 378380 | 2 }}
| 213,754
| {{Percentage | 213754 | 378380 | 2 }}
| 88,350
| {{Percentage | 88350 | 378380 | 2 }}
| 1,667
| {{Percentage | 1667 | 378380 | 2 }}
| 380
| {{Percentage | 380 | 378380 | 2 }}
| 12,683
| {{Percentage | 12683 | 378380 | 2 }}
! 378,380
! {{Percentage | 378380 | 378380 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jind State]]
| 268,355
| {{Percentage | 268355 | 361812 | 2 }}
| 50,972
| {{Percentage | 50972 | 361812 | 2 }}
| 40,981
| {{Percentage | 40981 | 361812 | 2 }}
| 161
| {{Percentage | 161 | 361812 | 2 }}
| 1,294
| {{Percentage | 1294 | 361812 | 2 }}
| 49
| {{Percentage | 49 | 361812 | 2 }}
! 361,812
! {{Percentage | 361812 | 361812 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Simla Hill States]]
| 345,716
| {{Percentage | 345716 | 359520 | 2 }}
| 10,812
| {{Percentage | 10812 | 359520 | 2 }}
| 2,693
| {{Percentage | 2693 | 359520 | 2 }}
| 161
| {{Percentage | 161 | 359520 | 2 }}
| 126
| {{Percentage | 126 | 359520 | 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 359520 | 2 }}
! 359,520
! {{Percentage | 359520 | 359520 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nabha State]]
| 146,518
| {{Percentage | 146518 | 344044 | 2 }}
| 70,373
| {{Percentage | 70373 | 344044 | 2 }}
| 122,451
| {{Percentage | 122451 | 344044 | 2 }}
| 221
| {{Percentage | 221 | 344044 | 2 }}
| 480
| {{Percentage | 480 | 344044 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 344044 | 2 }}
! 344,044
! {{Percentage | 344044 | 344044 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mandi State]]
| 227,463
| {{Percentage | 227463 | 232593 | 2 }}
| 4,328
| {{Percentage | 4328 | 232593 | 2 }}
| 583
| {{Percentage | 583 | 232593 | 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 232593 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 232593 | 2 }}
| 208
| {{Percentage | 208 | 232593 | 2 }}
! 232,593
! {{Percentage | 232593 | 232593 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Faridkot State]]
| 21,814
| {{Percentage | 21814 | 199283 | 2 }}
| 61,352
| {{Percentage | 61352 | 199283 | 2 }}
| 115,070
| {{Percentage | 115070 | 199283 | 2 }}
| 247
| {{Percentage | 247 | 199283 | 2 }}
| 800
| {{Percentage | 800 | 199283 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 199283 | 2 }}
! 199,283
! {{Percentage | 199283 | 199283 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Chamba State]]
| 155,910
| {{Percentage | 155910 | 168908 | 2 }}
| 12,318
| {{Percentage | 12318 | 168908 | 2 }}
| 107
| {{Percentage | 107 | 168908 | 2 }}
| 190
| {{Percentage | 190 | 168908 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 168908 | 2 }}
| 383
| {{Percentage | 383 | 168908 | 2 }}
! 168,908
! {{Percentage | 168908 | 168908 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sirmur State|Sirmoor State]]
| 146,199
| {{Percentage | 146199 | 156026 | 2 }}
| 7,374
| {{Percentage | 7374 | 156026 | 2 }}
| 2,334
| {{Percentage | 2334 | 156026 | 2 }}
| 38
| {{Percentage | 38 | 156026 | 2 }}
| 81
| {{Percentage | 81 | 156026 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 156026 | 2 }}
! 156,026
! {{Percentage | 156026 | 156026 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur State]]
| 108,375
| {{Percentage | 108375 | 110336 | 2 }}
| 1,498
| {{Percentage | 1498 | 110336 | 2 }}
| 453
| {{Percentage | 453 | 110336 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 110336 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 110336 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 110336 | 2 }}
! 110,336
! {{Percentage | 110336 | 110336 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Malerkotla State]]
| 23,482
| {{Percentage | 23482 | 88109 | 2 }}
| 33,881
| {{Percentage | 33881 | 88109 | 2 }}
| 30,320
| {{Percentage | 30320 | 88109 | 2 }}
| 116
| {{Percentage | 116 | 88109 | 2 }}
| 310
| {{Percentage | 310 | 88109 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88109 | 2 }}
! 88,109
! {{Percentage | 88109 | 88109 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Suket State]]
| 69,974
| {{Percentage | 69974 | 71092 | 2 }}
| 884
| {{Percentage | 884 | 71092 | 2 }}
| 234
| {{Percentage | 234 | 71092 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71092 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71092 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71092 | 2 }}
! 71,092
! {{Percentage | 71092 | 71092 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kalsia State]]
| 29,866
| {{Percentage | 29866 | 67393 | 2 }}
| 25,049
| {{Percentage | 25049 | 67393 | 2 }}
| 12,235
| {{Percentage | 12235 | 67393 | 2 }}
| 55
| {{Percentage | 55 | 67393 | 2 }}
| 188
| {{Percentage | 188 | 67393 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 67393 | 2 }}
! 67,393
! {{Percentage | 67393 | 67393 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Simla District]]
| 29,466
| {{Percentage | 29466 | 38576 | 2 }}
| 7,022
| {{Percentage | 7022 | 38576 | 2 }}
| 1,032
| {{Percentage | 1032 | 38576 | 2 }}
| 934
| {{Percentage | 934 | 38576 | 2 }}
| 114
| {{Percentage | 114 | 38576 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 38576 | 2 }}
! 38,576
! {{Percentage | 38576 | 38576 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dujana|Dujana State]]
| 23,727
| {{Percentage | 23727 | 30666 | 2 }}
| 6,939
| {{Percentage | 6939 | 30666 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 30666 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 30666 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 30666 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 30666 | 2 }}
! 30,666
! {{Percentage | 30666 | 30666 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Loharu State]]
| 23,923
| {{Percentage | 23923 | 27892 | 2 }}
| 3,960
| {{Percentage | 3960 | 27892 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 27892 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 27892 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27892 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27892 | 2 }}
! 27,892
! {{Percentage | 27892 | 27892 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Pataudi State]]
| 17,728
| {{Percentage | 17728 | 21520 | 2 }}
| 3,655
| {{Percentage | 3655 | 21520 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 21520 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 21520 | 2 }}
| 128
| {{Percentage | 128 | 21520 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 21520 | 2 }}
! 21,520
! {{Percentage | 21520 | 21520 | 2 }}
|-
!Total
!7,963,083
!{{Percentage | 7963083 | 16959758 | 2 }}
!5,237,584
!{{Percentage | 5237584 | 16959758 | 2 }}
!3,586,073
!{{Percentage | 3586073 | 16959758 | 2 }}
!117,155
!{{Percentage | 117155 | 16959758 | 2 }}
!35,955
!{{Percentage | 35955 | 16959758 | 2 }}
!19,908
!{{Percentage | 19908 | 16959758 | 2 }}
!16,959,758
!{{Percentage | 16959758 | 16959758 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note 1: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of [[Punjab, India]], Chandigarh, [[Haryana]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Note 2: 186 villages and 2 towns — [[Khemkaran]] and [[Patti, Punjab|Patti]] — in [[Kasur Tehsil]] ([[Lahore District]]) fell on the eastern (Indian) side of the [[Radcliffe Line]], but their population numbers are not included here as detailed sub-tehsil religious data did not exist at the time. According to the 1951 census, [[Kasur Tehsil]] had a total of 322 villages and 3 towns, roughly half of which fell on the western (Pakistani) side of the [[Radcliffe Line]].<ref name=KasurTehsil>{{Cite book |author=Lakshmi Chandra Vashishta |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797139 |title=Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi Part I-A - Report |location=India |publisher=Superintendent of Census Operations, Punjab. |pages=X |year=1953 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797139 }}</ref>}}
|}

=== 1951 census ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religions in East Punjab, India region (1951)<ref name="Census1951"/>{{efn|name=EastPunjab1951}}
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 64.62
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Sikhism]]
| value2 = 32.75
| color2 = DarkKhaki
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 1.77
| color3 = Green
| label4 = Christianity
| value4 = 0.58
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = Jainism
| value5 = 0.27
| color5 = Brown
| label6 = Others{{efn|name=others}}
| value6 = 0.02
| color6 = grey
}}

After Partition, East Punjab underwent significant restructuring, particularly in its [[Punjab States Agency]]. Several princely states in the region were merged in 1948 to form the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU)]], while a number of hill states in the north were integrated to form Himachal Pradesh. [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur Princely state]] remained a separate entity as [[Bilaspur State (1950–1954)|Bilaspur State]]. In the 1951 census, these regions — Punjab, PEPSU, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur, and Delhi — were grouped together in a single volume titled ''Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi''. Although Delhi was included in this volume, it had become a separate province in 1911 and is not considered part of East Punjab for statistical purposes.<ref name="Census1951" /> Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by [[Districts of British India|district]] with an overall total as per the [[1951 census of India]].

In the following tables, 268,602 people from the Jullundur Division were not classified by religion due to missing records caused by a fire in the Jullundur Census Tabulation Office. As a result, their religious affiliation could not be included at the district level. These unclassified populations were distributed across Amritsar district (96,720 persons), Gurdaspur district (89,512 persons), Jullundur district (46,834 persons), Ferozepur district (18,283 persons), Kangra district (9,565 persons), Hoshiarpur district (6,362 persons), and Ludhiana district (1,326 persons).<ref>1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi II-A Census Book Page no. 271 - [https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25803729 Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi II-A Jstor.com] or [[iarchive:dli.ernet.425679|Internet Archive]] or [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30477 Census India Gov]</ref> While their district level religious details were omitted, the number was included on the overall provincial tabulation. According to consolidated data, out of the 268,602 individuals, 117,186 persons were Hindus and others, 149,758 persons were Sikhs, and 1,658 persons were Muslims.<ref>1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi Census book In Last Page no. (XLii) - [https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797139 Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi I-A Jstor.com] or [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31763 Census India gov.]</ref> Therefore, the actual total population of the province/state was not 16,975,754 as shown in the tables below, but 17,244,356 after including these 268,602 individuals.

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
|+ Religion in the Districts of East Punjab, India region (1951)<ref name="Census1951">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25803729 |jstor=saoa.crl.25803729 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi |year=1951 |pages=298 |last1=Vashishta |first1=Lakshmi Chandra |last2=India. Superintendent Of Census Operations |first2=Punjab |volume=3 }}</ref>{{efn|name=EastPunjab1951|Immediately following the [[Partition of India|partition of India in 1947]], [[Districts of British India|districts]] and [[Princely state]]s that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the [[Radcliffe Line]] formed up the subdivision of East Punjab, which included [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Bilaspur State (1950–1954)|Bilaspur State]].<ref name="Census1951"/> The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and the [[Union Territory of Chandigarh]].}}
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others}}
! colspan="2" |Total responses
! colspan="2" |Total population
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Firozpur district]]
| 505,937
| {{Percentage | 505937 | 1308237 | 2 }}
| 780,024
| {{Percentage | 780024 | 1308237 | 2 }}
| 4,805
| {{Percentage | 4805 | 1308237 | 2 }}
| 11,976
| {{Percentage | 11976 | 1308237 | 2 }}
| 5,475
| {{Percentage | 5475 | 1308237 | 2 }}
| 20
| {{Percentage | 20 | 1308237 | 2 }}
! 1,308,237
! {{Percentage | 1308237 | 1326520 | 2 }}
! 1,326,520
! {{Percentage | 1326520 | 1326520 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Amritsar district]]
| 351,710
| {{Percentage | 351710 | 1270320 | 2 }}
| 897,309
| {{Percentage | 897309 | 1270320 | 2 }}
| 4,237
| {{Percentage | 4237 | 1270320 | 2 }}
| 14,753
| {{Percentage | 14753 | 1270320 | 2 }}
| 2,115
| {{Percentage | 2115 | 1270320 | 2 }}
| 196
| {{Percentage | 196 | 1270320 | 2 }}
! 1,270,320
! {{Percentage | 1270320 | 1367040 | 2 }}
! 1,367,040
! {{Percentage | 1367040 | 1367040 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Rohtak district]]
| 1,105,046
| {{Percentage | 1105046 | 1122046 | 2 }}
| 7,907
| {{Percentage | 7907 | 1122046 | 2 }}
| 2,562
| {{Percentage | 2562 | 1122046 | 2 }}
| 153
| {{Percentage | 153 | 1122046 | 2 }}
| 5,878
| {{Percentage | 5878 | 1122046 | 2 }}
| 500
| {{Percentage | 500 | 1122046 | 2 }}
! 1,122,046
! {{Percentage | 1122046 | 1122046 | 2 }}
! 1,122,046
! {{Percentage | 1122046 | 1122046 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hoshiarpur district]]
| 794,688
| {{Percentage | 794688 | 1085624 | 2 }}
| 283,720
| {{Percentage | 283720 | 1085624 | 2 }}
| 1,353
| {{Percentage | 1353 | 1085624 | 2 }}
| 4,027
| {{Percentage | 4027 | 1085624 | 2 }}
| 1,823
| {{Percentage | 1823 | 1085624 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 1085624 | 2 }}
! 1,085,624
! {{Percentage | 1085624 | 1091986 | 2 }}
! 1,091,986
! {{Percentage | 1091986 | 1091986 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Karnal district]]
| 974,959
| {{Percentage | 974959 | 1079379 | 2 }}
| 96,458
| {{Percentage | 96458 | 1079379 | 2 }}
| 3,658
| {{Percentage | 3658 | 1079379 | 2 }}
| 490
| {{Percentage | 490 | 1079379 | 2 }}
| 3,813
| {{Percentage | 3813 | 1079379 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1079379 | 2 }}
! 1,079,379
! {{Percentage | 1079379 | 1079379 | 2 }}
! 1,079,379
! {{Percentage | 1079379 | 1079379 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hisar district|Hissar district]]
| 954,714
| {{Percentage | 954714 | 1045645 | 2 }}
| 80,394
| {{Percentage | 80394 | 1045645 | 2 }}
| 3,312
| {{Percentage | 3312 | 1045645 | 2 }}
| 609
| {{Percentage | 609 | 1045645 | 2 }}
| 6,609
| {{Percentage | 6609 | 1045645 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 1045645 | 2 }}
! 1,045,645
! {{Percentage | 1045645 | 1045645 | 2 }}
! 1,045,645
! {{Percentage | 1045645 | 1045645 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jalandhar district]]
| 429,747
| {{Percentage | 429747 | 1008766 | 2 }}
| 569,487
| {{Percentage | 569487 | 1008766 | 2 }}
| 2,569
| {{Percentage | 2569 | 1008766 | 2 }}
| 5,969
| {{Percentage | 5969 | 1008766 | 2 }}
| 985
| {{Percentage | 985 | 1008766 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 1008766 | 2 }}
! 1,008,766
! {{Percentage | 1008766 | 1055600 | 2 }}
! 1,055,600
! {{Percentage | 1055600 | 1055600 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gurgaon district]]
| 794,019
| {{Percentage | 794019 | 967664 | 2 }}
| 6,310
| {{Percentage | 6310 | 967664 | 2 }}
| 163,663
| {{Percentage | 163663 | 967664 | 2 }}
| 769
| {{Percentage | 769 | 967664 | 2 }}
| 2,722
| {{Percentage | 2722 | 967664 | 2 }}
| 181
| {{Percentage | 181 | 967664 | 2 }}
! 967,664
! {{Percentage | 967664 | 967664 | 2 }}
! 967,664
! {{Percentage | 967664 | 967664 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ambala district]]
| 681,477
| {{Percentage | 681477 | 943734 | 2 }}
| 232,456
| {{Percentage | 232456 | 943734 | 2 }}
| 23,106
| {{Percentage | 23106 | 943734 | 2 }}
| 3,690
| {{Percentage | 3690 | 943734 | 2 }}
| 2,983
| {{Percentage | 2983 | 943734 | 2 }}
| 22
| {{Percentage | 22 | 943734 | 2 }}
! 943,734
! {{Percentage | 943734 | 943734 | 2 }}
! 943,734
! {{Percentage | 943734 | 943734 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kangra district]]
| 898,564
| {{Percentage | 898564 | 926477 | 2 }}
| 18,401
| {{Percentage | 18401 | 926477 | 2 }}
| 6,426
| {{Percentage | 6426 | 926477 | 2 }}
| 604
| {{Percentage | 604 | 926477 | 2 }}
| 1,199
| {{Percentage | 1199 | 926477 | 2 }}
| 1,283
| {{Percentage | 1283 | 926477 | 2 }}
! 926,477
! {{Percentage | 926477 | 936042 | 2 }}
! 936,042
! {{Percentage | 936042 | 936042 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ludhiana district]]
| 301,398
| {{Percentage | 301398 | 806779 | 2 }}
| 497,419
| {{Percentage | 497419 | 806779 | 2 }}
| 3,360
| {{Percentage | 3360 | 806779 | 2 }}
| 1,200
| {{Percentage | 1200 | 806779 | 2 }}
| 3,397
| {{Percentage | 3397 | 806779 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 806779 | 2 }}
! 806,779
! {{Percentage | 806779 | 808105 | 2 }}
! 808,105
! {{Percentage | 808105 | 808105 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gurdaspur district]]
| 346,884
| {{Percentage | 346884 | 761782 | 2 }}
| 354,681
| {{Percentage | 354681 | 761782 | 2 }}
| 9,370
| {{Percentage | 9370 | 761782 | 2 }}
| 50,457
| {{Percentage | 50457 | 761782 | 2 }}
| 388
| {{Percentage | 388 | 761782 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 761782 | 2 }}
! 761,782
! {{Percentage | 761782 | 851294 | 2 }}
! 851,294
! {{Percentage | 851294 | 851294 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bhatinda district]]
| 144,305
| {{Percentage | 144305 | 666809 | 2 }}
| 521,045
| {{Percentage | 521045 | 666809 | 2 }}
| 416
| {{Percentage | 416 | 666809 | 2 }}
| 450
| {{Percentage | 450 | 666809 | 2 }}
| 574
| {{Percentage | 574 | 666809 | 2 }}
| 19
| {{Percentage | 19 | 666809 | 2 }}
! 666,809
! {{Percentage | 666809 | 666809 | 2 }}
! 666,809
! {{Percentage | 666809 | 666809 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sangrur district]]
| 420,218
| {{Percentage | 420218 | 642934 | 2 }}
| 215,023
| {{Percentage | 215023 | 642934 | 2 }}
| 3,741
| {{Percentage | 3741 | 642934 | 2 }}
| 341
| {{Percentage | 341 | 642934 | 2 }}
| 3,610
| {{Percentage | 3610 | 642934 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 642934 | 2 }}
! 642,934
! {{Percentage | 642934 | 642934 | 2 }}
! 642,934
! {{Percentage | 642934 | 642934 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Barnala district]]
| 112,635
| {{Percentage | 112635 | 536728 | 2 }}
| 380,811
| {{Percentage | 380811 | 536728 | 2 }}
| 41,673
| {{Percentage | 41673 | 536728 | 2 }}
| 113
| {{Percentage | 113 | 536728 | 2 }}
| 1,484
| {{Percentage | 1484 | 536728 | 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 536728 | 2 }}
! 536,728
! {{Percentage | 536728 | 536728 | 2 }}
! 536,728
! {{Percentage | 536728 | 536728 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Patiala district]]
| 273,087
| {{Percentage | 273087 | 524269 | 2 }}
| 246,953
| {{Percentage | 246953 | 524269 | 2 }}
| 2,893
| {{Percentage | 2893 | 524269 | 2 }}
| 499
| {{Percentage | 499 | 524269 | 2 }}
| 689
| {{Percentage | 689 | 524269 | 2 }}
| 148
| {{Percentage | 148 | 524269 | 2 }}
! 524,269
! {{Percentage | 524269 | 524269 | 2 }}
! 524,269
! {{Percentage | 524269 | 524269 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mahendragarh district|Mohinder Garh district]]
| 438,347
| {{Percentage | 438347 | 443074 | 2 }}
| 2,615
| {{Percentage | 2615 | 443074 | 2 }}
| 1,450
| {{Percentage | 1450 | 443074 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 443074 | 2 }}
| 657
| {{Percentage | 657 | 443074 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 443074 | 2 }}
! 443,074
! {{Percentage | 443074 | 443074 | 2 }}
! 443,074
! {{Percentage | 443074 | 443074 | 2 }}
|-
| Mahasu district
| 327,998
| {{Percentage | 327998 | 330614 | 2 }}
| 730
| {{Percentage | 730 | 330614 | 2 }}
| 1,795
| {{Percentage | 1795 | 330614 | 2 }}
| 85
| {{Percentage | 85 | 330614 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 330614 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 330614 | 2 }}
! 330,614
! {{Percentage | 330614 | 330614 | 2 }}
! 330,614
! {{Percentage | 330614 | 330614 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mandi district]]
| 308,302
| {{Percentage | 308302 | 310626 | 2 }}
| 1,056
| {{Percentage | 1056 | 310626 | 2 }}
| 1,268
| {{Percentage | 1268 | 310626 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 310626 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 310626 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 310626 | 2 }}
! 310,626
! {{Percentage | 310626 | 310626 | 2 }}
! 310,626
! {{Percentage | 310626 | 310626 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kapurthala district]]
| 104,679
| {{Percentage | 104679 | 295071 | 2 }}
| 187,568
| {{Percentage | 187568 | 295071 | 2 }}
| 854
| {{Percentage | 854 | 295071 | 2 }}
| 1,547
| {{Percentage | 1547 | 295071 | 2 }}
| 269
| {{Percentage | 269 | 295071 | 2 }}
| 154
| {{Percentage | 154 | 295071 | 2 }}
! 295,071
! {{Percentage | 295071 | 295071 | 2 }}
! 295,071
! {{Percentage | 295071 | 295071 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
| 80,141
| {{Percentage | 80141 | 237397 | 2 }}
| 154,714
| {{Percentage | 154714 | 237397 | 2 }}
| 2,269
| {{Percentage | 2269 | 237397 | 2 }}
| 267
| {{Percentage | 267 | 237397 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 237397 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 237397 | 2 }}
! 237,397
! {{Percentage | 237397 | 237397 | 2 }}
! 237,397
! {{Percentage | 237397 | 237397 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Chamba district]]
| 170,333
| {{Percentage | 170333 | 176050 | 2 }}
| 300
| {{Percentage | 300 | 176050 | 2 }}
| 5,208
| {{Percentage | 5208 | 176050 | 2 }}
| 208
| {{Percentage | 208 | 176050 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 176050 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 176050 | 2 }}
! 176,050
! {{Percentage | 176050 | 176050 | 2 }}
! 176,050
! {{Percentage | 176050 | 176050 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sirmaur district|Sirmoor district]]
| 157,815
| {{Percentage | 157815 | 166077 | 2 }}
| 2,626
| {{Percentage | 2626 | 166077 | 2 }}
| 5,588
| {{Percentage | 5588 | 166077 | 2 }}
| 19
| {{Percentage | 19 | 166077 | 2 }}
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29 | 166077 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 166077 | 2 }}
! 166,077
! {{Percentage | 166077 | 166077 | 2 }}
! 166,077
! {{Percentage | 166077 | 166077 | 2 }}
|-
| Kohistan district
| 130,937
| {{Percentage | 130937 | 147403 | 2 }}
| 13,206
| {{Percentage | 13206 | 147403 | 2 }}
| 2,617
| {{Percentage | 2617 | 147403 | 2 }}
| 343
| {{Percentage | 343 | 147403 | 2 }}
| 289
| {{Percentage | 289 | 147403 | 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 147403 | 2 }}
! 147,403
! {{Percentage | 147403 | 147403 | 2 }}
! 147,403
! {{Percentage | 147403 | 147403 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]]
| 124,393
| {{Percentage | 124393 | 126099 | 2 }}
| 307
| {{Percentage | 307 | 126099 | 2 }}
| 1,394
| {{Percentage | 1394 | 126099 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 126099 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 126099 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 126099 | 2 }}
! 126,099
! {{Percentage | 126099 | 126099 | 2 }}
! 126,099
! {{Percentage | 126099 | 126099 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Simla district]]
| 37,287
| {{Percentage | 37287 | 46150 | 2 }}
| 7,417
| {{Percentage | 7417 | 46150 | 2 }}
| 659
| {{Percentage | 659 | 46150 | 2 }}
| 596
| {{Percentage | 596 | 46150 | 2 }}
| 131
| {{Percentage | 131 | 46150 | 2 }}
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60 | 46150 | 2 }}
! 46,150
! {{Percentage | 46150 | 46150 | 2 }}
! 46,150
! {{Percentage | 46150 | 46150 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 10,969,620
! {{Percentage | 10969620 | 16975754 | 2 }}
! 5,558,937
! {{Percentage | 5558937 | 16975754 | 2 }}
! 300,246
! {{Percentage | 300246 | 16975754 | 2 }}
! 99,175
! {{Percentage | 99175 | 16975754 | 2 }}
! 45,130
! {{Percentage | 45130 | 16975754 | 2 }}
! 2,646
! {{Percentage | 2646 | 16975754 | 2 }}
! 16,975,754
! {{Percentage | 16975754 | 17244356 | 2 }}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total population
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
!{{N/a}}
! 17,244,356
! {{Percentage | 17244356 | 17244356 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="20" | {{small|Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of [[Punjab, India]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]].}}
|}

=== 1961 census ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religions in East Punjab, India region (1961)<ref name="Census1961"/><ref name="Census1961Punjab"/><ref name="Census1961Himachal"/>{{efn|name=EastPunjab1961}}
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 65.75
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Sikhism]]
| value2 = 31.29
| color2 = DarkKhaki
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 1.93
| color3 = Green
| label4 = Christianity
| value4 = 0.69
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = Jainism
| value5 = 0.23
| color5 = Brown
| label6 = Others{{efn|name=others}}
| value6 = 0.1
| color6 = grey
}}

The 1961 Census data reflects the post-reorganization administrative boundaries. By this time, the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU)]] had been fully merged into Punjab on 1 November 1956 under the States Reorganisation Act. Additionally, the former princely state of Bilaspur, a Part-C state, was merged into Himachal Pradesh in 1954. Therefore, the 1961 census tables include populations from the territories of both Punjab (including the former PEPSU regions) and Himachal Pradesh (including Bilaspur), as per their reorganized state boundaries.

The religious demography of the East Punjab region including the contemporary subdivisions of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and the [[Union Territory of Chandigarh]] is broken down below by district with an overall total as per the [[1961 census of India]].<ref name="Census1961" /><ref name="Census1961Punjab" /><ref name="Census1961Himachal" />

