https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Vikaasajublieeschool 2026-08-10T05:12:58Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mee_Aayana_Jagratha&diff=517140 2026-05-06T15:24:18Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mee Aayana Jagratha<br /> | image = Mee Aayana Jagratha.jpg<br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | director = Muthyala Ramadas&lt;br /&gt;[[Vallabhaneni Janardhan]] {{small|(Supervision)}}<br /> | writer = Sri Amulya Arts Unit {{small|(dialogues)}}<br /> | screenplay = Vallabhaneni Janardhan<br /> | story = Vallabhaneni Janardhan<br /> | producer = Usha Rani&lt;br /&gt;C.Kalyan {{small|(Presents)}}<br /> | starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]<br /> | cinematography = N. V. Suresh Kumar<br /> | editing = K. Ramesh<br /> | music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]&lt;br /&gt; Vinayak Rao<br /> | studio = Sri Ammulya Art Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|10|30}}<br /> | runtime = 116 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mee Aayana Jagratha''''' ({{translation|Take Care of your Husband}}) is 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Muthyala Ramadas, with [[Vallabhaneni Janardhan]]'s direction supervision. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], with music composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] and Vinayak Rao. It was produced by Usha Rani, C. Kalyan under the Sri Amulya Art Productions banner. The film was recorded as a flop at the box office. The movie was a loose adaptation of the 1975 Tamil movie ''[[Yarukku Maappillai Yaro]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film begins with an unemployed youth, Gopi Krishna, who is slightly concerned about the lack of a small amount to attend an interview. Then, he flashes with his childhood buddy Bose, and with his aid, Gopi arrives safely. A rigid, fearsome Retired Army Major heads the organization whom Gopi impresses. At the second level, his daughter Sundari takes it up, and he triumphs, too. Gopi is startled to know it is Sundari's spouse's selection. Thus, Major knits them and delegates Gopi to be the Managing Director of his enterprise. Sundari pauses their first night until she completely ascertains her husband's personality, which Gopi fully upholds. Later, Gopi sights Bose provides him with an excellent job &amp; comfort, who tells Gopi about his crazy love with Latha.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Raksha, a call girl, lures the men, and the whole city is flat before her. Once Gopi acquaints and infatuates with her, he trails for a pleasurable time. So, he tactically picks up Bose's room keys and walks in when the guilt of betraying Sundari haunts and backs him. Suddenly, a hardship knocks through Sundari, stepping on an address quest. Bewildered, Gopi struggles to wangle by counterfeiting Raksha as Bose's wife. As a glimpse, Robert, a stupid thug, falls for Raksha at first sight, incognizant of her profession, and proposes to her, but she pocks fun of him. On the eve of Sundari's birthday, she asks Gopi to invite Bose's couple, so he convinces Bose, and they shuttle Raksha on the hire. During their drop, Latha arrives when Gopi introduces Raksha as his own. <br /> <br /> From there, [[Cat and mouse|cat &amp; mouse game]] starts. Sundari bows down before Gopi's virtue, which initiates their maternal life, and she conceives. Bose decides to espouse Latha, which Gopi covertly plots at a temple, to be safe. Major &amp; Sundari reach the same spot out of the blue, and Robert also brings Raksha. Amidst the turmoil, Gopi pulls wires and accomplishes the nuptial. After a while, Sundari misconstrues viewing Bose with Latha that he is maintaining a courtship. Eventually, Latha also thinks likewise by noticing Gopi &amp; Sundari. To expel Robert, Raksha roleplays and incriminates him for rape. Latha contacts her maternal uncle Papa Rao, a bankrupted hoodlum, to abduct Sundari because of the events muddle. Yet, Papa Rao attempts to exploit it to cover his losses, blackmails Major, and receives his batter. Now, Gopi &amp; Bose affirm to close the drama via Raksha when she seeks one last favor to enact Gopi as her husband for her dying mother's fulfillment. Gopi pure-heartedly sets foot according to her pathetic state, but Sundari spots them and attempts suicide. At once, Papa Rao seizes her with Latha &amp; Raksha and Gopi &amp; Bose behind them. Parallelly, Robert breaks the bars and chases them. At last, Raksha clarifies the totality to Sundari &amp; Latha when Robert wholeheartedly accepts Raksha, and they all cease Papa Rao. Finally, the movie ends happily with the three pairs blessed by baby boys after a year.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Gopi Krishna<br /> *[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Sundari<br /> *[[Brahmanandam]] as Robert<br /> *[[Sivaji Raja]] as Bosu<br /> *Vallabhaneni Janardhan as Major<br /> *[[M. S. Narayana]] as Minor<br /> *[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Robert's henchman<br /> *[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]<br /> *[[Tirupathi Prakash]]<br /> *[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]<br /> *[[Rani (Tamil actress)|Raksha]] as Raksha<br /> *Latha Sri as Latha<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Mee Aayana Jagratha<br /> | type = film<br /> | artist = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 1998<br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = Soundtrack<br /> | length = 20:23<br /> | label = SWETHA Audio<br /> | producer = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]<br /> | prev_title = Prema Pallaki<br /> | prev_year = 1998<br /> | next_title = Srivarante Maavare<br /> | next_year = 1998<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Music composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. Music released on SWETHA Audio Company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3396/Mee%20Aayana%20Jaagraththa(2000)/ |title=Mee Aayana Jagratha (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | collapsed =<br /> | headline =<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 20:23<br /> | all_writing =<br /> | all_lyrics =<br /> | all_music =<br /> | title1 = Jaabilamma <br /> | lyrics1 = Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma <br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]<br /> | length1 = 3:58<br /> <br /> | title2 = Vaana Vaana <br /> | lyrics2 = Anil Narendra<br /> | extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]<br /> | length2 = 3:47<br /> <br /> | title3 = Na Holi Rangeli {{small|'''Music:''' Vinayak Rao}} <br /> | lyrics3 = Sahithi<br /> | extra3 = Mano, Chitra<br /> | length3 = 4:20<br /> <br /> | title4 = Andam Debba Kottinde <br /> | lyrics4 = Anil Narendra<br /> | extra4 = Mano, Sunitha<br /> | length4 = 4:04<br /> <br /> | title5 = Tyte Jeans Vesi {{small|'''Music:''' Vinayak Rao}}<br /> | lyrics5 = Sahithi <br /> | extra5 = Mano, Sunitha<br /> | length5 = 4:24<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that &quot;While Muthyala Ramdas makes his debut as director, senior artiste Vallabhaneni Janardhan has written the story and screenplay. The musical score by newcomer Vinayak is just average. Double-edged dialogues by Marudhuri Raja succeed in adding new synonyms to the dictionary of risque words&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/B1B03240AE8F5FF6652569400062A3E6?OpenDocument | title=Reviews - Deccan Herald }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|0280930}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghatampur_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=500364 2026-05-01T20:25:52Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: made a pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Ghatampur<br /> | type = LS<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = Uttar Pradesh<br /> | union_territory =<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | assembly_cons = <br /> | reservation = <br /> }}<br /> '''Ghatampur''' was one of the 80 parliamentary constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]] till 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Electorate&lt;br/&gt;(2007)<br /> |-<br /> |269<br /> |[[Jahanabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jahanabad]]<br /> |[[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]<br /> |2,23,982<br /> |-<br /> |278<br /> |[[Ghatampur Assembly constituency|Ghatampur]]<br /> |[[Kanpur Nagar]]<br /> |2,53,756<br /> |-<br /> |279<br /> |[[Bhognipur Assembly constituency|Bhognipur]] (SC)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Kanpur Dehat]]<br /> |2,52,658<br /> |-<br /> |280<br /> |[[Kanpur Dehat|Rajpur]]<br /> |2,49,952<br /> |-<br /> |284<br /> |Derapur <br /> |2,50,986<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Tula Ram]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[Jwala Prasad Kureel]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}|<br /> |[[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Ashkaran Sankhwar]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|<br /> |[[Janata Party (Secular)]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|<br /> |[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Keshari Lal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}|<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Janata Dal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kamal Rani]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[Pyare Lal Sankhwar]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|<br /> |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Radhey Shyam Kori]]<br /> |style=background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Center|''2008 onwards : Constituency does not exist''}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Ghatampur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Radhey Shyam Kori]]<br /> |votes = 1,60,117<br /> |percentage = 31.72<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = [[Pyare Lal Sankhwar]]<br /> |votes = 1,49,805<br /> |percentage = 29.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kamal Rani]]<br /> |votes = 1,22,845<br /> |percentage = 24.33<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br /> |candidate = Umakant Manjhi<br /> |votes = 46,022<br /> |percentage = 9.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Askaran Sankhwar<br /> |votes = 12,353<br /> |percentage = 2.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 10,312<br /> |percentage = 2.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 5,04,766<br /> |percentage = 41.80<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Ghatampur]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Pyare Lal Sankhwar]]<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 1,56,582<br /> |percentage = 28.06<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Aruna Kori|Aruna Kumari Kori]]<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes = 1,56,477<br /> |percentage = 28.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Kamal Rani]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 1,55,987<br /> |percentage = 27.95<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Jagdish Chandra<br /> |party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br /> |votes = 57,799<br /> |percentage = 10.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Askaran Sankhwar<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 29,859<br /> |percentage = 5.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 105<br /> |percentage = 0.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 5,58,114<br /> |percentage = 50.16<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Ghatampur]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Kamal Rani]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 2,06,598<br /> |percentage = 36.92<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Shiv Kumar Beria]]<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |votes = 1,64,109<br /> |percentage = 29.32<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Bhagwati Prasad Sagar]]<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 1,37,121<br /> |percentage = 24.50<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Virendra<br /> |party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br /> |votes = 20,335<br /> |percentage = 3.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Keshari Lal]]<br /> |party = Janata Dal<br /> |votes = 17,669<br /> |percentage = 3.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dr. Pushpa<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 10,267<br /> |percentage = 1.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 42,489<br /> |percentage = 7.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 5,59,653<br /> |percentage = 51.01<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Ghatampur]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Kamal Rani]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 1,47,215<br /> |percentage = 33.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dhani Ram Sankhwar<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 1,36,064<br /> |percentage = 30.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Keshari Lal]]<br /> |party = Janata Dal<br /> |votes = 92,442<br /> |percentage = 20.86<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Saroj Prasad<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 24,718<br /> |percentage = 5.58<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Babu Lal<br /> |party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)<br /> |votes = 16,141<br /> |percentage = 3.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 11,151<br /> |percentage = 2.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 4,43,075<br /> |percentage = 40.76<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Janata Dal<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Ghatampur]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|26.2|80.2|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghatampur Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Kanpur Nagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaadu_Teri_Nazar_%E2%80%93_Daayan_Ka_Mausam&diff=504961 2026-04-28T21:00:41Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: adding stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian TV series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Jaadu Teri Nazar Daayan Ka Mausam.jpg<br /> | genre = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Supernatural]]|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]|[[Mystery film|Mystery]]|[[Drama]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]}}<br /> | creator = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]<br /> | based_on = [[Dayan (witch)|Daayan folklore]]<br /> | starring = {{Unbulleted_list|Khushi Dubey|Zayn Ibad Khan|[[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]]|[[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]]}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 166<br /> | runtime = 26 minutes<br /> | company = [[4 Lions Films]]<br /> | network = [[StarPlus]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2025|02|18|df=yes}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2025|08|04|df=yes}}<br /> | related = ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]'' <br /> ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Jaadu Teri Nazar – Daayan Ka Mausam''''' is an Indian [[supernatural]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] series produced by [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] under [[4 Lions Films]]. It premiered on [[StarPlus]] from 18 February 2025 to 4 August 2025. It streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jadu teri nazar first promo out on star plus |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/star-plus-unveils-the-first-glimpse-of-the-supernatural-show-jaadu-teri-nazar-2025-01-23 |website=Amarujala|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How is the first episode of 'Jaadu Teri Nazar'? |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994785182/How-is-the-first-episode-of-Jaadu-Teri-Nazar|website=Indiaherald.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Khushi Dubey]], Zayn Ibad Khan and [[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]] in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive- Zayn Ibad Khan talks about the nostalgia for shooting with Khushi Dubey in Jaadu Teri Nazar: We missed working together after Aashiqana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-zayn-ibad-khan-talks-about-the-nostalgia-for-shooting-with-khushi-dubey-in-jaadu-teri-nazar-we-missed-working-together-after-aashiqana/articleshow/118298813.cms|website=Times Of India|date=16 February 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Star Plus launched 'Jaadoo Teri Nazar - Daayan Ka Mausam', Zain Ibad Khan and Khushi Dubey rocked the show|url=https://hindi.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/star-plus-launched-jaadoo-teri-nazar-daayan-ka-mausam-zain-ibad-khan-and-khushi-dubey-made-a-splash-8297|website=Mid-day|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{Long plot|section|date=September 2025}}<br /> A [[Dayan (witch)|Daayan]] (witch) named Kaamini gives birth to a child fathered by Ravikant Pratap Singh and proclaims him as &quot;Daavansh&quot;, the one who holds the key to her immortality. Meanwhile, a girl is born as a &quot;Reevavanshi&quot;, the chosen one destined to destroy the Daavansh and the entire Daayan community. A wise woman (Prathamvanshi) from &quot;Prathamvansh&quot; prophesies that this girl will bring about their downfall.<br /> <br /> Fearing for her daughter's safety, the girl's mother names her Gauri, strips her of her powers, and buries them, knowing they will return to her when the time is right. To protect Gauri from the Daayans, she entrusts her to the river, believing that divine forces will safeguard her. Enraged, Kaamini kills Gauri's parents.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Ravikant invites Kaamini to meet their son, Vihaan, but his wife, Veena Pratap Singh, seizes the baby and escapes using magical crystals given by the Reevavanshis. In revenge, Kaamini kills Ravikant. However, Veena manages to trap Kaamini, turning her into a statue using the magical crystals. Before being petrified, Kaamini warns that her son, Vihaan, will inherit her powers and one day resurrect her. Veena raises Vihaan as her own, determined to protect him from his dark destiny.<br /> <br /> Gauri, on the other hand, is found and adopted by a poor man whose wife, Rekha, refuses to accept her. Gauri grows up unaware of her powers and becomes the breadwinner of the family as a taxi driver. Rekha, who works as a dancer at wedding halls, pressures Gauri to follow in her footsteps, but Gauri dreams of independence and wants her intelligent foster sister, Charu, to study at a prestigious college.<br /> <br /> Vihaan, aware of his powers but unable to control them, wears a bangle infused with magical crystals to suppress them. He longs to uncover the truth about his abilities, but Veena is determined to keep him in the dark.<br /> <br /> On the night of Kaal Sapt Grahan (a rare celestial event), Vihaan senses that his powers will surge and leaves home. However, one of the Tridayans—three powerful Daayans tied to the Kaal Vriksha (Tree of Darkness)—attacks him. Vihaan narrowly escapes and crosses paths with Gauri. Overwhelmed by his uncontrolled powers, he accidentally harms her. As soon as the Kaal Sapt Grahan ends, he erases her memory and disappears. But his bangle is left with Gauri. Later when she goes to Vihaan's house to return it, she is insulted by Veena (Vihaan's stepmother) about her job. <br /> <br /> For saving his family from the evil continuous haunts of Daayan, Vihaan forcefully marries Gauri. Sunehri an evil dayan knowing the truth of Gauri as a Rishwa, tries to kill her. But failed in her attempt. At a time Vihaan enslaved her and Gauri unknown of her powers kills Sunehri. Vihaan and family thinks that Vihaan killed the dayan and he erases Gauri's memory again.<br /> <br /> Subsequently Gauri falls in love with Vihaan and not able to confess it. Gauri's Rakshini (Siya) and Bhavishyta (Charu ) are introduced. The Maha dayan Kaamini's arrival brings fear and shock within the Singhs'. Kamini subdued Vihaan and tries to convert him into Davansh. She tries her best but failed by Gauri. Gauri is revealed as Rishwa and by the help of Rish Dhanush, she kills Kaamini.<br /> <br /> Gauri is in coma. Vihaan is given an appearance by Lord Shiva and he is not Davansh any more. He prays for Gauri and she is out of coma. Gauri is welcomed by the family. Later on, Kaamini's spirit reveals the death of her parents. Gauri with the help off magical ring sees that Veena was the one who told the way to her parents to Kaamini. Gauri questions Veena but she denies. Infuriated Vihaan throws Gauri out of his house. In parallel seens, a Vihaan's parallel self is shown as evil minded and a dayan with fire as a magic revealed as Gauri's twin sister named Kesar is shown. She does not have control of her powers. Her life resides in a woodpecker enslaved by her evil guardians.<br /> <br /> Vihaan stays with Gauri at her tenement after she refuses to go to his house. Later, a sinister force sent by Daavansh Vihaan draws Gauri into Pratham Tantra. Maha Daayan Mohana awakens, seeking revenge for Kamini's death and posing a threat to Vihaan's family. Later, Gauri uses her powers to protect Vihaan from Mohana's attack. Daavansh constantly follows Kesar and eventually saves her from the villagers by marrying her. But in reality it was his trap for her to become more powerful, the more powerful he becomes the more weak Vihaan would feel. Gauri along with Arjun tries to find Davaansh and succeeds. Daavansh along with Kesar completes his marriage rituals under the Prathamvriksh to expand his powers. Gauri tries to kill him and sends Arjun to prevent Kesar from offering flowers to the well.<br /> <br /> Mohana sends Betalini to kill Vihaan but she failed. Kesar is shown to know the truth of Daavansh and tries to kill him. But using the dark thread Daavansh reunites with Vihaan as himself as dominant one. Gauri to save Vihaan and her family sacrifices her Rishwa powers in form of Rishwa mani to Mohana. Kesar is killed by Mohana and she took all her fire powers to kill her elder sister Rishwa. Betalini who is in love with Harsh helps him to know the dark plans of Mohana. He alerted the whole family and Gauri about it. Prathamvanshi alerted Gauri that on the 25th birthday of Vihaan on completing the death rituals of his family and then Rishwa he would completely be converted to Daavansh. Gauri tries to find her powers. Eventually, Daavansh started the rituals. Gauri with the help of Prathamvanshis delay the rituals and prevent the earth from destruction. Later on Harsh, Siya and Arjun found that the ring of Kesar given by her to Harsh while dying that belonged to her sister would itself find the new owner . Gauri while fighting with Mohana gets injured and gets owned by the ring. In her dream she was explained everything by Kesar . Gauri gets new powers of Rishwa mani and kills Mohana. On the other side, Vihaan killed the other family members and was on the way to kill Gauri . Gauri and Siya were heartbroken when they saw the dead bodies of family members. Gauri decided to fight against the Daavansh using her powers. Later Gauri surrenders herself to Daavansh and Daavansh hurts her using Agnishastra . Gauri during her exile to death brings back the Vihaan and Daavansh disappears. Siya brings back the life of every family member using the ring of Reevavanshies. Then they found that Gauri was going to die . She creates a shield so that nobody could halt her from dying. Then Gauri falls off from the cliff and presumed to be died by everyone. <br /> <br /> Three years later, on the birthday of Vihaan, family decides to organise a party but saddened Vihaan destroys it and recalls the memory of Gauri. Gauri is still alive living in a hut far away from Vihaan. She has a toddler of her and Vihaan who has all Daavansh powers. Mohana and other Daayans are in search of him but he fools all of them.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * [[Khushi Dubey]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khushi Dubey on her role as Gauri in Star Plus' 'Jaadu Teri Nazar'|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/khushi-dubey-on-her-role-as-gauri-in-star-plus-jaadu-teri-nazar/ |website=BizAsiaLive.com |date=17 February 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as Gauri Sharma Pratap Singh: A former Rishwa and taxi driver; Vedika's daughter; Vihaan's wife; Golu's mother; Kesar's twin sister (2025)<br /> * [[Zayn Ibad Khan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Interview: Zain Ibad Khan said- Actors who do not understand the value of TV, disappear|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/interviews/jaadu-teri-nazar-dayan-ka-mausam-actor-zayn-ibad-khan-says-those-actors-who-do-not-value-disappear/articleshow/118645407.cms|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[dual roles]] as:<br /> ** Vihaan Pratap Singh: A former Daavansh; College professor; Ravikant and Kaamini’s son; Veena's step-son; Gauri's husband; Golu's father (2025)<br /> ** Daavansh: Vihaan's dark alter ego; A Daavansh; Kesar's husband (2025)<br /> *Jishiv Bhanushali as Golu Pratap Singh: A Daavansh; Vihaan and Gauri ‘s son (2025)<br /> * [[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sehgal |first=Cirag |date=24 April 2025 |title=Are Monalisa, Devoleena Bhattacharjee In Talks For Maha Dayan Role In Jaadu Teri Nazar? |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/are-monalisa-devoleena-bhattacharjee-in-talks-for-maha-dayan-role-in-jaadu-teri-nazar-aa-9312069.html |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Mohana: A Maha Daayan; Kamini's elder sister (2025)<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * Amardeep Jha as Prathamvanshi (2025)<br /> * Ayush Shrivastava&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ayush Shrivastava Was 'A Bit Sceptical' To Join Zayn Ibad Khan's Jaadu Teri Nazar, Here's Why|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/ayush-shrivastava-was-a-bit-sceptical-to-join-zayn-ibad-khans-jaadu-teri-nazar-heres-why-aa-9251923.html|website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; as ACP Harsh Pratap Singh: A police officer; Rashmi and Mahesh’s son (2025)<br /> *Anmol Kajani as Arjun Pratap Singh: Mahesh and Rashmi's son (2025)<br /> *Srishti Singh as Siya: A snakeshifter and a Rakshini; Harsh's love-interest (2025)<br /> *[[Vaidehi Nair]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vaidehi Nair joined jaadu teri nazar dayan ka mausam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-after-do-dooni-pyaar-vaidehi-nair-is-set-to-join-the-cast-of-jaadu-teri-nazar/articleshow/118169083.cms |website=Times of India|date=12 February 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; as Sandhya Pratap Singh: Rashmi and Mahesh's daughter (2025)<br /> *Dishi Duggal as Mrs. Pratap Singh &quot;Dadi&quot;: Ravikant and Mahesh's mother (2025)<br /> *Sanchi Daundkar as Charu: A Bhavishyata; Rekha's daughter (2025)<br /> *Aarti Kulkarni as Rekha: A dancer; Charu's mother (2025)<br /> *Sushil Kumar as Mahesh Pratap Singh; Ravikant's younger brother (2025)<br /> *Monica Gupta as Rashmi Pratap Singh: Mahesh's wife (2025)<br /> *Nikita Mukherjee as Veena Pratap Singh; Ravikant's widow; Vihaan’s step-mother (2205)<br /> *Priyanjali Uniyal as Betty: A Daayan; Harsh's one-sided lover (2025)<br /> *Vishakha Khatri as A Daayan (2025)<br /> *Arsheen Namdar as Sunehri: A Daayan (2025)<br /> *Sonyaa Ayodhya as Urvi: A Daayan; Vihaan's ex fiance (2025)<br /> * [[Geeta Tyagi]] as Sharda: Veena's elder sister-in-law (2025)<br /> * Tripti Aggarwala as Rudrani: Gauri's grandmother and Vedika's mother (2025)<br /> <br /> ===Cameo===<br /> * [[Sumbul Touqeer]] as Vedika : A Reevavanshi; Gauri and Kesar's mother (2025)<br /> * [[Shrenu Parikh]] / [[Barkha Bisht]] as Kamini: A Daayan and dancer; Vihaan's mother (2025)<br /> * Siddharth Dhawan as Ravikant Pratap Singh: Veena's husband; Vihaan's father; Mahesh's brother (2025)<br /> * [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]] as Kesar: Agni daayan; Vedika's daughter; Gauri's biological sister (2025)<br /> <br /> ===Guest appearances===<br /> * [[Bhavika Sharma]] as IPS Savi Chavan Thakkar from ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein]]'' in ''Manoranjan Ka Mahasangam'' (2025)<br /> * [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]] as Dr. Neelkant &quot;Neil&quot; Pradhan from ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein]]'' in ''Manoranjan Ka Mahasangam'' (2025)<br /> * [[Kanwar Dhillon]] as Sachin Deshmukh from ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' in ''Manoranjan Ka Mahasangam'' (2025)<br /> * Neha Harsora as Sailee Jadhav Deshmukh from ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' in ''Manoranjan Ka Mahasangam'' (2025)<br /> <br /> == Ratings ==<br /> ''Jaadu Teri Nazar – Daayan Ka Mausam'' entered in TRP top five in opening week.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Jaadu Teri Nazar Makes Grand Entry In Top 5 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/trp-race-week-7-jaadu-teri-nazar-makes-grand-entry-in-top-5-udne-ki-aasha-remains-number-1-article-118600193|website=Times Now|date=27 February 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt35725706}}<br /> <br /> {{Star Plus Shows}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:StarPlus original programming]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Television series by 4 Lions Films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television soap operas]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raghu_Ram_Padal&diff=528032 2026-04-23T06:11:22Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: Added new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]<br /> | term_start = 2009<br /> | term_end = 2014<br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor = Krishna Chandra Sagaria<br /> | party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br /> | term_end1 = 2024<br /> | term_start1 = 2019<br /> | predecessor1 = Tara Prasad Bahinipati<br /> }}<br /> '''Raghu Ram Padal''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Koraput Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Koraput Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Koraput Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/koraput-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Koraput Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/koraput-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917558.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> * [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Padal, Raghu Ram}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belke,_Karnataka&diff=490377 2026-04-21T12:22:25Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: created initial pg basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> '''Belke''' or '''Belake''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in [[Bhatkal]] taluk, [[Uttara Kannada]] district in [[Karnataka]], India,&lt;ref name=&quot;C2011&quot;&gt;[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/603856-belke-karnataka.html Census2011.co.in: Belke Population - Uttara Kannada, Karnataka]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5ac5e5554a93261ae6b684ef State by Bhatkal Rural Police, Uttar Kannada District v. Manjunath, Karnataka High Court 22 Aug 2000]&lt;/ref&gt; located near the mouth of the Chowtani river.<br /> <br /> In 2011 it had a population of 4,891.&lt;ref name=&quot;C2011&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Belke includes the sub-village of Bedrakeri, which is the location of the GLPS Bedrakeri.&lt;ref&gt;[https://schools.org.in/uttara-kannada/29100904005/glps-bedrakeri.htmlSchools.org.in GLPS Bedrakeri, Belke]&lt;/ref&gt; It is a small village of approximately 150 people{{cn|date=March 2025}} near the [[Arabian Sea]]. The [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] [[Mangalore]] to [[Karwar]] national highway and [[Konkan Railway zone|Konkan railway]] cross the village.{{cn|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|13|57|24|N|74|34|48|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Uttara Kannada district]]<br /> <br /> {{UttaraKannada-geo-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saiyed_Saghir_Ahmad&diff=531970 2026-04-18T16:40:23Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judge (1935–2011)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice<br /> | name = Saiyed Saghir Ahmad<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office1 = 23rd [[Chief Justice]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]<br /> | term_start1 = 23 September 1994<br /> | term_end1 = 5 March 1995<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Sundaram Nainar Sundaram]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Prabha Shankar Mishra]]<br /> | nominator1 = [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]<br /> | appointer1 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br /> | office2 = 17th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]<br /> | term_start2 = 18 March 1994<br /> | term_end2 = 22 September 1994<br /> | nominator2 = [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]<br /> | appointer2 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br /> | predecessor2 = Satish Chandra Mathur<br /> | successor2 = M. Ramakrishna<br /> | office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]<br /> | term_start3 = 1 November 1993<br /> | term_end3 = 17 March 1994<br /> | nominator3 = [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]<br /> | appointer3 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br /> | office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]<br /> | term_start4 = 2 November 1981<br /> | term_end4 = 31 October 1993<br /> | nominator4 = [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]<br /> | appointer4 = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1935|07|01|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2011|01|31|1935|07|01|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | party = <br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<br /> | education = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | profession = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Saiyed Saghir Ahmad''' (1 July 1935 – 31 January 2011) was a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/90_ssahmad.htm |title=Supreme Court of India - Former Judges |accessdate=2015-09-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051131/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/90_ssahmad.htm |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Saghir Ahmad received his early education at Christian College Lucknow. After passing the Intermediate examination, he went to [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|Aligarh]] and obtained his BSc from [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He returned to [[Lucknow]] to follow in the footsteps of his father, Syed Mohammed Husain, and joined the legal profession after obtaining a law degree from the [[University of Lucknow]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/aligarians/Justice_Saiyed_Saghir_Ahmed|title=Justice Saiyed Saghir Ahmed {{!}} Aligarh Movement|website=aligarhmovement.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://hc.ap.nic.in/aphc/ssaj.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Saghir Ahmad enrolled as an Advocate of the [[Allahabad High Court]] on 6 December 1961. He practiced [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]] before the Lucknow Bench. He became Standing Counsel of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] in 1976 and of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] in 1971. He was appointed Additional Judge of Allahabad High Court on 2 November 1981 and permanent Judge on 30 December 1982.<br /> <br /> He was transferred to the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court|Jammu &amp; Kashmir High Court]] on 1 November 1993. He was appointed the Chief Justice of Jammu &amp; Kashmir High Court on 18 March 1994. He was transferred as Chief Justice of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] on 23 September 1994. He was appointed as judge of the Supreme Court of India on 6 March 1995 and retired on 30 June 2000.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Saghir Ahmad died on 31 January 2011, after a week of hospitalization with respiratory distress. He was 75.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Naved |date=2 February 2011 |title=Obituary: Justice Saiyed Saghir Ahmed |url=https://twocircles.net/2011feb02/237613.html |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=Two Circles}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saghir Ahmad, Saiyed}}<br /> [[Category:1935 births]]<br /> [[Category:2011 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perur_Assembly_constituency&diff=525266 2026-04-15T23:49:30Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: Added a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency in Coimbatore district, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> &lt;!-- {{Infobox Indian state legislative assembly constituency}} --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | established = 1967<br /> | district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | mla = [[S. P. Velumani]]<br /> | name = Perur<br /> | electors= 337,402<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished= 2008<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Perur''' is a [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Coimbatore district]], that includes the city, [[Perur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perur was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] from 1967 to 1977. Perur Assembly constituency was part of [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Assembly<br /> ! Duration<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourth]]<br /> | 1967–71<br /> | [[N. Marudachalam]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]<br /> | 1971–77<br /> | N. Marudachalam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]<br /> | 1977–80<br /> | [[A. Natarajan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]<br /> | 1980–84<br /> | [[Kovaithambi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]<br /> | 1984–89<br /> | A. Natarajan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]<br /> | 1989–91<br /> | A. Natarajan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]<br /> | 1991–96<br /> | [[K. P. Raju]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]<br /> | 1996–01<br /> | A. Natarajan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]<br /> | 2001–06<br /> | [[M. A. P. A. Krishnakumar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]<br /> | 2006–2011<br /> | [[S. P. Velumani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == De-Notification ==<br /> The Perur Constituency was de-notified and removed from the list of constituencies in 2007. The areas coming under it were merged with the existing [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]] and the newly created North Coimbatore Constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Two-more-Assembly-segments-notified/article14816726.ece | title=Two more Assembly segments notified | date=16 August 2007 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=5 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.50}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.01}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.55}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.40}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.63}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.04}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|57.68}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|61.49}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Velumani]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=114,024 |percentage=46.33% |change=-9.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rukumani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,789 |percentage=40.54% |change=5.73% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajasekar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=21,829 |percentage=8.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Ramamurthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,913 |percentage=1.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Saminathan |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,056 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. V. Varadharajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,038 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=818 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Velumani |party=Independent politician |votes=793 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivakumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=610 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rukmani |party=Independent politician |votes=490 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Noormohammad |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=449 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,235 |percentage=5.78% |change=-14.90% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=246,121 |percentage=72.95% |change= 16.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 337,402 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. P. A. Krishnakumar Alias Rohini |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,607 |percentage=55.50% |change=30.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nageswari Thirumathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,343 |percentage=34.81% |change=-26.20% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palaniswamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,979 |percentage=5.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shenbhakaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,304 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Maheswari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,989 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Noor Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=889 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Parameswari |party=Independent politician |votes=680 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=673 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,264 |percentage=20.69% |change=-15.71% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=170,464 |percentage=56.72% |change= -8.13% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300,569 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.51% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Natarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,507 |percentage=61.01% |change=25.72% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thirumalaisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,934 |percentage=24.61% |change=-32.93% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Amirtham |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,007 |percentage=8.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chellappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,532 |percentage=2.87% |change=-2.59% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perur Nagaraj |party=Janata Party |votes=598 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. V. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=551 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Bhoopathiraja |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=414 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=402 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Siddhan @ Gurusamy Siddhan |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=350 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raja |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=304 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=57,573 |percentage=36.40% |change=14.14% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=158,182 |percentage=64.85% |change= 3.57% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256,109 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.46% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Raju |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,676 |percentage=57.55% |change=43.61% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Natarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,017 |percentage=35.29% |change=-12.11% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Doraibalu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,270 |percentage=5.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Loganathan |party=Janata Party |votes=402 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jothi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=332 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Ebrahim |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=306 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chinnasamy |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=303 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jinnah Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. Balan |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sangupandian |party=Independent politician |votes=124 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,659 |percentage=22.26% |change=0.29% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=133,240 |percentage=61.28% |change= -10.89% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,491 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.15% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Natarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,565 |percentage=47.40% |change=-5.23% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. D. Balasubramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=34,632 |percentage=25.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Parathagan Alias Sinna Thambi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,989 |percentage=13.94% |change=-32.32% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Radhakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,649 |percentage=11.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,048 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Rajamanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=480 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=412 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=270 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jeyaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,933 |percentage=21.97% |change=15.60% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=136,222 |percentage=72.17% |change= -0.05% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,421 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.23% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Natarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,302 |percentage=52.63% |change=5.09% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Marudasalam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,241 |percentage=46.26% |change=-1.78% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nithyanandam |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Devadass |party=Independent politician |votes=319 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Senni |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=124 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Kandaswamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=103 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,061 |percentage=6.37% |change=5.88% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=110,774 |percentage=72.22% |change= 5.63% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,164 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.60% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Kovaithambi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,308 |percentage=48.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Natarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,823 |percentage=47.54% |change=13.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. M. Palanisami |party=Janata Party |votes=4,355 |percentage=4.42% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=485 |percentage=0.49% |change=-2.78% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,486 |percentage=66.59% |change= 3.04% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,766 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.30% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Natarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,158 |percentage=33.