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Love X Society

2023-10-06T18:03:10Z

Viki: Created page with '{{Short description|Indian film}} {{italic title}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}} '''''Love X Society''''' is an Indian Short Film, which is based on Gender Equality. This Film is Produced by Mohammed Nagaman Lateef. It stars Shivangi Joshi, Asifa Haque and Aditya Khurana.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shivangi-joshi-to-make-her-cannes-debut-at-2020-film-fes...'

{{Short description|2020 short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love X Society
| image =
| caption = Official release poster
| native_name =
| director = Pushpendra Singh
| writer =
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| producer = Mohammed Nagaman Lateef
| starring = [[Shivangi Joshi]]
Aditya Khurana
Asifa Haque
| narrator =
| cinematography = Suresh Beesaveni
| editing = Jaigad
| music =
| production_companies = Iconic Production
| distributor = [[MX Player]]
| released =
| runtime = 28 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Love X Society''''' is an Indian [[short film]], which is about [[gender equality]]. The film is produced by Mohammed Nagaman Lateef. It stars [[Shivangi Joshi]], Asifa Haque and Aditya Khurana.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shivangi-joshi-to-make-her-cannes-debut-at-2020-film-festival-1637880-2020-01-17 |title=Shivangi Joshi to make her Cannes debut at 2020 film festival |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-shivangi-joshi-on-her-cannes-2020-debut-all-these-years-i-have-been-closely-following-people-whove-attended-cannes-1553816/|title= Shivangi Joshi to make her Cannes debut with her film Love X Society - Bollywood Life |date=4 October 2023}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Shivangi Joshi]]
*Asifa Haque
*Aditya Khurana

== Reception ==
The film was due to be shown at [[Cannes Film Festival]], but was cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]]. The film was later released on [[MX Player]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/in-pictures-shivangi-joshis-short-film-announcement-at-cannes-2020/ |title= Shivangi Joshi short film announcement at Cannes - Biz-asia live |date=4 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uncategorized|date=October 2023}}

2023 Sikkim flash floods

2023-10-06T16:34:25Z

Viki: article about notable unfolding situation

{{Short description|Natural disaster in Northeast India}}
{{Merge|2023 Sikkim Flash Floods|discuss=Talk:2023 India flash floods#Proposed merge of 2023 Sikkim flash floods with 2023 India flash floods|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox flood
| name = 2023 Sikkim flash floods
| duration = 4 - 5 October 2023
| total damages = 15 bridges, one hydroelectric dam destroyed
| total fatalities = At least 40
| areas affected = {{ubl|'''[[Sikkim]] districts'''|[[Mangan district|Mangan]], [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]], [[Pakyong district|Pakyong]], and [[Namchi district|Namchi]]|'''[[West Bengal]] districts'''|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], and [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]}}
| cause = [[Glacial lake outburst flood|Outburst]] of the [[South Lhonak lake]] due to heavy rainfall
}}
On 4 October 2023, heavy rains caused the glacial [[South Lhonak lake]] in [[Sikkim]], a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India|northeastern]] [[India]], to breach its banks, causing a [[glacial lake outburst flood]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Subrata Nag |last2=Hussain |first2=Zarir |date=4 October 2023 |title=Floods in India's Sikkim state leave 10 dead, 82 missing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/nearly-two-dozen-indian-troops-missing-after-flash-flood-ani-2023-10-04/ |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref> The flood reached the [[Teesta Barrage|Teesta III Dam]] at [[Chungthang]] at midnight, before its gates could be opened, destroying the dam in minutes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Sikkim dam washed away in 10 minutes after flash flood: Official |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/sikkims-biggest-hydro-project-suffers-massive-damage-in-flash-flood-101696420752235.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Water levels downstream in the [[River Teesta]] rose by up to twenty feet, causing widespread damage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=8 dead, 22 army men among 48 missing as flash flood wreaks havoc in Sikkim |work=[[The Tribune India]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/lake-burst-at-sikkims-chungthang-flash-flood-alert-as-teesta-river-water-levels-rise-550329 |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref>

==Course of events==
===Background===
The South Lhonak Lake is a [[moraine-dammed lake]] fed by the meltwater of the [[Lonak Glacier|Lhonak glacier]]. It was first seen in [[CORONA (satellite)|CORONA]] satellite images from 1962 as a [[supraglacial lake]]. [[Landsat 2|Landsat MSS]] images show that it became a separate lake by 1977, with a surface area of 17 [[Hectare|hectares]]. In four decades, as the glacier [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|retreated]] 1.9km, the lake swelled in size, covering nearly a hundred hectares by 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Babu Govindha Raj |first=K. |last2=Remya |first2=S. N. |last3=Vinod Kumar |first3=K. |date=10 February 2013 |title=Remote sensing-based hazard assessment of glacial lakes in Sikkim Himalaya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24089638 |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=359-364 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> It was identified as potentially being at risk of causing glacial outburst floods, and in 2018 pipelines were carried up by [[yak]] and installed to pump water out of it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jyoti |date=2018-09-26 |title=Glacial lake flood keeps disaster managers on toes in Sikkim |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/glacial-lake-flood-keeps-disaster-managers-on-toes-in-sikkim/article25048865.ece |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sentinel-1A]] images from 28 September 2023 showed the lake covering an area of 167.4 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Sikkim flash floods {{!}} Over half the area drained: ISRO satellite images show before, after of South Lhonak lake |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sikkim-flash-floods-south-lhonak-lake-before-after-satellite-image-8969255/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===The flood===
In early October 2023, a cloudburst caused Sikkim to receive more than double its normal rainfall;<ref name=":2" /> between 3 and 4 October alone, the state received five times the usual precipitation.<ref name=":0" /> The South Lhonak burst its shores, causing a flash flood. Satellite images from the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s [[RISAT-1A]] show that the lake's surface area shrunk by more than a hundred hectares. Based on a warning from the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] at midnight, the operators of the Teesta III Dam at Chungthang rushed to open the dam's gates, but were too late; the flood quickly destroyed the dam, as well as the bridge to its 1200[[MegaWatt|MW]] hydroelectric powerhouse, which went underwater.<ref name=":1" />

Water levels downstream in the River Teesta subsequently rose by fifteen to twenty feet, inundating many areas in [[Mangan district|Mangan]], [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]], [[Pakyong district|Pakyong]], and [[Namchi district|Namchi]] districts in Sikkim, and [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]], [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] and [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] districts in West Bengal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-10-04 |title=Sikkim flood {{!}} 10 dead, 22 army men among 82 missing as flash flood wreaks havoc; PM Modi dials CM Tamang |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/several-dead-and-missing-as-flash-flood-wreaks-havoc-in-sikkim-pm-modi-dials-cm/article67382079.ece |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The flood also went onwards to Bangladesh, where it affected hundreds of villages along the Teesta River and Char areas.<ref name="Indian soldier’s body found in Teesta handed over to BSF" />

Fifteen bridges across the state were washed away, and the north of the state, including the capital [[Gangtok]], was cut off from the rest of India as parts of [[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]] collapsed.<ref name=":0" /> 3,000 tourists were stranded across the state.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-05 |title=Sikkim: Race against time to save 102 missing in India floods |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66997995 |access-date=2023-10-06}}</ref>

==Relief operations==
The government of Sikkim declared the flood a disaster, and the Indian central government released [[Indian rupee|₹]]48 crore ([[United States dollar|$]]5.76 million){{efn|Based on an exchange rate of 1 USD <nowiki>=</nowiki> 83.26 INR as on 6 October 2023}} in disaster relief funds.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=Sikkim flash floods: Centre approves release of Rs 44.8 crore in funds |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sikkim-flash-floods-centre-approves-release-of-rs-44-8-crore-in-funds/articleshow/104204325.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The [[National Disaster Response Force]] and the [[Indian Army]] are involved in the ongoing relief operations.<ref name=":5" /> 2,400 people were evacuated from flood-hit areas, and 7,600 others were in relief camps.<ref name=":2" /> 10,000 more were evacuated in West Bengal.<ref name=":4" />

Fourteen people were believed to be trapped inside the tunnels of the destroyed Teesta III Dam; a 60-strong team of the NDRF - including scuba divers - was assembled to rescue them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Sikkim floods: NDRF faces great unknown in bid to save 14 trapped in tunnels |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-floods-ndrf-faces-great-unknown-in-bid-to-save-14-trapped-in-tunnels-101696533026443.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Casualties==
At least 40 people were killed and 22 injured, while 75 were reported missing as of 6 October.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Subrata Nag |last2=Ahmed |first2=Aftab |date=2023-10-06 |title=Death toll rises to 40 after glacial lake flooding in Indian Himalayas, dozens still missing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/least-40-killed-after-glacial-lake-flooding-indian-himalayas-officials-2023-10-06/ |access-date=2023-10-06}}</ref> Of the missing were 23 [[Indian Army]] personnel, of whom seven were subsequently found dead and one rescued alive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Sikkim Flash Floods Updates: One out of 23 missing Army personnel rescued |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/flash-flood-alert-sikkim-teesta-river-cloudburst-live-updates-4th-october-2023-101696390912870.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004185500/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/flash-flood-alert-sikkim-teesta-river-cloudburst-live-updates-4th-october-2023-101696390912870.html |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=Sikkim flood: Death toll rises to 25; 'explosive, firearms' warning issued |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-flood-death-toll-rises-to-22-army-issues-explosive-firearms-warning-101696587365494.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> One of the dead soldiers was found floating in the Teesta in [[Nilphamari]], [[Bangladesh]]; the [[Border Guard Bangladesh]] handed over the body to the Indian officials through a flag meeting.<ref name="Indian soldier’s body found in Teesta handed over to BSF">{{cite web |title=Indian soldier’s body found in Teesta handed over to BSF
|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/amp/bangladesh/nation/327225/indian-soldier%E2%80%99s-body-found-in-teesta-handed-over |website=Dhaka Tribune |date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref> One child was killed and six injured in the neighbouring state of [[West Bengal]] when a mortar shell carried downstream from Sikkim exploded after being picked up by locals.<ref name=":2" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Weather}}
{{2023 floods}}
{{Disasters in India in 2023}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikkim flash floods, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2023 floods in Asia]]
[[Category:2020s in Sikkim|Floods]]
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:October 2023 events in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Sikkim|2023 floods]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]

Thalapathy 68

2023-10-05T18:23:36Z

Viki: -- Draft creation using the BP:Article wizard --

{{Short description|Upcoming film by Venkat Prabhu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thalapathy 68
| image = Thalapathy 68 poster.jpg
| caption = Announcement poster
| director = [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| writer = Venkat Prabhu
| producer = {{ubl|Kalpathi S. Aghoram|Kalpathi S. Ganesh|Kalpathi S. Suresh}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
* [[Prabhu Deva]]
* [[Prashanth]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Siddhartha Nuni]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| released = 
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thalapathy 68''''' is the [[working title]] of an upcoming Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and produced by [[AGS Entertainment]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], leading an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Prashanth]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Jayaram]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]].

Initially, [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] was reported to director the project, but subsequently, Prabhu was brought on board. The film was announced in May 2023 under the tentative title ''Thalapathy 68'', as it is Vijay's 68th film in a leading role. [[Principal photography]] began in October 2023. [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] will compose the music, while the cinematography and editing will be handled by [[Siddhartha Nuni]] and [[Praveen K. L.]]

== Cast ==
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
*[[Prabhu Deva]]
*[[Prashanth]]
*[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
*[[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]]
*[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]
*[[Jayaram]]
*[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In late November 2021, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], who had successful collaborations with director [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]], was reported to join hands for the fourth time with the latter for his 68th film in a lead role, after previously working in ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (2016), ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017) and ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019). It was to begin production after Atlee had finished the works of his debut [[Hindi]] film ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 |title=Vijay and Atlee to join hands again for Thalapathy 68? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/30/vijay-and-atlee-to-join-hands-again-for-thalapathy-68-28123.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419091957/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/30/vijay-and-atlee-to-join-hands-again-for-thalapathy-68-28123.html |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> That December, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] posted a picture of him with Vijay, leading to speculations of their collaboration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2021 |title=Will Yuvan Shankar Raja and Vijay team up after almost two decades? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-vijay-team-up-after-almost-two-decades/articleshow/88471671.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127150500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-vijay-team-up-after-almost-two-decades/articleshow/88471671.cms |archive-date=27 January 2023}}</ref> At an award night in May 2022, Yuvan hinted about his reunion with Vijay after ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' (2003), saying that it would happen soon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2022 |title=Musician Yuvan Shankar Raja confirms about reuniting with Vijay |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/musician-yuvan-shankar-raja-confirms-about-reuniting-with-vijay/articleshow/91721595.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814174026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/musician-yuvan-shankar-raja-confirms-about-reuniting-with-vijay/articleshow/91721595.cms |archive-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> In May 2023 however, it was confirmed that Atlee would not be directing the film, as he had already committed to another project with actor [[Varun Dhawan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Atlee out of Thalapathy 68! Latest Update on the Vijay starrer |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32068/thalapathy-68-vijay-movie-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516143617/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32068/thalapathy-68-vijay-movie-update |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> That month, there were multiple reports that either [[Venkat Prabhu]] or [[Gopichand Malineni]] would direct the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=Venkat Prabhu and Vijay team up for Thalapathy 68? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/16/venkat-prabhu-to-direct-thalapthy-68-43483.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516142436/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/16/venkat-prabhu-to-direct-thalapthy-68-43483.html |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 68 director finalised? Neither Gopichand nor Karthik Subbaraj |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijays-thalapathy-68-director-finalised-neither-gopichand-malineni-nor-karthik-subbaraj/ebedefecd9397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522150121/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijays-thalapathy-68-director-finalised-neither-gopichand-malineni-nor-karthik-subbaraj/ebedefecd9397 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

Prabhu had met Vijay in mid May and narrated a story to him, by which the latter was impressed. He also asked Prabhu to develop the full script. In an interview that month, Prabhu expressed his idea of doing a [[time loop]] film with Vijay, after previously doing the same for ''[[Maanaadu]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2023 |title=Venkat Prabhu to direct Vijay's 'Thalapathy 68' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-to-direct-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/100293118.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517094435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-to-direct-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/100293118.cms |archive-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> On 21 May, the film was officially announced by Vijay through his social media pages under the [[working title]] ''Thalapathy 68'', with Prabhu confirmed as the director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2023 |title='Thalapathy 68': Vijay, Venkat Prabhu team up for their next |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhu-team-up-for-their-next/article66877089.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522021946/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhu-team-up-for-their-next/article66877089.ece |archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref> Kalpathi S. Aghoram, Kalpathi S. Ganesh and Kalpathi S. Suresh were revealed to produce the film under [[AGS Entertainment]]. It is the company's 25th production venture and second collaboration with Vijay after ''Bigil''. Yuvan was confirmed as the music composer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay and Venkat Prabhu to join forces for actor's 68th film. Yuvan Shankar Raja to score music |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu-to-join-forces-for-actors-68th-film-yuvan-shankar-raja-to-score-music-2382197-2023-05-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522145626/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu-to-join-forces-for-actors-68th-film-yuvan-shankar-raja-to-score-music-2382197-2023-05-21 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Cinematography is handled by [[Siddhartha Nuni]],<ref name="VFX scan" /> editing by [[Praveen K. L.]] and art direction by Rajeevan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=Thalapathy68 Buzz: This veteran actress to team up with Vijay after 20 years! |url=https://www.thenewstuff.in/thalapathy68-buzz-veteran-actress-team-vijay-after-20-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905164510/https://www.thenewstuff.in/thalapathy68-buzz-veteran-actress-team-vijay-after-20-years |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=The New Stuff}}</ref>

Prabhu and Vijay's collaboration had been in talks for about ten months. While working on ''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]'' (2023), Prabhu narrated a short script to Vijay when he was filming for ''[[Varisu]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2023 |title=Here's when Venkat Prabhu okayed 'Thalapathy 68' with Vijay |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-when-venkat-prabhu-okayed-thalapathy-68-with-vijay/articleshow/100418383.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522145950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-when-venkat-prabhu-okayed-thalapathy-68-with-vijay/articleshow/100418383.cms |archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title='Dreams Do Come True': Director Venkat Prabhu's Lovely Note On Next With Thalapathy Vijay |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dreams-do-come-true-director-venkat-prabhus-lovely-note-on-next-with-thalapathy-vijay-7882927.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522145955/https://www.news18.com/movies/dreams-do-come-true-director-venkat-prabhus-lovely-note-on-next-with-thalapathy-vijay-7882927.html |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Furthermore, multiple reports stated that Vijay would receive a remuneration of {{INRConvert|200|c}}, which would make him the highest-paid film actor in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Meet India's highest paid actor and it's not Salman, Shah Rukh, Akshay, Prabhas, Allu Arjun, Jr NTR, Ram Charan or Big B |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-india-s-highest-paid-actor-vijay-not-salman-shah-rukh-akshay-prabhas-hrithik-allu-arjun-jr-ntr-big-b-3044921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604044453/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-india-s-highest-paid-actor-vijay-not-salman-shah-rukh-akshay-prabhas-hrithik-allu-arjun-jr-ntr-big-b-3044921 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goud |first=Priyanka |date=19 May 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay becomes highest paid Indian actor, charges Rs 200 crores for next with Venkat Prabhu? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijay-becomes-highest-paid-indian-actor-charges-rs-200-crores-for-next-with-venkat-prabhu-1221876 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523063732/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijay-becomes-highest-paid-indian-actor-charges-rs-200-crores-for-next-with-venkat-prabhu-1221876 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> In August, the team left for Los Angeles to use visual effects scanning to create the look of one of Vijay's characters; this technique was previously used for ''[[Fan (film)|Fan]]'' (2016) and ''[[Indian 2]]''.<ref name="VFX scan">{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=26 August 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 team takes off to LA for 3D VFX scan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/thalapathy-68-team-takes-off-to-la-for-3d-vfx-scan-732207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826051146/https://www.dtnext.in/xhr/admin/get-h-comments |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 2 October 2023 at [[Prasad Labs]] in [[Chennai]] with the presence of the film's cast and crew.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Vijay & Venkat Prabhu's new film begins with a pooja in Chennai |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhus-new-film-begins-with-a-pooja-in-chennai-2708976 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002140325/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhus-new-film-begins-with-a-pooja-in-chennai-2708976 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Vijay was reported to play dual roles as father and son, which he previously did in ''Bigil''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2023 |title=Vijay to play dual roles, as father and son, in VP's #Thalapathy68 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-to-play-dual-roles-as-father-and-son-in-vps-thalapathy68/articleshow/103121873.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829133207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-to-play-dual-roles-as-father-and-son-in-vps-thalapathy68/articleshow/103121873.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> In late May 2023, [[S. J. Suryah]] was reported to play the antagonist, after previously doing so for ''Mersal''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 68 with director Venkat Prabhu to feature SJ Suryah as the villain? Deets here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijays-thalapathy-68-with-director-venkat-prabhu-to-feature-sj-suryah-as-the-villain-2382925-2023-05-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523105408/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijays-thalapathy-68-with-director-venkat-prabhu-to-feature-sj-suryah-as-the-villain-2382925-2023-05-23 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was also reported that either [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Jyothika]] or [[Krithi Shetty]] were in consideration for the lead actress;<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதிராஜா |first=மை. |date=22 May 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: 'மக்கள் எங்கிட்ட எதிர்பார்க்கறது அதுதான்!' சொல்லி அடிக்கும் வெங்கட்பிரபு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/thalapathy-68-movie-latest-updates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522134557/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/thalapathy-68-movie-latest-updates |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2023 |title=Is Venkat Prabhu considering Jyotika to play the female lead in 'Thalapathy 68'? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-venkat-prabhu-considering-jyotika-to-play-the-female-lead-in-thalapathy-68/articleshow/100841860.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609045229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-venkat-prabhu-considering-jyotika-to-play-the-female-lead-in-thalapathy-68/articleshow/100841860.cms |archive-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> however, it was later reported that Prabhu considered [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] in lead actress role, paired alongside the father character of Vijay, and [[Priyanka Arul Mohan]] or [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] for the son character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay to reunite with Simran for Thalapathy 68 as talks with Jyothika fall through; Reports |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijay-to-reunite-with-simran-for-thalapathy-68-as-talks-with-jyothika-fall-through-reports-1240036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831190740/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijay-to-reunite-with-simran-for-thalapathy-68-as-talks-with-jyothika-fall-through-reports-1240036 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2023 |title=Priyanka Mohan to play the female lead in Vijay's 'Thalapathy 68'? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyanka-mohan-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/103348063.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904144237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyanka-mohan-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/103348063.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=4 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=Meenakshi Chaudhary roped in for Vijay's 'Thalapathy 68'? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meenakshi-chaudhary-roped-in-for-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104099271.cms |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003060812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meenakshi-chaudhary-roped-in-for-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104099271.cms |archive-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> [[Prabhu Deva]] was also reported to be part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2023 |title=Prabhudheva and Jai to play significant roles in Thalapathy's 68th |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prabhudheva-and-jai-to-play-significant-roles-in-thalapathys-68th/articleshow/103008606.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831043159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prabhudheva-and-jai-to-play-significant-roles-in-thalapathys-68th/articleshow/103008606.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=31 August 2023}}</ref> In early September, [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] was reported to be a part of the cast,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-06 |title=Buzz: Prashanth to join the cast of 'Thalapathy 68' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-prashanth-to-join-the-cast-of-thalapathy-68/articleshow/103419652.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=2023-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907074438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-prashanth-to-join-the-cast-of-thalapathy-68/articleshow/103419652.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> and [[Prashanth]] was confirmed to be in talks for playing an important role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Prashanth in talks to play a crucial role in #Thalapathy68 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prashanth-in-talks-to-play-a-crucial-role-in-thalapathy68/articleshow/103490118.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=2023-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913082000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prashanth-in-talks-to-play-a-crucial-role-in-thalapathy68/articleshow/103490118.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> Prashanth, Prabhu Deva, Chaudhary, Priyanka, Sneha, [[Laila (actress)|Laila]], [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and [[Jayaram]] were confirmed to be a part of the cast, as they were present at the muhurat puja.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=3 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 launched; AI-based song to be filmed today |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/thalapathy-68-launched-ai-based-song-to-be-filmed-today-739626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003131744/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/thalapathy-68-launched-ai-based-song-to-be-filmed-today-739626 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2023 |title=Jayaram, Mohan and Meenakshi to join cast of Vijay's 'Thalapathy 68' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayaram-mohan-and-meenakshi-to-join-cast-of-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104121664.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003132242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayaram-mohan-and-meenakshi-to-join-cast-of-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104121664.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=3 October 2023}}</ref>
=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 3 October 2023 with the first schedule in [[Chennai]].<ref name="shootbegins">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Vijay, Venkat Prabhu's 'Thalapathy 68' shoot begins. Mohan, Prashanth to join cast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-shoot-begins-mohan-prashanth-to-join-cast-2443566-2023-10-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003074934/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-shoot-begins-mohan-prashanth-to-join-cast-2443566-2023-10-03 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> A song revolving around the younger Vijay and choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]] would be filmed in this schedule using artificial intelligence.<ref name=":1" />

== Music ==
The soundtrack and film score will be composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, in his second collaboration with Vijay after ''Pudhiya Geethai'', and tenth with Prabhu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 composer Yuvan Shankar Raja's last album for Vijay was in 2003! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-when-yuvan-shankar-raja-last-composed-for-thalapathy-vijay-in-2003/8d49c60551359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609051808/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-when-yuvan-shankar-raja-last-composed-for-thalapathy-vijay-in-2003/8d49c60551359 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> The audio rights were reportedly bought by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for a record price.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2023 |title=BUZZ: Thalapathy 68 audio rights backed for a groundbreaking deal; highest ever in Tamil cinema history |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/buzz-thalapathy-68-audio-rights-backed-for-a-groundbreaking-deal-highest-ever-in-tamil-cinema-history-1230488 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822062954/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/buzz-thalapathy-68-audio-rights-backed-for-a-groundbreaking-deal-highest-ever-in-tamil-cinema-history-1230488 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Yuvan said the first single would be a [[dappankuthu]] number.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 first single to be a Kuthu song, reveals film's composer |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32425/thalapathy-68-vijay-first-single-yuvan-shankar-raja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910052601/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32425/thalapathy-68-vijay-first-single-yuvan-shankar-raja |archive-date=10 September 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
A few days after the film was announced, a large banner promoting it was erected in Malaysia. However, it was unclear whether it was put up by the production company or the fans.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 craze: A massive poster is put up in Malaysia |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68-craze-a-massive-poster-is-put-up-in-malaysia/articleshow/100478151.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525114259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68-craze-a-massive-poster-is-put-up-in-malaysia/articleshow/100478151.cms |archive-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Home media ===
The streaming rights were reportedly acquired by [[Netflix]] for a record price.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Trending: Thalapathy68 sets streaming world ablaze! This OTT giant snatches the rights! |url=https://www.thenewstuff.in/trending-thalapathy68-sets-streaming-world-ablaze-ott-giant-snatches-rights-record-price |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Stuff |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919182601/https://www.thenewstuff.in/trending-thalapathy68-sets-streaming-world-ablaze-ott-giant-snatches-rights-record-price |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27487934}}

{{Venkat Prabhu}}

[[Category:AGS Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venkat Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language films]]

Amudha Gaanam

2023-10-05T06:33:34Z

Viki: Reference edited with ProveIt #proveit

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amudha Gaanam
| image = Amudha Gaanam.jpg
| border = no
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Rangaraj]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = C. Kalavathi K. Revathi
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] Nalini
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Vassan Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|7|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Amudha Gaanam'''''{{not English inline}} is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[K. Rangaraj]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]. It was released on 19 July 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amutha Gaanam / அமுத கானம் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/amutha-gaanam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530071858/https://screen4screen.com/movies/amutha-gaanam |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Screen4Screen |language=en, ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2023}}

== Cast ==
* [[Vijayakanth]]
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amudha Gaanam Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/amudha-gaanam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323080223/https://macsendisk.com/product/amudha-gaanam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |archive-date=23 March 2022 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1985 |title=Amudha Gaanam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/dk/album/amudha-gaanam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1606713532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003052512/https://music.apple.com/dk/album/amudha-gaanam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1606713532 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Orey Raagam" was later reused in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Abhinandana]]'' (1988) as "Ade Neevu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |date=14 October 2014 |title=Time-traveling with Ilayaraja across his Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam songs! |url=https://milliblog.com/2014/10/14/time-traveling-with-ilayaraja-across-his-telugu-kannada-and-malayalam-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117041335/http://milliblog.com/2014/10/14/time-traveling-with-ilayaraja-across-his-telugu-kannada-and-malayalam-songs/ |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Milliblog!}}</ref> The song "Velli Nila Padhumai" is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Suddha Dhanyasi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=167 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> and attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=மனோவின் முன்னோடி ...மறக்க முடியாத பாடகர் ரமேஷ்- ப.கவிதா குமார் |url=https://uyirmmai.com/news/cinema/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AE/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302132556/https://uyirmmai.com/news/cinema/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AE/ |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Uyirmmai |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Orey Raagam
| length1 = 4:40
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Velli Nila
| length2 = 4:12
| extra2 = Ramesh, [[Vani Jairam]]
| title3 = Chinnanjiru Kannu Rendum
| length3 = 3:53
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title4 = Thathedutha
| note4 = happy
| length4 = 2:58
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| title5 = Thathedutha
| note5 = sad
| length5 = 2:06
| extra5 = S. Janaki
| total_length = 17:49
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0318986}}

[[Category:1980s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Rangaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]

Jay Shah

2023-10-04T13:17:00Z

Viki: further revert - no point in just mentioning his father two times in the lede...