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
|+ Religion in the Districts of East Punjab, India region (1961)<ref name="Census1961">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31326 |title=Paper No 1 of 1963, India - Census 1961 |website=Census Digital Library |pages=4–9 |access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Census1961Punjab">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32026|title=Social and Cultural Tables, Part II-C(i), Vol-XIII, Punjab - Census 1961 |website=Census Digital Library|pages=349|access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Census1961Himachal">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28305|title=Cultural & Migration Tables, Part II-C, Volume-XX, Himachal Pradesh - Census 1961 |website=Census Digital Library|pages=143|access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref>{{efn|name=EastPunjab1961|Immediately following the [[Partition of India|partition of India in 1947]], [[Districts of British India|districts]] and [[Princely state]]s that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the [[Radcliffe Line]] formed the subdivision of East Punjab, which included [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Bilaspur State (1950–1954)|Bilaspur State]].<ref name="Census1951"/> The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and the [[Union Territory of Chandigarh]].}}
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Firozpur district]]
| 657,712
| {{Percentage | 657712 | 1619116 | 2 }}
| 936,953
| {{Percentage | 936953 | 1619116 | 2 }}
| 3,369
| {{Percentage | 3369 | 1619116 | 2 }}
| 19,234
| {{Percentage | 19234 | 1619116 | 2 }}
| 1,746
| {{Percentage | 1746 | 1619116 | 2 }}
| 102
| {{Percentage | 102 | 1619116 | 2 }}
! 1,619,116
! {{Percentage | 1619116 | 1619116 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hisar district|Hissar district]]
| 1,374,258
| {{Percentage | 1374258 | 1540508 | 2 }}
| 152,719
| {{Percentage | 152719 | 1540508 | 2 }}
| 6,203
| {{Percentage | 6203 | 1540508 | 2 }}
| 1,022
| {{Percentage | 1022 | 1540508 | 2 }}
| 6,021
| {{Percentage | 6021 | 1540508 | 2 }}
| 285
| {{Percentage | 285 | 1540508 | 2 }}
! 1,540,508
! {{Percentage | 1540508 | 1540508 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Amritsar district]]
| 506,170
| {{Percentage | 506170 | 1534916 | 2 }}
| 990,344
| {{Percentage | 990344 | 1534916 | 2 }}
| 2,401
| {{Percentage | 2401 | 1534916 | 2 }}
| 33,739
| {{Percentage | 33739 | 1534916 | 2 }}
| 1,987
| {{Percentage | 1987 | 1534916 | 2 }}
| 275
| {{Percentage | 275 | 1534916 | 2 }}
! 1,534,916
! {{Percentage | 1534916 | 1534916 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Karnal district]]
| 1,293,354
| {{Percentage | 1293354 | 1490430 | 2 }}
| 177,602
| {{Percentage | 177602 | 1490430 | 2 }}
| 14,159
| {{Percentage | 14159 | 1490430 | 2 }}
| 2,094
| {{Percentage | 2094 | 1490430 | 2 }}
| 3,207
| {{Percentage | 3207 | 1490430 | 2 }}
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 1490430 | 2 }}
! 1,490,430
! {{Percentage | 1490430 | 1490430 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sangrur district]]
| 738,816
| {{Percentage | 738816 | 1424688 | 2 }}
| 622,227
| {{Percentage | 622227 | 1424688 | 2 }}
| 55,738
| {{Percentage | 55738 | 1424688 | 2 }}
| 577
| {{Percentage | 577 | 1424688 | 2 }}
| 7,328
| {{Percentage | 7328 | 1424688 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1424688 | 2 }}
! 1,424,688
! {{Percentage | 1424688 | 1424688 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Rohtak district]]
| 1,400,347
| {{Percentage | 1400347 | 1420391 | 2 }}
| 6,439
| {{Percentage | 6439 | 1420391 | 2 }}
| 7,349
| {{Percentage | 7349 | 1420391 | 2 }}
| 355
| {{Percentage | 355 | 1420391 | 2 }}
| 5,471
| {{Percentage | 5471 | 1420391 | 2 }}
| 430
| {{Percentage | 430 | 1420391 | 2 }}
! 1,420,391
! {{Percentage | 1420391 | 1420391 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ambala district]]
| 981,288
| {{Percentage | 981288 | 1373477 | 2 }}
| 340,968
| {{Percentage | 340968 | 1373477 | 2 }}
| 40,351
| {{Percentage | 40351 | 1373477 | 2 }}
| 4,877
| {{Percentage | 4877 | 1373477 | 2 }}
| 5,318
| {{Percentage | 5318 | 1373477 | 2 }}
| 675
| {{Percentage | 675 | 1373477 | 2 }}
! 1,373,477
! {{Percentage | 1373477 | 1373477 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gurgaon district]]
| 1,011,862
| {{Percentage | 1011862 | 1240706 | 2 }}
| 8,362
| {{Percentage | 8362 | 1240706 | 2 }}
| 216,767
| {{Percentage | 216767 | 1240706 | 2 }}
| 730
| {{Percentage | 730 | 1240706 | 2 }}
| 2,930
| {{Percentage | 2930 | 1240706 | 2 }}
| 55
| {{Percentage | 55 | 1240706 | 2 }}
! 1,240,706
! {{Percentage | 1240706 | 1240706 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hoshiarpur district]]
| 835,436
| {{Percentage | 835436 | 1233493 | 2 }}
| 381,965
| {{Percentage | 381965 | 1233493 | 2 }}
| 7,050
| {{Percentage | 7050 | 1233493 | 2 }}
| 7,207
| {{Percentage | 7207 | 1233493 | 2 }}
| 1,794
| {{Percentage | 1794 | 1233493 | 2 }}
| 41
| {{Percentage | 41 | 1233493 | 2 }}
! 1,233,493
! {{Percentage | 1233493 | 1233493 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jalandhar district]]
| 662,631
| {{Percentage | 662631 | 1227367 | 2 }}
| 550,232
| {{Percentage | 550232 | 1227367 | 2 }}
| 3,184
| {{Percentage | 3184 | 1227367 | 2 }}
| 8,733
| {{Percentage | 8733 | 1227367 | 2 }}
| 2,278
| {{Percentage | 2278 | 1227367 | 2 }}
| 309
| {{Percentage | 309 | 1227367 | 2 }}
! 1,227,367
! {{Percentage | 1227367 | 1227367 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kangra district]]
| 1,043,387
| {{Percentage | 1043387 | 1062518 | 2 }}
| 8,854
| {{Percentage | 8854 | 1062518 | 2 }}
| 6,701
| {{Percentage | 6701 | 1062518 | 2 }}
| 1,251
| {{Percentage | 1251 | 1062518 | 2 }}
| 127
| {{Percentage | 127 | 1062518 | 2 }}
| 2,198
| {{Percentage | 2198 | 1062518 | 2 }}
! 1,062,518
! {{Percentage | 1062518 | 1062518 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bhatinda district]]
| 285,967
| {{Percentage | 285967 | 1055177 | 2 }}
| 762,677
| {{Percentage | 762677 | 1055177 | 2 }}
| 3,340
| {{Percentage | 3340 | 1055177 | 2 }}
| 956
| {{Percentage | 956 | 1055177 | 2 }}
| 2,209
| {{Percentage | 2209 | 1055177 | 2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 28 | 1055177 | 2 }}
! 1,055,177
! {{Percentage | 1055177 | 1055177 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Patiala district]]
| 480,086
| {{Percentage | 480086 | 1048778 | 2 }}
| 553,438
| {{Percentage | 553438 | 1048778 | 2 }}
| 11,714
| {{Percentage | 11714 | 1048778 | 2 }}
| 1,565
| {{Percentage | 1565 | 1048778 | 2 }}
| 1,944
| {{Percentage | 1944 | 1048778 | 2 }}
| 31
| {{Percentage | 31 | 1048778 | 2 }}
! 1,048,778
! {{Percentage | 1048778 | 1048778 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ludhiana district]]
| 365,429
| {{Percentage | 365429 | 1022519 | 2 }}
| 644,266
| {{Percentage | 644266 | 1022519 | 2 }}
| 4,686
| {{Percentage | 4686 | 1022519 | 2 }}
| 2,638
| {{Percentage | 2638 | 1022519 | 2 }}
| 5,110
| {{Percentage | 5110 | 1022519 | 2 }}
| 390
| {{Percentage | 390 | 1022519 | 2 }}
! 1,022,519
! {{Percentage | 1022519 | 1022519 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gurdaspur district]]
| 494,635
| {{Percentage | 494635 | 987994 | 2 }}
| 424,190
| {{Percentage | 424190 | 987994 | 2 }}
| 5,566
| {{Percentage | 5566 | 987994 | 2 }}
| 62,231
| {{Percentage | 62231 | 987994 | 2 }}
| 69
| {{Percentage | 69 | 987994 | 2 }}
| 1,303
| {{Percentage | 1303 | 987994 | 2 }}
! 987,994
! {{Percentage | 987994 | 987994 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mahendragarh district]]
| 543,480
| {{Percentage | 543480 | 547850 | 2 }}
| 2,222
| {{Percentage | 2222 | 547850 | 2 }}
| 1,456
| {{Percentage | 1456 | 547850 | 2 }}
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29 | 547850 | 2 }}
| 663
| {{Percentage | 663 | 547850 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 547850 | 2 }}
! 547,850
! {{Percentage | 547850 | 547850 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mandi district]]
| 380,453
| {{Percentage | 380453 | 384259 | 2 }}
| 1,759
| {{Percentage | 1759 | 384259 | 2 }}
| 1,868
| {{Percentage | 1868 | 384259 | 2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 28 | 384259 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 384259 | 2 }}
| 141
| {{Percentage | 141 | 384259 | 2 }}
! 384,259
! {{Percentage | 384259 | 384259 | 2 }}
|-
| Mahasu district
| 354,247
| {{Percentage | 354247 | 358969 | 2 }}
| 793
| {{Percentage | 793 | 358969 | 2 }}
| 2,958
| {{Percentage | 2958 | 358969 | 2 }}
| 203
| {{Percentage | 203 | 358969 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 358969 | 2 }}
| 759
| {{Percentage | 759 | 358969 | 2 }}
! 358,969
! {{Percentage | 358969 | 358969 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kapurthala district]]
| 140,828
| {{Percentage | 140828 | 343778 | 2 }}
| 200,117
| {{Percentage | 200117 | 343778 | 2 }}
| 856
| {{Percentage | 856 | 343778 | 2 }}
| 1,535
| {{Percentage | 1535 | 343778 | 2 }}
| 416
| {{Percentage | 416 | 343778 | 2 }}
| 26
| {{Percentage | 26 | 343778 | 2 }}
! 343,778
! {{Percentage | 343778 | 343778 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Chamba district]]
| 197,821
| {{Percentage | 197821 | 210579 | 2 }}
| 398
| {{Percentage | 398 | 210579 | 2 }}
| 10,512
| {{Percentage | 10512 | 210579 | 2 }}
| 105
| {{Percentage | 105 | 210579 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 210579 | 2 }}
| 1,733
| {{Percentage | 1733 | 210579 | 2 }}
! 210,579
! {{Percentage | 210579 | 210579 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sirmaur district|Sirmur district]]
| 185,020
| {{Percentage | 185020 | 197551 | 2 }}
| 3,867
| {{Percentage | 3867 | 197551 | 2 }}
| 8,203
| {{Percentage | 8203 | 197551 | 2 }}
| 221
| {{Percentage | 221 | 197551 | 2 }}
| 64
| {{Percentage | 64 | 197551 | 2 }}
| 176
| {{Percentage | 176 | 197551 | 2 }}
! 197,551
! {{Percentage | 197551 | 197551 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]]
| 155,094
| {{Percentage | 155094 | 158806 | 2 }}
| 1,593
| {{Percentage | 1593 | 158806 | 2 }}
| 2,078
| {{Percentage | 2078 | 158806 | 2 }}
| 35
| {{Percentage | 35 | 158806 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 158806 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 158806 | 2 }}
! 158,806
! {{Percentage | 158806 | 158806 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Simla district]]
| 104,784
| {{Percentage | 104784 | 112653 | 2 }}
| 5,392
| {{Percentage | 5392 | 112653 | 2 }}
| 1,214
| {{Percentage | 1214 | 112653 | 2 }}
| 1,059
| {{Percentage | 1059 | 112653 | 2 }}
| 135
| {{Percentage | 135 | 112653 | 2 }}
| 69
| {{Percentage | 69 | 112653 | 2 }}
! 112,653
! {{Percentage | 112653 | 112653 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kinnaur district]]
| 37,384
| {{Percentage | 37384 | 40980 | 2 }}
| 27
| {{Percentage | 27 | 40980 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 40980 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 40980 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 40980 | 2 }}
| 3,569
| {{Percentage | 3569 | 40980 | 2 }}
! 40,980
! {{Percentage | 40980 | 40980 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lahaul and Spiti district]]
| 9,575
| {{Percentage | 9575 | 20453 | 2 }}
| 162
| {{Percentage | 162 | 20453 | 2 }}
| 1,210
| {{Percentage | 1210 | 20453 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 20453 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 20453 | 2 }}
| 9,503
| {{Percentage | 9503 | 20453 | 2 }}
! 20,453
! {{Percentage | 20453 | 20453 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 14,240,064
! {{Percentage | 14240064 | 21657956 | 2 }}
! 6,777,566
! {{Percentage | 6777566 | 21657956 | 2 }}
! 418,933
! {{Percentage | 418933 | 21657956 | 2 }}
! 150,426
! {{Percentage | 150426 | 21657956 | 2 }}
! 48,849
! {{Percentage | 48849 | 21657956 | 2 }}
! 22,118
! {{Percentage | 22118 | 21657956 | 2 }}
! 21,657,956
! {{Percentage | 21657956 | 21657956 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of [[Punjab, India]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]].}}
|}

=== 1971 census ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religions in East Punjab, India region (1971)<ref name="Census1971Punjab"/><ref name="Census1971Haryana"/><ref name="Census1971Himachal"/><ref name="Census1971Chandigarh"/>{{efn|name=EastPunjab1971}}
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 64.28
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Sikhism]]
| value2 = 32.6
| color2 = DarkKhaki
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 2.1
| color3 = Green
| label4 = Christianity
| value4 = 0.65
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = Jainism
| value5 = 0.2
| color5 = Brown
| label6 = Others{{efn|name=others}}
| value6 = 0.17
| color6 = grey
}}

By the time of the 1971 Census, the administrative boundaries of the region had changed significantly following the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966]], which came into effect on 1 November 1966. Under this Act, the state of [[Haryana]] was created out of the southeastern portion of Punjab, and several hilly regions were transferred to Himachal Pradesh. Additionally, an area comprising the city of Chandigarh Capital Project, Manimajra and 36 villages from [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] Tehsil was separated from Punjab to form the [[Chandigarh|Union Territory of Chandigarh.]] The 1971 Census was conducted according to the same administrative boundaries that exist today for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Chandigarh Union Territory]].

The religious demography of the East Punjab region including the contemporary states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and the [[Union Territory of Chandigarh]] is broken down below by district with an overall total as per the [[1971 census of India]].<ref name="Census1971Punjab" /><ref name="Census1971Haryana" /><ref name="Census1971Himachal" /><ref name="Census1971Chandigarh" />

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
|+ Religion in the Districts of East Punjab, India region (1971)<ref name="Census1971Punjab">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28585 |title=Distribution of Population Religion and Scheduled Castes, Part II-C(i) and Part V-A, Series-17, Punjab - Census 1971 |website=Census Digital Library|pages=9|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Census1971Haryana">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32065 |title=Social and Cultural Tables & Special Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Part II-C (i), Part V-A, Series-6, Haryana - Census 1971 |website=Census Digital Library |pages=12 |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Census1971Himachal">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32055 |title=Social and Cultural Tables, Part-II-C(i), Series-7, Himachal Pradesh - Census 1971 |website=Census Digital Library|pages=26|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Census1971Chandigarh">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32066 |title=Social and Cultural Tables & Special Tables for Scheduled Castes, Part II-C(i), Part VA & Part II-C(ii), Series-25, Chandigarh - Census 1971 |website=Census Digital Library|pages=12|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>{{efn|name=EastPunjab1971|Immediately following the [[Partition of India|partition of India in 1947]], [[Districts of British India|districts]] and [[Princely state]]s that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the [[Radcliffe Line]] formed the subdivision of East Punjab, which included [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Bilaspur State (1950–1954)|Bilaspur State]].<ref name="Census1951"/> The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and the [[Union Territory of Chandigarh]].}}
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=others}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Hisar district]]
| 1,893,125
| {{Percentage | 1893125 | 2132948 | 2 }}
| 218,854
| {{Percentage | 218854 | 2132948 | 2 }}
| 12,211
| {{Percentage | 12211 | 2132948 | 2 }}
| 1,732
| {{Percentage | 1732 | 2132948 | 2 }}
| 6,239
| {{Percentage | 6239 | 2132948 | 2 }}
| 787
| {{Percentage | 787 | 2132948 | 2 }}
! 2,132,948
! {{Percentage | 2132948 | 2132948 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Karnal district]]
| 1,714,103
| {{Percentage | 1714103 | 1981303 | 2 }}
| 232,237
| {{Percentage | 232237 | 1981303 | 2 }}
| 27,523
| {{Percentage | 27523 | 1981303 | 2 }}
| 2,693
| {{Percentage | 2693 | 1981303 | 2 }}
| 4,112
| {{Percentage | 4112 | 1981303 | 2 }}
| 635
| {{Percentage | 635 | 1981303 | 2 }}
! 1,981,303
! {{Percentage | 1981303 | 1981303 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Firozpur district]]
| 639,911
| {{Percentage | 639911 | 1905833 | 2 }}
| 1,240,218
| {{Percentage | 1240218 | 1905833 | 2 }}
| 6,340
| {{Percentage | 6340 | 1905833 | 2 }}
| 16,158
| {{Percentage | 16158 | 1905833 | 2 }}
| 1,084
| {{Percentage | 1084 | 1905833 | 2 }}
| 2,122
| {{Percentage | 2122 | 1905833 | 2 }}
! 1,905,833
! {{Percentage | 1905833 | 1905833 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Amritsar district]]
| 430,019
| {{Percentage | 430019 | 1835500 | 2 }}
| 1,362,291
| {{Percentage | 1362291 | 1835500 | 2 }}
| 3,044
| {{Percentage | 3044 | 1835500 | 2 }}
| 37,703
| {{Percentage | 37703 | 1835500 | 2 }}
| 2,295
| {{Percentage | 2295 | 1835500 | 2 }}
| 148
| {{Percentage | 148 | 1835500 | 2 }}
! 1,835,500
! {{Percentage | 1835500 | 1835500 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Rohtak district]]
| 1,758,569
| {{Percentage | 1758569 | 1785534 | 2 }}
| 7,591
| {{Percentage | 7591 | 1785534 | 2 }}
| 11,053
| {{Percentage | 11053 | 1785534 | 2 }}
| 432
| {{Percentage | 432 | 1785534 | 2 }}
| 7,565
| {{Percentage | 7565 | 1785534 | 2 }}
| 324
| {{Percentage | 324 | 1785534 | 2 }}
! 1,785,534
! {{Percentage | 1785534 | 1785534 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gurgaon district]]
| 1,387,102
| {{Percentage | 1387102 | 1707369 | 2 }}
| 15,889
| {{Percentage | 15889 | 1707369 | 2 }}
| 298,499
| {{Percentage | 298499 | 1707369 | 2 }}
| 1,799
| {{Percentage | 1799 | 1707369 | 2 }}
| 3,704
| {{Percentage | 3704 | 1707369 | 2 }}
| 376
| {{Percentage | 376 | 1707369 | 2 }}
! 1,707,369
! {{Percentage | 1707369 | 1707369 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jalandhar district]]
| 784,048
| {{Percentage | 784048 | 1454501 | 2 }}
| 653,018
| {{Percentage | 653018 | 1454501 | 2 }}
| 3,362
| {{Percentage | 3362 | 1454501 | 2 }}
| 10,705
| {{Percentage | 10705 | 1454501 | 2 }}
| 2,660
| {{Percentage | 2660 | 1454501 | 2 }}
| 708
| {{Percentage | 708 | 1454501 | 2 }}
! 1,454,501
! {{Percentage | 1454501 | 1454501 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ludhiana district]]
| 471,519
| {{Percentage | 471519 | 1419421 | 2 }}
| 932,712
| {{Percentage | 932712 | 1419421 | 2 }}
| 5,620
| {{Percentage | 5620 | 1419421 | 2 }}
| 3,027
| {{Percentage | 3027 | 1419421 | 2 }}
| 6,176
| {{Percentage | 6176 | 1419421 | 2 }}
| 367
| {{Percentage | 367 | 1419421 | 2 }}
! 1,419,421
! {{Percentage | 1419421 | 1419421 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kangra district]]
| 1,292,152
| {{Percentage | 1292152 | 1327211 | 2 }}
| 19,238
| {{Percentage | 19238 | 1327211 | 2 }}
| 11,787
| {{Percentage | 11787 | 1327211 | 2 }}
| 787
| {{Percentage | 787 | 1327211 | 2 }}
| 185
| {{Percentage | 185 | 1327211 | 2 }}
| 3,062
| {{Percentage | 3062 | 1327211 | 2 }}
! 1,327,211
! {{Percentage | 1327211 | 1327211 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bhatinda district]]
| 297,382
| {{Percentage | 297382 | 1318134 | 2 }}
| 1,014,091
| {{Percentage | 1014091 | 1318134 | 2 }}
| 3,829
| {{Percentage | 3829 | 1318134 | 2 }}
| 752
| {{Percentage | 752 | 1318134 | 2 }}
| 2,072
| {{Percentage | 2072 | 1318134 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 1318134 | 2 }}
! 1,318,134
! {{Percentage | 1318134 | 1318134 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gurdaspur district]]
| 590,290
| {{Percentage | 590290 | 1229249 | 2 }}
| 550,996
| {{Percentage | 550996 | 1229249 | 2 }}
| 6,868
| {{Percentage | 6868 | 1229249 | 2 }}
| 79,732
| {{Percentage | 79732 | 1229249 | 2 }}
| 152
| {{Percentage | 152 | 1229249 | 2 }}
| 1,211
| {{Percentage | 1211 | 1229249 | 2 }}
! 1,229,249
! {{Percentage | 1229249 | 1229249 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Patiala district]]
| 539,128
| {{Percentage | 539128 | 1215100 | 2 }}
| 659,020
| {{Percentage | 659020 | 1215100 | 2 }}
| 13,644
| {{Percentage | 13644 | 1215100 | 2 }}
| 1,696
| {{Percentage | 1696 | 1215100 | 2 }}
| 1,380
| {{Percentage | 1380 | 1215100 | 2 }}
| 232
| {{Percentage | 232 | 1215100 | 2 }}
! 1,215,100
! {{Percentage | 1215100 | 1215100 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sangrur district]]
| 311,197
| {{Percentage | 311197 | 1146650 | 2 }}
| 767,071
| {{Percentage | 767071 | 1146650 | 2 }}
| 64,448
| {{Percentage | 64448 | 1146650 | 2 }}
| 806
| {{Percentage | 806 | 1146650 | 2 }}
| 2,982
| {{Percentage | 2982 | 1146650 | 2 }}
| 146
| {{Percentage | 146 | 1146650 | 2 }}
! 1,146,650
! {{Percentage | 1146650 | 1146650 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ambala district]]
| 907,075
| {{Percentage | 907075 | 1098405 | 2 }}
| 138,018
| {{Percentage | 138018 | 1098405 | 2 }}
| 45,407
| {{Percentage | 45407 | 1098405 | 2 }}
| 3,051
| {{Percentage | 3051 | 1098405 | 2 }}
| 4,541
| {{Percentage | 4541 | 1098405 | 2 }}
| 313
| {{Percentage | 313 | 1098405 | 2 }}
! 1,098,405
! {{Percentage | 1098405 | 1098405 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hoshiarpur district]]
| 623,413
| {{Percentage | 623413 | 1052153 | 2 }}
| 414,323
| {{Percentage | 414323 | 1052153 | 2 }}
| 3,456
| {{Percentage | 3456 | 1052153 | 2 }}
| 8,594
| {{Percentage | 8594 | 1052153 | 2 }}
| 1,602
| {{Percentage | 1602 | 1052153 | 2 }}
| 765
| {{Percentage | 765 | 1052153 | 2 }}
! 1,052,153
! {{Percentage | 1052153 | 1052153 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mahendragarh district]]
| 684,763
| {{Percentage | 684763 | 691639 | 2 }}
| 2,462
| {{Percentage | 2462 | 691639 | 2 }}
| 3,380
| {{Percentage | 3380 | 691639 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 691639 | 2 }}
| 782
| {{Percentage | 782 | 691639 | 2 }}
| 235
| {{Percentage | 235 | 691639 | 2 }}
! 691,639
! {{Percentage | 691639 | 691639 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jind district]]
| 611,573
| {{Percentage | 611573 | 639610 | 2 }}
| 15,997
| {{Percentage | 15997 | 639610 | 2 }}
| 7,650
| {{Percentage | 7650 | 639610 | 2 }}
| 78
| {{Percentage | 78 | 639610 | 2 }}
| 4,230
| {{Percentage | 4230 | 639610 | 2 }}
| 82
| {{Percentage | 82 | 639610 | 2 }}
! 639,610
! {{Percentage | 639610 | 639610 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Rupar district]]
| 237,016
| {{Percentage | 237016 | 545005 | 2 }}
| 303,102
| {{Percentage | 303102 | 545005 | 2 }}
| 2,978
| {{Percentage | 2978 | 545005 | 2 }}
| 1,212
| {{Percentage | 1212 | 545005 | 2 }}
| 655
| {{Percentage | 655 | 545005 | 2 }}
| 42
| {{Percentage | 42 | 545005 | 2 }}
! 545,005
! {{Percentage | 545005 | 545005 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mandi district]]
| 505,476
| {{Percentage | 505476 | 515180 | 2 }}
| 5,692
| {{Percentage | 5692 | 515180 | 2 }}
| 3,132
| {{Percentage | 3132 | 515180 | 2 }}
| 131
| {{Percentage | 131 | 515180 | 2 }}
| 26
| {{Percentage | 26 | 515180 | 2 }}
| 723
| {{Percentage | 723 | 515180 | 2 }}
! 515,180
! {{Percentage | 515180 | 515180 | 2 }}
|-
| Mahasu district
| 434,625
| {{Percentage | 434625 | 440118 | 2 }}
| 1,547
| {{Percentage | 1547 | 440118 | 2 }}
| 2,927
| {{Percentage | 2927 | 440118 | 2 }}
| 272
| {{Percentage | 272 | 440118 | 2 }}
| 27
| {{Percentage | 27 | 440118 | 2 }}
| 720
| {{Percentage | 720 | 440118 | 2 }}
! 440,118
! {{Percentage | 440118 | 440118 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kapurthala district]]
| 163,312
| {{Percentage | 163312 | 429514 | 2 }}
| 263,130
| {{Percentage | 263130 | 429514 | 2 }}
| 858
| {{Percentage | 858 | 429514 | 2 }}
| 1,817
| {{Percentage | 1817 | 429514 | 2 }}
| 325
| {{Percentage | 325 | 429514 | 2 }}
| 72
| {{Percentage | 72 | 429514 | 2 }}
! 429,514
! {{Percentage | 429514 | 429514 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Chandigarh Union Territory]]
| 184,395
| {{Percentage | 184395 | 257251 | 2 }}
| 65,472
| {{Percentage | 65472 | 257251 | 2 }}
| 3,720
| {{Percentage | 3720 | 257251 | 2 }}
| 2,504
| {{Percentage | 2504 | 257251 | 2 }}
| 1,016
| {{Percentage | 1016 | 257251 | 2 }}
| 144
| {{Percentage | 144 | 257251 | 2 }}
! 257,251
! {{Percentage | 257251 | 257251 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Chamba district]]
| 237,104
| {{Percentage | 237104 | 255233 | 2 }}
| 878
| {{Percentage | 878 | 255233 | 2 }}
| 14,207
| {{Percentage | 14207 | 255233 | 2 }}
| 505
| {{Percentage | 505 | 255233 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 255233 | 2 }}
| 2,539
| {{Percentage | 2539 | 255233 | 2 }}
! 255,233
! {{Percentage | 255233 | 255233 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sirmaur district]]
| 226,905
| {{Percentage | 226905 | 245033 | 2 }}
| 5,350
| {{Percentage | 5350 | 245033 | 2 }}
| 10,938
| {{Percentage | 10938 | 245033 | 2 }}
| 391
| {{Percentage | 391 | 245033 | 2 }}
| 130
| {{Percentage | 130 | 245033 | 2 }}
| 1,319
| {{Percentage | 1319 | 245033 | 2 }}
! 245,033
! {{Percentage | 245033 | 245033 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Simla district]]
| 200,658
| {{Percentage | 200658 | 217129 | 2 }}
| 9,744
| {{Percentage | 9744 | 217129 | 2 }}
| 4,349
| {{Percentage | 4349 | 217129 | 2 }}
| 970
| {{Percentage | 970 | 217129 | 2 }}
| 221
| {{Percentage | 221 | 217129 | 2 }}
| 1,187
| {{Percentage | 1187 | 217129 | 2 }}
! 217,129
! {{Percentage | 217129 | 217129 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]]
| 190,877
| {{Percentage | 190877 | 194786 | 2 }}
| 1,333
| {{Percentage | 1333 | 194786 | 2 }}
| 2,523
| {{Percentage | 2523 | 194786 | 2 }}
| 32
| {{Percentage | 32 | 194786 | 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 194786 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 194786 | 2 }}
! 194,786
! {{Percentage | 194786 | 194786 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kullu district|Kulu district]]
| 185,523
| {{Percentage | 185523 | 192371 | 2 }}
| 832
| {{Percentage | 832 | 192371 | 2 }}
| 409
| {{Percentage | 409 | 192371 | 2 }}
| 334
| {{Percentage | 334 | 192371 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 192371 | 2 }}
| 5,256
| {{Percentage | 5256 | 192371 | 2 }}
! 192,371
! {{Percentage | 192371 | 192371 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kinnaur district]]
| 42,486
| {{Percentage | 42486 | 49835 | 2 }}
| 193
| {{Percentage | 193 | 49835 | 2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 28 | 49835 | 2 }}
| 35
| {{Percentage | 35 | 49835 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 49835 | 2 }}
| 7,086
| {{Percentage | 7086 | 49835 | 2 }}
! 49,835
! {{Percentage | 49835 | 49835 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahul and Spiti district]]
| 8,821
| {{Percentage | 8821 | 23538 | 2 }}
| 107
| {{Percentage | 107 | 23538 | 2 }}
| 27
| {{Percentage | 27 | 23538 | 2 }}
| 99
| {{Percentage | 99 | 23538 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 23538 | 2 }}
| 14,483
| {{Percentage | 14483 | 23538 | 2 }}
! 23,538
! {{Percentage | 23538 | 23538 | 2 }}
|-
! Total
! 17,552,567
! {{Percentage | 17552567 | 27305553 | 2 }}
! 8,901,406
! {{Percentage | 8901406 | 27305553 | 2 }}
! 574,217
! {{Percentage | 574217 | 27305553 | 2 }}
! 178,064
! {{Percentage | 178064 | 27305553 | 2 }}
! 54,198
! {{Percentage | 54198 | 27305553 | 2 }}
! 45,101
! {{Percentage | 45101 | 27305553 | 2 }}
! 27,305,553
! {{Percentage | 27305553 | 27305553 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of [[Punjab, India]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]].}}
|}

=== 2011 census ===
==== Religion ====
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in East Punjab (2011)<ref name="C-01">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361 |date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304032824/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361 |archive-date=4 March 2025 |title=C-01: Population by religious community, 2011 |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 65.94
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Sikhism]]
| value2 = 28.63
| color2 = DarkKhaki
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 4.13
| color3 = Green
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 1.3
| color4 = Grey
}}
East Punjab comprising the states of ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana, [[Himachal Pradesh]] and Union territory of [[Chandigarh]]) had a population of 61,014,852 people as of 2011 census report of India. The Hindus form a majority in East Punjab region with 40,234,605 adherents comprising (65.94%), Sikhs are 17,466,731 comprising (28.62%) of the region, Muslims are 2,518,159 comprising (4.12%) of the region and others are 795,357 including Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and atheists together comprising remaining (1.3%) of the region.

Sikhs are the majority in Punjab, while Hindus form the majority in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chandigarh. Muslims survived in districts of [[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]] and [[Nuh district|Nuh]]. Christians have dominance in Punjab while Bhuddhist dominate [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="C-01"/>

==== Language ====
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages spoken in East Punjab (2011)<ref name="C-16">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191 |date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219122350/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, 2011 |access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value1 = 46.16
| color1 = blue
| label2 = [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
| value2 = 26.64
| color2 = Orange
| label3 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
| value3 = 15.44
| color3 = Red
| label4 = [[Western Pahari|Pahari languages]]
| value4 = 7.53
| color4 = yellow
| label5 = Others
| value5 = 4.23
| color5 = green
}}

As per 2011 census, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the most spoken language and is spoken by 28,166,306 people, followed by [[Hindi language|Hindi]] which is spoken by 16,259,205 people, [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] by 9,423,138 people and [[Western Pahari]] language by 4,599,283 people. While 2,580,928 people speaks other languages like [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref name="C-16"/>

==Modern usage==
Since it ceased to be the name of a state, "East Punjab" has been used in India to refer to the eastern part of the present Punjab state, while in Pakistan it means the eastern part of Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]], although Pakistanis also sometimes refer to the current Indian Punjab as "East Punjab".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/349976/ties-will-grow-says-indian-punjab-cm|title=Ties will grow, says Indian Punjab CM|date=31 January 2004}}</ref>
Terms East and West Punjab are also often used in modern India and Pakistan when making a comparison between the two territories.

==See also==
*[[History of Punjab]]
* [[West Punjab]]
* [[Punjab region]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1940s in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]
[[Category:Punjab]]

Anil Nedumangad

2026-03-08T00:58:31Z

Vikibnf: refined information additionally and updated info

{{short description|Indian actor (1972–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anil Nedumangad
| image = Anil_P_Nedumangad.jpg
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1972|5|30}}
| birth_place = [[Nedumangad]], Kerala, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|12|25|1972|5|30}}
| death_place = [[Malankara Dam]], Kerala, India
| spouse =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|[[TV anchor]]}}
| years_active = 2014{{En dash}}2020
}}

'''Anil Nedumangad''' (also known as '''P. Anil'''; 30 May 1972 – 25 December 2020) was an Indian actor who appeared in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].