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nanjappan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=26,328 |percentage=30.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mylswamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,415 |percentage=17.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Chinndurai |party=Janata Party |votes=14,539 |percentage=16.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=335 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Palaniswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. D. Singaravelu |party=Independent politician |votes=108 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,830 |percentage=3.27% |change=-23.11% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=86,429 |percentage=63.55% |change= -1.59% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,887 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -23.95% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Marudachalam]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=39,270 |percentage=57.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Palanisami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,307 |percentage=31.30% |change=-6.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karamadai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,503 |percentage=11.02% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,963 |percentage=26.39% |change=2.22% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,080 |percentage=65.14% |change= -10.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,573 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -3.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Perur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Marudachalam]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=43,740 |percentage=61.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rayappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,548 |percentage=37.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Narayanasami |party=Independent politician |votes=842 |percentage=1.18% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,192 |percentage=24.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=71,130 |percentage=75.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,801 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|10.97|N|76.9|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Coimbatore district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jind_Assembly_constituency&diff=506275 2026-04-15T23:46:47Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: adding new article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Jind<br /> | type = SLA <br /> | map_image = Jind Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> <br /> | state = [[Haryana]]<br /> | district = [[Jind district|Jind]]<br /> | division = [[Hisar division|Hisar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]<br /> | constituency_no = 36<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished = <br /> | mla = [[Krishan Lal Middha]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,03,349<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jind Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 assembly constituencies of [[Haryana]] a northern state of [[India]]. Jind is part of [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/jind.html Elections in]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Chaudhary Dal Singh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1954 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1954]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Inder Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |Bhala Ram<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Ram Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Daya Krishan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> | Chaudhary Dal Singh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[Mange Ram Gupta]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> | Brij Mohan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | Chaudhary Parma Nand<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[Mange Ram Gupta]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | Brij Mohan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Mange Ram Gupta]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Hari Chand Middha]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2019^<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Krishan Lal Middha]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ^By-Poll<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishan Lal Middha|Dr. Krishan Lal Middha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=68,920 |percentage=50.96% |change={{increase}}3.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahavir Gupta|party=Indian National Congress|votes=53,060|percentage=39.24%|change={{increase}}32.80}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pradeep Singh Gill|party=Independent politician|votes=7,639|percentage=5.65%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Wazir Dhanda|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,078|percentage=1.54%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narender Nath Sharma|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=1,127|percentage=0.83%|change={{decrease}}0.48}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dharam Pal Tanwar|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=1,014|percentage=0.75%|change={{decrease}}36.34}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=547|percentage=0.40%|change={{decrease}}0.09}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,860 |percentage=11.73% |change= {{increase}}1.61 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=1,35,236|percentage=66.38%|change={{decrease}}0.36}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,349 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.96 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.76 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind&lt;ref name=results2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishan Lal Middha|Dr. Krishan Lal Middha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,370 |percentage=47.20% |change={{increase}}8.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Gupta |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=45,862 |percentage=37.09% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anshul Singla |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,958 |percentage=6.44% |change={{decrease}}10.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer Singh Jangra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,144 |percentage=4.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Saini |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=3,108 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijender Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,625 |percentage=1.31% |change={{decrease}}1.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=608 |percentage=0.49% |change={{increase}}0.23 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,508 |percentage=10.12% |change= {{increase}}0.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,656 |percentage=66.74% |change= {{decrease}}8.98 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,268 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.23 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.54 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly by-election 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Haryana|2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Jind&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/9318-36-jind-bye-election-2019-result/|title=36-Jind Bye-Election 2019 Result|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2019 |title=Krishan Lal Middha triumphs in Haryana's Jind assembly by-poll, BJP's first ever win in past 52 years |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/krishan-lal-middha-triumphs-in-haryana-s-jind-assembly-by-poll-bjp-s-first-ever-win-in-past-52-years-119013100954_1.html |via=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishan Lal Middha|Dr.Krishan Lal Middha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,578 |percentage=38.66% |change={{increase}}14.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Digvijay Singh Chautala |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=37,648 |percentage=28.78% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randeep Surjewala |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,742 |percentage=17.38% |change={{increase}}4.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pt. Vinod Ashri |party= |votes=13,582 |percentage=10.38% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umed Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=3,454 |percentage=2.64% |change={{decrease}}23.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=345 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,930 |percentage=9.88% |change= {{increase}}8.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,828 |percentage=75.72% |change= {{decrease}}0.12 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,72,774 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.65 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}12.67 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Hari Chand Middha |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=31,631 |percentage=25.99% |change={{decrease}}10.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh Barwala |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,374 |percentage=24.13% |change={{increase}}23.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pramod Sehwag |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,267 |percentage=12.54% |change={{decrease}}15.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhir Gautam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,225 |percentage=10.87% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Saini |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=12,246 |percentage=10.06% |change={{decrease}}1.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Ram Kandela |party=Independent politician |votes=11,223 |percentage=9.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Mohan Singla |party=Independent politician |votes=4,293 |percentage=3.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Comrade Ramesh Chander |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,057 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Dharampal Jain |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=859 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,257 |percentage=1.85% |change= {{decrease}}6.54 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,21,716 |percentage=75.84% |change= {{increase}}1.28 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,496 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.82 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}10.39 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Hari Chand Middha |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=34,057 |percentage=36.38% |change={{increase}}12.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mange Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,195 |percentage=27.98% |change={{decrease}}11.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Mohan Singla |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=11,141 |percentage=11.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Saini |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,010 |percentage=11.76% |change={{increase}}10.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,220 |percentage=8.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarjeet |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=702 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swami Raghvanand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=507 |percentage=0.54% |change={{decrease}}9.71 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,862 |percentage=8.40% |change= {{decrease}}7.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=93,621 |percentage=74.56% |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,564 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}16.08 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.95 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2005 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mange Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,883 |percentage=39.33% |change={{decrease}}4.9 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=26,448 |percentage=23.70% |change={{decrease}}15.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Mohan Singla |party=Independent politician |votes=21,100 |percentage=18.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sriniwas Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,437 |percentage=10.25% |change={{increase}}5.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inderjit Kaur |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=3,171 |percentage=2.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,879 |percentage=1.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=736 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,435 |percentage=15.62% |change= {{increase}}10.69 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,588 |percentage=74.58% |change= {{increase}}4.73 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,49,623 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.05 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.90 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2000 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mange Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,621 |percentage=44.22% |change={{increase}}19.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulshan Lal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=36,978 |percentage=39.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh Dalamwala |party=Independent politician |votes=5,604 |percentage=5.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar Dass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,262 |percentage=4.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Narain |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=3,856 |percentage=4.10% |change={{decrease}}40.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sombir Pahalwan |party=Independent politician |votes=782 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,643 |percentage=4.93% |change= {{decrease}}15.30 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=94,112 |percentage=69.88% |change= {{decrease}}0.14 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,740 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.80 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.26 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1996 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Mohan Singla|party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=40,803 |percentage=44.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mange Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,245 |percentage=24.25% |change={{decrease}}23.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanker Dass |party=Samata Party |votes=15,959 |percentage=17.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Parkash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,888 |percentage=4.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parma Nand |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=2,570 |percentage=2.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar S/O Maman Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=933 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=873 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Janhit Morcha |votes=492 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,558 |percentage=20.23% |change= {{decrease}}1.48 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=91,732 |percentage=72.64% |change= {{increase}}2.14 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,075 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.69 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.10 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1991 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mange Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,346 |percentage=47.58% |change={{increase}}5.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Ram S/O Jug Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=19,213 |percentage=25.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdhir Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=8,719 |percentage=11.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,621 |percentage=8.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil |party=Independent politician |votes=675 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Goyat |party=Lokdal |votes=589 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}52.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh S/O Dal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=389 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,133 |percentage=21.72% |change= {{increase}}10.77 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=74,294 |percentage=69.58% |change= {{decrease}}7.30 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,513 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.14 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}5.53 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1987 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parma Nand |party=Lokdal |votes=39,323 |percentage=53.11% |change={{increase}}6.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mange Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,221 |percentage=42.17% |change={{decrease}}4.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,016 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harnek Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=928 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,102 |percentage=10.94% |change= {{increase}}10.69 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=74,040 |percentage=76.28% |change= {{increase}}0.03 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,538 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.94 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}6.36 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Mohan Singla|party=Lokdal |votes=27,045 |percentage=46.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mange Ram Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,899 |percentage=46.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Charan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,036 |percentage=1.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hawa Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Dayal |party=Independent politician |votes=516 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janki |party=Independent politician |votes=375 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diwana |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=146 |percentage=0.25% |change= {{decrease}}14.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=57,848 |percentage=76.20% |change= {{increase}}5.53 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,021 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.71 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}9.80 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mange Ram Gupta]] |party=Independent politician |votes=15,751 |percentage=36.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=9,646 |percentage=22.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,374 |percentage=17.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narain Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,047 |percentage=11.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,362 |percentage=5.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhana Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,031 |percentage=2.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=507 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhian Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=313 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barhmanand |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,105 |percentage=14.32% |change= {{increase}}2.26 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=42,626 |percentage=70.31% |change= {{decrease}}1.73 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,269 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}16.14 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= {{decrease}}17.33 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=28,281 |percentage=54.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Krishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,999 |percentage=42.23% |change={{decrease}}9.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devkinandan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,631 |percentage=3.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=185 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,282 |percentage=12.06% |change= {{increase}}7.40 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,096 |percentage=72.82% |change= {{increase}}16.79 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,062 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.28 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.52 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1968 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Krishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,733 |percentage=51.77% |change={{decrease}}7.5 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanker Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=16,136 |percentage=47.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=385 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,597 |percentage=4.66% |change= {{decrease}}19.28 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=34,254 |percentage=55.71% |change= {{decrease}}16.53 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,833 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.40 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jind}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Krishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,089 |percentage=59.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,548 |percentage=35.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,322 |percentage=3.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=700 |percentage=1.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarupa |party=Independent politician |votes=362 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,541 |percentage=23.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=44,021 |percentage=74.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,965 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Jhajjar]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> {{Haryana constituencies}}<br /> {{Coord|29.32|76.32|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Jind]]<br /> [[Category:Jind district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhrangadhra_Assembly_constituency&diff=496905 2026-04-15T23:20:36Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: made entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Dhrangadhra<br /> | mla = [[Prakash Varmora]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = Gujarat<br /> | district = [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:309241}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|2}}<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 64<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dhrangadhra''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=gjceo&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS &amp; Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]] district. After 2008 delimitation, erstwhile [[Halvad]] assembly seat was merged with this seat.<br /> <br /> ==List of segments==<br /> This assembly seat represents the following segments&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Dhrangadhra Taluka<br /> # Halvad Taluka<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |Harilal Patel<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |[[Jayantibhai Kavadiya]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> | Parshottambhai Sabariya || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |2019 by-election&lt;ref name=&quot;BJP wins all 4 assembly bypolls in Gujarat, tally crosses 100&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=BJP wins all 4 assembly bypolls in Gujarat, tally crosses 100|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-wins-all-4-assembly-bypolls-in-gujarat-tally-crosses-100/articleshow/69478626.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=2 October 2023|date=24 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181015/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-wins-all-4-assembly-bypolls-in-gujarat-tally-crosses-100/articleshow/69478626.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=2 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Parshottambhai Sabariya<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party | rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |[[Prakash Varmora|Prakashbhai Parsotambhai Varmora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2022 ===<br /> &lt;!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA--&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Prakash Varmora]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=102,844|percentage=48.88|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gunjariya Chhatrasinh Shankarbhai|party=Indian National Congress|votes=69,871|percentage=33.21|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vaghjibhai Karshanbhai Kaila|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=28,127|percentage=13.37|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,613|percentage=1.72|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=32,973|percentage=15.67|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}--&gt;<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = {{formatnum:304356}} <br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Elections ECI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}&lt;!--<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}--&gt;<br /> {{Election box end}}&lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2019 by-poll ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2019: Dhrangadhra}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate =Parsotam Ukabhai Sabariya<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 99,252<br /> |percentage = 56.32<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dineshbhai Jivrajbai Patel |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 64,972<br /> |percentage = 36.87<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = None of the Above<br /> |party = None of the Above<br /> |votes =3,648<br /> |percentage = 2.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 34,280<br /> |percentage = 19.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,76,236<br /> |percentage =61.59<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Dhrangadhra&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Parshottam Sabariya<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Gujarat Assembly Elections : 2012 |publisher=Ceo.gujarat.gov.inZaccessdate=2015-03-11 |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jayantibhai Kavadiya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=87,621|percentage=47.61|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jayesh Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=70,218|percentage=38.15|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=17,403|percentage=9.46|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=184,049|percentage=75.53|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Surendranagar district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.22|71.22|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Surendranagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=KIAL_Terminals_metro_station&diff=507129 2026-04-14T14:33:42Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = KIAL Terminals<br /> | type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}<br /> | style = Namma Metro<br /> | image = KIAL Terminals metro station (Mar '24).jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = Under Construction of KIAL Terminals metro station with Terminal 1 of [[Kempegowda International Airport]] under [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]<br /> | address = Gangamuthanahalli, Karnataka 560300<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.19809|77.71245|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]<br /> | platform = [[Island platform]] &lt;small&gt;''(TBC)''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} *&lt;br&gt;Platform-2 → Train Terminates Here&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Platform Numbers (TBC)''&lt;br&gt;* ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} ''' in the future)''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | depth = <br /> | connections = [[File:BSicon FLUGg.svg|13px]] [[Kempegowda International Airport]]&lt;br/&gt;{{rint|bus|1}} KIAL Bus Terminus&lt;br/&gt;{{rint|rail|1}} [[Kempegowda International Airport halt railway station|KIA Halt Railway station]]<br /> | levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | parking = '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | bicycle = <br /> | baggage_check = <br /> | opening = {{start date and age|June 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]] '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | status = Under Construction<br /> | code = '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br /> | operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br /> | architect = <br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | wifi = <br /> | zone = <br /> | smartcardname = <br /> | smartcardstatus = <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Airport City|to-left1=Hebbala|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2027)''|right1=|to-right1=KIAL Terminals|line2=Blue|left2=Airport City|to-left2=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2027)''|right2=|to-right2=}}<br /> | route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''KIAL Terminals''' is an upcoming underground eastern terminal metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This will be an important metro station which will serve the passengers who would be flying to different destinations across the globe. <br /> <br /> Around this metro station, holds the main [[Kempegowda International Airport]], along with the '''KIAL Bus Terminus''' which would commute passengers and the general public towards the city, [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]] and important areas like [[Yelahanka]], [[Krishnarajapuram]], [[Marathahalli]] and towards [[Mysore]] or [[Madikeri]] or [[Kundapur]]a via [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation#Services|KSRTC ''flybus'']] services. This metro station is slated to be operational around June 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-03-06 |title=₹500 crore for suburban rail, 41 km of metro line to be operational in 2026-27, says Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L&amp;T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A &amp; 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail &amp; Metro Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bengaluru’s Blue Line of Namma Metro scheduled for completion by Dec. 2027 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-blue-line-of-namma-metro-scheduled-for-completion-by-dec-2027/article70013051.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250915192404/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-blue-line-of-namma-metro-scheduled-for-completion-by-dec-2027/article70013051.ece |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the KIAL Terminals metro station, part of the 15.011 km Reach 2B – Package 3 (Bagalur Cross - KIAL Terminals) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro’s Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Station layout==<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = KIAL Terminals track layout<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br /> | title-color = white<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRfq\-STRfq\-STRfq\vENDEeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P1''' to Train Terminates Here<br /> vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRgq!~PLT-\-STRgq!~PLT-\-STRgq!~PLT-\vENDEeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P2''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Airport City}} **<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and one Island platform&lt;br/&gt;** '''Under Construction'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> === ''Station layout (TBC)'' ===<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|'''M'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|Mezzanine<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1pxBlack;&quot; width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=85|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Eastbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=500|Towards → Train Terminates Here<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Westbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} **&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Airport City}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85|'''''Note:'''''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|&lt;small&gt;** '''''To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} in the future'''''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Bangalore]]<br /> *[[Kempegowda International Airport]]<br /> *[[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br /> *[[Transport in Karnataka]]<br /> *[[List of metro systems]]<br /> *[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Bangalore|Transport|Engineering}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons|Namma Metro}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170629131050/http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/index.html Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)] <br /> * [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br /> <br /> {{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirekerur_Assembly_constituency&diff=502890 2026-04-14T03:23:29Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: adding details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Hirekerur<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 86<br /> | map_image = 86-Hirekerur constituency.svg<br /> | mla = [[U. B. Banakar]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | district = [[Haveri district|Haveri]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Haveri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haveri]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = UB Banakar.jpg<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:185982}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|7}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[B. C. Patil]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hirekerur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=electors2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Haveri district]].<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart|value1=47.25|value2=17.64|value3=11.76|value4=11.76|value5=5.88|value6=5.88|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (8 Times)]]|label2=[[Independent Politician|'''IND'''(3 times)]]|label3=[[Janata Dal|'''JD(S)'''(2 times)]]|label4=[[BJP|'''BJP '''(2 times)]]|label5=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (1 time)]]|label6=[[Karnataka Janata Party|'''KJP'''(1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|color3={{party color|Janata Dal}}|color4={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color5={{party color|Janata Party}}|color6={{party color|Karnataka Janata Paksha}}|<br /> caption=Most Successful parties from Hirekerur assembly constituency in General elections}}<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Veeranagouda Veerbasagouda Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gubbi Shankarrao Basalingappagouda<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || G. S. R. Basalingappagouda<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || B. B. Gadlappa<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Gubbi Shankarrao Basalingappagouda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Bankar Basavannappa Gadlappa<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[U. B. Banakar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || B. H. Bannikod || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[U. B. Banakar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || B. H. Bannikod || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[B. C. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[U. B. Banakar]] || {{Full party name with color|Karnataka Janata Paksha}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[B. C. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[U. B. Banakar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. B. Banakar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 85,378 |percentage = 53.53% |change = {{increase}}14.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavanagouda Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,358 |percentage = 44.11% |change = {{decrease}}15.20 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayananda Javannanavar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 953 |percentage = 0.60% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,020 |percentage = 9.42% |change = {{decrease}}10.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 159,658 |percentage = 85.85% |change = {{increase}}6.87 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 159,497}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,982 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.30 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.78 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. C. Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,562 |percentage = 59.31% |change = {{increase}}11.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bannikod Basappa Hanumantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,495 |percentage = 39.16% |change = {{decrease}}8.94 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 789 |percentage = 0.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,067 |percentage = 20.15% |change = {{increase}}19.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 145,004 |percentage = 78.98% |change = {{decrease}}5.15 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 144,268}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,590 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.36 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.21 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. C. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,461 |percentage = 48.10% |change = {{increase}}16.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ujaneshwara Banakar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,906 |percentage = 47.73% |change = {{increase}}45.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddappa Gudadappanavar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,597 |percentage = 2.39% |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 972 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 555 |percentage = 0.37% |change = {{decrease}}1.27 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 150,890 |percentage = 84.13% |change = {{increase}}2.04 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 150,646}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,355 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Karnataka Janata Paksha |swing = {{increase}}15.04 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2013 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. B. Banakar]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 52,623 |percentage = 33.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. C. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,017 |percentage = 31.42% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Bannikod |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,579 |percentage = 6.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Ashok |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 3,399 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palakshagouda. H. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,177 |percentage = 2.00% |change = {{decrease}}16.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sampatkumar. B. Muttalli |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 2,921 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neelappa. M. Iter |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,205 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharmaraj M. Sali |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,885 |percentage = 1.18% |change = {{decrease}}16.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Kusagur |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,701 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,606 |percentage = 1.64% |change = {{decrease}}2.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 132,997 |percentage = 82.09% |change = {{increase}}6.92 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 159,167}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,020 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.71 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Janata Paksha |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. C. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,322 |percentage = 30.97% |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. B. Banakar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 31,132 |percentage = 27.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok. K. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,632 |percentage = 18.97% |change = {{decrease}}11.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bannikod Basappa Hanumantappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,678 |percentage = 17.25% |change = {{decrease}}17.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi Tande Ramanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,197 |percentage = 1.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Y. Kalala |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,365 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Angadi Shambulingappa Revanappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,104 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pattanashetti Sateesh Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 870 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajjayyaswami Shadaksharayya Aradyamath |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 760 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,190 |percentage = 3.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.79 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 114,127 |percentage = 75.17% |change = {{increase}}0.83 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 114,060}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,833 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.96 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}4.13 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. C. Patil]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,237 |percentage = 35.10% |change = {{increase}}33.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Banakar Ujaneshwar Basavanappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,247 |percentage = 30.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bannikod Basappa Hanumantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,630 |percentage = 26.51% |change = {{increase}}4.22 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayanthi Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,642 |percentage = 5.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Ramanagouda. V. Y |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,574 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jokanal Maruti Basappa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,460 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,990 |percentage = 4.46% |change = {{increase}}0.38 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 111,804 |percentage = 74.34% |change = {{decrease}}1.23 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 111,790}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,392 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.91 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.38 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Bannikod |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,160 |percentage = 35.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. B. Banakar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,232 |percentage = 31.40% |change = {{decrease}}4.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,464 |percentage = 22.29% |change = {{increase}}7.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Sali |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,894 |percentage = 7.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ekkegondi Ramanagouda Veerappa |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,321 |percentage = 2.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagadeesh Basavanappa Tambakad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,209 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,928 |percentage = 4.08% |change = {{decrease}}6.30 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 103,398 |percentage = 75.57% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 96,280}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 7,113 |percentage = 6.88% |change = {{increase}}5.00 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,830 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.60 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.15 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. B. Banakar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,248 |percentage = 35.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Bannikod |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,855 |percentage = 25.25% |change = {{decrease}}14.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. A. Pathan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,239 |percentage = 14.63% |change = {{decrease}}21.42 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Banakar |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 10,584 |percentage = 11.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Girimallappanavar |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 6,315 |percentage = 6.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Ramanagouda Yekkegondi |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,061 |percentage = 4.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,393 |percentage = 10.38% |change = {{increase}}6.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 92,314 |percentage = 71.25% |change = {{decrease}}2.92 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 90,509}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,733 |percentage = 1.88% |change = {{decrease}}3.49 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,570 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.92 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}4.08 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Bannikod |party = Janata Dal |votes = 34,093 |percentage = 39.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Shankar Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,955 |percentage = 36.05% |change = {{decrease}}8.20 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Sali |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,940 |percentage = 22.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. H. Badaller |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,337 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,138 |percentage = 3.65% |change = {{decrease}}4.32 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 90,729 |percentage = 74.17% |change = {{decrease}}2.56 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 85,861}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 4,868 |percentage = 5.37% |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,333 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.52 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[U. B. Banakar]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,164 |percentage = 52.22% |change = {{increase}}47.