{{Short description|Indian businessman and cricket administrator}}
{{distinguish|Jaydev Shah}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Jay Shah
| birth_name = Jay Amitbhai Shah
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|22 September 1988}}
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Nirma University]] ([[B.Tech.]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|cricket administrator}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Rishita Patel|2015}}
| father = [[Amit Shah]]
| office1 = Secretary of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| term_start1 = 24 October 2019
| president1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (2019—2022) [[Roger Binny]] (2022—present)
| office = President of the [[Asian Cricket Council]]
| term_start = 30 January 2021
| predecessor = [[Nazmul Hasan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/jay-shah-appointed-president-of-asian-cricket-council20210130180356|title = Jay Shah appointed President of Asian Cricket Council}}</ref>
| image =
| preceded = Amitabh Choudhary
}}
'''Jay Amitbhai Shah''' (born 22 September 1988)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=22 September 2020|title=BCCI Secretary Jay Shah Celebrates 32nd Birthday, Wishes Pour in From Cricketers|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-secretary-jay-shah-celebrating-32nd-birthday-wishes-pour-in-from-cricketers-2898973.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 June 2021|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian businessman and cricket administrator. He became the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) Secretary in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan |title=Meet the new men at the BCCI |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/bcci-apex-council-sourav-ganguly-president-mahim-verma-jay-shah-arun-singh-dhumal-anshuman-gaekwaad-ipl-governing-council/article29854052.ece |work=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> He is also the president of [[Asian Cricket Council]]. He is the son of [[Amit Shah]], India's [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]].

==Early life==
Jay Shah was born to [[Amit Shah]], an Indian politician of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and Sonal Shah on 22 September 1988.<ref name=":0" /> He graduated from [[Nirma University]] with a [[B.Tech]].<ref name=thewire>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rohini |title=The Golden Touch of Jay Amit Shah |url=https://thewire.in/business/amit-shah-narendra-modi-jay-shah-bjp |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=The Wire |date=8 October 2017}}</ref> He underwent cricket training in [[Ahmedabad]] under Jayendra Sehgal.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 April 2015|title=Amit Shah's son takes guard at BCCI|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/amit-shahs-son-takes-guard-at-bcci/articleshow/46856388.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415165555/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/amit-shahs-son-takes-guard-at-bcci/articleshow/46856388.cms|archive-date=15 April 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Shah worked as one of the directors of Temple Enterprise, a company which was founded in 2004 and involved in the trade of agricultural products. The company shut down operations in October 2016. Shah owns a 60 per cent stake in Kusum Finserve which was established in 2015.<ref name=thewire/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Manini |title=His father's son |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/his-father-s-son/cid/1454764 |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=The Telegraph |date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

After serving as an executive board member of the Central Board of Cricket, Ahmedabad, starting 2009, Shah became the joint secretary of the [[Gujarat Cricket Association]] (GCA) in September 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narhari Amin back in team GCA, but Saheba knocked out |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-narhari-amin-back-in-team-gca-but-saheba-knocked-out-1886602 |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=DNA India |date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=espn>{{cite news |last1=Dikshit |first1=Vishal |title=Meet the BCCI's new office bearers |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27907780/meet-bcci-new-office-bearers |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 October 2019}}</ref> During his tenure as joint secretary, he oversaw GCA's construction of the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], in Ahmedabad, along with his father Amit Shah who was GCA president at the time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patwardhan |first1=Deepti |title=Assurance of not cutting corners over credibility |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/oct/24/assurance-of-not-cutting-corners-over-credibility-2052178.html |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World's largest cricket stadium in Motera few months away from completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/worlds-largest-cricket-stadium-in-motera-few-months-away-from-completion/articleshow/71125258.cms |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=K. Shriniwas |title=New Motera stadium is Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision, says Amit Shah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/new-motera-stadium-is-prime-minister-narendra-modis-vision-says-amit-shah/articleshow/70918902.cms |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=31 August 2019}}</ref>

Shah became a member of the finance and marketing committees of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Devendra |title=N Srinivasan loses BCCI's control |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/srini-loses-boards-control/ |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 April 2015}}</ref> He stepped down from the position of GCA joint secretary in September 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=K. Shriniwas |title=Amit Shah, son Jay, step down from Gujarat Cricket Association posts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/amit-shah-steps-down-as-gujarat-cricket-association-president/articleshow/71347398.cms |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=29 September 2019}}</ref> The following month, he was elected as the secretary of BCCI for a one-and-a-half-year term and the youngest of the five office bearers.<ref name=espn/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan |title=Meet the new men at the BCCI |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/bcci-apex-council-sourav-ganguly-president-mahim-verma-jay-shah-arun-singh-dhumal-anshuman-gaekwaad-ipl-governing-council/article29854052.ece |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=Sportstar |date=1 November 2019}}</ref> In December 2019, the BCCI selected Shah as its representative for future CEC meetings of [[International Cricket Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jay Shah to represent BCCI at ICC CEC meeting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/jay-shah-to-represent-bcci-at-icc-cec-meeting/articleshow/72317958.cms |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=1 December 2019}}</ref> In January 2021, [[Asian Cricket Council]] appointed Shah as President.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jay Shah appointed President of Asian Cricket Council|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/jay-shah-appointed-president-of-asian-cricket-council20210130180356/|access-date=2021-01-30|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In February 2015, Shah married Rishita Patel, his college girlfriend, in a traditional Gujarati ceremony. The wedding was attended by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and other high-ranking public officials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhan |first1=Rohit |title=Wedding of Amit Shah's son feels Delhi chill |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Wedding-of-Amit-Shahs-son-feels-Delhi-chill/articleshow/46193764.cms |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Political bigwigs, corporate czars at engagement of Amit Shah's son |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Political-bigwigs-corporate-czars-at-engagement-of-Amit-Shahs-son/articleshow/38345451.cms |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

===Defamation case against ''The Wire''===
{{see also|The Wire (India)#Jay Shah}}
Shah filed a criminal defamation case and a civil lawsuit of {{INR}}100 crore against the editors of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' who, in an October 2017 article, reported that Shah's company's revenue increased 16,000 times one year after [[Narendra Modi]] became the Indian Prime Minister.<ref name=withdraw/> In 2018, the [[Gujarat High Court]] restored a [[gag order]], earlier placed by a civil court, on the website, preventing it from publishing any content connecting Shah's businesses to Modi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jay Shah defamation case: Gujarat High Court restores gag order on The Wire |url=https://scroll.in/latest/869344/jay-shah-defamation-case-gujarat-high-court-restores-gag-order-on-the-wire |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=Scroll.in |date=20 February 2018}}</ref> In August 2019, ''The Wire'' withdrew its appeal against the criminal defamation case and announced that it will stand trial.<ref name=withdraw>{{cite news |title=Jay Shah defamation case: 'The Wire' withdraws its plea from Supreme Court, says will stand trial |url=https://scroll.in/latest/935353/jay-shah-defamation-case-the-wire-withdraws-its-plea-from-supreme-court-says-will-stand-trial |access-date=19 November 2019 |work=Scroll.in |date=27 August 2019}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* In 2021, Jay Shah was featured in an episode of [[History TV18]]'s documentary [[Modern Marvels]], the episode was about the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]'s construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Marvel : World's largest cricket stadium... |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DnMqdtV9QTro&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjy1OP1sYKBAxVDON4KHWnlCWIQtwJ6BAgKEAE&usg=AOvVaw1lZ1vkMULw9vtqp0Q_xO9l |url-status= |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Jay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Manasara Vazhthungalen

2023-09-29T04:54:10Z

Viki: Created page with '{{Use dmy dates}} {{Use Indian English}} {{Infobox film | name = Manasara Vazhthungalen | image = Manasara Vazhthungalen.jpg | border = no | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = Partheparaman | writer = Partheparaman | producer = T. Sivanathan R. Dhanasekhar | starring = Ramkumar | cinematography = | editing = | music = S. A. Rajkumar | studio = <!-- o...'

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manasara Vazhthungalen
| image = Manasara Vazhthungalen.jpg
| border = no
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Partheparaman
| writer = Partheparaman
| producer = T. Sivanathan R. Dhanasekhar
| starring = [[Ramkumar]] [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]]
| cinematography = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| editing = M. N. Raja
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Gajanithi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|9|12}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Manasara Vazhthungalen''''' ({{Translation|Bless us wholeheartedly}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by Partheparaman. The film stars [[Ramkumar]] and [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]], in her film debut. It was released on 12 September 1991, and failed at the box-office.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2023}}
Two young lovers elope from their homes after their respective parents object to their romance.

== Cast ==
* [[Ramkumar]]
* [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]]
* [[Janagaraj]]
* Vijayan
* [[Kamala Kamesh]]
* [[C. R. Saraswathi]]

== Production ==
''Manasara Vazhthungalen'' is the film debut of [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]].<ref name="nakkheeran" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=1993-01-10 |title=கம்ப்யூட்டர் சித்திரங்கள், டிஜிட்டல் ஜாலங்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-01-10/page/2/mode/2up |url-status=live |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=2–3 |archive-url=https://archive.li/nl0LT |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref> [[Babu (actor)|Babu]] was originally cast as the lead actor. Following a stunt sequence gone wrong, he suffered spinal injuries and became permanently paralysed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=சாகத்தான் போறோம்; அதைச் சொல்லி அவங்கள பயமுறுத்த வேண்டாம்னு நினைச்சேன்"- 'என் உயிர்த் தோழன்' பாபு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vintage-article-about-en-uyir-thozhan-babu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230919163109/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vintage-article-about-en-uyir-thozhan-babu |archive-date=19 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> By then, more than 50% of the film had been shot, and the scenes involving Babu were reshot with [[Ramkumar]], leading to [[cost overrun]]s.<ref name="nakkheeran">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=30 வருடங்களுக்கு முன்பு ஷூட்டிங்கில் ஏற்பட்ட விபத்து... இன்றுவரை படுத்த படுக்கையாக இருக்கும் நடிகர்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/writer-sura-about-actor-ennuyir-thozhan-babu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928125940/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/writer-sura-about-actor-ennuyir-thozhan-babu |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{expand section|date=September 2023}}
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref name="nakkheeran" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 =
| extra1 =
| title2 =
| extra2 =
| title3 =
| extra3 =
| title4 =
| extra4 =
| title5 =
| extra5 =
| title6 =
| extra6 =
| title7 =
| extra7 =
| title8 =
| extra8 =
| title9 =
| extra9 =
| title10 =
| extra10 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Manasara Vazhthungalen'' was released on 12 September 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 1991 |title=Manasaara Vaazhthungalean... |pages=5 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910912&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 September 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The film moves in fits and starts and quite haphazardly. Things happen all of a sudden, without prior warning or development".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 1991 |title=Manasaara Vaazhtukiraen |pages=7 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910920&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 September 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film failed at the box-office as the collections were not enough to cover the increased production costs.<ref name="nakkheeran" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt9042396}}

[[Category:1990s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Les Montagnes Bleues

2023-09-17T09:03:56Z

Viki: Added a new release to the collection.

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| writer = [[Paolo Barzman]] Catherine Borgella Jean-Pierre Prévost
| director = Paolo Barzman
| producer =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Les Montagnes Bleues''|{{ill|Yanne Dimay|fr}}}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Isabelle Renauld]]
*[[Urbano Barberini]]
*[[Jean-Pierre Cassel]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editor =
| music =
| company = [[France 2]] Lark Production Société Française de Production
| network = France 2
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|3|15}} (part 1) {{Film date|df=y|1999|3|16}} (part 2)
| runtime = 90 minutes (part 1) 90 minutes (part 2)
| country = France
| language = French
| budget =
}}
'''''Les Montagnes Bleues''''' ({{Translation|The Blue Mountains}}) is a 1999 French romantic drama telefilm directed by [[Paolo Barzman]] and starring [[Isabelle Renauld]], [[Urbano Barberini]] and [[Jean-Pierre Cassel]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_French_Film_Directors/ud2-AAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Les+Montagnes+Bleues+Paolo+Barzman&pg=PA63&printsec=frontcover|title=Encyclopedia of French Film Directors - Volume 1 |page=63|language=en|last=Rège|first=Philip}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/CNC_info/DA6gf2fnQeQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Les+montagnes+bleues+1999+Paolo+Barzman&dq=Les+montagnes+bleues+1999+Paolo+Barzman&printsec=frontcover|title=CNC Info: Issue 271-276|page=2|publisher=[[Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée]]}}</ref> The film is based on the novel of the same name by {{ill|Yanne Dimay|fr}} and released to mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
===Part 1===
Ethnobotanist Laure Peletier is accompanied by her adopted father David in India where they meet Jean, an ethnologist at the [[French Institute of Pondicherry|Institute of Pondicherry]]. Laure came to India for a completing a botanical mission at the pharmaceutical lab but is more interested in finding her lost love, Sylvain Mazieres. She begs Jean to help her find him since he was Sylvain's friend, but Jean is depressed by the disappearance of his friend. Laure remembers how she first met Sylvain four years back in an ethnopharmacy conference in [[Grenoble]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/programme/les-montagnes-bleues-f556166|title=Les montagnes bleues (2/2)|work=[[Le Figaro]]|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="T"/>

===Part 2===
Laure figures out that Devaki loves Sylvain and feels that she lost him. Sylvain meets Laure and is disturbed about reuniting with her. However, he faces a new danger when wood smugglers come to the plantation lead by dishonest Karuna. The powerless police and corrupt administration prove to be of no help leaving Sylvain is alone with a new threat, which is also a threat to Laure's mission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/programme/les-montagnes-bleues-f194676|title=Les montagnes bleues (1/2)|work=[[Le Figaro]]|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="S"/>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Isabelle Renauld]] as Laure Peletier
*[[Urbano Barberini]] as Sylvain Mazieres
*[[Jean-Pierre Cassel]] as David
*{{ill|Jean Barney|fr}} as Jean
*{{ill|Aladin Reibel|fr}} as Filou
*Gabrielle Forest as Élodie
*Hans Kaushik as Nataraj
*Krishna Devanandan as Devaki
*A. V. Dhanuskodi as Sivaraja
*[[Michael Muthu]] as Srinivas
*A. R. Vijaya Kumar as Irumalai
*Sunayana Panda Shukla as Ange-Marie
*{{ill|Julien Thomast|fr}} as Laboratory director
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced in 1998.<ref name="yr"/>

== Release ==
Fifteen minutes of the first part was shown on [[France 4|Festival]] at 8:30 pm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/InterNews/LeMonde/issues/1999/lm990219.pdf|title=Le Monde|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=fr|via=[[Virginia Tech]]}}</ref> The first part of the film premiered on 15 March 1999 on [[France 2]] at 8:55 pm.<ref name="L"/> The second part of the film premiered on France 2 on 16 March 1999 at 8:55 pm.<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/InterNews/LeMonde/issues/1999/lm990314-tel.pdf|title=Le Monde|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=fr|via=[[Virginia Tech]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Antilla/ZaYwAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=montagnes+bleues+(+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-+film+de+Paolo+Barzman+)+23H05&dq=montagnes+bleues+(+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-+film+de+Paolo+Barzman+)+23H05&printsec=frontcover|title=Antilla - Issues 813-825|page=23|publisher=Imprimerie Absalon|language=fr}}</ref> The film was shown again on [[TV5Monde|TV5]] on 30 December 1999 at 10:15 pm and on 31 December 1999 at 1:05 am.<ref name="yr">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/InterNews/LeMonde/issues/1999/monde.19991226.pdf|title=Le Monde|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=fr|via=[[Virginia Tech]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Part 1===
A critic from ''[[Libération]]'' panned the film and wrote that "With beautiful, exotic images, India and its magnificent natural settings, superb actors (actually, no, not really). In short, ''Les Montagnes Bleues'', a public service fiction adapted from the novel by Yanne Dimay, reeled in two 90-minute installments, does not neglect any cliché of the sentimental TV film".<ref name="L">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/medias/1999/03/15/l-idiot-sur-la-montagne-dans-ce-telefilm-l-amour-rend-presque-tout-stupide-les-montagnes-bleues-fran_266223/|title=L'idiot sur la montagne. Dans ce téléfilm, l'amour rend (presque) tout stupide. "Les Montagnes bleues", France 2, 20 h 55.|last=Mallaval|first=Catherine|work=[[Libération]]|language=fr}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Télé 7 Jours]]'' wrote that "The story, lived with intensity in a superb setting, is a little long. Jean Pierre Cassel accurately portrays an adopts father who listens attentively. Isabelle Renauld shows herself determined to defend her love. Lovers of romance will rejoice".<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=http://php88.free.fr/bdff/film/1999/2023/05.jpg|title=Les Montagnes Bleues|author=GA|work=[[Télé 7 Jours]]|language=fr|pages=62–63}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0228606}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Montagnes Bleues, Les}}
[[Category:French television films]]
[[Category:French romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:French drama television films]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]

Nathuram

2023-09-12T17:43:59Z

Viki:

{{Short description|Given name}}

'''Nathuram''' is a male given name from India. Notable people with it include:
*[[Nathuram Godse]] (1910–1949), assassin of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
*[[Nathuram Mirdha]] (1921–1996), parliamentarian
*[[Nathuram Premi]] (1881–1960), writer
*[[Nathuram Shakyawar]] (1925–2005), politician
*[[Nathuram Sharma]] (1859–1932), poet

[[Category:Given names]]
[[Category:Indian given names]]
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]

Kaala (TV series)

2023-09-08T04:08:51Z

Viki: Shared a valuable publication.

{{Short description|Indian Crime thriller television series}}
{{About|the television series|the 2017 Sinhalese film|Kaala (2017 film)|the 2018 Indian film|Kaala (2018 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Crime thriller]]
| creator = Bejoy Nambiar
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| director = [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Avinash Tiwary]]
* [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Vinod Mehra]]
* [[Nivetha Pethuraj]]
* [[Taher Shabbir]]
* [[Hiten Tejwani]]
}}
| music =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar]]|[[Bejoy Nambiar]]}}
| editor =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = 
| last_aired =
}}
'''''Kaala''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] television series created and directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]]. Produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar]] and [[Bejoy Nambiar]] under the banner of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], it deals with [[Hawala|reverse hawala]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/filmmaker-bejoy-nambiar-on-kaala-i-was-keen-to-explore-the-concept-of-reverse-hawala | title=Filmmaker Bejoy Nambiar on Kaala: I Was Keen to Explore the Concept of 'Reverse Hawala' }}</ref> and stars [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Vinod Mehra]], [[Nivetha Pethuraj]], [[Taher Shabbir]] and [[Hiten Tejwani]].<ref name="cast" /> It is scheduled to premiere on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/video/disney-hotstar-t-series-kaala-trailer-bejoy-nambiar/ | title='Kaala' Trailer: Bejoy Nambiar's Crime Thriller for Disney+ Hotstar, T-Series Sets Launch Date for September 15 | date=September 2023 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot}}

== Cast ==
* [[Avinash Tiwary]]
* [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Vinod Mehra]]
* [[Nivetha Pethuraj]]
* [[Taher Shabbir]]
* [[Hiten Tejwani]]

== Production ==
In August 2023, the series was announced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/disney-hotstar-unveils-new-series-kaala-from-filmmaker-bejoy-nambiar-8905454/ | title=Disney+ Hotstar unveils new series 'Kaala' from filmmaker Bejoy Nambiar | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref> [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Vinod Mehra]], [[Nivetha Pethuraj]], [[Taher Shabbir]] and [[Hiten Tejwani]] joined the cast.<ref name="cast" >{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2023/08/disney-plus-hotstar-t-series-first-tv-streaming-drama-kaala-1235524951/ | title='Kaala': Disney+ Hotstar Unveils T-Series First OTT Streaming Drama | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced in 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-the-real-reason-avinash-tiwary-doesnt-talk-to-the-media-often/4a3cb2e3f6700 | title=Exclusive! The REAL reason Avinash Tiwary doesn't talk to the media often }}</ref> The launch event for the series was held on 31 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/feature/bejoy-nambiar-avinash-tiwary-others-attend-kaala-trailer-launch/1740754/ | title=Bejoy Nambiar, Avinash Tiwary, others attend 'Kaala' trailer launch | date=31 August 2023 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

Ananga Ranga

2023-07-19T23:57:33Z

Viki: Just published a comprehensive article.

{{Short description|15th or 16th century Indian Sex manual}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Books|date=November 2019}}
{{Cleanup reorganize}}h
}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox book
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Kalyana malla]]
| country = India
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| pub_date = 15th or 16th century
| pages =
}}

The '''''Ananga Ranga''''' ({{lang-hi|अनंगरंग|lit=Stage of Love or Stage of the Bodiless One}}) or '''''Kamaledhiplava''''' ({{lang-hi|link=no|कमलेधिप्लव|lit=Boat in the Sea of Love}}) is an ancient Indian [[Sanskrit]] text written by [[Kalyana malla]] in the 15th or 16th century.<ref name="burtoniana.org">{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=14|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Studies in Human Sexuality: A Selected Guide|author1=Frayser, S.G.|author2=Whitby, T.J.|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=9781563081316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&pg=PA143|page=143|accessdate=2015-09-13}}</ref> The translators of the manuscript describes the objective <ref name="IGNCA">{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Medical Press of New York|url=http://ignca.nic.in/Asi_data/42934.pdf|page=11|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref> of the manuscript in their book is not to encourage chambering and wantonness, but simply and in all sincerity to prevent the separation of husband and wife.

The poet wrote the work in amusement of [[Lad Khan]], son of [[Ahmed Khan Lodi]]. He was related to the [[Lodi dynasty]], which from 1451 to 1526 ruled from [[Delhi Sultanate| Delhi]].<ref name="अनङ्गरङ्ग - Anangrang of Mahakavi Kalyan Malla">{{cite book|title=अनङ्गरङ्ग - Anangrang of Mahakavi Kalyan Malla|author1=Dwarka Prasad Shastri|publisher=Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy|ISBN=812180180X|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/anangrang-of-mahakavi-kalyan-malla-mzg328/ |page=sholk 2|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref><ref>[http://kamashastra.com/kamaint.htm ''Introduction to the History of Sex Manuals'' by Kamashastra]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212114008/http://kamashastra.com/kamaint.htm }}</ref> Later commentators have said it is aimed specifically at preventing the separation of a husband and wife. This work is often compared to the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'', on which it draws.

== Overview ==
Ananga Ranga was translated & published into English under [[Kama Shastra Society]] in the year 1885 <ref>{{cite book| last1 = Arbuthnot| first1 = F. F.| first2 = Burton| last2 = Richard F.| title = Ananga-Ranga| location = London & Benaras| publisher = Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares| pages = 6| date = 1885 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Burton| first = Richard F.| title = (transl.): Ananga Ranga Cosmopoli, Kama Shastra Society.| url=https://burtoniana.org/books/index.htm| access-date = 16 June 2023}}</ref> under the editorship of Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] and after his death, the manuscript of the translation with notes were burnt by his wife [[Isabel Burton]] in the weeks following his death.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Thomas| first1 = Wright| title = The Life of Sir Richard Burton|publisher = Project Gutenberg| pages = Chapter XXXVIII| date = February 19, 2010| isbn =|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4315/4315-h/4315-h.htm }}</ref><ref>https://burtoniana.org/biography/</ref>

The translators describe the objective of the manuscript as - "It is true that no joy in the world of mortals can compare with that derived from the knowledge of the creator. Second, however, and subordinate only, to this are the satisfaction and pleasure arising from the possession of a beautiful woman. Men, it is true, marry for the sake of undisturbed congress,
as well as for love and comfort, and often they obtain handsome and attractive wives. But they do not give them plenary contentment, nor do they themselves thoroughly enjoy their charms.

The reason of which is, that they are purely ignorant of the Kama Shastra; and despising the difference between the several kinds of women, they regard them only in an animal point of view. Such men must be looked upon as foolish and unintelligent; and this book is composed with the object of preventing lives and loves being wasted in similar manner, and the benefits to be derived from its study are set forth in the following verses:
{{Quote box
|quote = "The man who knoweth the Art of Love, and who understandeth the thorough and varied enjoyment of women;

As advancing age cooleth his passions, he learneth to think of his Creator, to study religious subjects, and to acquire divine knowledge:

Hence he is freed from further transmigration of souls; and when the tale of his days is duly told, he goeth direct with his wife to the Svarga (heaven)."
|author = [[Kalyanamalla]] <ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|date=1885|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=20-21|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref>
|source = '''''Ananga Ranga'''''
|width = 100%
|align = left
}}
== Chapters ==
The contents of the chapters of Burton's translation of the ''Ananga Ranga'' are as follows:

=== Chapter I ===
The chapter I covers four sections describing classes of Women.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=22-29|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref>

==== Section I: Of the Four Orders of Women ====
Divided into classes of temperament and the same correspond with the four different phases of Moksha, or Release from further Transmigration.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Orders of Women
|-
! Order!! Moksha Type
|-
| The Padmini || Sayujyata or Khadgini
|-
| The Chitrini || Samipyata
|-
| The Shankhini || Sarupata
|-
| The Hastini || Salokata
|}

==== Section II: Personal Peculiarities of the Four Classes ====
This section describes the signs, symptoms and bodily features of the four classes/orders of the Women.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Peculiarities of Women
|-
! Order!! Yoni Type !! Kama-Salila
|-
| The Padmini || Opening Lotus Bud || Newly Burst Lily
|-
| The Chitrini || Thin Hairs about Yoni, Soft Mons Veneris || Hot, Perfumes like Honey
|-
| The Shankhini || Ever Moist, Hairy Cleft || Salty
|-
| The Hastini || No Description - Irrelevant || Abundant, Flows from the Elephant's Temples
|}

==== Section III: The days of greatest enjoyment for the Four Classes ====
The arch-poet proceeds in this section with a table of the days of greatest enjoyment of the four classes/orders of the Women.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Days (Lunar) of Enjoyment of Women
|-
! Day 1 !! Day 2 !! Day 3!! Day 4!! Order of Women
|-
| Pratipada
1st Day
|| Dvitlya
2nd Day
|| Chaturthi
4th Day
|| Panchami
5th Day
|| The Padmini
|-
| Shashati
6th Day
|| Ashtami
8th Day
|| Dashami
10th Day
|| Dwadashi
12th day
|| The Chitrini
|-
| Tritiya
3rd day
|| Saptami
7th day
|| Ekadashi
11th day
|| Trayodasi
13th day
|| The Shankhini
|-
| Navami
9th day
|| Chaturdashi
14th day
|| Purnima
Full Moon
|| Amavasya
New Moon
|| The Hastini
|}

==== Section IV: Of the Hours which Give the Highest Enjoyment ====
The arch-poet explains in this section with a table of the hours of greatest enjoyment of the four classes/orders of the Women. The following tables, then, show the Pahar, or watch of the night and day, during which the four classes of women derive the greatest pleasure.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Regulating the Night Hours
|-
! 1st Pahar
6-9 p.m.
! 2nd Pahar
9-12 p.m.
! 3rd Pahar
12-3 a.m.
! 4th Pahar
3-6 a.m.
|-
| " || " || " || The Padmini
|-
| The Chitrini || "|| "|| "
|-
| "|| "|| The Shankhini || "
|-
| The Hastini
|| The Hastini
|| The Hastini
|| The Hastini
|-
|}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Regulating the Day Hours
|-
! 1st Pahar
6-9 a.m.
! 2nd Pahar
9-12 a.m.
! 3rd Pahar
12-3 p.m.
! 4th Pahar
3-6 p.m.
|-
| " || " || " || The Padmini
|-
| The Chitrini || "|| "|| "
|-
| "|| "|| The Shankhini || "
|-
| The Hastini
|| The Hastini
|| The Hastini
|| The Hastini
|-
|}

- The Padmini, for instance, takes no satisfaction in night congress; indeed, she is thoroughly averse to it. She is like Surya Kamala (day-lotus) which opens its eyes to the sunlight, so she is satisfied even by a boy-husband in the bright hours.
- The Chitrini and the Shankhini are like the Chandra Kamala, or night-lotus, that expands to the rays of the moon. The Chitrini and the Shankhini derive no satisfaction from day congress.
- The Hastini, who is the coarsest, ignores all these delicate distinctions.