== Acting career ==
He made his debut in ''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]'' with an uncredited appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/170616/from-freddy-to-surendran-anil-p-nedumangad.html|title=From Freddy to Surendran: Anil P Nedumangad|date=17 June 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> His breakthrough was in the 2014 film ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]'', directed by [[Rajeev Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/paapam-cheyyathavar-kalleriyatte-movie-review-rating-6280197/|title=Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte movie review: On relationships, morality and sin|date=21 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/050919/idam-going-places.html|title=Idam going places|date=5 September 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-with-anil-nedumangad-029973.html|title=മമ്മൂട്ടിയുടെ സഹായത്തോടെ സിനിമയില്‍, കൈ പിടിച്ചു കയറ്റിയത് രാജീവ് രവി; അനില്‍ പറയുന്നു|first=ശ്രീകാന്ത്|last=കൊല്ലം|date=31 August 2016|website=malayalam.filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/dec/25/malayalam-actor-anil-nedumangad-passes-away-21945.html|title=Malayalam actor Anil Nedumangad passes away|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=25 December 2020}}</ref> Other movies where he played important roles were ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'', ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'', ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]'', ''[[Paavada]]'' and ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/malayalam-actor-anil-nedumangadu--drowns-in-malankara-dam/1999435|title=Malayalam actor Anil Nedumangadu drowns in Malankara dam|agency=PTI|date=25 December 2020|website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/actor-anil-nedumangad-drowns-in-malankara-dam-1.5307854|title=Actor Anil Nedumangad drowns in Malankara dam|agency=Mathrubhumi|date=25 December 2020|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225152733/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/actor-anil-nedumangad-drowns-in-malankara-dam-1.5307854|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-actor-anil-nedumangad-drowns-in-malankara-dam-reservoir/articleshow/79957027.cms|title=Kerala: Actor Anil Nedumangad drowns in Malankara dam reservoir|agency=Times of India|date=25 December 2020|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/breaking-mollywood-actor-anil-nedumangadu-dies-after-drowning-malankara-dam-831507|title=Breaking: Mollywood actor Anil Nedumangadu dies after drowning in Malankara dam|agency=International Business Times|date=25 December 2020|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Anil was born in [[Nedumangad]], [[Trivandrum]] as the son of C. Peethambharan Nair, a retired teacher, and Rajamma. He had an elder brother, Anand, an [[ayurvedic]] doctor. He studied in Mancha School, [[Nedumangad]] and pursued BA Malayalam course at [[Mahatma Gandhi College]], [[Trivandrum]] and then went to School of Drama, [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2020/02/17/anil-nedumangad-interview.html|title=അയ്യപ്പന്‍റെയും കോശിയുടെയും സിഐ; അനുഭവം പറഞ്ഞ് അനില്‍: അഭിമുഖം|website=Manoramanews|date=17 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/celebrity-talk/anil-nedumangad-about-film-ayyappanum-koshiyum/|title='ആ ഒരു ഉത്കണ്ഠയൊഴിച്ചാല്‍ ഏറെ ആസ്വദിച്ച് ചെയ്ത കഥാപാത്രം'; അയ്യപ്പന്‍ കോശി അനുഭവം പറഞ്ഞ് അനില്‍ നെടുമങ്ങാട് {{!}} Southlive Malayalam: Kerala News, Malayalam News, Breaking News, Movie News, Political News|last=Desk|first=Movie|date=17 February 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://www.latestnewssouthafrica.com/2020/12/25/actor-anil-nedumangad-reportedly-dies-at-the-age-of-48yrs/ Actor Anil Nedumangad reportedly dies at the age of 48yrs]</ref> He started his career as a TV anchor and program producer for TV Channels [[Kairali TV]], [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], [[JaiHind TV]], [[Reporter TV]] and Kairali News.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/mar/09/mystery-unfurled-1579645.html|title=Mystery unfurled|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 March 2017 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Anil-Nedumangad|title=Anil Nedumangad: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/03/06/biriyaani-gets-jury-award-at-bengaluru-film-festival.html|title=Malayalam movie Biriyaani gets top honours at Bengaluru Film Festival|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

== Death ==
Anil died from [[drowning]] at [[Malankara Dam]] while swimming with friends during a break of the film ''[[Peace (2021 film)|Peace]]'' on 25 December 2020, aged 48.<ref>{{cite news |title=നടൻ അനിൽ നെടുമങ്ങാട് മുങ്ങിമരിച്ചു; അപകടം കൂട്ടുകാർക്കൊപ്പം കുളിക്കുമ്പോൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2020/12/25/malayalam-film-actor-anil-nedumangad-found-dead.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |date=26 December 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/actor-anil-nedumangad-drown-to-death-in-malankara-dam-qlwd59 Film actor Anil Nedumangad drowned in Malankara Dam]. asianetnews.com (25 December 2020)</ref> He re-entered the dam for bathing after already having a bath, and was trapped in an undercurrent. After long search his friends could not find him and sought the help of [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services|Kerala Fire Force]] and local people. Though he was taken to the nearby hospital, his life could not be saved. Locals say that it is difficult to swim in Malankara Dam, even for extremely good swimmers.

==Filmography==
* All films are in Malayalam language unless otherwise noted.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-

| 2005 ||''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]''||Narayanankutty || Uncredited
|-

| 2014 ||''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''|| Freddy Kochachan||
|-

| 2015 || ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]'' ||[[Circle inspector|CI]] Bhushan Kumar||
|-

| rowspan="4" | 2016
||''[[Paavada|Pavada]]''|| Drunkard Storyteller||
|-

|''[[Kammatipaadam|Kammatti Paadam]]''|| Surendran||
|-

|''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]''|| Mohanan ||
|-
| ''Mundrothuruth: Munroe Island'' || Father ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''Samarpanam'' || Aravindan||
|-
|''[[Ayaal Sassi]]''|| Mansoor ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018 || ''[[Aami]]''|| VM Nair ||
|-
| ''Kalyanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swathanthryam Ardharathriyil]]''||James ||
|-
| ''[[Parole (2018 film)|Parole]]''|| Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Aabhaasam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Nonsense'' || Sudhi ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 ||''[[Janaadhipan]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/janaadhipan/movie-review/67473198.cms|title=Janaadhipan Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Janaadhipan by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>|| Monichan ||
|-
| ''Oru Nakshathramulla Aakasham'' || ||
|-
| ''Neermathalam Poothakaalam'' || ||
|-
|''[[Porinju Mariam Jose|Porinju Mariyam Jose]]''|| Raphael ||
|-
| ''Thelivu''|| Philip||
|-
| ''Poozhikadakan''|| Contractor||
|-
|''[[Valiyaperunnal]]''|| George Zacharia||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 ||''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''||[[Chief inspector|C.I.]] Satheesh||
|-
| ''[[Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte]]'' || Rajan||
|-
| ''Idam'' ||Jayakrishnan
|| Released on [[Over-the-top media services in India|Neestream]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021 || ''[[Biriyaani]]'' ||NIA Officer ||
|-
|''[[Ajagajantharam]]''
|Sony
|
|-
| ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]''
|Police officer
|Rowspan=5|Posthumous release
|-
| ''[[Vishudha Rathrikal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Cold Case (2021 film)|Cold Case]]'' || Police Officer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Peace (2021 film)|Peace]]'' || Alex
|-
|''[[Padavettu]]''|| Liju Krishna
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm8223790}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nedumangad, Anil}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha

2026-03-05T18:13:54Z

Vikibnf: minor cleanup

{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha
| image = Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha (Release poster).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = M.Nageshwara Rao and M. S. Nayak
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Udaykumar]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] Dikki Madhavarao
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = V. Venkat
| editing = Bal G. Yadav M. Thathayya
| studio = Amrutha Kala Productions
| distributor = Amrutha Kala Productions
| released = {{Film date|1963|12|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಶ್ರೀ ರಾಮಾಂಜನೇಯ ಯುದ್ಧ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by M. Nageshwara Rao and M S Nayak. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Udaykumar]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] and Dikki Madhavarao. It marks the debut of composer [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]], who provided the musical score for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/sri-ramanjaneya-yuddha-1963|title=Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/shri-ramanjaneya-yuddha/profile-50027882.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064154/http://www.in.com/shri-ramanjaneya-yuddha/profile-50027882.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-04|title=Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=in.com}}</ref> Notably, the title card reveals that this was Rajkumar's 50th film.

The film was remade in Telugu in 1975 as ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]'' starring [[N. T. Rama Rao]].

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dr. Rajkumar]]
*[[Udaykumar]]
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[Dikki Madhava Rao]]
*B. Raghavendra Rao
*[[H. R. Shastry]]
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[M. Jayashree]]
*Baby Amruthakala
*Baby Padmini
*Rajendra Krishna
*Suryakumar
*Vidyasagar
*Narasimhaiah
*Shivaji Rao
*Srikantaswamy
*Sando Krishna
*Master Gopal
*Kumari Chandrakala
*Kumari Usha
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Chellapilla Satyam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Shri-Ramanjaneya-Yuddha-K0001131|title=Shri Ramanjaneya Yuddha Songs|accessdate=2015-01-09|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Jagadeeshanaaduva" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || Geetha Priya || 03:32
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0369930}}
* {{YouTube|id=qIv9D334AVg|title=Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha}}

[[Category:1963 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Shreemaan Aashique

2026-03-03T23:44:16Z

Vikibnf: added info

{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shreemaan Aashique
| image = Shreemaan Aashique.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Deepak Anand]]
| producer = Shakeel Noorani
| writer = [[Kamlesh Pandey]] [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Urmila Matondkar]]
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = Dinesh Telkar
| editing = Deepak Anand
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1993|03|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shreemaan Aashique''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Deepak Anand]] and produced by Shakeel Noorani. The film stars [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Urmila Matondkar]] in the lead roles.

== Plot ==
Dushyant Kumar Mehra promises his uncle Professor Vishwamitra who runs an association of confirmed single men that he will remain single forever. His stance is a cause for concern for his parents, Kalidas Mehra and Suman Mehra. Dushyant travels to a hill station on a holiday and runs into Shakuntala who falls in love with him. He rebuffs her but she persists and soon he reciprocates her love. Professor Vishwamitra is very upset when he learns of this. What complicates matters further is that the professor himself falls in love with Shakuntala. Eventually Dushyant and Shakuntala end up together.

== Inspiration ==
This film's plot is strikingly similar to that of ''[[Shagird (1967 film)|Shagird]]'' (1967).

==Cast==
*[[Rishi Kapoor]] as Dushyant Kumar Mehra
*[[Urmila Matondkar]] as Shakuntala "Shaku"
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Professor Vishwamitra
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Menka
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Mahesh
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Kalidas Mehra
*[[Reema Lagoo]] as Suman Mehra
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Anand
*[[Annu Kapoor]] as Masterji

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Nadeem–Shravan]]. The song "Ladki Ladki" is copied from the Arabic song "[[Didi (song)|Didi]]" (1992) by Algerian musician [[Khaled (musician)|Khaled]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Katiyar |first1=Arun |title=Rai music poised to take India by storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19921231-rai-music-poised-to-take-india-by-storm-812238-1992-12-31 |access-date=15 April 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=31 December 1992}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chum Loon Hont"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| "Dekha Jabse"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Aasman Tak"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| "Abhi To Main"
| [[Anupam Kher]]
|-
| "Bade Be-Sharam"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Annu Kapoor]]
|-
| "Is Se Zyada Dukh"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| "Is Se Zyada Dukh"
| [[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]]
|-
| "Ladki Ladki"
| [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Vinod Rathod]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0227496}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Krishna-Rukku

2026-03-03T21:27:33Z

Vikibnf: typo fix

{{Short description|2016 film by Anil Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krishna Rukku
| image = Krishna-Rukku.jpg
| caption =
| director = Anil Kumar
| producer = [[Uday K. Mehta]]
| writer = Virinchi Varma
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Ajay Rao]] [[Amulya]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Sridhar V. Sambhram]]
| cinematography = Jagadish Wali
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Vasavi Enterprises
| distributor = Mars Distributors Ramesh Yadav Ramjagadish Films Om Sai Release Ravi Guraddi Combines
| released = {{film date|2016|02|26|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Krishna-Rukku''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by Anil Kumar and produced by Uday K. Mehta. It stars [[Ajay Rao]] and [[Amulya]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/confirmed-ajai-rao-to-romance-amulya-in-mava-i-love-you-190415.html|title=CONFIRMED! Ajai Rao To Romance Amulya In "Krishna-Rukku" |publisher=Filmibeat|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> The film's music is composed by [[Sridhar V. Sambhram]] and cinematography is by Jagadish Wali.

The official launch of the film commenced in August 2015 in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12232-krishna-rukku-launched.html|title=Krishna-Rukku Launched|publisher=Chitraloka|date=19 August 2015}}</ref> The film is a remake of 2013 Telugu movie ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/A-love-hate-story-about-a-couple-and-their-families/articleshow/51160609.cms|title=A love-hate story about a couple and their families}}</ref>

==Plot==
Krishna and Rukku are childhood friends who have grown up fighting over minute things. However, they realize they love each other just when they are about to part ways.

==Cast==
* [[Ajay Rao]] as Krishna
* [[Amulya]] as Rukku
* [[Girija Lokesh]]
* Shobhraj
* Lakshmi Siddaiah
* Swapna Raj
* Lekha Chandra
* Sidhaartha Maadhyamika

===Development===
'''"Krishna-Rukku"''', the film went on floors with producer '''Uday K. Mehta''' roping in actor '''Ajay Ra'''o for the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mava-i-love-you-kannada-news-137410.html|title='Mava I Love You'|work=Indiaglitz|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> After a brief speculation of whether roping Amulya or Radhika for the female lead role, the producer opted for Amulya making a fresh lead pair. A brief photo shoot involving the lead pair and other supporting character artistes was held in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/amoolya-ajay-teamed-kannada-news-140266.html|title=Amoolya - Ajay Teamed|work=Indiaglitz|date=19 August 2015}}</ref> Director '''Anil Kumar''' of ''[[Dilwala]]'' fame was chosen to direct the film. Major portions of the shoot got completed in the span of 50 days with song being filmed in Bangkok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmykannada.com/twt-ajay-rao-amulya-dancing-for-krishna-rukku-in-bangkok-182959.htm|title=Ajay Rao, Amulya dancing for Krishna-Rukku in Bangkok|publisher=Filmy Kannada|date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Sridhar V. Sambhram]] has composed the score and original soundtrack for the film. A song by the name "Lipstick Olagina" is recorded in the voice of actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] which is written by Ananda Priya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/krishna-rukku-complete-hollywood-news-144508.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718103309/https://www.indiaglitz.com/krishna-rukku-complete-hollywood-news-144508.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2019|title='Krishna - Rukku' Complete|work=Indiaglitz|date=13 October 2015}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Helilla Yarallu Naanu
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics1 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Lipstick Olagina
| extra2 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], Shwetha Prabhu
| lyrics2 = Ananda Priya
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Saaku Saakinnu
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics3 = Anil Kumar
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = C for Cow
| extra4 = [[Shashank Sheshagiri]], Sangeetha
| lyrics4 = [[Sridhar V. Sambhram]]
| length4 = 3:38
| title5 = Saaku Saakinnu (female)
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics5 = Anil Kumar
| length5 = 4:20
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5498526}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna-Rukku}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Thimiram

2026-03-03T20:30:46Z

Vikibnf: Started First Pg Nd Citations!

{{Short description|2019 Malayalam-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Italics title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
'''''Thimiram''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film by [[Sivaram Mony]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Shivaram Mony back with Thi.Mi.Ram |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/30/director-shivaram-mony-back-with-thimiram-19566.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> starring K K Sudhakaran, Vishak Nair and Meera Nair. The film was screened at 18th [[Chennai International Film Festival]]. The film is available to stream on Neestream.<ref>{{Cite web |title=തിമിരം ഏപ്രിൽ 29ന് നീസ്ട്രീമിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/04/27/thimiram-movie-ott-release.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> The film companion gave positive reviews about the film, calling it "A well written film about how society normalizes male chauvism"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2021-05-12 |title=Thimiram, On Neestream, Is A Well-Written Film About How Society Normalizes Male Chauvinism |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/thimiram-malayalam-movie-review-neestream-well-written-film-about-how-society-normalizes-male-chauvinism-kk-sudhakaran-meera-nair-ameya-mathew |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Review of Thimiram: Immensely Thought Provoking|date=26 June 2021 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/review-of-thimiram-immensely-thought-provoking/2021/06/26}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film tells the story of a seventy-year-old man's blindness regarding the way he perceives gender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മനസ്സിന്റെ തി.മി.രം; റിവ്യു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2021/04/30/thimiram-malayalam-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=ഈ തിമിരം കണ്ണിനല്ല കാഴ്ചപ്പാടിനാണ്... |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thimiram-malayalam-movie-get-international-national-recognition-discussing-misogyny-1.4985174 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*K K Sudhakaran as Sudhakaran
*Vishak Nair as Ram
*Meera Nair as Vandhana
*[[G. Suresh Kumar]]
*Ameya Mathew

== Film festivals ==

* Best Film, Tagore International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചലച്ചിത്ര മേളകളിൽ കൈയ്യടി നേടി 'തി.മി.രം'; ശ്രദ്ധേയമായി വിശാഖിൻ്റെ ചിത്രം, ഒപ്പം രചനയും! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/malayalam-movie-thimiram-gets-attention-from-international-film-fests/articleshow/77592075.cms |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Chennai International Film Festival]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about misogyny]]

Anish Shah (businessman)

2026-03-03T11:16:05Z

Vikibnf: started a entry added tags

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anish Shah
| image = Anish_Shah_Mahindra.webp
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|12|26}}{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Mumbai University]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]]) [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] ([[Postgraduate Diploma|PGDM]]) [[Carnegie Mellon University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| known_for = Managing Director of [[Mahindra Group]]
}}

'''Anish Shah''' (born 26 December 1969) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[businessman]] and the [[chief executive officer]] and managing director of [[Mahindra Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/mahindra-group-anish-shah-on-global-competitiveness-ev-push-and-export-vision-19509981.htm |title=Mahindra's Anish Shah touches on global competitiveness, EV push, and export vision |date=14 November 2024 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref><ref name="source2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/who-is-anish-shah-the-man-to-succeed-anand-mahindra-from-2021/1800049|title=Who is Anish Shah, the man to succeed Anand Mahindra from 2021|date=20 December 2019 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/mahindra-appoints-anish-shah-as-the-md-and-ceo-effective-from-april-2-11616762650940.html |title=Mahindra appoints Anish Shah as the MD and CEO, effective from April 2 |work=mint |date=26 March 2021 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 |last1=Ghosh |first1=Malyaban }}</ref>

Prior to working at the Mahindra Group, Shah led [[GE Capital|GE Capital India]]. He also worked for [[Bank of America]]'s Debit Products business in the US, [[Bain & Company]] in Boston, and [[Citibank India|Citibank]] in Mumbai. Shah also served as the president of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] for the 2023-2024 term.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Twesh |date=10 December 2023 |title=Mahindra's Anish Shah takes over as FICCI President |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mahindras-anish-shah-takes-over-as-ficci-president/articleshow/105874371.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 Jun 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Anish Shah takes over as FICCI President for 2023-24 |url=https://ficci.in/press_release_details/4830#:~:text=NEW%20DELHI%2C%2009%20December%202023,Convention%20held%20in%20New%20Delhi. |access-date=13 Jun 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shah was born on 26 December 1969 {{citation needed|date=November 2025}} and raised in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lall |first1=Pavan |title=Anish Shah: The man at the wheel |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/anish-shah-the-man-at-the-wheel-111673570439206.html |work=Mint Lounge |publisher=HT Media |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> to the pharmaceutical executive [[Dilip G Shah]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-anish-shah-who-got-rs-25-lakh-monthly-pay-hike-parents-iim-graduates-runs-rs-122-lakh-crore-firm-3050506|title=Meet Anish Shah, IIM alumnus whose parents studied at IIM as well, runs Rs 1.22 lakh crore firm, salary is...
|access-date=19 Jun 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archives.iima.ac.in/snippets/April-2021.html|title=Anish Shah and the First Family of PGPs (April - 2021)|access-date=19 Jun 2025 }}</ref> founder of [[Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/pharma/story/pharma-veteran-dg-shah-passed-away-172924-2019-02-22|title=Pharma veteran DG Shah passed away|date=22 February 2019 |access-date=19 Jun 2025 }}</ref> He completed his early schooling from Jamnabai Narsee School,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/anish-shah-the-man-at-the-wheel-111673570439206.html|title=Anish Shah: The man at the wheel|work=mint |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 |last1=Lall |first1=Pavan }}</ref> and graduated from [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]].

He completed his post-graduate diploma in management from the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]].<ref name="source1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-what-is-anand-mahindras-ceo-anish-shahs-monthly-salary-know-about-his-life-education-and-net-worth-3015821/|title=What is Mahindra Group's CEO Anish Shah's monthly salary? Know about his life, family & education|date=20 March 2023 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref> Shah completed his PhD in finance and accounting from [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cmu.edu/engage/about-us/news/alumni/profile-ashah.html|title=Engage with CMU|access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/a-digital-evangelist-to-help-mahindra-ride-the-tech-wave/articleshow/58504117.cms?from=mdr|title=A digital evangelist to help Mahindra ride the tech wave|work=The Economic Times |date=4 May 2017 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 |last1=Mandavia |first1=Megha }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Tata-in-Forbes-top-20-most-reputed-firms/articleshow/529251.cms | work=Times of India | title=Tata in Forbes' top 20 most reputed firms | access-date=13 Jun 2014 | archive-date=24 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324073837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Tata-in-Forbes-top-20-most-reputed-firms/articleshow/529251.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Shah began his career in Mumbai with Citibank India, and later worked as a strategy consultant at [[Bain & Company]] in Boston.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anish Shah – Agenda Contributor |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/anish-shah/ |work=World Economic Forum |access-date=4 Nov 2025}}</ref>
According to the company’s leadership profile, he also led [[Bank of America|Bank of America's]] Debit Products business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR. ANISH SHAH – Tech Mahindra Leadership Profile |url=https://www.techmahindra.com/about-us/leadership/dr-anish-shah/ |access-date=4 Nov 2025}}</ref>
In 2009, he joined GE Capital India as President & CEO after spending about 14 years with GE Capital’s US and global units.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anish Shah to take over as M&M MD & CEO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/anish-shah-to-take-over-as-mm-md-ceo-to-be-responsible-for-entire-group-businesses/articleshow/81711243.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 Mar 2021 |access-date=4 Nov 2025}}</ref> In 2014 he was appointed to head Group special projects for the Mahindra Group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/mahindra-appoints-anish-shah-as-president-group-specials-project/|title=Mahindra appoints Anish Shah as president, Group Special Projects|access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref> In 2019, he took on the role of Deputy Managing Director and Group Chief Financial Officer (CFO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anand Mahindra to be non-executive chairman, Anish Shah to succeed Pawan Goenka as MD and CEO of M&M |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/anand-mahindra-to-become-non-executive-chairman-of-mahindra/72899812 |access-date=13 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Anish Shah to helm M&M as MD, CEO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/anish-shah-to-helm-mm-as-md-ceo/article34172917.ece |access-date=13 Jun 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He served as Deputy Managing Director and Group Chief Financial Officer (CFO) during a transitional period which commenced in April 2020 before being appointed managing director and CEO of the Mahindra Group in April 2021.<ref name="source4">{{Cite web |title=Anish Shah picked as Mahindra successor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/anish-shah-picked-as-mahindra-successor/cid/1728902 |access-date=13 Jun 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Mahindra management reshuffle: Anish Shah to succeed Pawan Goenka as MD & CEO in 2021 |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/mahindra-management-reshuffle-mandm-announces-succession-plan-anand-mahindra-to-be-non-executive-chairman |access-date=13 Jun 2025}}</ref>

In December 2023, Shah took the role of president of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI), a [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] [[trade association]] and [[advocacy group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mahindras-anish-shah-is-next-ficci-president/articleshow/105479230.cms?from=mdr|title=Mahindra's Anish Shah is next FICCI President|work=The Economic Times |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref>

Additionally, he is co-chair of the India-Australia CEO Council, a member of the Executive Committee of the International Business Council (World Economic Forum) and co-chair of the India Alliance of CEOs for Climate Change ([[World Economic Forum]]). He was Chair of the Automotive Governors Council (World Economic Forum) from 2022–24 and a member of the [[UK Investment Council]] from 2021-2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/uk-investment-council|title=UK Investment Council|access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/anish-shah-takes-over-as-ficci-president-for-2023-24/105887992|title=Anish Shah takes over as FICCI President for 2023-24 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref>

=== As CEO of Mahindra ===
Shah became Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Mahindra Group in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra appoints Anish Shah as the MD and CEO, effective from April 2 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/mahindra-appoints-anish-shah-as-the-md-and-ceo-effective-from-april-2-11616762650940.html |work=Mint |date=26 March 2021 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> During Shah’s tenure, Mahindra restructured its portfolio by exiting underperforming international operations, including [[SsangYong Motor|SsangYong]] and [[GenZe (company)|GenZe]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/anish-shah-is-breathing-new-lifes-into-mahindra-group-can-he-take-on-the-elon-musk-challenge/95702/1 |title=Anish Shah is breathing new life into Mahindra Group |work=Forbes India |date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

The company increased investment in its core automotive and farm equipment segments and announced a stronger emphasis on electric mobility.<ref name="etbfs-auto">{{Cite web |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/mahindra-rides-high-on-suv-success-pv-market-share-zooms-to-21-in-march-2023/98968810 |title=Mahindra rides high on SUV success, PV market share rises to 21% in March 2023 |work=ET Auto |date=7 March 2023 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> In February 2025, Mahindra launched its electric SUV models the XEV 9e and BE 6, which, according to multiple reports, received around 30,179 bookings on the first day of order opening.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EV frenzy: Mahindra BE 6 & XEV 9e rack up 30k bookings on day 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/ev-frenzy-mahindra-be-6-xev-9e-rack-up-30k-bookings-on-day-1-check-delivery-dates/articleshow/118270418.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra BE 6, XEV 9e together record 30,179 bookings on day 1 |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/mahindra-be-6-xev-9e-together-record-30179-bookings-434583 |work=Autocar India |date=14 February 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra BE 6 and XEV 9e cumulatively achieve 30,179 bookings on Day 1 |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/this-is-how-much-bookings-the-mahindra-be-6-and-xev-9e-rack-up-cumulatively-on-day-1-34069.htm |work=CarDekho |date=14 February 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

The group later established a separate electric-vehicle subsidiary, Mahindra Electric Automobile Ltd (MEAL), which attracted investment from Temasek at an estimated valuation of US$9.8 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temasek to invest in Mahindra EV unit at $9.8 billion valuation |url=https://theprint.in/india/temasek-to-invest-in-mahindra-ev-unit-at-9-8-billion-valuation/1698622/ |work=The Print |date=3 August 2023 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

Shah has stated publicly that electrification is one of Mahindra’s strategic priorities for future growth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/five-growth-gems-may-be-listed-in-4-years-mahindra-and-mahindra-s-anish-shah-11671389146321.html |title=Five 'growth gems' may be listed in four years: Mahindra and Mahindra's Anish Shah |work=Mint |date=19 December 2022 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
* In 2023, Shah was listed among the "Best CEOs in India" in ''Fortune India'' magazine’s annual ''Best CEOs'' special issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anish Shah was among the Best CEOs in Fortune India's Best CEOs special issue this year |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/anish-shah-was-among-the-best-ceos-in-fortune-indias-best-ceos-special-issue-this-year/114855 |work=Fortune India |date=25 November 2023 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/ficci-appoints-anish-shah-as-next-president/114855 |title=FICCI appoints Anish Shah as next president|date=25 November 2023 |access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref>
* In 2024, he was named the “Entrepreneurial CEO” at the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Awards, which recognise business leaders for innovation and growth in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EY Entrepreneur of the Year 2024: Anish Shah honoured as Entrepreneurial CEO |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle/ey-entrepreneur-of-the-year-2024/3768698/ |work=Financial Express |date=5 March 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ey.com/en_in/entrepreneur-of-the-year/winners-2024|title=Congratulations to the Shapers of India's future
|access-date=13 Jun 2025 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Mahindra Group}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Anish}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People in the automotive industry]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:Tepper School of Business alumni]]

Aham Reboot

2026-03-03T09:14:28Z

Vikibnf: started new post basic info

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Prashanth Sagar Atluri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aham Reboot.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Prashanth Sagar Atluri
| screenplay = {{plain list|
* Suma Karthikeya
* Prashanth Sagar Atluri
}}
| story = Prashanth Sagar Atluri
| producer = Sridhar Marisa
| starring = [[Sumanth]]
| cinematography = Varun Ankarla
| editing = Murali Krishna Manyam
| music = Sriram Maddury
| studio = Vayuputra Entertainments
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|6|30|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 91 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aham Reboot''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Techno-thriller|techno thriller]] film co-written and directed by Prashanth Sagar Atluri. The film features [[Sumanth]] in lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aham Reboot: Here's the first look of Sumanth's new-age thriller directed by Prashanth Sagar Atluri |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aham-reboot-heres-the-first-look-of-sumanths-new-age-thriller-directed-by-prashanth-sagar-atluri/1eeae53f91498 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 30 June 2024 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aham Reboot ott: ఓటీటీలో నేరుగా విడుదలవుతున్న సుమంత్‌ 'అహం రీబూట్‌' |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/sumanth-aham-reboot-direct-ott-release/0209/124120183 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2025}}

==Cast==
* [[Sumanth]] as [[Radio personality|RJ]] Nilay
== Music ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Sriram Maddury
| title1 = The Fate Anthem
| length1 = 3:18
| lyrics1 = Vidya Sagar
| extra1 = Sriram Maddury, Hilda Orvarsdottir
| title2 = One For The Road
| length2 = 3:20
| lyrics2 = Prashanth Sagar Atluri
| extra2 = Priyanka Gajanan
}}

== Release ==
''Aham Reboot'' was originally scheduled for a theatrical release,{{cn|date=January 2025}} but had a direct-to-video release on 30 June 2024 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumanth-starrer Telugu Film Aham Reboot Makes Direct World Premiere On OTT |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sumanth-starrer-telugu-film-aham-reboot-makes-direct-world-premiere-on-ott-8951695.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705022927/https://www.news18.com/movies/sumanth-starrer-telugu-film-aham-reboot-makes-direct-world-premiere-on-ott-8951695.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammed of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and the film lacks "proper drama and arresting thrills".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aham Reboot OTT Movie Review - Lacks proper drama and arresting thrills |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/aham-reboot-review-the-sumanth-akkineni-starrer-lacks-proper-drama-and-arresting-thrills/e676be81b4917 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829163649/https://www.ottplay.com/review/aham-reboot-review-the-sumanth-akkineni-starrer-lacks-proper-drama-and-arresting-thrills/e676be81b4917 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|16103372}}
*[https://www.aha.video/movie/aham-reboot ''Aham Reboot''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]

Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-27T22:38:09Z

Vikibnf: started some data more to come

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mumbai North Lok Sabha
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Mumbai North.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai North Lok Sabha Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]] [[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]] [[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]] [[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]] [[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]] [[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Piyush Goyal.jpg
| mp = [[Piyush Goyal]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister of Commerce and Industry]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|BJP}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors = 18,11,886(2024)
| preceded_by = [[Gopal Chinayya Shetty]]
}}

'''Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency''' (formerly, '''Bombay City North Lok Sabha constituency''') is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaivoice.com/mumbai-north-lok-sabha-election-2014 |title=Mumbai North |publisher=Mumbai Voice}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Before [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]], Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency comprises Dahisar, Magathane, Borivali, Kandivali, Malad and Goregaon [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/poll2009/2009/mar/120309-News-Mumbai-Lok-Sabha-Election-Mumbai-North-Constituency-Candidates-Voters-western-Suburbs.htm|title=Mumbai North|publisher=[[MiD DAY]]|date=12 March 2009|author=Devasia, Sanjeev}}</ref>

At present, after the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on delimitation on 19 February 2008, this constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|152
|[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|[[Sanjay Upadhyay]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|153
|[[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]]
|[[Manisha Chaudhary]]
|-
|154
|[[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]]
|[[Prakash Surve]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|160
|[[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]]
|[[Atul Bhatkhalkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|161
|[[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]]
|[[Yogesh Sagar]]
|-
|162
|[[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]]
|[[Aslam Shaikh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="1 |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| Vithal Gandhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" | [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|1967-1971 ''Constituency abolished''
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Mrinal Gore]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Ravindra Varma]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Anoopchand Shah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Ram Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Gopal Shetty]]
|rowspan="3"style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Piyush Goyal]]
|}

==Election results==

===2024 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Mumbai|Mumbai North]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Piyush Goyal]]
|votes = 680,146
|percentage = 65.68
|change = {{decrease}}5.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bhushan Patil|votes=322,538|percentage=31.15|change={{up}}6.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=13,346|percentage=1.29|change={{up}}0.08}}

{{Election box majority||votes=357,608|percentage=34.53|change={{down}}12.48}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,036,495|percentage=57.20|change={{down}}2.89}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors =1,811,942
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Chinayya Shetty]]
|votes = 706,678
|percentage = 71.40
|change = +1.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Urmila Matondkar]]
|votes = 241,431
|percentage = 24.39
|change = +1.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
|candidate = Thorat Sunil Uttamrao
|votes = 15,691
|percentage = 1.59
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 11,966
|percentage = 1.21
|change = +0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manojkumar Jayprakash Singh
|votes = 3,925
|percentage = 0.4
|change = -0.17
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 465,247
|percentage = 47.01
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 989,962
|percentage = 60.09
|change = +5.23
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,647,208
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +1.25
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mumbai North]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1326.htm?ac=26|title=Constituencywise-All Candidateblisher=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Shetty]]
|votes = 664,004
|percentage = 70.15
|change = +33.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
|votes = 217,422
|percentage = 22.97
|change = -14.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Satish Jain]]
|votes = 32,364
|percentage = 3.42
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,758
|percentage = 0.93
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kamlesh Yadav
|votes = 5,506
|percentage = 0.58
|change = -0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Singh
|votes = 5,438
|percentage = 0.57
|change = -0.48
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 446,582
|percentage = 47.18
|change = +46.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 946,562
|percentage = 54.86
|change = +10.46
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,725,145
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +24.01
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
|votes = 255,157
|percentage = 37.25
|change = -12.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Naik]]
|votes = 249,378
|percentage = 36.40
|change = -9.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
|candidate = Shirish Parkar
|votes = 147,502
|percentage = 21.53
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakhmendra Khurana
|votes = 7,203
|percentage = 1.05
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Usman Thim
|votes = 5,315
|percentage = 0.78
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,779
|percentage = 0.84
|change = -3.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 685,022
|percentage = 42.60
|change = -4.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -12.77
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]|votes=5,59,763|percentage=50.01|change=+10.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ram Naik]]|votes=511,492|percentage=45.69|change=-10.70}}
{{Election box candidate||party=[[Independent (politician)|IND]]|candidate=Vidya Chavan|votes=14,183|percentage=1.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Akhileshwar Choubey|votes=9,313|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=48,271|percentage=4.32|change=-11.83}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,119,370|percentage=47.07|change=+4.13}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +10.4
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Naik]]
|votes = 517,941
|percentage = 56.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chandrakant Gosalia
|votes = 363,805
|percentage = 39.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Damodar Janardan Tandel
|votes = 125,132
|percentage = 13.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 154,136
|percentage = 16.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 954,260
|percentage = 42.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]
|votes = 171,708
|percentage = 55.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Alvaresh Peter Augustus
|votes = 139,741
|percentage = 44.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,967
|percentage = 10.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1951-52 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi]]
|votes = 149,138
|percentage = 27.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Party (India, 1948)|candidate=[[Ashok Ranjitram Mehta]]|votes=139,741|percentage=25.38|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar]]|votes=138,137|percentage=25.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Scheduled Castes Federation|candidate=[[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]]|votes=123,576|percentage=22.44|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,397|percentage=1.70|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,15,888|percentage=49%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
(*) stands for 1st Members Candidates of [[1951-52 Indian general election|1952 election]] 
(^) stands for 2nd Members Candidates of [[1951-52 Indian general election|1952 election]]

==See also==
* [[Mumbai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191007053221/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/mumbai_north/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Mumbai North lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.21|72.85|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Mumbai]]

Elections in India

2026-02-27T02:37:20Z

Vikibnf: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|none}} 
{{About||the last general election|2024 Indian general election}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Elections}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
[[India]] has a [[parliamentary system]] as defined by its [[Constitution of India|constitution]], with power distributed between the [[Government of India|union government]] and the [[States and territories of India|states]]. [[Democracy in India|India's democracy]] is the largest [[democracy]] in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Richetta |first1=Cécile |last2=Harbers |first2=Imke |last3=van Wingerden |first3=Enrike |date=2023 |title=The subnational electoral coercion in India (SECI) data set, 1985–2015 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/120358/1/1_s2.0_S0261379423000847_main.pdf |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=85 |article-number=102662 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102662 |issn=0261-3794|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The [[President of India]] is the ceremonial head of state of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all [[Indian Armed Forces|defense forces]] in India. However, it is the [[Prime Minister of India]], who is the leader of the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] having a majority in the national elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]). The Prime Minister is the leader of the legislative branch of the [[Government of India]]. The Prime Minister is the head of the [[Union Council of Ministers]].