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Sali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,645 |percentage = 44.25% |change = {{increase}}0.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurushantappa Basappa Jyoti |party = Independent politician |votes = 936 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bilki Shekhappa Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 689 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kannappanavar Mallappa Shekharappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 467 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,519 |percentage = 7.97% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 70,297 |percentage = 76.73% |change = {{increase}}5.36 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 69,250}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,622 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.93 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.05 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bankar Basavannappa Gadlappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,268 |percentage = 51.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gubbi Shankarrao Basalingappagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,517 |percentage = 43.64% |change = {{increase}}40.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sali Basappa Mallappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,877 |percentage = 4.56% |change = {{decrease}}0.49 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,751 |percentage = 7.53% |change = {{decrease}}6.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 64,154 |percentage = 71.37% |change = {{decrease}}5.55 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 63,055}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,099 |percentage = 1.71% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,888 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.52 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}1.66 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gubbi Shankarrao Basalingappagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,103 |percentage = 52.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankar Basavannappa Gadlappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,695 |percentage = 38.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shantanagoudra Mallikarjunagouda Channabasanagouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,069 |percentage = 5.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bannikod Basappa Hanumantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,708 |percentage = 2.81% |change = {{decrease}}50.34 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,408 |percentage = 13.84% |change = {{increase}}6.91 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 61,998 |percentage = 76.92% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 60,765}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,233 |percentage = 1.99% |change = {{increase}}1.99 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,599 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.38 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Gadlappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,205 |percentage = 53.15% |change = {{decrease}}13.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. R. Basalingappagouda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 24,529 |percentage = 46.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Banashappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 333 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,676 |percentage = 6.93% |change = {{decrease}}26.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 54,314 |percentage = 77.75% |change = {{increase}}2.12 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 53,067}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,858 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.66 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.60 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. R. Basalingappagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,368 |percentage = 66.75% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Gadlappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 15,126 |percentage = 33.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,242 |percentage = 33.50% |change = {{increase}}4.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 47,317 |percentage = 75.63% |change = {{increase}}5.84 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 45,494}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,562 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.52 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.48 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gubbi Shankarrao Basalingappagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,284 |percentage = 64.27% |change = {{increase}}4.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiddanagouda Shivabasanagouda Karegoudar |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 12,946 |percentage = 35.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,338 |percentage = 28.53% |change = {{increase}}1.84 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 38,124 |percentage = 69.79% |change = {{increase}}7.53 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 36,230}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,628 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.40 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.34 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gubbi Shankarrao Basalingappagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,137 |percentage = 59.93% |change = {{increase}}6.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basalingappagouda Dodgouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,060 |percentage = 33.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Newsi Basavannappa Somappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,065 |percentage = 6.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,077 |percentage = 26.69% |change = {{increase}}13.80 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 30,262 |percentage = 62.26% |change = {{decrease}}2.58 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 30,262}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,602 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}8.27 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.60 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hirekerur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Veeranagouda Veerbasagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,323 |percentage = 53.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basalengappagouda Doddagouda Patil |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 13,893 |percentage = 40.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malleshappa Malkappa Banakar |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 2,139 |percentage = 6.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,430 |percentage = 12.89% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 34,355 |percentage = 64.84% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 34,355}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,985 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Haveri district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|14.45|75.39|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Haveri district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttam_Singh_(field_hockey)&diff=542917 2026-04-13T06:24:39Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 2002)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox field hockey player<br /> | name = Uttam Singh<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|10|12|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Karampur, [[Ghazipur district]], Uttar Pradesh<br /> | height = <br /> | position = Forward<br /> | currentclub = <br /> | clubs1 = Uttar Pradesh<br /> | years1 = <br /> | caps1 = <br /> | goals1 = <br /> | clubs2 = [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]<br /> | years2 = <br /> | caps2 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | nationalyears1 = 2019–2023<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = <br /> | nationalgoals1 = <br /> | nationalyears2 = 2022–<br /> | nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]<br /> | nationalcaps2 = 16<br /> | nationalgoals2 = 6<br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> {{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}<br /> {{MedalBronze|[[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Jakarta]]|}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}<br /> {{MedalGold|[[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Hulunbuir]]|}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Uttam Singh''' (born 12 October 2002) is an Indian field hockey player from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He made his senior India debut in the Hero Asia Cup 2022 held at [[Jakarta]] in June 2022.  He plays for Uttar Pradesh in the domestic tournaments and for [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]] in the Hero [[Hockey India League]] 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-10-15 |title=Hockey India League Players' Auction: Full list of squads of eight men's teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/hockey-india-league-players-auction-full-list-of-squads-of-eight-mens-teams/articleshow/114233146.cms |access-date=2025-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Singh is from Karampur, [[Ghazipur district]], Uttar Pradesh. His father Krishnakant Singh is a farmer. He learnt his basics at Karampur stadium and moved to Ludhiana Hockey Academy to improve his game.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-06-03 |title=Now, the world knows that I am from Karampur: Uttam Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/now-the-world-knows-that-i-am-from-karampur-uttam-singh/articleshow/100717704.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Singh made his international debut with the junior India team that played the [[2019 Sultan of Johor Cup]] and went on to lead the junior team. In December 2021, he captained the Indian under-21 team that played the [[2021 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|FIH Odisha Hockey Men's Junior World Cup Bhubaneswar 2021]] and scored five goals in the event.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=How Uttam Singh Has Been Impressive With his Goal-Creating &amp; Goal-Scoring Prowess |url=https://hockeypassion.in/how-uttam-singh-has-been-impressive-with-his-goal-creating-goal-scoring-prowess/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=HockeyPassion.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then made his senior India debut in 2022 Asia Cup at Muscat where he scored 2 goals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In June 2022, he played the Hero Asia Cup at Jakarta. He also led the team to win the [[2022 Sultan of Johor Cup]] beating Australia in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohanarangan |first=Vinayakk |date=2022-11-15 |title=Hockey: Meet Uttam Singh, the young forward who led India as they reclaimed the Sultan of Johor Cup |url=https://scroll.in/field/1036394/hockey-meet-uttam-singh-the-young-forward-who-led-india-as-they-reclaimed-the-sultan-of-johor-cup |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, he captained Indian team in the [[2023 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Men’s Junior Asia Cup]] in June, [[2023 Sultan of Johor Cup]] in November and [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2023 FIH Junior World Cup]] in December.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SINGH Uttam {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/world-cup/men/mens-junior-world-cup-2023-1507/player/singh-uttam-24468 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=Never give-up attitude behind Uttam Singh's success in hockey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/never-give-up-attitude-behind-uttam-singhs-success-in-hockey/articleshow/100986253.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Uttam}}<br /> [[Category:2002 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Hockey India League players]]<br /> [[Category:Men's field hockey forwards]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uday_Narayan_Rai&diff=542313 2026-04-13T00:12:31Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Uday Narayan Rai<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 1980<br /> | term_end = 1995<br /> | predecessor = Babu Lal Shastri<br /> | successor = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br /> | constituency = [[Raghopur, Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]]<br /> | birth_date = 1932<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2022|08|25|1932|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[AIIMS Patna]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]<br /> | party = [[Janata Dal (United)]] (2020–2022)<br /> | other_party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (until 2020)<br /> | occupation = [[Politician]]<br /> | nickname = Bhola Babu, Bhola Rai <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Uday Narayan Rai''' (1932 – 25 August 2022), also known as '''Bhola Babu''' and '''Bhola Rai''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-14 |title=Bihar Assembly Election 2020: Tejashwi Yadav files nomination papers from Raghopur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-tejashwi-yadav-to-file-nomination-papers-from-raghopur/story-jIIwnqtDN60Ho3SSNefdgP.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian politician from the state of [[Bihar]]. He was a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raghopur, Vaishali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]] and served as a state cabinet minister in the governments of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Rabri Devi]].<br /> <br /> He was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) three times in the Bihar Assembly elections of [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]], [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]], and [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/raghopur.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Raghopur Assembly Constituency}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Uday Narayan Rai began his political career with the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) and later joined the [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU). <br /> Uday Narayan Rai passed away on 25 August 2022 at [[AIIMS Patna]], Bihar, at the age of 90. He was cremated with full state honors in Vaishali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uday Narayan Rai alias Bhola Rai was cremated with state honors |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/vaishali/hajipur/news/uday-narayan-rai-alias-bhola-rai-was-cremated-with-state-honors-130234954.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=1 November 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Rai won the seat of Raghopur constituency for three consecutive terms in 1980,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raghopur Bihar Assembly Election 1980 – Latest News &amp; Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1980/raghopur/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1985&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raghopur Bihar Assembly Election 1985 – Latest News &amp; Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1985/raghopur/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raghopur Bihar Assembly Election 1990 – Latest News &amp; Results |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1990/raghopur/}}&lt;/ref&gt; He vacated the seat upon the directive of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] in 1995 so that Lalu Prasad Yadav could contest from the constituency in the [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995 election]]. He served as a cabinet minister{{Clarify|reason=Which ministry?|date=April 2022}} in the governments of Lalu Prasad Yadav and Rabri Devi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=जिसने लालू यादव के लिए छोड़ दिया था राघोपुर सीट, अब तेजस्वी के खिलाफ फूंका बिगुल, पूर्व मंत्री उदय नारायण राय ने छोड़ी राजद |trans-title=Who had left Raghopur seat for Lalu Yadav, now blew a bugle against Tejashwi, former minister Uday Narayan Rai left RJD |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/with-bihar-assembly-election-dates-coming-close-rjd-in-turmoil-as-senior-leader-uday-narayan-rai-close-aide-of-lalu-prasad-yadav-leaves-party-news-and-updates/1516694/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=[[Jansatta]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, he quit [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] following not being nominated as a [[Member of Legislative Council]], and announced that he would support [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) against [[Tejashwi Yadav]], the incumbent MLA of Raghopur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=Bihar polls 2020: In Raghopur, Tejashwi Yadav's CM prospects carry much weight |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/02/bihar-polls-2020-in-raghopur-tejashwi-yadavs-cm-prospects-carry-much-weight-2218141.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2020, he joined [[Janata Dal (United)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 September 2020 |title=2 Cong MLAs, RJD, RLSP leaders join JD(U) ahead of Bihar Assembly polls |work=[[Business Standard India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/2-cong-mlas-rjd-rlsp-leaders-join-jd-u-ahead-of-bihar-assembly-polls-120091200026_1.html |access-date=21 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vaishali district]]<br /> [[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1932 births]]<br /> [[Category:2022 deaths]]<br /> <br /> {{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Roshans&diff=540670 2026-04-10T20:33:14Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian documentary series}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = The Roshans 1.jpeg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Promotional poster<br /> | genre = Documentary&lt;br&gt;Biography<br /> | director = Shashi Ranjan<br /> | composer = Pranav Parab&lt;br&gt;Wilfred Soz<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_episodes = 4<br /> | producer = Shashi Ranjan&lt;br&gt;Rakesh Roshan<br /> | cinematography = Arvind K.<br /> | editor = Geeta Singh<br /> | runtime = &lt;!-- Approximate runtime unavailable --&gt;<br /> | company = &lt;!-- Not publicly listed --&gt;<br /> | network = [[Netflix]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2025|01|17|df=yes}}<br /> | last_aired = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''The Roshans''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language documentary series that premiered on [[Netflix]] on 17 January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Devansh |title=The Roshans review: Documentary on Hrithik Roshan's family overshadowed by overindulgence |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-roshans-review-documentary-on-hrithik-roshans-family-overshadowed-by-overindulgence/0a34c56090672 |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The four-part biographical series examines the life, work, and legacy of the Roshan family, a multigenerational household that has been part of the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]] for over seven decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Piya |date=9 January 2025 |title=Hrithik Roshan was initially embarrassed about The Roshans documentary. Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/hrithik-roshan-embarrassed-the-roshans-documentary-here-is-why-2662387-2025-01-09 |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The series traces the artistic lineage from composer [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan Lal Nagrath]] to his sons [[Rakesh Roshan]] and [[Rajesh Roshan]], and to actor [[Hrithik Roshan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nazir |first=Asjad |title=Netflix’s 'The Roshans' Skips Hrithik Roshan’s Family Drama {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/netflix-s-the-roshans-leaves-out-negative-side-of-hrithik-roshan-s-family/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=www.easterneye.biz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; reflecting on how the family’s creative output helped shape mainstream Bollywood music and cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Roshans Review {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/web-series/the-roshans-review-70944.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=Rakesh Roshan Strips Away Bollywood Glitter in Netflix’s Candid Family Series; ‘Krrish 4’ Announcement ‘Very Soon’ |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/rakesh-roshan-strips-away-bollywood-092821433.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Variety via Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-01-17 |title=SHOCKING: Rakesh Roshan reveals in The Roshans that he was replaced by Jeetendra as the main lead in Priyatama due to Neetu Kapoor and distributors: &quot;The producer told me ‘Distributors and heroine are worried that tum honge toh picture bikegi nahin'&quot; : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shocking-rakesh-roshan-reveals-roshans-replaced-jeetendra-main-lead-priyatama-due-neetu-kapoor-distributors-producer-told-distributors-heroine/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> ''The Roshans'' chronicles four generations of one of India's most recognizable film families. The narrative begins with Roshan Lal Nagrath, who rose to prominence as a composer in the 1950s and 1960s. It then explores the parallel careers of his sons—filmmaker Rakesh Roshan and composer Rajesh Roshan—before culminating in the global stardom of Hrithik Roshan.<br /> <br /> The docu-series intertwines personal anecdotes with professional milestones, using extensive archival footage, rare home videos, and intimate family interviews. It presents the Roshan family as both public figures and private individuals grappling with fame, legacy, and loss. Themes of artistic pressure, reinvention, and intergenerational influence recur throughout the episodes, reflecting how the family navigated changes in the Indian film industry.<br /> <br /> == Cast and interviewees ==<br /> The series features appearances and interviews from members of the Roshan family and their close associates:<br /> <br /> * [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan Lal Nagrath]] (archival)<br /> * [[Ira Roshan|Ira Nagrath]] (archival)<br /> * [[Rakesh Roshan]]<br /> * Pinkie Roshan<br /> * Sunaina Roshan<br /> * Suranika Soni<br /> * [[Hrithik Roshan]]<br /> * Hrehaan Roshan<br /> * Hridhaan Roshan<br /> * [[Rajesh Roshan]]<br /> * Kanchan Roshan<br /> * Eshaan Roshan<br /> * [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<br /> * [[Salman Khan]]<br /> * [[Vicky Kaushal]]<br /> * Sham Kaushal<br /> * [[Jackie Shroff]]<br /> * [[Tiger Shroff]]<br /> * [[Ameesha Patel]]<br /> * [[Javed Akhtar]]<br /> * [[Honey Irani]]<br /> * [[Zoya Akhtar]]<br /> * [[Farhan Akhtar]]<br /> * [[Farah Khan]]<br /> * [[Preity Zinta]]<br /> * [[Priyanka Chopra]]<br /> * [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> * [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]<br /> * [[Subhash Ghai]]<br /> * [[Karan Johar]]<br /> * [[Shatrughan Sinha]]<br /> * [[Sonu Nigam]]<br /> * [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]<br /> * Kishore Desai<br /> * [[Madhuri Dixit]]<br /> * [[Arjun Rampal]]<br /> * [[Abhishek Bachchan]]<br /> * [[Ranbir Kapoor]]<br /> * [[Siddharth Anand]]<br /> * [[Anil Kapoor]]<br /> * [[Robin Bhatt]]<br /> * [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]]<br /> * [[Anupam Kher]]<br /> * [[Taran Adarsh]]<br /> <br /> == Family background and legacy ==<br /> [[File:Mahurat of Koi... Mil Gaya.jpg|thumb|[[Hrithik Roshan]] (second from left), [[Rakesh Roshan]] (centre), Eshaan Roshan (second from right), and [[Rajesh Roshan]] (extreme right) in 2001]]<br /> <br /> === Roshan ===<br /> The docu-series opens with the life and career of the family patriarch, composer [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan (Lal Nagrath)]], tracing his move to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] via [[Gujranwala]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Delhi]], and his marriage to singer Ira Nagrath (later [[Ira Roshan]]). It recounts his first big opportunity from filmmaker Kidar Sharma in ''[[Neki Aur Badi]]'' (1949) and uses archival audio to illustrate his process and impact on Hindi film music of the 1950s–60s.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=17 January 2025 |title=The Roshans Review: Easy, Breezy Watch With Memorable Moments |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-roshans-review-easy-breezy-watch-with-memorable-moments-3-stars-7494195 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics note that the show positions Roshan’s oeuvre—frequently referenced through celebrated songs and interviews with peers—as the creative springboard for subsequent generations.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI-seasonreview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=17 January 2025 |title=The Roshans Season 1 Review: A melodic saga of legacy, resilience, and stardom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-roshans/the-roshans-season-1/seasonreview/117236896.cms |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinkvilla-review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Roshans Review |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/the-roshans-review-docuseries-acknowledging-the-contribution-of-3-generations-of-bollywoods-iconic-roshan-family-is-absolutely-raw-real-and-heartwarming-1367705 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Pinkvilla}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rakesh Roshan ===<br /> <br /> :'''Acting career'''<br /> The second strand focuses on [[Rakesh Roshan]]’s early years in front of the camera, acknowledging a prolonged period of struggle and near-misses. Rakesh recalls being replaced by Jeetendra in [[Basu Chatterjee]]’s ''[[Priyatama]]'' (1977), an incident he says was driven by distributor scepticism and co-star preferences; the episode is explicitly cited in the series and subsequent coverage.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH-Priyatama&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=17 January 2025 |title=SHOCKING: Rakesh Roshan reveals in ''The Roshans'' that he was replaced by Jeetendra as the main lead in ''Priyatama'' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shocking-rakesh-roshan-reveals-roshans-replaced-jeetendra-main-lead-priyatama-due-neetu-kapoor-distributors-producer-told-distributors-heroine/ |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He accepted character and negative roles in order to remain visible, before eventually re-orienting his career.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-review&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CinemaExpress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=20 January 2025 |title=The Roshans Documentary Review: A cursory exploration of a film family’s legacy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2025/Jan/20/the-roshans-documentary-review-a-cursory-exploration-of-a-film-familys-legacy |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> :'''Transition to Director'''<br /> The series then charts Rakesh’s pivot to filmmaking, marking commercial breakthroughs with ''[[Khudgarz]]'' (1987) and ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995).&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-review&quot; /&gt; It revisits turning points and crises—including the shooting incident shortly after ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai|Kaho Naa… Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000) and his later cancer diagnosis—through family testimonies and industry recollections.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-review&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moneycontrol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Duggal |first=Deepansh |date=17 January 2025 |title=The Roshans Review: Insightful, nostalgia-laden biography on Bollywood's multi-talented family |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/the-roshans-review-insightful-nostalgia-laden-biography-on-bollywood-s-multi-talented-family-article-12912816.html |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shah Rukh Khan]], among other collaborators, weighs in on Rakesh’s directorial method and his partnership with brother Rajesh, recalling how he advised launching Hrithik owing to his screen presence.&lt;ref name=&quot;BH-SRK&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=18 January 2025 |title=The Roshans: &quot;Rakesh Roshan was the first director to tell me ‘Tu aaram se baat kar’…&quot; – Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/roshans-rakesh-roshan-first-director-tell-tu-aaram-se-baat-kar-assured-hrithik-ko-launch-kar-lo-bahut-handsome-hai/ |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coverage around the show also noted Rakesh indicating that an announcement on ''[[Krrish (franchise)|Krrish 4]]'' would come “very soon.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety-Yahoo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=1 February 2025 |title=Rakesh Roshan Strips Away Bollywood Glitter in Netflix’s Candid Family Series; ‘Krrish 4’ Announcement ‘Very Soon’ |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/rakesh-roshan-strips-away-bollywood-092821433.html |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Variety via Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rajesh Roshan ===<br /> The programme’s third track examines [[Rajesh Roshan]]’s apprenticeship with the composer duo [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and his emergence as a music director with films like ''[[Kunwara Baap (1974 film)|Kunwara Baap]]'' (1974) and ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975).&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-review&quot; /&gt; It comments on his longevity across changing musical tastes while retaining a relatively low public profile, with family and colleagues reflecting on his creative temperament and collaborations with Rakesh on multiple soundtracks.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-review&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI-seasonreview&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hrithik Roshan ===<br /> The final arc centres on [[Hrithik Roshan]]’s career, beginning with the unprecedented debut of ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai|Kaho Naa… Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000) and the mass hysteria that followed, juxtaposed against personal doubts and physical setbacks he discusses on camera.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-review&quot; /&gt; Reviews highlight his candid reflections on “insurmountable odds,” as well as behind-the-scenes material from the ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya|Koi… Mil Gaya]]''/''[[Krrish]]'' era and accounts of the period around the attack on Rakesh Roshan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-review&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moneycontrol&quot; /&gt; Prior to release, Hrithik said he initially felt “embarrassed” by the idea of a family documentary before recognising it as a story about legacy beyond himself.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday-embarrassed&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Piya |date=9 January 2025 |title=Hrithik Roshan was initially embarrassed about The Roshans documentary. Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/hrithik-roshan-embarrassed-the-roshans-documentary-here-is-why-2662387-2025-01-09 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The series was announced by Netflix in late 2024 as part of its slate of Indian original documentaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-12-04 |title=The Roshans: Netflix announces new docu-series on the Roshan family |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-roshans-netflix-announces-new-docu-series-on-the-roshan-family/article68945834.ece |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to reports, the Roshan family provided filmmakers unprecedented access to personal archives, including photographs and home videos dating back several decades. Production sources suggested that the interviews were conducted over several months in 2024, with Hrithik Roshan initially expressing hesitation about sharing deeply personal experiences on camera before agreeing to participate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Piya |title=Hrithik Roshan opens up about his hesitation towards The Roshans docu-series |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/hrithik-roshan-embarrassed-the-roshans-documentary-here-is-why-2662387-2025-01-09 |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The project was filmed primarily in Mumbai and includes footage from the family’s homes and film sets. It was edited to combine archival elements with contemporary reflections.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}.<br /> <br /> == Structure and episodes ==<br /> The series is divided into four episodes, each exploring a different phase of the Roshan family's artistic and personal journey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Sucharita |title=The Roshans Documentary Review |url=https://sucharitatyagi.medium.com/the-roshans-documentary-review-sucharita-tyagi-c9b1dfe1f49f |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Medium}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Roshans Review: Easy Breezy Watch With Memorable Moments |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-roshans-review-easy-breezy-watch-with-memorable-moments-3-stars-7494195 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Netflix's The Roshans Docu-Series Review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-the-roshans-docu-series-review-hrithik-roshan-rakesh-rajesh-and-how-they-lived-up-to-the-legacy-of-roshan-lal-nagrath-13853754.html |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Roshans Documentary Review: A Cursory Exploration Of A Film Family's Legacy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2025/Jan/20/the-roshans-documentary-review-a-cursory-exploration-of-a-film-familys-legacy |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> !Episode<br /> !Synopsis<br /> !Original release date<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |The opening episode introduces the patriarch, Roshan Lal Nagrath, charting his evolution from a classically trained musician to a composer who bridged traditional Indian music with cinematic expression. It features rare interviews with industry contemporaries and analyses his impact on film music during the golden age of Bollywood.<br /> |17 January 2025<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Focuses on Rakesh Roshan and Rajesh Roshan, tracing their early struggles, creative collaborations, and individual successes. The episode highlights Rakesh’s transition from actor to filmmaker and Rajesh’s rise as a composer, while addressing the challenges of sustaining a family legacy in a competitive industry.<br /> |17 January 2025<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Chronicles Hrithik Roshan’s debut with ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), the unprecedented fame that followed, and his personal and professional battles. The episode juxtaposes public adulation with introspective accounts of self-doubt, injury, and perseverance.<br /> |17 January 2025<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |The final episode brings the family’s story into the present, reflecting on generational continuity, Hrithik’s evolving career, and the artistic inclinations of his sons. It concludes with reflections on how the Roshan family perceives its place in the changing landscape of Indian cinema.<br /> |17 January 2025<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> [[File:Rakesh Roshan, Rajesh Roshan, Kanchan Roshan, Sunaina Roshan, Pinkie Roshan, Anu Ranjan, Hrithik Roshan and Shashi Ranjan at The Roshans success party.jpg|thumb|(from left to right) [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Rajesh Roshan]], Kanchan Roshan, Sunaina Roshan, Pinkie Roshan, Anu Ranjan, [[Hrithik Roshan]] and Shashi Ranjan in 2025]]<br /> ''The Roshans'' was released globally on 17 January 2025 on [[Netflix]]. All four episodes were made available for streaming simultaneously. Promotional materials, including the trailer and key art, were unveiled in early January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-01-05 |title=Shah Rukh Khan shines in 'The Roshans' docu-series trailer featuring Hrithik and Rakesh Roshan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-shines-in-the-roshans-docu-series-trailer-featuring-hrithik-and-rakesh-roshan/articleshow/116961604.cms |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Netflix promoted the series as an &quot;emotional exploration of one of India's most beloved film families.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Roshans Series Review&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Roshans Series Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-roshans/the-roshans-season-1/seasonreview/117236896.cms |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=The Roshans: Netflix to showcase Hrithik Roshan and his family's iconic legacy on screens |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/the-roshans-netflix-to-showcase-hrithik-roshan-and-his-family-iconic-legacy-on-screens-2024-12-04-964667 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=India TV News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> === Critical response ===<br /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|100||6|An introspective of the Roshan family through three generations and their contributions to Hindi-language cinema.|ref=y|access-date=10 November 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_roshans/s01 The Roshans (Rotten Tomatoes)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Writing for ''[[Medium (website)|Medium]]'', Sucharita Tyagi described ''The Roshans'' as “a masterclass in storytelling about a famous family,” commending its emotional core and sincerity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''[[NDTV]]'' rated it three out of five stars, calling it “an easy, breezy watch with memorable moments,” particularly highlighting Hrithik Roshan’s openness about his personal challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' described the series as “absolutely raw, real, and heartwarming,” appreciating its portrayal of three generations of creative contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinkvilla-review&quot;/&gt; Similarly, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' labelled it a “valuable addition to films about the Hindi film industry,” recognizing its attention to legacy and artistry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Roshans Review: A Valuable Addition To Films About Hindi Film Industry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-roshans-review-a-valuable-addition-to-films-about-hindi-film-industry-9784029/ |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ''[[The Hindu]]'' characterized the documentary as “an expected trip down memory lane,” stating that while engaging, it offered “little new insight” into the family’s history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Roshans Docu-Series Review: An Expected Trip Down Memory Lane |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-roshans-docu-series-review-an-expected-trip-down-memory-lane/article69108073.ece |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Times of India]]'' echoed this view, calling it “engaging in parts” but ultimately a “glossy, polished tribute.”&lt;ref name=&quot;The Roshans Series Review&quot; /&gt; ''[[CNBC TV18]]'' described it as “too myopic, afraid, and sanitised to divulge anything of importance or intrigue.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Roshans Review: Too Myopic, Afraid &amp; Sanitised To Divulge Anything Of Importance |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/the-roshans-review-too-myopic-afraid-sanitised-to-divulge-anything-of-importance-or-intrigue-19542598.htm |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=CNBC TV18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' commented that it was an example of “nonfiction behaving like fiction,” arguing that it prioritized image control over authentic exploration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Roshans Series Review: When Nonfiction Behaves Like Fiction |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/the-roshans-series-review-when-nonfiction-behaves-like-fiction |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *''[[The Romantics (TV series)]]'' (2023)<br /> *''[[Angry Young Men (miniseries)]]'' (2024)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81922315 ''The Roshans''] on [[Netflix]]<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=31189484}}<br /> <br /> {{Rakesh Roshan}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:The Roshans (section)}}<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2020s Indian television miniseries]]<br /> [[Category:Documentary television series about films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Indian documentary television series]]<br /> [[Category:Netflix original documentary television series]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanki_Panki&diff=501970 2026-04-07T01:55:17Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: adding new info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|English-language short comedy film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Hanki Panki<br /> | image = Hanki Panki.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = Nileish Malhotra<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Nileish Malhotra&lt;br /&gt; Martial Vout&lt;br /&gt; Dr. Suraina Malhotra&lt;br /&gt;Karyn Watt&lt;br /&gt; Karen Havranek <br /> {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br /> | label1= Dialogues by<br /> | data1 = {{ubl|Dr. Suraina Malhotra |Karyn Watt}}<br /> }}<br /> | story = Karyn Watt &lt;br /&gt; Karen Havranek<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = Nileish Malhotra&lt;br /&gt;Karyn Watt&lt;br /&gt;Karen Havranek <br /> | starring = Nileish Malhotra&lt;br /&gt;Karyn Watt&lt;br /&gt;Karen Havranek&lt;br /&gt;[[Vikas Shrivastav]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = Jaywant Raut&lt;br /&gt;Stuart Greig<br /> | editing = Umesh Rane<br /> | music = Amar{{endash}}Amit Desai&lt;br /&gt;Jonny Downie Junior<br /> | studio = KaKaNi Ltd&lt;br /&gt;Malhotra Productions<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2013|4||[[Cannes Film Festival]]|ref1=&lt;ref name=&quot;HS1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/13109638.decidedly-tasty-dahl-showed-correct-laugh-face-sell-by-date/|title=A decidedly tasty dahl that showed I was correct to laugh in the face of this sell-by date|date=15 June 2013|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;|2013|6|12|Scotland|2013|12|14|Mumbai}}<br /> | runtime = 35 minutes<br /> | country = Scotland&lt;br /&gt;India<br /> | language = English<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Hanki Panki''''' is a 2013 English-language short [[comedy film]] directed by Nileish Malhotra, who co-produced, co-wrote, and co-starred in the film alongside Karyn Watt, and Karen Havranek. [[Vikas Shrivastav]] also stars in the film.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film follows two Scottish soman as they travel to Indian for a baking competition, but they end up marrying [[maharaja]]s after meeting them in a nightclub.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/best-friends-karyn-white-karen-1984236.amp|title=Best friends celebrate turning 50 by writing their own Bollywood movie.. and it's been nominated for an award|date=23 June 2013|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|first=Emma|last=Smith|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-22862589.amp|title=From Holyrood to Bollywood: Scottish women's surprise movie hit|date=12 June 2013|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are later robbed and how they return to Scotland from India forms the rest of the story.&lt;ref name=&quot;Song&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqkUkBr6YFM|title='Hanki Panki' - A Pair Of Raja {{!}} Amit Desai {{!}} karyn Watt {{!}} Official Music Video|work=Panorama Visuals Music|date=22 April 2024|location=India|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *Nileish Malhotra as Maharaja of Goa Gettum <br /> *Karyn Watt as Madhoor<br /> *Karen Havranek as Pretty Awful <br /> *[[Vikas Shrivastav]] as Maharaja of Have to Pushcar<br /> <br /> Other people that star in the film include: Dr. Suraina Malhotra, Martial Vout, Peter Fouin, Lesley Watt, Ronnie Williams, Jacqui White, Marcus Langley White, Lynne Anderson, Nikki Fouin, Bob Mayer, Raj Mair, Liz Bell, Dave Bell, Jonny Downie Senior, Manish Gray,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manish-gray-recounts-his-unique-journey/articleshow/21478178.cms|title=Manish Gray recounts his unique journey|date=30 June 2013|first=Ankur|last=Pathak|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|via=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abhiyaan Malhotra, Richa, Rena Havranek, Ivan Havranek, George Watt, Marjory Watt, Pierre Fouin, Arun Nemani, Ankush Tiwari and Prasoon Shukla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Song&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Development and casting===<br /> Karyn Watt worked as a solicitor in Edinburgh, Scotland and Karen Havranek is also not an actor.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR&quot;/&gt; The scale of the film, which was initially made for their friends only, increased to a full fledged project after their friend director Nilesh Malhotra agreed to helm the project.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-22862589.amp|title=From Holyrood to Bollywood: Scottish women's surprise movie hit|date=12 June 2013|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vikas Shrivastav]] became a part of the film after being contacted by his uncle, who worked as a Bollywood producer.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR&quot;/&gt; Malhotra's wife Dr. Suraina Malhotra, worked as a creative director, scriptwriter and actor in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hellowomeniya.com/mumbai-doctor-dr-suraina-malhotra-turns-international-social-entrepreneur-joins-hello-womeniya-com-as-the-europe-chapter-head/|title=Mumbai Doctor, Dr. Suraina Malhotra, turns International Social Entrepreneur, joins ‘Hello Womeniya . Com’ as The Europe Chapter Head|work=Hello Womaniya!|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Watt's husband, Peter Fouin, and their neighbour, Raj Mair, also star in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Filming and post-production===<br /> The film was shot in an Indian restaurant in Edinburgh and India.&lt;ref name=&quot;HS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/13102140.day-races-draws-catty-criticism---eight-year-ban-tricky-trainer/|title=When a day at the races draws catty criticism – and an eight-year ban for a tricky trainer|date=27 April 2013|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was made with the intention of raising money towards [[Lifeline Express]] and close to £4000 was sent to the organization.