- the Ditto or Iteration Mark: used by the poet & translators - Burton Richard F., Arbuthnot F. F. is confusing as there is no above row value to copy.
- There are a few Indian, Hindi translations, and interpretations of these Ditto-Marks. These interpretations may be controversial not inline to the original script/text.

=== Chapter II: the Various Seats of Passion in Women ===

[[Kalyanamalla]] describes that the passion resides in different parts and members of the woman's person, and that by applying to these the necessary Chandrakala, or preparatory attouchements, great comfort and pleasure are experienced by both husband and wife. <ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=29-35|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref>

Passion resides in the woman's right side during the Shuklapksha, the first or light fortnight of the lunar month, from new moon to full, including the fifteenth day. The reverse is the case on the dark fortnight, including its first day, and lasting from the full to the new moon.

The shifting is supposed to take place by the action of light and darkness, otherwise the site of passion would be one and the same. The husband must continue his action till he sees the body-hair bristle, and hears the Sitkara. Thus he will know that the paroxysm has taken place, and the beloved one is thoroughly satisfied.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Day-wise Places of Body for Attouchements
|-
! Shuklapaksha Day !! Krishnapaksha Day !! Place !! Touches Types
|-
| 15th|| First|| Head and Hair|| Hold hair, &caress the head and finger-tips
|-
| 14th|| Second || Right eye|| Kiss and Fondle
|-
| 13th|| Third|| Lower Lip|| Kiss, Bite and Chew Softly
|-
| 12th|| Fourth|| Right Cheek|| Kiss, Bite and Chew Softly
|-
| 11th|| Fifth|| Throat|| Scratch gently with nails
|-
| 10th|| 6th|| Side|| Scratch Gently with Nails
|-
| 9th|| 7th|| Breasts|| Hold in hands and Gently Knead
|-
| 8th|| 8th|| All Bosom|| Tap Softly with base of fist
|-
| 7th|| 9th|| Navel|| Pat softly with open palm
|-
| 6th|| 10th|| Nates|| Hold, squeeze and tap with fist
|-
| 5th|| 11th|| Yoni|| Work with friction of Linga
|-
| Fourth || 12th|| Knee|| Press with application of knee and fill-up with finger
|-
| Third|| 13th|| Calf of leg|| Press with application of calf and fill-up with finger
|-
| Second|| 14th|| Foot|| Press with toe, and thrust with finger
|-
| First|| 15th|| Big Toe || Press with toe, and thrust with finger
|-
|}

- [[Kalyana malla]] describes the manipulation of the places of various kinds and types of Women more specifically on the fortnight for highest pleasure and satisfaction.

=== Chapter III: Of the Different Kinds of Men and Women===
This chapter covers overall 4 sections describing the different kinds of Men & Women. <ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=36-45|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref>

==== Section I: Men ====
There are three kinds of men, namely, the Shasha or the Hare-man; the Vrishabha or Bull-man, and the Ashwa or Horse-Man. These are based on the length of the erected linga of the men:

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Kinds of Men
|-
! Man Type !! Linga Length !! Kama Salila Type
|-
| Shasha or Hare Man|| Six Fingers || Not Offensive
|-
| Vrishabha or Bull-man|| Nine Fingers || Ever Ready
|-
| Ashwa or Horse-Man|| Twelve Fingers || Copius, Salty, Goat-Like
|}

==== Section II: Women ====
The four orders of women, Padmini, Chitrini, Shankhini, and Hastini, may be subdivided into three kinds, according to the depth and extent of the Yoni. These are the Mrigi, also called Harini, the Deer-woman ;the Vadava or Ashvini, Mare-woman ; and the Karini, or Elephant-woman.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Kinds of Women
|-
! Type of Woman!! Yoni Depth!! Kama Salila
|-
| Mrigi, or Deer-woman|| Six Fingers|| Pleasant, Perfume of the Lotus-flower
|-
| Vadava or Mare-woman|| Nine Fingers|| Pleasant, Perfumed like the Lotus
|-
| Karini, or Elephant-woman|| Twelve Fingers|| Abundant, Flows from the Elephant's Temples
|}

==== Section III: Of Congress ====
Men and women, being, according to the above measurements, of three several divisions, it results that there are nine conditions under which congress takes place. The arch-poet describes these nines into Samana, Uchha , Nichha, Ati-uchha, and Anti-nichh, categorised as, respectively, entitled Uttama, the best ; Madhyama, the middling ; and Kanishtha, the worst.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Types & Categories of Congress based on couple
|-
! Dimensional Name - Man!! Dimensional Name - Woman !! Congress Type !! Congress Category
|-
| Shasha
|| Mrigi|| Uttama|| Samana
|-
| Shasha|| Vadva || Madhyama || Nichha
|-
| Shasha|| Karini|| Kanishtha|| Anti-Nichha
|-
| Vrishabha|| Mrigi || Madhyama|| Uchha
|-
| Vrishabha || Vadva || Uttama|| Samana
|-
| Vrishabha|| Karini|| Kanishtha || Nichha
|-
| Ashva|| Mrigi || Kanishtha|| Anti-Uchha
|-
| Ashva|| Vadva || Madhyama|| Uchha
|-
| Ashva|| Karini|| Uttama|| Samana
|-
|}
- The Poet describes that the proportion of enjoyment arises from the exact adaptation of the Linga, especially when the diameter agrees with the extension, and when the vigour of tension enables the husband to turn his mind towards the usual arts which bring women under subjection; rather than the length of the Linga.

==== Section IV: Of other minor distinctions in Congress ====
The Poet further explains various distinctions in the congress as follows.

There are '''three forms of Vissrishti, or the emission of Kama Salila''', both in men and women, viewed with respect to length or shortness of time:
# '''Chirasambhava-vissrishti –''' occupies great length of time.
# '''Madhyasambhava-vissrishti -''' accomplished within moderate period.
# '''Shighrasambhava-vissrishti -''' takes short time to finish.

Then, [[Kalyana malla]] further describes that there are three degrees of Vega, that is to say,
force of carnal desire, resulting from mental or vital energy and acting upon men and women.

# '''Chanda-vega -''' furious appetite or impulse; the highest capacity.
# '''Madhyama-vega -''' or moderate desires.
# '''Manda-vega -''' slow or cold concupiscence the lowest capacity.

Then there are three Kriyas, acts or processes which brings on the orgasm in men and women these are:

# '''Chirodaya-kriya -''' is applied to the efforts which continue long before they bear any result.
# '''Madhyodaya-kriya -''' those which act in moderate time.
# '''Laghudaya-kriya -''' the shortest.

Altogether we have twenty-seven kinds of congress, which, by multiplying the nine species (women & men) give grand total of two hundred and forty-three (9x3x9=243).

=== Chapter IV: Description of the General Qualities, Characteristics, Temperaments, Etc., of Women===

The arch-poet [[Kalyana malla]] in this chapter describes the peculiarities of the Women by various periods/phases known as four Avasthas of life; three types of Remperments; nine types based on their previous state (life) existence known as the Satvas; three routinely behaviors, and many characteristics, qualities. <ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=45-54|accessdate=2023-06-25}}</ref>

====Section I: Qualities attached to the Age====
This section describes the qualities attached to various age groups.

The following table will show the peculiarities of women according to the four periods of life during which she is open to love.

It may be premised that she is called Kanyá from birth to the age of eight years, which is the time of Balyavastha, or childhood; and Gaurí, after the white goddess Parvati, from that period to her eleventh year; Taru̐nyavastha, when she becomes marriageable then follow Yavavastha, young-womanhood, and Vreuddhavastha, old-womanhood.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Showing qualities attached to the several Ages
|-
! Age!! Name !! Regarding art of Love !! Preferred Congress Type!! How Subjected
|-
| 11-16 Years|| Bálá|| Fit || In Darkness|| By Flowers, Small Presents, Gifts of Betel,
and so forth
|-
| 16-30 Years|| Taru̐ni || Fit || In Light || By Gifts of - Dresses, Pearls & Ornaments
|-
| 30-55 Years || Praudhá|| Fit ?|| Both in Darkness & Light|| By Attention, Politeness, Kindness & Love
|-
| Beyond 55 Years|| Vriddhá|| Unfit || Becomes Sick & Infirm || By Flattery
|}
- It is very interesting that the original author has marked a question mark “?” against the age group 30-55 years, despite it being the fertile period of the Women. None of the several international and Indian translations have so far been able to describe any point of view on this question mark.

- In the Indian Society, generally the Women were married during early twenties, and would have given birth to few Children.
The upbringing of Children requires a good amount of energy, effort and attention.

This may be one of the reason that the Poet has marked a ‘question mark'.{{citation needed}}

====Section II: Women by Temperaments====
Further observe that there are three temperaments of women, as shown by the following characteristics:

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Characteristics of Women by Temperaments
|-
! Temperament!! Temperament!! Appearance !! Yoni !! Congress
|-
| Kapha
|| Lymphatic or Phlegmatic Diathesis
|| Bright Eyes, Teeth, Nails, Youthful
|| Cool, Hard, Fleshy, Delicate
|| Best Temperament for Congress
|-
| Pitta
|| Bilious Diathesis
|| Flaccid & Pendant Bosom & Nates, Sour Perspiration
|| Hot, and Relaxed
|| Cannot endure Longer
|-
| Vataa
|| Windy temperament
|| Black Nails, Eyes, Gluttony mind, harsh laugh
|| Rough as Cow Tongue
|| Hardly Satisfied
|-
|}

====Section III: Women by Sattva or Guna====
Furthermore, women require to be considered in connection with the previous state of their existence; the Satva known as Guna, or disposition inherited from former life, and which influences their worldly natures.

Shastras mention that Women are born with inherent qualities of mind and character, based on their previous birth. Following table describes brief Sattvas:

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Types of Women by Sattva or Guna
|-
! Sattva Type !! Origin !! Characteristics
|-
| Devasatva Strí|| Belongs to Gods, Pious|| Cheerful & lively, pure bodied, clean, clever, wealthy, sweet speaker, good working, never displeased
|-
| Gandharvasarva Strí|| Of the Ghandarva||Heavenly Minstrels, beautifully shaped, peaceful mind, delighted in purity, skillful-artful, passion of live.
|-
| Yakshasatva Strí
|| Of the Yakshas
|| Large breasts, champa like skin, fond of flesh and liquor, devoid of shame and decency, passionate, every ready
|-
| Munushyasatva Strí
|| Of the Humans|| Delights in pleasure of friendship & hospitality, Respectable, Honest, free & clean mind, religious
|-
| Pisachasatva Strí
|| Of the Demons|| Short, dark, hot, wrinkled forehead, unclean, greedy, fond of forbidden things, however is enjoyed good, ever ready
|-
| Nagasatva Strí
|| Of the Snakes Women
|| Always in hurry & confusion, drowsy eyes, yawns over and again, deep-drawn respirations, lives in doubt & suspicion
|-
| Kakasatva Strí
|| Of the Crow
|| rolls eyes, wants food throughout the day, silly, unreasonable, unhappy, spoils everything she touches
|-
| Vanarasatva Strí
|| Of Money Women
|| Rubs eyes throughout the day, grinds & chatters with teeth, lively, active, mercurial.
|-
| Kharasatva Strí
|| Off the Ass
|| Unclean, speaks awkwardly, crooked mind, pleases no-one.
|-
|}
- The subject of the Satvas is one requiring careful study, for the characteristics are ever varying, and only experience can determine the class to which women be longed in the former life, and which has coloured their bodies and minds in this state of existence.

====Section IV: Women by Routinely Behaviors====
Further, the women are of three types based on '''bodies and mind:'''

* '''Hard & Fleshy bosomed:''' The woman whose bosom is hard and fleshy, who appears short from the fullness of her frame, and looks bright and light-coloured, such an one is known to enjoy daily congress with her husband.
* '''Thin & Tall:''' The woman who, being thin, appears very tall and somewhat dark, whose limbs and body are unenergetic and languid, the effect of involuntary chastity, such an one is "Virahini," who suffers from long separation from her husband and from the want of conjugal embraces.
* '''Gluttony:''' The woman who eats twice as much as man, is four times more reckless and wicked, six times more resolute and obstinate, and eight times more violent in carnal desire. She can hardly control her lust of congress, despite the shame which is natural to the sex.

====Section V: Characteristics of Women====
The author [[Kalyana malla]], in this section describes various characteristics of Women.

'''Fifteen signs and symptoms of the amorous woman:'''
* She rubs and repeatedly smoothes her hair (so that it may look well).
* She scratches her head (that notice may be drawn to it)
* She strokes her own cheeks (so as to entice her husband).
* She draws her dress over her bosom, apparently to readjust it, but leaves her breasts partly exposed.
* She bites her lower lip, chewing it, as it were.
* At times she looks ashamed without cause (the result of her own warm fancies)
* She sits quietly in the corner (engrossed by concupiscence).
* She embraces her female friends, laughing loudly and speaking sweet words, with jokes and jests, to which she desires return in kind. She kisses and hugs young children, especially boys.
* She smiles with one cheek, loiters in her gait,
* Unnecessarily stretches herself under some pretense or other.
* At times she looks at her shoulders and under her arms.
* She stammers, and does not speak clearly and distinctly.
* She sighs and sobs without reason.
* She yawns whenever she wants tobacco, food, or sleep.
* She even throws herself in her husband's way and will not readily get out of his path.

'''Eight signs of indifference''' to be noted in womankind:
* When the wife is already weaned from conjugal desires; then she does not look straight between her husband's eyes.
* If anything be asked of her, she shows unwillingness to reply.
* If the man draw near her, and looks happy, she feels pained.
* If the man departs from her she shows symptoms of satisfaction.
* When seated upon the bedstead, she avoids amatory blandishments and lies down quietly to sleep.
* When kissed or toyed with she jerks away her face or her form.
* She cherishes malicious feelings towards her husband's friends.
* Finally, she has no respect nor reverence for his family.

'''Six principal causes deviation from the right way by woman''', and to fall into the society of profligates:
* Remaining, when grown up, in her Maher, or mother's house, as opposed to that of her husband's parents.
* Evil communication with the depraved of her own sex.
* The prolonged absence of her husband.
* Living in the society of vile and licentious men.
* Poverty and the want of good food and dress.
* Mental trouble, affliction, and unhappiness, causing her to become discontented and reckless.

'''Fifteen principal causes which make women unhappy:'''
* The parsimony of parents and husbands, because the youth are naturally generous.
* Receiving too much respect or reverence when they are light-hearted; also being kept in awe by those with whom they would be familiar, and too strict restraint as regards orderly and guarded deportment.
* Trouble of disease and sickness.
* Separation from the husband and the want of natural enjoyment.
* Being made to work too hard.
* Violence, inhumanity, and cruelty, such as beating.
* Rough language and abuse.
* Suspicion that they are inclined to evil.
* Intimidation and threats of punishment for going astray.
* Calumny, accusing of ill deeds, and using evil words about them.
* Want of cleanliness in person or dress.
* Poverty.
* Grief and sorrow.
* Impotence of the husband.
* Disregard of time and place in the act of love.

'''Twelve periods of the greatest desire for congress,''' and at the same time are most easily satisfied:
* When tired by walking and exhausted with bodily exercise.
* After long want of intercourse with the husband, such as in the case of the Virahini.
* When month after childbirth has elapsed.
* During the earlier stages of pregnancy.
* When dull, idle and sleepy.
* If recently cured of fever.
* When showing signs of wantoness or bashfulness.
* When feeling unusually merry and happy.
* The Ritu-snata, immediately before and after the monthly ailment.
* Maidens enjoyed for the first time.
* Throughout the spring season.
* During thunder, lightning and rain.
- At such times women are easily subjected to men.

====Section VI: Kinds of Príti====
The arch-poet furthermore requests to learn that there are four kinds of the Prít or love-tie connecting men and women:
* '''Naisargikí-príti''' is that natural affection by which husband and wife cleave to each other like the links of an iron chain. It is friendship amongst the good of both sexes.
* '''Vishaya-príti''' is the fondness born in the woman, and increased by means of gifts, such as sweetmeats and delicacies, flowers, perfumery, and preparations of sandal wood, musk, saffron, and so forth. It partakes, therefore, of gluttony, sensuality and luxury.
* '''Sama-príti''' is also so far sensual, as it arises from the equally urgent desires of both husband and wife.
* '''Abhyásiki-priti''' is the habitual love bred by mutual society it is shown by walking in fields, gardens and similar places; by attending together at worship, penances and self-imposed religious observances and by frequenting sportive assemblies, plays and dances, where music and similar arts are practiced.

Moreover, the Poet tell that being Colder desires and slower to rouse than Man, woman is not easily satisfied by a single act of congress; needs prolonged embraces, and if denied to her, she feels aggrieved. At the second act, however, her passion is thoroughly aroused, she finds orgasm more violent and thoroughly contented. This is exactly reverse to the Man. First being violent, second languid and disinclined for the third act.

The woman, as long as she is young and strong, are not the full as real and urgent as those of the man. The custom of society and the shame of the sex may compel her to conceal them and even to boast that they do not exist; yet the man who has studied the Art of Love is never deceived by this cunning.

Section VII: Kinds of Yoni
The poet, feels it necessary to understand description of the Yoni; it being of four kinds.
* '''Not Good :''' That which is rough as the cow's tongue.
* '''Good :''' That whose surface is studded with tender flesh-knots and similar rises.
* '''Better :''' That which abounds in rolls, wrinkles, and corrugations.
* '''Best :''' That which is soft inside as the filaments of the lotus-flower.

Kalyana mall describes the internal organs of the Yoní as below:
* '''The Saspanda artery''' which corresponds with that of the linga, and which, when excited by the presence and energetic action of the latter, causes Káma-salila to flow. It is inside and towards the navel, and it is attached to certain rough nesses (thorns), which are peculiarly liable to induce the paroxysm when subjected to friction.
* '''The Madana-Chatra (the clitoris)''' in the upper part of the Yoní, is that portion which projects like the plantain-shoot sprouting from the ground; it is connected with the Mada-Váhi (sperm-flowing) artery, and causes the latter to overflow.
* '''The Pu̐rna-Chandra artery''', which is full of the Káma-Salila, and to this the learned men of old attribute the monthly ailment.

=== Chapter V: Characteristics of the Women of Various Lands===

After dividing the women into many different classes, the poet points out that one should consider the women with references to the dwelling lands. <ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=54-59|accessdate=2023-06-25}}</ref>

The lands described in this chapter are from the lands during 11th and 12th AD from the Rati-Rahasya of the kokkoka Pandit, which is known as Arya-varttá, which is “the tract between the [[Himalaya]] and the [[Vindhya range]]s, from the Eastern Sea ([[Bay of Bengal]]) to the Western Sea ([[Arabian Sea]])".

* '''Madhya-desha:''' the country between the Konkan and the Desha proper, whose chief cities are Puna (<nowiki>[[Pune]]</nowiki>), Nasik and Kolhapur. The woman of the Middle Region has red nails, but her body is still redder. She dresses well and in various sorts of apparel. She is an excellent housekeeper, perfectly broken to manual labour and other works, and much given to religious ceremonies. Though wonderfully fond of, and skillful in, amatory dalliance, she is averse to the tricks of teeth and nails (biting and scratching).

* '''Maru (Malwa):''' The woman from Malwa (now western Madhya Pradesh and Southern Rajasthan) likes to be enjoyed every day and is well fitted for those who prefer the act of congress when long protracted. She is satisfied only by enduring embraces, which she greatly covets and desires, and the paroxysm must sometimes be induced by the touch of the fingers.

* '''Mathrá or Abhira-Desha:''' , Krishná's country, or the Cow-herds' Land, placed in today’s norther Gujrat, is fascinated by various forms of kissing. She delights in the closest embraces, and even in attouchments but she has no tricks of tooth and nail.

* '''Latá -desha:''' Lar or Larice of the Gassics, the south-eastern Gujarat and northern part of the Dakhan (Deccan), is delicate and handsome. She will dance with joy at the prospect of congress, and during the act, her movements of pleasure are frequent and violent. She is prompt in her embraces, and the venereal orgasm may readily be introduced by gentle insertion, by striking with the hand, and by softly biting her lips.

* '''Andhra-desha:''' The Women are so fascinating that she charms the stranger at first sight, and she is sweet in voice as she is beautiful of body. She delights in jests and dalliance, yet she is an utter stranger to shame, and she is one of the most wicked of her sex.

* '''Koshalarashtra-desha:''' The Audh or Oude region Woman is very clever in the art of congress. She suffers much from prurience and titillation of the Yoní, and she desires lengthened embraces, which satisfy her only when the Linga is of unusual vigour.

* '''Maharashtra (the Maratha country) & Patalaputa-desha (Patna / Bihar):''' Woman is fond of giving amorous side-glances, of dress and ornaments, of junketing and garden trips. Ever smiling gently, airy and gay, full of jest and sport and amorous dalliance, she is yet somewhat destitute of shame. Affectionate and coquettish, she is proficient in the toying of love.

* '''Vanga (Bengal) and Gaura:''' The region of Western Champaran (Bihar), Malda (West Bengal) and Nawabganj (Bangladesh) has body soft and delicate as flower; she is coquettish and volatile; she delights in kissing and embracing, at the same time that she hates being roughly or cruelly handled, and she has little desire for congress.

* '''Utkala-desha (Orissa):''' The Woman is so beautiful that man is attracted to her at first sight, and her voice is soft as her body is delicate. She is loose and licentious, caring very little for decency in her devotion to love, at which time she becomes violent, disquieted and excessively inflamed she delights in different postures to vary enjoyment, especially in the contrary form, that is, when the lover is under the beloved, and she is easily satisfied, even by passing the fingers over her breasts.

* '''Kámaru̐pa-desha (Western Assam):''' The woman has soft body and sweet voice her affections are warm, and she is well skilled in all the arts of love. During congress she abounds in the Kama-salila.

* '''Vana-strí, or forest woman (of the Bhills and other hill tribes):''' have stout bodies and healthy constitutions. They delight, while concealing their own defects and blemishes, their faults and follies, in exposing those of others.

* '''Gurjara-desha (Gujrat):''' is wise and sensible. She has beautiful features, and eyes proportioned as they ought to be. She delights in handsome dresses and ornaments, and though warm and devoted to the pleasures of love, she is easily satisfied by short congress.

* '''Sindhu-desha (Sind), of Avanti-desha (Panjab or Oujein), and of Balhika-desha (Bahawalpur):''' The woman has lively eyes, casting sidelong and amorous glances. She is volatile, irascible, and wicked, and the fierceness, violence, and heat of her desires are very hard to be satisfied.

* '''Tirotpatna (or Tira-desha, Tirhoot, in Central India):''' This woman has eyes blooming like the flowers of the lake; she loves her husband fondly and her passion is inflamed by single look; she is especially skilful in congress;, she enjoys various ways and postures; and, by reason of her delicacy, she cannot endure rough or protracted embraces.

* '''Pushpapura, of Madda-desha (the north-western part of India) and Tailanga-desha (Southern India):''' The woman are though, proficient in the art of love, is modest, and enjoys only her husband. Her form of passion is the Chanda-vega, and her amorousness is excessive; she communicates delight by "Nakhara," scratching, biting, and other signs of hot desire.

* '''Dravia-desha (the Coromandel Coast), of Sauvira (Sind Pakistan)''', '''and Malaya-desha (Malayalim):''' The woman is well-proportioned in body and limbs, soft and delicate in make, and sweet of voice she delights in clean raiment and fine dresses, and she is satisfied with short congress, although fearless, shameless, and headlong in wickedness.

* '''Kamboj (Suth-eastern Iranian in Kandhar regoin) and Paundra-desha (Bogra district, Bangladesh):''' The women are tall, robust, and gross in body, and of wicked disposition she is ignorant of the acts of congress accompanied by tricks of nail and tooth, and she is satisfied only by the violent application of solid Linga.

* '''Mlenchchhas (mixed races, or those not speaking Sanskrit like the Hindus), of Parvata, of Gandhara and of Kashmir:''' The women are distinguished by evil savour of body. They are wholly ignorant of toying and dalliance, of kissing and embracing, they care little for congress, and they are easily satisfied by short embraces.

[[Kalyana malla]] explains that only by study and experience of women in different countries that the wise man learns to classify them according to their characteristics to discern the Chandrakalas, or preparatory attouchments, which best suit races as well as individuals, and thus to endear himself to womankind.

=== Chapter VI: Useful Medicines===
On useful Medicines, Prayogas (external applications), Prescriptions, Recipes, Remedies, Cosmetics, Charms, Magic, Unguents and Spells.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=59-89|accessdate=2023-06-25}}</ref>

[[Kalyana malla]] explains that the most useful drugs and simples, the receipts and prescriptions which have been handed down by learned men for the comfort of the married, and for the benefit of the world.