India is regionally divided into States (and [[Union territory|Union Territories]]) and each State has a [[Governor (India)|Governor]] who is the state's head, but the executive authority rests with the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]], who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections, otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government, and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by an administrator/[[Governor (India)|lieutenant governor]] appointed by the President of India.

The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation, can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government have failed to create a peaceful environment and it has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.

The Republic of India has instituted [[universal suffrage]] since independence from the [[British Raj]], with the adoption of the [[Constitution of India]] in 1949.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lok Sabha polls 2024: What is universal adult franchise? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-polls-2024-what-is-universal-adult-franchise-2-2956461 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Did the British Empire resist women's suffrage in India? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-43081429 |website=BBC News |date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |title=The 1947 singularity: on India's adoption of universal suffrage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-1947-singularity/article22870618.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

==Results in history==
===1951–52 Indian general election===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1952.svg|300px]]
|party1=Indian National Congress|votes1=47665951|seats1=364
|party2=Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party|votes2=11216719|seats2=12
|party3=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes3=6135978|seats3=9
|party4=Communist Party of India|votes4=3487401|seats4=16
|party5=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|votes5=3246361|seats5=3
|party6=Scheduled Castes Federation|votes6=2521695|seats6=2
|party7=Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad|votes7=2091898|seats7=3
|party8=Krishikar Lok Party|votes8=1489615|seats8=1
|party9=People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|votes9=1367404|seats9=7
|party10=Shiromani Akali Dal|votes10=1047611|seats10=4
|party11=Hindu Mahasabha|votes11=1003034|seats11=4
|party12=Peasants and Workers Party of India|votes12=992187|seats12=2
|party13=All India Forward Bloc|votes13=963058|seats13=1
|party14=All India Ganatantra Parishad|votes14=959749|seats14=6
|party15=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party|votes15=889292|seats15=4
|party16=Jharkhand Party|votes16=749702|seats16=3
|party17=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|votes17=468108|seats17=3
|party18=Commonweal Party|votes18=325398|seats18=3
|party19=Lok Sewak Sangh|votes19=309940|seats19=2
|party20=Zamindar Party|votes20=291300|seats20=0
|party21=Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party|votes21=236094|seats21=1
|party22=Uttar Pradesh Praja Party|votes22=213656|seats22=0
|party23=S.K. Paksha|votes23=137343|seats23=0
|party24=All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)|votes24=133936|seats24=0
|party25=Kamgar Kisan Paksha|votes25=132574|seats25=0
|party26=Tribal Sangha|votes26=116629|seats26=0
|party27=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress|votes27=115893|seats27=1
|party28=Kerala Socialist Party|votes28=102098|seats28=0
|party29=Indian Union Muslim League|votes29=79470|seats29=1
|party30=Revolutionary Communist Party of India|votes30=67275|seats30=0
|party31=Justice Party (India)|votes31=63254|seats31=0
|party32=All India United Kisan Sabha|votes32=60254|seats32=0
|party35=All People's Party (Assam)|votes35=36851|seats35=0
|party36=Tamil Nadu Congress Party|votes36=36158|seats36=0
|party37=Khasi-Jaintia Durbar|votes37=32987|seats37=0
|party38=Saurashtra Khedut Sangh|votes38=29766|seats38=0
|party39=Bolshevik Party of India|votes39=25792|seats39=0
|party40=All Manipur National Union|votes40=22083|seats40=0
|party41=Uttar Pradesh Revolutionary Socialist Party|votes41=20665|seats41=0
|party42=Hill People Party|votes42=17350|seats42=0
|party43=Krishak Sramik Party|Praja Party|votes43=16955|seats43=0
|party44=Kuki National Association|votes44=12155|seats44=0
|party45=Punjab Depressed Class League|votes45=11789|seats45=0
|party46=Pursharathi Panchayat|votes46=10778|seats46=0
|party47=Cochin Party|votes47=8947|seats47=0
|party48=Kisan Mazdoor Mandal|votes48=8808|seats48=0
|party49=Hyderabad State Praja Party|votes49=7646|seats49=0
|party50=Gandhi Sebak Seva|votes50=7196|seats50=0
|party51=Kisan Janta Sanyukta Party|votes51=6390|seats51=0
|party52=National Party of India|votes52=3232|seats52=0
|party53=Historical Research|votes53=1468|seats53=0
|party54=Independents|votes54=16850089|seats54=37
|row55=Appointed members|votes55=0|seats55=10
}}

==Latest election==

Full entry [[2024 Indian general election]]
{{Election results
|image=[[File:18th Lok Sabha.svg]]
|alliance1=[[National Democratic Alliance]]|aspan1=27
|party1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes1=235974144|seats1=240
|party2=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes2=12775270|seats2=16
|party3=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes3=8039663|seats3=12
|party4=[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]|votes4=7401447|seats4=7
|party5=[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]|votes5=2810250|seats5=5
|party6=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes6=2173701|seats6=2
|party7=[[Jana Sena Party]]|votes7=1454138|seats7=2
|party8=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes8=893460|seats8=2
|party9=[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]|votes9= 458677|seats9=1
|party10=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes10=2059179|seats10=1
|party11=[[United People's Party Liberal]]|votes11=488995|seats11=1
|party12=[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]|votes12=164396|seats12=1
|party13=[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]|votes13=808245|seats13=1
|party14=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes14=1298707|seats14=1
|party15=[[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]|votes15=494960|seats15=1
|party16=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes16=1879689|seats16=0
|party17=[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]|votes17=505753|seats17=0
|party18=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes18=410401|seats18=0
|party19=[[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam]]|votes19=521787|seats19=0
|party20=[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]|votes20=417930|seats20=0
|party21=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes21=299536|seats21=0
|party22=[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]|votes22=350967|seats22=0
|party23=[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]|votes23=253876|seats23=0
|party24=[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]|votes24=467282|seats24=0
|party25=[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes25=340188|seats25=0
|party26=[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]|votes26=342882|seats26=0
|atotalnv27=y|avotes27=283085523|aseats27=293

|alliance28=[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]|aspan28=26
|party28=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes28=136759064|seats28=99
|party29=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes29=29549381|seats29=37
|party30=[[All India Trinamool Congress]]|votes30=28213393|seats30=29
|party31=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes31=11754710|seats31=22
|party32=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes32=11342553|seats32=4
|party33=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes33=10107402|seats33=4
|party34=[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]|votes34=9567779|seats34=9
|party35=[[Aam Aadmi Party]]|votes35=7147800|seats35=3
|party36=[[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar]]|votes36=5921162|seats36=8
|party37=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes37=3157184|seats37=2
|party38=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes38=2652955|seats38=3
|party39=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes39=1736771|seats39=2
|party40=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes40=1716186|seats40=3
|party41=[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]|votes41=1147041|seats41=2|
|party42=[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]|votes42=990237|seats42=2
|party43=[[Bharat Adivasi Party]]|votes43=1257056|seats43=1
|party44=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes44=364631|seats44=1
|party45=[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes45=542213|seats45=1|
|party46=[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]|votes46=596955|seats46=1
|party47=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes47=587363|seats47=1
|party48=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes48=289941|seats48=0
|party49=[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]|votes49=435980|seats49=0
|party50=[[Vikassheel Insaan Party]]|votes50=1187455|seats50=0
|party51=[[Assam Jatiya Parishad]]|votes51=414441|seats51=0
|party52=[[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]|votes52=277365|seats52=0
|atotalnv54=y|avotes54=283085308|aseats54=234

|alliance55=[[YSR Congress Party]]|votes55=13316039|seats55=4
|alliance56=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes56=1814318|seats56=1
|alliance57=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes57=1400215|seats57=1
|alliance58=[[Zoram People's Movement]]|votes58=208552|seats58=1
|alliance59=[[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]|votes59=691820|seats59=1
|alliance60=[[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)]]|votes60=571078|seats60=1
|alliance61=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes61=8952587|seats61=0
|alliance62=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes62=13153818|seats62=0
|alliance63=[[Karnataka Rashtra Samithi]]|votes63=51529|seats63=0
|alliance64=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes64=9413379|seats64=0
|alliance65=[[Uttama Prajaakeeya Party]]|votes65=40491|seats65=0
|alliance66=[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]|votes66=3657237|seats66=0
|alliance67=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]]|votes67=521749|seats67=0
|alliance68=[[Indian National Lok Dal]]|votes68=226975|seats68=0
|alliance69=[[Jannayak Janta Party]]|votes69=113827|seats69=0
|alliance70=[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|votes70=1128616|seats70=0
|alliance71=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes71=0|seats71=0
|alliance72=[[All India United Democratic Front]]|votes72=625954|seats72=0
|alliance73=[[Revolutionary Goans Party]]|votes73=64578|seats73=0
|alliance74=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes74=77171|seats74=0
|alliance75=[[Bodoland People's Front]]|votes75=777570|seats75=0
|alliance76=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes76=140264|seats76=0
|alliance77=[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)]]|votes77=44563|seats77=0
|alliance78=[[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]]|votes78=23268|seats78=0
|alliance79=Other|votes79=0|seats79=0|
|alliance80=[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]|votes80=0|seats=7
|row81=[[None of the above (India)]]|votes81=6372220|seats81=0
}}

== Election Commission of India ==
The [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) is an autonomous authority of India that is enacted under the provisions of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], responsible for monitoring and administering [[Government of India|Union]] and [[State governments of India|State]] election processes in India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias. It derived its powers from A 324 of the constitution <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/about-eci/the_setup.aspx |title=A Constitutional Body |publisher=Election Commission of India }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The ECI, established as a permanent Constitutional Body, is entrusted by the Constitution with the superintendence, direction, and control of the entire electoral process for [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], [[State legislature (India)|State Legislatures]], and the offices of the [[President of India|President]] and [[Vice President of India]].

Elections ensure the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections is as per the statutory legislation.

All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate. The first [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election Commissioner]] was [[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]].

The elections for the [[President of India|President]] and [[Vice President of India]], the [[Rajya Sabha]] (''council of states'') and [[Lok Sabha]] (''house of the people''), [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assemblies]] (including Union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Delhi]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]), and [[State legislative councils of India|State Legislative Councils]] are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]].

== State Election Commissions ==
The [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commission]] (SEC) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering elections to the 3rd tier of governance, i.e., the Local Government, which includes the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]] and the [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]]. As per the constitutional provision, superintendence, direction, and control of the conduct of Elections to Urban & Rural Local bodies vest in State Election Commission.

State Election Commission consists of a State Election Commissioner, who is appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] for a fixed tenure of 5 years and cannot be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of a High Court.

The elections to local self-government institutions, such as [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayats]] and [[Municipal governance in India|municipalities]], are conducted by the respective [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commissions]] (SECs).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Role of SEC- State Election Commission, Maharashtra |url=https://mahasec.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/1376/Role-of-SEC?format=print |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=mahasec.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>

=== List of State Election Commissions ===

* [[Andhra Pradesh State Election Commission]]

* [[Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission]]

* [[Assam State Election Commission]]

* [[Bihar State Election Commission]]

* [[Chhattisgarh State Election Commission]]

* [[Delhi State Election Commission]]

* [[Goa State Election Commission]]

* [[Gujarat State Election Commission]]

* [[Haryana State Election Commission]]

* [[Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission]]

* [[Jammu and Kashmir State Election Commission]]

* [[Jharkhand State Election Commission]]

* [[Karnataka State Election Commission]]

* [[Kerala State Election Commission]]

* [[Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission]]

* [[Maharashtra State Election Commission]]

* [[Manipur State Election Commission]]

* [[Meghalaya State Election Commission]]

* [[Mizoram State Election Commission]]

* [[Nagaland State Election Commission]]

* [[Odisha State Election Commission]]

* [[Puducherry State Election Commission]]

* [[Punjab State Election Commission]]

* [[Rajasthan State Election Commission]]

* [[Sikkim State Election Commission]]

* [[Tamil Nadu State Election Commission]]

* [[Telangana State Election Commission]]

* [[Tripura State Election Commission]]

* [[Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission]]

* [[Uttarakhand State Election Commission]]

* [[West Bengal State Election Commission]]

==Types of elections==
Elections in the Republic of India include elections for
*[[President of India]],
*[[Vice President of India]],
*Members of the Parliament in [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper house)
*Members of the Parliament in [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower house),
*Members of [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]] (Upper house)
*Members of [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] (Lower house/Unicameral house)
*Members of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
*Members of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]]
*Members of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Union Territory of Puducherry]]
*Members of [[Local government in India|local governance bodies]] ([[Municipal governance in India|Municipal bodies]] and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayats]]),
*A [[By-election]] is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituency dies, resigns, or is disqualified.

=== Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha) ===
Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People), or the lower house of India's Parliament, are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India (who crossed 18 years of age) from a set of candidates who contest in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Members of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws and removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
{{Scrolling table/mid}}
|+ style="text-align: left;" | General election results ''(Lok Sabha)''
|[[File:Indian General Election 1951–1952.svg|thumb|[[1st Lok Sabha]] [[1951–52 Indian general election|(1951–52)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1957.svg|thumb|[[2nd Lok Sabha]][[1957 Indian general election|(1957)]]]]
|
|[[File:Indian General Election 1967.svg|thumb|[[4th Lok Sabha]][[1967 Indian general election|(1967)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1971.svg|thumb|[[5th Lok Sabha]][[1971 Indian general election|(1971)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1977.svg|thumb|[[6th Lok Sabha]][[1977 Indian general election|(1977)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1980.svg|thumb|[[7th Lok Sabha]][[1980 Indian general election|(1980)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1984.svg|thumb|[[8th Lok Sabha]][[1984 Indian general election|(1984)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1989.svg|thumb|[[9th Lok Sabha]][[1989 Indian general election|(1989)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1991.svg|thumb|[[10th Lok Sabha]][[1991 Indian general election|(1991)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1996.svg|thumb|[[11th Lok Sabha]][[1996 Indian general election|(1996)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1998.svg|thumb|[[12th Lok Sabha]][[1998 Indian general election|(1998)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 1999.svg|thumb|[[13th Lok Sabha]][[1999 Indian general election|(1999)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 2004.svg|thumb|[[14th Lok Sabha]][[2004 Indian general election|(2004)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 2009.svg|thumb|[[15th Lok Sabha]][[2009 Indian general election|(2009)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 2014.svg|thumb|[[16th Lok Sabha]][[2014 Indian general election|(2014)]]]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 2019.svg|thumb|[[17th Lok Sabha]] ([[2019 Indian general election|2019]])]]
|[[File:Indian General Election 2024.svg|thumb|[[18th Lok Sabha]][[2024 Indian general election|(2024)]]]]
{{Scrolling table/end}}

===History of Lok Sabha elections===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Lok Sabha]] elections<ref name="LS_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/99-general-election-archive-1951-2004/|title=Lok Sabha Election Results 1951-2004|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/|title=Lok Sabha Election Results 2009|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/97-general-election-2014/|title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030717/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/97-general-election-2014/ |archive-date=Apr 15, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/|title=General Election 2019 (Including Vellore PC) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724131155/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |archive-date=Jul 24, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2|Lok Sabha {{small|(Election)}}
!rowspan=2|Total Seats
!colspan=4|First
!colspan=4|Second
!colspan=4|Third
|-
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]] {{small|([[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]])}}
|489
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|364
|44.99%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|16
|3.29%
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
|{{party color cell|Socialist Party (India)}}
|12
|10.59%
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]] {{small|([[1957 Indian general election|1957]])}}
|494
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|371
|47.78%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|27
|8.92%
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|{{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|19
|10.41%
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]] {{small|([[1962 Indian general election|1962]])}}
|494
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|361
|44.72%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|29
|9.94%
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|{{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|18
|7.89%
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]] {{small|([[1967 Indian general election|1967]])}}
|520
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|283
|40.78%
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|{{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|44
|8.67%
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|35
|9.31%
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]] {{small|([[1971 Indian general election|1971]])}}
|518
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|352
|43.68%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|25
|5.12%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|23
|4.73%
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]] {{small|([[1977 Indian general election|1977]])}}
|542
|[[Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|295
|41.32%
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|154
|34.52%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|22
|4.29%
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]] {{small|([[1980 Indian general election|1980]])}}
|529
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|353
|42.69%
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|{{party color cell|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|41
|9.39%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|37
|6.24%
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]] {{small|([[1984 Indian general election|1984]])}}
|541
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|414
|48.12%
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|30
|4.06%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|22
|5.72%
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]] {{small|([[1989 Indian general election|1989]])}}
|529
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|197
|39.53%
|[[Janata Dal]]
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|143
|17.79%
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85
|11.36%
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]] {{small|([[1991 Indian general election|1991]])}}
|534
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|244
|36.40%
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|120
|20.07%
|[[Janata Dal]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|59
|11.73%
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]] {{small|([[1996 Indian general election|1996]])}}
|543
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|161
|20.29%
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|140
|28.80%
|[[Janata Dal]]
|46
|8.08%
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]] {{small|([[1998 Indian general election|1998]])}}
|543
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|182
|25.59%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|141
|25.82%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|32
|5.16%
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]] {{small|([[1999 Indian general election|1999]])}}
|543
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|182
|23.75%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|114
|28.30%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|33
|5.40%
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]] {{small|([[2004 Indian general election|2004]])}}
|543
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|145
|26.53%
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|138
|22.16%
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|43
|5.66%
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]] {{small|([[2009 Indian general election|2009]])}}
|543
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|206
|28.55%
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|116
|18.80%
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|{{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|23
|3.23%
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]] {{small|([[2014 Indian general election|2014]])}}
|543
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|282
|31.34%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|44
|19.52%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|37
|3.31%
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]] {{small|([[2019 Indian general election|2019]])}}
|543
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|303
|37.70%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|52
|19.67%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|24
|2.36%
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] {{small|([[2024 Indian general election|2024]])}}
|543
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|240
|36.56%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|99
|21.19%
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|{{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|37
|4.58%
|}

=== State Assembly elections ===
Members of the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assembly]] are elected directly by voting from a set of candidates who contest in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] elections are called 'Members of Legislative Assembly' (MLA) and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor. The house meets in the respective state, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing, or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens living in that state.

The total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to the Lok Sabha elections, the leader of the majority party/alliance takes an oath as Chief Minister of the State.

The Election Commission conducts the elections and provides a voluntary facility to 80-plus-year-old electors to vote through ballot papers at their homes depending upon polling booth accessibility. Elections are taken up enthusiastically by a major portion of the population, who turn out in high numbers.
For example, An 83-year-old woman, Dolma, cast her vote at the Chasak Bhatori polling station in the [[Pangi Valley|Pangi]] area of the [[Chamba district]] after covering 14 kilometers walking on a snowy road during the 2022 assembly elections in Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/himachal-pradesh/news/assembly-elections-2022-66-voter-turnout-in-himachal-pradesh-worlds-highest-booth-sees-100-polling/articleshow/95476760.cms | title=Assembly elections 2022: 66% voter turnout in Himachal Pradesh, world's highest booth sees 100% polling &#124; Himachal-Pradesh Election News |date=November 12, 2022 | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Prior to the much awaited Lok Sabha elections in 2024, the state assembly elections in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Telangana are an important political event. November 7 and November 17 are the scheduled dates for Chhattisgarh's elections, while Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Telangana will hold their votes on November 17, November 23, and November 30, respectively. The political climate before the national elections is anticipated to be shaped by the outcomes of these elections, which are anticipated to be declared on December 3. Key political players in these states are diverse and competing for domination, such as the Indian National Congress (INC), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and other regional parties. These states differ in the quantity of assembly seats they have; Chhattisgarh has ninety <ref>{{Cite web |title= Assembly elections in 5 states explained in 4 charts|date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/four-pointers-explaining-the-upcoming-assembly-elections-101696838029260.html}}</ref> seats.
{{sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"
|+Legislative Assembly Elections
!State/UT !! 1950s !! 1960s !! 1970s !! 1980s !! 1990s !! 2000s !! 2010s !! 2020s
|-
![[Elections in Andhra Pradesh|AP]]
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|AS 1955]] [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh|AR]]
| colspan="2" |{{dash}}
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Assam|AS]]
| [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
![[Elections in Bihar|BR]]
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Feb)]] [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Oct)]]
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]] [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
![[Elections in Chhattisgarh|CG]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of MP. (Established in 2000)
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Delhi|DL]]
| [[1952 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]] [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
![[Elections in Goa|GA]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Gujarat|GJ]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| [[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]] [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Haryana|HR]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Himachal Pradesh|HP]]
| [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] 
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] 
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir|JK]]
| [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election|1951]] [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Jharkhand|JH]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of Bihar. (Established in 2000)
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Karnataka|KA]]
| [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1952]] [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1957]]
| [[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1962]] [[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1967]]
| [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore 1972]] [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Kerala|KL]]
| [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1952 Thiru-Kochi]] [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1954 Thiru-Kochi]] [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]] [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]] [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]] [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]] [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
![[Elections in Madhya Pradesh|MP]]
| [[1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election|Bhopal 1952]] [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|MB 1952]] [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|MP 1952]] [[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|VP 1952]] [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Maharashtra|MH]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Manipur|MN]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Meghalaya|ML]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Mizoram|MZ]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1978 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1978]] [[1979 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
| [[1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1984]] [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]] [[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Nagaland|NL]]
| {{dash}}
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Odisha|OD]]
| [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]] [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]] [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]] [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]] [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Punjab, India|PB]]
| [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]] [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Puducherry|PY]]
|{{dash}}
|[[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]] [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
[[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
![[Elections in Rajasthan|RJ]]
| [[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]] [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Sikkim|SK]]
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]]
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
![[Elections in Tamil Nadu|TN]]
|[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|Madras 1952]] [[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|Madras 1957]]
|[[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|Madras 1962]] [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|Madras 1967]]
|[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]] [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
![[Elections in Telangana|TS]]
|[[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|Hyderabad 1952]]
|colspan=5|State didn't exist. Was part of Andhra Pradesh. (Established in 2014)
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Tripura|TR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiatripura-1949-present/ |title=43. India/Tripura (1949-present) |publisher=University of Central Arkansas |date= |accessdate=28 February 2022}}</ref>
| {{dash}}
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
![[Elections in Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]] [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]] [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in Uttarakhand|UT]]
| colspan="5" | State didn't exist. Was part of UP. (Established in 2000)
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
![[Elections in West Bengal|WB]]
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]] [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]] [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]] [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]] [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]] [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]] [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]] [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

=== By-election ===
When an elected candidate to either the State Assembly, Lok Sabha, or Rajya Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as bypolls.

Common reasons for by-elections:
* Resignation by the sitting MP or MLA
* Death of the sitting MP or MLA

But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, failure to maintain a minimum level of attendance in the office, due to election irregularities found later, or when a candidate wins more than one seat and has to vacate one).

=== Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections ===
{{Main|Rajya Sabha}}

The [[Rajya Sabha]], also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens but by the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|members of legislative assemblies]] and up to 13 can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Sabha acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2017-here-is-how-members-are-elected-to-upper-house-1734558|title=Rajya Sabha Election 2017: Here Is How Members Are Elected To Upper House|website=NDTV.com|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>

The [[Vice President of India]] is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions.

The legislative proposals (making new laws, removing, or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.

The Constitution of India, however, places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha, which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that [[Money bill|money bills]] must originate in the Lok Sabha.

Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject, or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of the Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. If the Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form in which the Lok Sabha finally passes it.

==Election procedure in India==
Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day.

The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The [[District magistrate|Collector]] of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. [[Electronic voting in India|Electronic Voting Machines]] (EVMs) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes, his or her left index finger is marked with indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962.
[[File:Privacy Shields - Voting Booth used in India 01.jpg|thumb|Privacy Shields for Voting Booth used in India]]

=== Election machinery ===
The [[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] (CEO) is the state-level authority appointed to oversee the conduct of elections under the supervision of the [[Election Commission of India]]. The Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) supervise the election work related to State Assembly and Parliament elections. The Chief Electoral Officer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-07 |title=Rathan Kelkar is new chief electoral officer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/rathan-kelkar-appointed-as-keralas-new-chief-electoral-officer-amidst-election-preparations/articleshow/116055338.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is a senior [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of the State or Union Territory government, nominated by the Election Commission of India. The CEO oversees voter registration, prepares the electoral rolls, ensures compliance with election laws and the Model Code of Conduct, and ensures the smooth conduct of elections to the [[Parliament of India]] as well as the [[State legislatures of India|State Legislature]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Officer |first=Chief Electoral |title=Responsibilities and Functions |url=https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/_ResponsibilitiesandFunctions_eng.aspx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250719171809/https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/_ResponsibilitiesandFunctions_eng.aspx |archive-date=2025-07-19 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=ceouttarpradesh.nic.in}}</ref>

At the [[List of districts in India|district]] level, [[District Collector|District Collectors]] are designated as District Election Officers (DEOs) by both the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) and [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commissions]] (SECs). The District Election Officers (DEOs) supervise various elections in the district. The District Collector functions as the Returning Officer (RO) for the [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]] as well. Each Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly constituency is assigned a [[Returning officer#India|Returning Officer]] (RO) responsible for conducting the election, assisted by Assistant Returning Oficers (AROs). For voter list management and related duties there are Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) and Assistant Electoral Registration Officers for each legislative constituency, and at the field level there are Booth Level Officers (BLOs). At the polling-booth level, the election is conducted by a Presiding Officer and a team of Polling Officers. The ECI and SECs designate various state government officials to the said roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission |url=https://tnsec.tn.gov.in/tnsec_static/elections/ele_election_machinery_e.php |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250216155427/https://tnsec.tn.gov.in/tnsec_static/elections/ele_election_machinery_e.php |archive-date=2025-02-16 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=tnsec.tn.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

District Election Officers oversee electoral roll preparation and conduct [[Local government in India|local government]] elections in their districts under the direction of the [[State election commission (India)|State Election Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sec.kerala.gov.in/portal/kc/election-officials |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=sec.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Vote from home===
The Election Commission of India has granted permission for individuals aged 80 and above and those with physical challenges to cast their votes from the comfort of their homes using ballot papers.<ref name="News On AIR - News Services Division 2023 g445">{{cite web | title=EC provides facility to voters above 80 years of age & Divyanga to vote from home | website=News On AIR - News Services Division | date=13 November 2023 | url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=EC-provides-facility-to-voters-above-80-years-of-age-%26-Divyanga-to-vote-from-home&id=470919 | access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> To avail of this facility, eligible individuals must register with the designated booth-level officer at least 10 days prior to the election date. The necessary Form 12-D for facilitating the postal ballot has to be submitted well in advance. A dedicated team of five officers, including a polling officer, micro observer, police officer, and photographer, will visit their residences to ensure a smooth and transparent polling process. The entire polling procedure will be documented through photographs and videos. While the option to vote from home is voluntary, the decision cannot be reversed later once an elector chooses this method. Election officials in Bhopal, India, are actively reaching out to the residences of super senior citizens (aged above 80 years) and voters with disabilities to provide assistance in submitting their votes through postal ballots for [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref name="Ayub 2023 d863">{{cite web | last=Ayub | first=Jamal | title=Vote From Home: Madhya Pradesh Polling Stations Come To The Doorstep For Elderly & Disabled | website=The Times of India | date=8 November 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/vote-from-home-polling-stations-come-to-the-doorstep-for-elderly-disabled/articleshow/105054443.cms | access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 lok sabha elections]], [[Election Commission of India|ECI]] extended the "vote-from-home" option to people aged 85 years and above and to [[Disability in India|Persons with Disabilities (PwD)]] for the first time in the history of the Lok Sabha elections. The goal of this move is to improve participation and accessibility in the electoral process.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kalia |first1=Saumya |date=23 March 2024 |title=All about the vote-from-home facility in the Lok Sabha elections &#124; Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/all-about-the-vote-from-home-facility-in-the-lok-sabha-elections-explained/article67971618.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ECI walks the extra mile to reach at the doorstep of elderly and PwD voters |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2017764 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
[[File:Vote From Home Option For People Above 80 Or With Disabilities in India.jpg|thumb|A senior citizen (above 80) is casting her vote from home in [[Bhopal]]]]

===Indelible ink===
[[File:Ink used in India Elections.jpg|thumb|right|Ink used in Indian elections]]
[[File:Ink Bottle used in Indian Elections.jpg|thumb|right|Ink bottle pledge]]

Research into indelible ink was commenced by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]]. The ink used contains [[silver nitrate]], which makes it [[photo-sensitive]]. It is stored in amber-colored plastic or brown-colored glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the finger for at least two days. It may last up to a month, depending on the person's body temperature and the environment.