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The film features the song &quot;A Pair Of Raja&quot; composed by the duo Amar{{endash}}Amit Desai, the latter of which also sung the song with lyrics by Karyn Watt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Song&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> The film was screened as part of the Short Film Corner section at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in April 2013 before being screened in Edinburgh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/athit-naiks-short-film-gets-its-big-ticket-to-cannes/articleshow/20206123.cms|title=Athit Naik's short film gets its big ticket to Cannes|date=23 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HS2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DR&quot;/&gt; The film was well received in Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR&quot;/&gt; In December 2013, Malhotra received the Best Director award at the Mini Box Office Film Festival in Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ecofindia.org/member/nilesh-malhotra/|title=Nilesh Malhotra|work=Ecofind|date=2025|access-date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In an interview with ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'', an anonymous reporter said, &quot;I have never seen anything like it since ''[[Braveheart]]''. Another anonymous reporter said, &quot;Can Cannes cope with this cinematic currycane [hurricane]? Don't ask me&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HS2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Scottish films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian short films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 English-language films]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthrenus_albonotatus&diff=486920 2026-04-05T08:22:09Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: created initial pg v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of beetle}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | genus = Anthrenus<br /> | species = albonotatus<br /> | authority = [[Maurice Pic|Pic]], 1922<br /> | parent = Anthrenodes<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Anthrenus (Anthrenodes) albonotatus''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in India (South) and Vietnam.&lt;ref name=wd-species/&gt;&lt;ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=wd-species&gt;{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=dermestidae-herrmann&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q2333550}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Anthrenus|albonotatus]]<br /> [[Category:Beetles of Vietnam]]<br /> [[Category:Beetles of India]]<br /> [[Category:Beetles described in 1922]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Maurice Pic]]<br /> <br /> {{Anthrenus-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanwar_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary&diff=462233 2026-03-28T10:00:23Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Freshwater oxbow lake in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Kanwar Taal Bird Sanctuary<br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | map = India<br /> | relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 10<br /> | location = [[Begusarai district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]<br /> | nearest_city = [[Begusarai]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25|36|36|N|86|08|24|E|display=inline, title}}<br /> | area = 67.5&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | established = 1987<br /> | module = {{Designation list<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | designation1 = Ramsar<br /> | designation1_offname = Kabartal Wetland<br /> | designation1_date = 21 July 2020<br /> | designation1_number = 2436&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kabartal Wetland|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2436|accessdate=4 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | alt_name = Kanwar Taal<br /> | image = File:Kanwar Lake Begusarai by Ziddi Photowala.jpg<br /> | governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]<br /> | elevation = 41 m above sea level<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Kanwar Taal''' or '''Kabar Taal Lake''' or '''Kabartal Wetland''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2436|title = Kabartal Wetland &amp;#124; Ramsar Sites Information Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; located in [[Begusarai district]] of [[Bihar]], India, Asia's largest freshwater [[oxbow lake]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kanwar lake: birds' paradise lost|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/kanwar-lake-birds-paradise-lost-44693|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It is approximately six times&lt;ref name=&quot;downtoearth.org.in&quot;&gt;Kanwar lake: birds' paradise lost https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/kanwar-lake-birds-paradise-lost-44693&lt;/ref&gt; the size of the [[Keoladeo National Park|Bharatpur Sanctuary]]. In November 2020, the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC) declared it the first [[Ramsar site]] in Bihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/kabartal-becomes-bihars-first-ramsar-site/article33083834.ece/|title=Kabartal becomes Bihar's first Ramsar site|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=16 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 98 Ramsar sites in India now. <br /> <br /> &lt;br&gt;Kanwar jheel, as it is locally called, is located 22&amp;nbsp;km north-west of Begusarai Town in Manjhaul. It is a residual oxbow lake, formed due to meandering of Burhi Gandak&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ramsar Information Sheet|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN2436RIS_2010_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; river, a tributary of Ganga, in the geological past.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kanwar Jheel: An Integrated Management Action Plan for Conservation and Wise Use: Official Ramsar Site Document|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/3122446/documents/IN2436_mgt200516.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; It covers 2,620 hectares of the Indo-Gangetic plains in the northern Bihar State. The Site is one of 18 wetlands within an extensive floodplain complex; it floods during the monsoon season to a depth of 1.5 metres. This absorption of floodwaters is a vital service in Bihar State where 70% of the land is vulnerable to inundation. During the dry season, areas of marshland dry out and are used for agriculture. Significant biodiversity is present, with 165 plant species and 394 animal species recorded, including 221 bird species. The Wetland is an important stopover along the Central Asian Flyway, with 58 migratory waterbirds using it to rest and refuel. It is also a valuable site for fish biodiversity with over 50 species documented. Five critically endangered species inhabit the site, including three vultures – the red-headed vulture ([[Red-headed vulture|Sarcogyps calvus]]), white-rumped vulture ([[Gyps bengalensis]]) and Indian vulture ([[Indian vulture|Gyps indicus]]) – and two waterbirds, the sociable lapwing ([[Sociable lapwing|Vanellus gregarius]]) and Baer’s pochard ([[Baer's pochard|Aythya baeri]]). Major threats to the Site include [[water resource management|water management]] activities such as drainage, water abstraction, damming and canalization.&lt;ref&gt;Ramsar convention |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2436&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ornithologist]] [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]], mentioned about 60 [[Bird migration|migratory birds]] that come all the way from [[Central Asia]] in winter and recorded around 106 species of resident birds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://saeesociety.org/ |title=Saviour Alluvial Ecological Establishment Society(Saee Society)Working on Kabar Taal and Lord Buddha |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727230835/http://saeesociety.org/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Important Bird Areas in India - Bihar | url=http://www.ibcn.in/IBA_Book_PDF/16%20(322_341)%20Bihar.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162313/http://www.ibcn.in/IBA_Book_PDF/16%20(322_341)%20Bihar.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2020 the lake has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The nearest railway station is [[Begusarai railway station|Begusarai Station]]; the nearest bus stop is Jaimanglagadh; and the nearest airport is [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]] in [[Patna]].<br /> <br /> == Trees ==<br /> ''Mangifera'' ''indica, Annona squamosa, Polyalthia longifolia, Borassus flabellifer, Cocos'' ''nucifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Haplophragma adenophyllum, Bombax ceiba, Ceiba pentandra, Cordia dichotoma, Ehretia laevis, Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Delonix regia, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Tamarindus indica, Trema oriental, Terminalia arjuna, Diospyros Montana, Croton roxburghii, Trevia nudiflora, Dalbergia sissoo, Leucaena leucocephala, Pongamia glabra, Phoebe lanceolata, Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Swietenia macrophylla, Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Pithecellobium dulce, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus lacucha, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus hispida, Ficus racemosa, Ficus religiosa, Ficus virens, Streblus asper, Moringa oleifera, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Psidium guajava, Syzygium cumini, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Phyllanthus emblica, Bambusa bambos, Dendrocalamus strictus, Ziziphus mauritiana, Anthocephalus kadamba, Aegle marmelos, Citrus maxima, Madhuca indica, Tectona grandis''<br /> <br /> ==Threats==<br /> * Excessive chemicals, like [[Carbofuran|Furadan]] used to capture birds<br /> * Killing of birds<br /> * Villagers encroachment of lake area<br /> <br /> ==Birds in the region==<br /> <br /> ===Critically endangered===<br /> * [[Oriental white-backed vulture]] (''Gyps bengalensis'')<br /> * [[Long-billed vulture]] (''Gyps indicus'')<br /> <br /> === Endangered ===<br /> <br /> * [[Greater adjutant]] (''Leptoptilos dubiu'')<br /> <br /> ===Vulnerable===<br /> *[[Greater spotted eagle]] (''Aquila clanga'')<br /> *[[Lesser kestrel]] (''Falco naumanni'')<br /> *[[Sarus crane]] (''Grus antigone'')<br /> <br /> ===Near threatened===<br /> *[[Indian darter]] (''Anhinga melanogaster'')<br /> *[[Painted stork]] (''Mycteria leucocephala'')<br /> *[[Black-bellied tern]] (''Sterna acuticauda'')<br /> <br /> ===Images===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Siberian Stonechat at Kanwar Lake.jpg|[[Siberian stonechat]]<br /> File:Red-naped Ibis at Kanwar Lake.jpg|[[Red-naped ibis]]<br /> File:Yellow-throated Sparrow at Kanwar Lake.jpg|[[Yellow-throated sparrow]]<br /> File:Eurasian Sparrowhawk at Kanwar Lake.jpg|[[Eurasian sparrowhawk]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Keoladeo National Park|Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSSqqydZ1qI&amp;feature=channel NewsX Report on Killing]<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orEp1A0jRjc&amp;feature=channel NewsX report]<br /> <br /> {{Protected areas of Bihar}}<br /> {{Ramsar sites in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]<br /> [[Category:IUCN Category II]]<br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:Oxbow lakes]]<br /> [[Category:Begusarai district]]<br /> [[Category:1987 establishments in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 1987]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Kalyani&diff=461424 2026-03-25T23:08:54Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: minor expanded intro based on references further and corrected details for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public university in Kalyani, West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=February 2012}}<br /> <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = University of Kalyani<br /> | native_name = কল্যাণী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<br /> | image = University of Kalyani Logo.svg<br /> | image_upright = .7<br /> | other_name = Kalyani University<br /> | established = {{start date and age|1960}}<br /> | chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]<br /> | vice_chancellor = Kallol Paul&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Poulami |date=2024-12-07 |title=Presi, 5 other univs get permanent VCs after govt sends list to guv |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/government-appoints-permanent-vcs-in-west-bengal-universities-ending-prolonged-standoff/articleshowprint/116056328.cms |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] Dec 7, 2024, 12.32 AM IST}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | city = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.986389|N|88.445503|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}<br /> | academic_staff = 226 ({{small|2023}})&lt;ref name=nirf_stud/&gt;<br /> | students = 6,113 ({{small|2023}})&lt;ref name=nirf_stud&gt;{{cite web |title=NIRF 2023 |url=https://klyuniv.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/KalyaniUniversity20230118.pdf |publisher=Kalyani University}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | undergrad = 744 ({{small|2023}})&lt;ref name=nirf_stud/&gt;<br /> | postgrad = 4,654 ({{small|2023}})&lt;ref name=nirf_stud/&gt;<br /> | doctoral = 713 ({{small|2023}})&lt;ref name=nirf_stud/&gt;<br /> | budget = {{INRConvert|113.65|c}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2025–26 est.)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://finance.wb.gov.in/writereaddata/Budget_Publication/2025_bp23.pdf|title=Detailed Demands for grants for 2025-26|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]|year=2025|pages=189|access-date=12 Feb 2025|archive-date=12 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212231259/https://finance.wb.gov.in/writereaddata/Budget_Publication/2025_bp23.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]<br /> | campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]] &lt;br /&gt;{{convert|400|acre|ha}}<br /> | colours = {{color box|#FC0FC0}} Shocking Pink&lt;br /&gt; {{color box|Black}} Black<br /> | academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[AICTE]]}}<br /> | accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<br /> | free_label = Acronym<br /> | free = KU<br /> | website = {{Official URL}}<br /> |}}<br /> The '''University of Kalyani''', established in 1960, is a collegiate public [[research university]] located in [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is administered by the [[Government of West Bengal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Government of West Bengal Administered University List|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=LWliU+wlSqIblnJ82BIjhA==&amp;Unitype=iA7z/ds2To+MdcuCvitOpQ==}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Government Aided Universities of West Bengal|url=https://wbhed.gov.in/page/university_campuses.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; affiliated with the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of State Universities|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/Consolidated%20State%20%20University%20List.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; and accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) with an &quot;A&quot; grade.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NAAC Accreditation Report, University of Kalyani|url=http://162.144.89.90/index.php/ku-naac-ssr-2015|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316024435/http://162.144.89.90/index.php/ku-naac-ssr-2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The university offers academic programs at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The university was established on 1 November 1960 by 'The Kalyani University Act 1960' of the [[Government of West Bengal]]. The University of Kalyani is a [[State university (India)|State University]] and its activities are guided by 'The Kalyani University Act, 1981 (amended up to 2001)', enacted by the [[Government of West Bengal]]. The Act is supplemented by 'Statutes', 'Ordinances', 'Regulations' and 'Rules'. This act replaced 'The Kalyani University (Temporary Suppression) Act, 1978', which in turn replaced 'The Kalyani University Act, 1960'. The [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] accorded recognition to the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversity.aspx |title= List of State Universities, University Grants Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/privatuniversity.aspx |title= List of State Private Universities}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/alluniversity.pdf|title= Total No. of Universities in the Country as on 25.05.2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> The university is placed in an [[Urban areas]] setting touching the boundaries of some green [[Rural areas]]. The eastern bank of the [[Ganges]] is only 2000 meters from the University and its serene background is only 50&amp;nbsp;km from [[Kolkata]]. It is close to [[Kalyani Ghoshpara railway station]], 10 minutes walking distance to Administration Building from the station, and the other campuses are around it. During the [[Second World War]] this land was under the control of the [[American army]] who maintained an Army depot here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=SENGUPTA |first=DR NITISH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kc1DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=University+Kalyani+in+American+army&amp;pg=PT115 |title=Dr.Bidhan Chandra Roy |date=2017-08-29 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2518-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Few roadways and other constructions are still there to prove that past history. The Campus spans over a huge area of 400 acres (largest [[State university (India)|State University]] of [[West Bengal]] based on area).<br /> <br /> ==Organisation and administration ==<br /> ===Governance===<br /> The [[Chancellor (education)|Vice-chancellor]] is the chief executive officer and the principal academic and administrative head of the university. The Vice-chancellor is appointed by the [[Governor of West Bengal]] in the capacity of Chancellor, in accordance with the provisions of ''The Kalyani University Act''.<br /> <br /> As of 17 December 2024, Kallol Paul is the Vice-chancellor of the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Poulami |date=7 December 2024 |title=Presi, 5 other univs get permanent VCs after govt sends list to guv |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/government-appoints-permanent-vcs-in-west-bengal-universities-ending-prolonged-standoff/articleshow/116056328.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |+ List of Vice-Chancellors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Former Vice Chancellors|url=http://162.144.89.90/index.php/about-uok/former-vice-chancellors|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331052746/http://162.144.89.90/index.php/about-uok/former-vice-chancellors|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | No.<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Name<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Tenure<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Sachindranath Das Gupta<br /> | 01.11.1960 – 31.10.1968<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | [[Sushil Kumar Mukherjee]]<br /> | 02.11.1968 – 14.10.1970<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Karunnaketan Sen<br /> | 14.11.1970 – 05.09.1974<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Debkumar Choudhuri<br /> | 06.09.1974 – 19.12.1974<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Pratul Chandra Mukherjee<br /> | 01.03.1975 – 30.06.1976<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | Tara Bhusan Mukherjee<br /> | 01.07.1976 – 07.11.1978<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Subimal Kumar Mukherjee<br /> | 08.11.1978 – 02.11.1979<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | Sitangsu Mookerjee<br /> | 05.06.1980 – 18.06.1986<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | Santosh Kumar Sarkar<br /> | 19.06.1986 – 28.02.1988<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | Kalyan Kumar Dasgupta<br /> | 01.03.1988 – 17.08.1992<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | Ashis Kumar Roy<br /> | 18.08.1992 – 31.07.1995<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | [[Basudeb Barman]]<br /> | 01.08.1995 – 31.01.2000<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | Nityananda Saha<br /> | 01.02.2000 – 10.03.2005<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | Arabinda Kumar Das<br /> | 01.09.2005 – 22.10.2009<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | Alok Kumar Banerjee<br /> | 23.10.2009 – 08.02.2013<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | Dilip Kumar Mohanta<br /> | 09.02.2013 – 07.11.2013<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | Rattan Lal Hangloo<br /> | 08.11.2013 – 22.12.2015<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> | Malayendu Saha<br /> | 23.12.2015 – 19.12.2016<br /> |-<br /> | 19<br /> | Sankar Kumar Ghosh<br /> | 20.12.2016 – 19.12.2020<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> | Manas Kumar Sanyal<br /> | 20.12.2020 – 30.05.2023<br /> |-<br /> | 21<br /> | Amalendu Bhunia ''(Authorised)''<br /> | 31.05.2023 – 16.12.2024<br /> |-<br /> | 22<br /> | Kallol Paul<br /> | 17.12.2024 – present<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Faculties and Departments ===<br /> [[File:Kalyani University.jpg|thumb|Administrative Building, University of Kalyani]]<br /> <br /> The University of Kalyani has 37 departments organized into 6 faculty councils.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://klyuniv.ac.in/pagecategory/faculty/|title=Faculties of the University|website=klyuniv.ac.in|access-date=23 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background: #334075; color: white;&quot; | Faculty<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background: #334075; color: white;&quot; | Department<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; | '''Faculty of Science'''<br /> | [[Mathematics]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Physics]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chemistry]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Botany]]<br /> |-<br /> | Biochemistry &amp; Biophysics<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecology|Ecological Studies]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Geography]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Microbiology]]<br /> |-<br /> | Molecular Biology &amp; Biotechnology<br /> |-<br /> | [[Environmental Science]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Statistics]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zoology]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Physiology]]<br /> |-<br /> | Food and Nutrition<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Faculty of Engineering, Technology &amp; Management'''<br /> | [[Computer Science and Engineering]]<br /> |-<br /> | Engineering and Technological Studies&lt;br/&gt;<br /> * [[Information Technology]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> * [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> * Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | [[Business administration]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot; | '''Faculty of Arts &amp; Commerce'''<br /> | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[English language|English]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Modern language]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sanskrit]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Economics]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[History]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Political science]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Philosophy]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rural development|Rural Developmental Studies]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Library science|Library &amp; Information science]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Folklore]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sociology]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Commerce]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Visual arts]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Faculty of Education'''<br /> | [[Lifelong learning|Lifelong Learning &amp; Extension]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Education]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Physical education]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''School of Interdisciplinary Studies'''<br /> | [[Nanoscience and Nanotechnology]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Data science]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Genomics|Genomic Science]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Centers ===<br /> &lt;!-- Please do not add new entries to this list. This is a minimal spanning set that should include only the highest-level subdivisions. --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> |+ style=&quot;font-size: 100%&quot; | '''Research centers'''<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Bioinformatics]] Infrastructure Facility Center<br /> * Center for [[Information]] Resource Management (CIRM)<br /> |<br /> * ENVIS Center on [[Environmental Biotechnology]]<br /> * Centre for [[Bengalis|Bengali Diaspora]]<br /> |<br /> * Centre for Women Studies<br /> * Centre for Cultural Studies<br /> * S N Bose Innovation Centre<br /> &lt;!-- Please do not add new entries to this list. This is a minimal spanning set that should include only the highest-level subdivisions. --&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Affiliated Colleges ==<br /> This university is providing academic guidance and leadership to 57 affiliated [[college]]s and 7 others recognized institutes (as of 1 January 2020). Colleges are independent from the university but they follow the Course Curriculum of the university. Colleges are headed by the [[Principal (academia)|Principal]] and [[Professor]]s, [[Teacher]]s of the colleges are appointed via West Bengal College Service Commission (WBCSC). Colleges have responsibility for admitting [[Undergraduate]]s and organising their classes. Here are names of total 64 affiliated colleges/other recognized institutes :<br /> <br /> ===Govt./Govt.-Aided General Degree Colleges===<br /> {{Div col|rules=yes|gap=2em|small=|colwidth=25em}}<br /> # [[Asannagar Madan Mohan Tarkalankar College]]<br /> # [[Berhampore College]]<br /> # [[Berhampore Girls' College]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Offering Postgraduate course also&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title= Offering Postgraduate course also}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # [[Bethuadahari College]]<br /> # [[Chakdaha College]]<br /> # [[Chapra Bangaljhi Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Domkal Girls' College]]<br /> # [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College]]<br /> # [[Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College]]<br /> # [[Dumkal College]]<br /> # [[Dwijendralal College]]<br /> # [[Haringhata Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Hazi A.K. Khan College]]<br /> # [[Jalangi Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Jangipur College]]<br /> # [[Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Kalyani Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Kanchrapara College]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Offering Postgraduate course also&quot;/&gt;<br /> # [[Kandi Raj College]]<br /> # [[Karimpur Pannadevi College]]<br /> # [[Krishnagar Government College]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Offering Postgraduate course also&quot;/&gt;<br /> # [[Krishnagar Women's College]]<br /> # [[Krishnath College]]<br /> # [[Lalgola College]]<br /> # [[Murshidabad Adarsha Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Muzaffar Ahmed Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Nabadwip Vidyasagar College]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Offering Postgraduate course also&quot;/&gt;<br /> # [[Nabagram Amar Chand Kundu College]]<br /> # [[Nagar College]]<br /> # [[Nur Mohammad Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Panchthupi Haripada Gouribala College]]<br /> # [[Plassey College]]<br /> # [[Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Prof. Sayed Nurul Hasan College]]<br /> # [[Raja Birendra Chandra College]]<br /> # [[Ranaghat College]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Offering Postgraduate course also&quot;/&gt;<br /> # [[Rani Dhanya Kumari College]]<br /> # [[Sagardighi Kamada Kinkar Smriti Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Santipur College]]<br /> # [[Srikrishna College]]<br /> # [[Sripat Singh College]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Offering Postgraduate course also&quot;/&gt;<br /> # [[S.R. Fatepuria College|Sewnarayan Rameswar Fatepuria College]]<br /> # [[Subhas Chandra Bose Centenary College]]<br /> # [[Sudhiranjan Lahiri Mahavidyalaya]]<br /> # [[Tehatta Government College]]<br /> # [[Muragacha Government College]]<br /> # [[Kaliganj Government College|Government General Degree College, Kaliganj]]<br /> # [[Chapra Government College|Government General Degree College, Chapra]]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Self-financed General Degree Colleges===<br /> <br /> # [[Institute of Mass Communication Film and Television Studies|Institute of Mass Communication Film &amp; Television Studies]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title= Offering Postgraduate/Postgraduate Diploma course also}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # [[G.D.College, Shaikpara|G.D. College, Shaikpara]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Official Website of G. D.College|url=https://www.gdcollege.net.in/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Govt.-aided B.P.Ed. College===<br /> <br /> # Union Christian Training College&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Union Christian Training College|url=https://www.uctcollege.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Self-financed B. P. Ed. Colleges===<br /> <br /> # Prabharani Institute of Education&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Prabharani Institute of Education|url=http://prabharaniinstitutebed.in/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Sunil Dhar Memorial B.P.Ed. College<br /> <br /> ===Self-financed Law Colleges===<br /> <br /> # [[Bimal Chandra College of Law]]<br /> # [[J.R.S.E.T. College of Law]]<br /> # [[Mohammad Abdul Bari Institute of Juridical Science]]<br /> # [[Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of Law|S. K. Acharya Institute of Juridical Science]]<br /> <br /> ===Other Recognized Institutes===<br /> <br /> # [[Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title= Offering Postgraduate Diploma course also}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Kalyani Technology Academy<br /> # Tagore School of Rural Development and Agricultural Management&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Tagore School of Rural Development and Agricultural Management|url=https://tsrdam.co.in/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Dr. K.R. Adhikary College of Optometry &amp; Paramedical Technology&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Dr. K.R. Adhikary College of Optometry &amp; Paramedical Technology|url=https://kradhikarycollege.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Monarch College of Art and Technology&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Monarch College of Art and Technology|url=http://www.monarchanimation.org/home.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> # Susrijo Institute of Paramedical Technology and Optometry&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Susrijo Institute of Paramedical Technology and Optometry|url=http://sipto.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Susrijo Institute of Agricultural Science, Technology and Management&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Susrijo Institute of Agricultural Science, Technology and Management|url=https://www.siastm.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> ===Accreditation===<br /> In 2015, University of Kalyani has been awarded '''A''' grade (CGPA 3.12) by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= NAAC Report, University of Kalyani-2015|url= http://162.144.89.90/index.php/ku-naac-ssr-2015|access-date= 2 September 2021|archive-date= 16 March 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220316024435/http://162.144.89.90/index.php/ku-naac-ssr-2015|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Achievements===<br /> [[Hepatitis C Virus|Hepatitis C]] nosode was developed by Rajesh Shah with a group of [[Molecular Biology|Molecular Biologists]] at the University of Kalyani, where it was demonstrated that the nosode sourced from [[Hepatitis C virus]] could produce anti-[[Cancer]] effect on [[cell lines]] in a laboratory model. This was one big achievement by the [[Biologists]] in the field.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title= A homeopathic nosode, Hepatitis C 30 demonstrates anticancer effect against liver cancer cells in vitro by modulating telomerase and topoisomerase II activities as also by promoting apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial pathway|doi=10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60251-0|pmid= 27181128|volume=14|issue= 3|journal=Journal of Integrative Medicine|pages=209–218|year= 2016|last1= Mondal|first1= Jesmin|last2= Das|first2= Jayeeta|last3= Shah|first3= Rajesh|last4= Khuda-Bukhsh|first4= Anisur Rahman}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rankings===<br /> {{Infobox India university ranking<br /> | type = <br /> University<br /> |QS_A_2024=801+<br /> | NIRF_O_2024=151-200<br /> |NIRF_U_2024=151-200}}<br /> <br /> University of Kalyani has ranked 801+ in the QS Asia Ranking 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rankings_QS_A_2024&quot; /&gt; The university has ranked 151-200 band among universities in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024&lt;ref name=Rankings_NIRF_U_2024/&gt; and in the 151-200 band overall.&lt;ref name=Rankings_NIRF_O_2024/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> {{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}<br /> * [[Koushik Kar]] — Indian actor<br /> * [[Alokesh Das]] — Indian politician<br /> * [[Bimalendu Sinha Roy]] — Indian politician<br /> * [[Braja Kishore Goswami]] — Indian politician<br /> * [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]] — Indian politician<br /> * [[Nimai Chandra Saha]] — vice-chancellor of the University of Burdwan<br /> * [[Suman Kumar Dhar]] — Indian molecular biologist <br /> * Sujay Mukhoti — Professor at [[Indian Institute of Management Indore]] <br /> * [[Babar Ali (teacher)|Babar Ali]] — He is youngest Headmaster In the World <br /> * [[Humayun Kabir (Debra politician)|Humayun Kabir]] — Indian politician <br /> * [[Ramendra Nath Biswas]] — Indian politician<br /> * [[Swadhin Kumar Mandal]] — Indian chemist and professor<br /> * [[Mihir Kanti Chaudhuri]] — Indian chemist<br /> * [[Susmita Bose]] — Indian-American biomaterials scientist and professor<br /> * [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]], Writer<br /> * [[Arijit Singh]] — Indian playback singer, composer and music producer&lt;ref name=&quot;public transport&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-still-travel-by-public-transport-Arijit-Singh/articleshow/20367909.cms |title=I still travel by public transport: Arijit Singh |work=The Times of India |author=Agarwal, Stuti |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=8 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150209202435/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-still-travel-by-public-transport-Arijit-Singh/articleshow/20367909.cms |archive-date=9 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Atiul Islam]] - Film director and writer<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br /> *[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]<br /> *[[Education in India]]<br /> *[[Education in West Bengal]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{official website}}<br /> *[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]<br /> *[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]<br /> <br /> {{University of Kalyani}}<br /> {{Universities in West Bengal}}<br /> {{Nadia topics}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyani}}<br /> [[Category:University of Kalyani| ]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]<br /> [[Category:Kalyani, West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1960]]<br /> [[Category:1960 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_radiation&diff=464717 2026-03-20T04:39:02Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: small correct lead to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Physical model of propagating energy}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> [[File:Onde electromagnetique.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|A [[linear polarization|linearly polarized]] electromagnetic wave going in the z-axis, with E denoting the [[electric field]] and perpendicular B denoting [[magnetic field]]|400x200px]]<br /> {{Electromagnetism|cTopic=Electrodynamics}}<br /> In [[physics]], '''electromagnetic radiation''' ('''EMR''') or '''electromagnetic wave''' ('''EMW''') is a self-propagating [[wave]] of the [[electromagnetic field]] that carries [[momentum]] and [[radiant energy]] through space.&lt;ref&gt;* {{cite book |author=Purcell and Morin, Harvard University. |title=Electricity and Magnetism, 820p |publisher=Cambridge University Press, New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-01402-2 |edition=3rd}} p 430: &quot;These waves... require no medium to support their propagation. Traveling electromagnetic waves carry energy, and... the ''Poynting'' vector describes the energy flow...;&quot; p 440: ... the electromagnetic wave must have the following properties: 1) The field pattern travels with speed c (speed of light); 2) At every point within the wave... the electric field strength E equals &quot;c&quot; times the magnetic field strength B; 3) The electric field and the magnetic field are perpendicular to one another and to the direction of travel, or propagation.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ThoughtCo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Is Electromagnetic Radiation? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-electromagnetic-radiation-605069 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925165728/https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-electromagnetic-radiation-605069 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It encompasses a broad spectrum, classified by [[frequency]] (inversely proportional to [[wavelength]]), ranging from [[radio waves]], [[microwaves]], [[infrared]], [[visible light]], [[ultraviolet]], [[X-ray]]s, to [[gamma rays]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Maxwell |first1=J. Clerk |date=1 January 1865 |title=A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=155 |pages=459–512 |bibcode=1865RSPT..155..459M |doi=10.1098/rstl.1865.0008 |s2cid=186207827}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;* {{cite book |author-last1=Browne|author-first1= Michael |title=Physics for Engineering and Science, p427 |publisher=McGraw Hill/Schaum, New York. |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-07-161399-6 |edition=2nd}}; p319: &quot;For historical reasons, different portions of the EM spectrum are given different names, although they are all the same kind of thing. Visible light constitutes a narrow range of the spectrum, from wavelengths of about 400-800 nm.... ;p 320 &quot;An electromagnetic wave carries forward momentum... If the radiation is absorbed by a surface, the momentum drops to zero and a force is exerted on the surface... Thus the radiation pressure of an electromagnetic wave is (formula).&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; All forms of EMR travel at the speed of light in a vacuum and exhibit [[wave–particle duality]], behaving both as waves and as discrete particles called photons. <br /> <br /> Electromagnetic radiation is produced by accelerating charged particles such as from the Sun and other celestial bodies or artificially generated for various applications. Its interaction with matter depends on wavelength, influencing its uses in communication, medicine, industry, and scientific research. Radio waves enable [[broadcasting]] and [[Wireless|wireless communication]], infrared is used in [[Thermography|thermal imaging]], visible light is essential for vision, and higher-energy radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, is applied in medical imaging, cancer treatment, and industrial inspection. Exposure to high-energy radiation can pose health risks, making shielding and regulation necessary in certain applications.<br /> <br /> In [[quantum mechanics]], an alternate way of viewing EMR is that it consists of [[photon]]s, uncharged [[elementary particle]]s with zero [[rest mass]] which are the [[quantum|quanta]] of the [[electromagnetic field]], responsible for all electromagnetic interactions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/physics/ekspong/|title=The Dual Nature of Light as Reflected in the Nobel Archives|website=nobelprize.org|access-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715170621/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/physics/ekspong/|archive-date=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Quantum electrodynamics]] is the theory of how EMR interacts with matter on an atomic level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/astronomy-and-space-exploration/astronomy-general/electromagnetic-spectrum|title=Electromagnetic Spectrum facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Electromagnetic Spectrum|website=encyclopedia.com|language=en|access-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613005456/http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/astronomy-and-space-exploration/astronomy-general/electromagnetic-spectrum|archive-date=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quantum effects provide additional sources of EMR, such as the [[Atomic electron transition|transition of electrons]] to lower [[energy level]]s in an atom and [[black-body radiation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tipler&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last1 = Tipler| first1 = Paul A. | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 1: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics| publisher = MacMillan| date = 1999| pages = 454| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=U9lkAkTdAosC&amp;q=%22electromagnetic+waves%22+charges+accelerate&amp;pg=PA454| isbn = 978-1-57259-491-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Physics ==<br /> [[File:VisibleEmrWavelengths.svg|thumb|The relative wavelengths of the electromagnetic waves of three different colours of [[Visible light|light]] (blue, green, and red) with a distance scale in micrometers along the x-axis]]<br /> <br /> === Properties ===<br /> <br /> Electromagnetic radiation is produced by accelerating charged particles and can be naturally emitted,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cloude&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Cloude |first1=Shane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-NLj54dU2YC&amp;q=%22electromagnetic+radiation%22+charges+accelerates&amp;pg=PA28 |title=An Introduction to Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Antennas |date=1995 |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media |isbn=978-0-387-91501-2 |pages=28–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bettini&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bettini |first1=Alessandro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip9xDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22electromagnetic+waves%22+charges+accelerating&amp;pg=PA95 |title=A Course in Classical Physics, Vol. 4 – Waves and Light |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-48329-0 |pages=95, 103}}&lt;/ref&gt; as from the Sun and other celestial bodies, or artificially generated for various applications. The energy in electromagnetic waves is sometimes called [[radiant energy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=What Is Electromagnetic Radiation? |url=https://www.livescience.com/38169-electromagnetism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904152301/https://www.livescience.com/38169-electromagnetism.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=Live Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=AUriAAAAMAAJ|page=22}} |title=The Michigan Technic |date=1960 |publisher=UM Libraries |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The electromagnetic waves' energy does not need a propagating medium to travel through space; they move through a vacuum at the speed of light.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-10 |title=Anatomy of an Electromagnetic Wave |url=https://science.nasa.gov/ems/02_anatomy/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=NASA Science |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Electromagneticwave3D.gif|thumb|Electromagnetic waves can be imagined as a self-propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields. This 3D animation shows a plane linearly polarized wave propagating from left to right. The electric and magnetic fields in such a wave are in phase with each other, reaching minima and maxima together.]]<br /> <br /> Electric and magnetic fields obey the properties of [[superposition principle|superposition]]. Thus, a field due to any particular particle or time-varying electric or magnetic field contributes to the fields present in the same space due to other causes. Further, as they are [[Vector (geometric)|vector]] fields, all magnetic and electric field vectors add together according to [[vector addition]].&lt;ref&gt;Purcell, p442: &quot;Any number of electromagnetic waves can propagate through the same region without affecting one another. The field '''E''' at a space time point is the vector sum of the electric fields of the individual waves, and the same goes for '''B'''&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in optics two or more coherent light waves may interact and by constructive or destructive [[Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] yield a resultant irradiance deviating from the sum of the component irradiances of the individual light waves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PV Performance Modeling Collaborative {{!}} Plane of Array (POA) Irradiance|url=https://pvpmc.sandia.gov/modeling-steps/1-weather-design-inputs/plane-of-array-poa-irradiance/|access-date=14 January 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114171617/https://pvpmc.sandia.gov/modeling-steps/1-weather-design-inputs/plane-of-array-poa-irradiance/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The electromagnetic fields of light are not affected by traveling through static electric or magnetic fields in a linear medium such as a vacuum. However, in nonlinear media, such as some [[crystal]]s, interactions can occur between light and static electric and magnetic fields—these interactions include the [[Faraday effect]] and the [[Kerr effect]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Experimental observation of relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering|first1=Szu-yuan|last1=Chen|first2=Anatoly|last2=Maksimchuk|first3=Donald|last3=Umstadter|date=17 December 1998|journal=Nature|volume=396|issue=6712|pages=653–655|doi=10.1038/25303|arxiv=physics/9810036|bibcode=1998Natur.396..653C|s2cid=16080209}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;crowther-1920&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crowther |first=James Arnold |author-link=James Arnold Crowther |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=iWe4AAAAIAAJ|page=5}} |title=The life and discoveries of Michael Faraday |date=1920 |publisher=Society for promoting Christian knowledge |pages=54–57 |access-date=15 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[refraction]], a wave crossing from one medium to another of different [[density]] alters its [[Velocity|speed and direction]] upon entering the new medium. The ratio of the refractive indices of the media determines the degree of refraction, and is summarized by [[Snell's law]]. Light of composite wavelengths (natural sunlight) disperses into a visible [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectrum]] passing through a prism, because of the wavelength-dependent [[refractive index]] of the [[Prism (optics)|prism]] material ([[Dispersion (optics)|dispersion]]); that is, each component wave within the composite light is bent a different amount.