==== Section I : Paroxysmal Excitement:====
To induce paroxysmal excitement the manuscript covers two methods in conjunction induce excitement in woman and to delay orgasm in men.
One of man's chief duties in this life is to learn to withhold himself as much as possible, and, at the same time, to hasten the enjoyment of his partner.

'''Hastening the paroxysm of the woman:'''
The book has 7 prescriptions for hastening the paroxysm of the woman which includes various herbs and ingredients as:

Black pepper-corns, thorn-apple (Dhatura or Dhotara, datura stramonium) seeds, long pepper pod (Pinpalli, the Piper longum), Lodhora bark (the symplocos racemosa, the morinda citrifolia),
white honey, old Gur (jaggery), Tamarind-pod bean, Aniseed powder, ghee, brute borax, Agasta-tree leaves, camphor, purified quicksilver, Sindura (red lead, minium, cinnabar, or red sulphuret of mercury), Rui seeds, and Jai tree leaves (Jasminum auriculatum).

''Some of these could be toxic and poisonous in nature. One should understand these with an expert ayurvedic consultant before applying the ointments / Lepas prepared from these ingredients. One should be careful before following these prescriptions today.''

'''Delay the orgasm of the man:'''
The book describes 8 prescriptions for delaying orgasm of the man from the learned, wise men which includes various herbs and ingredients as:

Lajjalu or sensitive plant (mimosa pudica), cow-milk, Panjadhari-nivarung juice (5 leaves cactus), root of Rui (gigantic swallow root), safflower-seed oil (Kardai Carthamus tinctorius), Kang or white panic (P. italicum), lotus flower filaments, Sishu bark (the blackwood tree, dalbergia sissoo), camphor, purified quicksilver, White Tal-makhana (barleria longifolia), Saptaparna (echides scholaris), white Anvalli (emblic myrobalan), Banyan tree (ficus indica), and Karanj (galedupa arborea).

====Section II : Vajikarana or aphrodisiacs:====
To increase libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior.

Kalyana Malla explains that the wise discovered aphrodisiacs with the view of restoring physical strength and vigor. The old wise recorded that it is evident that the recipes given above are of no use to an impotent or to very weak person it is, therefore, necessary also to know the remedies which comfort the heart and excite desire, at the same time giving power of satisfying them. The author describes eight prescriptions of Vajikarana / aphrodisiac describing the following ingredients:

Loha-bhasma, liquorice juice, clarified butter, honey, Kante-shevati juice (rosa glandulifera), milk, sugar, White Tal-makhana seeds, Deva-bhat seed (wild rice, growing near tanks and swamps), Moh tree inner bark (bassia latifolia), Urid (Mung or phaseolus radiata or P. mungo), Kuili (Cow-itch, or dolichos pruriens), Kanta-gokhru (Caltrops, the Tribulus lanuginosus), Kakri, or cucumber, Chikana hedysarum lagopodioides, Lechi, Laghu-shatavari (asparagus racemosus), bark of the Anvali (the emblic myrobalm, an astringent nut; phyllanthus emblica), and Bhiiya-Kohali juice (the solanum Jacquini, prickly plant).

====Section III : Genitals Rejuvenation====
This section covers methods for enlargement & hardening of the Linga along with narrowing & tightening of Yoni for greater extent of the pleasure from the congress.

'''Prescriptions for thickening & enlarging the member:'''
The poet says that when the Linga is soft or small, it is quite incapable of satisfying the wife, and of inducing her to love and to be subject to the husband. Hence it is necessary to offer recipes for thickening and enlarging that member, making it sound and strong, hard and lusty. The poet prescribes six prescriptions containing below ingredients for application of Lepa:

Chikana (hedysarum lago podioides), Lechi, Kosht (costus specicosus or Arabicus), Vekhand (orris root), Gajapimpali (pothos officinalis), Askhand (physalis flexuosa), Kanher-root (oleander, nerium odorum), Rakta-bol (myrrh), Manashil (red sulphurate of arsenic), Costus arabicus, aniseed, borax, sesamum oil, Saindhava (rock salt), pepper, costus, Ringani-root (prickly nightshade), Aghara-filaments (achyranthes aspera), Askhand (physalisflexuosa), barley, Urid (phaselus mungo), long pepper, white Shiras (a kind of mustard), Til (Jingilee or sesamum), Bibva or marking nuts (semicarpus anacardium), black salt,1 and lotus-flower leaves, Lodra-bark (symplocos racemose/ morinda citri folia) Hirakas (copperas, green vitrol or sulphate of iron), Dorli fruit (solanum macrorrhizon), pomegranate, and bitter oil (of the mustard, sinapis dichotoma).

'''Prescriptions for narrowing, contracting and hardening the Yoni:'''
As women advance in years, and especially after childbirth, certain enlargement takes place, followed by softness and flaccidity of the part. Hence it is necessary to give prescriptions for rendering it small and hard, thereby increasing the enjoyment of the husband, especially when he is in the flower of life. Here are the ingredients of the seven prescriptions for narrowing and closing the Yoni:

Lotus, stalk as well as blossom, milk, fir bark (pinus deodaru), turmeric, Daru-halad, (zedoary), Tal-makhana seeds & juice, Triphala, Dhavati-flower, (grislea tomentosa), Jambhuli (rose-apple tree), Sanvari-tree (silk cotton-tree, bombax heptaphyllum), honey, Karu-bhonpali (bitter white pompion, or pumpkin, curcubita lagenaria), 'Askhand-shoots, Chikana, Onva (or Ajvini, kind of dill or bishop's weed), blue lotus, Vala, or Khaskhas (andropogon muricata), and Moh-tree (bassia latifolia) bark.

====Section IV : Genital Cleansing & Body Pile Removal:====
This section describes recipes for cleansing & perfuming the genitals of man and woman, and hair-removal around the house of Smara/Love. One recipe in fact claims that the hair will not grow ever.

'''Perfuming the member:'''
To remove certain inconveniences, and to supply their place with good qualities. perfuming the member, which will be given in two recipes containing following ingredients:

Shiras (a kind of mustard) and the extract from the Jai, or Jasmine flower, pine (pinus deodaru), sesamum oil, Shegwa, or tree horse-radish (guilandina moringa), pomegranate bark, bitter Nim-tree bark (melia azadiracht indica), and yellow Champak flowers (michelia champaca).

'''Removing and destroying the body-pile:'''
The poet describes three Recipes for removing and destroying the body-pile (poil amatoire) containing highly toxic compounds. An ointment / Lepa prepared from these toxic compounds is supposed to be applied to the house of Smara / house of love so that the hairs around will fall:

Lead Oxide, Bitter Oil, calcined conch-shell powder, banana juice, Harital (orpiment, yellow arsenic, or sulphuret of arsenic), Palasha wood (butea frondosa), and plantain-tree juice.

====Section V : Menses’ Management:====
This section addresses the abortion, suddenly stopped Menses and Abnormal uterine bleeding.

'''Remedies for regularizing menses:'''
[[Kalyana malla]] explains two recipes which are essentially prepared by old wise men for the monthly ailment, which is suddenly arrested, either by accident or disease, great evils result:

Pingavi, or Karad-kangoni Leaves (a scandent shrub, the heart-pea, celastrus panicolata), Jasvad (shoe-flower,) Tandul (rice), Durva (Doob-grass, bent grass, or agrestis linearis), and pine-wood (P. deodaru).
- Note: these can cause an abortion in case of pregnant woman.

'''Remedies for Controlling Abnormal uterine bleeding:'''
The poet describes that it is judged necessary to abate the immoderate appearance of the menses (Abnormal uterine bleeding), the two remedies containing following will be found efficacious:

Hirada-dal (bark of yellow, or chebulic myrobalans), bitter Nim-bark, Anwal-katbi bark (dried myrobalans), Kapitya-fruit, (the elephant-apple, wood-apple or feroni), Chiva (small bamboo).

====Section VI : Family Planning====
This section addresses the complete life cycle of Family Planning from Preparation to conceive till voluntarily avoiding pregnancy.

The manuscript explains the family planning in greater detail and prescribes the recipes/prescriptions for helping manage the family plan. The phases of the family planning explained in the manuscript are as follows:
* '''Purifying the Womb -''' First the field (womb) must be duly purified with iron oxide, calcined gold, calcined copper, and honey. This prescription purifies the field/womb and makes it ready for conceiving a healthy progeny.
* '''Conceiving –''' For conceiving''',''' the manuscript describes six prescriptions consisting of: Naga-kesar buds (a small Cassia, mesua ferrea) powder, clarified butter, 'Askhand (physalis flexuosa) decoction, Gulvel (menispermum glabrum/ cocculus cordifoliusi), resin called Laghu-Ral, Jatwand root (shoe flower), honey, Maha lung (common citron) root, white Chikana, liquorice root, sugar candy, cow milk, prickly nightshade (solatium lacquinia), dry ginger powdered, pepper, long pepper, and cassia buds.
* '''Protection from miscarriage -''' it is not enough that the woman become gravid, she must also be protected from miscarriage and other accidents. Overall three prescriptions are explained containing: fine clay, goat milk, liquorice powder, Lodhara-bark, dried emblic myrobalans, cow milk, clarified butter, honey, and red lotus-flower root. These medicines obviate miscarriage and accidents during pregnancy.
* '''Easy labor & deliverance –''' prescriptions for easy labor and deliverance containing: citron powder, Bassia latifolia bark, clarified butter, honey, fireplace soot, cold water, Gunj or Chanoti-tree (the abrus precatorius), and recite over water a mantra
- जय मन्मथ मथमथ बहि: लिंबालकखोदरं मुंचमुंचलघुलघु
* '''Limiting the family member (sterilization) -''' It may be held desirable to limit the members of the family, and four prescriptions will be found useful containing: three year old jaggery, Chitraka (Ceylon lead wort, plumbago zeylonica) decoction, boiled rice water, Kallambha-plant (nauclea cadamba or parvifolia), jungle-flies feet, marking-nut (semicarpus anacardium), and Dhun/rice water.

====Section VII : Cosmetics====
This section covers the cosmetics recommendations for looking good so that there is greater attraction between the Man and Woman.

'''Cosmetics therapies''' are prescribed for beatification of the Man and Woman. These are classified into:
* Hair-Beautification
* Skin Cleaning & De-Tanning
* Breast Enlargement & Hardening

=====Hair-Beautification=====
'''Thickening & beautifying hair:''' four therapies are prescribed for the hair beautification which are to be applied to the hairs. It is assumed that these are to be followed till the results/outcome are achieved unless specified, and may require these to be periodically followed. Some of these medications may result into violation of laws such as [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]]:
* '''First Recipe:''' Take sesamum flowers (the grain), and the fruit of caltrops (Tribulus lanuginosus ) levigate in cow's milk and apply to the hair for seven days however thin it may have been, it will become thick and long.
* '''Second Recipe:''' Levigate croton seeds (c. tiglium) and Sambhar or elk-horn, boil in sesamum oil and apply to the hair, which will change its tawny colour for lamp black and how ever weak and inclined to drop off it may be, it will lose all its infirmity.
* '''Third Recipe:''' Rub down finely powdered Gunj-beans (abrus pre-catorius) with honey and apply to the head this medicament will remove the disease called "Indra-lupta-roga," or baldness of the crown.
* '''Fourth Recipe:''' Burn ivory, pound it well, and apply it mixed with water to the head the latter will recover hair.

'''Obtaining Good Black Colour:''' four therapies are prescribed for the hair beautification to get good black colour which are to be applied to the hairs. It is assumed that these are to be followed till the results/outcome are achieved unless specified and may require these to be periodically followed.
* '''First Recipe:''' Take blossoms of the Mango-tree: the fruits of the three myrobalans, the bark of Arjuna-vriksha (Arjuna tree, or pentaptera arjund), and the rind of the pendure shrub; grind them well and boil them in sesamum oil, which now gets the name of Nila-tel, oil of indigo i. e., of dark colour. This medicament is by far the most potent for dyeing hairwhat need say more, except that if the wing of the Hansa (wild white goose) be dipped into it, the hue will at once take the color of night!
* '''Second Recipe:''' Mix the powder of Persian gall-nut, long pepper, indigo leaves, and rock salt (the mordant) with sweet gruel of wheat, and the result will be brilliant dark dye.
* '''Third Recipe:''' Let man drink every day for month forty Mashas of Nim (Melim)-tree oil;2 his hair will gradually change colour and become glaring black as the Bhramara's wing (the "bumble-bee" of India).
* '''Fourth Recipe:''' Pound together Gorochana (Bezoar stones), black sesamum seed, Kata-jangha (the heart pea, literally "crow's thigh") and Shatavari (asparagus racemosus) and apply to the hair it will soon turn black.

'''Whitening & Bleaching the Hair:''' at times white colored hairs looks beautiful for certain personalities exhibiting various other characteristics. For bleaching to white color, there is a recipe to achieve it.
* '''Recipe:''' Wet the grain of sesamum with the juice of the Nivarung {euphorbia pentagonia) dry in the sun and extract the oil whatever part of the body is touched by tnis, the hair there growing will be white and bright as crystal.

'''Renewing the hair of the head:'''
* '''Recipe:''' Steep dried myrobolans in juice of the euphorbia (pentagonia), sun dry, pound, and apply to the hair.

=====Skin Cleaning & De-Tanning=====
It often happens that eruptions break out and leave black spots upon the face, greatly marring its comeliness.

'''Skin Cleansing:'''
The following, therefore, are valuable '''prescriptions for clearing the skin''':
* '''First Recipe:''' Vekhand (orris-root), elk horn, and coriander-seed be pounded together and applied to the face for three days, the exanthemata which break out upon the skin of young people of both sexes, disappear.
* '''Second Recipe:''' Reduce to powder the thorns of the silk-cotton-tree (bombax heptaphyllum) levigate it in milk, and apply it to the man’s face: the effect will be all that he can desire.
* '''Third recipe:''' Take Lodhra, rock salt, white Shiras (mustard), and Vekhand, knead with water, and rub upon the skin.

'''Skin De-tanning:'''
The following two '''recipes of de-tanning''' will remove the black colour of the epidermis and restore it to its original lighter tint:
* '''First Recipe:''' Levigate in milk, sesamum seed, coriander, Shaha-jire, (cummin; others say nigella indica), and Shiras-seed; if this be applied to the body for seven days it will make the aspect clean and brilliant as the moon.
* '''Second Recipe:''' Take red Sanders (or sandal) wood, Tetvi (the yellow wood of the bignonia chelonoides), root-bulbs of the sweet-smelling grass (cyperus juncifolius), liquorice, Tandulja (atnaranthus oleraceus), turmeric, and zedoary; levigate with the sap drawn from crushed banana or plantain-stems, and apply to the body for seven days.

=====Breast Enlargement & Hardening=====
It often happens that the breast turns flaccid, soft/tender, and lumpy causing discomfort and unattractiveness in women.

'''Breast Enlargement:'''
The two following are useful recipes for enlarging the breasts of women:
* '''First Recipe:''' Take shoots of 'Askhand, Vekhand, Kosht, black cum min-seed (bitter fennel?) oleander-root and cloves; pound, levigate in mortar with water and butter; and, lastly, apply to the breasts, which will rise firm and hard.
* '''Second Recipe:''' Take equal parts of the kernels of the Badri (Ber, or jujube fruit, zizyphus), oleander-root, snake fat (oil), Kankol (myrtus pimento), and the heart of Jahad wood (the China cubeb tree?) pound, levigate, and use as the former prescription.

'''Raising and Hardening Pendulous Bosoms:'''
The following three recipes are invaluable for raising and hardening pendulous bosoms.
* '''First Recipe:''' Boil the juice of the Narvel plant (narwelia zeylonica) in sesamum oil, and apply to the breasts it will be efficacious, however flaccid they may have been.
* '''Second Recipe:''' Boil powder of the pomegranate fruit-rind in mustard oil, and apply to the breasts of any woman even though she be old, they will soon become fat, fair and round.
* '''Third Recipe:''' Take equal parts of Rui juice (gigantic swallow-wort, asclepias or callotropis gigantea), levigate with Chikana Tridhar (leaves of the indigo tree), Onva (dry ginger?), sensitive-plant, turmeric, and zedoary; and boil in sesamum oil, or in clarified butter of the cow, with great care, so that the contents of the pot may not remain raw nor be overboiled. If this ointment be placed in woman's nostrils, the breasts will at once be drawn up. Moreover, if the same be mixed with water in which rice has been washed, and be drunk by girl not older than sixteen, her breasts, will be enlarged and drawn up, and will never become pendulous in after-life.

=== Chapter VII: Treating of Vashikaran===
This chapter describes the technique used for Vashikaran.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=90-98|accessdate=2023-06-19}}</ref>

'''Vashikarana '''is the art by which man or woman is rendered submissive and obedient to the fascinator, who for that purpose uses certain drugs and charms. And first the magic "Talaka". The translators note that the reader will find this chapter interesting on account of the various abominations which it contains. The underlying idea appears to be that if any secretion of the body, the fouler the better, can be secretly administered to person of either sex, the result is the subjection of the patient to the adhibitor.

Vátsyáyana rishi has described an extensive commentary on the Vashikaran or the science of seduction and possession.

Referring Vátsyáyana, the poet explains 3 prescriptions of Tilak to be applied on forehead for attracting women, and 4 prescription of Anjana for attracting men. In addition to this, the chapter describes three (3) more powerful prescriptions to reduce other persons to submission.

Then the author describes 5 charms (2 processes and 3 prescriptions) to master a woman or man. The chapter describes 2 incense to make the world submissive. One of the most important Chinta-Mani-Dhupa.

Kameshwara, Chamunda mantra for subjecting woman, Kameshwara mantra for subduing Padmini woman, Madanastra for subduing Chitrini woman, 2 mantras for subduing Shankhini woman. There are specific ingredients and rituals specified along with the mantras to be chanted for various sets of repetition.

=== Chapter VIII: Of Different Signs in Men and Women===

This chapter describes characteristics, attributes, guna of bridge, bridegroom, and their family/social behavior for considering a suitable match for the marriage.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Ananga Ranga|author1=Burton Richard F.|author2=Arbuthnot F. F.|publisher=Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares |url=https://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf|page=98-118|accessdate=2023-06-16}}</ref>

====Section I: Characteristics of a Suitable Bride====
====='''Characteristics of a woman:'''=====
The characteristics of woman whom we should take to wife, are as follows.
* She should come from a family of equal rank with that of her husband.
* Her family should be known to be valiant and chaste, wise and learned, prudent and patient, correct and becomingly behaved,
* Her family should be known to be famed for acting according to its religion, and for discharging its social duties.
* She should be free from vices, and endowed with all good qualities, possess a fair face and be a fine person.
* She should have brothers and kinsfolk.
* She should be great proficient in the Kama-shastra, or Science of Love.

Such girl is truly fitted for marriage; and let sensible man hasten to take her, by performing the ceremonies which are commanded in the Holy Law.

====='''Marks & distinguished body features:'''=====
The poet insists that one needs to be learned the marks whereby beauty and good shape of body are distinguished.
* The maiden whose face is soft and pleasing as the moon.
* Whose eyes are bright and liquid as the fawn's,
* Whose nose is delicate as the sesamum flowers.
* Whose teeth are clean as diamonds and clear as pearls.
* Whose ears are small and rounded.
* Whose neck is like seashell, with three delicate lines or tracings behind
* Whose lower lip is red as the ripe fruit of the bryony.
* Whose hair is black as the Bhramara's wing.
* Whose skin is brilliant as the flower of the dark-blue lotus, or light as the surface of polished gold.
* Whose feet and hands are red, being marked with the circular Chakra or discus.
* Whose stomach is small, whilst the umbilical region is drawn in.
* Whose shape below the hips is large whose thighs, being well-proportioned and pleasing as the plantain-tree, make her walk like the elephant, neither too fast nor too slow.
* Whose voice is sweet as the Kokila-bird’s.

Such girl, especially if her temper be good, her nature kindly, her sleep short, and her mind and body not inclined to laziness, should at once be married by the wise man.

====='''Following are the signs of Woman:'''=====
* The woman of inauspicious signs will be, or become an orphan, widow, destitute of brothers and sisters, and without connections, as well as relations, so that her life ends, as it began, in bitterness. Her characteristics, therefore, should be carefully examined before marriage with her is contracted.
* The woman who bears on the sole of her left foot the signs of the Chakra (quoit, peculiar to Vishnu), the Padma (lotus), the Dhvaja (flag), the Chatra (umbrella), the mystical Svastika, and the Kamala, that is circular lines, and not conch-shaped on her fingertips, that woman will be Rani (queen). If, however, one or more of these figures is wanting, she will enjoy all the happiness of a crowned head.
* The woman who bears on the sole of her left foot line extending from the “mount” or cushion of the little toe to the ball of the big toe, that woman will readily obtain good husband, and will find great happiness in his love.
* The woman whose two little toes do not touch the ground whilst walking, will certainly lose her husband and during her widowhood, she will not be able to keep herself chaste.
* The woman whose Tarjani or second toe is the longest of all the toes, will be unchaste even before marriage.
* The woman whose breasts are fleshy, firm, and handsome, whose bosom is without hair, and whose thighs are like the trunk of an elephant, will enjoy life of happiness.
* The girl who has black moles upon her left breast, throat and ears, will marry and bear son having auspicious marks; and by her means, all the family will be called blessed.
* The maiden whose neck is very long, will be of wicked and cruel disposition. The maiden whose neck is very short, will be wretchedly poor. The maiden whose neck has three lines or wrinkles, will be of good disposition, and her lot will be ever fortunate.
* The maiden who bears in the palm of her hand lines resembling enclosing walls, and "Toran" or garlands of flowers, and twigs of trees bent into circles, will become the wife of King, although she have been born in servant's house.
* The maiden whose palms have lines in the shape of an Ankush (spiked hook for guiding elephants), Kuntala (or spur), and Chakra (quoit or discus), will inter marry royal house, and bear son who shows the most fortunate signs.

====='''Not suitable body features for a girl:'''=====
Following are the signs if one observes should consider not suitable:
* The girl who comes from bad family
* Whose body is either very short or very tall, very fat, or very thin.
* Whose skin is ever rough and hard.
* Whose hair and eyes are yellowish, the latter like cat’s.
* Whose teeth are long or are wholly wanting.
* Whose mouth and lips are wide and projecting, with the lower lip of dark colour, and tremulous when speaking.
* Who allows her tongue to loll out.
* Whose eyebrows are straight; whose temples are depressed who shows signs of beard, mustachios, and dense body-pile.
* Whose neck is thick, who has some limbs shorter and others longer than the usual proportion.
* Whose one breast is large or high, and the other low or small.
* Whose ears are triangular, like sifting or winnowing fan.
* Whose second toe is larger and longer than the big toe.
* Whose third toe is blunt, without tip or point, and whose little toes do not touch the ground; whose voice is harsh, and laugh is loud who walks quickly and with uncertain gait.
* Who is full grown, who is disposed to be sickly,
* Who bears the name of mountain (as Govardhan), of tree (as Anbi), of river (as Tarangini), of bird (as Chimani), or of constellation (as Revati, the 27th lunar mansion)

Such girl, especially if her disposition be irascible and temper violent if she eats and sleep much if she be always vexed, troubled and distressed; if her disposition be restless and fidgety, if she has little understanding in worldly matters if she be destitute of shame and if her natural disposition be wicked, should be carefully avoided, under all circumstances, by the wise.

- Some of these are still followed as superstitious traditions in many societies in India and marrying with a woman of such features has not found to be unfortunate or the couple lived the long, cordial life. No data points put this true from fortune/life/fidelity aspect.
- One should apply mind while interpreting such descriptions which are contradictory in their nature. E.g., the manuscript already has given recipes for body-pile/facial, arm-pit hairs permanent removal so if a woman follows that, then this sign turns non-applicable. Take it as an amusement/pinch of salt.

- This section also describes eleven (11) types of go-between women who may be helpful for pursuing maidens.

'''Woman which may be subdued easily:'''
Whose deportment shows signs of immodesty. Widow. Highly accomplished in singing, in playing musical instruments, and in similar pleasant arts. Fond of conversation. Woman steeped in poverty.
Wife of an imbecile or an impotent person. Wife of fat and tun-bellied man. Wife of cruel and wicked man. Wife of one who is shorter than herself. Wife of an old man. Wife of very ugly man. Woman accustomed to stand in the doorway and to stare at passersby. Women of variable disposition. Barren woman, especially if she and her husband desire the blessing of issue. Woman who brags and boasts. The woman who has long been separated from her husband and deprived of her natural refreshment. The woman who has never learned the real delight of carnal copulation; and the woman whose mind remains girlish.

'''Signs of Enamored Woman:'''
The signs and symptoms by which we are to know when women are enamored are as follows:
* The woman loves man when she is not ashamed of looking at him and of boldly and without fear or deference keeping her eyes fixed upon his.
* When she moves her foot to and from whilst standing up, and draws, as it were, lines upon the ground.
* When she scratches diver’s limbs without sufficient reason.
* When she leers, looks obliquely, and casts side-glances.
* When she laughs causelessly at the sight of man.

And furthermore, the woman who exhibit flirting, makes friends with our friend, sings sweet air who passes her hands frequently over her breasts and her arms who cracks her fingers who yawns and sighs though we call and summon her, unless in her most becoming dress; who throws flowers and similar articles upon us who pretexting various things, often goes into and comes forth from the house and finally, whose face, hands and feet break into perspiration when she casually sees us that woman showing any such signs and symptoms, is enamored of us.

The author hints that if such a maiden found to an unmarried man it is strongly excited by passion all we have to do, if versed in the art of love, is to send an able go-between/messenger.

====Section II: Characteristics of a suitable Man:====
[[Kalyana malla]] says that the man should be tried and tested as if Gold is tested in four ways.
* Rub with Touchstone (learning)
* By Cutting (disposition)
* By Heating (qualities)
* By Hammering (actions / achievements)

=====Characteristics of a Man:=====
Following Characteristics should be evaluated in a Man.
* Courage, with endurance if a man attempts any deed, great or small, he should do it with the spirit of lion.
* Prudence, time and place must be determined, and opportunity devised, like the Bak-heron, that stands intently eyeing its prey in the pool below.
* Rising early and causing others to do the same.
* Hardihood in war.
* Generous distribution and division of food and property amongst family and friends.
* Duly bound to the wants of the wife.
* Circumspection in love matters.
* Secrecy and privacy in the venereal act.
* Patience and perseverance in all the business of life.
* Judgment in collecting and in storing up what may be necessary.
* Not to allow wealth and worldly success to engender pride and vanity, magnificence, and ostentation.
* Never aspiring to the unattainable.
* Contentment with what the man has if he can get no more.
* Plainness of diet.
* Avoids oversleeping.
* Diligent in the service of employers.
* Not to fly when attacked by robbers and villains.
* Working willingly; for instance, not taking into consideration the sun and shade. if the labourer is obliged to carry a parcel.
* Patient endurance of trouble.
* Keep the eye fixed upon great business.
* Studious for the means properest for success.