===Electronic voting===
{{main|Electronic voting in India}}

[[File:Voting machine in India.jpg|thumb|right|Voting machine]]
BHAVIK (EVM) were first used in the 1997 election and became the only method of voting in 2004. The EVMs save time in reporting results. A [[voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) was introduced on 14 August 2014 in [[Nagaland]].<ref>{{cite press release | title = EC Decides to use VVPAT System at Bye-Election in Nagaland | publisher = Press Information Bureau | date = 17 August 2013 | url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98322 | access-date = 18 August 2013}}</ref> In the 2014 general election, VVPAT was operational in 8 constituencies ([[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]], [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]], [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]], [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]], [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]], [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]], [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]] and [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]) as a pilot project.<ref>References:
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-evm-paper-trail-introduced-in-8-of-543-constituencies-1982463|title=EVM-paper trail introduced in 8 of 543 constituencies|work=dna|access-date=23 November 2014|date=27 April 2014}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/ls-polls-voters-to-get-automated-receipts-at-gandhinagar-114042901134_1.html|title=LS polls: Voters to get 'automated-receipts' at Gandhinagar|author=Press Trust of India|date=29 April 2014|publisher=Business-standard.com|access-date=23 November 2014|newspaper=Business Standard India}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/vvpat-machine-to-be-on-demonstration-for-10-days/article5868161.ece|title=VVPAT machine to be on demonstration for 10 days|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=4 April 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vvpat-to-be-introduced-in-jadavpur-constituency-35049.html|title=VVPAT to be introduced in Jadavpur constituency|publisher=Indiatvnews.com|access-date=23 November 2014|date=2 April 2014}}
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Patna-Sahib-electorate-can-see-who-they-voted-for/articleshow/33351551.cms Patna Sahib electorate can see who they voted for - The Times of India]
*{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/EVM-slip-will-help-verify-your-vote/articleshow/34304320.cms |title=EVM slip will help verify your vote |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=28 May 2019}}
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/400-EVMs-on-standby-for-Patna-Sahib-Pataliputra/articleshow/33836327.cms 400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/VVPAT-to-Debut-in-B%E2%80%99lore-South/2014/04/04/article2148837.ece|title=VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/voter-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-comes-to-chennai/article5856087.ece|title=Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail system comes to Chennai|author=T. Ramakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="VVPATIndiaElections2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vvpat-a-revolutionary-step-in-voting-transparency-1982453|title=VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency|publisher=DNA |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/not-many-were-aware-of-vvpat-but-were-happy-with-verification/article5925449.ece|title=Not many were aware of VVPAT, but were happy with verification|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 November 2014|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/safe-distance/|title=Safe distance|work=The Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2014|date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/As-smooth-as-it-gets-says-city-poll-chief/articleshow/34174348.cms|title=As smooth as it gets, says city poll chief|work=The Times of India|date=25 April 2014 |access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Ripon-Buildings-turns-nerve-centre-of-electoral-activities-in-Chennai/articleshow/34077158.cms|title=Ripon Buildings turns nerve centre of electoral activities in Chennai |website=The Times of India|date=22 April 2014 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-to-be-introduced-in-Chennai-Central-constituency/articleshow/33025999.cms|title=Voter's verifiable paper audit trail system to be introduced in Chennai Central constituency|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401160848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Voters-verifiable-paper-audit-trail-system-to-be-introduced-in-Chennai-Central-constituency/articleshow/33025999.cms|archive-date=1 April 2014}}</ref>

Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations against the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]]s (VVPATs) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-dates-vvpats-to-be-used-in-all-polling-stations-help-bring-more-accuracy-in-voting-6232831.html|title=EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting|website=Firstpost|date=10 March 2019 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-are-evms-vvpat-and-how-safe-they-are/articleshow/66969640.cms |title=What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are |date=6 December 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> On 9 April 2019, [[Supreme Court of India]] gave the judgement, ordering the [[Election Commission of India]] to increase the VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means the Election Commission of India has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in the 2019 General elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/count-vvpat-slips-of-5-booths-in-each-assembly-seat-sc/articleshow/68786810.cms|title=Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat &#124; India News |website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2019 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/vvpat-sc-elections-144122|title=Breaking: SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency [Read Order]|first=MEHAL|last=JAIN|date=8 April 2019|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/when-the-sc-says-no-for-software-audit-review-of-evms-and-vvpat-at-present/56828.html|title=When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate, as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called a ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the [[2019 Indian general elections|2019 general election]], ECI declared that there were no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/evm-vvpat-pass-test-in-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69469579.cms?from=mdr | title=EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls | newspaper=Economic Times | date=23 May 2019 | access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref>

===NOTA===
{{further|None of the Above in Indian Elections}}
On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to cast a negative vote by exercising the "[[None of the above]]" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning by the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties in 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections. Even if the number of electors opting for the NOTA option is more than the number of votes polled by any of the candidates, the candidate who secures the largest number of votes has to be declared elected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECI Press release - Supreme Court's judgement for "None of the Above" option on EVM– clarification |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_28102013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329124733/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_28102013.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

===Absentee voting===
India does not provide general [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27397034_1_ballot-papers-special-voters-electoral-roll|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016005123/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-04-05/news/27397034_1_ballot-papers-special-voters-electoral-roll|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2012|title=Who can vote by postal ballot?|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-election-commission-to-ensure-postal-votes-dont-get-invalid-1914891|title=Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid|work=dna|access-date=23 November 2014|date=7 November 2013}}</ref> On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voterswithoutborders.org |title=Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections |publisher=Voterswithoutborders.org |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234322/http://voterswithoutborders.org/ |archive-date=16 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |title=People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign |publisher=Nrivotingrights.info |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405111303/http://www.nrivotingrights.info/ |archive-date=5 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===''Postal voting''===
[[Postal code|Postal]] voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of the [[Election Commission of India]], where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters, and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the [[Electronic voting in India|Electronic Voting Machines]]. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police, as well as their spouses and employees working for the [[Government of India]] who are officially posted abroad, can register for the postal vote; these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in [[preventive detention]], disabled, and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal votes. Prisoners cannot vote at all.<ref name=IndiaPostVote1>[https://www.firstpost.com/india/postal-ballots-who-can-vote-through-etpb-how-to-get-registered-and-how-the-voting-is-done-an-explainer-6372611.html Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer], First Post, 2 April 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote2>[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/postal-ballots-how-to-vote-if-you-live-away-from-home_in_5c3c3d91e4b0e0baf53ec910 Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?], Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.</ref><ref name=IndiaPostVote3>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/people-over-80-years-of-age-disabled-can-now-vote-through-postal-ballot-1572319857-1|title=People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot|first=Gorki|last=Bakshi|date=29 October 2019|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>

== Elections by statewise ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
#[[Elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
#[[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh]]
#[[Elections in Assam]]
#[[Elections in Bihar]]
#[[Elections in Chhattisgarh]]
#[[Elections in Delhi]]
#[[Elections in Goa]]
#[[Elections in Gujarat]]
#[[Elections in Haryana]]
#[[Elections in Himachal Pradesh]]
#[[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir]]
#[[Elections in Jharkhand]]
#[[Elections in Karnataka]]
#[[Elections in Kerala]]
#[[Elections in Madhya Pradesh]]
#[[Elections in Maharashtra]]
#[[Elections in Manipur]]
#[[Elections in Meghalaya]]
#[[Elections in Mizoram]]
#[[Elections in Nagaland]]
#[[Elections in Odisha]]
#[[Elections in Puducherry]]
#[[Elections in Punjab (India)|Elections in Punjab]]
#[[Elections in Rajasthan]]
#[[Elections in Sikkim]]
#[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
#[[Elections in Telangana]]
#[[Elections in Tripura]]
#[[Elections in Uttar Pradesh]]
#[[Elections in Uttarakhand]]
#[[Elections in West Bengal]]
{{div col end|3}}
==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
* [[49-O]] Now replaced with 'NOTA (None of The Above)'
* [[Booth capturing]]
* [[Democracy in India]]
* [[History of democracy#Indian subcontinent|History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent]]
* [[Gopala I]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Exercise Franchise For Good Governance]]
* [[Legislative Assembly elections in India]]
* British India - General Elections
** [[1920 Indian general election]]
** [[1923 Indian general election]]
** [[1926 Indian general election]]
** [[1930 Indian general election]]
** [[1934 Indian general election]]
** [[1945 Indian general election]]
* British India - Provincial Elections
** [[1937 Indian provincial elections]]
** [[1946 Indian provincial elections]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

* Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep; Alam, Sanjeer; Gupta, Pranav; Somanathan, Madhavan (2025-07-01). "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-05418-6 Indian election data for polling stations and villages: National elections 2009–2019]". ''Scientific Data''. '''12''' (1).
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201816/http://www.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]}}
* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/i/india/ Adam Carr's election archive]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160502105938/http://eci.nic.in/archive/handbook/CANDIDATES/cch2/cch2_1.htm Qualification and disqualification]}} Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
* [https://elections-india.in/ Elections India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826102936/https://elections-india.in/ |date=26 August 2021 }}

{{Indian elections}}
{{Asia topic|Elections in}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Elections in India| ]]

NVS-02

2026-02-25T11:41:07Z

Vikibnf: new basic entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian navigation satellite}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| auto = all
| name = NVS-02
| image = GSLV-F15, NVS-02 — Pre launch image of NVS-02 in cleanroom 02.webp
| image_caption = NVS series spacecraft
| mission_type = [[Satellite navigation|Navigation]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| website =
| COSPAR_ID = 2025-020A
| SATCAT = 62850
| mission_duration =
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-2K]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] [[Space Applications Centre]]
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = 2250 kg
| power = 3 kW
| launch_date = 29 January 2025, 06:23 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| launch_rocket = [[GSLV-F15]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|SLP]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =
| decay_date =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary Transfer Orbit|GTO]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|165|km|abbr=on}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|36577|km|abbr=on}}
| orbit_inclination =
| orbit_period =
| orbit_longitude = 111.75° East (planned)
| apsis = gee
| programme = [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NVS series]]
| previous_mission = [[NVS-01]]
| next_mission = [[NVS-03]]
}}

'''NVS-02''' is the second satellite in the [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NVS series]], equipped with navigation payloads in L1, L5, and S bands, as well as a ranging payload in C-band. The vehicle is based on the conventional [[I-2K]] bus platform, with a lift-off mass of 2250 kg and a power handling capacity of approximately 3 kW. It was planned to replace [[IRNSS-1E]] at the orbital slot of 111.75° East.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=C.S |first1=Hemanth |title=ISRO successfully launches NVS-02 satellite; creates history with the 100th launch from Sriharikota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/isro-successfully-launches-nvs-02-satellite/article69153254.ece |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hitting a century, ISRO launches 100th satellite NVS-02 from Sriharikota |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/space/hitting-a-century-isro-launches-100th-satellite-nvs-02-from-sriharikota-3377455 |access-date=29 January 2025 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Roushan |first1=Anurag |title=ISRO's 100th mission – How will NVS-02 satellite boost India's GPS alternative? Explained |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/isro-100th-mission-how-will-nvs-02-satellite-boost-gps-alternative-for-india-geosynchronous-satellite-launch-vehicle-sriharikota-explained-2025-01-29-973564 |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=indiatvnews.com |date=29 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
NVS-02, the second satellite in the NVS series is configured with Navigation payload in [[L band|L1]], [[L band|L5]] and [[S band]]s in addition to ranging payload in [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] like its predecessor-NVS-01.It was planned to provide two types of services, namely, ''Standard Positioning Service (SPS)'' and ''Restricted Service (RS)''. SPS provides a position accuracy of better than 20 m (2σ) and timing accuracy better than 40 ns (2σ) over the primary service Area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NVS-02: Advancing India's Regional Navigation Capabilities |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/NVS-02_Advancing_Navigation_Capabilities.html |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

NVS-02 satellite was designed, developed and integrated at [[U R Rao Satellite Centre|U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC)]] with the support of other satellite-based work Centres. On completion of Assembly and Integrated Testing (AIT), the satellite was subjected to satellite level thermovac test to verify and validate its design and performance in simulated space environment during November-December 2024. The satellite underwent dynamic test during December 2024 thus confirming its suitability to withstand the dynamic loads anticipated during launch.<ref name=":0" />

A comprehensive Pre-shipment Review (PSR) of the performance and compliance of the Satellite during various phases of its realization was completed on 27 December 2024. The satellite was flagged off to SDSC-SHAR on 5 January 2025.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== Launch ===
NVS-02 was launched aboard [[GSLV F15|GSLV-F15.]]The rocket lifted off from the spaceport’s second launch pad at 6.23 a.m. on 29 January 2025, marking ISRO's first launch of the year and the 17th flight of the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] and the 11th flight of Mk2 Variant. The satellite was injected into the [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]] 19 minutes after launch from Sriharikota. This marked ISRO's 100th Spaceflight launch from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan Space Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=GSLV-F15 lifts off with NVS-02 satellite in Isro's 100th launch from Sriharikota |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-gslv-f15-nvs-02-mission-launched-navic-system-100th-lunahc-sriharikota-2671657-2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-01-29 |title=ISRO successfully launches NVS-02 satellite; creates history with the 100th launch from Sriharikota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/isro-successfully-launches-nvs-02-satellite/article69153254.ece |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-29 |title=Isro's GSLV-F15 rocket carrying navigation satellite NVS-02 lifts off from Sriharikota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-gslv-f15-rocket-carrying-navigation-satellite-nvs-02-lifts-off-from-sriharikota/articleshow/117661968.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Fuel system failure ===
Following launch, ISRO reported that [[orbit raising]] operations towards positioning the satellite to the designated [[orbital slot]] could not be carried out as the valves for admitting the [[Oxidizing agent|oxidizer fuel]] for the main engine did not open. From this point, the spacecraft was determined to not be able to complete its mission objectives. The spacecraft is currently still in a [[Geostationary transfer orbit]] with a [[perigree|perigee]] of about 165 km and an [[apogee]] of around 36,577 km. All other Systems are reported to be working normally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's Latest Mission Hits A Hurdle, Satellite Faces Technical Glitch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-100th-mission-hits-a-hurdle-satellite-faces-technical-glitch-7618493 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-02 |title=ISRO's orbit raising operations for NVS-02 satellite disrupted by valve malfunction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-orbit-raising-operations-for-nvs-02-satellite-disrupted-by-valve-malfunction/article69173305.ece |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Analysis ===
ISRO has formed a Failure Analysis committee headed by former Chairman [[A. S. Kiran Kumar|A S Kiran Kumar]] to look into the causes for the failure of the pyro valve in the spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagannathan |first=Venkatachari |title=Former ISRO Chairman To Probe Failure |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/former-isro-chairman-to-probe-failure/20250208.htm |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>The committee had determined the fault following a thorough investigation and presented the Failure Analysis Report to the Indian Government in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23 |title=Gaganyaan mission: 90% of development work completed, says ISRO Chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gaganyaan-mission-90-of-development-work-completed-says-isro-chairman/article70193224.ece |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The initial public report,as underlined by an ISRO press statement on 25th February 2026 concluded that the prime reason for flight failure was due to the ignition signal not reaching the pyro valve of the oxidizer line for the main engine,meant for [[orbit raising]] manauvers .The committee concluded that the most likely cause was the disengagement of a contact in both the main and redundant valves of the fuel connectors. Similar deficiencies were identified and fixed prior to the launch of [[GSAT-7R|CMS-03]], which validated the newly built fixes with a more reduntant system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NVS-02 Spacecraft: On-Orbit Observations and Apex Committee Recommendations |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/NVS-02-Spacecraft-On-Orbit-Observations.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-02-25 |title=A year after NVS-02 satellite's failure, Isro explains what went wrong in space |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/nvs-02-satellite-failure-reason-isro-explains-lvm-3-mission-2874191-2026-02-25 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The spacecraft remains in orbit.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|India}}
* [[Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite]] (CCI-Sat)
* [[GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation]] (GAGAN)
* [[Satellite navigation]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/FutureMissions.html ISRO Future Programmes]

{{IRNSS satellites}}
{{GSLV}}

[[Category:IRNSS satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2025]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]]
[[Category:January 2025 in India]]

Katakam Sudarshan

2026-02-18T18:48:56Z

Vikibnf: added info

{{Short description|Politburo and Central Military Commission member of Communist Party of India (died 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Katakam Sudarshan
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1954
| birth_place = [[Adilabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date = {{death date|2023|5|31|1954|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Anand
| organization = [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
| known_for = A [[Cadre (politics)|cadre]], [[Politburo]] and Central Military Commission member of CPI (Maoist)
| spouse = Sadhana
| image =
| image_size = 200
}}

'''Katakam Sudarshan''' (1954 - 31 May 2023), commonly known by his [[nom de guerre]] '''Anand''' ({{IPA|hi|aːnŋd̪}}), was an Indian politician who was a [[Politburo]]<ref name="HT-963499">{{cite news |title=Hardline strategist to replace Kishenji |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Hardline-strategist-to-replace-Kishenji/Article1-963499.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124193308/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Hardline-strategist-to-replace-Kishenji/Article1-963499.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2012 |first=Ravik |last=Bhattacharya |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]] | place=Kolkata |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> member of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]], a [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)#Legal status|banned]]<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 LIST OF ORGANISATIONS DECLARED AS TERRORIST ORGANISATIONS UNDER THE UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1967] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928115333/http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 |date=28 September 2010 }} — [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[insurgent]]<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asia Defence And Strategic Year Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlVXtIsXCxYC&pg=PA62 |pages=62–63 |author=Deepak Kapoor |publisher=Pentagon Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8274-399-1}}</ref> [[communist party]] in India.

== Early life and family ==
Anand was born at [[Adilabad]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], and pursued education at the government [[polytechnic college]], in [[Warangal]].<ref name="IE-602025">{{cite news |title=The men who run Dandakaranya |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-men-who-run-dandakaranya/602025/0 |first=Sreenivas |last=Janyala |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] | place=Hyderabad |date=9 April 2010 |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> He worked as a teacher to financially support his higher education.<ref name="IE-602025" /> He married the Adiladab district secretary of CPI (Maoist), Sadhana.<ref name="HT-963499" /> She was gunned down by the police force, few years back.<ref name="IE-602025" />

== Guerrilla life ==
Anand was one of the senior-most [[Cadre (politics)|cadres]] of the ultra-leftist political party,<ref name="IE-602025" /> and led the ongoing [[armed struggle]] from northern [[Telangana]] to [[Dandakaranya]], for over 30 years.<ref name="TI-12311694">{{cite news |title=Portrait of 'mastermind' |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100407/jsp/nation/story_12311694.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130617040208/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100407/jsp/nation/story_12311694.jsp |archive-date=17 June 2013 |first=G.S. |last=Radhakrishna |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] | publisher=[[ABP Group]] | place=Kolkata |date=7 April 2010 |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> He was described by Indian police as a "soft spoken" person, an "orthodox" [[Maoist]] and a "hardline strategist".<ref name="HT-963499" /> He was prominently known for chalking out the policies of the party in the political arena, and upheld that [[political power grows out of the barrel of a gun]].<ref name="HT-963499" />

After the completion of his studies, Anand joined the [[Far-left politics|radical leftists]] in 1975; and in 1979, he shifted to [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="IE-602025" /> In the 1980s, he became a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War]] (People's War Group), founded by [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]].<ref name="TI-12311694" /> He was famous for his "ruthless guerilla warfare tactics" and was designated the duty of training the [[Cadre (politics)|cadres]] in "[[guerrilla warfare]]", and planning "military precision strikes" on the armed forces, in the territory of Chhattisgarh.<ref name="IE-602025" />

Anand was a Central Military Commission<ref name="IE-602025" /> and Politburo member of CPI (Maoist), and was believed to be heading the Eastern Regional Bureau of the party, after [[Kishenji]]'s elimination in the ongoing [[Maoism in India|Maoist movement in India]].<ref name="HT-963499" /> He also worked as the chief of the Central Regional Bureau of the CPI (Maoist).

Responding on a question about the [[Indian government]]'s "[[Operation Green Hunt]]" during an interview, he said to journalists, "We have been in the middle of a cruel, bitter war for several years."<ref name="TI-12311694" /> In 2010, he told media personnel that out of the 45 members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Maoist), 8 had been arrested and 22 had been killed by the agencies of the Indian government.<ref name="TI-12311694" /> He was also reportedly working on the task to attempt stalling the "Operation Green Hunt".<ref name="TI-12311694" />

A senior police officer once told ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' that "Sudarshan was not a [[pacifist]] like [[Azad (Maoist)|Azad]] and was against his party's initiative to hold talks with the government."<ref name="HT-963499" />

== Death ==
Anand died of a heart attack on 31 May 2023.<ref>[https://www.ap7am.com/lv-374769-maoist-leader-katakam-sudarshan-passes-away Maoist leader Katakam Sudarshan passes away]</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Socialism]]
* [[Communism]]
* [[Marxism]]
* [[Leninism]]
* [[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]]
* [[Naxalism]]
* [[People's war]]
* [[New Democratic Revolution]]
* [[Radicalism (historical)]]
* [[Left-wing politics]]
* [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]
* [[Anuradha Ghandy]]
* [[Azad (Maoist)|Azad]]
* [[Charu Majumdar]]
* [[Ganapathy (Maoist)|Ganapathy]]
* [[Kobad Ghandy]]
* [[Kosa (Maoist)|Kosa]]
* [[Narmada Akka]]
* [[Prashant Bose]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.icawpi.org/ International Campaign Against War on the People in India]
* [http://marxistleninist.wordpress.com/2010/01/12/peoples-war-in-india-interview-with-comrade-anand-of-the-communist-party-of-india-maoist/#more-4524 People's War in India: Interview with Comrade Anand of the Communist Party of India (Maoist)]

:'''Video'''
* [http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/man-behind-the-dantewada-attack/136068 Man behind the Dantewada attack], ''[[NDTV]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudarshan, Katakam}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian guerrillas]]
[[Category:Naxalites]]
[[Category:People from Adilabad district]]

Virgio

2026-01-28T19:40:50Z

Vikibnf: Started Some Info Nd Citations!

{{Short description|Indian fashion technology company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Virgio
| logo = Virgio logo.svg
| type = Private
| industry = Fashion technology
| founded = {{start date|2022}}
| founder = Amar Nagaram
| location = Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| key_people = Amar Nagaram (Founder & CEO)
| website = {{URL|https://www.virgio.com}}
}}

'''Virgio''' is an Indian fashion technology company founded in 2022 by Amar Nagaram, former CEO of [[Myntra]]. The company initially operated as a fast fashion brand before shifting its focus to sustainable and circular fashion models in 2023.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-09 |title=Ex-Myntra CEO's start-up Virgio to pivot after raising $37 million |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ex-myntra-ceos-start-up-virgio-to-pivot-after-raising-37-million/article67398959.ece |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Virgio operates primarily online, targeting [[Generation Z]] and [[Millennials|millennial consumers]], with offices in India and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2022-12-16 |title=Former Myntra chief's fashion startup Virgio valued at $161 million in new funding |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/15/former-myntra-chiefs-fashion-startup-virgio-valued-at-161-million-in-new-funding/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Virgio was founded in early 2022 by Amar Nagaram following his departure as CEO of Myntra in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Madhurima |date=22 October 2021 |title=Myntra CEO Amar Nagaram steps down |url=https://www.vccircle.com/myntra-ceo-amar-nagaram-steps-down |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> Nagaram had previously held executive roles at [[Flipkart]] and [[Myntra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Goel |first=Pallavi |title=Virgio eyes house of brands strategy; plans offline foray - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/virgio-eyes-house-of-brands-strategy-plans-offline-foray/112841370 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref> The company launched as a direct-to-consumer fast fashion e-commerce platform focusing on women's apparel.<ref name=":0" /> In December 2022, Virgio raised US$37 million in a Series A funding round led by Prosus Ventures, Accel, and Alpha Wave Global.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Samreen |date=16 December 2022 |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/exmyntra-ceos-fashion-tech-startup-scoops-37m-series |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Tech in Asia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The funding was intended to support team expansion and technology development, and valued the company at approximately US$160 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-09 |title=Virgio shuts fast fashion business, goes for a pivot after raising $37 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/virgio-shuts-fast-fashion-business-goes-for-a-pivot-after-raising-37-million/articleshow/104278100.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In October 2023, the company announced a strategic transition towards sustainable and circular fashion.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-10-09 |title=Fashion-tech start up Virgio aims to evolve into a circular fashion brand |url=https://mediabrief.com/virgio-new-era-fashion-industry/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref> This included a shift toward using more natural fabrics and reducing reliance on synthetic materials, as well as incorporating recycling and upcycling practices into its operations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indulge |first=Team |date=2025-01-13 |title=Virgio unveils first-ever mocha mousse collection, embracing Pantone's 2025 colour |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/new-launches/2025/Jan/13/virgio-unveils-first-ever-mocha-mousse-collection-embracing-pantones-2025-colour |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> As part of this transition, Virgio reportedly returned a portion of its previously raised capital to investors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Digbijay |date=2024-03-11 |title=Fashion startups Fashinza, Virgio to return investor capital after failed pivots |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/fashinza-virgio-to-return-majority-capital-after-pivots/articleshow/108373306.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2024, Virgio received PETA Approved Vegan certification<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=April 23, 2025 |title=Virgio Announces Collaboration with 'Miss UAE' Dr. Mahra Lutfi to Drive Sustainable Fashion Movement |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-ae/news-and-trends/virgio-announces-collaboration-with-miss-uae-dr-mahra-lutfi/490447 |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=Entrepreneur magazine}}</ref> and was recognized as the Company of the Year at the PETA India Vegan Fashion Awards for its adoption of animal-free materials and sustainable practices.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Crossley |first=Isabelle |date=2024-11-13 |title=Virgio wins PETA India's 2024 Vegan Fashion Award for 'Company of the Year' |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Virgio-wins-peta-india-s-2024-vegan-fashion-award-for-company-of-the-year-,1678717.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The company expanded into offline retail in September 2024 through a partnership with Broadway, launching a retail presence at Ambience Mall in [[Vasant Kunj]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crossley |first=Isabelle |date=2024-09-23 |title=Virgio partners with Broadway for offline debut in New Delhi |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Virgio-partners-with-broadway-for-offline-debut-in-new-delhi,1665768.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> In December 2024, Virgio opened its first standalone store in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martins |first=Maverick |date=2024-12-20 |title=Virgio expands presence with store in Bangalore |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Virgio-expands-presence-with-store-in-bangalore,1687200.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In March 2025, Virgio became the sustainable fashion partner for the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy]]'s (IIFA) 25th-anniversary celebrations in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crossley |first=Isabelle |date=2025-03-19 |title=Virgio collaborates with IIFA to promote sustainable fashion |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Virgio-collaborates-with-iifa-to-promote-sustainable-fashion,1713107.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> The following month, the company announced a collaboration with Dr. Mahra Lutfi (Miss UAE and [[Miss Planet International]]) as its sustainability ambassador.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Jamil |date=2025-04-19 |title=Miss UAE launches 'sustainable fashion movement' |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/lifestyle/2025/04/19/miss-uae-launches-sustainable-fashion-movement |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=gulftoday |language=en}}</ref>

==Recognition==
* 2024: PETA India Vegan Fashion Awards - Company of the Year<ref name=":2" />

==See also ==
* [[Fashion in India]]
* [[Sustainable fashion]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2022]]

Chandrabhaaga River

2026-01-23T06:41:01Z

Vikibnf: starting a place.