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prisms|url=https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/prisms|access-date=17 January 2021|journal=Spectroscopy|series=Spectroscopy-09-01-2008|date=September 2008|volume=23|issue=9|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122044456/https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/prisms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> EM radiation exhibits both wave properties and [[Subatomic particle|particle]] properties at the same time (known as [[wave–particle duality]]). Both wave and particle characteristics have been confirmed in many experiments. Wave characteristics are more apparent when EM radiation is measured over relatively large timescales and over large distances while particle characteristics are more evident when measuring small timescales and distances. For example, when electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by matter, particle-like properties will be more obvious when the average number of photons in the cube of the relevant wavelength is much smaller than 1. It is not so difficult to experimentally observe non-uniform deposition of energy when light is absorbed, however this alone is not evidence of &quot;particulate&quot; behavior. Rather, it reflects the quantum nature of ''matter''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.qo.phy.auckland.ac.nz/talks/photoelectric.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627171942/http://www.qo.phy.auckland.ac.nz/talks/photoelectric.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2007|title=Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect |first=H. J. |last=Carmichael |publisher=Quantum Optics Theory Group, University of Auckland |access-date=22 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter such as electrons is described by the theory of [[quantum electrodynamics]].<br /> <br /> Electromagnetic waves can be [[Polarization (waves)|polarized]], reflected, refracted, or [[diffracted]], and can interfere with each other.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DATE |url=http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/usem/SciImg/home_files/introduction.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512060344/http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/usem/SciImg/home_files/introduction.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=4 September 2017 |website=galileo.phys.virginia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Physics – Waves |url=http://www-jcsu.jesus.cam.ac.uk/~rpc25/notes/physics/waves/waves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904153721/http://www-jcsu.jesus.cam.ac.uk/~rpc25/notes/physics/waves/waves.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |website=www-jcsu.jesus.cam.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wave Behaviors {{!}} Science Mission Directorate |url=https://science.nasa.gov/ems/03_behaviors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514053337/https://science.nasa.gov/ems/03_behaviors |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |website=science.nasa.gov |date=10 August 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some experiments display both the wave and particle natures of electromagnetic waves, such as the self-interference of a single [[photon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1119/1.1737397|url=http://people.whitman.edu/~beckmk/QM/grangier/Thorn_ajp.pdf|title=Observing the quantum behavior of light in an undergraduate laboratory|year=2004|last1=Thorn|first1=J. J.|last2=Neel|first2=M. S.|last3=Donato|first3=V. W.|last4=Bergreen|first4=G. S.|last5=Davies|first5=R. E.|last6=Beck|first6=M.|journal=American Journal of Physics|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1210|bibcode=2004AmJPh..72.1210T|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201214040/http://people.whitman.edu/~beckmk/QM/grangier/Thorn_ajp.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; When a low intensity light is sent through an [[interferometer]] it will be detected by a [[photomultiplier]] or other sensitive detector only along one arm of the device, consistent with particle properties, and yet the accumulated effect of many such detections will be interference consistent with wave properties.<br /> <br /> === Wave model ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Circular.Polarization.Circularly.Polarized.Light Right.Handed.Animation.305x190.255Colors.gif|thumb|right|Representation of the electric field vector of a wave of circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation]] In homogeneous, isotropic media, electromagnetic radiation is a [[transverse wave]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Electromagnetic Theory |first=Julius Adams|last=Stratton|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY |orig-year=1941 |year=2007|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFeWdS2luE4C&amp;q=%22electromagnetic+theory%22+stratton |chapter=Chapter V Plane waves in unbounded, isotropic media|isbn=978-0-470-13153-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; meaning that its oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer and travel. It comes from the [[Electromagnetic wave equation|following equations]]:&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}<br /> \nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} &amp;= 0\\<br /> \nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} &amp;= 0<br /> \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;These equations predicate that any electromagnetic wave must be a transverse wave, where the electric field {{math|'''E'''}} and the magnetic field {{math|'''B'''}} are both perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. The electric and magnetic parts of the field in an electromagnetic wave stand in a fixed ratio of strengths to satisfy the two [[Maxwell's equations]] that specify how one is produced from the other. In dissipation-less (lossless) media, these {{math|E}} and {{math|B}} fields are also in phase, with both reaching maxima and minima at the same points in space.<br /> <br /> In the [[Near and far field|far-field]] EM radiation which is described by the two source-free Maxwell [[curl operator]] equations, a time-change in one type of field is proportional to the curl of the other. These derivatives require that the {{math|E}} and {{math|B}} fields in EMR are in phase.{{anchor|frequency}} An important aspect of light's nature is its [[frequency]]. The frequency of a wave is its rate of oscillation and is measured in [[hertz]], the [[SI]] unit of frequency, where one hertz is equal to one oscillation per second. Light usually has multiple frequencies that sum to form the resultant wave. Different frequencies undergo different angles of refraction, a phenomenon known as [[Dispersion relation|dispersion]].<br /> <br /> A monochromatic wave (a wave of a single frequency) consists of successive troughs and crests, and the distance between two adjacent crests or troughs is called the [[wavelength]]. Waves of the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size, from very long radio waves longer than a continent to very short gamma rays smaller than atom nuclei. Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, according to the equation:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Electromagnetic+Radiation|title=Electromagnetic Radiation {{!}} COSMOS|website=astronomy.swin.edu.au|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319090846/https://www.astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Electromagnetic+Radiation|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> : &lt;math&gt;\displaystyle v=f\lambda&lt;/math&gt;<br /> where ''v'' is the speed of the wave ([[speed of light|''c'']] in a vacuum or less in other media), ''f'' is the frequency, and ''λ'' is the wavelength. As waves cross boundaries between different media, their speeds change but their frequencies remain constant.<br /> <br /> Electromagnetic waves in free space must be solutions of Maxwell's [[electromagnetic wave equation]]. Two main classes of solutions are known, namely plane waves and spherical waves. The plane waves may be viewed as the limiting case of spherical waves at a very large (ideally infinite) distance from the source. Both types of waves can have a waveform which is an arbitrary time function (so long as it is sufficiently differentiable to conform to the wave equation). As with any time function, this can be decomposed by means of [[Fourier analysis]] into its [[frequency spectrum]], or individual sinusoidal components, each of which contains a single frequency, amplitude, and phase. Such a component wave is said to be ''monochromatic''.<br /> <br /> Interference is the superposition of two or more waves resulting in a new wave pattern. If the fields have components in the same direction, they constructively interfere, while opposite directions cause destructive interference. Additionally, multiple polarization signals can be combined (i.e. interfered) to form new states of polarization, which is known as parallel polarization state generation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=She |first1=Alan |last2=Capasso |first2=Federico |date=17 May 2016 |title=Parallel Polarization State Generation |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |article-number=26019 |arxiv=1602.04463 |bibcode=2016NatSR...626019S |doi=10.1038/srep26019 |pmc=4869035 |pmid=27184813}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Maxwell's equations ===<br /> {{Main|Maxwell's equations}}<br /> [[James Clerk Maxwell]] derived a [[Electromagnetic wave equation|wave form of the electric and magnetic equations]], thus uncovering the wave-like nature of [[Electric Field|electric]] and [[magnetic fields]] and their [[Symmetry (physics)|symmetry]]. Because the speed of EM waves predicted by the wave equation coincided with the measured [[speed of light]], Maxwell concluded that light itself is an EM wave.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://physics.info/em-waves/|title=Electromagnetic Waves|website=The Physics Hypertextbook|last=Elert|first=Glenn|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081830/https://physics.info/em-waves/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/html/maxwell-s_impact_.html|title=The Impact of James Clerk Maxwell's Work|website=clerkmaxwellfoundation.org|access-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213509/http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/html/maxwell-s_impact_.html|archive-date=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maxwell's equations were confirmed by [[Heinrich Hertz]] through experiments with radio waves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 December 2015|title=Maxwell's equations and the secrets of nature|url=https://plus.maths.org/content/maxwells-equation-and-power-unification|access-date=2 May 2021|website=plus.maths.org|language=en|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502084738/https://plus.maths.org/content/maxwells-equation-and-power-unification|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Out of the four equations, two of the equations that Maxwell refined were [[Electromagnetic induction|Faraday's Law of Induction]] and [[Ampère's circuital law]], which he extended by adding the [[displacement current]] term to the equations himself. Maxwell thought that the displacement current, which he viewed as the motion of bound charges, gave rise to the magnetic field.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Suárez |first1=Álvaro |last2=Martí |first2=Arturo C. |last3=Zuza |first3=Kristina |last4=Guisasola |first4=Jenaro |date=2023-08-17 |title=Electromagnetic field presented in introductory physics textbooks and consequences for its teaching |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020113 |journal=Physical Review Physics Education Research |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |article-number=020113 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020113 |arxiv=2305.05431 |bibcode=2023PRPER..19b0113S |issn=2469-9896|hdl=10810/63511 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The other two equations are [[Gauss's law]] and [[Gauss's law for magnetism]].<br /> <br /> === Near and far fields ===<br /> {{Main|Near and far field|Liénard–Wiechert potential}}<br /> [[File:FarNearFields-USP-4998112-1.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|In electromagnetic radiation (such as microwaves from an antenna, shown here) the term ''radiation'' applies only to the parts of the [[electromagnetic field]] that radiate into infinite space and decrease in intensity by an [[inverse-square law]] of power, such that the total energy that crosses through an imaginary sphere surrounding the source is the same regardless of the size of the sphere. Electromagnetic radiation thus reaches the ''[[near and far field|far]]'' part of the electromagnetic field around a transmitter. A part of the ''near'' field (close to the transmitter) includes the changing ''[[electromagnetic field]]'', but that is not electromagnetic ''radiation''.]]<br /> Maxwell's equations established that some charges and currents (''sources'') produce local [[electromagnetic field]]s near them that do not radiate. Currents directly produce magnetic fields, but such fields of a [[magnetic dipole|magnetic-dipole]]–type that dies out with distance from the current. In a similar manner, moving charges pushed apart in a conductor by a changing electrical potential (such as in an antenna) produce an [[electric dipole|electric-dipole]]–type electrical field, but this also declines with distance. These fields make up the ''[[near and far field|near]]'' field. Neither of these behaviours is responsible for EM radiation. Instead, they only efficiently transfer energy to a receiver very close to the source, such as inside a [[transformer]]. The near field has strong effects on its source, with any energy withdrawn by a receiver causing increased ''load'' (decreased [[electrical reactance]]) on the source. The near field does not propagate freely into space, carrying energy away without a distance limit, but rather oscillates, returning its energy to the transmitter if it is not absorbed by a receiver.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Electromagnetic radiation {{!}} Spectrum, Examples, &amp; Types {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/electromagnetic-radiation |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502222537/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183228/electromagnetic-radiation/59182/Microwaves |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By contrast, the ''[[Near and far field|far]]'' field is composed of ''radiation'' that is free of the transmitter, in the sense that the transmitter requires the same power to send changes in the field out regardless of whether anything absorbs the signal, e.g. a radio station does not need to increase its power when more receivers use the signal. This far part of the electromagnetic field ''is'' electromagnetic radiation. The far fields propagate (radiate) without allowing the transmitter to affect them. This causes them to be independent in the sense that their existence and their energy, after they have left the transmitter, is completely independent of both transmitter and receiver. Due to [[conservation of energy]], the amount of power passing through any closed surface drawn around the source is the same. The [[power density]] of EM radiation from an [[isotropic]] source decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the source; this is called the [[inverse-square law]]. Field intensity due to dipole parts of the near field varies according to an inverse-cube law,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Capps |first=Charles |date=August 16, 2001 |title=Near field or far field? |url=https://people.eecs.ku.edu/~callen58/501/Capps2001EDNpp95.pdf |journal=Designfeature |pages=96}}&lt;/ref&gt; and thus fades with distance.<br /> <br /> In the [[Liénard–Wiechert potential]] formulation of the electric and magnetic fields due to motion of a single particle (according to Maxwell's equations), the terms associated with acceleration of the particle are those that are responsible for the part of the field that is regarded as electromagnetic radiation. By contrast, the term associated with the changing static electric field of the particle and the magnetic term that results from the particle's uniform velocity are both associated with the near field, and do not comprise electromagnetic radiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=10.1: Liénard-Wiechert Potentials |url=https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Essential_Graduate_Physics_-_Classical_Electrodynamics_(Likharev)/10%3A_Radiation_by_Relativistic_Charges/10.01%3A_Lienard-Wiechert_Potentials |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Physics LibreTexts |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726225813/https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Essential_Graduate_Physics_-_Classical_Electrodynamics_(Likharev)/10%3A_Radiation_by_Relativistic_Charges/10.01%3A_Lienard-Wiechert_Potentials |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Particle model and quantum theory ===<br /> {{See also|Quantization (physics)|Quantum optics}}<br /> <br /> An anomaly arose in the late 19th century involving a contradiction between the wave theory of light and measurements of the electromagnetic spectra that were being emitted by thermal radiators known as [[black bodies]]. Physicists struggled with this problem unsuccessfully for many years, and it later became known as the [[ultraviolet catastrophe]]. In 1900, [[Max Planck]] developed a new theory of [[Planck's law of black-body radiation|black-body radiation]] that explained the observed spectrum. Planck's theory was based on the idea that black bodies emit light (and other electromagnetic radiation) only as discrete bundles or packets of energy. These packets were called [[quantum|quanta]]. In 1905, [[Albert Einstein]] proposed that light quanta be regarded as real particles. Later the particle of light was given the name [[photon]], to correspond with other particles being described around this time, such as the [[electron]] and [[proton]]. A photon has an energy, ''E'', proportional to its frequency, ''f'', by<br /> : &lt;math&gt;E = hf = \frac{hc}{\lambda} \,\!&lt;/math&gt;<br /> where ''h'' is the [[Planck constant]], &lt;math&gt;\lambda&lt;/math&gt; is the wavelength and ''c'' is the [[speed of light]]. This is sometimes known as the [[Planck–Einstein equation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | title = Physical Chemistry<br /> | author = Paul M. S. Monk<br /> | publisher = John Wiley and Sons<br /> | year = 2004<br /> | isbn = 978-0-471-49180-4<br /> | page = [https://archive.org/details/physicalchemistr00monk_857/page/n460 435]<br /> | url =https://archive.org/details/physicalchemistr00monk_857<br /> | url-access = limited<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; In quantum theory (see [[first quantization]]) the energy of the photons is thus directly proportional to the frequency of the EMR wave.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last=Weinberg<br /> |first=S.<br /> |author-link=Steven Weinberg<br /> |title=The Quantum Theory of Fields<br /> |volume=1<br /> |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]<br /> |year=1995<br /> |isbn=978-0-521-55001-7<br /> |pages=[https://archive.org/details/quantumtheoryoff00stev/page/15 15–17]<br /> |url=https://archive.org/details/quantumtheoryoff00stev/page/15<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, the momentum ''p'' of a photon is also proportional to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength:<br /> : &lt;math&gt;p = { E \over c } = { hf \over c } = { h \over \lambda }. &lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> The source of Einstein's proposal that light was composed of particles (or could act as particles in some circumstances) was an experimental anomaly not explained by the wave theory: the [[photoelectric effect]], in which light striking a metal surface ejected electrons from the surface, causing an [[electric current]] to flow across an applied [[voltage]]. Experimental measurements demonstrated that the energy of individual ejected electrons was proportional to the ''[[frequency]]'', rather than the ''[[intensity (physics)|intensity]]'', of the light. Furthermore, below a certain minimum frequency, which depended on the particular metal, no current would flow regardless of the intensity. These observations appeared to contradict the wave theory, and for years physicists tried to find an explanation. In 1905, Einstein explained this phenomenon by resurrecting the particle theory of light. Because of the preponderance of evidence in favor of the wave theory, however, Einstein's ideas were met initially with great skepticism among established physicists. Eventually Einstein's explanation was accepted as new particle-like behavior of light was observed, such as the [[Compton effect]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Commins QM&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Commins |first1=Eugene |title=Quantum Mechanics; An Experimentalist's Approach |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-06399-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ling|first1=Samuel J.|title=University physics. Volume 3|last2=Sanny|first2=Jeff|last3=Moebs|first3=William|publisher=OpenStax|year=2016|isbn=978-1-947172-22-7|chapter=The Compton Effect}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a photon is absorbed by an [[atom]], it [[excites]] the atom, elevating an electron to a higher [[energy level]] (one that is on average farther from the nucleus). When an electron in an excited molecule or atom descends to a lower energy level, it emits a photon of light at a frequency corresponding to the energy difference. Since the energy levels of electrons in atoms are discrete, each element and each molecule emits and absorbs its own characteristic frequencies. Immediate photon emission is called [[fluorescence]], a type of [[photoluminescence]]. An example is visible light emitted from fluorescent paints, in response to ultraviolet ([[blacklight]]). Many other fluorescent emissions are known in spectral bands other than visible light. Delayed emission is called [[phosphorescence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.majordifferences.com/2016/11/7-differences-between-fluorescence-and-Phosphorescence.html|title=7 Differences between Fluorescence and Phosphorescence|last=Haneef|first=Deena T. Kochunni, Jazir|access-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904152324/http://www.majordifferences.com/2016/11/7-differences-between-fluorescence-and-Phosphorescence.html|archive-date=4 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=kAn4AgAAQBAJ|page=93}}|title=Fundamental Physics of Radiology|last1=Meredith|first1=W. J.|last2=Massey|first2=J. B.|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|isbn=978-1-4832-8435-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Quantum mechanics also governs [[Emission (electromagnetic radiation)|emission]], which is seen when an emitting gas glows due to excitation of the atoms from any mechanism, including heat. As electrons descend to lower energy levels, a spectrum is emitted that represents the jumps between the energy levels of the electrons, but lines are seen because again emission happens only at particular energies after excitation.&lt;ref&gt;Browne, p 376: &quot;Radiation is emitted or absorbed only when the electron jumps from one orbit to the other, and the frequency of radiation depends only upon on the energies of the electron in the initial and final orbits.&lt;/ref&gt; An example is the emission spectrum of [[nebula]]e.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=Tim B. |title=The Barnard Objects: Then and Now |last2=Dobek |first2=Gerald O. |date=19 July 2023 |publisher=Springer Cham |isbn=978-3-031-31485-8 |chapter=Nebulae: An Overview |bibcode=2023botn.book.....H |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-31485-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rapidly moving electrons are most sharply accelerated when they encounter a region of force, so they are responsible for producing much of the highest frequency electromagnetic radiation observed in nature. These phenomena can be used to detect the composition of gases lit from behind ([[Absorption spectroscopy|absorption spectra]]) and for glowing gases ([[Emission spectrum|emission spectra]]). [[Spectroscopy]] (for example) determines what [[chemical element]]s comprise a particular star. Shifts in the frequency of the spectral lines for an element, called a [[redshift]], can be used to determine the star's [[Comoving and proper distances|cosmological distance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Longair |first=Malcolm S. |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-65891-8 |title=Galaxy Formation |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-65890-1 |series=Astronomy and Astrophysics Library |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |language=en |bibcode=2023gafo.book.....L |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-65891-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|181}}<br /> <br /> === Wave–particle duality ===<br /> {{Main|Wave–particle duality}}<br /> <br /> The modern theory that explains the nature of light includes the notion of wave–particle duality. The theory is based on the concept that every quantum entity can show wave-like or particle-like behaviors, depending on observation. The observation led to the collapse of the entity's [[wave function]]. If it is based on the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], the observation does really collapse the wave function; for the [[many-worlds interpretation]], all possible outcomes of the collapse happened in [[Multiverse|parallel universes]]; for the [[pilot wave theory]], the particle behaviour is simply determined by waves. The duality nature of a real photon has been observed in the [[double-slit experiment]].<br /> <br /> Together, wave and particle effects fully explain the emission and absorption spectra of EM radiation. The matter-composition of the medium through which the light travels determines the nature of the absorption and emission spectrum. These bands correspond to the allowed energy levels in the atoms. Dark bands in the [[absorption spectroscopy|absorption spectrum]] are due to the atoms in an intervening medium between source and observer. The atoms absorb certain frequencies of the light between emitter and detector/eye, then emit them in all directions. A dark band appears to the detector, due to the radiation scattered out of the [[light beam]]. For instance, dark bands in the light emitted by a distant [[star]] are due to the atoms in the star's atmosphere.<br /> <br /> === Propagation speed ===<br /> {{Main|Speed of light}}<br /> <br /> In empty space (vacuum), electromagnetic radiation travels at the [[speed of light]], &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, 299,792,458 meters per second (approximately 186,000 miles per second). In a medium other than vacuum it travels at a lower velocity &lt;math&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;, given by a dimensionless parameter between 0 and 1 characteristic of the medium called the [[velocity factor]] &lt;math&gt;\mathit{VF}&lt;/math&gt; or its reciprocal, the [[refractive index]] &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;: <br /> :&lt;math&gt;v = \mathit{VF} \cdot c = {c \over n}&lt;/math&gt;.<br /> The reason for this is that in matter the electric and magnetic fields of the wave are slowed because they polarize the charged particles in the medium they pass through.&lt;ref name=&quot;Griffiths&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last = Griffiths| first = David J. | title = Introduction to Electrodynamics, Vol. 2| publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press| date = 2017| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ndAoDwAAQBAJ| isbn = 9781108420419| mr = | zbl = | jfm =}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|401}} The oscillating electric field causes nearby positive and negative charges in atoms to move slightly apart and together, inducing an oscillating [[polarization density|polarization]], creating an electric polarization field. The oscillating magnetic field moves nearby [[magnetic dipoles]], inducing an oscillating [[magnetization]], creating an induced oscillating magnetic field. These induced fields, [[superposition|superposed]] on the original wave fields, slow the wave ([[Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem]]). The amount of slowing depends on the electromagnetic properties of the medium, the [[permittivity|electric permittivity]] and [[magnetic permeability]]. In the [[Systeme International|SI]] system of units, empty space has a [[Permittivity of Free Space|vacuum permittivity]] of &lt;math&gt;\epsilon_\text{0} =&lt;/math&gt; 8.854×10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt; F/m ([[farad]]s per meter) and a [[vacuum permeability]] of &lt;math&gt;\mu_\text{0} =&lt;/math&gt; 1.257×10&lt;sup&gt;−6&lt;/sup&gt; H/m ([[Henry (unit)|henries]] per meter). These universal constants determine the speed of light in a vacuum:<br /> :&lt;math&gt;c = {1 \over \sqrt{\epsilon_\text{0}\mu_\text{0}}}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> In a medium that is isotropic and linear, which means the electric polarization is proportional to the electric field &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{D} = \epsilon\mathbf{E}&lt;/math&gt; and the magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{H} = {1 \over \mu}\mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;. The speed of the waves, the &lt;math&gt;\mathit{VF}&lt;/math&gt;, and the refractive index are determined by only two parameters: the [[permittivity|electric permittivity]] &lt;math&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; of the medium in farads per meter, and the [[magnetic permeability]] of the medium &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; in henrys per meter&lt;ref name=&quot;Griffiths&quot; /&gt;{{rp|401}}<br /> :&lt;math&gt;v = {1 \over \sqrt{\epsilon\mu}}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> :&lt;math&gt;n = {1 \over \mathit{VF}} = c\sqrt{\epsilon\mu} = \sqrt{{\epsilon\mu \over \epsilon_\text{0}\mu_\text{0}}}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> If the permittivity and permeability of the medium is constant for different frequency EM waves, this is called a ''[[dispersion (optics)|non-dispersive]]'' medium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Griffiths&quot; /&gt;{{rp|417-418}} In this case all EM wave frequencies would travel at the same velocity, and the waveshape stays constant as it travels. However in real matter &lt;math&gt;\epsilon&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mu&lt;/math&gt; typically vary with frequency, this is called a ''[[dispersion (optics)|dispersive]]'' medium. In dispersive media different spectral bands have different propagation characteristics, and an arbitrary wave changes shape as it travels through the medium.<br /> <br /> == History of discovery ==<br /> {{See also|History of electromagnetic theory|Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics|Radiation#Discovery}}<br /> <br /> Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths other than those of visible light were discovered in the early 19th century. The discovery of [[infrared]] radiation is ascribed to astronomer [[William Herschel]], who published his results in 1800 before the [[Royal Society of London]].&lt;ref name=HerschelRSIR&gt;{{cite journal|jstor=107057|title=Experiments on the Refrangibility of the Invisible Rays of the Sun. By William Herschel, LL. D. F. R. S|first=William|last=Herschel|date=1 January 1800|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=90|pages=284–292|doi=10.1098/rstl.1800.0015|bibcode=1800RSPT...90..284H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Herschel used a glass [[Triangular prism (optics)|prism]] to [[refract]] light from the [[Sun]] and detected invisible rays that caused heating beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded with a [[thermometer]]. These &quot;calorific rays&quot; were later termed infrared.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Holzer|first1=Aton M.|last2=Elmets|first2=Craig A.|date=2010|title=The Other End of the Rainbow: Infrared and Skin|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=130|issue=6|pages=1496–1499|doi=10.1038/jid.2010.79|issn=0022-202X|pmc=2926798|pmid=20463675}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1801 German physicist [[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]] discovered [[ultraviolet]] in an experiment similar to Herschel's, using sunlight and a glass prism. Ritter noted that invisible rays near the violet edge of a solar spectrum dispersed by a triangular prism darkened [[silver chloride]] preparations more quickly than did the nearby violet light. Ritter's experiments were an early precursor to what would become photography. Ritter noted that the ultraviolet rays (which at first were called &quot;chemical rays&quot;) were capable of causing chemical reactions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ultraviolet {{!}} COSMOS|url=https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/U/Ultraviolet|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301192020/https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/u/ultraviolet|archive-date=1 March 2021|access-date=29 September 2021|website=astronomy.swin.edu.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Davidson|first=Michael W.|date=March 2014|title=Pioneers in Optics: Johann Wilhelm Ritter and Ernest Rutherford|journal=Microscopy Today|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=48–51|doi=10.1017/S1551929514000029|s2cid=135584871|issn=1551-9295|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:James Clerk Maxwell sitting.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Clerk Maxwell]] (1831–1879)]]<br /> In 1862–64 [[James Clerk Maxwell]] developed equations for the electromagnetic field which suggested that waves in the field would travel with a speed that was very close to the known speed of light. Maxwell therefore suggested that visible light (as well as invisible infrared and ultraviolet rays by inference) all consisted of propagating disturbances (or radiation) in the electromagnetic field. Radio waves were first produced deliberately by [[Heinrich Hertz]] in 1887, using electrical circuits calculated to produce oscillations at a much lower frequency than that of visible light, following recipes for producing oscillating charges and currents suggested by Maxwell's equations. Hertz also developed ways to detect these waves, and produced and characterized what were later termed [[radio wave]]s and [[microwave]]s.&lt;ref name=Jeans&gt;[[Jeans, James]] (1947) [https://archive.org/stream/growthofphysical029068mbp#page/n11/mode/2up The Growth of Physical Science]. Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|286,7}}<br /> <br /> [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] discovered and named [[X-rays]]. After experimenting with high voltages applied to an evacuated tube on 8 November 1895, he noticed a fluorescence on a nearby plate of coated glass. In one month, he discovered X-rays' main properties.&lt;ref name=Jeans /&gt;{{rp|307}}<br /> <br /> The last portion of the EM spectrum to be discovered was associated with [[radioactivity]]. [[Henri Becquerel]] found that [[uranium]] salts caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate through a covering paper in a manner similar to X-rays, and [[Marie Curie]] discovered that only certain elements gave off these rays of energy, soon discovering the intense radiation of [[radium]]. The radiation from [[pitchblende]] was differentiated into alpha rays ([[alpha particle]]s) and beta rays ([[beta particle]]s) by [[Ernest Rutherford]] through simple experimentation in 1899, but these proved to be charged particulate types of radiation. However, in 1900 the French scientist [[Paul Villard]] discovered a third neutrally charged and especially penetrating type of radiation from radium, and after he described it, Rutherford realized it must be yet a third type of radiation, which in 1903 Rutherford named [[gamma ray]]s.<br /> <br /> In 1910 British physicist [[William Henry Bragg]] demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914 Rutherford and [[Edward Andrade]] measured their wavelengths, finding that they were similar to X-rays but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequency, although a 'cross-over' between X and gamma rays makes it possible to have X-rays with a higher energy (and hence shorter wavelength) than gamma rays and vice versa. The origin of the ray differentiates them, gamma rays tend to be natural phenomena originating from the unstable nucleus of an atom and X-rays are electrically generated (and hence man-made) unless they are as a result of [[bremsstrahlung]] X-radiation caused by the interaction of fast moving particles (such as beta particles) colliding with certain materials, usually of higher atomic numbers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeans&quot; /&gt;{{rp|308,9}}<br /> <br /> == Electromagnetic spectrum ==<br /> {{Main|Electromagnetic spectrum}}<br /> [[File:EM_spectrum_updated.svg|thumb|upright=2.25|right|[[Electromagnetic spectrum]] with visible light highlighted. The bottom graph (visible spectrum) shows wavelength in units of nanometers (nm).]]<br /> [[File:Light spectrum.svg|right|frame|'''Legend:'''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> γ = [[Gamma ray]]s&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> HX = Hard [[X-ray]]s&lt;br /&gt;<br /> SX = Soft X-rays&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> EUV = Extreme-[[ultraviolet]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> NUV = Near-ultraviolet&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Visible light]] (colored bands)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> NIR = Near-[[infrared]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> MIR = Mid-infrared&lt;br /&gt;<br /> FIR = Far-infrared&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> EHF = [[Extremely high frequency]] (microwaves)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> SHF = [[Super-high frequency]] (microwaves)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> UHF = [[Ultrahigh frequency]] (radio waves)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> VHF = [[Very high frequency]] (radio)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> HF = [[High frequency]] (radio)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> MF = [[Medium frequency]] (radio)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> LF = [[Low frequency]] (radio)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> VLF = [[Very low frequency]] (radio)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> VF = [[Voice frequency]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ULF = [[Ultra-low frequency]] (radio)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> SLF = [[Super-low frequency]] (radio)&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ELF = [[Extremely low frequency]] (radio)]]<br /> <br /> EM radiation (the designation 'radiation' excludes static electric and magnetic and [[near and far field|near fields]]) is classified by wavelength into [[radio wave|radio]], [[microwave]], [[infrared]], [[visible spectrum|visible]], [[ultraviolet]], [[X-ray]]s, and [[gamma rays]]. Arbitrary electromagnetic waves can be expressed by [[Fourier analysis]] in terms of [[sinusoidal]] waves ([[monochromatic radiation]]), which in turn can each be classified into these regions of the EMR spectrum.<br /> <br /> For certain classes of EM waves, the waveform is most usefully treated as ''random'', and then spectral analysis must be done by slightly different mathematical techniques appropriate to random or [[stochastic process]]es. In such cases, the individual frequency components are represented in terms of their ''power'' content, and the phase information is not preserved. Such a representation is called the [[power spectral density]] of the random process. Random electromagnetic radiation requiring this kind of analysis is, for example, encountered in the interior of stars, and in certain other very wideband forms of radiation such as the [[Zero point field|zero-point wave field]] of the electromagnetic vacuum.<br /> <br /> The behavior of EM radiation and its interaction with matter depends on its frequency, and changes qualitatively as the frequency changes. Lower frequencies have longer wavelengths, and higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and are associated with photons of higher energy. There is no fundamental limit known to these wavelengths or energies, at either end of the spectrum, although photons with energies near the [[Planck energy]] or exceeding it (far too high to have ever been observed) will require new physical theories to describe.<br /> <br /> === Radio and microwave ===<br /> {{Main|Radio wave|Microwave}}<br /> Electromagnetic radiation phenomena with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter are called microwaves; with frequencies between 300&amp;nbsp;MHz (0.3&amp;nbsp;GHz) and 300&amp;nbsp;GHz. When radio waves impinge upon a [[Electrical conductor|conductor]], they couple to the conductor, travel along it, and [[radio frequency induction|induce]] an electric current on the conductor surface by moving the electrons of the conducting material in correlated bunches of charge. At radio and microwave frequencies, EMR interacts with matter largely as a bulk collection of charges which are spread out over large numbers of affected atoms. In [[electrical conductor]]s, such induced bulk movement of charges ([[electric current]]s) results in absorption of the EMR, or else separations of charges that cause generation of new EMR (effective reflection of the EMR). An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an [[electric dipole moment]], as for example inside a [[microwave oven]]. These interactions produce either electric currents or heat, or both.<br /> <br /> === Infrared ===<br /> {{Main|Infrared}}<br /> Like radio and microwave, infrared (IR) is reflected by metals (and also most EMR, well into the ultraviolet range). However, unlike lower-frequency radio and microwave radiation, infrared EMR commonly interacts with dipoles present in single molecules, which change as atoms vibrate at the ends of a single chemical bond. It is consequently absorbed by a wide range of substances, causing them to increase in temperature as the vibrations dissipate as heat. The same process, run in reverse, causes bulk substances to radiate in the infrared spontaneously (see [[thermal radiation]] section below).<br /> <br /> Infrared radiation is divided into spectral subregions. While different subdivision schemes exist,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Henderson |first=Roy |url=http://info.tuwien.ac.at/iflt/safety/section1/1_1_1.htm |title=Wavelength considerations |publisher=Instituts für Umform- und Hochleistungs |access-date=18 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071028072110/http://info.tuwien.ac.at/iflt/safety/section1/1_1_1.htm |archive-date = 28 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/Regions/irregions.html |title=Near, Mid and Far-Infrared |publisher=NASA IPAC |access-date=4 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529/http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/Regions/irregions.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the spectrum is commonly divided as near-infrared (0.75–1.4&amp;nbsp;μm), short-wavelength infrared (1.4–3&amp;nbsp;μm), mid-wavelength infrared (3–8&amp;nbsp;μm), long-wavelength infrared (8–15&amp;nbsp;μm) and [[far infrared]] (15–1000&amp;nbsp;μm).&lt;ref name=&quot;Byrnes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Byrnes |first=James |title=Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation |url=https://archive.org/details/unexplodedordnan00abry |url-access=limited |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unexplodedordnan00abry/page/n29 21]–22 |isbn=978-1-4020-9252-7|bibcode=2009uodm.book.....B }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some animals, such as [[Infrared sensing in snakes|snakes]], have thermo-sensitive membranes (pit organs) that can detect temperature differences, allowing them to sense infrared radiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gracheva |first1=Elena O. |last2=Ingolia |first2=Nicholas T. |last3=Kelly |first3=Yvonne M. |last4=Cordero-Morales |first4=Julio F. |last5=Hollopeter |first5=Gunther |last6=Chesler |first6=Alexander T. |last7=Sánchez |first7=Elda E. |last8=Perez |first8=John C. |last9=Weissman |first9=Jonathan S. |last10=Julius |first10=David |date=2010 |title=Molecular basis of infrared detection by snakes |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=464 |issue=7291 |pages=1006–1011 |doi=10.1038/nature08943 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=2855400 |pmid=20228791 |bibcode=2010Natur.464.1006G }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Visible light ===<br /> {{Main|Light}}<br /> Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum. EM radiation with a [[wavelength]] between approximately 400 [[nanometre|nm]] and 700&amp;nbsp;nm is directly detected by the [[human eye]] and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially nearby infrared (longer than 700&amp;nbsp;nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 400&amp;nbsp;nm) are also sometimes referred to as light.<br /> <br /> As frequency increases into the visible range, photons have enough energy to change the bond structure of some individual molecules. It is not a coincidence that this happens in the visible range, as the [[Visual system|mechanism of vision]] involves the change in bonding of a single molecule, [[retinal]], which absorbs a single photon. The change in retinal causes a change in the shape of the [[rhodopsin]] protein it is contained in, which starts the biochemical process that causes the [[retina]] of the human eye to sense the light.<br /> <br /> Visible light is able to affect only a tiny percentage of all molecules. Usually not in a permanent or damaging way, rather the photon excites an electron which then emits another photon when returning to its original position. This is the source of color produced by most dyes. Retinal is an exception. When a photon is absorbed, the [[Retinal#Visual cycle|retinal permanently changes structure from cis to trans]], and requires a protein to convert it back, i.e. reset it to be able to function as a light detector again.<br /> <br /> [[Photosynthesis]] becomes possible in this range as well, for the same reason. A single molecule of [[chlorophyll]] is excited by a single photon. In plant tissues that conduct photosynthesis, [[carotenoids]] act to quench electronically excited chlorophyll produced by visible light in a process called [[non-photochemical quenching]], to prevent reactions that would otherwise interfere with photosynthesis at high light levels.<br /> <br /> Limited evidence indicate that some [[reactive oxygen species]] are created by visible light in skin, and that these may have some role in [[photoaging]], in the same manner as [[ultraviolet A]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Liebel-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Liebel |first1=F. |last2=Kaur |first2=S. |last3=Ruvolo |first3=E. |last4=Kollias |first4=N. |last5=Southall |first5=M. D. |year=2012 |title=Irradiation of Skin with Visible Light Induces Reactive Oxygen Species and Matrix-Degrading Enzymes |journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology |volume=132 |issue=7 |pages=1901–1907 |doi=10.1038/jid.2011.476 |pmid=22318388 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are known to damage molecules and biological tissue only by bulk heating, not excitation from single photons of the radiation.<br /> <br /> === Ultraviolet ===<br /> {{Main|Ultraviolet}}<br /> As frequency increases into the ultraviolet, photons now carry enough energy (about three [[electron volt]]s or more) to excite certain doubly bonded molecules into permanent chemical rearrangement. In [[DNA]], this causes lasting damage. DNA is also indirectly damaged by reactive oxygen species produced by ultraviolet A (UVA), which has energy too low to damage DNA directly. This is why ultraviolet at all wavelengths can damage DNA, and is capable of causing cancer, and (for [[UVB]]) skin burns (sunburn) that are far worse than would be produced by simple heating (temperature increase) effects.