Now, any person who combines these twenty-one qualities is deservedly reputed an excellent man.
In addition to this, the father of the bridge should consider the following characteristics in the prospective Son-in-Law:
* From a large family, which has never known sin and poverty.
* Young, handsome, wealthy, brave and influential diligent in business,
* Moderate in enjoying riches, sweet of speech,
* Well versed in discharging his own duties, known to the world as mine of virtues, steadfast in mind, and treasury of mercy.
* Gives alms and makes charities as far as his means permit.

Such man is described by celebrated poets as fit person to whom the daughter should be given in marriage.
'''Following defects/blemishes should be looked upon in the man:'''
* Born in low family,
* Vicious, libertine, pitiless,
* Ever sickly with dangerous disease, sinful and very wicked,
* Poor and miserly,
* Impotent,
* Prone to conceal the virtues and to divulge the vices of others,
* Constant traveller, an absentee, one ever away from his home and residing abroad.
* Bieltvztor, beggar,
* Man, who has no friendship with the good, or who, if he has it, breaks into quarrel upon trifling things such person the wise will not accept as son-in-law.

====='''Following are the characteristics of a man based on body features.'''=====
* The man whose eye is red, whose body is fair and of good complexion like gold; whose trunk is fleshy and whose arms reach his knees,3 the same will always remain rich and enjoy grandeur, opulence, lordship, and supremacy.
* The man whose thighs are large, will win great wealth.
* The man whose waist is broad, will be blessed in his wife and many children.
* the man whose feet are long.
* The man whose hands are very delicate, will always enjoy happiness.
* and the man whose head is large and lengthy, will rise to be prince.
* The man whose Linga is very long, will be wretchedly poor.
* The man whose Linga is very thick, will ever be very lucky
* The man whose Linga is short, will be Rajah.

==== Section III: Sámudrika-lakshana====
This chapter also explains the Sámudrika-lakshana or chiromantic signs / palmistry for identifying bride or groom having longer life and hard-working. The bridegroom’s palmistry should be considered first.

Every perfect hand and foot consist of five members, namely the Angushtha (thumb), the Tarjani (forefinger), the Madhyama (middle-finger), the Anamika (ring-finger), and the Kanishthika (little finger).

- This section describes the lifeline and karma-line. However, these lines are contradictory to the palmistry followed today in India and around.

====Section V: Social Behavior====
This section describes and warns the readers that there are severe consequences of immoral relationships. It is recommended to adhere to holy and social guidelines.

=====Relationship with wife of others=====
There are seven kinds of troubles which result from having intercourse with the wife of another man. This section narrates stories from various scriptures to place an emphasis on acceptable social behavior. This section describes various issues and troubles arising from immoral relationships.

* Adultery shortens or lessens the period of life.
* Body becomes spiritless and vigourless;
* The world derides and reproaches the lover.
* Despises himself.
* Wealth greatly decreases; in thought how to woo and win the woman in question.
* Suffers much in this world, to come.

'''Prohibited relationships:'''
The author of this book strongly warns and commands his readers to avoid thinking of sexual relations with following types of women as deadly sins.
* Wife of Guru/Brahman, instructor, teacher, King/Prince, student, disciple
* Wife of a friend or a relative, own family.
* Virgin without marrying her or an older woman than man.
* Widow, Woman living chastely or virtuously with her husband.
* Wife of our foe/enemy.
* Woman afflicted with any serious complaint or sickness or a mad woman.
* Woman who has been defiled, or sinful.

====='''Places where sexual enjoyment should be avoided:'''=====
The following are the places where woman should not be enjoyed. These more appear from religious faith such as places of worship, in front of elderly/guru/powerful men, avoiding public places, roads, highways, near river, in castle, in prison, forest, in relatives/someone else house, cremation ground. Etc.

====='''The following are the times when women are not to be enjoyed:''' =====

By day, unless their class and temperament require coition during the light hours. during or at the Sankranti-parvani, that is to say, when the sun or planet passes from one side of the zodiac to another. During the Sharad, or cold season, (October to November.). During the Grishma, or hot season1 (June to July). In the Amavasya (the last, the thirtieth, or the new moon day of the Hindu month), unless the Love-shastra specify the contrary. During the periods when the man's body suffers from fever. During the time of "Vrata," any self-imposed religious observance, with obligation to carry it out. In the evening time, and, when wearied with wayfarer. The consequences of congress at such epochs are as disastrous as if the act took place in prohibited spot.

====='''The following is the situation have described as being best fitted for sexual acts:'''=====

Choose the largest, and finest, and the airiest room in the house, purify it thoroughly with whitewash, and decorate its spacious and beautiful walls with pictures and other objects upon which the eye may dwell with delight. Place musical instruments, especially the pipe and the lute; with refreshments, as cocoanut, betel-leaf, and milk, useful for retaining and restoring vigour; bottles of rose water and various essences, fans and chauris for cooling the air, and books containing amorous songs, and gladdening the glance with illustrations of love-postures.

Splendid Divalgiri, or wall lights, should gleam around the hall, reflected by hundred mirrors, whilst both man and woman should contend against any reserve, or false shame, giving themselves up in complete nakedness to unrestrained voluptuousness, upon high and handsome bedstead, raised on tall legs, furnished with many pillows, and covered by rich chatra, or canopy the sheets being besprinkled with flowers and the coverlet scented by burning luscious incense, such as aloes and other fragrant woods. In such place, let the man, ascending the throne of love, enjoy the woman in ease and comfort, gratifying his and her every wish and every whim.

====='''Lakshanas of Premroga in Men & Women:'''=====
* When he/she is in state of Dhyasa {desxdenum) at loss to do anything except to see particular woman/man
* When he/she finds his/her mind wandering, as if he/she were about to lose his/her senses.
* When he/she is ever losing himself/herself
* When he/she passes restless nights without the refreshment of sleep.
* When his/her looks become haggard, and his/her body emaciated.
* When he/she feels himself/herself growing shameless and departing from all sense of decency and decorum
* When his/her riches take to themselves wings and fly.
* When the state of mental intoxication verges upon madness.
* When fainting fits come on and
* When he/she finds himself/herself at the door of death.

This section narrates the stories of Pururavas and Urvashi, Ravana etc. and recommends that when man has allowed himself to be carried away captive of desire, he must consult physician, and the books of medicine which treat upon the subject.

=== Chapter IX: Treating of External Enjoyments===

=== Chapter X: Treating of Internal Enjoyments in Its Various Forms===

=== Appendix I: Astrology in Connection With Marriage===
This section describes the use of astrology for matchmaking of the bride and bridegroom; for a very long sustainable, happy, and joyful marriage. The effect resulting from the consonance and dissonance, amity, and hospitality, between the stars (and destinies) of couple proposed to be bride and bridegroom shall be understood.

Having ascertained that the houses (kula), the family names (gotra), and the individual dispositions (Svabhava), of the postulants are free from inherent blemish. Their Gunas (qualities or requisites) must be determined from the zodiacal signs and the asterisms presiding over their birth. The Gunas, number in total thirty-six, of which at least nineteen are requisite for prosperous match and thence upwards, the fruit resulting from their influence is proportioned to their number.

==== Section I: Zodiacal Structure ====
When the zodiacal sign of a person’s birth-time and place is known, then presiding planet, the vashyas / genus (or nature) and the caste (in theory not in practice) by zodiacal characteristics are known.

The Planet Lords – In Indian astrology, for each zodiac sign, there is a lord defined and the person born under the sign exhibits the characteristics associated with the planet.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Zodiacal Signs, Lords & Attributes
! Zodiacal Sign !! Presiding Planet !! Vashya / Genus !! Varna / Caste
|-
| Mesha / Aries || Mangal / Mars || Chatushpada / Quadrupeds || Kshatriya
|-
| Vrishabha / Taurus || Shukra / Venus || Chatushpada / Quadrupeds || Vaishya
|-
| Mithuna / Gemini || Bhudha / Mercury || Nara / Human || Shudra
|-
| Karka / Cancer || Chandra / Moon || Insect || Brahman
|-
| Sinha / Leo || Surya / Sun || Vanachara / Wild || Kshatriya
|-
| Kanya / Virgo || Budha / Mercury || Nara / Human || Vaishya
|-
| Tula / Libra || Shukra / Venus || Nara / Human || Shudra
|-
| Vrishchik / Scorpio || Mangal / Mars || Insect || Brahman
|-
| Dhanu / Sagittarius || Guru / Jupiter || Man-Horse || Kshatriya
|-
| Makara / Capricornus || Shani / Saturn || Warer-Man || Vaishya
|-
| Kumbha / Acquarius || Shani / Saturn || Nara / Human || Shudra
|-
| Meena / Pisces || Guru / Jupiter || Jalachar / Aquatic Animal || Brahman
|}
* '''Vashya:''' Vashya / genus exhibits the instinct of animal which may be present in the person. It defines the power-equation between the individuals.
* '''Varna / Caste:''' In horoscope, astrological structure, varna/caste defines the ego aspect of the individual.

==== Section II: Nakshatra & Characteristics ====
This section describes the group and class to which a person belongs when the asterism (Nakshatra, or lunar mansion) of his/her birth-time is known, together with his/her Nadi, or hour of twenty-four minutes. The twenty-seven asterisms are classed under three heads of gods of men and of demons (Rakshasas), and the asterism determines to which the querent belongs. Moreover, each asterism is divided into four quarters, and of these nine make one zodiacal sign. The name-letter used in that quarter stands for that quarter.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Nakshatras & Attributes
! Nakshatras / Asterisms !! Gana / Group !! Yoni / Class !! Nadi !! Charan / Quarter-I- Mulakshar / Name, Zodiac !! Charan / Quarter-II- Mulakshar / Name, Zodiac !! Charan / Quarter-III- Mulakshar / Name, Zodiac !! Charan / Quarter-IV- Mulakshar / Name, Zodiac
|-
| Ashvini || Deva / God || Ashwa / Horse || Adi || चू Choo - Aries || चे Che - Aries || चो Cho - Aries || ल la - Aries
|-
| Bharani || Manushya / Human || Gaja / Elephant || Madhya || ली lee- Aries || लू loo - Aries || ले le - Aries || लो lo - Aries
|-
| Krittika || Rakshasa / Demon || Mendha/ Ram || Antya || अ a - Aries || इ I - Taurus || उ u - Taurus || ए E - Taurus
|-
| Nikita || Manushya / Human || Sarp / Snake || Antya || ओ O - Taurus || वा Va - Taurus || वी vee - Taurus || वू Voo - Taurus
|-
| Mriga || Deva / God || Sarp / Snake || Madhya || वे Ve - Taurus || वो Vo - Taurus || का Ka - Gemini || की Kee - Gemini
|-
| Ardra || Manushya / Human || Shwan / Dog || Adi || कु Ku - Gemini || घ Gha -Gemini || ड़ Da - Gemini || छ़ Chha - Gemini
|-
| Punarvasu || Deva / God || Marjar / Cat || Adi || के Ke - Gemini || को Ko - Gemini || हा Ha - Gemini || ही Hee - Cancer
|-
| Pushya || Deva / God || Mendha/ Ram || Madhya || हू Hoo - Cancer || हे He - Cancer || हो Ho - Cancer || डा Da - Cancer
|-
| Ashlesha || Rakshasa / Demon || Marjar / Cat || Antya || डी Dee - Cancer || डू Doo - Cancer || डे De - Cancer || डो Do - Cancer
|-
| Magha || Rakshasa / Demon || Mushak / Rat || Antya || मा Ma - Leo || मी Mee - Leo || मू Moo - Leo || मे Me - Leo
|-
| Purva-Phalguni || Manushya / Human || Mushak / Rat || Madhya || मो Mo - Leo || टा Taa - Leo || टी Tee - Leo || टू Too - Leo
|-
| Uttara-Phalguni || Manushya / Human || Gau / Cow || Adi || टे Te - Leo || टो To - Virgo || पा Paa - Virgo || पी Pee - Virgo
|-
| Hasta || Deva / God || Mahish / Buffalo || Adi || पू Poo - Virgo || ष SHa - Virgo || ण Na - Virgo || ठ THa - Virgo
|-
| Chitra || Rakshasa / Demon || Vyghra / Tiger || Madhya || पे Pe - Virgo || पो Po - Virgo || रा Ra - Libra || री Ree - Libra
|-
| Swati || Deva / God || Mahish / Buffalo || Antya || रु Roo - Libra || रे Re - Libra || रो Ro - Libra || ता ta - Libra
|-
| Vishakha || Rakshasa / Demon || Vyghra / Tiger || Antya || ती tee - Libra || तू too - Libra || ते te - Libra || तो to - Scorpio
|-
| Anuradha || Deva / God || Mrig / Deer || Madhya || ती tee - Scorpio || तू too - Scorpio || ते te - Scorpio || तो to - Scorpio
|-
| Jyestha || Rakshasa / Demon || Mrig / Deer || Adi || नो No - Scorpio || या Ya - Scorpio || यी Yee - Scorpio || यू Yoo - Scorpio
|-
| Moola || Rakshasa / Demon || Shwan / Dog || Adi || ये Ye - Sagittarius || यो Yo - Sagittarius || भा Bha - Sagittarius || भी Bhee - Sagittarius
|-
| Purv-Ashada || Manushya / Human || Vanar / Monkey || Madhya || भू BHoo - Sagittarius || ध DHa - Sagittarius || फ Fa - Sagittarius || ढ DHa - Sagittarius
|-
| Uttara -Ashada || Manushya / Human || Nakul / Mongoose || Antya || भे Bhe - Sagittarius || भो BHo - Capricorn || जा Ja - Capricorn || जी Jee - Capricorn
|-
| Shravan || Deva / God || Vanar / Monkey || Antya || खी KHee - Capricorn || खू KHoo - Capricorn || खे KHe- Capricorn || खो KHo - Capricorn
|-
| Dhanishta || Rakshasa / Demon || Simha / Lion || Madhya || गा gaa - Capricorn || गी gee - Capricorn || गू goo - Aquarius || गे ge - Aquarius
|-
| Shata-Taraka || Rakshasa / Demon || Ashwa / Horse || Adi || गो Go - Aquarius || सा Saa - Aquarius || सी See - Aquarius || सू Soo- Aquarius
|-
| Purva-Bhadrapada || Manushya / Human || Simha / Lion || Adi || से Se - Aquarius || सो So - Aquarius || दा da - Aquarius || दी dee- Pisces
|-
| Uttara-Bhadrapada || Manushya / Human || Gau / Cow || Madhya || से Se - Pisces || सो So - Pisces || दा da - Pisces || दी dee- Pisces
|-
| Revati || Deva / God || Gaja / Elephant || Antya || से Se - Pisces || सो So - Pisces || दा da - Pisces || दी dee- Pisces
|}

* '''Nakshtras:''' defines the '''[[Tattva]]''' (Akasha – Sky, Vayu – Air, Tejas – Fire, Apas – Water, Prithvi - Earth) and the '''behavior'''.
* '''Yoni / Class:''' this defines the sexual characteristics of an individual based on the animal yoni.
* '''Gana / Group:''' this defines the temperament class of the individual.
* '''Nadi:''' defines the health, genetical aspects of the individual. Adi Nadi describes the soul is under influence of Vaata (Air), Madhya Nadi describes the soul is under Pitta (Bile) while Antya Nadi describes the soul under the influence of Kapha (phlegmatic).

==== Section III Guna / Characteristics Structure ====
The astrological method of Guna Milan follows a Ashta-Kuta i.e. eight heads forming total 36 Guna, these are as:
[[File:AshtaKoota.png|alt=AshtaKoota Structure|left|thumb|300x300px|AshtaKoota Structure]]

* '''Varna / Caste Koota:''' This represents the spiritual compatibility of the bride and bridegroom. It exhibits the ego level and personalities of both. It holds one (1) Guna.
* '''Vashya Koota:''' The Vashya indicates our physical behaviors or physical comfortability. This holds a total of two Guna.
* '''Tara / Nakshatra Koota:''' Tara or Dina Koota indicates the wellbeing and longevity of the prospective couple. Its compatibility ensures that the couple shall remain disease-free and have a long life thereby will be able to enjoy the comforts of a happy conjugal life. It holds 3 Guna.
* '''Yoni Koota:''' Yoni Koota measures the intimacy levels, sexual compatibility, and mutual love of the prospective couple. It matches the sensuous nature and characteristics of both. It holds 4 Guna.
* '''Graha Maitri / Planetary Friendship:''' This reflects the mental compatibility, affection, and natural friendship between the partners. It denotes how inimical the bride and bridegroom are to each other. This has a total of five Guna.
* '''Gana Koota:''' Gana indicates the mutual behaviors, mental compatibility, and temperaments of the prospective bride and bridegroom. This is a vital factor that impacts on the compatibility levels of the Partners. This has a total of six Guna.
* '''Bhakoota:''' This represents the emotional compatibility of the couple. It shows the relative influence of one partner on the other and their capability of realizing mutual understanding and mental acceptance. It describes the cooperation between couples.
* '''Nadi Koota:''' Nadi measures the comparative levels of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha between the couple. This shows the impact upon progeny and child-birth issues; it also addresses the health matters and metabolism of the partners. he Nadi matching has allotted 8 points and is associated with child-birth.

==== Section IV Guna / Characteristics Rules & Exceptions ====
Following are the rules, and exceptions associated with the Ashta-Koota matchmaking.

=====Varna Matching:=====
When bridegroom is of a Superior or same varna than the bride, 1 Guna is allotted. The Varna superiority is as follows:
* Brahman (Studious)
* Kshtriya (Firesome)
* Vaishya (Collaborator)
* Shudra (Hardworking)
- this has nothing to do with the cast based classification of the society.

=====Vashya Matching:=====
If the bride and bridegroom belong to the same group the full two Guna are alloted. Where bride’s Vashya is controllable to bridegroom’s Vashya, one point is given. Where bride’s vashya is Bhakshya (eatable) to bridegroom’s vashya, 1⁄2 point is given. For example human or Dwipad signs can control all other signs except Leo, and for them Jalachar signs are Bhakshya (eatable). Refer below table:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vashya
! Bride-Bridegroom !! Human !! Chatushpad !! Jalachar !! Vanachar !! Keet
|-
| Human || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1/2 || 0
|-
| Chatushpad || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1/2 || 1
|-
| Jalachar || 1/2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Vanachar || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0
|-
| Keet || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2
|}

=====Tara / Nakshatra Matching:=====

The Tara matching is done by counting the Nakshatras from each other.
# Count from bridegroom’s Nakshatra to bride’s Nakshatra and divide it by 9, if the remainder is 3, 5 or 7 then Tara is malefic, otherwise benefic. 1 1⁄2 point is given for benefic Tara and nil point for malefic Tara.
# Similarly count from bride’s Nakshatra to bridegroom’s Nakshatra and divide it by 9, find out the remainder. If it is 3, 5 or 7 no point is given otherwise 1 1⁄2 point is given.
# If on both counting, a beneficial Tara is obtained, full 3 points are given. For one benefic Tara 1 1⁄2 point is given and for both malefic Tara, no point is given.

=====Yoni Matching:=====
There are 14 yonis based upon 27 Nakshatras. There is an extra nakshtra not counted in general; its name is Abhijit. The translator didn’t highlight this aspect. Two Nakshatra represent one Yoni. Yonis of bride and bridegroom should not be inimical to each other. Refer below table:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Yoni Koota
! Bride/ Bridegroom !! Ashwa !! Gaja !! Mesha !! Sarpa !! Shwan !! Marjara !! Mushak !! Gau !! Mahish !! Vyaghra !! Mriga !! Vanar !! Nakul !! Simha
|-
| Ashwa || 4 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Gaja || 2 || 4 || 3 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 0
|-
| Mesha || 2 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 1
|-
| Sarpa || 3 || 3 || 2 || 4 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Shwan || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marjara || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Mushak || 2 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2
|-
| Gau || 1 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 4 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 1
|-
| Mahish || 0 || 3 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1
|-
| Vyaghra || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1
|-
| Mriga || 3 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 1
|-
| Vanar || 3 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 4 || 3 || 2
|-
| Nakul || 2 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 2
|-
| Simha || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|}

=====Graha Maitri koota:=====
This is very important because if the Moon rashis and the rashi lords are same or they are friends then there are good chances for a successful marriage between two unknown persons. Table for Natural Friendship of Planets:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Graha Maitri
! Bride-Bridegroom !! Sun !! Moon !! Mars !! Mercury !! Jupiter !! Venus !! Saturn
|-
| Sun || 5 || 5 || 5 || 4 || 5 || 0 || 0
|-
| Moon || 5 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 4 || 1/2 || 1/2
|-
| Mars || 5 || 4 || 5 || 1/2 || 5 || 3 || 1/2
|-
| Mercury || 4 || 1 || 5 || 4 || 5 || 0 || 0
|-
| Jupiter || 5 || 4 || 5 || 1/2 || 5 || 1/2 || 3
|-
| Venus || 0 || 1/2 || 3 || 5 || 1/2 || 5 || 5
|-
| Saturn|| 0 || 1/2 || 1/2 || 4 || 3 || 5 || 5
|}
===== Gana Koota =====
The three Gana are important for the match. A zero Guna for Gana Koota is not considered suitable for marraige. The '''Deva Gana''' represents '''Satvta'''; Manushya Gana represents '''Rajas '''and Rakshasha Gana represents '''Tamas '''guna.
Following table describes the Guna for Gana Koota:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Gana Koota
! Bride - Bridegroom !! Deva !! Manushya !! Rakshasa
|-
| Deva || 6 || 5 || 1
|-
| Manushya || 6 || 6 || 0
|-
| Rakshasa || 0 || 0 || 6
|}

=====Bhatoota:=====
In Bhakoota matching, Guna are allocated based on the zodiac sign of bride and bridegroom. Bhakoota has 0 and maximum 7 Guna. A high Bhakoota Guna indicates a good match and the helps the couple avoid health, financial, conception related problems.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Bhakoota
! Bride-Bridegroom !! Aries!! Taurus !! Gemini !! Cancer !! Leo !! Virgo !! Libra !! Scorpio !! Sagittarius !! Capricon !! Aquarius !! Pisces
|-
| Aries || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0
|-
| Taurus || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7
|-
| Gemini || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7
|-
| Cancer || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0
|-
| Leo || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0
|-
| Virgo || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7
|-
| Libra || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0
|-
| Scorpio || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0
|-
| Sagittarius || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7
|-
| Capricon || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0
|-
| Aquarius || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0
|-
| Pisces || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 7
|}

=====Nadi Koota:=====
Nadi is very essential for the Ashta-Koota or Guna-Melan. Nadi defines the health aspect and the procreation by the couple. The basis of marriage is procreation. Hence, any dosha or non-recommended matches are strictly prohibited. The Nadi Koota has eight (8) Guna. If bride & bridegroom nadis are different, then full eight Guna are allotted else none. The astrology doesn’t recommend marriage with same nadis other than prescribed exceptions. Following are the types of Nadis doshas:
* '''Aadi Nadi Dosh: ''' If the couple confronts this Dosha, they shall confront divorce and arguments. There are even possibilities that people might see issues related to children.
* '''Madhya Nadi Dosh:''' With this Dosh, the couple would face mishappenings and divorce. Also, their kid might inherit health issues and make his/her childhood full of ailments.
* '''Antya Nadi Dosh:''' Having this Dosha might lead to the death of a partner. Marital life would be cold, and there shall be early age health issues too.

''' Exceptions in the Nadi Dosha:''' following are the exceptions with the nadi-dosha:
* It is pretty evident that people shall possess the same Nadi. Thus, there are some exceptions that come with the Nadi Dosha in Kundli matching:
* When both the partners possess the same Rashis, but their Nakshatras are different, the Nadi Dosh gets nullified.
* Moreover, if both the partners have the same Nakshatra but their Rashi is different, Nadi dosh gets canceled.
* There are some pairs that act as an exception from the Nadi Dosha:
* If a male and female have the following pairs of Nakshatra, their Dosha gets canceled:
# Gokugtb11 and Purva Bhadrapada
# Magha and Tisha30475
# Punarvasu and Ashwini
# Uttara Ashadha and Swati

=== Appendix II: (considers a variety of alchemical recipes, either potentially lethal, or completely ineffective, or both)===

This section describes how to prepare the metals for Rasayana or Medicinal purposes. This covers overall six recipes.

* '''First Recipe: Antidote therapy for disease caused by QuickSilver''' = Take sixty-four Tolas (each three drachms) of the juice of betel-plant (piper betel) mix with equal quantities of the juice of Bhringaraja (eclipta prostrata), juice of the Yogfrontdev (ocymum basilicum=herb basil) and goat's milk; and rub the mixture into all parts of the body for two days, each day two pahars (six hours) followed by cold bath.
* '''Second Recipe: Preparing Mercury Bhasma -''' Take of purified quicksilver and sulphur equal parts, and levigate with the sap of the Banyan-tree (ficusindica) place the preparation in an earthern pot over slow fire and stir with stick of the Banyan-tree for whole day. If two Gunjas (0.25 grams) of this medicine be eaten at early morning in betel leaf digestion is improved and the powers of copulation are increased.
* '''Third Recipe: preparing Hemagarbha, the Elixir Vitae of Gold -''' Take three parts of purified quicksilver; one part and half of sulphur one part of gold two parts of the ashes (metallic oxide) of copper and calx of pearls and coral, each one-tenth of part. Levigate in mortar for seven days with the juice of the Kumari (aloe per foliate,) make into ball, cover well with piece of cotton cloth and place in an earthen vessel, containing little sulphur: the mouth must be well closed, leaving for the escape of smoke small hole which must be kept open with needle if necessary. Set the vessel over Valuka-yantra (bain marie, or sand-bath) under which slow fire is kindled. After about half Ghataka (= 12 minutes) the fire must be diminished and allowed to extinguish. Remove the ball and use it as the doctor directs.
* '''Fourth Recipe: Reducing Harital to ashes -'''Take Haital (Sansk, hartalaka, sulphuret of arsenic, yellow orpiment) to ashes, or metallic oxide. Levigate yellow orpiment and knead it with the juice of the plant Nagar-juni (a Cyperus-grass.) Levigate again with the juice of the Pinpalli (piper longum) and the Piper betel for two days. Make balls of the preparation dry in shade then set in earthen vessel in bain marie. hot fire must be kept up till the orpiment is thoroughly "cooked," and allow the fire to diminish and extinguish. Remove the balls from the vessel and use in every disease.
* '''Fifth Recipe: absorbing all other metals by purified mercury-''' Thoroughly levigate quicksilver with the juice of the "seven minor poisons," viz., Arka (Calotropis gigantea) Sehunda (Euphorbia), Dhatura (Stramonium, white thorn-apple), Langali (Jussioea repens), Karavira (olean der or Soma1) and opium. By this means mercury loses its wings and cannot fly, while it gets mouth and eats up every metal with speed
* '''Sixth Recipe: Sovereign Remedy against All Diseases and Death -''' Take Abhraka (tale) and levigate with the milky sap of the Arka for the space of day. Then wrap up the preparation in Arka-leaves and boil in heap of Gobar (cow dung) cakes about two feet thick. Repeat this boiling with fresh leaves for seven times, then infuse the preparation three times in decoction of Parambi Marathi, the fibrous roots of the Banyan-tree. In this way the mineral is "killed;" its impurities are removed and it becomes nishchandra talc. Boil equal parts of this and Ghi (clarified butter) in an iron vessel till the butter is absorbed, and it is ready for use it cures every complaint, including old age and death.
- These recipes may sound interesting and tempting however may be lethal and deadly. One should exercise caution.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/sex/ar/ Text of the Burton translation of the ''Ananga Ranga'']
* [http://burtoniana.org/books/1885-Ananga%20Ranga/1885-AnangaRanga.pdf Burton's translation of the ''Ananga Ranga'' in pdf format] {{PD-notice}}

{{Sex}}
{{Sex manuals}}

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[[:Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[:Category:Delhi Sultanate]]

Ishtiaq Ahmad (political scientist)

2023-05-23T23:37:05Z

Viki: Article crafted.