{{Short description|River in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Chandrabhaga River
| image =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| source1_location = Hills of Amet area, [[Rajsamand district]]
| mouth_location = [[Bhilwara district]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajasthan]]
| length =
| source1_coordinates =
| mouth_coordinates =
| elevation =
| discharge =
| watershed =
}}

The '''Chandrabhaga River''' is a river in India that originates from the hills of Amet area in [[Rajsamand district]] and flows to join the [[Banas River]] in [[Bhilwara district]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhsm93ZQXJwC&q=%22chandrabhaga+river%22+/+banas |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ... |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFhF_139GuIC&q=%22chandrabhaga+river%22+/+banas |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Rajsamand |last2=Sehgal |first2=K. K. |date=1962 |pages=294 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=आमेट में 2 दिनों से लगातार बारिश, नदी-नाले भरे:चंद्रभागा नदी पर बना एनिकट ओवरफ्लो हुआ, एसडीएम बोलीं- सुरक्षा के लिए लाइफ गार्ड तैनात किया |pages=1 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/rajsamand/amet/news/anicut-overflowed-on-the-chandrabhaga-river-131606296.html }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]

{{India-river-stub}}
{{Ajmerdivision-geo-stub}}
{{Udaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Hinduism and LGBTQ topics

2026-01-22T06:05:53Z

Vikibnf: started initial info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Hindu views on LGBTQ issues}}
[[File:A group of Hijra in Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|[[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]] people in Bangladesh.]]
{{LGBTQ sidebar}}

'''Hindu views of homosexuality''' and, more generally, [[LGBTQ]] (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) issues are diverse, and different [[Hinduism|Hindu]] groups have distinct views. Hinduism describes a [[third gender]] equal to other genders which has documentation in ancient Hindu and Buddhist medical texts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Shiva Prakash |last2=Chandrasekaran |first2=Sruti |date=2020 |title=Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology |journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20 |issn=2230-8210 |pmc=7539026 |pmid=33083261 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Kama Sutra|Kamasutra]] mentions [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]] and relations with them,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cush|first1=Denise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last2=Robinson|first2=Catherine|last3=York|first3=Michael|date=2012-08-21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18978-5|pages=354|language=en}}</ref> and there are several Hindu temples with carvings that depict both men and women engaging in sexual acts with hijras.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Keene| first = Manu |title = Religion in Life and Society| publisher = Folens Limited| year = 2002| page = 58| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I4AVbUIIygQC&pg=PA58|isbn=978-1-84303-295-3}}</ref> There are numerous cases of Hindu deities and figures physically transforming to different [[gender]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=S. P. |last2=Chandrasekaran |first2=S. |title=Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology |journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism |date=2020 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20 |doi-access=free |pmid=33083261 |pmc=7539026 }}</ref><ref name="Cousins 2014 p. 1158">{{cite book | last=Cousins | first=L.H. | title=Encyclopedia of Human Services and Diversity | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4833-4665-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Spd0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1158 | access-date=2023-04-04 | page=1158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Devor|first1=Aaron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3mFDwAAQBAJ&q=hindu+deities+gender+fluid&pg=PA16|title=Transgender: A Reference Handbook|last2=Haefele-Thomas|first2=Ardel|date=2019-02-15|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-5691-4|pages=16|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Arthashastra]] by Kautilya, while not giving full permission, accepts the existence of [[homosexuality]] and treats it as a minor offence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-10 |title=Homosexuality in ancient India: 10 instances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-instances-of-homosexuality-among-lgbts-in-ancient-india-1281446-2018-07-10 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The [[Dharmaśāstra]] recognises the existence of homosexuality, and refers to sexual fluidity in humans as a part of life.<ref name="DharmaLGBT" /> The [[Manusmriti]] regards homosexual (as well as heterosexual) acts in an ox cart as a source of ritual pollution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Jyoti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXmAAAAAQBAJ&dq=manusmruti+homosexuality&pg=PA180 |title=Woman, Body, Desire in Post-Colonial India: Narratives of Gender and Sexuality |date=2002-09-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96266-1 |pages=180 |language=en}}</ref> These commentaries were written as guides for sexual misconduct, both heterosexual and homosexual.<ref name="hrc.org">{{Cite web |title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Human Rights Campaign |language=en-US}}</ref> In the Manusmirti and the Arthashastra, homosexual contact is compared to having sex with menstruating woman, which is sinful and demands a purification ritual. The Dharmashastras,{{Mdash}}''e.g.'' the ''[[Vasishtha Dharmasutra]]{{Mdash}}''perceive the conception of children by heterosexual marriage as advantageous and opposes non-vaginal sex. The [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]] prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men.<ref name="DharmaLGBT2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uP57zh13BqQC&dq=dharmasastra+ayoni&pg=PA50 |title=Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 - 1950 |date=July 26, 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-29721-2 |editor-last1=Reyes |editor-first1=Raquel A.G. |pages=50–51 |access-date=April 1, 2021 |editor-last2=Clarence-Smith |editor-first2=William Gervase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Qrius |date=2023-07-19 |title=What do Manusmriti and Dharmashastra have to say about homosexuality? |url=https://qrius.com/what-do-manusmriti-and-dharmashastra-have-to-say-about-homosexuality/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Qrius}}</ref>

The Manusmriti acknowledges existence of homosexual men and women. Manusmriti shows sexual fluidity and does not showcase any specific cruel acts of harshness towards homosexuals, be it lesbians or gays. But if lesbian sex is performed by a mature woman on a girl, she is liable to harsher punishments. In the case of homosexual males, Manusmriti says that sexual union between with two men brings problems in the identity of the individual. If a man has sex with non-human females or with another man or indulges in anal or oral sex with women he is liable for punishment as per the "Painful Heating Vow".<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web | title=Homosexuality in ancient India: 10 instances | date=10 July 2018 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-instances-of-homosexuality-among-lgbts-in-ancient-india-1281446-2018-07-10 }}</ref>

[[Arthashastra]] of [[Kautilya]] a treatise on politics mentions homosexuality as a minor offence, however often treated less harshly as compared to heterosexual adultery.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

In the [[Mahābhārata]] it disapproves of sex between men. The words used are viyoni maithuna (13.145.53) this means sex (maithuna) which is other than vaginal (viyoni). Lord shiva is an example of an individual who cannot be classified as a man or woman because he is a perfect blend of masculine and feminine energies that show the unity of mankind. A similar statement is made in the next verse (13.145.54). The words used are prakīrṇa-maithuna common meanings of this word are scattered, dispersed, mixed, confused, loose, and miscellaneous.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Vedic View on Homosexuality – Jiva Institute of Vedic Studies | url=https://www.jiva.org/the-vedic-view-on-homosexuality/ }}</ref>

The rigid structure of homosexuality and unwillingness to accept it was brought by the British who considered it unnatural due to Christian beliefs. There have been cases of some Hindu priests performing same sex marriages in temples since the independence from colonialism, although the majority continue to oppose it.<ref name="Endsjø 2012 p. 164">{{cite book |last=Endsjø |first=D.Ø. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YyWP_ZAJuQC&pg=PA164 |title=Sex and Religion: Teachings and Taboos in the History of World Faiths |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-86189-988-0 |series=Espiritualidad y religión |page=164 |access-date=2023-04-05}}</ref>

In 2009, the [[Delhi High Court]] legalised [[homosexuality in India]], but the [[Supreme Court of India]] subsequently overturned the high court's decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/FHDQ9yB2jRJMsOlNCQrkgL/Supreme-Court-to-rule-on-legality-of-gay-sex-today.html|title=Supreme Court upholds Section 377 criminalizing homosexual sex|last=Monalisa|date=11 December 2013|website=[[Livemint]]}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India, [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|in a later ruling in 2018]], reversed its previous verdict and decriminalised homosexual intercourse and relationships.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 September 2018|title=India court legalises gay sex in landmark ruling|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45429664|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> However, in November 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples have no legal right to marry each other.<ref name="c652">{{cite web | last=Khan | first=Khadija | title=SC verdict on same sex marriages Explained Highlights: No fundamental right of same-sex couples to marry, says Supreme Court | website=The Indian Express | date=2023-10-17 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/sc-verdict-on-same-sex-marriages-explained-live-8986361/ | access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref>

==Contemporary Hindu society==
{{quote box|width=35em|align=right|quote="Hindu society had a clear cut idea of all these people in the past. Now that we have put them under one label ‘LGBT’, there is lot more confusion and other identities have got hidden."<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=A. | last=Shrikumar | title=No more under siege | date=October 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glreview.org/article/the-many-genders-of-old-india/|title=The Many Genders of Old India|website=The Gay & Lesbian Review|date=2 March 2015 }}</ref> |source=— [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] in National Queer Conference 2013}}

Sexuality is rarely discussed openly in contemporary Hindu society, especially in modern [[India]] where homosexuality was illegal until a brief period beginning in 1860, due to colonial [[British India|British laws]].<ref>From section 377 of the [[Indian Penal Code]]: ''Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.''</ref> In 2009, The [[Delhi]] High Court in a historic judgement decriminalised homosexuality in [[India]]; where the court noted that the existing laws violated fundamental rights to personal liberty (Article 21 of the [[Indian Constitution]]) and equality (Article 14) and prohibition of discrimination (Article 15).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/india/1379620/section-377-a-timeline-of-indias-battle-for-gay-rights/ |title=Timeline: The Struggle Against Section 377 Began Over Two Decades Ago |last=Thomas |first=Maria |date=September 6, 2018 |website=Quartz India |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5388231/india-decriminalizes-homosexuality-section-377/ |title=India's Supreme Court Decriminalizes Homosexuality in a Historic Ruling for the LGBT Community |last=Kidangoor |first=Abhishyant |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906091358/https://time.com/5388231/india-decriminalizes-homosexuality-section-377/ |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> However, the Supreme Court of India re-affirmed the penal code provision and overturned the Delhi High Court decision, effectively re-instating the legal ban on homosexuality in which penalties included life imprisonment<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-makes-homosexuality-a-crime-again/articleshow/27230690.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Supreme Court makes homosexuality a crime again - The Times of India | date=12 December 2013 | access-date=2017-11-13 | archive-date=2013-12-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214062847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-12/india/45120907_1_delhi-hc-section-377-ipc-supreme-court | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/no-separate-proposal-to-repeal-or-amend-section-377-govt/ | work=The Hindustan Times | title=No separate proposal to repeal or amend section 377 : govt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-separate-proposal-to-repeal-or-amend-section-377-government/articleshow/45618509.cms | work=Economic Times | title=No separate proposal to repeal or amend section 377 : govt | date=23 December 2014}}</ref> until September 6, 2018, when Supreme Court of India decriminalised homosexuality. Furthermore, LGBT people are often subjected to torture, executions and fines by non-government affiliated vigilante groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/18/india-prosecute-rampant-honor-killings|title=India: Prosecute Rampant 'Honor' Killings|date=18 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/sAYrieZdZKEybKzhP8FDbP/Being-LGBT-in-India-Some-home-truths.html|title=Being LGBT in India: Some home truths|first=Rashmi|last=Patel|date=27 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/07/29/lesbian-newlyweds-flee-honor-killing-threats-in-india/|title=Lesbian newlyweds flee honor killing threats in India}}</ref>

A 2019 survey by the Center for Regional Political Economy at [[Azim Premji University]] of participants from eleven Indian states found that 22% of Hindus, the highest of any religious group polled, believed same-sex relationships should be accepted by society; approximately 30% had no opinion, while approximately 40% somewhat or fully disagreed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Center for Regional Political Economy |title=POLITICS AND SOCIETY BETWEEN ELECTIONS |url=https://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/publications/2019/report/politics-and-society-2019 |website=Azim Premji University }}</ref> In the diaspora, open acceptance appears to be higher; a survey by Pew Research Center found that 88% of Hindus in the [[United States]] supported legal same-sex marriage; 78% stated homosexuality should be accepted, and 67% stated greater acceptance of transgender people was a positive change in society.<ref name="pewresearchcenter">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Gregory A. |last2=Cooperman |first2=Alan |last3=Alper |first3=Becka A. |last4=Mohamed |first4=Besheer |last5=Rotolo |first5=Chip |last6=Tevington |first6=Patricia |last7=Nortey |first7=Justin |last8=Kallo |first8=Asta |last9=Diamant |first9=Jeff |last10=Fahmy |first10=Dalia |title=Religious Landscape Study: Religion and views on LGBTQ issues and abortion |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/religion-and-views-on-lgbtq-issues-and-abortion/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=26 February 2025 }}</ref>

[[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] factions have a varied opinion on the legalisation of [[homosexuality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lgbtq-community-part-of-society-mohan-bhagwat-keeps-up-with-times-1919153 |title="LGBTQ community Part of Society": Mohan Bhagwat Keeps Up With Times |last=Sethi |first=Nidhi |date=September 20, 2018 |website=NDTV |access-date=July 10, 2021}}</ref> In the last thirty years, homosexuality has become increasingly visible in the print and audio-visual media, with many out LGBT people, an active LGBT movement, and a large Indian LGBT presence on the Internet. From the 1990s onward, modern gay and lesbian Hindu organizations have surfaced in India's major cities and in 2004, plausible calls were made for the first time to repeal India's laws against homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/19/world/asia/19iht-letter.html |title=Attitudes, and the law, keep India's gays quiet |last=Gentleman |first=Amelia |website=New York Times |date=January 19, 2006 |access-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108175707/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/19/world/asia/19iht-letter.html |archive-date=January 8, 2016}}</ref>

[[Deepa Mehta]]'s 1996 film ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'', which depicts a romantic relationship between two Hindu women, was informally banned for "religious insensitivity"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116308/trivia |title=Fire Trivia |website=IMDB |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> after the screening of the movie was disrupted on the grounds that it denigrated Indian culture, not on the grounds of homophobia per se, a position shared and confirmed by feminist Madhu Kishwar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/s_es/s_es_kishw_naive_frameset.htm|title=Naive Outpourings|website=www.infinityfoundation.com|quote=A small handful of Shiv Sainiks in Bombay and an even smaller number in Delhi disrupted the screening of the film at a couple of theatres.}}</ref> In addition, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who were in power in India at the time, refused to ban it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1526/15260430.htm |title=Furore over a film |first=Praveen |last=Swami |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2010-08-04 |archive-date=2012-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107125409/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1526/15260430.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Similar protests occurred in 2004 against the lesbian-themed film ''Girlfriend'' — even though the portrayal of lesbianism was this time distinctly unsympathetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3805905.stm |title='Girlfriend' causes India storm |first=Jayshree |last=Bajoria |website=[[BBC News]] |date=June 14, 2002 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afterellen.com/Movies/62004/bollywood.html|title=Lesbian-Themed Bollywood Films Provoke Violence, Dialogue |first=Sarah |last=Warn |date=June 2004 |publisher=AfterEllen.com and AfterElton.com}}</ref> Several [[human-rights]] groups such as the [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] have asserted that sexual minorities in India face severe discrimination and violence, especially those from rural and lower-caste backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=People's Union of Civil Liberties |url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Gender/2003/sexual-minorities.htm |title=Human Rights Violations Against Sexuality Minorities in India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030308105733/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Gender/2003/sexual-minorities.htm |archive-date=March 8, 2003 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>

In her book, ''[[Love's Rite]]'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Love's Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2005|author=Ruth Vanita}}</ref> Ruth Vanita examines the phenomenon of same-sex weddings, many by Hindu rites, which have been reported by the Indian press over the last thirty years and with increasing frequency. In the same period, same-sex joint suicides have also been reported. Most of these marriages and suicides are by lower-middle-class female couples from small towns and rural areas across the country; these women have no contact with any LGBT movements. Both cross-sex and same-sex couples, when faced with family opposition, tend to resort to either elopement and marriage or to joint suicide in the hope of reunion in the next life. Vanita examines how Hindu doctrines such as rebirth and the genderlessness of the soul are often interpreted to legitimize socially disapproved relationships, including same-sex ones. In a 2004 survey, most — though not all — [[swami]]s said they opposed the concept of a Hindu-sanctified gay marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faithandthecity.org/issues/social/articles/Discussions_on_Dharma%20.shtml |title=Discussions on Dharma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726045115/http://www.faithandthecity.org/issues/social/articles/Discussions_on_Dharma%20.shtml |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |website=Hinduism Today |date=December 2004 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> But several Hindu priests have performed same-sex marriages, arguing that love is the result of attachments from previous births and that marriage, as a union of spirit, is transcendental to gender.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1357249.stm |title=Gay couple hold Hindu wedding |last=Singh |first=Jyotsna |date=29 May 2001 |website=BBC News |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.ncmonline.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=bc24b62d8bece96593d6041cc48a3f54 |title=As Tide Turns on Same-Sex Marriage, Churches Lag Behind |date=March 24, 2006 |website=New America Media |last=Roy |first=Sandip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306041528/http://news.ncmonline.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=bc24b62d8bece96593d6041cc48a3f54 |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>

Later, Vanita condenses the ideas in her book into an article, "Same-sex Weddings, Hindu Traditions and Modern India".<ref>Vanita, Ruth. "Same-sex Weddings, Hindu Traditions, and Modern India." Feminist Review 91, no. 1 (2009): 47-60. jstor.org (accessed February 9, 2014).</ref> Here, she summarizes specific cases in which women specifically committed joint-suicides, were married and separated, or successfully married. She points out three different "forces that have helped female couples".<ref>Vanita, Ruth. "Same-sex Weddings, Hindu Traditions, and Modern India." Feminist Review 91, no. 1 (2009): 53. jstor.org (accessed February 9, 2014).</ref> These are: the law courts, the media, and some Hindu authorities (such as the swamis mentioned earlier in this article) from her book. When female couples can stay together under the social pressures and get to the courts, the courts generally hold up their decisions, holding to the fact that the women are consenting adults. While this does not necessarily stop the harassment, it does lend the couple further legitimacy under the laws. In addition, the more successful same-sex marriages of women are those in which the women are financially independent. If they have social support from their families and community—for the most part—then they may be able to live in peace together. The media may also play an important role in same-sex marriages. In drawing attention to their marriages, women who do not necessarily know about LGBT rights groups may be contacted and supported by those groups after media attention. However, the flip side of this is that the anti-LGBT groups also may reach out against their marriage.

Psychoanalyst [[Sudhir Kakar]] writes that Hindus are more accepting of "deviance or eccentricity" that are adherents of Western religions, who typically treat sexual variance as "anti-social or psychopathological, requiring 'correction' or 'cure'".<ref>Kakar, Sundir (1981). ''The Inner World: A Psycho-analytic Study of Childhood and Society in India.'' Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 39</ref> Hindus, he argues, believe instead that each individual must fulfill their personal destiny (''svadharma'') as they travel the path towards [[moksha]] (transcendence).

Commenting on the legalisation of homosexuality in India; Anil Bhanot, general secretary of The [[United Kingdom]] Hindu Council said: "The point here is that the homosexual nature is part of the natural law of God; it should be accepted for what it is, no more and no less. Hindus are generally conservative but it seems to me that in ancient India, they even celebrated sex as an enjoyable part of procreation, where priests were invited for ceremonies in their home to mark the beginning of the process."<ref name="news.rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/03/hinduism-does-not-condemn-homosexuality.htm|title='Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality' - Rediff.com India News|website=news.rediff.com}}</ref>

==The third gender==
Hindu philosophy has the concept of a third sex or [[Third gender#Indic culture|third gender]] (Sanskrit: तृतीय प्रकृति, ''tŕtīya-prakŕti'' – literally, "third nature"). This category includes a wide range of people with mixed male and female natures such as effeminate males, masculine females, transgender people, transsexual people, intersex people, androgynes, and so on. Many MTF third-genders are not attracted only or at all to men, but are attracted either exclusively to women or are bisexual. Many FTM transgender people are attracted to men.<ref>Pattanaik, Devdutt. ''The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore'' (p. 10). Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press, 2002.</ref> Such persons are not considered fully male or female in traditional Hinduism, being a combination of both. They are mentioned as third sex by nature (birth)<ref>Buhler, G., trans. ''The Laws of Manu'' (3.49). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2001.</ref> and are not expected to behave like cisgender men and women. They often keep their own societies or town quarters, perform specific occupations (such as masseurs, hairdressers, flower-sellers, domestic servants, etc.) and are generally attributed a semi-divine status. Their participation in religious ceremonies, especially as cross-dressing dancers and devotees of certain temple gods/goddesses, is considered auspicious in traditional Hinduism. Some Hindus believe that third-sex people have special powers allowing them to bless or curse others. 

In 2008, the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] recognised the [[LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu|"Third Gender"]]; with its civil supplies department giving in the ration card a provision for a new sex column as 'T', distinct from the usual 'M' and 'F' for males and females respectively. This was the first time that authorities anywhere in India have officially recognised the third gender.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Third-sex-gets-official-status-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/2869909.cms |title=Third sex gets official status in Tamil Nadu |first=Pushpa |last=Narayan |website=Times of India |date=March 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-16/india/27778521_1_ration-cards-third-gender-tamil-nadu |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>

==Hindu religious narratives==
{{Main|LGBT themes in Hindu mythology}}

In the Hindu narrative tradition, stories of gods and mortals changing gender occur.<ref>[Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai, Same-Sex Love in India, 2000, the first section, sections 1 and 2, "Ancient Indian Materials" and "Medieval Materials in the Sanskritic Tradition"; [[Wendy Doniger|O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger]] (1980). ''Women, Androgynes, and Other Mystical Beasts.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 302–4 Thadani, Giti (1996). ''Sakhiyani: Lesbian Desire in Ancient and Modern India.'' London: Cassell. p. 65 Pattanaik, Devdutt (2002). ''The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore'', Haworth Press, {{ISBN|1-56023-181-5}}</ref> Sometimes they also engage in heterosexual activities as different reincarnated genders. Homosexual and transgender Hindus commonly identify with and worship the various Hindu deities connected with gender diversity such as [[Bahuchara Mata]] (a goddess connected with transsexuality and eunuchism), [[Gadadhara]] (an incarnation of Radha in male form), [[Bhagavati]]-devi (a Hindu goddess associated with cross-dressing), Gangamma (a goddess connected with cross-dressing and disguises) and the goddess [[Yellamma]].<ref name="Galva3rdsexdieties1">{{cite web|title=Hindu Deities and the Third Sex (1)|url=http://www.galva108.org/#!Hindu-Deities-and-the-Third-Sex-1/cu6k/A138A622-C40E-424E-BE21-884ECB1E3E2A|publisher=Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Galva3rdsexdieties2">{{cite web|title=Hindu Deities and the Third Sex (2)|url=http://www.galva108.org/#!Hindu-Deities-and-the-Third-Sex-2/cu6k/1|publisher=Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> There are also specific festivals connected to the worship of these deities, some of which are famous in India for their cross-dressing devotees. These festivals include the Aravan Festival of [[Koovagam]], the Bahuchara Mata Festivals of [[Gujarat]] and the Yellamma Festivals of [[Karnataka]], among others.<ref>For a complete description of twenty-nine of the most gender-variant Hindu deities, see Part One, Chapter Three of Wilhelm's ''Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex''.</ref>

Gender variance is also observed in heroes in Hindu scriptures. The [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'' narrates that the hero [[Arjuna]] takes a vow to live as a member of the third sex for a year as the result of a curse he is compelled to honor. He thus transforms into [[Brihannala]], a member of the third gender, for a year and becomes a dance teacher to a princess. Another important character, [[Shikhandi]], is born female, but raised as a man and even married to a woman. She becomes male due to the grace of a [[Yaksha]]. Shikhandi eventually becomes the reason for the death of the warrior [[Bhishma]], who refuses to fight a "woman." Another character, [[Bhishma]] appeases [[Yudhishtira]]'s curiosity about relative enjoyment of partners during sex by relating the story of King Bhangasvana, who has had a hundred sons is turned into a woman while on a hunt. She returns to her kingdom, relates the story, turns the kingdom over to her children and retires to the forest to be the spouse of a hermit, by whom she has a hundred more sons.<ref>[[Mahabharata]] Anushaasan Parva: Daandharma Parva, Chapter 12, shloka-1</ref> [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]], a king from Hindu narratives, is also known for their gender changes.

Some versions of the ''[[Krittivasi Ramayan|Krittivasa Ramayana]]'', the most popular Bengali text on the pastimes of [[Ramachandra]] (an incarnation of [[Vishnu]]), relate a story of two queens who conceived a child together. When the king of the Sun Dynasty, Maharaja Dilipa, died, the demigods become concerned that he did not have a son to continue his line. Shiva, therefore, appeared before the king's two widowed queens and commanded them, "You two make love together and by my blessings, you will bear a beautiful son." The two wives, with great affection for each other, executed Shiva's order until one of them conceived a child. The sage Astavakra accordingly named the child "[[Bhagiratha]]" – he who was born from two vulvas. Bhagiratha later became a king and is credited with bringing the river [[Ganges]] down to earth through his austerities.<ref>Vanita, Ruth and Saleem Kidwai. ''Same-Sex Love in India: Reading From Literature and History'', pp. 100–102. New York, NY: Palgrave, 2001. For more details on other versions of this story, see Chapter Six of ''Love's Rite'', by the same author.</ref>

==Hindu Texts==

People of a [[third gender]] (''tritiya-prakriti''), not fully men nor women, are mentioned here and there throughout Hindu texts such as the [[Puranas]] but are not specifically defined. In general, they are portrayed as effeminate men, often cowardly, and with no desire for women. Modern readers often draw parallels between these and modern stereotypes of [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]] and [[transgender]] people. The general thought or the decree in the context of [[dharma]] is that it is well indeed considered as a sin.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-instances-of-homosexuality-among-lgbts-in-ancient-india-1281446-2018-07-10 |title=Homosexuality in Ancient India: 10 Instances |date=July 10, 2018 |website=India Today |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>

Historians Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai, in their book ''Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History'', compiled extracts from Indian texts, from ancient to modern times, including many Hindu texts, translated from 15 Indian languages. In their accompanying analytical essays, they also wrote that Hindu texts have discussed and debated same-sex desire from the earliest times, in tones ranging from critical to non-judgmental to playful and celebratory.<ref>{{cite book |date=2000 |editor-last=Vanita |editor-first=Ruth |editor2-last=Kidwai |editor2-first=Saleem |title=Same-Sex Love in India |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-62183-5 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-62183-5|isbn=978-1-349-62185-9 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Dharmashastras===

The Dharmashastras especially later ones prescribed against non-vaginal sex like the [[Vashistha Dharmasutra]]. The [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]] prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. Atri Smriti, Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra, and the Apastambha Dharmasūtra do treat homosexual sex (as well as heterosexual sex) as a sin, in some cases legally punishable.<ref name="DharmaLGBT">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uP57zh13BqQC&dq=dharmasastra+ayoni&pg=PA50 |title=Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 - 1950 |date=July 26, 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-29721-2 |editor-last1=Reyes |editor-first1=Raquel A.G. |pages=50–51 |access-date=April 1, 2021 |editor-last2=Clarence-Smith |editor-first2=William Gervase}}</ref> In the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', there are proposals for various punishments for homosexual sex in certain cases (along with heterosexual sex too).<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Homosexuality in ancient India: 10 instances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-instances-of-homosexuality-among-lgbts-in-ancient-india-1281446-2018-07-10 |access-date=2021-05-16 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> A mature woman having sex with a maiden girl was punished by having her head shaved or two of her fingers cut off, and she was also made to ride on a donkey. In the case of [[Gay men|homosexual male sex]], the Manusmriti dictated that sexual union between two people (both homosexual and heterosexual) in a bullock cart as a source of ritual pollution.<ref name=":033">{{Cite web |title=Homosexuality in ancient India: 10 instances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-instances-of-homosexuality-among-lgbts-in-ancient-india-1281446-2018-07-10 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=India Today |date=10 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite web |last=Jayaram |first=V |date=2000 |title=Hinduism and Adultery |url=https://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_extramarital.asp}}</ref> Verse 8.367 contains a similar punishment for all those who do it regardless of gender. The emphasis Vanita states here is on a maiden's sexual purity.<ref name="VanitaLGBT">{{cite book |last=Vanita |first=Ruth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofDIAAAAQBAJ&dq=manusmriti+wendy+anti-lesbian&pg=PA32 |title=Love's Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West |date=October 20, 2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-8160-8 |page=32 |publisher=Springer |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> The [[Manusmriti]] is less judgmental about LGBT relationships. XI. 174 prescribes eating the five products of the cow or [[Panchagavya]] and foregoing food for a night for several sexual acts committed by a man including those with other men. XI. 175 states that those men who engage in intercourse with a man should take a bath while being clothed. According to XI.68, a man who engages in such acts is traditionally considered to lose his caste, though [[Ruth Vanita]] suggests the prescriptions by Manusmriti act as a substitute.<ref name="Vanita" />

===Kama Sutra===
[[File:At the Lakshmana temple in Khajuraho (954 CE), a man receives fellatio from a seated male as part of an orgiastic scene.jpg|thumb|At the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana temple in Khajuraho]] (954 CE), a man receives fellatio from a seated male as part of an orgiastic scene.]]{{Main|Kama Sutra}}

The '''Kama Sutra''' is an ancient text dealing with ''kama'' or desire (of all kinds), which in Hindu thought is one of the four normative and spiritual [[Puruṣārtha|goals of life]]. The [[Kama Sutra]] is the earliest extant and most important work in the [[Kama Shastra]] tradition of [[Sanskrit literature]]. It was compiled by the philosopher [[Vatsyayana]] around the 4th century, from earlier texts, and describes [[Third gender]] practices in several places, as well as a range of sex/gender 'types'. The author acknowledges that these relations also involve love and a bond of trust.

The author describes techniques by which masculine and feminine types of the third sex (''tritiya-prakriti''), as well as women, perform [[fellatio]].<ref>Danielou, Alain. ''The Complete Kama Sutra'', Part Two, Chapter Nine, entitled "Superior Coition or Fellation [''Auparishtaka'']. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press, 1994.</ref> The Second Part, Ninth Chapter of Kama Sutra specifically describes two kinds of men that we would recognize today as masculine- and feminine-type homosexuals but which are mentioned in older, Victorian British translations as simply "eunuchs."<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 9, "Of the Auparishtaka or Mouth Congress" |url=http://www.kamashastra.com/kama209.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313043325/http://www.kamashastra.com/kama209.htm |archive-date=March 13, 2010}}</ref> The chapter describes their appearances – feminine types dressed up as women whereas masculine types maintained muscular physiques and grew small beards, mustaches, etc. – and their various professions as masseurs, barbers and prostitutes are all described. Such [[Third gender]] people were also known to marry, according to the Kama Sutra: "There are also third-sex citizens, sometimes greatly attached to one another and with complete faith in one another, who get married together." (KS 2.9.36). In the "Jayamangala" of Yashodhara, an important twelfth-century commentary on the Kama Sutra, it is also stated: "Citizens with this kind of inclination, can do without them willingly because they love one another, get married together, bound by a deep and trusting friendship. However, they are not considered as dharma at all."<ref>Danielou, Alain. ''The Complete Kama Sutra''. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press, 1994.</ref>

===Other Scriptures===

The [[Narada Purana]] in 1.15.936 states that those who have non-vaginal intercourse will go to Retobhojana where they have to live on semen. [[Ruth Vanita]] states that the punishment in the afterlife suggested by it is comical and befitting the act. The [[Skanda Purana]] states that those who indulge in such acts will acquire impotency.<ref name=Vanita/>

The [[Arthashastra]] of [[Kautilya]] represents the principle text of secular law and illustrates the attitude of the judiciary towards [[sexual matters]]. Heterosexual vaginal sex is proposed as the norm by this text and legal issues arising from deviation therefrom are punishable by fines and in extreme cases by capital punishment. Homosexual acts are cited as a small offence punishable by a fine. It punishes non-vaginal sex with a small fine (4; 23; 326); however, women are fined less than men.<ref name=Vanita>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2nprDLPRLwC&dq=ayoni&pg=PT55 |title=Same-Sex Love in India |last=Vanita |first=Ruth |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |date=October 20, 2008 |isbn=978-81-8475-969-3 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>

The Sushruta Samhita also mentions the possibility of two women uniting and becoming pregnant as a result of the mingling of their sexual fluids. It states that the child born of such a union will be "boneless." Such a birth is indeed described in the [[Krittivasi Ramayan|Krittivasa Ramayana]] of Bengal (see below).<ref name=Vanita/>

Other texts list the various types of men who are impotent with women (known in Sanskrit as ''sandha'', ''kliba'', ''napumsaka'', and ''panda''). The ''Sabda-kalpa-druma'' Sanskrit-Sanskrit dictionary, for instance, lists twenty types, as does the ''Kamatantra'' and ''Smriti-Ratnavali'' of Vacaspati (14th century). The Narada Smriti similarly lists fourteen different types. Included among the lists are transgender people (''sandha''), intersex people (''nisarga''), and three different types of homosexual men (''mukhebhaga'', ''kumbhika'' and ''asekya''). Such texts demonstrate that third-sex terms like ''sandha'' and ''napumsaka'' actually refer to many different types of "men who are impotent with women," and that simplistic definition such as "eunuch" or "neuter" may not always be accurate and in some cases totally incorrect. In his article ''Homosexuality and Hinduism'', [[Arvind Sharma]] expresses his doubt over the common English translation of words like ''kliba'' into "eunuch" as follows: "The limited practice of castration in India raises another point significant for the rest of the discussion, namely, whether rendering a word such as "kliba" as "eunuch" regularly is correct..."<ref>[[Sharma, Arvind]]. ''Homosexuality and Hinduism'' (as part of ''Homosexuality and World Religions''). Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International.</ref>

The digest or ''dharmanibandha'' work "Dandaviveka'" written by Vardhamana Upadhyaya in 15th century in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] pronounced that semen shouldn't ejaculate outside the vagina. ''[[Ayoni]]'' sex here is divided into two categories, one which includes intercourse with humans of both genders.<ref name="DharmaLGBT"/>

==Third-gender Hindu sects==
Below are listed some of the most common third-gender sects found in Hinduism. There are an estimated half million crossdressing "eunuchs" in modern-day India, associated with various sects, temples and Hindu deities.<ref>Wilhelm, Amara Das. ''Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex'', p. 346. Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris Corporation, 2003</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} Despite being called "eunuchs", the majority of these persons (91%) do not practice castration but are more accurately associated with transgender.

===The Hijra===
{{Main|Hijra (Indian subcontinent)}}

[[File:Hijra.jpg|thumb|200px|A Hijra]]
The ''Hijras'' are a third-gender group in the Indian subcontinent. Some of them undergo castration, which is connected to [[Bahuchara Mata]] who is identified with the [[Prithvi|earth goddess]]. According to legends, she cut off her breasts in order to avoid rape by a group of bandits.<ref>{{cite book |first=Elizabeth |last=Abbott |page=329 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whs0eudAfJIC&dq=hijra+mata+mutilation&pg=PA329 |title=A History of Celibacy |publisher=Lutterworth Press |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-7188-3006-9 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Money |page=89 |url=https://archive.org/details/gaystraightinbet0000mone/page/89 |title=Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Rights |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> The operation is termed by them ''nirvan''. They compare it with ''[[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]]'' which consists of avoiding sex. Also used to justify emasculation is a creation myth of [[Shiva]] who emasculated himself.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last1=Ellingson |editor-first2=M. Christian |editor-last2=Green |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxUiAwAAQBAJ&dq=hijra+shiva+castration&pg=PT101 |title=Religion and Sexuality in Cross-Cultural Perspective |date=March 18, 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-37595-9 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> The aravanis also undergo castration.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Arvind |editor-last1=Narrain |editor-first2=Vinay |editor-last2=Chandran |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2MlDAAAQBAJ&dq=aravanis+emasculated&pg=PT128 |title=Nothing to Fix: Medicalisation of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity |publisher=SAG Publications |date=November 15, 2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-916-5 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> Hijras also use [[Arjuna]] becoming a eunuch during exile as a result of a curse as a justification for castration. Despite this, all the seven major hijra clans are claimed to have been established by Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Wayne R. |editor-last1=Dynes |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last2=Donaldson |page=148 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=1992 |access-date=April 1, 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgKQ4KNDjsgC&dq=hijras+seven+houses+muslim&pg=PA148 |title=Asian Homosexuality|isbn=978-0-8153-0548-4 }}</ref>

There are an estimated 50,000 ''hijra'' in northern India. After interviewing and studying the ''hijra'' for many years, [[Serena Nanda]] writes in her book, ''Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India'', as follows: "There is a widespread belief in India that ''hijras'' are born intersex and are taken away by the ''hijra'' community at birth or in childhood, but I found no evidence to support this belief among the ''hijras'' I met, all of whom joined the community voluntarily, often in their teens."<ref>Nanda, Serena. Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India, p. xx. Canada: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1999</ref> Nanda also states: "There is absolutely no question that at least some ''hijras'' – perhaps even the majority – are homosexual prostitutes. Sinha's (1967) study of ''hijras'' in Lucknow, in North India, acknowledges the ''hijra'' role as performers, but views the major motivation for recruitment to the ''hijra'' community as the satisfaction of the individual's homosexual urges..."<ref>Nanda, Serena. Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India, p. 10. Canada: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1999</ref> The ''hijras'' especially worship [[Bahuchara Mata|Bahuchara]], the Hindu goddess presiding over transsexuality.