<br /> <br /> At the higher end of the ultraviolet range, the energy of photons becomes large enough to impart enough energy to electrons to cause them to be liberated from the atom, in a process called [[photoionisation]]. The energy required for this is always larger than about 10 [[electron volt]] (eV) corresponding with wavelengths smaller than 124&amp;nbsp;nm (some sources suggest a more realistic cutoff of 33&amp;nbsp;eV, which is the energy required to ionize water). This high end of the ultraviolet spectrum with energies in the approximate ionization range, is sometimes called &quot;extreme UV&quot;. Ionizing UV is strongly filtered by the Earth's atmosphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last= |first= |title=Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation |date=2012 |work=Radiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304366/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === X-rays and gamma rays ===<br /> {{Main|X-rays|Gamma rays}}<br /> Electromagnetic radiation composed of photons that carry minimum-ionization energy, or more (which includes the entire spectrum with shorter wavelengths), is therefore termed [[ionizing radiation]]. (Many other kinds of ionizing radiation are made of non-EM particles.) Electromagnetic-type ionizing radiation extends from the extreme ultraviolet to all higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths, which means that all X-rays and gamma rays qualify. These are capable of the most severe types of molecular damage, which can happen in biology to any type of biomolecule, including mutation and cancer,&lt;ref name=&quot;Baeyens-2023&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Baeyens |first1=Ans |title=Basic Concepts of Radiation Biology |date=2023 |work=Radiobiology Textbook |pages=25–81 |editor-last=Baatout |editor-first=Sarah |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-18810-7_2 |access-date=2025-03-24 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-18810-7_2 |isbn=978-3-031-18810-7 |last2=Abrantes |first2=Ana Margarida |last3=Ahire |first3=Vidhula |last4=Ainsbury |first4=Elizabeth A. |last5=Baatout |first5=Sarah |last6=Baselet |first6=Bjorn |last7=Botelho |first7=Maria Filomena |last8=Boterberg |first8=Tom |last9=Chevalier |first9=Francois|url-access=subscription |hdl=1854/LU-01HB6GSWBNSND2YG9VWSGB95TY |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; and often at great depths below the skin, since the higher end of the X-ray spectrum, and all of the gamma ray spectrum, penetrate matter.<br /> <br /> == Atmosphere and magnetosphere ==<br /> {{Main|ozone layer|shortwave radio|skywave|ionosphere|atmospheric window|optical window}}<br /> [[File:Atmospheric electromagnetic opacity.svg|thumb|upright=2.25|Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric absorption and scattering (or [[opacity (optics)|opacity]]) of various [[wavelength]]s of electromagnetic radiation]]<br /> Most UV and X-rays are blocked by absorption first from molecular [[nitrogen]], and then (for wavelengths in the upper UV) from the electronic excitation of [[dioxygen]] and finally [[ozone]] at the mid-range of UV. Only 30% of the Sun's ultraviolet light reaches the ground, and almost all of this is well transmitted.<br /> <br /> Visible light is well transmitted in air, a property known as an [[optical window|atmospheric window]], as it is not energetic enough to excite nitrogen, oxygen, or ozone, but too energetic to excite molecular vibrational frequencies of water vapor and carbon dioxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tao |first1=Jiasheng |title=Space Optical Remote Sensing |publisher=Springer, Singapore |isbn=978-981-99-3318-1 |chapter=Radiation Source and Optical Atmospheric Transmission |series=Advances in Optics and Optoelectronics |date=2023 |pages=111–188 |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-3318-1_4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Absorption bands in the infrared are due to modes of vibrational excitation in water vapor. However, at energies too low to excite water vapor, the atmosphere becomes transparent again, allowing free transmission of most microwave and radio waves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chaplin |first1=Martin |title=Infared Spectroscopy |date=May 15, 2013 |page=water.lsbu.ac.uk |url=https://www.ifsc.usp.br/~lavfis2/BancoApostilasImagens/ApLuminescencia/Infrared%20Spectroscop1.pdf |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324185050/https://www.ifsc.usp.br/~lavfis2/BancoApostilasImagens/ApLuminescencia/Infrared%20Spectroscop1.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Finally, at radio wavelengths longer than 10&amp;nbsp;m or so (about 30&amp;nbsp;MHz), the air in the lower atmosphere remains transparent to radio, but plasma in certain layers of the [[ionosphere]] begins to interact with radio waves (see [[skywave]]). This property allows some longer wavelengths (100&amp;nbsp;m or 3&amp;nbsp;MHz) to be reflected and results in [[shortwave radio]] beyond line-of-sight. However, certain [[Ionosphere#D layer|ionospheric effects]] begin to block incoming radiowaves from space, when their frequency is less than about 10&amp;nbsp;MHz (wavelength longer than about 30&amp;nbsp;m).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dabas|first=R S|title=Ionosphere and its influence on radio communications|journal=Resonance|language=en|volume=5|issue=7|pages=28–43|doi=10.1007/bf02867245|issn=0971-8044|date=July 2000|s2cid=121347063}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Thermal and electromagnetic radiation as a form of heat ==<br /> {{Main|Thermal radiation|Planck's law}}<br /> The basic structure of [[matter]] involves charged particles bound together. When electromagnetic radiation impinges on matter, it causes the charged particles to oscillate and gain energy. The ultimate fate of this energy depends on the context. It could be immediately re-radiated and appear as scattered, reflected, or transmitted radiation. It may get dissipated into other microscopic motions within the matter, coming to [[thermal equilibrium]] and manifesting itself as [[thermal energy]], or even [[Temperature#Kinetic theory approach|kinetic energy]], in the material. With a few exceptions related to high-energy photons (such as [[fluorescence]], [[harmonic generation]], [[photochemical reaction]]s, the [[photovoltaic effect]] for ionizing radiations at far ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma radiation), absorbed electromagnetic radiation simply deposits its energy by heating the material. This happens for infrared, microwave, and radio wave radiation.<br /> <br /> Intense radio waves can thermally burn living tissue and can cook food. In addition to infrared [[laser]]s, sufficiently intense visible and ultraviolet lasers can easily set paper afire.&lt;ref name=&quot;nuceng.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CANDU textbook |url=http://www.nuceng.ca/candu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420121747/http://www.nuceng.ca/candu/ |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=24 March 2017 |website=nuceng.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ionizing radiation creates high-speed electrons in a material and breaks chemical bonds, but after these electrons collide many times with other atoms eventually most of the energy becomes thermal energy all in a tiny fraction of a second. This caveat also applies to UV, even though almost all of it is not ionizing, because UV can damage molecules due to electronic excitation, which is far greater per unit energy than heating effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;nuceng.ca&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baeyens-2023&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Infrared radiation in the spectral distribution of a [[black body]] is usually considered a form of heat, since it has an equivalent temperature and is associated with an entropy change per unit of thermal energy. However, &quot;heat&quot; is a technical term in physics and thermodynamics and is often confused with thermal energy. Any type of electromagnetic energy can be transformed into thermal energy in interaction with matter. Thus, ''any'' electromagnetic radiation can &quot;heat&quot; (in the sense of increase the [[thermal energy]] temperature of) a material, when it is absorbed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://docs.kde.org/stable5/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-blackbody.html|title=Blackbody Radiation|website=docs.kde.org|access-date=24 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154617/https://docs.kde.org/stable5/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-blackbody.html|archive-date=8 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The inverse or time-reversed process of absorption is thermal radiation. Much of the thermal energy in matter consists of random motion of charged particles, and this energy can be radiated away from the matter. The resulting radiation may subsequently be absorbed by another piece of matter, with the deposited energy heating the material.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/wparkinson/help/thermochemistry/|title=Thermodynamics Part 1: Work, Heat, Internal Energy and Enthalpy|website=www2.southeastern.edu|access-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324012259/http://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/wparkinson/help/thermochemistry/|archive-date=24 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The electromagnetic radiation in an opaque cavity at thermal equilibrium is effectively a form of thermal energy, having maximum [[entropy|radiation entropy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.astro.lu.se/Education/utb/ASTA21/pdf/Planck%27s%20law.pdf|title=Planck's law|website=astro.lu.se|url-status=dead|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130131244/http://www.astro.lu.se/Education/utb/ASTA21/pdf/Planck%27s%20law.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biological effects ==<br /> {{Main|Electromagnetic radiation and health|Wireless device radiation and health}}<br /> [[Bioelectromagnetics]] is the study of the interactions and effects of EM radiation on living organisms. The effects of electromagnetic radiation upon living cells, including those in humans, depends upon the radiation's power and frequency. For low-frequency radiation (radio waves to near ultraviolet) the best-understood effects are those due to radiation power alone, acting through heating when radiation is absorbed. For these thermal effects, frequency is important as it affects the intensity of the radiation and penetration into the organism (for example, microwaves penetrate better than infrared). It is widely accepted that low frequency fields that are too weak to cause significant heating could not possibly have any biological effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Binhi-2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last= Binhi|first= Vladimir N|others= Repiev, A &amp; Edelev, M (translators from Russian)|title= Magnetobiology: Underlying Physical Problems |url= https://archive.org/details/magnetobiologyun00binh_968|url-access= limited|publisher= Academic Press|location= San Diego|year= 2002|pages= [https://archive.org/details/magnetobiologyun00binh_968/page/n11 1]–16|isbn= 978-0-12-100071-4|oclc= 49700531}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some research suggests that weaker ''non-thermal'' electromagnetic fields (including weak ELF magnetic fields, although the latter does not strictly qualify as EM radiation&lt;ref name=&quot;Binhi-2002&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Delgado | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Leal | first2 = J. | last3 = Monteagudo | first3 = J. L. | last4 = Gracia | first4 = M. G. | title = Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 134 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 533–551 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7107514 | pmc = 1167891 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Harland | first1 = J. D. | last2 = Liburdy | first2 = R. P. | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:8&lt;555::AID-BEM4&gt;3.0.CO;2-1 | title = Environmental magnetic fields inhibit the antiproliferative action of tamoxifen and melatonin in a human breast cancer cell line | journal = Bioelectromagnetics | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 555–562 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9383244 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1235522 | access-date = 30 June 2019 | archive-date = 16 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191216194119/https://zenodo.org/record/1235522 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;) and modulated RF and microwave fields can have biological effects, though the significance of this is unclear.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aalto S, Haarala C, Brück A, Sipilä H, Hämäläinen H, Rinne JO 2006 885–90&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Aalto | first1 = S. | last2 = Haarala | first2 = C. | last3 = Brück | first3 = A. | last4 = Sipilä | first4 = H. | last5 = Hämäläinen | first5 = H. | last6 = Rinne | first6 = J. O. | doi = 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600279 | title = Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans | journal = Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 885–890 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16495939 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/bem.2250110107 | last1 = Cleary | first1 = S. F. | last2 = Liu | first2 = L. M. | last3 = Merchant | first3 = R. E. | title = In vitro lymphocyte proliferation induced by radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation under isothermal conditions | journal = Bioelectromagnetics | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–56 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2346507 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[World Health Organization]] has classified radio frequency electromagnetic radiation as [[List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens|Group 2B]]—possibly carcinogenic.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf IARC classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601063650/http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf |date=1 June 2011 }}. World Health Organization. 31 May 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trouble-with-cell-phone-radiation-standard/ | publisher=CBS News| title=Trouble with cell phone radiation standard | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509153533/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-503063_162-20068246.html | archive-date=9 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This group contains possible carcinogens such as lead, DDT, and styrene. At higher frequencies (some of visible and beyond), the effects of individual photons begin to become important, as these now have enough energy individually to directly or indirectly damage biological molecules.&lt;ref&gt;See {{cite journal | pmid =22318388 | doi=10.1038/jid.2011.476 | volume=132 | issue=7 | title=Irradiation of skin with visible light induces reactive oxygen species and matrix-degrading enzymes | date=July 2012 | journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. | pages=1901–7| last1=Liebel | first1=F | last2=Kaur | first2=S | last3=Ruvolo | first3=E | last4=Kollias | first4=N | last5=Southall | first5=M. D. | doi-access=free }} for evidence of quantum damage from visible light via [[reactive oxygen species]] generated in skin. This happens also with UVA. With UVB, the damage to DNA becomes direct, with [[photochemical]] formation of [[pyrimidine dimers]].&lt;/ref&gt; All UV frequencies have been classed as Group 1 carcinogens by the World Health Organization. Ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure is the primary cause of skin cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Narayanan|first=DL |author2=Saladi, RN |author3=Fox, JL|title=Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|date=September 2010|volume=49|issue=9|pages=978–86|pmid=20883261|doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04474.x|s2cid=22224492 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Review05&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Saladi|first=RN|author2=Persaud, AN|title=The causes of skin cancer: a comprehensive review|journal=Drugs of Today|date=January 2005|volume=41|issue=1|pages=37–53|pmid=15753968|doi=10.1358/dot.2005.41.1.875777}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thus, at UV frequencies and higher, electromagnetic radiation does more damage to biological systems than simple heating predicts. This is most obvious in the &quot;far&quot; (or &quot;extreme&quot;) ultraviolet. UV, with X-ray and gamma radiation, are referred to as [[ionizing radiation]] due to the ability of photons of this radiation to produce [[ion]]s and [[free radical]]s in materials (including living tissue). Since such radiation can severely damage life at energy levels that produce little heating, it is considered far more dangerous (in terms of damage-produced per unit of energy, or power) than the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum.<br /> <br /> === Use as a weapon ===<br /> {{See also|Directed energy weapons#Microwave weapons}}<br /> The heat ray is an application of EMR that makes use of microwave frequencies to create an unpleasant heating effect in the upper layer of the skin. A publicly known heat ray weapon called the [[Active Denial System]] was developed by the US military as an experimental weapon to deny the enemy access to an area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/85028/new-marine-corps-non-lethal-weapon-heats-things-up|title=DVIDS – News – New Marine Corps non-lethal weapon heats things up|work=DVIDS|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102001103/http://www.dvidshub.net/news/85028/new-marine-corps-non-lethal-weapon-heats-things-up|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[death ray]] is a theoretical weapon that delivers heat ray based on electromagnetic energy at levels that are capable of injuring human tissue. An inventor of a death ray, [[Harry Grindell Matthews]], claimed to have lost sight in his left eye while working on his death ray weapon based on a microwave [[magnetron]] from the 1920s (a normal [[microwave oven]] creates a tissue damaging cooking effect inside the oven at around 2&amp;nbsp;kV/m).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Effects on the human body: Extremely low frequency RF {{!}} Radio Frequency {{!}} Radio Spectrum|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/365723483/Radio-Frequency|access-date=8 March 2021|website=Scribd|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011005518/https://www.scribd.com/document/365723483/Radio-Frequency|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Derivation from electromagnetic theory ==<br /> {{Main|Electromagnetic wave equation}}<br /> <br /> Electromagnetic waves are predicted by the classical laws of electricity and magnetism, known as [[Maxwell's equations]]. There are nontrivial solutions of the homogeneous Maxwell's equations (without charges or currents), describing ''waves'' of changing electric and magnetic fields. Beginning with Maxwell's equations in [[free space]]:<br /> {{NumBlk||&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = 0&lt;/math&gt;|{{EquationRef|1}}}}<br /> {{NumBlk||&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}&lt;/math&gt;|{{EquationRef|2}}}}<br /> {{NumBlk||&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = 0&lt;/math&gt;|{{EquationRef|3}}}}<br /> {{NumBlk||&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t}&lt;/math&gt;|{{EquationRef|4}}}}<br /> where<br /> * &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt; are the [[electric field]] (measured in [[volt|V]]/m or [[Newtons|N]]/[[Coulomb|C]]) and the [[magnetic field]] (measured in [[tesla (unit)|T]] or [[Weber (unit)|Wb]]/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), respectively;<br /> * &lt;math&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf X &lt;/math&gt; yields the [[divergence]] and &lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf X &lt;/math&gt; the [[curl (mathematics)|curl]] of a vector field &lt;math&gt;\mathbf X&lt;/math&gt;;<br /> * &lt;math&gt;\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t}&lt;/math&gt; are [[partial derivatives]] (rate of change in time, with location fixed) of the magnetic and electric field;<br /> * &lt;math&gt;\mu_0&lt;/math&gt; is the [[permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] of a vacuum (4{{pi}}&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;10&lt;sup&gt;−7&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[henry (unit)|H]]/m), and &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon_0&lt;/math&gt; is the [[permittivity]] of a vacuum (8.85&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;10&lt;sup&gt;−12&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[farad|F]]/m);<br /> <br /> Besides the trivial solution &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E} = \mathbf{B} = \mathbf{0}&lt;/math&gt;, useful solutions can be derived with the following [[vector identity]], valid for all vectors &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt; in some vector field:&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \times \left( \nabla \times \mathbf{A} \right) = \nabla \left( \nabla \cdot \mathbf{A} \right) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}.&lt;/math&gt;Taking the curl of the second Maxwell's equation ({{EquationNote|2}}) yields:{{NumBlk||&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf{E} \right) = \nabla \times \left(-\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t} \right)&lt;/math&gt;|{{EquationRef|5}}}}<br /> <br /> Evaluating the left hand side of ({{EquationNote|5}}) with the above identity and simplifying using ({{EquationNote|1}}), yields:<br /> {{NumBlk||&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; \nabla \times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf{E} \right) = \nabla\left(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} \right) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{E} = - \nabla^2 \mathbf{E}.&lt;/math&gt;|{{EquationRef|6}}}}<br /> <br /> Evaluating the right hand side of ({{EquationNote|5}}) by exchanging the sequence of derivatives and inserting the fourth {{nowrap|Maxwell's equation ({{EquationNote|4}}),}} yields:<br /> {{NumBlk||&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \times \left(-\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t} \right) = -\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left( \nabla \times \mathbf{B} \right) = -\mu_0 \varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2}&lt;/math&gt;|{{EquationRef|7}}}}<br /> <br /> Combining ({{EquationNote|6}}) and ({{EquationNote|7}}) again, gives a vector-valued [[differential equation]] for the electric field, solving the homogeneous Maxwell's equations:<br /> <br /> {{Equation box 1|border=2|border colour=#ccccff<br /> |equation=&lt;math&gt;\nabla^2 \mathbf{E} = \mu_0 \varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{E}}{\partial t^2}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Taking the curl of the fourth Maxwell's equation ({{EquationNote|4}}) results in a similar differential equation for a magnetic field solving the homogeneous Maxwell's equations:<br /> <br /> {{Equation box 1|border=2|border colour=#ccccff<br /> |equation=&lt;math&gt;\nabla^2 \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial^2 \mathbf{B}}{\partial t^2}.&lt;/math&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Both differential equations have the form of the general [[wave equation]] for waves propagating with speed &lt;math&gt;c_0,&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a function of time and location, which gives the amplitude of the wave at some time at a certain location:&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla^2 f = \frac{1}{{c_0}^2} \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial t^2}&lt;/math&gt;This is also written as: &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\Box f = 0&lt;/math&gt;<br /> where &lt;math&gt;\Box&lt;/math&gt; denotes the so-called [[d'Alembert operator]], which in Cartesian coordinates is given as:&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\Box = \nabla^2 - \frac{1}{{c_0}^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} = \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2} - \frac{1}{{c_0}^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \ &lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> Comparing the terms for the speed of propagation, yields in the case of the electric and magnetic fields:<br /> &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;c_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0 \varepsilon_0}}.&lt;/math&gt;<br /> <br /> This is the [[speed of light]] in vacuum. Thus Maxwell's equations connect the [[vacuum permittivity]] &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon_0&lt;/math&gt;, the [[vacuum permeability]] &lt;math&gt;\mu_0&lt;/math&gt;, and the speed of light, ''c''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, via the above equation. This relationship had been discovered by [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]] and [[Rudolf Kohlrausch]] prior to the development of Maxwell's electrodynamics, however Maxwell was the first to produce a field theory consistent with waves traveling at the speed of light.<br /> <br /> These are only two equations versus the original four, so more information pertains to these waves hidden within Maxwell's equations. A generic vector wave for the electric field has the form<br /> &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\mathbf{E} = \mathbf{E}_0 f{\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c_0 t \right)}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> Here, &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E}_0&lt;/math&gt; is a constant vector, &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is any second differentiable function, &lt;math&gt; \hat{\mathbf{k}}&lt;/math&gt; is a unit vector in the direction of propagation, and &lt;math&gt; {\mathbf{x}} &lt;/math&gt; is a position vector. &lt;math&gt;f{\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c_0 t \right)}&lt;/math&gt; is a generic solution to the wave equation. In other words,<br /> &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla^2 f{\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c_0 t \right)} = \frac{1}{{c_0}^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} f{\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c_0 t \right)},<br /> &lt;/math&gt;for a generic wave traveling in the &lt;math&gt;\hat{\mathbf{k}}&lt;/math&gt; direction.<br /> <br /> From the first of Maxwell's equations, we get<br /> &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{E}_0 f'{\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c_0 t \right)} = 0&lt;/math&gt;<br /> Thus,<br /> &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\mathbf{E} \cdot \hat{\mathbf{k}} = 0&lt;/math&gt;<br /> which implies that the electric field is orthogonal to the direction the wave propagates. The second of Maxwell's equations yields the magnetic field, namely,<br /> &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = \hat{\mathbf{k}} \times \mathbf{E}_0 f'{\left( \hat{\mathbf{k}} \cdot \mathbf{x} - c_0 t \right)} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> Thus,<br /> &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\mathbf{B} = \frac{1}{c_0} \hat{\mathbf{k}} \times \mathbf{E}&lt;/math&gt;<br /> The remaining equations will be satisfied by this choice of &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E},\mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;.<br /> <br /> The electric and magnetic field waves in the far-field travel at the speed of light. They have a special restricted orientation and proportional magnitudes, &lt;math&gt;E_0 = c_0 B_0&lt;/math&gt;, which can be seen immediately from the [[Poynting vector]]. The electric field, magnetic field, and direction of wave propagation are all orthogonal, and the wave propagates in the same direction as &lt;math&gt;\mathbf{E} \times \mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;. Also '''E''' and '''B''' far-fields in free space, which as wave solutions depend primarily on these two Maxwell's equations to remain in phase with each other. This is guaranteed since the generic wave solution is first order in both space and time, and the [[curl operator]] on one side of these equations results in first-order spatial derivatives of the wave solution, while the time-derivative on the other side of the equations, which gives the other field, is first-order in time, resulting in the same [[phase shift]] for both fields in each mathematical operation.<br /> <br /> From the viewpoint of an electromagnetic wave traveling forward, the electric field might be oscillating up and down, while the magnetic field oscillates right and left. This picture can be rotated with the electric field oscillating right and left and the magnetic field oscillating down and up. This is a different solution that is traveling in the same direction. This arbitrariness in the orientation with respect to propagation direction is known as [[polarization (waves)|polarization]]. On a quantum level, it is described as [[photon polarization]]. The direction of the polarization is defined as the direction of the electric field.<br /> <br /> More general forms of the second-order wave equations given above are available, allowing for both non-vacuum propagation media and sources. Many competing derivations exist, all with varying levels of approximation and intended applications. One very general example is a form of the electric field equation,&lt;ref name=kinsler2010&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | author-last1=Kinsler<br /> | author-first1=Paul<br /> | year=2010<br /> | title=Optical pulse propagation with minimal approximations<br /> | journal=Phys. Rev. A<br /> | volume=81<br /> | issue=1<br /> | article-number=013819<br /> | doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.81.013819<br /> | arxiv=0810.5689<br /> |bibcode = 2010PhRvA..81a3819K }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; which was factorized into a pair of explicitly directional wave equations, and then efficiently reduced into a single uni-directional wave equation by means of a simple slow-evolution approximation.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * [[Antenna measurement]]<br /> * [[Bioelectromagnetics]]<br /> * [[Bolometer]]<br /> * [[CONELRAD]]<br /> * [[Electromagnetic pulse]]<br /> * [[Electromagnetic radiation and health]]<br /> * [[Evanescent wave coupling]]<br /> * [[Finite-difference time-domain method]]<br /> * [[Gravitational wave]]<br /> * [[Helicon (physics)|Helicon]]<br /> * [[Impedance of free space]]<br /> * [[Radiation reaction]]<br /> * [[Health effects of sunlight exposure]]<br /> * [[Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation]]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{Cite web|title=Light: Electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic spectrum and photons (article)|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms-ap/bohr-model-hydrogen-ap/a/light-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum|access-date=2 May 2021|website=Khan Academy|language=en}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book | last = Hecht | first = Eugene | title = Optics | edition = 4th | publisher = Pearson Education | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8053-8566-3}}<br /> * {{cite book | last = Serway | first = Raymond A. | author2 = Jewett, John W. | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers | edition = 6th | publisher = Brooks Cole | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-534-40842-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/physicssciengv2p00serw}}<br /> * {{cite book | last = Tipler | first = Paul | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics | edition = 5th | publisher = W. H. Freeman | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7167-0810-0 }}<br /> * {{cite book| last = Reitz | first = John |author2=Milford, Frederick |author3=Christy, Robert | title = Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory | edition = 4th | publisher = Addison Wesley | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-201-52624-0}}<br /> * {{cite book | last = Jackson | first = John David | author-link = John David Jackson (physicist) | title = Classical Electrodynamics | edition = 3rd | publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-471-30932-1}}<br /> * {{cite book | author-link1=Allen Taflove|author-first1=Allen|author-last1=Taflove|author-first2=Susan C. |author-last2=Hagness| title=Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, 3rd ed | publisher=Artech House Publishers | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-58053-832-9 }}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wikisource|QST/December 1915/Pictured Electromagnetic Waves|Pictured Electro-Magnetic Waves}}<br /> {{Library resources box| by=no| onlinebooks=no| others=no| about=yes| label=Electromagnetic radiation}}<br /> * [https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_28.html The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 28: Electromagnetic Radiation]<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> * [http://www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m210.pdf ''Electromagnetic Waves from Maxwell's Equations''] on [http://www.physnet.org/ Project PHYSNET].<br /> <br /> {{Fundamental interactions}}<br /> {{Radiation}}<br /> {{In space}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Physics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Electromagnetic radiation| ]]<br /> [[Category:Heinrich Hertz]]<br /> [[Category:Radiation]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959_Canberra_shootdown&diff=481813 2026-03-19T20:39:45Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: created a article from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indo-Pakistani conflict aircraft shootdown}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = <br /> | width = <br /> | partof = [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]<br /> | image = English Electric Canberra T4, India - Air Force AN1286034.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = An Indian Air Force Canberra<br /> | date = 10 April 1959<br /> | place = [[Rawat, Islamabad|Rawat]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan<br /> | result = *[[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] intercepted and shot down Indian aerial reconnaissance plane<br /> * First aerial kill of the Pakistan Air Force<br /> | status = <br /> | combatants_header = <br /> | combatant1 = {{air force|IND}}<br /> | combatant2 = {{air force|PAK}}<br /> | commander1 = [[Air marshal (India)|AM]] [[Subroto Mukerjee]]&lt;br&gt;[[Squadron leader|Sqn. Ldr.]] J.C. Sengupta&lt;br&gt;[[Flight lieutenant|Flt. Lt.]] S.N. Rampal<br /> | commander2 = [[Air marshal (Pakistan)|AM]] [[Asghar Khan]]&lt;br&gt; [[Flight lieutenant|Flt. Lt.]] M. N. Butt&lt;br&gt;[[Flight lieutenant|Flt. Lt.]] M. Yunis<br /> | units1 = [[No. 106 Squadron IAF|No. 106 Squadron]]<br /> | units2 = [[No. 15 Squadron PAF|No. 15 Squadron]]<br /> | units3 = <br /> | strength1 = 1 English Electric Canberra B(I)58<br /> | strength2 = 2 F-86F Sabres<br /> | strength3 = <br /> | casualties1 = 1 English Electric Canberra B(I)58 shot down &lt;br&gt; 2 airmen captured<br /> | casualties2 = None<br /> | casualties3 = <br /> | notes = <br /> | campaignbox = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Canberra shootdown incident''' occurred on 10 April 1959, when an [[English Electric Canberra]] B(I)58 of the [[Indian Air Force]] was shot down by an [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86F Sabre]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] over [[Rawat, Islamabad|Rawat]], near [[Rawalpindi]] while performing an [[aerial reconnaissance]] mission. This incident is regarded as the first aerial kill of the Pakistan Air Force.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Canberra Incident&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41392273| title=The Canberra Incident| first1=Horizon| last1=Pakistan| date=June 1959| work=[[JSTOR]] | access-date=27 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;etribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/2318763/remembering-the-sacrifices-of-our-martyrs%3famp=1|title=Remembering the sacrifices of our martyrs|date=5 September 2021|website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Incident==<br /> Because it was [[Eid al-Fitr]] most PAF personnel had been given the day off, with only a skeleton crew, mostly comprising unmarried officers and airmen, on duty. The Indian Canberra entered Pakistani airspace while on an [[aerial reconnaissance]] mission. Pakistani radar had detected that an intruder had flown in from Indian airspace, heading towards [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], Pakistan. Repeated warnings were issued to the intruder to land at Gujrat, where it was spotted.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Canberra Incident&quot;/&gt; Two F-86F Sabres flown by Flt. Lt. M. N. Butt and Flt. Lt. M. Yunis were scrambled from [[PAF Base Peshawar]] to intercept it. Flt. Lt. M. N. Butt attempted to bring down the Canberra by firing his machine guns, but the Canberra was flying at an altitude of more than {{convert|50000|ft|m}}, beyond the operational ceiling of the F-86F. When Yunis took over, the Canberra suddenly lost height while executing a turn over Rawalpindi. Yunis fired a burst from his guns which hit the Canberra at an altitude of {{convert|47500|ft|m|abbr=on}} and brought it down over Rawat. Both crew members of the IAF Canberra Sqn Ldr J.C. Sengupta, and Flt Lt S.N. Rampal ejected and were captured by Pakistani authorities. They were subsequently released and repatriated a day later after remaining in detention for some time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/defence/untold-story-of-an-iaf-canberra-its-crew-60-years-before-wing-commander-abhinandans-mig/227141/?amp|website=ThePrint.in|title=Untold story of an IAF Canberra &amp; its crew, 60 years before Wing Commander Abhinandan's MiG|date=26 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Claims==<br /> Pakistan claims that the mission of the Canberra was to take aerial photographs of strategic installations between Lahore and Rawalpindi and that the Canberra had been warned both by hand-signals and warning shots in front of the plane. The Foreign Office of Pakistan published a press note allegedly with a written statement of Sqn. Ldr. J.C. Sengupta, which revealed the hostile nature of his mission to graph certain military targets in Pakistan. The press note emphasized the fact that the incident took place on the Eid when the Indian Air Force expected that the Pakistani defence personnel, like the rest of the nation, would be celebrating Eid and it would consequently make their espionage mission less risky and more promising on that day.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Canberra Incident&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> Indian Defence Minister, [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] and Indian Ambassador to the U.S. [[M. C. Chagla]], claim that the Canberra was on a routine operational flight to photograph Indian territory in Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir and that it must have strayed over to Pakistan due to a navigational error, which was easy to do at a height of fifty thousand feet. The claim also alleges that no warning was given before the Canberra was shot down.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Canberra Incident&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. Department of State&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v15/d65|title=Memorandum of a Conversation Between the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (Rountree) and the Indian Ambassador (Chagla)| date=April 13, 1959| work=U.S. Department of State| access-date=27 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1959}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Canberra shootdown, 1959}}<br /> [[Category:Aircraft shootdown incidents in India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:20th century in Punjab, Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents]]<br /> [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1959]]<br /> [[Category:April 1959 in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:History of the Indian Air Force]]<br /> [[Category:History of the Pakistan Air Force]]<br /> [[Category:Disasters in Punjab, Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:1959 in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:1959 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 1959]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milaga&diff=517597 2026-03-12T23:16:07Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[Ravi Mariya]]<br /> | producer = Shyamsundar&lt;br /&gt;Sujit Sarkar<br /> | writer = Ravi Mariya<br /> | starring = [[Natty Subramaniam]]&lt;br /&gt;Poongodi<br /> | cinematography = Balajee V. Rangha<br /> | music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]<br /> | editing = S. N. Fazil<br /> | distributor = [[S. Thanu|V. Creations]]<br /> | studio = Shri Nataraja Arts<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|6|25}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Milaga''''' ({{translation|Chilli}}) is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language [[action comedy]] film written and directed by [[Ravi Mariya]], who also starred in the film. The film stars [[Natty Subramaniam]], Poongodi, and [[Suja Varunee]], while [[Ilavarasu]], [[G. M. Kumar]], [[Singampuli]], and [[K. P. Jagannath]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Sabesh-Murali]] with cinematography by Balajee V. Rangha and editing by S. N. Fazil. The film was released on 25 June 2010.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> {{long plot|date=September 2025}} &lt;!--per [[WP:FILMPLOT]], plot summaries should be between 400 and 700 words--&gt;<br /> Years ago, Gajendra, the youngest brother, stabbed a judge to manipulate the case's outcome and secure the release of his three elder brothers. Moved by Gajendra's selfless act, the brothers rebrand themselves as the Gajendra brothers while Gajendra is sentenced to 10 years in prison for the stabbing. Currently, the Gajendra brothers have evolved into notorious gangsters, feared throughout [[Madurai]]. Thenmozhi, a teenage girl, finds herself trapped in their house, unable to escape due to their constant surveillance. Desperate for help, she resorts to writing pleas for assistance on ₹50 notes and scattering them in various locations. However, her plan is soon discovered, and she is caught, rendering her efforts futile.<br /> <br /> Azhagar and his friends team up to help their friend Eswaran, who is struggling to recover ₹18.50 lakhs from debtors who have attacked him and refuse to repay. When Vaazhaithoppu Maari, a gangster with a significant debt of ₹1.75 lakhs, refuses to pay, Azhagar chops off his thumb, knowing that Maari's diabetes will make the injury severe. Maari, humiliated, sends goons after Azhagar but ultimately repays the loan to avoid further trouble. As word spreads about Azhagar's fearlessness, other debtors begin to repay Eswaran out of fear. Eswaran's landlord, Sowmiya, develops feelings for Azhagar, but he remains playful and does not reciprocate her love. Thenmozhi witnesses Azhagar effortlessly taking down goons and believes he can help her escape from the Gajendra brothers' clutches. She mistakenly assumes that the Gajendra brothers fear Mookkaiyya, an elderly gangster they respect. Knowing Azhagar is acquainted with Mookkaiyya, Thenmozhi tries to convey her situation to Azhagar, but fails. To get Azhagar's attention, Thenmozhi pretends that Azhagar is harassing her, prompting the Gajendra brothers to send henchmen after him.<br /> <br /> However, Azhagar subdues them and confronts the brothers. When Azhagar denies any involvement with Thenmozhi, Rajendran beats her, realizing it was a ruse. Suspecting something is amiss and aware that Azhagar has seen the ₹50 note with Thenmozhi's plea for help, Azhagar decides to save her by challenging the Gajendra brothers that he will marry Thenmozhi. Azhagar secretly meets her and learns about her past. She recounts visiting the [[Chatrapatti, Madurai district|Chatrapatti]] temple festival, where she slapped Gajendra after he pinched her waist. Humiliated, Gajendra tried to abduct her, but she escaped. During the chase, Gajendra was hit by a speeding car driven by his brothers, leaving him mentally unstable. The Gajendra brothers then hold Thenmozhi captive in their home to marry her to Gajendra once he recovers. However, Azhagar realizes that he was the one who playfully pinched Thenmozhi's waist, not Gajendra. Unbeknownst to Thenmozhi, her slap led to her current predicament. Determined to set things right, Azhagar decides to rescue Thenmozhi from the Gajendra brothers' clutches.<br /> <br /> First, Azhagar and his friends embark on a mission to locate Thenmozhi's parents, who are being held captive by the brothers. Meanwhile, the Gajendra brothers send their henchmen to abduct Azhagar's father and grandmother in [[Alanganallur]]. However, his grandmother's quick wit enables them to tactically escape and find safety in [[Courtallam]]. In [[Theni]], Azhagar's friends are captured by the Gajendra brothers, who subject them to torture to reveal Azhagar's whereabouts. Azhagar pretends to be unconcerned about his friends' safety, which convinces Rajendran to spare them. Maari spots Azhagar at a hospital and informs the Gajendra brothers, who send their goons to attack him. After an intense battle, Azhagar is captured, but his friends create a diversion using fire extinguisher smoke, allowing them to safeguard him. After a few days of hospitalization, Azhagar sneaks into Rajendra's house, meets Thenmozhi, and they confess their love for each other.<br /> <br /> The Gajendra brothers break into Eswaran's house, suspecting Azhagar's presence, but they manage to escape just in time. Seeking protection, they turn to Mookkaiyya, who agrees to mediate with the Gajendra brothers. However, the brothers kill Mookkaiyya, whom they had previously respected, in their quest for Gajendra. Azhagar devises a plan to rescue Thenmozhi by pretending to accept marrying the mentally unstable Gajendra. As part of the ruse, she asks the Gajendra brothers to bring her parents, whom they have been holding captive. The brothers, though suspicious, agree to the plan and arrange for the marriage. Coincidentally, Azhagar's father and grandmother arrive at the marriage venue. Before the ceremony, Thenmozhi's parents also arrive, and Azhagar and his friends, who have been hiding in a nearby flower shop, launch an attack on the Gajendra brothers' henchmen. They all escape in a car, but the Gajendra brothers catch up to them. An intense fight ensues, and Azhagar manages to overpower the brothers. However, due to the car accident, Gajendra's mental illness is cured, and he fiercely attacks Azhagar and his friends, but Azhagar subdues him.<br /> <br /> Just as Azhagar is about to deliver the final blow, the Gajendra brothers plead for mercy. Azhagar spares their lives, but before they can leave, Mookkaiyya's henchmen avenge their boss's death by killing the Gajendra brothers. The film concludes with Azhagar married to Thenmozhi, who finally understands that her husband was the one who had pinched her waist, setting off the chain of events that led to their tumultuous journey together.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Natty Subramaniam]] as Azhagar<br /> *Poongodi as Thenmozhi<br /> *[[Suja Varunee]] as Sowmiya<br /> *Maushmi Udeshi in a special appearance as a dancer in the song &quot;Enga Vandhadi&quot;<br /> *[[Ilavarasu]] as Vaazhaithoppu Maari<br /> *[[G. M. Kumar]] as Azhagar's father<br /> *[[Singampuli]] as Paruthi, Azhagar's friend<br /> *[[K. P. Jagannath]] as Eswaran, Azhagar's friend<br /> *Mayi Sundar as Pasai, Azhagar's friend<br /> *[[Ravi Mariya]] as Gajendra<br /> *[[Rajendran]] as Rajendra, Gajendra's brother<br /> *P. S. Sridhar as Mahendra, Gajendra's brother<br /> *Ainthu Kovilan as a gambler<br /> *Karate Venkatesan as Mookkaiyya, senior gangster<br /> *[[Meera Krishnan]] as Thenmozhi's mother<br /> *[[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Thenmozhi's father<br /> *Janaki Devi as Eswaran's sister<br /> *Cumbum Meena as a flower vendor<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Set in Madurai, the film has cinematographer-turned-actor [[Natty Subramaniam]] in the lead role,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 May 2010 |title=Cameraman Nutty turns hero! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/cameraman-nutty-turns-hero/articleshow/5988963.cms |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by [[Ravi Mariya]], starring [[Suja Varunee]], who was chosen after an audition to portray the second female lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 July 2010 |title=Suja praised for Milaga! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suja-praised-for-milaga/articleshow/6138865.cms |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Poongodi of ''[[Mayandi Kudumbathar]]'' (2009) fame was chosen as the female lead,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-08-20 |title=I love the action masala films: Natrajan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-love-the-action-masala-films-natrajan/articleshow/4910692.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125014805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-love-the-action-masala-films-Natrajan/articleshow/4910692.cms |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the film's music is composed by [[Sabesh–Murali]] and editing done by V. Jaisankar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-07-22 |title=ரவி மரியாவின் &quot;மிளகா' |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2009/Jul/22/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-44673.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is produced by Shyamsundar and Sujit Sarkar under their Shri Nataraja Arts banner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-06-08 |title=அறியாமல் செய்த தவறுக்கு பரிகாரம் 'மிளகா' |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2010/Jun/08/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-193076.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> Soundtrack was composed by [[Sabesh–Murali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milaka |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/milaka_101368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112101/https://www.saregama.com/album/milaka_101368 |archive-date=August 18, 2019 |access-date=2019-08-18 |website=[[Saregama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *&quot;Thavaniyellam&quot; - Balaji<br /> *&quot;Nee Sirichupaakura&quot; - Krishnaraj, Ganga<br /> *&quot;Kirukku Paiya&quot; - Sathyan, [[Prashanthini]]<br /> *&quot;Enga Vandhadi&quot; - Janani, Vineeth, Geetha<br /> *&quot;Samy Vandhuruchu&quot; - Sriram, Sabesh<br /> <br /> ==Release and reception==<br /> ''Milaga'' released in theatres on 25 June 2010 by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] through his [[V Creations]] distribution house.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-06-20 |title=ஹிந்தியில் ரீமேக் ஆகும் &quot;மிளகா' |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2010/Jun/20/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-199105.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618142617/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2010/Jun/20/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-199105.html |archive-date=2025-06-18 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote &quot;first half of the film moves at a rapid pace [...] it is the predictable second half of the film which hampers the pace&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milaga |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/milaga-review-tamil-14946900.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140326170221/http://www.sify.com/movies/milaga-review-tamil-14946900.html |archive-date=26 March 2014 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that the &quot;movie doesn't quite capitalise on strengths&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=June 25, 2010 |title=This Milaga is not so hot |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-review-milaga/20100625.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818112502/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-review-milaga/20100625.htm |archive-date=18 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-18 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Chennai Vision'' wrote, &quot;Milaga has got nothing new to offer. At the same time, the film will make you sit and comfortably watch it for two hours and thirty minutes, thanks to a gripping narration by director Ravi Maria&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milaga Review |url=http://movies.chennaivision.com/tamil/review.php?id=295 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140326170212/http://movies.chennaivision.com/tamil/review.php?id=295 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |access-date=2014-03-26 |website=Chennai Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010 films]]<br /> [[Category:2010 action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2010 masala films]]<br /> [[Category:2010 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about friendship]]<br /> [[Category:Films about harassment]]<br /> [[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sabesh–Murali]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=IndiGo&diff=446399 2026-03-10T15:29:59Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian airline}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{About|the Indian airline|the American airline|Indigo Airlines (American airline)|the colour|Indigo|the Indianapolis public transportation system|IndyGo|other uses|Indigo (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox airline<br /> | airline = IndiGo<br /> | logo = IndiGo.svg<br /> | logo_size = 225px<br /> | IATA = 6E&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Airline and Airport Code Search |url=https://www.iata.org/en/publications/directories/code-search?airline.search=6E |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.iata.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ICAO = IGO<br /> | callsign = IFLY<br /> | image = IndiGo Airbus A320neo F-WWDG (to VT-ITI) (28915135713).jpg<br /> | aoc = <br /> | focus_cities = <br /> | frequent_flyer = BluChip<br /> | alliance = <br /> | fleet_size = 434<br /> | destinations = 128<br /> | num_employees = 37,300 (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/investor-relations.html?linkNav=Investor%20Relations%7CCOMPANY%7CFooter|title=Indigo FY 24 Annual Report|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815165830/https://www.goindigo.in/information/investor-relations.html?linkNav=Investor%20Relations%7CCOMPANY%7CFooter|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = IndiGo [[Airbus A320neo]]<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|2005||df=yes}}<br /> | commenced = {{start date and age|2006|08|04|df=yes}}<br /> | bases = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] ([[Mumbai]])<br /> *[[Chennai International Airport]] ([[Chennai]])<br /> *[[Cochin International Airport]] ([[Kochi]])<br /> *[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] ([[Delhi]])<br /> *[[Kempegowda International Airport]] ([[Bengaluru]])<br /> *[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] ([[Kolkata]])<br /> *[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] ([[Hyderabad]])<br /> }}<br /> | hubs = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] (Delhi)<br /> | subsidiaries = IndiGo CarGo&lt;ref name=&quot;6E CARGO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=IndiGo CarGo|url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/indigo/cargo/en/cargo.html|website=IndiGo|access-date=24 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | headquarters = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India<br /> | key_people = {{plainlist|<br /> *Rahul Bhatia ([[Director (business)|MD]] &amp; Interim [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=IndiGo Leadership|url=https://www.goindigo.in/about-us/leadership-team.html|publisher=IndiGo|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401231326/https://www.goindigo.in/about-us/leadership-team.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IndiGo CEO Pieter Elbers Resigns |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indigo-ceo-pieter-elbers-resigns-read-indigos-full-statement-on-ceo-pieter-elbers-resigning-11195608 |work=NDTV |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=10 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | founders = {{plainlist|<br /> *Rahul Bhatia<br /> *[[Rakesh Gangwal]]<br /> }}<br /> | parent = InterGlobe Enterprises<br /> | traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|539448}}|{{NSE|INDIGO}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}<br /> | ISIN = INE646L01027<br /> | revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|840.98|b}} (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;fin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Earnings Presentation Q4 FY25 &amp; FY25 |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/s6web/in/en/assets/investor-relations/financial%20results/2024-25/q4-jan-to-mar-2025/210525_Q4_FY25_Presentation_Final.pdf |work=IndiGo |access-date=30 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|212.52|b}} (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;fin&quot;/&gt;<br /> | net_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|72.58|b}} (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;fin&quot;/&gt;<br /> | assets = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|1158.43|b}} (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;bal&quot;/&gt;<br /> | equity = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|93.68|b}} (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;bal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Statement of audited consolidated financial results for the quarter and year ended 31 March 2025 |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/s6web/in/en/assets/investor-relations/financial%20results/2024-25/q4-jan-to-mar-2025/Q4FY25_Auditted_Financials.pdf |work=IndiGo |access-date=30 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|https://goindigo.in}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''IndiGo''' is an Indian [[low-cost airline|low-cost]] hybrid airline headquartered in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]. It is the largest [[List of airlines of India|airline in India]] by passengers carried, with a 64.2% domestic market share as of August 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 October 2025 |title=IndiGo loses market share, Air India group gains ground in August 2025: DGCA data |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/indigo-loses-market-share-air-india-group-gains-ground-as-domestic-air-travel-dips-in-august-2025-19701760.htm |access-date=2 November 2025 |work=[[CNBC TV18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the [[Largest airlines in the world#Passengers carried|largest in the world]] in terms of passengers carried, with 31.9 million passengers carried in the fourth quarter of 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Vaid |first=Rohit |date=21 May 2025 |title=IndiGo Q4 profit soars 62% to ₹3,068 cr on record passenger growth |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/indigo-posts-highest-ever-q4-profit-fy25-net-surges-to-7258-cr/article69601594.ece |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=[[Business Line]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the sixth busiest airline in the world, as per data from [[RadarBox]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/01/14/busiest-airlines-in-the-world-in-2025/|title=Busiest airlines in the world}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2025|11}}, IndiGo operates over 2,700 daily flights to 137 destinations – 94 domestic and 43 international. It operates cargo services under its subsidiary, IndiGo CarGo. Its primary hub is at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], Delhi. <br /> <br /> The airline was established as a [[private company]] by [[Rakesh Gangwal]] and Rahul Bhatia in 2005. It took delivery of its first aircraft in July 2006 and commenced operations a month later, on 4 August 2006. The airline became the largest Indian carrier by passenger market share in December 2012. The company went [[public company|public]] in October 2015. IndiGo was ranked the 15th most punctual airline globally in 2022 by [[OAG (company)|OAG]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Anu|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-makes-a-comeback-in-punctuality-after-seven-months-11671521911863.html|title=IndiGo makes a comeback in punctuality after seven months|work=Mint|date=20 December 2022|access-date=24 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> IndiGo was founded in 2005 as a [[private company]] by Rahul Bhatia of InterGlobe Enterprises and [[Rakesh Gangwal]], a United States–based [[Indian diaspora|expatriate Indian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/06/30/interglobe-aviation-owner-of-indias-indigo-airline-files-for-ipo.html|title=Owner of India's biggest airline files for IPO|date=30 June 2015|publisher=CNBC|access-date=16 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329132007/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/06/30/interglobe-aviation-owner-of-indias-indigo-airline-files-for-ipo.html|archive-date=29 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; InterGlobe had a 51.12% stake in IndiGo, while 47.88% was held by Gangwal's [[Virginia]]-based company, Caelum Investments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indigo-gives-handsome-payback-to-promoters-113111500988_1.html|title=IndiGo gives handsome payback to promoters|date=16 November 2013|first=Anees|last=Padnis|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=19 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328193722/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indigo-gives-handsome-payback-to-promoters-113111500988_1.html|archive-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=FIPB approves proposal to convert Rakesh Gangwal's IndiGo stake to NRI category|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-02/news/52356509_1_fipb-foreign-investment-promotion-board-equity-shares|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2 October 2014|access-date=16 March 2016|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328193854/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-02/news/52356509_1_fipb-foreign-investment-promotion-board-equity-shares|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; IndiGo placed a firm order for 100 [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320-200]] aircraft in June 2005 with plans to begin operations in mid-2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;order&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo Airlines to fly soon|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-06-22/news/27477022_1_lease-planes-aircraft-airbus-industrie|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726091711/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-06-22/news/27477022_1_lease-planes-aircraft-airbus-industrie|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=22 June 2005|access-date=16 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airline took delivery of its first aircraft on 28 July 2006, nearly a year after placing the initial order.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo takes delivery of its first brand new Airbus A320 aircraft|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/holnus/006200607290310.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 July 2006|access-date=16 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It commenced operations on 4 August 2006 with a service from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi]] to [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]] via [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]].&lt;ref name=&quot;take-off&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Indigo's first flight to take-off on Aug 4|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-07-13/news/27459427_1_first-flight-interglobe-president-bruce-ashby|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 July 2006|access-date=16 March 2016|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328133820/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-07-13/news/27459427_1_first-flight-interglobe-president-bruce-ashby|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of 2006, the airline had six aircraft, and nine more were acquired in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;take-off&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By April 2007, IndiGo had carried one million passengers, and the airline crossed the ten million-passenger mark and received delivery of its 25th aircraft in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Interglobe Aviation – Company History |work=Capital Market |url=https://www.capitalmarket.com/markets/companyinformation/backgroundinfo.aspx?heading=indigo-q4-pat-doubles-to-rs-1-895-cr;-ebitdar-margin-at-24-8percent&amp;cocode=33159#:~:text=In%20September%202011%2C%20IndiGo%20launched,the%2050%20million%20passenger%20mark. |access-date=1 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2010, it replaced the then state-run carrier [[Air India]], as the third largest airline in India, behind [[Kingfisher Airlines]] and [[Jet Airways]] with a passenger market share of 17.3%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IndiGo pips Air India to become No. 3 airline |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indigo-pips-ai-to-become-no.-3-airline/727160/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 December 2010 |access-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123222901/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indigo-pips-ai-to-become-no.-3-airline/727160 |archive-date=23 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, IndiGo placed an order for 180 [[Airbus A320]] aircraft in a deal worth US$15 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IndiGo airline picks up 180 jets |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-13/news/28428535_1_airbus-aircraft-rahul-bhatia-airbus-a320s |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=16 March 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074514/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-13/news/28428535_1_airbus-aircraft-rahul-bhatia-airbus-a320s |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2011, after completing five years of operations, the airline was permitted to launch international flights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/report/indigo-gets-govt-nod-to-launch-international-operations/20110119.htm |title=IndiGo gets govt nod to launch international operations |work=[[Rediff]] |date=11 January 2011 |access-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422140045/http://www.rediff.com/business/report/indigo-gets-govt-nod-to-launch-international-operations/20110119.htm |archive-date=22 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2011, the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] expressed reservations that the rapid expansion could impact passenger safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/indigo-spicejet-goair-jet-airways-airlines-flout-norms-dgca-88903-2012-01-08|title=IndiGo, SpiceJet airlines violate mandatory safety norms: DGCA|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=9 January 2012|access-date=13 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311183607/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indigo-spicejet-goair-jet-airways-airlines-flout-norms-dgca/1/167838.html|archive-date=11 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2012, IndiGo took delivery of its 50th aircraft, less than six years after it began operations.&lt;ref name=&quot;50th&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo gets delivery of its 50th Airbus A320 aircraft|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-10/news/31046344_1_indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-new-flights-airbus-aircraft|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 February 2012|access-date=16 March 2016|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328185653/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-10/news/31046344_1_indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-new-flights-airbus-aircraft|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the quarter ending March 2012, IndiGo was the most profitable airline in India and became the second largest airline in India in terms of passenger market share.&lt;ref name=&quot;compare&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/a-tale-of-two-airlines-kingfisher-vs-indigo-112022100014_1.html|title=A tale of two airlines: Kingfisher vs IndiGo|first=Mihir|last=Mishra|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=21 February 2012|access-date=19 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329115312/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/a-tale-of-two-airlines-kingfisher-vs-indigo-112022100014_1.html|archive-date=29 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 August 2012, IndiGo became the largest airline in India in terms of market share surpassing [[Jet Airways]], six years after commencing operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Shankman|first=Samantha|url=https://skift.com/2012/12/20/indigo-carried-the-most-passengers-of-any-indian-airline-in-2012/|title=IndiGo carried more passengers than any other Indian airline in 2012|work=Skift|date=20 December 2012|access-date=24 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bigair&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo flies past Jet to become largest airline|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indigo-flies-past-jet-to-become-largest-airline/483595/|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=18 August 2012|access-date=18 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003446/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indigo-flies-past-jet-to-become-largest-airline/483595/|archive-date=19 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; By December 2012, the airline had ferried 50 million passengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2013, IndiGo was the second fastest-growing [[low-cost carrier]] in Asia behind Indonesian airline [[Lion Air]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fastair&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo among the fastest expanding airlines globally|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indigo-amongfastest-expanding-airlines-globally/497496/|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=2 January 2013|access-date=11 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104094637/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indigo-amongfastest-expanding-airlines-globally/497496/|archive-date=4 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2013, following the announcement of the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation Ministry]] that it would allow IndiGo to take delivery of only five aircraft that year, the airline planned to introduce low-cost regional flights by setting up a subsidiary. Later, IndiGo announced that it planned to seek permission from the ministry to acquire four more aircraft, therefore taking delivery of nine aircraft in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo to set up regional airline to tap small towns|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-13/news/37079404_1_indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-indigo-plans-rahul-bhatia|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 February 2013|access-date=14 February 2013|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328154843/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-13/news/37079404_1_indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-indigo-plans-rahul-bhatia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It took delivery of its 75th aircraft this month.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot; /&gt; By March 2014, IndiGo was the second-largest [[low-cost carrier]] in Asia in terms of seats flown.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uatp.com/files/uploads/PDF/AD2014PPT_CAPA.pdf|title=Analyst Viewpoint: Asian airline industry overview|first=Brent|last=Sobhie|publisher=CAPA|page=25|access-date=19 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417145212/http://uatp.com/files/uploads/PDF/AD2014PPT_CAPA.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2014, IndiGo received its 100th aircraft. This completed IndiGo's initial 100-aircraft order, placed in 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=IndiGO gets 100th aircraft |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indigo-gets-100th-aircraft-114110401132_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424102101/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indigo-gets-100th-aircraft-114110401132_1.html |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2015, the carrier crossed the 100 million-passenger mark.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot;/&gt; In August 2015, the company placed an order for 250 [[Airbus A320neo family|Airbus A320neo]] aircraft worth $27 billion, making it the largest single order in [[Airbus]] history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IndiGo-orders-250-planes-for-27bn/articleshow/48519687.cms|title=IndiGo orders 250 planes|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2015|access-date=19 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328113422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IndiGo-orders-250-planes-for-27bn/articleshow/48519687.cms|archive-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It announced a {{INRConvert|30.18|b|year=2020}} [[initial public offering]] on 19 October 2015 which opened on 27 October 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo launches IPO|url=https://www.dw.com/en/indigo-starts-indias-largest-ipo-in-three-years/a-18807455|work=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]]|date=27 October 2015|access-date=24 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo Airlines IPO to open on October 27, price band Rs 700-765|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/indigo-airlines-ipo-to-open-on-tuesday-price-band-rs-700-765/articleshow/49453526.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=20 October 2015|access-date=14 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029054406/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/indigo-airlines-ipo-to-open-on-tuesday-price-band-rs-700-765/articleshow/49453526.cms|archive-date=29 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=S V Krishnamachari|date=21 November 2016|title=Domestic air traffic: How IndiGo, Jet Airways, SpiceJet, Air India, Go Air, AirAsia India, Vistara performed in October|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/domestic-air-traffic-how-indigo-jet-airways-air-india-go-air-airasia-india-vistara-performed-704977|work=International Business Times|access-date=30 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226211632/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/domestic-air-traffic-how-indigo-jet-airways-air-india-go-air-airasia-india-vistara-performed-704977|archive-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=29 October 2015|title=IndiGo's Rs 3,018-crore IPO three times oversubscribed|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/indigos-rs-3018-crore-ipo-three-times-oversubscribed/articleshow/49580179.cms|access-date=10 July 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803121108/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/indigos-rs-3018-crore-ipo-three-times-oversubscribed/articleshow/49580179.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2017, the airline announced a plan to strengthen its regional operations with flight connections to new tier II towns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot; /&gt; It took delivery of its first [[ATR 72-600]] aircraft in November 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Keeffe |first=Niall |title=PICTURE: IndiGo takes delivery of first ATR |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airframers/picture-indigo-takes-delivery-of-first-atr/126188.article |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Flight Global }}&lt;/ref&gt; and commenced operations using the aircraft the next month.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2019, IndiGo placed an order for 300 [[Airbus A320neo family|Airbus A320neo]] aircraft worth {{INRConvert|2300|b}}, surpassing its own record of the largest single order in Airbus history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://onemileatatime.com/indigo-airbus-order/|title=IndiGo Orders Further 300 A320neo Aircraft|work=One Mile at a Home|date=31 October 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117154623/https://onemileatatime.com/indigo-airbus-order/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiGo 300 A320N&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-orders-300-a320-neo-family-planes-worth-rs-2-4-lakh-crore-to-get-730-planed-at-rate-of-one-a-week-for-next-12-years/articleshow/71809801.cms|title=IndiGo gives Rs 2.4 lakh crore order for 300 A320 Neo aircraft|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first= Saurabh|last= Sinha|date=31 October 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201210052219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-orders-300-a320-neo-family-planes-worth-rs-2-4-lakh-crore-to-get-730-planed-at-rate-of-one-a-week-for-next-12-years/articleshow/71809801.cms|archive-date= 10 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2019, the airline became the first Indian airline to operate 1,500 daily flights,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo becomes 1st Indian carrier to operate 1,500 daily flights|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-becomes-1st-indian-carrier-to-operate-1-500-daily-flights-11576678546084.html|newspaper=Livemint|date=18 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405161520/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indigo-becomes-1st-indian-carrier-to-operate-1-500-daily-flights-11576678546084.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and to have a fleet of more than 250 aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleet 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo fleet size crosses 250 planes, becomes first Indian carrier to do so|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indigo-fleet-size-crosses-250-planes-120010100871_1.html|access-date=2 January 2020|work=[[Business Standard]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=1 January 2020|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407030816/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indigo-fleet-size-crosses-250-planes-120010100871_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, it added ten domestic and eight international destinations. It added 45 aircraft to the fleet, taking its total fleet to 262 aircraft, and ferried over 75 million passengers in the year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hist&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2023, the airline became the first Indian airline to have a fleet of more than 300 aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Dwivedi|first=Manas|title=IndiGo's fleet gets 300 aircraft strong, becomes first Indian airline to achieve the milestone|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/indigos-fleet-gets-300-aircraft-strong-becomes-first-indian-airline-to-achieve-the-milestone/96809250|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 January 2023|access-date=7 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807155336/https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/indigos-fleet-gets-300-aircraft-strong-becomes-first-indian-airline-to-achieve-the-milestone/96809250|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2023, the airline inducted its first [[wide-body aircraft]], a [[Wet leased|wet-leased]] [[Boeing 777-300ER]], to its fleet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url= https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-inducts-its-first-widebody-aircraft-boeing-777-on-delhi-istanbul-route.html|title= IndiGo inducts its first widebody aircraft – Boeing 777 on Delhi-Istanbul route|access-date= 14 April 2023|publisher=IndiGo|date= 31 January 2023|archive-url= https://archive.today/20230414134957/https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-inducts-its-first-widebody-aircraft-boeing-777-on-delhi-istanbul-route.html|archive-date= 14 April 2023|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2023, the airline placed an order for 500 [[Airbus A320neo family]] aircraft, the largest aircraft order in commercial aviation history.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largest Order&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=19 June 2023|title=Largest Aircraft Order: IndiGo Places Order For 500 Airbus Neo Family Planes|url=https://www.news18.com/business/largest-aircraft-order-indigo-places-order-for-500-airbus-neo-family-planes-8118565.html|access-date=19 June 2023|work=[[News18]]|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619141747/https://www.news18.com/business/largest-aircraft-order-indigo-places-order-for-500-airbus-neo-family-planes-8118565.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of November 2023, IndiGo had a 61.8% domestic market share.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|title=November 2023 Domestic Traffic Reports|url=https://stockdiscovery.s3.amazonaws.com/india/company/210/633/DGCA_NOV23.pdf|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Directorate General of Civil Aviation|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2023, IndiGo became the first Indian airline to have carried over 100 million passengers in a calendar year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Sukalp|title=IndiGo becomes first Indian airline to touch 100 million passengers in a year|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/indigo-first-indian-airline-100-million-passengers-9073236/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 December 2023|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716125722/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/indigo-first-indian-airline-100-million-passengers-9073236/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2024, it placed an order for 30 [[A350-900]] aircraft, with an additional option for 70 aircraft in a deal valued at $5 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |date=25 April 2024 |title=IndiGo Orders 30 Firm A350-900 Aircraft |url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-enters-the-wide-body-space-with-an-order-for-30-firm-airbus-a350-900-aircraft.html |work=IndiGo |access-date=2 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009171504/https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-enters-the-wide-body-space-with-an-order-for-30-firm-airbus-a350-900-aircraft.html#:~:text=A350%2D900%20aircraft-,IndiGo%20enters%20the%20wide%2Dbody%20space%20with%20an%20order%20for,Firm%20Airbus%20A350%2D900%20aircraft&amp;text=National%2C%20April%2025%2C%202024%3A,body%20aircraft%20to%20its%20fleet. |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The delivery of these aircraft is expected to commence in 2027.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IndiGo CEO says delivery of A350 aircraft will start in 2027 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indigo-ceo-says-delivery-of-a350-aircraft-will-start-in-2027-12711793.html |work=Money Control |access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 November 2024, the airline introduced business class in select flights.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stretch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiGoStretch – Book Business Class Flights ... |url=https://www.goindigo.in/indigo-stretch.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Velani |first=Bhavya |date=14 November 2024 |title=IndiGo First Flight with New Business Class, Stretch Takes Off |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/11/14/indigo-flight-with-business-class-stretch-takes-off/ |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=Aviation A2Z |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2025, IndiGo experienced a [[2025 IndiGo scheduling crisis|major scheduling crisis]], which led to the cancellation of thousands of flights. The issue arose after its failure to adjust to the new flight crew time limitations mandated by the DGCA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ganapavaram |first=Abhijith |date=8 December 2025 |title=Too big to fail? IndiGo crisis exposes risks in Indian aviation |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/too-big-fail-indigo-crisis-exposes-risks-indian-aviation-2025-12-08/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=10 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=9 December 2025|title=IndiGo: How India's largest airline lost control and sent air travel into chaos|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn985l2px20o|date=9 December 2025|work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crisis started on 2 December and the airline, which had a domestic market share of more than 60%, cancelled nearly 4,500 flights over the next ten days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Tanushka |date=4 October 2025 |title=IndiGo Tops Market Share And Punctuality, FlyBig Sees Most Cancellations |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business-news/indigo-tops-market-share-and-punctuality-flybig-sees-most-cancellations-dgca-data-9395402 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=10 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=12 December 2025 |title=India's IndiGo estimates over $55 million payout to customers following flight cancellations |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-indigo-estimates-over-55-million-payout-customers-following-flight-2025-12-12/ |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the aftermath of the operational disruptions, CEO Pieter Elbers resigned on 10 March 2026, with Managing Director Rahul Bhatia assuming management of the airline as the interim CEO.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IndiGo CEO Pieter Elbers Resigns |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indigo-ceo-pieter-elbers-resigns-read-indigos-full-statement-on-ceo-pieter-elbers-resigning-11195608 |work=NDTV |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=10 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Corporate affairs ==<br /> [[File:Airbus A320-232, IndiGo Airlines JP7457952.jpg|thumb|IndiGo's primary livery consists of an [[indigo]] and sky blue livery as seen on an [[Airbus A320]] aircraft]]<br /> <br /> IndiGo is headquartered in [[Gurgaon]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact us|url=http://www.goindigo.in/contact-us.html|publisher=IndiGo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507104532/https://www.goindigo.in/contact-us.html|archive-date=7 May 2020|access-date=1 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company is publicly listed under the [[Trade name|moniker]] [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]: INDIGO.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=4 May 2023|title=InterGlobe Aviation Limited Share Price|url=https://www.nseindia.com/get-quotes/equity?symbol=INDIGO|access-date=4 May 2023|work=[[National Stock Exchange of India]]|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511002924/https://www.nseindia.com/get-quotes/equity?symbol=INDIGO|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Logo and livery ===<br /> Twenty dots arranged in the shape of an aircraft serve as the airline's logo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://content.goindigo.in/Information/IndigoExperience#page1|title=IndiGo Experience|publisher=IndiGo|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404112124/https://content.goindigo.in/Information/IndigoExperience#page1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airline's primary livery is an [[indigo]] and sky blue colour scheme which uses an indigo paint job that starts from the underbody [[fuselage]] and continues till the end of the [[Empennage|tail section]], along with sky blue accents around the fuselage and on the [[Vertical stabilizer|tail]]. The [[Wingtip device|winglets]] and [[Jet engine|engines]] of the aircraft are indigo in colour with the airline's website link, &quot;goIndiGo.in&quot;, written on the engines in white in the same font as the IndiGo badging. The IndiGo badging is written in the same indigo colour on both sides of the fuselage and the tail.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ros |first=Miquel |date=22 March 2023 |title=New images show first B777-300ER in full IndiGo livery |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/turkish-technic-shares-images-of-first-b777-300er-painted-in-full-indigo-livery |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=AeroTime |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sporting IndiGo livery, carrier's first Boeing 777 wide-body aircraft lands in Delhi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/sporting-indigo-livery-carriers-first-boeing-777-wide-body-aircraft-lands-in-delhi20230528122431/ |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=[[ANI News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airline uses a secondary two-tone blue livery on a white background with the belly of the aircraft painted in indigo with the logo in white.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-man-behind-indigos-amazing-success/20110208.htm|title=The man behind IndiGo's amazing success|work=[[Rediff]]|date=8 February 2011|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330195830/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-man-behind-indigos-amazing-success/20110208.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The flight attendants wear a single-piece navy-blue [[tunic]] with a cap and a thin indigo belt.&lt;ref name=&quot;brand&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/brand-story-behind-indigo-044435/|title=The IndiGo brand story|work=[[CNN]]|date=17 February 2011|first=Aditi|last=Saxton|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329013803/http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/brand-story-behind-indigo-044435/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Operations and financials ==<br /> IndiGo became one of the fastest growing low-cost carriers in the world and the largest airline in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;fastair&quot;/&gt; Its success has been attributed to its unique business model which reduces costs.&lt;ref name=&quot;compare&quot;/&gt; The airline operates a single type of aircraft, the Airbus A320 family, in similar seating configuration which simplifies crew training and maintenance.&lt;ref name=&quot;compare&quot;/&gt; The airline strikes bulk deals with Airbus, reducing unit costs.&lt;ref name=&quot;compare&quot;/&gt; The airline targets a quick, 20-minute [[Aircraft ground handling|turn-around]] time to prepare the aircraft for the next flight, ensuring planes fly about 12 hours per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;turn&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/indigo-operations-in-pictures/story/185133.html|title=Soaring above the rest|first=Vivan|last=Mehta|date=24 June 2012|access-date=19 March 2016|newspaper=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020171258/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/indigo-operations-in-pictures/story/185133.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Employees share multiple roles with a check-in staff doubling as baggage handlers.&lt;ref name=&quot;turn&quot;/&gt; In July 2023, Indian aviation watchdog DGCA imposed a {{INRConvert|3|m}} fine on IndiGo for certain systemic deficiencies concerning documentation pertaining to operations, training, and engineering procedures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=DGCA imposes Rs 30 lakh fine on IndiGo|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dgca-imposes-rs-30-lakh-fine-indigo-8865118/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=21 November 2023|date=28 July 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121105832/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dgca-imposes-rs-30-lakh-fine-indigo-8865118/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also, in March 2025, the [[Income Tax Department]] imposed a penalty of {{INRConvert|9.44|b}} on InterGlobe Aviation, IndiGo's parent company, for the assessment year 2021-22.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Income Tax Department slaps Rs 944.20 crore fine on IndiGo, airline calls it 'erroneous' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-income-tax-department-slaps-rs-944-20-crore-fine-on-indigo-airline-calls-it-erroneous-3793400/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The key trends for IndiGo are (as of the financial year ending 31 March):<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Revenue&lt;br&gt;(₹ cr)<br /> !Profit&lt;br&gt;after tax&lt;br&gt;(₹ cr)<br /> !Employees<br /> !Passengers&lt;br&gt;(mn)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiGo Investor Relations |url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/investor-relations/operational-statistics/consolidated.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiGo Dividend: India's biggest airline announces ₹10...-Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/indigo-dividend-indias-biggest-airline-announces-rs-10-dividend-check-record-date-and-other-details-11747825367126.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Load factor&lt;br&gt;(%)<br /> !Fleet size<br /> !CO2&lt;br&gt;emissions&lt;br&gt;(g) per ASK{{Efn|Available Seat Kilometres}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2015-16/Notice%20and%20Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2016 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009171554/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2015-16/Notice%20and%20Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |16,140<br /> |1,986<br /> |12,362<br /> |33.1<br /> |84.0<br /> |107<br /> |74.6&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=30 July 2023 |title=IndiGo slashes carbon emissions by 20% in FY23 through sustainable measures |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/indigo-slashes-carbon-emissions-by-20-in-fy23-through-sustainable-measures/article67138398.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153331/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/indigo-slashes-carbon-emissions-by-20-in-fy23-through-sustainable-measures/article67138398.ece |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2016-17/Annual-Report-2016-17.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2017 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605123420/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2016-17/Annual-Report-2016-17.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |18,580<br /> |1,659<br /> |14,604<br /> |43.5<br /> |84.8<br /> |131<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2017-18/Annual-Report-and-Notice-IndiGo-AR-2017-18.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2018 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153333/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2017-18/Annual-Report-and-Notice-IndiGo-AR-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |23,021<br /> |2,242<br /> |18,060<br /> |52.1<br /> |87.4<br /> |159<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2018-19/Annual-Report-and-Notice-InterGlobe-Aviation-Limited-2018-19.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2018-19 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127032632/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2018-19/Annual-Report-and-Notice-InterGlobe-Aviation-Limited-2018-19.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |28,497<br /> |156<br /> |23,531<br /> |64.7<br /> |86.2<br /> |217<br /> |72.0<br /> |-<br /> | 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2019-20/Annual-Report-InterGlobe-Aviation-Limited-FY-2019-2020.