#REDIRECT [[Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)]]

First Anglo-Mysore War

2023-03-20T05:25:35Z

Viki: Published an influential piece.

{{Short description|Conflict in India between the Sultanate of Mysore and the British East India Company}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = First Anglo-Mysore War
| partof = the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]
| image = Anglo-Mysore War 1 and 2.png
| image_size = 300
| caption = A map of the war theatre
| date = 1767-1769
| place = [[South India]]
| result = Mysore victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Mysore}}
*{{flagicon image|Arakkal flag 1.png}} [[Arakkal Kingdom]]
<hr/>
{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Hyderabad State|Nizam of Hyderabad]] (defected in 1768)
*[[Nawab of Savanur]]
*{{flagicon image|Drapeau Banganapalle.png}} [[Nawab of Banganapalle]]
*[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Holkar]] Faction of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|East India Company|1707}} 
<hr/>
{{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} [[Peshwa]] Faction of the [[Maratha Empire]] 
<hr/>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the principality of Carnatic.gif}} [[Carnatic state|Nawab of the Carnatic]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Mysore}} [[Hyder Ali]]
*{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Mysore}} Latif Ali Beg
*{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Mysore}} Makdum Ali
*{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Mysore}} [[Tipu Sultan]]
*{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Mysore}} Reza Sahib
*{{flagicon image|Drapeau Banganapalle.png}} [[Husain Ali Khan Bahadur]]
*{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]] (defected in 1768)}}
* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]]
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} Joseph Smith
*{{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} John Wood
*{{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} Colonel Brooks
*{{flagdeco|Maratha Empire}} [[Madhavrao I]]
*{{Flagdeco|Maratha Empire}}[[Janardhan Rao]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the principality of Carnatic.gif}} [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah|Wallajah]]}}
}}
{{Campaignbox First Anglo-Mysore War}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Mysore Wars}}

The '''First Anglo-Mysore War''' (1767–1769) was a conflict in [[Mughal India|India]] between the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] and the [[East India Company]]. The war was instigated in part by the machinations of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], who sought to divert the company's resources from attempts to gain control over the [[Northern Circars]].

==Background==
The eighteenth century was a period of great turmoil in Indian subcontinent. Although the century opened with much of the subcontinent under the control of the [[Mughal Empire]], the death in 1707 of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] resulted in the fracturing of the empire, and a struggle among viceroys and other local rulers for territory.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|pp=19–23}} In the 1740s and 1750s, French and British colonial companies became more active in these local conflicts. By the [[Third Carnatic War]] (1757–1763), the British had gained somewhat solid footholds at [[Bombay]], [[Madras]], and [[Calcutta]], and had also marginalised (although not eliminated) the influence of other colonial powers. Their eastern holdings at Madras were strongly influenced by treaties with the [[Nawab of Carnatic]], [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]], whose territory surrounded Madras. The other major powers in the east were the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], formerly a viceroyalty of the Mughal Empire but declared independent in the 1720s, held in the 1760s by [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], and the [[Sultanate of Mysore]], which occupied the high plains between the [[Eastern Ghats|Eastern]] and [[Western Ghats]], the mountain ranges separating the coastal plains of India from the interior.

Nominally ruled by the [[Wodeyar dynasty]], Mysore had come into the hands of [[Hyder Ali]], a Muslim military leader, in 1761.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=33}} Each of these powers intrigued with and against the others, and sought to draw the power of the French and British colonial companies to serve their objectives. The colonial powers sought to influence the local powers to gain either direct control of territory, or the revenues from territory nominally controlled by a local ruler beholden to them for financial and military support. Since European military training was significantly better than local practices, the latter was particularly important; small numbers of disciplined European or European-trained forces could defeat larger Indian armies composed mainly of poorly trained infantry and cavalry.{{sfnp|Duff|1878|pp=607–608}}

==Causes of war==
[[File:The North Entrance Into The Fort Of Bangalore -with Tipu's flag flying-.jpg|thumb|The flag of the [[Sultanate of Mysore]].]]

The British East India Company, seeking an overland connection between its holdings at [[Madras]] and [[Bengal]], sought to gain access to the [[Northern Circars]], a series of coastal territories held by the French until 1758, when they were ousted with British military support. They had applied to the nizam, offering to pay rent well above that he was currently receiving from the nawab of Arcot; the nizam rejected their offers.{{sfnp|Duff|1878|p=651}} Lord [[Robert Clive]] next applied to [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]], who in August 1765 issued a decree granting the company rights to that territory.{{sfnp|Duff|1878|p=652}}

At the same time, the nizam was involved in an alliance with the Marathas. Both he and the Marathas' ruling [[peshwa]], [[Madhavrao I]] were concerned over the expansionist threat posed by Hyder Ali. After assisting the Marathas in dealing with one of their confederates 1765, the allies began developing plans to invade Mysore. When the British began occupying the Northern Circars in March 1766, the nizam objected, issuing threatening letters to company authorities in Madras.{{sfnp|Regani|1988|p=130}} He considered going to war against the company, but his poor financial condition made this impossible.{{sfnp|Regani|1988|p=131}} Instead he negotiated a treaty with the company in November 1766. Under its terms the company received four of the five circar immediately ([[Guntur district|Guntur]], the fifth, having been granted to the nizam's son as a [[jaghir]], was to be delivered upon the son's death) in exchange for 7 lakh rupees or military support to the nizam in his endeavours. One historian describes the nizam's agreement to the treaty as one of financial necessity, and that he was "resentful" of English power.{{sfnp|Regani|1988|pp=133–134}} Pursuant to this treaty, the company provided two battalions of troops to the nizam. Under the treaty, there were no limits placed on the number of troops the nizam could request, nor were there checks on the uses (offensive or defensive) to which he could put them.{{sfnp|Regani|1988|p=131}}

Conflict involving Madras authorities, Muhammed Jinnah and [[Tipu Sultan]], was also simmering. [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]], allied to the [[British Empire|British]], whose [[territory]] his surrounded, was upset that Hyder was harboring opponents of his, including his older brother Mahfuhz Khan, and [[Raje Vishveshvar Rao|Raja Saheb]], the son of [[Chanda Sahib|Chanda Saheb]], a previous contender for the throne of the Carnatic. Hyder was annoyed that the [[British Empire|British]] had established a fortified outpost at [[Vellore]], and that the company had several times rebuffed his offers of [[alliance]]. An offer he made in late 1766 was rejected because the local company council viewed it as incompatible with the treaty signed with the nizam. The First Anglo-Mysore War saw [[Hyder Ali]] gain some measures of success against the British, almost capturing [[Chennai|Madras]].{{sfnp|Regani|1988|p=129}}

==Course of the war==
[[File:Kistnagherry Krishnagiri.jpg|thumb|Krishnagiri fort was besieged in the First Anglo-Mysore War in 1768, and finally surrendered to the British, who held it briefly]]
The war began in January 1767 when the Marathas, possibly anticipating movements by the nizam, invaded northern Mysore. They reached as far south as the [[Tunghabadhra River]], before Haider entered into negotiations to end the invasion. In exchange for payments of 30 [[lakh]]s rupees the Marathas agreed to withdraw north of the [[Kistna River]]; by March, when the nizam began his invasion, they had already withdrawn. According to Mysore historian Mark Wilks, this action by the Marathas was a somewhat typical move to acquire wealth that might otherwise be claimed by other belligerents.{{sfnp|Duff|1878|p=653}} The nizam advanced as far as [[Bangalore]], accompanied by two battalions of company troops under Colonel Joseph Smith.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=306}}

In May, Smith discovered that the Haider and the nizam were negotiating an alliance, and consequently withdrew most of his troops to the Carnatic frontier.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=306}} The deal struck between the two powers called for them to join against the British. Haider was to pay 18 lakhs rupees for the invasion to end, and the nizam was to recognise Haider's son [[Tipu Sultan]] as Nawab of the Carnatic once that territory was conquered. Despite the agreement the two sides exhibited little trust for one another; Haider was known to place spies in the nizam's camp.

This diplomatic manoeuvring resulted in an attack against a company outpost at Changama by the combined Mysore-Hyderabad army under Hyder's command.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=49}}{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=312}} Despite significantly outnumbering the British force (British estimates place the allied army size at 70,000 to the British 7,000), the allies were repulsed with heavy losses. Haider moved on to capture [[Kaveripattinam]] after two days of siege, while Colonel Smith, who commanded at Changama, eventually retreated to [[Tiruvannamalai]] for supplies and reinforcements.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=49}}{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=311}} There Haider again attacked, and was [[Battle of Tiruvannamalai|decisively repulsed]] on 26 September 1767.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=50}} With the onset of the monsoon season, Haider opted to continue campaigning rather than adopting the usual practice of suspending operations because of the difficult conditions the weather created for armies.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=322}} After overrunning a few lesser outposts, he [[Siege of Ambur|besieged Ambur]] in November 1767, forcing the British to resume campaigning.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=323}} The British garrison commander refused large bribes offered by Haider in exchange for surrender, and the arrival of a relief column in early December forced Haider to lift the siege.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=324}} He retreated northward, covering the movements of the nizam's forces, but was disheartened when an entire corps of European cavalry deserted to the British.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=326}} The failures of this campaign, combined with successful British advances in the Northern Circars and secret negotiations between the British and the nizam, led to a split between Haider and the nizam. The latter withdrew back to Hyderabad and eventually negotiated a new treaty with the British company in 1768. Haider, apparently seeking an end to the conflict, made peace overtures to the British, but was rebuffed.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|pp=328–329}}

[[File:Mir Nizam Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|[[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]] opposed the [[East India Company]] in 1766,{{sfnp|Regani|1988|p=130}} and initially allied himself with Haider Ali during the First Anglo-Mysore War, particularly during the [[Battle of Chengam]],{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=49}}{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=312}} but later abandoned Mysore's cause in 1768.]]

In early 1768, [[Bombay Presidency|company authorities]] in Bombay organised an expedition to Mysore's Malabar coast territories. Hyder had established a small fleet, based primarily in the port of [[Mangalore]], in the mid-1760s. This fleet, which the British reported as numbering about ten ships, deserted en masse, apparently because the captains were unhappy with Lutf Ali Beg, a Mysorean cavalry officer, as fleet commander.{{sfnp|Sen|1993|pp=147–148}} Owing to a British deception, Lutf Ali Beg also withdrew much of the Mangalore garrison to move on what he perceived to be the British target, [[Honnavar|Onore]]. The British consequently occupied Mangalore against minimal opposition in February.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=331}} This activity, combined with the loss of the nizam as an ally, prompted Hyder to withdraw from the Carnatic, and move with speed to the Malabar. Dispatching his son Tipu with an advance force, Haider followed, and eventually retook Mangalore and the other ports held by the over-extended British forces.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=331}}{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=51}} He also levied additional taxes as punishment against rebellious Nair districts that had supported the British.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=51}}

During Haider's absence from the Carnatic, the British recovered many places that Hyder had taken and only weakly garrisoned, and advanced as far south as [[Dindigul]].{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=52}} They also convinced the Marathas to enter the conflict, and a large force of theirs, under the command of Morari Rao, joined with Colonel Smith at [[Hoskote|Ooscota]] in early August 1768.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=340}} This army then began preparations to besiege Bangalore, but Hyder returned to Bangalore from the Malabar on 9 August, in time to harass the allies before the siege could begin.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|pp=341–342}} On 22 August Hyder [[Battle of Ooscota|attacked the Maratha camp]] at Ooscota, but was repulsed with heavy losses.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=342}} Hyder was then foiled in an attempt to prevent the arrival of a second British column at the allied camp; the strength of these combined forces convinced him to retreat from Bangalore toward [[Gurramkonda]], where he was reinforced by his brother in law.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=53}} He also attempted diplomatic measures to prevent a siege of Bangalore, offering to pay ten lakhs rupees and grant other land concessions in exchange for peace. The British countered with an aggressive list of demands that included payments of tribute to the nizam and larger land concessions to the British East India Company. Hyder specifically refused to deal with Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah, whose lands were where much of the fighting had taken place, and a man Hyder intensely disliked. The negotiations failed to reach common ground.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=53}}

On 3 October, Hyder, while moving his army from Guuramkonda back toward Bangalore, surprised a small garrison of Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah's men at a rock fort called Mulabagilu, near Hosakote. British reinforcements were sent, and Colonel Wood was able to recover the lower fort but not the upper. The next day he went out with a few companies of men to investigate movements that might have been cover for enemy reinforcements. This small force, numbering four companies, [[Battle of Mulwagal|was surrounded]] by Hyder's entire army.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=346}} A stratagem by another officer, Colonel Brooks, prevented the loss of this detachment; Colonel Brooks and another two companies dragged two cannons to the top of a nearby rise, and Brooks called out "Smith! Smith!" while firing the cannons.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=347}} Both sides interpreted this to mean that Colonel Smith was arriving in force, and Hyder's troops began to retreat. This enabled Colonel Wood to join with Brooks and other reinforcements from Mulwagal before Hyder realised he had been fooled.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=347}} Hyder renewed his attack, but was eventually repulsed with heavy losses: he was estimated to lose 1,000 men while the British lost about 200.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|p=348}} The severity of the conflict convinced Colonel Smith that he would be unable to effectively besiege Bangalore without first inflicting a major defeat on Hyder in open battle.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=54}} Company officials blamed Smith for the failure to decisively defeat Hyder, and recalled him to Madras. Hyder took the opportunity to besiege [[Hosur]], and Colonel Wood marched in relief of the town. As Wood approached, Hyder raised the siege, sneaked around Wood's column, and [[Battle of Bagalur|attacked his baggage train]] near [[Bagalur, Krishnagiri district|Bagalur]]. Hyder successfully captured supplies and arms, and drove Wood in disgrace toward [[Venkatagiri]].{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=55}} Wood was consequently recalled and replaced by Colonel Lang.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=56}}

Hyder then raised additional forces in Mysore and went on the offensive. In November 1768 he split his army into two, and crossed the ghats into the Carnatic, regaining control of many minor posts held by the British. En route to [[Erode]] Hyder overwhelmed one contingent of British, who were sent as prisoners to Seringapatam when it was established that one of its officers was fighting in violation of a parole agreement. After rapidly establishing control over much of the southern Carnatic, his march turned toward Madras.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=56}} This prompted the British to send an envoy to discuss peace; because of Hyder's insistence that the nawab of the Carnatic be excluded from the negotiations, they went nowhere. Hyder then surprised company authorities by taking a picked force of 6,000 cavalry and a small number of infantry, and made a three-day forced march of {{convert|130|mi|km}} to the gates of Madras.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=57}}

This show of force compelled the company to negotiate further, since Madras had been left nearly defenceless by military movements made to counter those of Hyder's main force.{{sfnp|Wilks|1869|pp=367–369}} Hyder, who was seeking diplomatic leverage against the Marathas, wanted an alliance of mutual defence and offence.{{sfnp|Duff|1878|p=668}} The company refused to accede to an offensive military treaty; the [[Treaty of Madras]] signed on 29 March 1769 had terms that each would support the other if attacked.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|p=58}}<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |place=New Delhi|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |pages=172–173}}</ref>

==Battles==
* [[Battle of Chengam]] (or Chengama, 3 September 1767)
* [[Battle of Tiruvannamalai]] (25 September 1767)
* [[Siege of Ambur]] (November–December 1767)
* [[Battle of Ooscota]] (night of 22/23 August 1768)
* [[Battle of Mulwagul]] (4 October 1768)
* [[Battle of Baugloor]] (22–23 November 1768)

==Consequences==
[[Hyder Ali]], apparently emboldened by the agreement with the British, engaged in war with the Marathas in 1770, and asked the British support them if and when the Marathas penetrated Mysorean territory.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|pp=59–82}} The British refused to assist him, even though they were also [[First Anglo-Maratha War|drawn into conflict]] with the Marathas in the 1770s. Hyder's battles did not fully end until 1779, when the Marathas negotiated an alliance with him and the [[Nizam]] for united action against the British. This led to the beginning of the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1780.{{sfnp|Bowring|1899|pp=80–84}} This conflict devastated much of the Carnatic, and also failed to decisively resolve differences between Mysore and the British. Resolution occurred in 1799 with the defeat and killing of Hyder's son [[Tipu Sultan]], and the restoration of the Wodeyars as British clients.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Bowring|first=Lewin Bentham|author-link=Lewin Bentham Bowring|title=Haidar Alí and Tipú Sultán, and the Struggle with the Musalmán Powers of the South|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1899|location=Oxford|oclc=11827326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v80NAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Brittlebank|first=Kate|title=Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563977-3|oclc=246448596}}
* {{cite book|last=Chitnis|first=Krishnaji Nageshrao|title=The Nawabs of Savanur|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7156-521-4|oclc=231937582}}
* {{Cite book|last= D'Souza|first= A. L. P.|title= History of the Catholic Community of South Kanara|year= 1983|publisher= Desco Publishers|location=Mangalore|oclc=11536326}}
* {{cite book|last=Duff|first=James Grant|author-link=James Grant Duff|title=History of the Mahrattas, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYscAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA652|year=1878|publisher=Times of India Office|location=London and Bombay|oclc=23116888}}
* {{cite book|last=Lethbridge|first=Roger|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire|publisher=Macmillan|year=1893|location=London and New York|oclc=3104377|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA94}}
* {{cite book|last1=Narasimha|first1=Roddam|author-link1=Roddam Narasimha|last2=Srinivasan |first2=Jagannathan|last3=Biswas |first3=S. K.|title=The Dynamics of Technology: Creation and Diffusion of Skills and Knowledge|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7619-9670-5|oclc=231988745}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao Punganuri|first=Ram Chandra|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Charles Philip |editor-link=Charles Philip Brown|title=Memoirs of Hyder and Tippoo: Rulers of Seringapatam, Written in the Mahratta Language|publisher=Simkins|year=1849|location=Madras|oclc=123942796|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7QIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5}} Rao Punganuri was, according to Brown, in the employ of both Hyder and Tipu.
* {{cite book|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|title=Nizam–British Relations, 1724–1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC&pg=PA130|year=1988|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-81-7022-195-1|orig-year=1963|location=New Delhi|oclc=221315464}}
* {{cite book|last=Sen|first=Surendra Nath|title=Studies in Indian History: Historical Records at Goa|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1993|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-0773-6|oclc=257994044}}
* {{cite book|last=Subramanian|first=K. R.|title=The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore|publisher=self-published|year=1928|oclc=249773661|location=Mylapore, Madras}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tour|first1=Maistre de la |last2=Mohammed|first2=Gholam|title=The History of Hyder Shah, Alias Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur|publisher=W. Thacker|location=London|year=1855|oclc=65664006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKoBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3}} Biography of Hyder and memoir by one of his French officers; coauthor Gholam Mohammed was Tipu Sultan's son.
* {{cite book|last=Wilks|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Wilks|title=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor|publisher=Higginbotham|year=1869|edition=2nd|oclc=460735564|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1}}
* {{cite book|title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Volume 32|publisher=United Service Institution of India|year=1903|location=New Delhi|oclc=1770956}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]|years=|before=—|after=[[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Mysore War 01}}
[[Category:1766 in India]]
[[Category:1768 in India]]
[[Category:1769 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1766]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1768]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1769]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Wars involving British India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Great Britain]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]

Nano (car)

2023-01-29T19:04:52Z

Viki: Published a comprehensive guide.

#REDIRECT [[Tata_Nano]]

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

2022-12-21T19:00:16Z

Viki:

{{Short description|Indian agricultural insurance scheme}}
{{More citations needed}}
{{Use Indian English}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox project

| logo =Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) logo.png

| alt = Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana(PMFBY)

| country = India

| primeminister = Narendra Modi

| ministry = [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]

| launched = {{Start date and age|2016|02|18|df=y}}

| current_status = Active

| website = https://pmfby.gov.in

}}{{Politics of India}}

The '''Pradhan Mantri fasal bima yojana (PMFBY)''' launched on 18 February 2016 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] is an insurance service for farmers for their yields.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Financial Services |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/insurance-divisions/Government-Sponsored-Socially-Oriented-Insurance-Schemes/Pradhan-Mantri-Fasal-Bima-Yojana(PMFBY)}}</ref> It was formulated in line with One Nation–One Scheme theme by replacing earlier two schemes [[Agricultural insurance in India#National Agriculture Insurance Scheme(NAIS)|National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)]] and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) by incorporating their best features and removing their inherent drawbacks (shortcomings). It aims to reduce the premium burden on farmers and ensure early settlement of crop assurance claim for the full insured sum.

PMFBY aims to provide a comprehensive insurance cover against failure of the crop thus helping in stabilising the income of the farmers. The Scheme covers all Food & Oilseeds crops and Annual Commercial/Horticultural Crops for which past yield data is available and for which requisite number of Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) are being conducted under General Crop Estimation Survey (GCES). The scheme is implemented by empanelled general insurance companies. Selection of Implementing Agency (IA) is done by the concerned State Government through bidding. The scheme was earlier compulsory for loanee farmers availing Crop Loan /KCC account for notified crops and voluntary for other others, but has been made voluntary since 2020 when reforms in the scheme were introduced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/revamped-insurance-plan-marks-major-farm-reform/story-8a58bzesC5pDWeKWs5daqN.html|title=Revamped insurance plan marks major farm reform}}</ref> The scheme is being administered by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.

The scheme has been beset by a number of problems for the farmers with unpaid dues in thousands of crores while insurance companies have pocketed the money.

==Objective of the Scheme==

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) aims at supporting sustainable production in agriculture

sector by way of<ref>{{cite web |title=OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana |url=https://pmfby.gov.in/pdf/Revised_Operational_Guidelines.pdf |website=pmfby.gov.in}}</ref>

* Providing financial support to farmers suffering crop loss/damage arising out of unforeseen events
* Stabilizing the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in farming
* Encouraging farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices
* Ensuring flow of credit to the agriculture sector which will contribute to food security, crop diversification and enhancing growth and competitiveness of agriculture sector besides protecting farmers from production risks.

==Implementing Agency==

The Scheme shall be implemented through a multi-agency framework by selected insurance companies under the overall guidance & control of the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (MoA&FW), Government of India (GOI) and the concerned State in co-ordination with various other agencies; viz Financial Institutions like Commercial Banks, Co-operative Banks, Regional Rural Banks and their regulatory bodies, Government Departments viz. Agriculture, Co-operation, Horticulture, Statistics, Revenue, Information/Science & Technology, Panchayati Raj etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJANA (PMFBY) |url=https://pmfby.gov.in/pdf/New%20Schemes-english_.pdf |website=pmfby.gov.in}}</ref>

==Coverage of Farmers==

All the farmers growing notified crops in a notified area during the season who have insurable in the crop are eligible.

'''Voluntary coverage''' : From 2020 Kharif onwards the enrollment is made 100% voluntary.[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pmfby-2-0-a-revamped-crop-insurance-scheme-6288647/]

==Coverage of Crops==
#Oil seeds
#Food crop
#Annual Commercial / Annual Horticultural crops.

In addition for perennial crops, pilots for coverage can be taken for those perennial horticultural crops for which standard methodology for yield estimation is available.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJANA (PMFBY) |url=https://pmfby.gov.in/pdf/New%20Schemes-english_.pdf |website=pmfby.gov.in}}</ref>

==Coverage of Risks and Exclusions==

Following stages of the crop risks leading to crop loss are covered under the Scheme.<ref>{{cite web |title=OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana|url=https://pmfby.gov.in/pdf/Revised_Operational_Guidelines.pdf |website=pmfby.gov.in}}</ref>

# '''Prevented Sowing/Planting/Germination Risk''': Insured area is prevented from sowing/planting/germination due to deficit rainfall or adverse seasonal/weather conditions.
#'''Standing Crop (Sowing to Harvesting)''': Comprehensive risk insurance is provided to cover yield losses due to non-preventable risks, viz. Drought, Dry spell, Flood, Inundation, widespread Pests and Disease attack, Landslides, Fire due to natural causes, Lightning, Storm, Hailstorm and Cyclone.
#'''Post-Harvest Losses''': Coverage is available only up to a maximum period of two weeks from harvesting, for those crops which are required to be dried in cut and spread / small bundled condition in the field after harvesting against specific perils of Hailstorm, Cyclone, Cyclonic rains and Unseasonal rains
#'''Localized Calamities''': Loss/damage to notified insured crops resulting from occurrence of identified localized risks of Hailstorm, Landslide, Inundation, Cloud burst and Natural fire due to lightning affecting isolated farms in the notified area.
#'''Add-on coverage for crop loss due to attack by wild animals''': The States may consider providing add-on coverage for crop loss due to attack by wild animals wherever the risk is perceived to be substantial and is identifiable.

'''General Exclusions''': Losses arising out of war and nuclear risks, malicious damage and other preventable risks shall be excluded.

==List of insurance companies==

Department of Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare has designated/empanelled Agriculture Insurance Company of India(AIC) and some private insurance companies presently to participate in the Government sponsored agriculture /crop insurance schemes based on their financial strength, infrastructure, manpower and expertise etc. The empaneled insurance companies at present are:<ref>{{cite web |title=General Insurance Companies empanelled under Crop Insurance Schemes |url=http://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/agri-insurance/general-insurance-companies-empanelled-under-crop-insurance-schemes |website=vikaspedia}}</ref>

* [[Agriculture Insurance Company of India|Agriculture Insurance Company of India Ltd]]
* [[ICICI Lombard|ICICI-Lombard General Insurance Company Ltd]]
* [[HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company|HDFC-ERGO General Insurance Company Ltd.]]
* IFFCO-Tokio General Insurance Company Ltd.
* Cholamandalam MS General Insurance Company Ltd.
* [[Bajaj Allianz General Insurance|Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company Ltd.]]
* [[Reliance General Insurance|Reliance General Insurance Company Ltd.]]
* [[Future Generali India Insurance|Future Generali India Insurance Company Ltd.]]
* [[TATA AIG General Insurance|Tata-AIG General Insurance Company Ltd.]]
* SBI General Insurance Company Ltd.
* Universal Sompo General Insurance Company Ltd.