===The Aravani or Ali===
[[File:Kuvagam hijras.jpg|thumb|Aravanis – the "brides" of [[Iravan|Aravan]], mourn his death]]
The most numerous third-gender sect (estimated at 150,000) is the ''aravani'' or ''ali'' of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[southern India]]. The ''aravanis'' are typically transgender and their main festival, the popular [[Koovagam]] or Aravan Festival celebrated in late April/early May, is attended by thousands, including many transgender people and homosexuals. The ''aravani'' worship the Hindu god, [[Iravan|Aravan]], and do not practice any system of castration.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnFYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Lgbt Issues Worldwide |first=Chuck |last=Stewart |page=315 |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-313-34235-6 |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>

===The Jogappa===
A lesser-known third-gender sect in India is the ''jogappa'' of South India ([[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]), a group similarly associated with prostitution. The ''jogappa'' are connected with the goddess [[Yellamma]] (Renuka), and include both transgender people and homosexuals. Both serve as dancers and prostitutes, and they are usually in charge of the temple ''[[devadasi]]s'' (maidservants of the goddess who similarly serve as dancers and female courtesans). Large festivals are celebrated at these temples wherein hundreds of scantily-clad ''devadasis'' and ''jogappas'' parade through the streets. The ''jogappa'' do not practice castration.<ref>Wilhelm, Amara Das. Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, pp. 77–78. Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris Corporation, 2003.</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}



==Religious art==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Homosexuality in Khajuraho sculpture.jpg|Khajoraho scene where one man reaches out to another's erect penis
1 Erotic Kama statues of Khajuraho Hindu Temple Kandariya Mahadeva Khajurâho India 2013.jpg|Khajoraho scene of three women and one man.
</gallery>
Medieval [[Hindu temple]]s such as those at [[Khajuraho]] depict sexual acts in sculptures on the external walls. Some of these scenes involve same-sex sexuality:
* A sculpture at the Kandariya Mahadeva temple in Khajuraho portrays a man reaching out to another's erect penis.
* An orgiastic group of three women and one man, on the southern wall of the Kandariya Mahadeva temple in Khajuraho. One of the women is caressing another.
* At the Lakshmana temple in Khajuraho (954 CE), a man receives fellatio from a seated male as part of an orgiastic scene.
* At the [[Rajarani Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], dating from the 10th or 11th century, a sculpture depicts two women engaged in oral sex.
* A 12th-century Shiva temple in Bagali, [[Karnataka]] depicts a scene of apparent oral sex between two males on a sculpture below the [[shikhara]].
* At Padhavli near [[Gwalior]], a ruined temple from the 10th century shows a man within an orgiastic group receiving fellatio from another male.
* An 11th-century lifesize sandstone sculpture from [[Odisha]], now in the Seattle Art Museum, shows Kama, the god of love, shooting a flower tipped arrow at two women who are embracing one another.

== Same-sex marriage ==
A Gandharava marriage was the most common form of marriage for lay people described in classical Indian literature and was heavily associated with village life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Johann Jakob |title=Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn=978-81-208-0638-2 |edition=1. Indian ed., reprinted |location=Delhi}}</ref> A Gandharava was a low ranking male deity who had a symbolic association with fine and creative arts, specifically music, with strong connections to sexuality and procreation, and the term is etymologically linked to "fragrance", and these males are commonly pared with females called "[[Apsara]]s" who are associated with the arts, dancing and literature.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dwivedi |first=Amitabh Vikram |title=Gāndharva |date=2022 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-024-1188-1_626 |work=Hinduism and Tribal Religions |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=503–504 |editor-last=Long |editor-first=Jeffery D. |access-date=2023-12-22 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1188-1_626 |isbn=978-94-024-1187-4 |editor2-last=Sherma |editor2-first=Rita D. |editor3-last=Jain |editor3-first=Pankaj |editor4-last=Khanna |editor4-first=Madhu|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
<section begin=sodomy/>
There are punishments for homosexual sex listed in numerous texts used within contemporary Hinduism, though these punishments should be taken into context with the likewise numerous punishments listed for heterosexual sex also listed within numerous texts used within contemporary Hinduism.<ref name=":033"/> These punishments regardless of whether they are aimed are heterosexuality or homosexuality originally was not aimed at the lay people, but these can also be used as models of general behavior.<ref name=":522">{{Cite web |title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-hinduism |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Human Rights Campaign |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> <section end=sodomy/>There have been reports of Hindu gurus performing same-sex marriages in India since at least the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homoeroticism in Hinduism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0223.xml |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref>

Hinduism is mostly devoid of the 'perfect law' that can be found in Abrahamic religions (such as the ten commandments) and traditionally Hindus would expect to "rely on reason to decide what is dharma and what is not" 'dharma'. Combined with the lack of centralization and authority, there is great diversity among Hindus as to how homosexual relationships should be institutionalized in Hindu society.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |author=Pandit Sri Rama Ramanuja Achari |title=Gay Marriage & Hinduism |url=http://www.australiancouncilofhinduclergy.com/uploads/5/5/4/9/5549439/gay_marriage.pdf |access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref>

; Non-binary marriage

A long-running tradition concerning non-binary marriage exists in Hindu society for third genders, which may also add another perspective as to how homosexual relationships should be viewed in the modern age.

The case for the institutionalization of non-binary marriage is strong in Hindu society due to the strong prevalence of evidence dictating how third gendered marriages were conducted since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dipayan |first1=Chowdhury |last2=Atmaja |first2=Tripathy |date=2016-11-30 |title=Recognizing the Right of the Third Gender to Marriage and Inheritance Under Hindu Personal Law in India |url=http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=212089113126091127028119099002024076042017086048025010071118030087127098117114113102037061118123008002109091078123127026105080044069041033085108076120071123069085065030092067102002102008069127111110075011031095026065026004115084103072011072022080081002&EXT=pdf |language=en}}</ref>

; Institutionalization of unique blessings and rites

"Marriage" comes in several incarnations in Hinduism and several Hindu organizations reject the idea of performing the same ceremonies for both heterosexual and homosexual (and third gendered) couples.

The Australian Council of Hindu Clergy, whose membership includes a significant portion of the Sri Lankan Tamil clergy, lists several types of marriage including those aimed at heterosexual couples and those that are not. It comes to the conclusion that homosexual couples should be provided with their own rites and blessings that are not the same as the rites provided to heterosexual marriage.<ref name=":10" />

; Live-in couples (cohabitation)

A large movement exists concerning the provision of live-in rights to partners who have not married. This would provide a centralized instrument to protect partners while allowing Hindu society to decentralize and provide ceremonies and/or blessings according to what each community thinks is right.

The rights currently provided to live-in couples mostly match that of married couples through criminal law, however, there are limitations on adoption, and wording used implies a heterosexual relationship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-03 |title=Want to Get Into a Live-In Relationship? Here Are the Rights You Need to Know |language=en-US |work=The Better India |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/132607/want-to-get-into-a-live-in-relationship-here-are-the-rights-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2018-11-27}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|LGBTQ}}
* [[Homosexuality in India]]
* [[Kama]]
* [[LGBT rights in India|LGBT Rights in India]]
* [[LGBT rights in Sri Lanka|LGBT Rights in Sri Lanka]]
* [[LGBT topics and the Hare Krishna movement]]
* [[Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality]]
* [[Buddhism and sexual orientation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
* ''Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality and Culture'' by [[Ruth Vanita]]. Yoda Press, 2005.
* ''Homosexuality and World Religions'' by [[Arlene Swidler]]. Trinity Press International.
* [[Love's Rite|''Love's Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West'']] by [[Ruth Vanita]]. Penguin Books India, 2005.
* ''Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India'' by [[Serena Nanda]]. Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1999.
* ''Same-Sex Love In India: Readings from Literature and History'' by Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai. Palgrave, 2001.
* ''The Complete Kama Sutra'' by [[Alain Danielou]]. Park Street Press, 1994.
* ''The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore'' by [[Devdutt Pattanaik]]. Harrington Park Press, 2002.
* ''Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History'' by [[Gilbert Herdt]]. Zone Books, 1993.

==External links==
{{Commons category|LGBT and Hinduism}}
* [http://www.galva108.org The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association] – Information and support for GLBTI Vaishnavas and Hindus.
* [http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/03/hinduism-does-not-condemn-homosexuality.htm 'Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality']
* [http://pink-pages.co.in/features/religion/men-of-faith/ Pink Pages, India's National Gay and Lesbian Magazine] - Interview of Amara Das Wilhelm, founder of GALVA.

{{Religion and LGBT people}}
{{LGBT in India}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}

[[Category:LGBTQ in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ and Hinduism| ]]

Prison and Chocolate Cake

2026-01-14T23:03:49Z

Vikibnf: created a post basic info

{{Short description|1954 memoir by Nayantara Sahgal}}
{{Infobox book
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| author = [[Nayantara Sahgal]]
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| subject = Memoir
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| publisher2 = [[Victor Gollancz Ltd]] (London)
| pub_date = 1954
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'''''Prison and Chocolate Cake''''' is the first of two early memoirs by [[Nayantara Sahgal]], first published by [[Alfred A. Knopf]] (New York) and [[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Victor Gollancz]] (London) in 1954, and includes her childhood experiences of [[Nehru–Gandhi family|her family]] during the [[Indian independence movement]] in the 1930s and '40s. It was written during the winter of 1952–53 when she was 25, married and with two young children.

The title is based on an incident in the early 1930s when Sahgal, at age three, witnessed police arrive to take her father to prison. At the time, the family were having chocolate cake for tea, a treat that day instead of the usual bread and butter. Central to her story are her father, the classic scholar [[Ranjit Sitaram Pandit]], her mother, the former ambassador to the [[United Nations]] [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], and her uncle, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first prime minister. Prison sentences for several family members became more frequent and Sahgal's memories of them increasingly unpleasant as she was expected to stay composed and not show her distress. At the age of 12 in 1939, she tried to understand the concept of non-violence at the onset of the [[Second World War]], through letters to her father in Jail. In 1943, she was sent with her sister to the US to complete her education. Whilst there, her father died in prison in India. After completing her studies at [[Wellesley College|Wellesley]], she returned to India in 1947 shortly after independence. The book ends with the [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassination of Gandhi]] in 1948.

The book has been used as a source for the study of women in history, and provides insights into how the politics of the 1930s and '40s in India affected the Nehru children. It was followed by ''A Time to be Happy'' (1958).

==Background and title==
Nayantara Sahgal, an educated, widely-travelled member of the Indian elite of the 1940s, is the daughter of the classic scholar [[Ranjit Sitaram Pandit]], and former ambassador to the [[United Nations]] [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], niece of India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and cousin of India's third prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="Kennedy2020">{{cite book |last1=Joannou |first1=Maroula |editor1-last=Kennedy |editor1-first=Sue |editor2-last=Thomas |editor2-first=Jane |title=British Women's Writing, 1930 to 1960: Between the Waves |date=2020 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78962-182-2 |page=63 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3_4DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Prison+and+Chocolate+Cake%22&pg=PA63 |language=en |chapter=3. 'Unsettled and unsettling' women: migrant voices after the war}}</ref>

The title ''Prison and Chocolate Cake'' comes from an incident in the early 1930s<ref name="Khorana1991">{{cite book |last1=Khorana |first1=Meena |title=The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography of English-language Books |date=1991 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=New York |isbn=0-313-25489-3 |page=209 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSjcQ7Sm5E4C&dq=%22Prison+and+Chocolate+Cake%22&pg=PA209 |language=en |chapter=India: biography and autobiography}}</ref><ref name="Piciucco2004">{{cite book |last1=Piciucco |first1=Pier Paolo |title=A Companion to Indian Fiction in English |date=2004 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-269-0310-4 |page=398 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chM76CrCYhoC&dq=%22Prison+and+Chocolate+Cake%22&pg=PA398 |language=en}}</ref> which Sahgal describes as her earliest political memory, one day at [[Tea (meal)|tea]] when she was age three.<ref name="Sahgal.2.">{{cite book |last1=Sahgal |first1=Nayantara |title=Prison And Chocolate Cake |date=1954 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |pages=21–22|chapter=2. Politics and Us |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/prisonandchocola008711mbp/page/n43/mode/2up}}</ref> Chocolate cake was a treat that day as usually they would have bread and butter.<ref name="Kay2021">{{cite book |last1=Kay |first1=Emma |title=A Dark History of Chocolate |date=2021 |publisher=Pen and Sword History |location=Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-5267-6830-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XThIEAAAQBAJ&dq=nayanatara&pg=PA130|chapter=4. An audience with chocolate}}</ref> When her elder sister Lekha asked their mother why police had arrived at their home during tea, their mother "explained that they had come to take Papu [their father] to prison, but that it was nothing to worry about, that he wanted to go. So we kissed him goodbye and watched him leave; talking cheerfully to the policeman".<ref name="Sahgal.2."/> Describing the incident as "far from unpleasant", she recounts in the book that "We ate our chocolate cake and, in our infant minds, prison became in some mysterious way, associated with chocolate cake".<ref name="Khorana1991"/><ref name="Sahgal.2."/> The book is the first of Sahgal's autobiographies, one of two of her early works based on her childhood memories covering the years 1943 to 1948.<ref name="Piciucco2004"/><ref name=Sage1999>{{cite book |last1=Sage |first1=Lorna |last2=Greer |first2=Germaine |last3=Showalter |first3=Elaine |title=The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English |date=30 September 1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-49525-3 |page=551 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB59uc9_ss8C&dq=%22Prison+and+Chocolate+Cake%22&pg=PA551 |language=en}}</ref> It was written during the winter of 1952–53 when she was 25, married, and having two young children.<ref name="Malhotra">{{cite book |last1=Malhotra |first1=Anshu |last2=Lambert-Hurley |first2=Siobhan |title=Speaking of the Self: Gender, Performance, and Autobiography in South Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5983-8 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdvDCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22fori+nehru%22&pg=PT59 |language=en}}</ref>

==Publication and content==
''Prison and Chocolate Cake'' was first published in 1954 by [[Victor Gollancz Ltd]] (London),<ref name=Goll1954>{{cite book |last1=Sahgal |first1=Nayantara |title=Prison and Chocolate Cake |date=1954 |publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd |location=London |oclc=504385876 |language=English}}</ref> and by [[Alfred A. Knopf]] (New York).<ref name="Sahgal">{{cite book |last1=Sahgal |first1=Nayantara |title=Prison And Chocolate Cake |date=1954 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/prisonandchocola008711mbp/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref> Both versions have over 200 pages beginning with a dedication to Sahgal's parents.<ref name=Goll1954/><ref name="Sahgal"/> There is a preface, contents page, a listing of the eight illustrations in the book, and a glossary.<ref name=Goll1954/><ref name="Sahgal"/> The Alfred A. Knopf edition has an additional index and a section on who is who in the book.<ref name="Sahgal"/> The book has 20 chapters and regularly interspersed are footnotes with explanations, some cited with references.<ref name=Goll1954/><ref name="Sahgal"/> It was translated into Hindi,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sahgal |first1=Nayantara |last2=Srivastava |first2=Mukundilala |title=Mere bacapanakī kahānī : Śrīmatī Vijayālakshmī Paṇḍitakī putrī Śrīmatī Nayanatārā Sahagala dvārā racita pustaka 'Prijana eṇḍa cākaleṭa keka' kā anuvāda |date=1957 |publisher=Jñānamaṇḍala Limiṭeḍa, saṃvat |location=Varanasi |oclc=77552062 }}</ref> and French in 1957.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sahgal |first1=Nayantara |last2=Claireau |first2=Helene |title=Orientales d'aujourd'hui: (Prison and chocolate cake) |date=1957 |publisher=Del Duca |location=Paris |oclc=36224799 |language=French}}</ref>

The book includes Sahgal's memoirs, accounts of her sisters Gita and Chandralekha, and that of her family during the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name=Dasgupta1976>{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Kalpana |title=Women on the Indian Scene: An Annoted Bibliography |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=8170170397 |page=326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=babiJYbVFsEC&dq=%22Prison+and+Chocolate+Cake%22&pg=PA326|language=en}}</ref> She describes what it was like to grow up with both parents focussed on the [[Gandhism|Gandhian philosophy]] of non-violent civil disobedience during India's freedom struggle in the 1940s.<ref name=Kennedy2020/> In her words "our growing was India's growing up into India's political maturity – a different kind of political maturity from any that the world had seen before, based on an ideology inspired by self-sacrifice, compassion and peace".<ref name=Kennedy2020/> It includes her childhood memories of several generations of the [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru family]], encounters with Gandhi, who sometimes visited Sahgal's family home, and the politicians that visited them.<ref name=Piciucco2004/>

==Synopsis==
Sahgal begins the story in 1943, mid-[[Second World War|World War II]] when she was in her teens, and en-route to the United States to complete her education. At the time, her parents and several others of her family were in prison for [[Quit India Movement|opposing British rule]]. She questions her parents' courage to send her and her sister abroad at such a time. On the ship, she hears experiences from Polish refugees from Russia, and US soldiers returning from the [[Pacific War]], one of who was surprised that she could be Indian, as she spoke English like he did. She describes several encounters on the ship and then later in the US, with people intrigued to know about India from her.

Sahgal says herself that she writes in the order that she remembers events rather than chronologically. An account then follows of political life at [[Swaraj Bhavan]], their family mansion in [[Allahabad]], and daily routines at the newer [[Anand Bhawan]] in the 1930s, and how the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]] changed life for the Nehru family. Politicians in her memoirs include [[Stafford Cripps|Sir Stafford Cripps]], [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Azad]] and [[Sarojini Naidu]]. Included is her first encounter with Gandhi, dropping her elder sister to boarding school, parties at home, life at [[Woodstock School]] and her uncle Nehru, who she calls Mamu. Her parents and Nehru are central to her story and were jailed several times. She explains it was voluntary, occasions to be congratulated upon and family and friends patted them on their backs on their way. Sahgal, as a young child, wanting to be old enough to go to prison too, was expected to be proud, not show sorrow, but hold a [[stiff upper lip]]; crying was in secret, she writes. Recollections of increasing time spent with servants include one of Hari, who is given an encouraging send-off when he too is arrested and sent to prison. Later visits to prison to see her parents are unpleasant and after the announcement of the [[Quit India Movement]], contact by letter and in person becomes almost none. Sahgal is 12 when war breaks out in 1939. In a series of letters she discusses with her father, then in prison, several political topics including whether India should help Britain, non-violent disobedience and communism.

In 1944, after the death of her father, her mother joined her in the US. There, she made several connections including [[Paul Robeson]], [[Helen Keller]], [[Margaret Sanger]] and [[Pearl S. Buck]]. In the US, Sahgal describes the celebrity status they experienced as the "Nehru nieces". After completing her studies at [[Wellesley College|Wellesley]], Massachusetts, Sahgal returned to India in October 1947, shortly after India's independence. The book ends with the [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassination of Gandhi]].

==Reviews==
In 1954, ''The New York Times'' described the book as a "relaxed account of life in both worlds".<ref name="Brown1954">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Marguerite |title=Uncle Nehru And Family; ''Prison and Chocolate Cake'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/27/archives/uncle-nehru-and-family-prison-and-chocolate-cake-by-nayantara.html |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=27 June 1954|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[William Foote Whyte|W. F. Whyte]] in ''[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]'' noted Sahgal's letter (age 12) to her father in 1939 as she tried to understand the concept of non-violence at the onset of the War.<ref name=Whyte1954>{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=A. F. |title=Prison and Chocolate Cake |journal=International Affairs |date=October 1954 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=529 |doi=10.2307/2608825 |jstor=2608825 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/30/4/529/2709870?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The reply she received from her father in Lucknow prison, Whyte says, "reads today like a pertinent footnote to history"<ref name=Whyte1954/> Historian [[Jeanne d'Ucel]] appreciated the author's sense of humour throughout the book.<ref name="d'Ucel1955">{{cite journal |last1=d'Ucel |first1=Jeanne |title=Review of Prison and Chocolate Cake |journal=Books Abroad |date=1955 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=106 |doi=10.2307/40094065 |jstor=40094065 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40094065 |issn=0006-7431|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Analyses of the book in later years include that of [[N.D.R. Chandra]] in the second volume of ''Modern Indian Writing in English: Critical Perceptions'', in which he says Sahgal "displays her sharp and acute awareness of the political and social issues of India"... "her feelings for politics and command over English are more impressive than her art".<ref name="Chandra2004">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=N. D. R. |title=Modern Indian Writing in English: Critical Perceptions |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7625-376-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJTNQFmFNysC&dq=%22Prison+and+Chocolate+Cake%22&pg=PA39 |language=en|page=39}}</ref> In [[Lorna Sage|Lorna Sage's]] ''The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English '', the book is categorised as part of Sahgal's first phase of writing; "the early semi-autobiographical, feminist novels reflecting contemporary politics".<ref name=Sage1999/> It is one of Sahgal's works that has contributed to her being grouped with other Indian women writers such as [[Kamala Markandaya]] and [[Attia Hosain]].<ref name=Kennedy2020/> [[Meena Khorana]] writes in her bibliography of English language books, ''The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults'', that it "provides an intimate and enjoyable account of how the Nehru children were affected".<ref name=Khorana1991/> The book is an archival source for studies in women in history.<ref name="Bari2014">{{cite book |last1=Bari |first1=Rachel |editor1-last=Gulati |editor1-first=Varun |editor2-last=Anoop |editor2-first=Maratt Mythili |title=Contemporary Women's Writing in India |date=2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-1-4985-0210-8 |pages=3–14 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bisMBgAAQBAJ&dq=prison+chocolate;&pg=PR5 |language=en |chapter=1. Herstory: Nayantara Sahgal's Prison and Chocolate Cake}}</ref><ref name=Guttman2007>{{Citation |last=Guttman |first=Anna |title=All in the Family: Nayantara Sahgal's Indian Home |date=2007 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230606937_5 |work=The Nation of India in Contemporary Indian Literature |pages=89–114 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230606937_5 |isbn=978-1-349-53942-0 |access-date=|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Sequels==
''Prison and Chocolate Cake'' was followed by ''A Time to be Happy'' (1958), ''From Fear Set Free'' (1962), ''This Time of Morning'' (1965), ''Storm in Chandigarh'' (1969), and ''The Day in Shadow''.<ref name="Chandra2004"/> In 1990, Sahgal stated in an interview that she would not write any further autobiographies<ref name=Sage1999/> but then published ''Relationship'' (1994) and ''Point of View: A Personal Response to Life'' (1997).<ref name=Sage1999/>

==Versions==
*{{cite book |title=Prison and Chocolate Cake |date=1954 |publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd |location=London |oclc=504385876 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Prison and Chocolate Cake |date=1954 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonandchocola008711mbp}}
*{{cite book |title=Prison and Chocolate Cake |date=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-81-7223-689-2 |oclc=986530116 |language=English}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=McKenna |first1=Marguerite |title=Review of Prison and Chocolate Cake |journal=Middle East Journal |date=1954 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=466–467 |jstor=4322648 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322648 |issn=0026-3141|url-access=subscription}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Results for '"Prison and Chocolate Cake"' [WorldCat.org] |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=%22Prison+and+Chocolate+Cake%22&qt=owc_search |website=www.worldcat.org |access-date=25 February 2022 |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prison and Chocolate Cake}}
[[Category:1954 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Literature by women]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:Alfred A. Knopf books]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Victor Gollancz Ltd books]]
[[Category:Memoirs of imprisonment]]

Amboli Assembly constituency

2026-01-14T10:06:45Z

Vikibnf: started basic post v1.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amboli
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1978
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[Amboli, Mumbai|Amboli]]''' Vidhan Sabha constituency was one of the seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in India. Amboli is a suburb of Mumbai.

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Ramesh Sheth
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Hafiz Yusuf
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Baldev Khosa]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2"| Shantaram Ambre
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Baldev Khosa]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''2008 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amboli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Baldev Khosa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 82,153 |percentage = 47.51% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaywant Mahadeo Parab |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 72,206 |percentage = 41.76% |change={{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohseen Haider Haji Haider |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 9,436 |percentage = 5.46% |change={{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahmed Khan Durrani Shah |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,949 |percentage = 2.28% |change={{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Shivnath Sarraf |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,454 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,947 |percentage = 5.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,72,917 |percentage = 44.70% |change= {{increase}}3.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,72,915}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,86,881|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amboli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Baldev Khosa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 70,183 |percentage = 47.90% |change={{increase}}14.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Soma Ambre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 58,715 |percentage = 40.07% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sheikh Aiesha Riyaz |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 10,258 |percentage = 7.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Makwana Ismail Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,743 |percentage = 3.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,468 |percentage = 7.83% |change= {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,49,687 |percentage = 41.81% |change= {{decrease}}12.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,46,520}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,57,990|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amboli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Soma Ambre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 72,079 |percentage = 39.71% |change={{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Makwana Ismail Mohammed |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,386 |percentage = 33.27% |change={{increase}}15.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narendra Verma |party=Independent politician |votes = 28,887 |percentage = 15.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motiram G. Bhave |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,087 |percentage = 6.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Amjadali R. Chaudhari |party=Peoples Democratic Party (India) |votes = 1,741 |percentage = 0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Kalimullah Abdullah |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,372 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,693 |percentage = 6.44% |change= {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,84,277 |percentage = 54.69% |change= {{increase}}0.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,81,522}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,36,921|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amboli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Soma Ambre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,921 |percentage = 34.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Makwana Ismail Mohammed |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 39,728 |percentage = 28.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Baldev Khosa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,375 |percentage = 18.16% |change={{decrease}}31.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motiram G. Bhave |party=Janata Dal |votes = 25,158 |percentage = 18.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,193 |percentage = 5.86% |change= {{decrease}}21.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,41,442 |percentage = 54.28% |change= {{increase}}12.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,39,757}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,60,579|ref = |change= {{increase}}35.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amboli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Baldev Khosa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,797 |percentage = 50.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padmanabha Acharya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,944 |percentage = 22.56% |change={{decrease}}3.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Ayub Khan |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,993 |percentage = 18.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandhari Yadav |party=Lokdal |votes = 2,618 |percentage = 3.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Shivaji Baburao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,053 |percentage = 2.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadik S. R. |party=Independent politician |votes = 708 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chhabra G. N. |party=Independent politician |votes = 703 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,853 |percentage = 27.48% |change= {{increase}}8.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,612 |percentage = 41.78% |change= {{increase}}3.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,531}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,957|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amboli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hafiz Yusuf |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,572 |percentage = 45.58% |change={{increase}}22.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Sheth |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,266 |percentage = 26.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. G. Bhave |party=Janata Party |votes = 11,920 |percentage = 20.45% |change={{decrease}}28.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Azami S. L. |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 3,819 |percentage = 6.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,306 |percentage = 19.39% |change= {{decrease}}6.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,978 |percentage = 38.37% |change= {{decrease}}20.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,296}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,712|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amboli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Sheth |party=Janata Party |votes = 38,349 |percentage = 49.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Indulkar Pratap Mahadeo |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,965 |percentage = 23.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Indumati Tribhuvan Patel |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,021 |percentage = 12.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Soma Ambre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 8,022 |percentage = 10.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhume Balkrishna Shantaram |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 3,119 |percentage = 4.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,384 |percentage = 26.12% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,308 |percentage = 59.29% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,038}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,33,771|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|15.96|74.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Caste Matters

2026-01-12T04:37:30Z

Vikibnf: redirect created

{{Short description|2019 book by Suraj Yengde}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Caste Matters
| image = Caste Matters.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Suraj Yengde]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Caste]], [[Dalit]] identity, [[Social justice]]
| genre = Non-fiction
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Penguin Random House|Penguin Random House India]]
| published = 15 July 2019
| media_type = Print
| pages = 304
| isbn = 978-9-353-05582-0
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}

'''''Caste Matters''''' is a 2019 non-fiction book by [[Dalit]] scholar and activist [[Suraj Yengde]], published by [[Penguin Random House|Penguin Random House India]] on 15 July 2019.<ref name="HinduLaunch">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first= Special |date=15 July 2019 |title=Book on caste issues released |work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/book-on-caste-issues-released/article28693171.ece |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> It examines the persistence of [[caste]] in modern [[India]], focusing on Dalit identity, systemic oppression, and intersections with love, culture, and the global diaspora.<ref name="Nair">{{Cite news |last=Vaz |first=Urmi Chanda |date=15 August 2019 |title=Suraj Yengde's new book unapologetically calls out the caste elephant in every room in modern India |work=[[Scroll.in]] |url=https://scroll.in/article/937218/suraj-yengdes-new-book-unapologetically-calls-out-the-caste-elephant-in-every-room-in-modern-india |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007141253/https://scroll.in/article/937218/suraj-yengdes-new-book-unapologetically-calls-out-the-caste-elephant-in-every-room-in-modern-india |url-status=live }}</ref> Combining personal narrative and sociological analysis, the book challenges caste denialism and advocates for Dalit emancipation.<ref name="Sampath">{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=26 October 2019 |title='Caste Matters' review: Dalit love and a new framework of conversations |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/caste-matters-review-dalit-love-and-a-new-framework-of-conversations/article29469463.ece |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115000523/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/caste-matters-review-dalit-love-and-a-new-framework-of-conversations/article29469463.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Marathi language|Marathi]] translation was published in 2022, and the book’s [[Chennai]] launch included endorsements from figures like [[Kanhaiya Kumar]].<ref name="HinduLaunch" /><ref name="Nair" /> Critics praised its accessibility and bold approach, though some noted its occasionally fragmented structure.<ref name="Sampath" /><ref name="Nair" />

== Summary ==
''Caste Matters'' blends personal narrative with socio-political analysis to explore the [[caste system in India]]. Yengde, a first-generation Dalit scholar from [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]], recounts his experiences of caste-based discrimination, such as being reprimanded for using an upper-caste toilet during his childhood.<ref name="News18">{{Cite news |date=31 July 2019 |title=Book Excerpt: Dalit Scholar Suraj Yengde Tells You Why Caste Matters in His Latest Novel |work=[[News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/books/book-excerpt-dalit-scholar-suraj-yengde-tells-you-why-caste-matters-in-his-latest-novel-2264189.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215953/https://www.news18.com/news/books/book-excerpt-dalit-scholar-suraj-yengde-tells-you-why-caste-matters-in-his-latest-novel-2264189.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He critiques the systemic exclusion of Dalits in Indian institutions, including politics, bureaucracy, and the judiciary, attributing these barriers to the influence of [[Brahmanism]].<ref name="Wire">{{Cite news |last=Igole |first=Prashant |date=14 August 2019 |title=Suraj Yengde's 'Caste Matters' |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/caste/suraj-yengde-caste-matters |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> Yengde introduces "Dalit love" as a concept of resilience and compassion rooted in Dalit community bonds, potentially drawing from [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] principles.<ref name="Sampath" />
The book also addresses internal divisions within the Dalit community, critiquing those who distance themselves from their Dalit identity or fail to support the broader anti-caste movement.<ref name="EPW">{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues|first=Valerian |date=18 January 2020 |title=Being Dalit |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/3/book-reviews/being-dalit.html |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> Yengde draws parallels between caste oppression and global forms of discrimination, such as racism, and calls for solidarity among marginalized groups.<ref name="Newslaundry">{{Cite news |last=Team |first=NL |date=29 August 2020 |title=NL Interview: Suraj Yengde on his book Caste Matters, Dalit representation and caste deniers |work=[[Newslaundry]] |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/08/29/nl-interview-suraj-yengde-on-his-book-caste-matters-dalit-representation-and-caste-deniers |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215933/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/08/29/nl-interview-suraj-yengde-on-his-book-caste-matters-dalit-representation-and-caste-deniers |url-status=live }}</ref> He urges [[Brahmin]] allies to actively support the anti-caste struggle, citing historical examples of Brahmins who worked with [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]].<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite news |last=Goradia |first=Abha |date=24 August 2019 |title=Caste oppression reinventing itself: Dalit scholar Suraj Yengde at TISS |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/caste-oppression-reinventing-itself-dalit-scholar-suraj-yengde-tiss-5908141/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423220231/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/caste-oppression-reinventing-itself-dalit-scholar-suraj-yengde-tiss-5908141/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Development and release ==
Suraj Yengde wrote ''Caste Matters'' to address the lack of mainstream discourse on caste in India, inspired by the works of [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]].<ref name="LiveMint">{{Cite news |last=Badhawar |first=Natasha |date=23 August 2019 |title=The urgent impatience of Suraj Yengde |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-urgent-impatience-of-suraj-yengde-1566555755323.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004003121/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-urgent-impatience-of-suraj-yengde-1566555755323.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The book was published by [[Penguin Random House India]] on 22 July 2019 and launched at an event in [[Chennai]].<ref name="HinduLaunch" />

== Critical reception ==
''Caste Matters'' received generally positive reviews for its bold narrative and accessibility.
G. Sampath of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described it as a "significant intervention in discrimination studies," praising its appeal to Dalit readers and its potential to educate progressive savarnas about caste realities. The reviewer highlighted Yengde’s concept of "Dalit love" as a novel framework for understanding Dalit resilience, though noting that some readers might find it abstract.<ref name="Sampath" /> Urmi Chanda-Vaz of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' commended the book’s unapologetic tone, stating that it "calls out the caste elephant in every room" and effectively blends personal anecdotes with broader social critique.<ref name="Nair" /> The ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'' appreciated Yengde’s effort to globalize the Dalit narrative by drawing parallels with movements like [[Black Lives Matter]], but questioned the book’s occasional lack of historical nuance in its analysis of caste origins.<ref name="EPW" /> Reviewers also noted that Yengde’s generalizations about intra-Dalit dynamics, such as his critique of "elite Dalits," could be divisive within the community.<ref name="EPW" /><ref name="IndianExpress2">{{Cite news |last=Jodhka|first=Surinder S |date=22 September 2019 |title=One above the other |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/one-above-the-other-6014803/ |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|id=vn2jDwAAQBAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2019 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Dalit literature]]
[[Category:Penguin Random House books]]
[[Category:Books about B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]

Adiganahalli, Bengaluru Urban district

2025-11-08T15:48:39Z

Vikibnf: started some location initial version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adiganahalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Bangalore Urban in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Adiganahalli (Bangalore North) is in Bangalore district
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.1717|77.5703|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Bangalore North
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560 064
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Adiganahalli (Bangalore North) ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="sindhindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.sindhindia.com/p/karnataka/bangalore/bangalore-north/adiganahalli/ |title=Adiganahalli Information |accessdate=2017-01-13 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Adiganahalli (Bangalore North), Bangalore, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Bangalore North]] [[taluk]] of [[Bangalore district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], A Medihalli had a population of 2,141. Males constitute 1,133 of the population and females 1,008. [[Kannada]] is the official and most widely spoken language in A Medihalli. A Medihalli has an average literacy rate of 73.75 percent, higher than the national average of 59.5 percent, with 78.99 percent of the males and 67.86 percent of females literate.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

Chellagurki

2025-11-06T05:15:21Z

Vikibnf: starting a pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chellagurki
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.599341|N|78.597752|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bellary
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 212
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 583 001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08392
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chellagurki''' is a [[Subdivisions of India#Villages|Village]] in the [[Bellary]] Taluk in the [[Bellary district]] District in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name=Map>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Chellagurki+Bellary&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x3bab758c07de46e1:0x111c2f009eca8d22,Chellaguki,+karnataka,+India&ei=O1BCTqfFOojorQfC56mnBw&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ8gEwAA|work=Location|title=Google Map}}</ref><ref name=Pincode>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/KARNATAKA/BELLARY/C/CHELLAKURKI|title=Pincode}}</ref>

==Introduction==
Economy of Chellagurki mainly depends on the agriculture. They mainly grow crops like Bengal gram, coriander, cotton, ground-nuts, jowar, millet, soybean, and Pigen peas.

As of 2001 India census, Chellagurki had a population of 2340. Males constitute 55% (1281) of the population and females 45% (1059). Chellagurki has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%;

==Transportation==

=== Airport ===

Nearest airport is [[Bellary Airport]] which is 25 km away from Chellagurki.

=== Railway Station===

Nearest railway station is at k virapur and Guntakal Junction which is 10 km away from Chellagurki. All trains coming from chennai also go through Guntakal Junction only.

==Places of worship==

=== Shri Yerrithatha Temple ===

Dasara festival used to be celebrated yearly in this temple. and 'Jatre' (in Kannada) also one among widely celebrated festival in Chellagurki and which happens twice in a year.

=== Jeeva Smadhi of Yerri Thatha saint===

Shri YerriThatha the great saint who arrived and lived for 25 years in Chellagurki village died there in 1922. The Samadhi of Shri Yerrithatha attract people from all over the State and on every no moon.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://bellary.nic.in Bellary official website]

[[Category:Villages in Ballari district]]

Azhar Shah Qaiser

2025-10-16T17:07:40Z

Vikibnf: started a entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Islamic scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|religion= [[Islam]]
|honorific_prefix = {{small|Maulana}}
|name = Azhar Shah Qaiser
|image = Azhar Shah Qaiser.jpg
|birth_date = December 1920
|birth_place = [[Deoband]], [[Saharanpur]], [[United Provinces of British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1985|11|27|1920|12}}
|death_place = [[Deoband]], [[Saharanpur]], India
|resting_place = Mazar-e-Anwari, [[Deoband]]
|father = [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
|region = India
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|main_interests = [[Urdu literature]]
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin, Dabhel]]
|notable_works = ''Yadgaar-e-Zamana Hain Ye Log'', ''Seerat Abu Bakr Siddiq'', ''Zara Umr-e-rafta Ko Awaaz Dena''
|occupation = Author, [[islamic scholar]]
|relatives = [[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]] (brother)
| office1 = Editor-in-chief of [[Monthly Darul Uloom]]
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1982
| predecessor1 = Abdul Hafeez Balyawi
| successor1 = Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori
}}

'''Azhar Shah Qaiser''' (1920–1985) was an Indian Islamic scholar, journalist and writer. He wrote articles and books in Urdu. He was the elder son of the Indian hadith scholar, [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]. During his career, he served as the editor of ''[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]'', the monthly journal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].

==Birth and education==
Azhar Shah Qaiser was born in December 1920 at [[Deoband]].<ref name="qirtas">{{cite book |author1=Ubaid Anwar Shah Qaiser |title=Qirtas-o-Qalam |pages=45–52 |edition=October, November 2012 |language=Urdu |chapter=Aasman-e-Adab-o-Sahafat Ka Aftab-e-JahanTaab Syed Azhar Shah Qaiser}}</ref> His father [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] was a hadith scholar.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Aaliya Chishti|editor1-last=Rafiabadi |editor1-first=Hamid Naseem |title=Challenges to religions and Islam: a study of Muslim movements, personalities, issues and trends |publisher=Sarup & Sons, New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7625-732-9 |page=928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRMZ4Q4yezAC&pg=PA922 |accessdate=11 July 2019 |language=English|year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="albalagh">{{cite journal |editor1-last=[[Taqi Usmani]] |title=al-Balagh |journal=5 |volume=53 |issue=February 2018 |page=17 |url=https://archive.org/download/Al-Balagh-Magazine/2018_02_February_Al_Balagh.pdf |accessdate=11 July 2019 |publisher=[[Darul 'Uloom Karachi]] |language=Urdu}}</ref>

Qaiser enrolled in the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. When his father resigned from the Darul Uloom Deoband in 1927, and moved to [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin, Dabhel]], Qaiser went with him to [[Dabhel]] and continued his studies there. Qaiser was about 12 years old when his father [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] died in 1933. Facing consequences, Qaiser was not able to complete his studies.<ref name="sahafat" />

==Career==
When his father died, people throughout the country offered condolences, including [[Zafar Ali Khan]], an [[Urdu]] author and journalist.<ref name="sahafat">{{cite book |author1=Nayab Hasan Qasmi |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati ManzarNama |publisher=Idara Tehqeeq-e-Islami, [[Deoband]] |pages=183–189}}</ref> A condolence ceremony was organised at Jama Masjid in [[Deoband]] and the welcome address was prepared by 12-year-old Qaiser. Qaiser presented a copy of this address to [[Zafar Ali Khan]] and it was also read aloud in the congregation. [[Zafar Ali Khan]] liked this laudatory address so much that he published it on the front page of his ''[[Zamindar (newspaper)|Zamindar]]''. Thus began Qaiser's literary life.<ref name="sahafat" />

Qaiser's articles featured firstly in ''Monthly Guncha'' which was published from [[Bijnor]] and ''Monthly Payam-e-Taleem'' of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. ''Weekly Sadaqat, [[Saharanpur]]'' was released in 1936 and Qaiser became its permanent writer and a member of its editorial board. He started a weekly journal ''Isteqlal'' along with Sultan-ul-Haq Qasmi Bijnori. It is difficult to state when it was firstly released although its ''Eid Number'' edition appeared in December 1937. In 1939, when Qaiser was 19, a collection of 16 of his articles were published in ''Sadaqat''.<ref name="sadaqat">{{cite journal |editor1=Muhammad Ishaq Hilal |editor2=Jamali |title=Jareeda Sadaqat |journal=Mash'hur InshaPardaaz Ibnul Anwar Syed Azhar Shah Qaiser Ke Muntakhab Mazameen Ka Majmua |date=24 February 1939 |volume=5 |issue=7–8 |pages=28 |publisher=Sadaqat Newspaper, [[Saharanpur]] |language=Urdu}}</ref>

In November 1940, Qaiser released ''Bi-monthly al-Anwar'' from Deoband. The journal focused on the life and works of [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]. Before 1940, in 1939 he worked for ''[[Zamindar (newspaper)|Zamindar]]'' honorary. Besides ''Sadaqat [[Saharanpur]]'' and ''al-Anwar, Deoband'', Qaiser took the editorial responsibilities of ''Haadi, [[Deoband]]'', first edition of which appeared in May 1949. He wrote short stories and tales like ''Tuta Huwa A'ina'' (Broken Mirror), ''Inqelab'', ''Sharabi Shayar'' and ''Azaadi''.<ref name="qirtas" />

Qaiser edited ''[[Monthly Darul Uloom|Darul Uloom]]'', the monthly journal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], from 1951 to 1982. He also edited ''Bi-monthly Ijtemah, [[Saharanpur]]'', ''Monthly Khalid, Deoband'' (under supervision of [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]]), ''Monthly Tayyib, Deoband'' (1983–1985), ''Bi-monthly Isha'at-e-Haq, Deoband'' (1975–1985).

==Literary works==
Qaiser's books include:<ref name="sahafat" /><ref name="qirtas" />
*''Yadgaar-e-Zamana Hain Ye Log''
*''Seerat Abu Bakr Siddiq''
*''Zara Umr-e-rafta Ko Awaaz Dena''
*''Safeena-e-Watan ke Na Khuda''
* ''Aazaan-e-Bilal''

==Death and legacy==
Qaiser died on 27 November 1985 (13 [[Rabi' al-awwal]] 1406 [[Hijri year|AH]]) in Deoband.<ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|chapter=Mawlāna Syed Azhar Shah Qaiser|pages= 29|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Moallifeen |language=Urdu |edition = 2 |date= April 2016}}</ref> He was buried next to the grave of his father [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] in Mazar-e-Anwari, [[Deoband]].<ref name="qirtas" />
His son Naseem Akhtar Shah Qaiser is an author of [[Urdu]] and a professor at [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]].<ref name="nayab">{{cite book |author1=Nayab Hasan Qasmi |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |publisher=Idara Tahqeeq-e-Islami |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=284–286|edition=2013 |language=Urdu |chapter=Mawlāna Nasim Akhtar Shah Qaiser}}</ref> He has written a concise biography of his father and his uncle [[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]] in his book ''Do Gohar Aabdaar''. He has also written ''Syed Muhammad Azhar Shah Qaiser Ek Adeeb, Ek Sahafi'' ("Syed Muhammad Azhar Shah Qaiser: A writer and Journalist") about his father.<ref name="gohar">{{cite book |author1=Naseem Akhtar Shah Qaiser |title=Do Gohar Aabdaar |publisher=[[Jamia Imam Muhammad Anwar Shah, Deoband]] |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Journalism|Islam}}

[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Deoband]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language columnists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language journalists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language religious writers]]
[[Category:Jamia Islamia Talimuddin alumni]]
[[Category:Muslim scholars]]

Shanthi Nilayam (TV series)

2025-08-28T08:11:25Z

Vikibnf: Started Some Pg W/ Refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shanthi Nilayam Jaya TV Serial.jpg
| image_size =
| alt_name =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| starring = [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]] [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] [[Saakshi Siva]] Rajesh Vaidya
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 230+
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[K. Balachander]]
| company = [[K. Balachander|Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Jaya TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2011|1|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|5|9}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''Shanthi Nilayam''' is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language medical soap opera, which is produced and directed by [[K. Balachander]] and starring [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]], [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]], [[Saakshi Siva]], Sairam, [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli|Lakshmi Priyaa]] and Sangitha. It broadcast on [[Jaya TV]] from 17 January 2011 to 9 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/serials/article1117084.ece| title= Shanthi Nilayam Serial on Jaya TV| work= The Hindu| publisher=www.thehindu.com| date=22 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article394423.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611172441/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article394423.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2016| title= KB abandons his heroines| publisher=www.newindianexpress.com| date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/shanthi-nilayam| title= Shanthi Nilayam serial Page| publisher=www.nettv4u.com| date=}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around a well known hospital called Shanthi Nilayam and the doctors working in it. The problems surrounding the personal lives of the doctors and the hardships faced by them at the workplace are portrayed very well with different narration.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]]
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
* [[Saakshi Siva]]
* Sairam
* [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli|Lakshmi Priyaa]]

===Additional cast===
{{div col}}
* Sangitha
* [[Aneesh Ravi]]
* Ramachandran
* Rajesh Vaidya
* [[Shanthi Williams]]
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]]
* Yuvasri
* Sangeeta
* Shilpa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article442351.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411181649/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article442351.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013| title= 'Kanmaniyae' Shilpa returns| publisher=www.newindianexpress.com| date=}}</ref>
* Srividhya
* Rajashekhar
* [[Sathyapriya]]
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
* G.V.Rao
* R.Thiagarajan
{{div col end}}

== Awards==
{| class="wikitable" width="65%"
|- bgcolor="blue"
!style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Year
!style="width:80pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Award
!style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Category
!style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Recipient
!style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Result
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2017
| rowspan="7" | [[Tamil Nadu State Television Awards|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards 2011]]
| Best Serial
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Villain Male
| R. Ramachandran
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Director
| [[K. Balachander]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Story
| [[K. Balachander]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[R. Ragunatha Reddy]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Screenwriter
| S. Venkatraman
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==International broadcasts==
The Series was released on 17 January 2011 on [[Jaya TV]]. The Show was also broadcast internationally on Channel's international distribution.
* It aired in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Middle East]], [[Asia]] ([[Sri Lanka]], [[Singapore]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mauritius]]), [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].
* It is also available via the internet protocol television service, [[Astro (television)|Astro]] in ([[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]])
* In Canada, the drama aired on [[Tamil Canadians]]-oriented channel on [[ATN Jaya TV]] after its original Tamil Nadu.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://jayatvnetwork.com/default.aspx}}
*{{YouTube|channel=UCK-VqZSMAUhgkMnZADVBGaA|title=Jaya TV}}

[[Category:Jaya TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language medical television series]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Arli Bhan

2025-08-21T05:39:59Z

Vikibnf: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arli Bhan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dera Baba Nanak]]
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 = [[Majha]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank2_title = Total Households
| population_blank2 = 302
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1723 907/816 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_density_km2 =
| population_note =
| population_blank1_title = Scheduled Castes
| population_blank1 = 201 105/96 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_total_ha = 272
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 01871<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2018-04-18|title=Telephone directory of Gurdaspur district|url=http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/telephone_directory.htm|website=gurdaspur.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214111246/http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/telephone_directory.htm|archive-date=14 February 2018|url-status=dead}}
</ref>
| registration_plate =
| iso_code = IN-PB
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|gurdaspur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Arli Bhan''' is a village in [[Dera Baba Nanak]] in [[Gurdaspur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|22|km}} from sub district headquarter and {{convert|50|km}} from district headquarter. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by [[Sarpanch]], an elected representative of the village.

== Demography ==
{{as of|2011}}, the village has a total number of 302 houses and a population of 1723 of which 907 are males while 816 are females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_0300.xlsx|title=DCHB Village Release|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref> According to the report [[published]] by [[Census India]] in 2011, out of the total population of the village 201 people are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]] and the village does not have any [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] population so far.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103437|title=Child Sex Ratio in India (2001-2011)|work=pib.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.punjabtourism.gov.in/ Tourism of Punjab]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201629/http://punjabcensus.gov.in/ Census of Punjab]

{{Gurdaspur district}}

{{coord|31|58|N|75|08|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

{{Gurdaspur-geo-stub}}

Baisnabnagar, Malda

2025-07-26T17:41:14Z

Vikibnf: added references

{{About|the village in West Bengal, India|its namesake Vidhan Sabha constituency|Baisnabnagar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baisnabnagar
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8402|N|87.9776|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15,695
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732202
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]]/ Telephone code
| area_code = 03512
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baisnabnagar]]
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baisnabnagar''' is a village in the [[Kaliachak III]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|24|57|0|N|88|1|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Malda district (including Kaliachak I, Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Manikchak and English Bazar CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|0|54|N|88|7|0|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbari | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbari]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|52|46|N|88|2|5|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Baliadanga| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Baliadanga]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|51|4|N|88|1|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Alipur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Alipur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|53|37|N|88|5|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bamangram| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bamangram]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|54|16|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bara Suzapur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bara Suzapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|4|56|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chaspara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chaspara]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|55|55|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Chhota |labela7= Suzapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chhota Suzapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|53|30|N|88|2|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jadupur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jadupur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|44|N|87|56|43|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Jagannathpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jagannathpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|54|18|N|88|3|50|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jalalpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jalalpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|50|4|N|88|0|40|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Karari Chandpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Karari Chandpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|47|34|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Krishnapur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Krishnapur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|1|7|N|87|59|59|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Milki| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Milki Town]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|6|29|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Nazirpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Nazirpur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|52|45|N|88|1|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silampur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Silampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|59|14|N|88|7|2|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonatala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Sonatala, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|0|42|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Malda| numbered17=M| mark-title17=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color17= #800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|25|3|26|N|88|8|11|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Old Malda| numbered18=M| mark-title18=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color18= #800000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Farakka Barrage| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color19=#967117
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|50|30|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Baisnabnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= Baisnabnagar, Malda (R) |shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black 
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|58|35|N|88|0|9|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bangitola| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Bangitola]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|48|40|N|87|59|43|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bedrabad| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bedrabad]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|7|50|N|87|52|15|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bhutni| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bhutni, Malda]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|49|23|N|87|59|19|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Dariapur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dariapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|52|5|N|88|1|29|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Kaliachak| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Kaliachak]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|50|47|N|88|8|26|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Mahadipur|labela26= checkpoint| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mahadipur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|4|53|N|87|53|56|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Manikchak| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manikchak, Malda]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|56|4|N|88|2|33|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Mothabari| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Mathabari]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|6|37|N|87|53|24|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Mathurapur| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Mathurapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|56|55|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Panchanandapur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchanandapur]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|49|0|N|87|57|17|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Pubarun| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Pubarun]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|59|37|N|88|2|24|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Sattari| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Sattari, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|51|17|N|88|0|2|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Sultanganj| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Sultanganj, Malda]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|52|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Gauda | mark-title34= [[Gauḍa (city)]] (H)| numbered34=H |shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|5|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|label35=Mahananda|labela35= River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=45| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|1|30|N|87|55|0|E}}|label36= Ganges River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=30| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|3|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label37= Tangon River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-60| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|25|3|20|N|88|2|0|E}}|label38= Kalindri |labela38= River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|57|33|N|87|59|30|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Birodhi| numbered39=CT| mark-title39=[[Birodhi]] (CT)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|55|0|N|88|11|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|51|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}

===Location===
Baisnabnagar is located at {{coord|24.8402|N|87.9776|E|}}.

[[Dariapur, Malda|Dariapur]] with headquarters of Kaliachak III CD block, is located nearby.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

===Area overview===
The area shown in the adjoining map is the physiographic sub-region known as the ''diara''. It "is a relatively well drained flat land formed by the [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] deposition of newer [[alluvium]]." The most note-worthy feature is the [[Farakka Barrage]] across the Ganges.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The area is a part of the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]], which is an overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural region]], but the area shown in the map has pockets of [[Urbanisation in India|urbanization]] with 17 census towns, concentrated mostly in the [[Kaliachak I]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The bank of the [[Ganges]] between [[Bhutni, Malda|Bhutni]] and [[Panchanandapur]] (both the places are marked on the map), is the area worst hit by [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|left bank erosion]], a major problem in the Malda area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The ruins of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], capital of several empires, is located in this area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Baisnabnagar police station under West Bengal police has jurisdiction over Kaliachak III CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/telephone/dist/mld.html | title = Malda District Police | work = Telephone Numbers | publisher = District Police | accessdate = 9 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181109085942/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/telephone/dist/mld.html | archive-date = 9 November 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Baisnabnagar had a total population of 15,695, of which 8,875 (57%) were males and 6,820 (43%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,424. The total number of literate persons in Baisnabnagar was 8,519 (64.19% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 November 2018 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Baisnabnagar is on [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34).<ref name=google/>

There is a station at nearby Chamagram on the New Farakka-Malda section of [[Howrah-New Jalpaiguri line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/14005/6401/441| title= 53417 Bardhaman-Malda Town Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | accessdate = 6 November 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Bedrabad Rural Hospital at PO Baisnabnagar (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Kaliachak III CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Sabdalpur (Kumbhira PHC) (with 10 beds) and Gopalganj (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 14 November 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda District}}

[[Category:Villages in Malda district]]

Inc. India

2025-05-29T13:07:42Z

Vikibnf:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Product|date=January 2022}}
{{primary sources|date=October 2009}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox magazine|
image_file =IncIndia.jpg|
| image_size = |
editor = Anuradha Das Mathur |
frequency = Monthly |
circulation = |
category = [[Business]]|
company = 9.9 Media |
publisher = 9.9 Media|
firstdate = February 2009 |
country = [[India]] |
language = [[English language|English]] |
website = |
}}
'''''Inc. India''''' is a monthly [[business]] magazine published by 9.9 Media. The magazine in an Indian version of the popular US magazine ''[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]'' that focuses on entrepreneurship and growth. The magazine claims to serve as a resource base for rapidly growing, Indian small- and mid-size enterprises. The electronic version of ''Inc. India'' was launched in February 2009 and the print version was expected to launch in October of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/sZJzLcNk534eie8rhtU50N/99-Media-to-launch-Indian-version-of-Inc-this-year.html|title=9.9 Media to launch Indian version of Inc. this year|work=Livemint|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2009 establishments in India]]
[[Category:9.9 Media Products]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Business magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Online magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 2009]]

{{india-media-stub}}
{{Business-mag-stub}}

Atthippallam

2025-05-10T08:22:45Z

Vikibnf: started basic stub first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}{{Short description|Village in India}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
'''Athippallam''' is a village in Vanathirayanpatti Panchayat within the [[Viralimalai block]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The population of the village is 1102 (578 Males, 524 Females).<ref name=":0" />

== Temples ==
* Sri Ayyanar Thirukovil
* Sri Mariyamman Thirukovil
* Sri Kaliyamman Thirukovil
* Sri Chithi Vinayagar Thirukovil
* Sri Pidari Amman Thirukovil
* Sri Muniyappa Swamy Thirukovil
* Sri karuppaswamy Thirukovil

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Pudukkottai district]]

{{Pudukkottai-geo-stub}}

Sihora

2025-03-13T19:39:50Z

Vikibnf:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sihora
| also called = 
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.00|N|80.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = Unknown
| founder = Unknown
| named_for =
| government_type = Unicameral
| governing_body = nagar palika
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 386
| population_total = 44048
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 483225
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP20]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Sihora''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Jabalpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Sihora is located at {{Coord|23.48|N|80.12|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Sihora.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Sihora]. Fallingrain.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-26.</ref>

==History==
Sihora was a [[princely state]] and ruled by [[Koli people|Koli]] chieftains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commons |first=Great Britain Parliament House of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaZbAAAAQAAJ&dq=Kolee+Thakoor&pg=PA46 |title=Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons |date=1853 |publisher=Ordered to be printed |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> The rulers of Sihora were direct descendants of the Koli chief Bapuji Makwana.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9UgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |publisher=Usha Publications |year=1985 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=261 |language=en}}</ref>

The first cooperative society in Madhya Pradesh state was established in Sihora block of Jabalpur district in 1904.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sihora had a population of 44048; Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Sihora had an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 75%, and female literacy was 59%. In Sihora, 15% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==Notable people==
*[[Kashi Prasad Pandey]] represented [[Sihora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihora Vidhan Sabha constituency]] of undivided [[Madhya Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly by winning the [[general election]] of 1957.

==Proposed district==
In the outline that was made to make Sihora a district, its boundaries were shown. It had Umaria district on the east border, Damoh on the west, Katni on the north and Jabalpur district on the south. It was proposed to include Sihora, Majhauli of Jabalpur and Bahoriband and Dhimarkheda tehsils of Katni district in the new district. The population of these areas is eight lakh.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sihora District: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Sihora District - NDTV.COM | url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/topic/sihora-district | access-date=2024-12-29 | website=mpcg.ndtv.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jabalpur district]]

Tsüngkotepsü

2024-12-27T12:58:16Z

Vikibnf: minor edit

{{Short description|Shawl and textile made in Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Naga words and phrases]]}}
A '''''Tsüngkotepsü''''' is a warrior shawl created by the [[Ao Naga]]s of [[Nagaland]]. Traditionally, the ''Tsüngkotepsü'' could only be worn by warriors who had successfully taken the heads of enemy warriors,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/wrapped-in-history/article6768824.ece|title=Wrapped in history|first1=Sangeetha Devi|last1=Dundoo|date=9 January 2015|website=Thehindu.com|accessdate=5 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> In modern times, the right to wear the ''Tsüngkotepsü'' is associated with performing a mithun sacrifice, a demonstration of wealth<ref name="auto"/> and are a distinctive symbol of the Ao Nagas.<ref name="ijsrp.org">{{cite journal|url=http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0813/ijsrp-p2017.pdf|format=PDF|journal=International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications|volume=3|date=August 2013|issn=2250-3153|title=Handcrafted Shawls of Nagaland|author1=Richa Prakash|author2=Sharada Devi|author3=D. Anitha}}</ref>

==History==
In pre-colonial Ao society, shawls were used as a marker of social status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ignca.gov.in/craft256.htm|title=CRAFTS of North-East - Textiles of Nagaland|website=Ignca.gov.in|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> The ''Tsüngkotepsü'' was the highest-ranking male shawl.

==Design and symbolism==
The shawl is black and red striped with a single white stripe in the middle containing depictions of animals and other symbols and a brighter red region at the bottom.<ref name="ijsrp.org"/> There are symbols in the white region representing the sun, the moon and the stars, which represent the resulting fame of warriors who wear the shawl. There are also several animals depicted in the strip,<ref name="ijsrp.org"/> which are symbolic of the physical power and the valour of the warrior: a hornbill, a culturally significant bird whose feathers are used for decorative purpose in ceremonial costumes, is often depicted, as are mithun, which represent the wealth of the warrior. (as only wealthier members of the tribe could afford to rear mithun). A spear, dao and cock are common motifs in the section depicting the animals.<ref name="ijsrp.org"/>

The symbols in the white band are sometimes replaced with depictions of mithun, which also represent the wealth and success of the warrior, and there may be elephant and tiger pattern prints on the shawl to symbolise the strength of the warrior.<ref name="ijsrp.org"/>

==Cultural impact==
Various Naga ethnic groups are well-known for their shawls, and the ''Tsüngkotepsü'' is one of the most well-known examples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theculturemaze.com/tsungkotepsu/|title=Tsungkotepsu Shawls, Other Weaves and Textiles from Nagaland, India|website=Theculturemaze.com|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref>

===''Every Time You Tell a Story''===
In January 2015, the filmmakers Ruchika Negi and Amit Mahanti produced a documentary about the ''Tsüngkotepsü'' titled ''Every Time You Tell a Story'', which aims to document and preserve the cultural tradition surrounding the shawl.<ref name="auto"/> The film was screened in March 2017 by the [[India Foundation for the Arts]].<ref name="IndiaFoundation">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaifa.org/events/every-time-you-tell-story-march-26-2015-mumbai.html|title=Every Time you Tell a Story - March 26, 2015 - Mumbai - India Foundation for the Arts|website=Indiaifa.org|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref> The documentary claims to "offer an interpretation of history, a way of understanding the shifts that this shawl-making tradition has experienced when confronted with the certitudes of history – colonialism, new religion and assimilation in the Indian State."<ref name="IndiaFoundation"/>

==See also==
* [[Naga shawl]]
* [[Ao Naga]]
* [[Nagaland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Indian shawls and wraps]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

Saharsa Lok Sabha constituency

2024-10-27T11:22:48Z

Vikibnf: Started Initial Post Needs Work!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saharsa
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Saharsa''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Bihar]], India.<ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=2008-06-16 }}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1952
|[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1957
|[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1962
|[[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal]]
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|1964
|[[Lahtan Choudhary]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1967
|[[Gunanand Thakur]]
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|1971
|[[Chiranjib Jha]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1977
|[[Vinayak Prasad Yadav]],
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|1980
|[[Kamal Nath Jha]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1984
|[[Chandra Kishore Pathak]],
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1984
|[[Sury Narayan Yadav]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|1991
|[[Sury Narayan Yadav]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|1996
|[[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|1998
|[[Anup Lal Yadav]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|1999
|[[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|2004
|[[Ranjeet Ranjan]]
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|-
|2008
|onwards: see [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Saharsa]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{Bihar elections}}
{{coord|25.9|86.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]