==Unit of Insurance==

The Scheme shall be implemented on an ‘Area Approach basis’ i.e., '''Defined Areas''' for each notified crop for widespread calamities with the assumption that all the insured farmers, in a Unit of Insurance, to be defined as "Notified Area‟ for a crop, face similar risk exposures, incur to a large extent, identical cost of production per hectare, earn comparable farm income per hectare, and experience similar extent of crop loss due to the operation of an insured peril, in the notified area.

'''Defined Area''' (i.e., unit area of insurance) is Village/Village Panchayat level by whatsoever name these areas may be called for major crops and for other crops it may be a unit of size above the level of Village/Village Panchayat. In due course of time, the Unit of Insurance can be a Geo-Fenced/Geo-mapped region having homogeneous Risk Profile for the notified crop.

For Risks of Localised calamities and Post-Harvest losses on account of defined peril, the Unit of Insurance for loss assessment shall be the affected insured field of the individual farmer.

==Calendar of activity==

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Activity

! Kharif

! Rabi

|-

| Loaning period (loan sanctioned) for Loanee farmers covered on Compulsory basis.

| April to July

| October to December

|-

| Cut-off date for receipt of Proposals of farmers (loanee & non-loanee).

| 31 July

| 31 December

|-

| Cut-off date for receipt of yield data

| Within a month from final harvest

| Within a month from final harvest

|}

==Problems==

Unveiling the guidelines of the PMFBY, Modi attributed low enrolment in crop insurance to farmers’ "lack of faith" in previous schemes. A rapid increase in enrolment was to be the hallmark of the PMFBY. The target was to cover 50% of the cropped area, about 98 million hectares, by 2018-’19.

But in 2017-’18, the second year of the PMFBY, the enrolment numbers fell sharply, taking the coverage to below 2015 levels. Against the target of 50% for 2018-’19, the coverage stands at less than 26% in 2017-’18.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi's ambitious crop insurance scheme is failing. Here are the hard facts |url=https://scroll.in/article/910087/modis-ambitious-crop-insurance-scheme-has-come-a-cropper-here-are-the-hard-facts |publisher=scroll.in }}</ref>
The scheme is supposed to provide insurance protection to farmers against crop losses due to natural events – has turned into a bonanza for insurance companies while farmers are angry over delays in claim settlement, rejections and paltry compensation. Launched in 2016, four full seasons have passed since and the financial transactions show earnings of insurance companies reaching almost Rs.16,000 crore from the first three seasons, kharif 2016, rabi 2016-17 and kharif 2017. Although the rabi 2017-18 season is over yet over two months later, claim settlement is still not complete.

In other words, the scheme is essentially transferring farmers’ money and government funds to the insurance companies ’coffers while pretending to provide much needed compensation to farmers whose crops are lost in inclement weather conditions.<ref>{{cite news |title=PMFBY – Insurance Companies Make Super Profits, Farmers Suffer |url=https://www.newsclick.in/pmfby-insurance-companies-make-super-profits-farmers-suffer |publisher=Newsclick}}</ref>
RTI data received and reviewed by ''The Wire'' has revealed that farmers’ claims worth Rs 2,829 crore remain unpaid for the two seasons that the PMFBY has been implemented.

The RTI response of the ministry of agriculture and farmers’ welfare is dated October 10.

"A majority of claims for rabi 2017-18 are yet to be estimated/approved by company," the ministry noted in its response. Thus, for the 2017–18 season, a majority of the data pertains to Kharif 2017 and the data reflects only 1% of the claims paid for the rabi 2017–18 season.

For the 2016–17 season, claims of Rs 546 crore remain pending. Claims need to be settled within two months of harvest, according to the PMFBY guidelines. Harvest for the 2016–17 season would have ended in May 2017, at the very latest.

For the 2017–18 season, claims worth Rs 2,282 crore remain pending. The data essentially pertains to Kharif 2017–18, as pointed out by the ministry. The harvest for which would have ended in December 2017, at the very latest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Under Modi's Crop Insurance Scheme, Companies Owe Farmers a Whopping Rs 2,800 Crore |url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/modi-crop-insurance-scheme-pmfby-farmers-unpaid-rs-2800-crore |agency=thewire.in }}</ref>

In 2020, several states exited the scheme, declining to implement it. The State of Gujarat exited the PMFBY scheme in August 2020, citing drains on the state's finances because of the high premiums charged under the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vora|first=Rutam|date=|title=Gujarat, too, exits PM crop insurance scheme, citing premium burden|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/gujarat-too-exits-pm-crop-insurance-scheme-citing-premium-burden/article32319981.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811115743/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/gujarat-too-exits-pm-crop-insurance-scheme-citing-premium-burden/article32319981.ece|archive-date=11 August 2020|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Business Line|language=en}}</ref> The State of Punjab had declined to implement the scheme at all, and the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Jharkhand subsequently exited the scheme after initially signing up for it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Crop insurance: Rising costs force states to quit PM Modi's flagship scheme|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/insurance/crop-insurance-rising-costs-force-states-to-quit-pm-modis-flagship-scheme/2045018/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811120014/https://www.financialexpress.com/money/insurance/crop-insurance-rising-costs-force-states-to-quit-pm-modis-flagship-scheme/2045018/|archive-date=11 August 2020|access-date=2020-08-11|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
Delay in settlement of claims defeats the very purpose of the flagship Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana said the Parliamentary Standing Committee On Agriculture in the [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/471288/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-an-evaluation-standing-committee-on-agriculture-2020-21/ report] tabled in Lok Sabha on August 10, 2021

=== How to check the status of crop insurance scheme online ===
To Check Status of Your PMFBY, follow the simple steps given below -

# If you want to check the status of Crop Insurance Scheme, then first you have to go to its official website, from which its home page will open in front of you.
# After that you will see many options in its home page, from which you have to select the option of Application Status.
# Now the next page will open in front of you, in which you have to enter the receipt number and captcha code.
# After that, the button of Check Status given below has to be selected.
# Now the status of crop insurance scheme will open in front of you.
# You will be able to see your name in this opened list.
# If your name will be in this scheme list, then you can take advantage of it.

In this way, you can easily check crop insurance status online sitting at home.
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Ram |title=Pradhan Mantri Crop Insurance – Fasal Bima Yojana : किसान घर बैठे कैसे ले सकते है प्रधान मंत्री फसल बीमा का लाभ |url=https://www.rjsarkarijob.com/pradhan-mantri-crop-insurance-fasal-bima-yojana/ |website=RJ Sarkari Job |publisher=Ram Chaudhary |access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Other agriculture schemes launched by Modi regime ===

Agriculture initiatives schemes launched by the [[Narendra Modi]] regime are:<ref name=ins1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/10-important-government-schemes-agriculture-sector-divd-1593413-2019-08-30 10 important government schemes for agriculture sector], India today, 2019-08-30.</ref>

* [[2020 Indian agriculture acts]]
* [[Atal Bhujal Yojana]]
* [[E-NAM]] for online agrimarketing
* [[Gramin Bhandaran Yojana]] for local storage
* [[Irrigation in India#MIcro|Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)]]
* [[National Action Plan for Climate Change#NMSA|National Mission For Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)]]
* [[Fishing in India#FTE|National Scheme on Fisheries Training and Extension]]
* [[Fishing in India#WF|National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi|Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PMKSN)]] for minimum support scheme
* [[Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana|Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)]] for irrigation
* [[Agriculture in India#OF|Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)]] for organic farming
* Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), for crop insurance

==See also==

* [[Agriculture in India]]
* [[Agricultural insurance in India]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana]]

==References==

{{Reflist|50em}}

{{Economy of India topics}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Insurance in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Secularism in India

2022-07-24T05:00:46Z

Viki: Article crafted.

{{Short description|Overview of secularism in India}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV}}
{{Essay}}
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{{Constitution of India}}
{{Religious freedom}}

India since its independence in 1947 has been a [[secular state]]. The secular values were enshrined in the constitution of India. India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] is credited with the formation of secular values in the modern history of the country.<ref>{{cite book | last=Haynes | first=Jeffrey | title=Handbook on Religion and International Relations | publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited | series=Elgar Handbooks in Political Science | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-83910-024-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unA4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA348| page=348}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Kohli | first=Atul | title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations | publisher=Princeton University Press | series=Princeton Legacy Library | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4008-5951-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAMABAAAQBAJ| page=148|quote= Indian secularism after independence was mostly articulated by leaders like Nehru, who used the formal instruments of the central government to impress an ideology of secular rationalization.}}</ref>

With the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India]] enacted in 1976,<ref name="42amend">{{cite web |title=The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm |publisher=Government of India |access-date=1 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm |archive-date=28 March 2015}}</ref> the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Preamble to the Constitution]] asserted that India is a [[secular nation]].<ref name="notionSecular">{{cite web |title=A skewed secularism? |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelow |url=http://www.sacw.net/article2081.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref>{{sfn|Rajagopalan|2003}} However, the [[Supreme Court of India]] in the 1994 case ''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]'' established the fact that India was [[secular]] since the formation of the republic.<ref name="auto">https://indiankanoon.org/doc/60799/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=238573f48275b685fc4286d86fb7f8d791b95b89-1605159943-0-AUH3bFyciTLUFhD1SxBDxmdiWyx30gRbc9sKNMEp2AVFRikpp9Yj04upKlxDKg_g67cgonAuoofwtbmSbe7LiFvmdvh1UpVsGEiqmE8NRpW9IZOEaFfi0nC_hORolA9ehgyy8bJ19HFLaV5jtvnCBm9aDQBTp_-rkgKXSxmi5tSu9XKBw1fOvLunDzLkIS1P5Hnoz1yZ6hRi3oBb7brYxYqdXJe-3q0-BNsLFbEaLkO_yaPSbwXcAdvByLdw3yqOivpiMoL6XXvbtnp3IQBCNCtUP6oABTxAbcofz2vMJei_V6_RBiFUFq0DniR6cd7PxtJ-IdP6T6u5yk3b1T-owvbOVfS74wnCJe-ke8RIQXBt {{Bare URL inline}}</ref> The judgement established that there is [[separation of state and religion]]. It stated "In matters of State, religion has no place. And if the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] requires the State to be secular in thought and action, the same requirement attaches to political parties as well. The Constitution does not recognize, it does not permit, mixing religion and State power. That is the constitutional injunction. None can say otherwise so long as this Constitution governs this country. Politics and religion cannot be mixed. Any [[States and union territories of India|State]] government which pursues nonsecular on policies or nonsecular course of action acts contrary to the constitutional mandate and renders itself amenable to action under Article 356".<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cjp.org.in/sr-bommai-vs-union-of-india/|title=When the Supreme Court Firmly De-linked Religion from Politics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/constitutional-law/bommai-versus-union-of-india-constitutional-law-essay.php|title=Bommai Versus Union of India|website=www.lawteacher.net}}</ref> Furthermore, constitutionally, state-owned educational institutions are prohibited from imparting religious instructions, and Article 27 of the constitution prohibits using tax-payers money for the promotion of any religion.{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=126–132}}

Officially, [[secularism]] has always inspired modern India.<ref name="notionSecular" /> However, India's secularism does not completely separate religion and state.<ref name="notionSecular" /> The Indian Constitution has allowed extensive interference of the state in religious affairs, such as constitutional abolition of [[untouchability]], opening up of all [[Hindu temple]]s to people of '[[Caste|lower caste]]' etc.{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=133–134}} The degree of separation between the state and religion has varied with several court and executive orders in place since the birth of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-courts-decide-on-matters-of-religion-1551715822881.html|title = How courts decide on matters of religion|date = 5 March 2019}}</ref> In matters of law in modern India, personal laws – on matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, alimony – varies if one is a Muslim or not (Muslims have an option to marry under secular law if they wish).<ref>https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=277–291}}<ref name="ddace" /> The Indian Constitution permits partial financial support for religious schools as well as the financing of religious buildings and infrastructure by the state.{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=126–134}} The Islamic [[Central Wakf Council]] and many Hindu temples of great religious significance are administered and managed (through funding) by the federal and the state governments in accordance with the [[Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991]], and the [[AMASR Act|Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958]], which mandates state maintenance of religious buildings that were created before August 15, 1947 (the date of Indian independence), while also retaining their religious character.<ref name="ddace" /><ref name="templecontrol">{{cite news |author=Subramanian Swamy |title=Freeing temples from state control |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/freeing-temples-from-state-control/article5594132.ece}}</ref><ref>https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1991-42.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref><ref>https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/Legislations/6.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref> The attempt to respect religious law has created a number of issues in India, such as acceptability of polygamy, unequal inheritance rights, extra judicial unilateral divorce rights favorable to some males, and conflicting interpretations of religious books.{{sfn|Larson|2001}}<ref name="zoya" />

Secularism as practiced in India, with its marked differences with Western practice of secularism, is a controversial topic in India. Supporters of the Indian concept of secularism claim it respects "minorities and pluralism". Critics claim the Indian form of secularism as "[[pseudo-secularism]]".<ref name="notionSecular"/><ref name="Pantham1997p523">{{cite journal | last=Pantham | first=Thomas | title=Indian Secularism and Its Critics: Some Reflections | journal=The Review of Politics | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=59 | issue=3 | year=1997 | doi=10.1017/s0034670500027704 | pages=523–540| s2cid=146188919 }}</ref> Supporters state that any attempt to introduce a [[Uniform civil code of India|uniform civil code]], that is equal laws for every citizen irrespective of his or her religion, would impose majoritarian Hindu sensibilities and ideals.<ref name=duncan/><ref name=ddace/> Critics state that India's acceptance of some religious laws violates the principle of [[Equality before the law]].<ref name=mansfield/><ref name=dhume/>

== History ==
[[File:Ellora, The Temple 2.jpg|thumb|[[Ellora Caves]], a world heritage site, are in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The 35 caves were carved into the vertical face of the Charanandri hills between the 5th and 10th centuries. The 12 Buddhist caves, 17 Hindu caves and 5 Jain caves, built in proximity, suggest religious co-existence and secular sentiments for diversity prevalent during pre-Islamic period of Indian history.<ref>Pia Brancaccio (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629568 "The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: The Impact of the Laity"]. ''Ars Orientalis'', Vol. 30, Supplement 1, pp. 41–50</ref><ref>Owen, L. (2012). ''Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora'' (Vol. 41). Brill, The Netherlands</ref>]]

[[Ashoka]] about 2200 years ago, [[Harsha]] about 1400 years ago accepted and patronised different religions.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|2003}} The people in ancient India had freedom of religion, and the state granted citizenship to each individual regardless of whether someone's religion was Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism or any other.<ref name=avthomas/> [[Ellora Caves|Ellora cave]] temples built next to each other between 5th and 10th centuries, for example, shows a coexistence of religions and a spirit of acceptance of different faiths.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243 Ellora Caves] UNESCO, World Heritage List (1983)</ref><ref>Brockman, N. (2011), [{{Google books|ZNZ15Oow8XcC|plainurl=yes}} ''Encyclopedia of sacred places'']; 2nd Edition; see entries for Ajanta, Ellora and other sacred places of India, {{ISBN|978-1598846553}}</ref>

{{blockquote|There should not be honour of one's own (religious) sect and condemnation of others without any grounds.|Ashoka, [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts|Rock Edicts XII]], about 250 BC|<ref name=avthomas>A. V. Thomas, [{{Google books|dcDhYz8vUKcC|page=26|plainurl=yes}} ''Christians in Secular India''], Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, {{ISBN|978-0838610213}}, pp. 26–27,</ref><ref>A. L. Basham, ''The Wonder that was India'', Grove Press, New York (1959); page 53-132</ref>}}

This approach to interfaith relations changed with the arrival of Islam and establishment of Delhi Sultanate in North India by the 12th century, followed by Deccan Sultanate in Central India.<ref name=avthomas/> The political doctrines of Islam, as well as its religious views were at odds with doctrines of Hinduism, Christianity and other Indian religions.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|2003}}<ref>Makarand Paranjape (2009), ''Altered Destinations: Self, Society, and Nation in India'', London, Anthem Press South Asian Studies, {{ISBN|978-1-84331-797-5}}, pp 150-152</ref> New temples and monasteries were not allowed. As with Levant, Southeast Europe and Spain, Islamic rulers in India treated Hindus as [[dhimmis]] in exchange of annual payment of [[jizya]] taxes, in a sharia-based state jurisprudence. With the arrival of Mughal era, Sharia was imposed with continued zeal, with Akbar – the Mughal Emperor – as the first significant exception.<ref name=avthomas/> Akbar sought to fuse ideas, professed equality between Islam and other religions of India, forbade forced conversions to Islam, abolished religion-based discriminatory jizya taxes, and welcomed building of Hindu temples.<ref>See "Mughal Empire". ''Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments''. Vol. 1. Detroit; Gale, 2008</ref><ref>Richards, John F. ''The Mughal Empire''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993</ref> However, the descendants of Akbar, particularly [[Aurangzeb]], reverted to treating Islam as the primary state religion, destruction of temples, and reimposed religion-based discriminatory jizya taxes.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|2003}}

[[File:Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra.jpg|thumb|left|[[Akbar's tomb]] at Sikandra, near Agra India. Akbar's instruction for his mausoleum was that it incorporate elements from different religions including Islam and Hinduism.]]
After Aurangzeb, India came into control of [[East India Company]] and the [[British Raj]]. The colonial administrators did not separate religion from state, but marked the end of equal hierarchy between Islam and Hinduism, and reintroduced the notion of equality before the law for Hindus, Christians and Muslims.{{sfn|Larson|2001}} The British Empire sought commerce and trade, with a policy of neutrality to all of India's diverse religions.<ref name=avthomas/> Before 1858, the Britishers followed the policy of patronizing and supporting the native religions as the earlier rulers had done.<ref>Domenic Marbaniang, ''Secularism in India'', 2005 as cited by Shiv Shankar Das in "Buddha Dharma, Secular Laws and Bahujan Politics in Uttar Pradesh", ''Madhya Pradesh Journal of Social Sciences'', Vol.19. No.1, June 2014, p. 121</ref> By the mid-19th century, the British Raj administered India, in matters related to marriage, inheritance of property and divorces, according to personal laws based on each Indian subject's religion, according to interpretations of respective religious documents by Islamic jurists, Hindu pundits and other religious scholars. In 1864, the Raj eliminated all religious jurists, pandits and scholars because the interpretations of the same verse or religious document varied, the scholars and jurists disagreed with each other, and the process of justice had become inconsistent and suspiciously corrupt.{{sfn|Larson|2001}} The late 19th century marked the arrival of Anglo-Hindu and Anglo-Muslim personal laws to divide adjacent communities by British, where the governance did not separate the state and religion, but continued to differentiate and administer people based on their personal religion.{{sfn|Larson|2001}}<ref>
{{cite book |last=Derrett |first=J. Duncan |title=Religion, Law and the State of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7LjGwAACAAJ |year=1973 |publisher=Faber & Faber, Limited |isbn=978-0-571-08478-4}}
</ref> The British Raj provided the Indian Christians, Indian Zoroastrians and others with their own personal laws, such as the Indian Succession Act of 1850, Special Marriage Act of 1872 and other laws that were similar to Common Laws in Europe.<ref>Nandini Chatterjee, ''The Making of Indian Secularism: Empire, Law and Christianity Macmillan'', {{ISBN|9780230220058}}</ref>
{{Rquote|right|For several years past it has been the cherished desire of the Muslims of British India that [[Common law|Customary Law]] should in no case take the place of Muslim Personal Law. The matter has been repeatedly agitated in the press as well as on the platform. The Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind, the greatest Moslem religious body has supported the demand and invited the attention of all concerned to the urgent necessity of introducing a measure to this effect.|Preamble to Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937|<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=D3SO4Cacv8AC ''The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937''] Universal Law Publishing, New Delhi; pp 3-7</ref><ref>[http://www.aiclindia.com/Acts/Muslim%20Personal%20Law%20(shariat)%20Application%20Act%201937.pdf ''The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937''] ACT No. 26 OF 1937, Government of India</ref>}}

Although the British administration provided India with a common law, its divide and rule policy contributed to promoting discord between communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/8/10/the-partition-the-british-game-of-divide-and-rule|title=The Partition: The British game of 'divide and rule'|first=Shashi|last=Tharoor|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> The Morley-Minto reforms provided separate electorate to Muslims, justifying the demands of the Muslim league.

In the first half of 20th century, the British Raj faced increasing amounts of social activism for self-rule by a disparate groups such as those led by Hindu Gandhi and Muslim Jinnah; the colonial administration, under pressure, enacted a number of laws before India's independence in 1947, that continue to be the laws of India in 2013. One such law enacted during the colonial era was the 1937 [[Muslim personal law|Indian Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act]], which instead of separating state and religion for Western secularism, did the reverse.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}

It, along with additional laws such as Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act of 1939 that followed, established the principle that religious laws of Indian Muslims can be their personal laws. It also set the precedent that religious law, such as sharia, can overlap and supersede [[common law|common]] and [[Civil law (common law)|civil laws]], that elected legislators may not revise or enact laws that supersede religious laws, that people of one nation need not live under the same laws, and that law enforcement process for different individuals shall depend on their religion.{{sfn|Smith|2011}}{{sfn|Larson|2001}} The Indian Muslim Personal Law ([[Sharia]]t) Application Act of 1937 continues to be the law of land of modern India for Indian Muslims, while parliament-based, non-religious uniform civil code passed in mid-1950s applies to Indians who are Hindus (which includes Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Parsees), as well as to Indian Christians and Jews.{{sfn|Larson|2001}}<ref>Chandra Mallampalli, ''Christians and Public Life in Colonial India: Contending with Marginality'' (London, 2004)</ref>

==Current status==
The 7th schedule of Indian constitution places religious institutions, charities and trusts into so-called Concurrent List, which means that both the central government of India, and various state governments in India can make their own laws about religious institutions, charities and trusts. If there is a conflict between central government enacted law and state government law, then the central government law prevails. This principle of overlap, rather than separation of religion and state in India was further recognised in a series of constitutional amendments starting with Article 290 in 1956, to the addition of word 'secular' to the Preamble of Indian Constitution in 1975.{{sfn|Larson|2001}}{{sfn|Rajagopalan|2003}}

[[File:Manmohan Singh at the inauguration of the newly established National Waqf Development Corporation (NAWADCO) Ltd., in New Delhi. The Chairperson, National Advisory Council, Smt. Sonia Gandhi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The central and state governments of India finance and manage religious buildings and infrastructure. Above, the inauguration of [[National Waqf Development Corporation Limited]] in 2014 for Waqf properties.<ref>[https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102795 ''Prime Minister to Launch National Waqf Development Corporation Tomorrow''], Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Minority Affairs, 28 January 2014</ref>]]
The overlap of religion and state, through Concurrent List structure, has given various religions in India, state support to religious schools and personal laws. This state intervention while resonant with the dictates of each religion, are unequal and conflicting. For example, a 1951 Religious and Charitable Endowment Indian law allows state governments to forcibly take over, own and operate Hindu temples,<ref>K. N. Kumari (1998), ''History of the Hindu Religious Endowments in Andhra Pradesh'', Northern Books, {{ISBN|978-8172110857}}</ref> and collect revenue from offerings and redistribute that revenue to any non-temple purposes including maintenance of religious institutions opposed to the temple;<ref>Presler, F. A. (1983). "The structure and consequences of temple policy in Tamil Nadu, 1967-81". ''Pacific Affairs'', 56(2), 232-246</ref> Indian law also allows Islamic and other minority religious schools to receive partial financial support from state and central government of India, to offer religious indoctrination, if the school agrees that the student has an option to opt out from religious indoctrination if he or she so asks, and that the school will not discriminate any student based on religion, race or any other grounds. Educational institutions wholly owned and operated by government are prohibited from imparting religious indoctrination, but religious sects and endowments may open their own school, impart religious indoctrination and have a right to partial state financial assistance.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|2003}}

In terms of religions of India with significant populations, only Islam has religious laws in form of sharia which India allows as Muslim Personal Law.<ref name="Jenkins" />

Secularism in India mean the separation of religion from state. Religious laws in personal domain, for Muslim Indians; and currently, in some situations such as religious indoctrination schools the state partially finances certain religious schools. These differences have led a number of scholars<ref name=ddace/><ref name=madan>Madan, T. N. (1987), "Secularism in Its Place", ''Journal of Asian Studies'', 46 (4): 747–759</ref> to declare that India is not a secular state, as the word [[secularism]] is widely understood in the West and elsewhere; rather it is a strategy for political goals in a nation with a complex history, and one that achieves the opposite of its stated intentions. The attempt to have a Uniform Civil Code has long been discussed as a means to realize a secular Indian state.<ref name=ddace/><ref name=madan/> The overlap between religion and state has created tension between supporters of Indian form of secularism and the supporters of Hindu nationalism. Hindu nationalists use the Uniform Civil Code platform to agitate their base, even though there has been no actual implementation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The politics of personal law in South Asia: Identity, nationalism and the uniform civil code |last=Ghosh |first=Partha |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=978-1138551657 |location=London |pages=1–42}}</ref> They characterize secularism as practiced in India as "pseudo-secularism", a [[camouflage]]d hypocrisy for the political "appeasement of minorities".<ref name="Pantham1997p523"/><ref name="NeedhamRajan2007">{{cite book|author=Ashis Nandy|editor=AD Needham and RS Rajan|title=The Crisis of Secularism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8h1YvRF8gQC&pg=PA109 |year=2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3846-8|pages=109–112}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ganguly | first=Sumit | title=India's Multiple Revolutions | journal=Journal of Democracy | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=2002 | doi=10.1353/jod.2002.0007 | pages=38–51| s2cid=145715953 }}, Quote: "they contend that secularism, as practiced in India, has amounted to little more than the pampering of minorities and is therefore pseudo-secularism."</ref> As of 28 July 2020, there were pleas going on [[Supreme court of India]] to remove the words '''[[secular]]''' and '''[[socialist]]''' from the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/plea-in-sc-to-remove-socialist-and-secular-words-from-constitutions-preamble/articleshow/77224858.cms|title = Plea in SC to remove 'socialist' and 'secular' words from Constitution's preamble | India News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=28 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/plea-in-sc-seeks-to-remove-words-socialist-secular-from-constitutions-preamble-8650391.html|title=Plea in SC seeks to remove words 'socialist', 'secular' from Constitution's preamble-India News , Firstpost}}</ref>

In the beginning of 2023, 24 students in New Delhi were detained by police for screening A BBC documentary critical on Modi's role in 2002 sectarian riots, despite government efforts to block its spread. Police seized laptops and imposed a ban on assemblies of more than four people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |title=India detains students for screening Modi documentary |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1734029 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

== Demand for Hindu Rashtra ==
{{Main|Hindu Nationalism|Hindutva}}

Most Right Wing Hindu organisations like [[RSS]], [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] have demanded that India should be declared a "Hindu nation" by constitution to safeguard the rights and life of Hindus in this largest democracy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Declare India a 'Hindu Rashtra': Hindu convention resolution|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/declare-india-a-hindu-rashtra-hindu-convention-resolution/story-Nu4lUVWtQZ9ETPQ9BfuYVM.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501091251/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/declare-india-a-hindu-rashtra-hindu-convention-resolution/story-Nu4lUVWtQZ9ETPQ9BfuYVM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/seers-prepare-constitution-of-hindu-rashtra-101660332478751.html | title='Hindu Rashtra' draft proposes Varanasi as capital instead of Delhi | date=13 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/india-to-become-hindu-rashtra-by-2025-hints-organiser-of-all-india-hindu-conference-1117613.html | title=India to become Hindu Rashtra by 2025, hints organiser of All India Hindu conference | date=12 June 2022 }}</ref> As far citizens concerned, only 7/20th [[Hinduism in India|Indian Hindus]] are in the favour of making India as Hindu Rashtra.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/does-india-belong-to-only-hindus-nearly-75-of-hindus-say-no-csds-survey | title=Does India belong to only Hindus? Nearly 75% of Hindus say 'No', finds CSDS survey | date=14 June 2019 }}</ref> Nearly two-thirds of Indian Hindus (64% of the population) say that it is very important to be Hindu to be truly Indian or citizen of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/06/29/key-findings-about-religion-in-india/ | title=Key findings about religion in India }}</ref>

As of 28 July 2020, there were pleas going on [[Supreme Court of India]] to remove the words '''[[secular]]''' and '''[[socialist]]''' from the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plea in SC seeks to remove words 'socialist', 'secular' from Constitution's preamble-India News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/plea-in-sc-seeks-to-remove-words-socialist-secular-from-constitutions-preamble-8650391.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Firstpost|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610054646/https://www.firstpost.com/india/plea-in-sc-seeks-to-remove-words-socialist-secular-from-constitutions-preamble-8650391.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Recently ex-Rajya Sabha MP [[Subramanian Swamy]] appealed to the Supreme Court of India for deletion of "Socialist" & "Secular" words from Preamble to the Constitution of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/subramanian-swamys-plea-to-delete-socialism-secularism-from-preamble-to-constitution-supreme-court-to-hear-on-sep-23-208199 | title=Subramanian Swamy's Plea to Delete 'Socialism' & 'Secularism' from Preamble to Constitution : Supreme Court to Hear on Sep 23 | date=2 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/subramanian-swamy-seeks-deletion-1503106881.html|title=Subramanian Swamy seeks deletion of 'Socialism' & 'Secularism' from preamble|website=The Statesman}}</ref>

==Comparison with Western secularism==
{{Main article|Secularism}}
In the West, the word secular implies three things: freedom of religion, equal citizenship to each citizen regardless of their religion, and the separation of religion and state ([[polity]]).{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=3-8}} One of the core principles in the constitution of Western democracies has been this separation, with the state asserting its political authority in matters of law, while accepting every individual's right to pursue his or her own religion and the right of religion to shape its own concepts of spirituality. Everyone is equal under law, and subject to the same laws irrespective of his or her religion, in the West.{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=3-8}}

In contrast, in India, the word secular means thorough-going separation of religion and state.{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=126–128}} According to the Constitution of India, states Smith, there is no official state religion in India, schools that are wholly owned by the state can not mandate religious instruction (Article 28), and tax-payers money cannot be used to support any religion (Article 27).{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=126–132}} Overlap is permitted, whereby institutions that are not entirely financed by the state can mandate religious instruction, and state can provide financial aid to maintain religious buildings or infrastructure in accordance with law.{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=126–133}} Furthermore, India's constitutional framework allows "extensive state interference in religious affairs".{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=133–134}}

According to R.A. Jahagirdar, in the Indian context, secularism has been interpreted as the equality before law, including of all religions, while the state is neutral.<ref>Justice R. A. Jahagirdar, [http://iheu.org/content/secularism-india "Secularism in India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192006/http://iheu.org/content/secularism-india }}, International Humanist and Ethical Union, 11 May 2003.</ref> Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy adds, "the state shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India."{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=277–291}} This intent for secular personal laws has been unsettling especially to Indian Muslims, states Smith, in part because they view the alteration of Muslim personal law to be a "grave violation of their freedom of religion".{{sfn|Smith|2011|pp=290–291}}

The term secularism in India also differs from the French concept for secularity, namely ''[[laïcité]]''.<ref name="notionSecular"/><ref>Elizabeth Hurd (2008), ''The Politics of Secularism in International Relations'', Princeton University Press</ref> While the French concept demands absence of governmental institutions in religion, as well as absence of religion in governmental institutions and schools; the Indian concept, in contrast, provides financial support to religious schools. The Indian structure has created incentives for various religious denominations to start and maintain schools, impart religious education (optionally), and receive partial but significant financial support from the Indian government. Similarly, the Indian government has established statutory institutions to regulate and financially administer the historic Islamic [[Central Wakf Council]], historic [[Hindu temple]]s, Buddhist monasteries, and certain Christian religious institutions.<ref name=ddace>D. D. Acevedo (2013), "Secularism in the Indian Context", ''Law & Social Inquiry'', Volume 38, Issue 1, pp 138–167, {{doi|10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01304.x}}</ref><ref>Gary Jacobsohn, ''The Wheel of Law: India's Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context'', Princeton University Press, 2005</ref>

==Law==
Indian concept of secularism, where religious laws are applicable to certain minorities and the state is expected to even-handedly involve itself in religion, is a controversial subject.{{sfn|Larson|2001}}<ref name="duncan">Craig Duncan, [http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/cduncan/340/shahbano.doc "Shah Bano: The Dilemma of Religious Liberty and Sex Equality"], Cornell University, Ithaca, 2009</ref><ref name=madan/> Any attempts and demand by the Indian populace to a uniform civil code is considered a threat to right to religious personal laws by Indian Muslims.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|2003}}<ref name="intoday">M.G. Radhakrishnan (22 September 2013). [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/muslim-groups-want-minimum-marital-age-scrapped/1/311127.html "Muslim groups want minimum marital age scrapped"]. ''India Today''.</ref>

===Shah Bano case===
{{Main|Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum}}
In 1978, the Shah Bano case brought the secularism debate along with a demand for uniform civil code in India to the forefront.<ref name=duncan/><ref name=mansfield>John H. Mansfield, "The Personal Laws or a Uniform Civil Code?" in Robert D. Baird, ed., ''Religion and Law in Independent India'' (Manohar Press, 1993), pp. 139–177</ref>

Shah Bano was a 62-year-old Muslim Indian who was divorced from her husband of 44 years in 1978. Indian Muslim Personal Law required her husband to pay no alimony. Shah Bano sued for regular maintenance payments under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1978.<ref name=mansfield/> Shah Bano won her case, as well as appeals to the highest court. Along with alimony, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India wrote in his opinion just how unfairly Islamic personal laws treated women and thus how necessary it was for the nation to adopt a Uniform Civil Code. The Chief Justice further ruled that no authoritative text of Islam forbade the payment of regular maintenance to ex-wives.<ref name=duncan/><ref name="Jenkins">Laura Jenkins, [http://homepages.uc.edu/thro/shahbano/allshahbano.htm ''Shah Bano: Muslim Women's Rights''], University of Cincinnati, Ohio (2000)</ref>

The Shah Bano ruling immediately triggered controversy and mass demonstrations by Muslim men. The Islamic Clergy and the Muslim Personal Law Board of India argued against the ruling.<ref name="Jenkins" /> Shortly after the Supreme Court's ruling, the Indian government with [[Rajiv Gandhi]] as Prime Minister,<ref>{{cite book |title=A concise history of India |author=Thomas R. Metcalf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=Rajiv Gandhi cared little about the Shah Bano case himself, and no doubt would have preferred a common civil code; nevertheless he saw in the opposition to this supreme court decision a heaven-sent opportunity to draw Minority voters to the Congress cause. |page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000metc/page/257 257] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-63974-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000metc/page/257 }}</ref> enacted a new law which deprived all Muslim women, and only Muslim women, of the right of maintenance guaranteed to women of Hindu, Christian, Parsees, Jews and other religions. Indian Muslims consider the new 1986 law, which selectively exempts them from maintenance payment to ex-wife because of their religion, as secular because it respects Muslim men's religious rights and recognises that they are culturally different from Indian men and women of other religions. Muslim opponents argue that any attempt to introduce Uniform Civil Code, that is equal laws for every human being independent of his or her religion, would reflect majoritarian Hindu sensibilities and ideals.<ref name=duncan/><ref>Kirti Singh, "Obstacles to Women's Rights in India" in Rebecca J. Cook, ed. ''Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), pp. 375–396</ref>

===Islamic feminists===
The controversy is not limited to Hindu versus Muslim populations in India. The [[Islamic feminism|Islamic feminists]] movement in India, for example, claim<ref>Sylvia Vatuk, "Islamic Feminism in India: Indian Muslim Women Activists and the Reform of Muslim Personal Law", ''Modern Asian Studies'', Volume 42, Issue 2–3, March 2008, pp. 489–518</ref> that the issue with Muslim Personal Law in India is a historic and ongoing misinterpretation of the Quran. The feminists claim that the Quran grants Muslim women rights that in practice are routinely denied to them by male Muslim [[ulema]] in India. They claim that the 'patriarchal' interpretations of the Quran on the illiterate Muslim Indian masses is abusive, and they demand that they have a right to read the Quran for themselves and interpret it in a woman-friendly way. {{citation needed}}India has no legal mechanism to accept or enforce the demands of these Islamic feminists over religious law.{{citation needed}}

===Women's rights in India===
Some religious rights granted by Indian concept of secularism, which are claimed as abusive against Indian women, include child marriage,<ref name=intoday/> polygamy, unequal inheritance rights of women and men, extrajudicial unilateral divorce rights of Muslim man that are not allowed to a Muslim woman, and subjective nature of shariat courts, ''jamaats'', ''dar-ul quzat'' and religious qazis who preside over Islamic family law matters.{{sfn|Larson|2001}}<ref name="zoya">Zoya Hasan and Ritu Menon (2005), ''The Diversity of Muslim Women's Lives in India'', Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8135-3703-0}}, pp. 26–45, 59–64, 92–119</ref> Triple Talaq was banned in India, following a historic bill being passed on 30 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/triple-talaq-bill-passed-in-rajya-sabha-1575309-2019-07-30 |title=History made, triple talaq bill passed by Parliament |website=India Today Web Desk }}</ref>

===State subsidy for religious pilgrimage===
India continued offering liberal subsidies for religious pilgrimage after 1950, under its polymorphous interpretation of secularism.<ref name="Raop47">{{cite journal | last=Rao | first=B. | title=The Variant Meanings of Secularism in India: Notes Toward Conceptual Clarifications | journal=Journal of Church and State | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=48 | issue=1 | year=2006 | doi=10.1093/jcs/48.1.47 | pages=59–60, 47–81}}</ref> The largest and most controversial has been the [[Haj subsidy]] program for the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, which was criticized as benefitting affluent Muslims and discriminatory against Hindus and Christians who did not get similar subsidy for trips to their own holy places.<ref name="Raop47"/> The central government spent about $120 million in Haj subsidies in 2011.<ref name=wsjhajj>{{cite web|first= Vibhuti| last=Agarwal| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/10/should-the-indian-government-stop-funding-the-haj/ | title= Should the Government Stop Funding the Hajj?| website= The Wall Street Journal| access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> In 2012, the Supreme Court of India ordered an end to the religious subsidies program within 10 years.<ref name="voa120510">{{cite web| first=Kurt |last=Achin | title= Indian Supreme Court Orders End to Hajj Subsidies| url= https://www.voanews.com/east-asia/indian-supreme-court-orders-end-hajj-subsidies | publisher= Voice of America | access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> According to a Wall Street Journal article, Indian Muslim leaders supported an end to the Hajj subsidies, because "hajj must be performed with money righteously earned by a Muslim, and not on money from charity or borrowings. ."<ref name=wsjhajj/>

===Goa===
[[Goa]] is the only state in India which has Uniform Civil Code.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Aureliano |title=Political Transition in Post-Colonial Societies. Goa in Perspective |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1381 |journal=Lusotopie |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=341–358}}</ref> This system is derived from Portuguese colonization and is maintained until today.<ref name="Vohra UCC">{{Cite journal |last1=Vohra |first1=Rytim |last2=Maya |title=Empirical Research on the Need for Uniform Civil Code in India |url=http://ijlljs.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/181.pdf |journal=International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies |volume=2 |pages=245–256 }}</ref> The [http://mmascgoa.tripod.com/id12.html Goa Civil Code], also called the Goa Family Law, is the set of civil laws that governs the residents of the Indian state of Goa. In India, as a whole, there are religion-specific civil codes that separately govern adherents of different religions. Goa is an exception to that rule, in that a single secular code/law governs all Goans, irrespective of religion, ethnicity or linguistic affiliation. It suggests the possibility to establish uniform civil code within a country having rich religious diversity like India.<ref name="Vohra UCC"/> There are still problems in terms of actual implementation in everyday life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/1815/Situational_Anal_Women_Goa_119.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=A Situational Analysis of Women in Goa |last=Desouza |first=Shaila |publisher=National Commission for Women }}</ref>

===Article 25(2)(b)===
Article 25(2)(b) of the Indian constitution clubs Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains along with Hindus, a position contested by some of these community leaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sikhsiyasat.net/2015/01/28/obama-affirms-indian-constitutions-article-25-over-objections-of-south-asian-americans/ |title=Obama Affirms Indian Constitution's Article 25 Over Objections of South Asian Americans |work=Sikh Siyasat News |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Views==
[[File:India - Jaipur - 023 - The peculiar Birla Mandir temple (1037308254).jpg|thumb|A Hindu temple in Jaipur, India, merging the traditional tiered tower of Hinduism, the pyramid stupa of Buddhism and the dome of Islam. The marble sides are carved with figures of Hindu deities, as well as Christian Saints and Jesus Christ.]]

Writing in the [[Wall Street Journal]], [[Sadanand Dhume]] criticises Indian "Secularism" as a fraud and a failure, since it isn't really "secularism" as it is understood in the western world (as [[separation of religion and state]]) but more along the lines of religious [[appeasement]]. He writes that the flawed understanding of secularism among India's left wing [[intelligentsia]] has led [[Indian National Congress|Indian politician]]s to [[appeasement|pander]] to religious leaders and preachers including [[Zakir Naik]], and has led India to take a soft stand against [[Islamic terrorism]], religious militancy and [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal disharmony]] in general.<ref name="dhume">{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704365204575317833268479268?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEFTTopBucket | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=The Trouble with Dr. Zakir Naik | first=Sadanand | last=Dhume | date=20 June 2010}}</ref>

Historian [[Ronald Inden]] writes:<ref name="Inden">Ronald Inden. ''Imagining India''. Indiana University Press. 2000. p. xii.</ref>
{{cquote|Nehru's India was supposed to be committed to 'secularism'. The idea here in its weaker publicly reiterated form was that the government would not interfere in 'personal' religious matters and would create circumstances in which people of all religions could live in harmony. The idea in its stronger, unofficially stated form was that in order to modernise, India would have to set aside centuries of traditional religious ignorance and superstition and eventually eliminate Hinduism and Islam from people's lives altogether. After [[Partition of India|Independence]], governments implemented secularism mostly by refusing to recognise the religious pasts of [[Indian nationalism]], whether Hindu or Muslim, and at the same time (inconsistently) by retaining [[Sharia|Muslim 'personal law']] .<ref name="Inden"/>}}

[[Amartya Sen]], the Indian Nobel Laureate, suggests<ref>Amartya Sen (2006), ''The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity''; {{ISBN|978-0312426026}}; Picador</ref> that secularism in the political – as opposed to ecclesiastical – sense requires the separation of the state from any particular religious order. This, claims Sen, can be interpreted in at least two different ways: "The first view argues the state be equidistant from all religions – refusing to take sides and having a neutral attitude towards them. The second view insists that the state must not have any relation at all with any religion," quotes Minhaz Merchant.<ref name=mm2013/> In both interpretations, secularism goes against giving any religion a privileged position in the activities of the state. Sen argues that the first form is more suited to India, where there is no demand that the state stay clear of any association with any religious matter whatsoever. Rather what is needed is to make sure that in so far as the state has to deal with different religions and members of different religious communities, there must be a basic symmetry of treatment.<ref name=mm2013/> Sen does not claim that modern India is symmetric in its treatment or offer any views of whether acceptance of [[sharia]] in matters such as child marriage is equivalent to having a neutral attitude towards a religion. Critics of Sen claim that secularism, as practised in India, is not the secularism of first or second variety Sen enumerates.<ref name=mm2013>{{cite news |author=Minhaz Merchant |title=Amartya Sen and the ayatollahs of secularism – part 3 |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/headon/amartya-sen-and-the-ayatollahs-of-secularism-part-3/ }}</ref>

Pakistani columnist Farman Nawaz in his article "Why Indian Muslim Ullema are not popular in Pakistan?" states "[[Maulana Arshad Madani]] stated that seventy years ago the cause of division of India was [[sectarianism]] and if today again the same temptation will raise its head then results will be the same. Maulana Arshad Madani considers secularism inevitable for the unity of India." Maulana Arshad Madani is a staunch critic of sectarianism in India. He is of the opinion that India was divided in 1947 because of sectarianism. He suggests [[secularism]] inevitable for the solidarity and integrity of India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Farman Nawaz |url=http://thepashtuntimes.com/why-indian-muslim-ullema-are-not-popular-in-pakistan/ |title=Why Indian Muslim Ullema are not popular in Pakistan? |work= The Pashtun Times}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Freedom of religion in India]]
* [[Indian Humanist Union]]
* [[Irreligion in India]]
* [[Pseudo-secularism (India)|Pseudo-secularism]]
* [[Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
; Scholarly works
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Donald Eugene |title=India as a Secular State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zXWCgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |orig-year=first published 1963 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7778-2}}, [https://archive.org/details/indiaassecularst0000smit/page/n5 Archive]
* {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Nandini |title=The Making of Indian Secularism: Empire, Law and Christianity, 1830-1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCOGDAAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-29808-8}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Larson |editor-first=Gerald James |title=Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGV3noHZ1QMC |year=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-21480-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cossman |first1=Brenda |last2=Kapur |first2=Ratna |title=Secularism's Last Sigh?: Hindutva and the (mis)rule of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-x8vAAAAYAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565798-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Swarna |chapter=Secularism in India: Accepted Principle, Contentious Interpretation |editor=William Safran |title=The Secular and the Sacred: Nation, Religion, and Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9gONC5qDfwC&pg=PA241 |year=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7146-5368-6 |pages=241–}}
* Vivek Swaroop Sharma (2016). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299526439_Secularism_and_Religious_Violence_in_Hinduism_and_Islam Secularism and Religious Violence in Hinduism and Islam]" in ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 51 (18), pp. 19–21.
; Popular works
* {{cite book |last=Dalwai |first=Hamid Umar |title=Muslim Politics in Secular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwYLAQAAIAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Hind Pocket Books}}
*Vivek Swaroop Sharma (2015). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283016715_The_Myth_of_a_Liberal_India "The Myth of a Liberal India"] in ''The National Interest'' 140 pp. 66–71.

==External links==

*[http://courses.cs.vt.edu/cs3604/lib/Freedom.of.Speech/International/india.secularism.html India: Secularism and Freedom of Religion] University of Vermont, United States
*[http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3499/PS030.pdf?sequence=1 Legalizing Religion: Indian Supreme Court and Secularism] Ronojoy Sen, University of Hawaii
*[http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/india.htm Republic of India - Legal systems, constitutional history and secularism] Emory Law School, Atlanta
*[http://indiafacts.org/secularism-india-history-implications-alternatives/ Secularism In India : History, Implications and Alternatives]
{{Religion in India topics}}
{{Asia topic|Secularism in}}
{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secularism In India}}
[[Category:Secularism in India| ]]
[[Category:Political terminology in India]]
[[Category:Secularism by country|India]]

Prorogation

2022-01-14T19:34:29Z

Viki: Added a new entry to the platform.

{{more citations needed}}
'''Prorogation''' in the [[Westminster system]] of government is the action of proroguing, or interrupting, a [[parliament]], or the discontinuance of meetings for a given period of time, without a [[dissolution of parliament]]. The term is also used for the period of such a discontinuance between two [[legislative sessions]] of a [[legislative body]].

==Ancient Rome==
{{Main|Prorogatio}}
In the [[Roman Constitution|constitution]] of [[ancient Rome]], ''[[prorogatio]]'' was the extension of a commander's ''imperium'' beyond the one-year term of his [[Roman magistrates|magistracy]], usually that of [[Roman consul|consul]] or [[praetor]]. Prorogatio developed as a legal procedure in response to Roman [[expansionism]] and [[militarization]].<ref>[[Andrew Lintott]], ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic'' (Oxford University Press, 1999.), p. 113 ff. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yaFPohP2lB8C&dq=%22In+the+early+Republic+the+need+for+extra+military+commanders%22&pg=PA113 online.]</ref>

This usage is unrelated to the modern parliamentary term.

==Australia==
{{Main|Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia}}
In [[Australia]], prorogation is the end of a session in the [[Australian Parliament]] pursuant to [[section 5 of the Constitution of Australia]].

==Canada==
{{Main|Prorogation in Canada}}
Prorogation is the end of a session in the [[Parliament of Canada]].

==New Zealand==
{{Main|New Zealand Parliament#Term}}
Prorogation is the end of a session in the [[New Zealand Parliament]] pursuant to the [[Constitution Act 1986]]. The ability of the speaker to recall parliament during an [[adjournment]] has rendered prorogation almost obsolete, and the procedure was last used in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 10 Summoning, Proroguing and Dissolving Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/parliamentary-practice-in-new-zealand/chapter-10-summoning-proroguing-and-dissolving-parliament/ |website=www.parliament.nz |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=23 May 2022 |language=en-NZ }}</ref>

==Northern Ireland==
{{Main|House of Commons of Northern Ireland#Procedure}}
Prorogation in [[Northern Ireland]] was the end of a session in the [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] (1921–1972).

==United Kingdom==
{{Main|Prorogation in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Prorogation Act 1867|2019 British prorogation controversy}}
Prorogation is the formal ending of a Parliamentary session in the [[UK Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/prorogation/|title=Prorogation|website=UK Parliament|language=en|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/28/protests-sparked-by-boris-johnsons-plan-to-suspend-parliament|title='Stop the coup': Protests across UK over Johnson's suspension of parliament|last1=Mohdin|first1=Aamaa|work=The Guardian|last2=Wolfe-Robinson|first2=Maya|last3=Kalukembi|first3=Marvel}}</ref>

== United States ==
{{See also|Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Convening_and_adjourning_of_Congress|label 1=Article II, Section 3, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution|Federalist No. 69}}
Under [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Article II]], Section 3 of the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] the [[President of the United States]] technically has the authority to adjourn<ref>The terms "prorogue" and "prorogation" are not found in the text of the Constitution.</ref> the [[United States Congress]] "to such Time as he shall think proper" when it is unable to agree on a time of [[adjournment]]. However, this is a procedural ability that has so far never been used. The members of the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] agreed to limit executive authority in order to prevent autocracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/the-american-founders-made-sure-the-president-could-never-suspend-congress-122703|title=The American Founders made sure the president could never suspend Congress|last=Gould|first=Eliga|website=The Conversation|language=en|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref> In ''[[Federalist No. 69]]'', [[Alexander Hamilton]] differentiated the President's authority to prorogue Congress from the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King of Great Britain]]'s ability to [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|dissolve Parliament]].

On April 15, 2020, while Congress was in [[Recess (break)#Common recess activities|recess]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]] but still holding [[Pro forma#United States|''pro forma'' sessions]], President [[Donald Trump]] threatened to use the presidential prerogative powers to [[Adjournment#United States Congress|adjourn]] both the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] in order to make [[recess appointment]]s for positions such as [[Director of National Intelligence]] and the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]], citing what he argued was [[obstructionism]] and extreme [[Partisan (politics)|partisanship]] from the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-26/|title=Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing|language=en-US|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> However, constitutional law experts and politicians have argued that President Trump did not have the constitutional authority to do so under those conditions, as both houses had agreed on a date of adjournment, and President Trump's argument that the President can force Congress to adjourn was widely condemned by both Republicans and Democrats.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/493044-trump-threatens-to-adjourn-both-chambers-of-congress|title=Trump threatens to adjourn both chambers of Congress|last=Zilbermints|first=Regina|website=The Hill|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/trump-says-he-has-constitutional-authority-to-adjourn-congress|title=Trump Claims Untested Power to Adjourn Congress in Nominee Fight|last1=Parker|first1=Mario|last2=Sink|first2=Justin|website=[[Bloomberg News]] |agency=Bloomberg News|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-threatens-to-adjourn-congress-to-get-his-nominees-through/2020/04/15/e3bfc4c6-7f6a-11ea-9040-68981f488eed_story.html|title=Trump threatens to adjourn Congress to get his nominees but likely would be impeded by Senate rules|author=Itkowitz, Colby|author2=DeBonis, Mike|access-date=2020-04-16|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/banana-republic-trump-threatens-to-unilaterally-suspend-congress-20200416-p54kaq.html|title='Banana republic': Trump threatens to unilaterally suspend Congress|last=Knott|first=Matthew|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-adjournment-constitution/610171/|title=Trump Is Threatening to Subvert the Constitution|last=Schmidt|first=Neal K. Katyal, Thomas P.|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/04/recess-appointments-president-trump-empty-threat-congressional-adjournment/|title=The President's Empty Threat on Recess Appointments|website=National Review|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> In order to prorogue Congress, the Senate would have to set a different date of adjournment than the House of Representatives. Although President Trump called on the Senate to set a new adjournment date, [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mitch McConnell]] indicated that he would not alter the planned adjournment date of January 3, 2021, and any motion to alter the date would require the approval of [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Leader]] [[Chuck Schumer]] and the Democratic members of the Senate through the [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate|Senate Standing Rules]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/mcconnell-dismisses-trumps-call-to-adjourn-congress-to-make-federal-appointments/|title=McConnell Dismisses Trump's Call to Adjourn Congress to Make Federal Appointments|website=National Review|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{wikt-inline|prorogation}}
*{{wikt-inline|prorogue}}
* [[Royal prerogative]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Parliamentary procedure]]