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2019-20 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127032635/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2019-20/Annual-Report-InterGlobe-Aviation-Limited-FY-2019-2020.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |35,756<br /> |{{color|red|−248}}<br /> |27,812<br /> |75<br /> |85.8<br /> |262<br /> |70.0<br /> |-<br /> |2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2019-20/Annual-Report-InterGlobe-Aviation-Limited-FY-2020-21.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2020-21 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215092027/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2019-20/Annual-Report-InterGlobe-Aviation-Limited-FY-2020-21.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |14,641<br /> |{{color|red|−5,830}}<br /> |23,711<br /> |29.3<br /> |69.4<br /> |285<br /> |64.7<br /> |-<br /> |2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2021-22/IndiGo-AR-2021-22.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2021-22 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009171502/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2021-22/IndiGo-AR-2021-22.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |25,931<br /> |{{color|red|−6,171}}<br /> |26,164<br /> |46.6<br /> |73.6<br /> |275<br /> |61.1<br /> |-<br /> |2023&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2022-23/Annual-Report-2023-24.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2022-23 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906121130/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2022-23/Annual-Report-2023-24.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- name of PDF is Annual-Report-2023-24.pdf, but it's the annual report of 2022-23 --&gt;<br /> |54,446<br /> |{{color|red|−317}}<br /> |32,407<br /> |85.2<br /> |82.1<br /> |304<br /> |59.5<br /> |-<br /> |2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/annual-report/2023-24/Annual-Report-2023-24.pdf |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2023-24 |publisher=IndiGo |access-date=15 June 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |68,904<br /> |8,172<br /> |37,200<br /> |106<br /> |85.9<br /> |367<br /> |60.5<br /> |-<br /> |2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiGo Annual Report 2024-25 |url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/goindigo/investor-relations/policies/2025/Annual_Report_FY25.pdf |access-date=4 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |80,803<br /> |7,258<br /> |41,049<br /> |118<br /> |86.0<br /> |434<br /> |61.7<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Network ==<br /> [[File:Countries in which Indigo operates.svg|thumb|Countries in which IndiGo operates as of December 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date= |title=Route map IndiGo |url=https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-indigo-airlines-6e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224120544/https://www.flightconnections.com/route-map-indigo-airlines-6e |archive-date=24 December 2022 |access-date=1 Dec 2025 |publisher=Flight Connections}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> {{Main|List of IndiGo destinations}}<br /> <br /> {{As of|2025|11}}, IndiGo operates more than 2,700 daily flights to 137 destinations, 94 in India and 43 abroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;busiest&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/01/14/busiest-airlines-in-the-world-in-2025/|title=Busiest airlines in the world}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=17 February 2023|title=IndiGo is back with a bang, looking to start flights to many international destinations: CEO Pieter Elbers|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-is-back-with-a-bang-looking-to-start-flights-to-many-international-destinations-ceo-pieter-elbers/articleshow/98000143.cms?from=mdr|access-date=3 July 2023|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703081512/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-is-back-with-a-bang-looking-to-start-flights-to-many-international-destinations-ceo-pieter-elbers/articleshow/98000143.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Jaffna Joins IndiGo's Global Network as its 34th International Destination with Direct Flights from Chennai|url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-announces-jaffna-as-its-34-th-international-destination-with-direct-flights-from-chennai.html|work=IndiGo|date=1 August 2024|access-date=1 September 2024|language=en|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901061440/https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-announces-jaffna-as-its-34-th-international-destination-with-direct-flights-from-chennai.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;6E LATEST&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title=IndiGo expands wings with daily direct flights connecting Chennai and Penang|url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-expands-wings-with-daily-direct-flights-connecting-chennai-and-penang.html|work=IndiGo|date=21 December 2024|access-date=3 January 2025|language=en|quote=Penang marks IndiGo's 37th international destination and third destination in Malaysia, following Kuala Lumpur and Langkawi.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;6E LATEST2&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title=Take off to the 'French Riviera of the East': IndiGo announces Puducherry as the 89th domestic destination|url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-announces-puducherry-as-the-89th-domestic-destination.html|website=IndiGo|date=13 November 2024|access-date=20 December 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 September 2025 |title=IndiGo operations: Airline announces flights connecting Kolkata and Bihar's Purnea; marks 94th domestic destination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-operations-airline-announces-flights-connecting-kolkata-and-bihars-purnea-marks-94th-domestic-destination/articleshow/123781708.cms |access-date=2 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its main hub is at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/indigo-6e|title=Profile on IndiGo|publisher=CAPA|access-date=19 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317092308/http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/indigo-6e|archive-date=17 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; with additional bases at [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BLRhub&quot; /&gt; [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;indigobases&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=17 December 2014|title=IndiGo commences seventh route to Dubai|url=http://www.anna.aero/2014/12/17/indigo-commences-7-route-to-dubai/|work=[[Anna.aero]]|access-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919130636/http://www.anna.aero/2014/12/17/indigo-commences-7-route-to-dubai/|archive-date=19 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=6 August 2014|title=IndiGo starts new domestic route from Hyderabad|url=http://www.anna.aero/2014/08/06/indigo-starts-new-domestic-route-hyderabad/|work=[[Anna.aero]]|access-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919130641/http://www.anna.aero/2014/08/06/indigo-starts-new-domestic-route-hyderabad/|archive-date=19 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],&lt;ref name=&quot;indigobases&quot;/&gt; [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;indigobases&quot;/&gt; and [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/international-flights/kochi-to-kuwait-flights.html|title=IndiGo starting Kochi-Kuwait flights|publisher=IndiGo|access-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220119114115/https://www.goindigo.in/international-flights/kochi-to-kuwait-flights.html|archive-date=19 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2011, IndiGo received a license to operate international flights after completing five years of operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo Airlines to fly to Dubai, Bangkok, Singapore from September|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/news/29657072_1_indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-aircraft-cabin-crew|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|location=New Delhi|date=14 June 2011|access-date=22 February 2012|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102160202/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/news/29657072_1_indigo-president-aditya-ghosh-aircraft-cabin-crew|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; IndiGo's first international service was launched between New Delhi and [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]] on 1 September 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Hashim|first1=Firdaus|title=IndiGo launches its first international flight|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indigo-launches-its-first-international-flight-361551/|work=[[FlightGlobal]]|date=2 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601000149/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indigo-launches-its-first-international-flight-361551/|archive-date=1 June 2018|location=Singapore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo to launch international flights from Sept. 1|first=Vinay|last=Kumar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/indigo-to-launch-international-flights-from-sept-1/article2104373.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 June 2011|access-date=22 February 2012|archive-date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303131336/http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/indigo-to-launch-international-flights-from-sept-1/article2104373.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Codeshare agreements ===<br /> IndiGo [[Codeshare agreement|codeshares]] with the following airlines:<br /> {{div col|colwidth=17em}}<br /> * [[Aegean Airlines]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/09/16/indigo-aegean-codeshare-partnership/ |title =IndiGo and AEGEAN Announce Codeshare Partnership to Expand Network Connectivity |date = 15 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.aviation24.be/airlines/aegean/indigo-and-aegean-forge-codeshare-partnership-launch-direct-a321xlr-flights-between-india-and-greece-in-2026/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Air France]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFKL&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author1=Hannah Brandler|title=Air France-KLM signs codeshare agreement with Indigo Airlines|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/12/26/air-france-klm-signs-codeshare-agreement-with-indigo-airlines/|magazine=Business Traveller|publisher=Perry Publications|location=London|date=26 December 2021|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926054023/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/12/26/air-france-klm-signs-codeshare-agreement-with-indigo-airlines/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[American Airlines]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India nonstops on the way, American Airlines codeshares with IndiGo for India connections|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-nonstops-on-the-way-american-airlines-codeshares-with-indigo-for-india-connections/articleshow/86584787.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2021|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928121047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-nonstops-on-the-way-american-airlines-codeshares-with-indigo-for-india-connections/articleshow/86584787.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[British Airways]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=British Airways signs new codeshare with IndiGo|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2023/09/25/british-airways-signs-new-codeshare-with-indigo/|access-date=25 September 2023|publisher=Business Traveller|language=en-GB|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925192738/https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2023/09/25/british-airways-signs-new-codeshare-with-indigo/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[China Southern Airlines]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IndiGo signs codeshare partnership with China Southern as India–China flights restart|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/indigo-signs-codeshare-partnership-with-china-southern-as-india-china-flights-restart/165264.article|publisher=FlightGlobal|date=12 November 2025|access-date=12 November 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Garuda Indonesia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/route-planning-and-tourism/indigo-and-garuda-indonesia-announce-codeshare-partnership|title=IndiGo and Garuda Indonesia announce codeshare partnership|work=Times Aerospace|access-date=3 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/nri/visit/indigo-and-garuda-indonesia-sign-codeshare-agreement-to-expand-india-indonesia-connectivity/articleshow/121595571.cms|title=IndiGo and Garuda Indonesia sign codeshare agreement to expand India-Indonesia connectivity|work=Economic Times|access-date=3 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IndiGo Begins Garuda Indonesia Codeshare From Sep 2025|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250922-6egacodeshare|website=Aeroroutes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Japan Airlines]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IndiGo Adds JAL Codeshare From July 2025|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250623-6ejlcodeshare}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *[[Jetstar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;JQ&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IndiGo Begins Jetstar Codeshare From Sep 2025|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250729-6ejqcodeshare}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[KLM]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AFKL&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Malaysia Airlines]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ttgasia.com/2024/04/08/malaysia-airlines-indigo-boost-connectivity-with-codeshare-partnership/|title=Malaysia airlines Indigo boost connectivity with codeshare|date=8 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=TTG Asia|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423062057/https://www.ttgasia.com/2024/04/08/malaysia-airlines-indigo-boost-connectivity-with-codeshare-partnership/#:~:text=Malaysia%20Airlines%20and%20IndiGo%20have,travels%20between%20Malaysia%20and%20India/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Qantas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=8 April 2022|title=Qantas and Jetstar expand Sydney gateway with new direct flights to India and Korea|url=https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/qantas-and-jetstar-expand-sydney-gateway-with-new-direct-flights-to-india-and-korea|access-date=8 April 2022|publisher=Qantas|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102152922/https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/qantas-and-jetstar-expand-sydney-gateway-with-new-direct-flights-to-india-and-korea|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Qatar Airways]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=https://www.qatarairways.com/en/press-releases/2019/November/IndiGo.html?activeTag=Press-releases&amp;CID=SMALL0678502232000000001105|title=Qatar Airways and IndiGo Sign Codeshare Agreement|access-date=1 December 2023|date=7 November 2019|publisher=Qatar Airways|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102152927/https://www.qatarairways.com/en/press-releases/2019/November/IndiGo.html?activeTag=Press-releases&amp;CID=SMALL0678502232000000001105|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Turkish Airlines]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Hofmann|first1=Kurt|title=India's IndiGo, Turkish Airlines agree to codeshare|url=http://atwonline.com/airlines/india-s-indigo-turkish-airlines-agree-codeshare|publisher=[[Air Transport World]]|date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108031946/http://atwonline.com/airlines/india-s-indigo-turkish-airlines-agree-codeshare|archive-date=8 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Virgin Atlantic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=https://corporate.virginatlantic.com/gb/en/media/press-releases/Indigo-codeshare-agreement.html|title=Virgin Atlantic IndiGo codeshare agreement|publisher=Virgin Atlantic|date=1 September 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217100626/https://corporate.virginatlantic.com/gb/en/media/press-releases/Indigo-codeshare-agreement.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Interline agreements===<br /> IndiGo has [[Interlining|interline agreements]] with the following airlines:<br /> * [[Jetstar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Jetstar and IndiGo announce virtual interline partnership|url=https://newsroom.jetstar.com/jetstar-and-indigo-announce-virtual-interline-partnership/|work=[[Jetstar]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Fleet ==<br /> [[File:F-WWED - ATR 72-600 - IndiGo (test in flight) (48929182202).jpg|thumb|[[ATR 72-600]] operated by IndiGo]]<br /> {{Main|IndiGo fleet}}<br /> <br /> {{As of|2025|8}}, IndiGo operates a fleet of 434 aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About us|url=https://www.goindigo.in/about-us.html|work=IndiGo|access-date=5 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has a majority-[[Airbus]] fleet with [[ATR 72-600]] [[turboprop]] aircraft and [[narrow-body aircraft|narrow-body]] aircraft [[Airbus A320 family]]. It also operates two [[Boeing 777]]s on [[wet-lease]] from [[Turkish Airlines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Ajay|url=https://livefromalounge.com/indigos-first-777-in-own-livery-arrives-in-india/|title=IndiGo's first 777 in own livery arrives in India|work=Live from a Lounge|date=30 May 2023|access-date=24 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It wet leased six [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787]] aircraft from [[Norse Atlantic]], with its inaugural flight on 1 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/05/09/indigo-to-lease-2-more-787s-from-norse-atlantic/ |title=Indigo's wet-leased 787 Dreamliners |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025|work=Aviation A2Z}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also operates wet-leased [[Boeing 737 MAX]] from [[Qatar Airways]] and [[Corendon Airlines]], and Airbus A320 from [[Smartlynx Airlines]] and [[Freebird Airlines]], to meet the demand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://aviationnexus.com/indigo-airlines-wet-leases-four-airbus-a320s-from-freebird/|title=IndiGo Airlines Wet Leases Four Airbus A320s from Freebird|work=Aviation Nexus|date=9 January 2025|access-date=24 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Velani|first=Bhavya|url=https://aviationnexus.com/indigo-airlines-wet-leases-four-airbus-a320s-from-freebird/|title=IndiGo Wet Leases More 737 MAX Amid Airbus Planes Grounding|work=Aviation A2Z|date=10 December 2024|access-date=24 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has 60 [[Airbus A350-900]] aircraft on order, with deliveries expected to start from 2027. It also plans to order more narrow-body aircraft to further expand its global outreach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/indigo-enters-wide-body-space-by-placing-order-for-30-airbus-a350-900-aircraft-12708198.html|title=IndiGo enters wide-body space by placing order for 30 Airbus A350-900 aircraft|work=Money Control|access-date=24 January 2025|archive-date=25 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425115429/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/indigo-enters-wide-body-space-by-placing-order-for-30-airbus-a350-900-aircraft-12708198.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Velani|first=Bhavya|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/10/28/indigo-eyes-new-narrowbody-order/|title=IndiGo Airlines Eyes New Narrowbody Order and its [sic] Not Airbus A320|work=Aviation A2Z|date=28 October 2024|access-date=24 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; IndiGo also operates three [[Airbus A321#Freighter conversion|Airbus A321 freighter]] aircraft as part of its dedicated subsidiary, IndiGo CarGo, for cargo operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=IndiGo cargo inducts the first A321 P2F freighter|url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-cargo-live-inducts-the-first-a321-p2f-freighter.html|work=IndiGo|date=4 October 2023|access-date=24 January 2025|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217104139/https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-cargo-live-inducts-the-first-a321-p2f-freighter.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Services ==<br /> [[File:04-MAY-2023 - 6E374 CCU-VNS (A320 - VT-IAX) (03).jpg|thumb|IndiGo in-flight snack]]<br /> <br /> IndiGo mainly offers [[economy class]] seating.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Seat map and aircraft information - IndiGo |url=https://www.goindigo.in/aircraft-and-fleet.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, it launched IndiGoStretch, with [[business class]] seats, in limited flights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=IndiGo's tailor-made business product - IndiGoStretch |url=https://www.goindigo.in/press-releases/indigo-s-tailor-made-business-product-indigostretch-lands-in-india.html#:~:text=National%2C%20October%2031%2C%202024:,on%20the%20Delhi%2DMumbai%20route|access-date=1 June 2024|work=IndiGo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benefits include complimentary meals, advance seat selection, and zero convenience fee as a standard.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stretch&quot; /&gt; While it has a buy-on board in-flight meal programme, no hot meals are available as, to minimise costs, and the IndiGo aircraft are not equipped with ovens.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Snack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Snacks, Food Menu, Beverages |work=[[IndiGo]] |url=https://www.goindigo.in/add-on-services/food-menu.html |access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Anu |title=No hot food plans for IndiGo as ovens eat fuel |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/no-hot-food-plans-for-indigo-as-ovens-eat-fuel-4662121.htm |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=8 November 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2024/08/22/indias-largest-airline-is-flying-high|title=India's largest airline is flying high|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=26 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825202146/https://www.economist.com/business/2024/08/22/indias-largest-airline-is-flying-high|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, hot drinks, heated meals, and instant meals are available.&lt;ref name=&quot;Snack&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/indigov2/6e-website/food-menu/6E-Tiffin.pdf|title=6E Eats|publisher=IndiGo|access-date=26 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826105752/https://www.goindigo.in/content/dam/indigov2/6e-website/food-menu/6E-Tiffin.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airline does not offer [[in-flight entertainment]] in economy seating, and publishes ''Hello 6E'' in-flight magazine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5DaJcaw9ivPEZE3DJHklIO/Coffee-with-6E.html|title=Coffee with 6E|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=19 March 2016|date=26 October 2015|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309200833/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5DaJcaw9ivPEZE3DJHklIO/Coffee-with-6E.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; IndiGo offers premium services such as pre-assigned seats, multiple cancellations, free snacks, priority check-in, and extra baggage allowance for extra fee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://content.goindigo.in/Corporate/landingpage11|title=IndiGo 6E Plus|work=IndiGo|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126102452/https://content.goindigo.in/Corporate/landingpage11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2019, the company announced a tie-up with [[Sony Liv|SonyLIV]], an [[Video on demand|on-demand video]] app, to provide passengers with entertainment options aboard flights and at the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-to-stream-inflight-entertainment-content-on-domestic-flights-soon-ties-up-with-sony/articleshow/70987808.cms|title=IndiGo ties up with Sony to offer entertainment content to flyers|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 September 2019|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930142342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-to-stream-inflight-entertainment-content-on-domestic-flights-soon-ties-up-with-sony/articleshow/70987808.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Incidents ==<br /> * On 21 May 2025, an IndiGo flight 6E2142 from [[Delhi]] to [[Srinagar]] encountered severe [[turbulence]] when a sudden [[hailstorm]] struck it mid-air causing panic amongst those onboard. The pilot declared an emergency and landed the aircraft at the [[Srinagar International Airport]] without any reported injuries. The aircraft suffered visible damage to the nose due to hailstorm and was declared [[Aircraft on ground|Aircraft On Ground]] for urgent repairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=IndiGo Delhi Srinagar flight: Pakistan rejected pilot's request to use its airspace to avoid turbulence, says report - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/indigo-delhi-srinagar-flight-pakistan-rejected-pilots-request-to-use-its-airspace-to-avoid-turbulence-says-report-477436-2025-05-23 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=23 May 2025 |title=IndiGo flight turbulance: India and Pakistan rejected pilot's request to use Pak airspace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-srinagar-indigo-flight-pakistan-rejected-pilots-request-to-use-airspace-to-avoid-turbulence/article69609213.ece |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[2025 IndiGo disruption]]<br /> * [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]] <br /> * [[List of airports in India]]<br /> * [[Aviation in India]]<br /> * [[List of companies of India]]<br /> * [[Transport in India]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;BLRhub&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= IndiGo Starts Major Expansion Of Bengaluru MRO Hub|first= Swaati|last= Ketkar|work= [[Aviation Week]]|date= 14 August 2025|url= https://aviationweek.com/mro/aircraft-propulsion/indigo-starts-major-expansion-bengaluru-mro-hub|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250920201451/https://aviationweek.com/mro/aircraft-propulsion/indigo-starts-major-expansion-bengaluru-mro-hub|archive-date= 20 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;JQ&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Casey |title=Jetstar Returns To Philippines Market, Signs Codeshare With IndiGo |url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airlines-lessors/jetstar-returns-philippines-market-signs-codeshare-indigo |publisher=[[Aviation Week]] |date=15 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922124835/https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airlines-lessors/jetstar-returns-philippines-market-signs-codeshare-indigo |archive-date=22 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |25em}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{Airlines of India}}<br /> {{Nifty 200 companies}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Companies|Aviation}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:IndiGo| ]]<br /> [[Category:Airlines established in 2006]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]<br /> [[Category:Low-cost carriers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian brands]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]<br /> [[Category:2006 establishments in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:NIFTY 50]]<br /> [[Category:BSE SENSEX]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visvesvaraya_Technological_University&diff=470317 2026-03-08T09:06:22Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State University in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Redirect|VTU}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Visvesvaraya Technological University<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Visvesvaraya Technological University logo.png<br /> | image_size = 200px <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | motto = ''Modalu manavanagu''<br /> | mottoeng = ''Above all, be human''<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1998|04|01|df=yes}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vtu.ac.in/en/about-vtu/|title=About VTU|website=vtu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/administration/sections/academic-dept.html|title=Academic Dept|access-date=4 October 2011|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005190324/http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/administration/sections/academic-dept.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | closed = <br /> | type = [[Public university|Public]]<br /> | chairman = <br /> | chancellor = [[Governor of Karnataka]]&lt;ref name=autogenerated3&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/governing-bodies.html|title=Governing Bodies|access-date=4 October 2011|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005191321/http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/governing-bodies.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | vice_chancellor = Dr. S. Vidyashankar&lt;ref name=&quot;Officers of the University&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vtu.ac.in/officers-of-the-university|title=Officers of the University}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | principal = <br /> | dean = <br /> | director = <br /> | head_label = Pro-chancellor [[Dr. Ashwath Narayan C. N. (Minister for Higher Education, Government of Karnataka)]]<br /> | head = <br /> | academic_staff = <br /> | administrative_staff = <br /> | students = 85,715&lt;ref name=&quot;VTU&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=University Student Enrollment Details |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=12&amp;Unitype=2 |website=www.ugc.ac.in |access-date=10 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | undergrad = 72,888&lt;ref name=&quot;VTU&quot;/&gt;<br /> | postgrad = 12,248&lt;ref name=&quot;VTU&quot;/&gt;<br /> | doctoral = 579&lt;ref name=&quot;VTU&quot;/&gt;<br /> | other = <br /> | address = <br /> | city = [[Belagavi]], [[Karnataka]]<br /> | state = Karnataka<br /> | province = <br /> | postalcode = <br /> | country = India<br /> | coor = {{coord|15|46|43.72|N|74|27|43.53|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | campus = Semi-Urban<br /> | campus_size = {{Convert|378|acre}}<br /> | language = [[English language|English]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br /> | former_names = Visveswaraiah Technological University<br /> | academic_affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=zxM7WatPi%2FjRM9v4021o7w%3D%3D&amp;Unitype=iA7z%2Fds2To+MdcuCvitOpQ%3D%3D |title=University |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227192233/https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=zxM7WatPi%2FjRM9v4021o7w%3D%3D&amp;Unitype=iA7z%2Fds2To+MdcuCvitOpQ%3D%3D |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[AICTE]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acu.ac.uk/our-members/|title = ACU members}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/member.php|title=Members &amp;#124; AIU|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121013456/https://www.aiu.ac.in/member.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | colours = {{color box|orange}} {{color box|white}} {{color box|green}}&lt;br /&gt;Orange, white, green<br /> | sports_nickname = VTU<br /> | mascot = <br /> | affiliations = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://vtu.ac.in/}}<br /> | logo = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Visvesvaraya Technological University''' ('''VTU''') is a [[collegiate university|collegiate]] [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] in [[Belagavi district|Belagavi, Karnataka]] established by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. It came into existence in the year 1998. The university is named after [[Sir]] [[M. Visvesvaraya]], an Indian [[civil engineer]], statesman and the 19th [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Diwan of Mysore]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) was established by the [[Government of Karnataka]] on 1 April 1998 with its headquarters at [[Belagavi]], as per the provisions of the Visvesvaraya Technological University Act, 1994, an Act to establish and incorporate a [[university]] in the [[State of Karnataka]] for the development of [[engineering]], [[technology]] and allied [[sciences]]. For effective administration, four regional offices at the four revenue divisional headquarters, namely, [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore]] and [[Gulbarga]] were established. VTU was established by the Government in order to promote planned and sustainable development of technical education consistent with state and national policies and bringing various colleges affiliated earlier to different [[universities]], with different syllabi, different procedures and different traditions under one umbrella.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vtu.ac.in/vision-and-mission/|title=Vision, Mission and Mandate|website=vtu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> According to the stipulations outlined in the [https://vtu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/VTU-.Act-1994.pdf VTU Act of 1994], the university is situated in [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], Karnataka, with its main administrative center known as &quot;Jnana Sangama,&quot; meaning &quot;The Confluence Of Knowledge&quot;.<br /> <br /> Additionally, the university has three regional centres in [[Bangalore]], [[Kalaburgi district|Kalaburagi]] and [[Mysore district|Mysore]]. <br /> [[Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology]], also known as VIAT, is a [[research institute]] being constructed near [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ VTU Campuses&lt;ref name=&quot;vtu.ac.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vtu.ac.in/pdf/naac/pou.pdf|title=Profile of the University|website=vtu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Campus !! Address !! Type !! Campus Area<br /> |-<br /> | VTU Main Campus - Belagavi|| Jnana Sangama, Machhe, Belagavi - 590018 || Semi-Urban || {{convert|120|acre|km2}}<br /> |-<br /> | VTU Regional Center - Bangalore || RHCS Layout, Annapoorneshwarinagar, Nagarbhavi, Bangalore - 560091. || Urban || {{convert|1|acre|km2}}<br /> |-<br /> | VTU Regional Center - Mysore || Hanchya Sathagally Layout, Ring Road, Mysore - 570019. || Urban || {{convert|42|acre|km2}}<br /> |-<br /> | VTU Regional Center - Gulbarga || Rajapura, Kusnoor Road, Gulbarga - 585106 || Urban || {{convert|15|acre|km2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology]] (VIAT) || Muddenahalli, Singadikadirenahalli - 562103 || Rural || {{convert|200|acre|km2}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The university also has 13 Quality Improvement Programme (QIP) centers in various affiliated colleges and 16 extension centers for offering postgraduate programs. It has around 2,305 departments recognised as research centres which are spread across its affiliated institutions in [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated7&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/about-vtu.html |title=About VTU |access-date=2011-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010150420/http://www.vtu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/about-vtu.html |archive-date=2011-10-10 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://vtu.ac.in/pdf/Circulars/list2011.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102215022/http://www.vtu.ac.in/pdf/Circulars/list2011.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-02 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jnana Sangama, [[Belagavi]] campus and the regional and extension centres of VTU at [[Bangalore]], [[Davangere]], [[Gulbarga]] and [[Mysore]] offer [[M.Tech]], [[MBA]], [[Master of Computer Applications|MCA]] and [[PhD]] programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kea/pgcet/MBA_Matrix.pdf |title=ANNq |access-date=2011-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kea/pgcet/MCA_Matrix.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406121519/http://www.kar.nic.in/kea/pgcet/MCA_Matrix.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://research.vtu.ac.in/degreeconferred.html|title=Degree Awarded|access-date=4 October 2011|archive-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907065230/http://research.vtu.ac.in/degreeconferred.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> <br /> ===Academic programmes ===<br /> <br /> VTU offers [[undergraduate]] engineering programs that award a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (BE) or [[Bachelor of Technology]] (BTech) degree. The university offers [[postgraduate]] programs that lead to [[Master of Technology]] (MTech), [[Master of Architecture]] (MArch) [[Master of Science]] (MSc) by research, [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA), [[Master of Computer Applications]] (MCA) and [[doctorate]] (PhD). The [[MSc]] and [[PhD]] are research degrees while the rest are taught degrees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Visvesvaraya University |title=VTU syllabus, rules and regulatons |url=https://www.meramaal.com/blog/vtu/ |website=www.meramaal.com |access-date=23 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Undergraduate courses====<br /> <br /> The university has 12 undergraduate boards which offer [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.E.) programs and one undergraduate board which offers [[Bachelor of Architecture]] (BArch) course:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Board !! Undergraduate courses in English medium&lt;ref name=autogenerated4&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/scheme-and-syllabus/1383.html?article=|title=ug scheme &amp; syllabus 2010-11|access-date=4 October 2011|archive-date=2 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102120634/http://www.vtu.ac.in/index.php/scheme-and-syllabus/1383.html?article=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Architecture&lt;sup&gt;‡&lt;/sup&gt; || Architecture<br /> |-<br /> | Automobile Engineering || Automobile Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | Biotechnology|| Bio-technology<br /> |-<br /> | Civil Engineering || Ceramics &amp; Cement Technology, Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | Chemical / Polymer Engineering || Chemical Engineering, Silk Technology, Textile Technology, Polymer Science &amp; Technology<br /> |-<br /> | CSE / ISE || Computer Science &amp; Engineering and Information Science &amp; Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | AI &amp; ML || Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Engineering <br /> |-<br /> | Electrical Engineering|| Electrical &amp; Electronics Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering|| Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | IPE / IEM / MA || Industrial &amp; Production Engineering, Industrial Engineering &amp; Management, Manufacturing Science &amp; Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | IT / BM / ML || Biomedical Engineering, Instrumentation Technology, Medical Electronics<br /> |-<br /> | Mechanical Engineering || Aeronautical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mining Engineering, Precision Engineering, Printing Technology, Tool Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | Mechatronics Engineering || Mechatronics Engineering<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;‡&lt;/sup&gt; The [[Architecture]] board offers the [[Bachelor of Architecture|BArch]] course.<br /> <br /> ====Postgraduate courses====<br /> <br /> The university has 11 postgraduate boards which offer [[Master of Technology]] (M.Tech.) programs:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Board !! Postgraduate programs in English medium&lt;ref name=autogenerated5&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/scheme-and-syllabus/1336.html?article= |title=Scheme &amp; Syllabus of PG Programmes - 2010-11 |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902061743/http://www.vtu.ac.in/index.php/scheme-and-syllabus/1336.html?article= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Civil Engineering || Computer Aided Design of Structure, Construction Technology, Environmental Engineering, Geo-Informatics, Highway Technology, Structural Engineering, Transportation Engineering And Management, Infrastructure construction and management.<br /> |-<br /> | Chemical Engineering || Chemical Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science and Engineering || Computer Engineering, Computer Network Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology, Software Engineering<br /> |-<br /> |Electrical Engineering|| Computer Applications in Industrial Drives (ECD), Energy Systems &amp; Management (EEM),Control Systems (CS), Power Electronics (EPE), Power Systems Engineering (EPS)<br /> |-<br /> |Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering||Digital Communication Engineering, Digital Communication &amp; Networking, Digital Electronics, Digital Electronics &amp; Communication, Digital Electronics &amp; Communication Systems, Electronics, Industrial Electronics, Information &amp; Communication System, Network &amp; Internet Engineering, VLSI Design &amp; Embedded Systems, Signal Processing, Communication Systems, Intelligent Systems<br /> |-<br /> |IP Engineering||Manufacturing Science &amp; Engineering (MSE), Master of Engineering Management (MEM), Product Design &amp; Manufacturing (MPD), Production Engineering &amp; System Technology (MPT), Production Engineering (MPE), Production Management (MPM), Production Technology (MPY)<br /> |-<br /> |IT Engineering|| Biomedical Signal Processing &amp; Instrumentation<br /> |-<br /> |MBA || Master Of Business Administration<br /> |-<br /> | MCA || Master of Computer Applications<br /> |-<br /> | Mechanical Engineering || Computational Analysis in Mechanical Sciences, M.Tech. in Aeronautical Engineering (MAE), Industrial Automation and Robotics (MAR), Computer Integrated Manufacturing (MCM), Design Engineering (MDE), Engineering Analysis (MEA), Machine Design (MMD), Thermal Power (MTP), Tool Engineering (MTE)<br /> |-<br /> | Textile Technology|| Textile Technology<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Admissions ===<br /> The university offers admissions at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.<br /> <br /> ===Scheme and syllabus===<br /> <br /> Visvesvaraya Technological University accomplished its primary task of setting a common syllabus across the state in 1998. The university regularly revises the syllabus keeping in view technology upgrades around the world. The syllabus has been updated in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2021. VTU adopted a [[Choice Based Credit System]] (CBCS) for students admitted to the university from the academic year 2015–2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/vtu-modifies-cbcs-regulations-700793.html|title=Visvesvaraya Tech adopts credit system for flexibility|date=30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CBCS provides a choice for students to select from the prescribed courses (i.e. core, elective, foundation and mandatory non-credit courses). As part of the new CBCS scheme, VTU also moved to a Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) grading system from the previous system of awarding percentage and class to students. <br /> VTU has also made an [[internship]] of eight weeks mandatory for undergraduate and postgraduate engineering students in affiliated colleges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/jan/31/internship-must-for-engineering-students-at-vtu-colleges-1565352.html|title = Internship must for engineering students at VTU colleges}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Grading===<br /> <br /> For students matriculating since the academic year 2015–2016, VTU adopts an absolute grading system wherein the marks are converted to grades, and every semester results are declared with a semester grade point average (SGPA) and a Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA). To obtain a degree, in addition to clearing all the subjects, a student must also obtain a minimum CGPA of five (5.0).<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;<br /> |+ VTU Grade Points Scale&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vtu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/becbcs.pdf|title=Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) Regulations Governing the degree of Bachelor of Engineering/Technology(B.E./B.Tech.)|website=vtu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Level !! Outstanding !! Excellent !! Very Good !! Good !! Above Average !! Average !! Poor !! Fail<br /> |-<br /> | Letter Grade || S+ || S || A || B || C || D || E || F<br /> |-<br /> | Grade Points || 10 || 9 || 8 || 7 || 6 || 5 || 4 || 0<br /> |-<br /> | Score (Marks) Range (%) || ≥ 90 || &lt; 90 ≥ 80 || &lt; 80 ≥ 70 || &lt; 70 ≥ 60 || &lt; 60 ≥ 50 || &lt; 50 ≥ 45 || &lt; 45 ≥ 40 || &lt; 40<br /> |}<br /> Prior to the introduction of the [[Choice Based Credit System]], students were awarded a percentage and a class, as defined:<br /> *First class with distinction (FCD): Not less than 70% of the aggregate marks in first attempt<br /> *First class (FC): Less than 70% but not less than 60% of the aggregate marks in first attempt<br /> *Second class (SC): Less than 60% of the aggregate marks in first attempt<br /> <br /> ===Collaborations===<br /> The university has signed [[MoU]]s with [[multinational corporation]]s like [[IBM]], [[Intel|Intel Asia Electronics Inc.]], [[Ingersoll-Rand|Ingersoll-Rand (India) Ltd., Bangalore]], [[Nokia]], [[Bosch Rexroth]] and [[Microsoft]] to improve the industry interactions for students and teachers.&lt;ref name=autogenerated7 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://vtu.ac.in/pdf/Circulars/brco.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005190153/http://vtu.ac.in/pdf/Circulars/brco.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> VTU is also a member of [[Association of Indian Universities]] and [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.minds-india.org/aboutvu.htm|title=Minds - Visvesvaraya Technological University}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs-jsaPenxYC&amp;dq=VTU+in+Association+of+Commonwealth+Universities&amp;pg=PA877|title=Handbook of universities - Ameeta Gupta, Ashish Kumar - Google Books|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |isbn=9788126906086}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rankings ===<br /> The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked it 52nd in the engineering ranking of 2023 and 69th in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:VTU campus2.jpg|thumb|right|A boulevard at VTU campus]]<br /> <br /> ==Organisation and administration ==<br /> ===Governance===<br /> VTU is administered by its Executive Council and Academic Senate whose members are selected from the academic community and government officials.&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vtu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/governing-bodies.html|title=Governing Bodies}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present [[chancellor]] is Sri [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]], [[Governor of Karnataka]] state and the [[vice-chancellor]] is Dr. S. Vidyashankar.&lt;ref name=autogenerated3 /&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated2 /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Affiliated colleges ===<br /> <br /> As of 2021, there are 219 colleges affiliated to the university (107 under [[Bangalore]] region, 34 under [[Belagavi]] region, 18 under [[Gulbarga]] region and 60 under [[Mysore]] region).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vtu.ac.in/affiliated-institutes/|title=Aaffiliated Institutions|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930115833/http://vtu.ac.in/affiliated-institutes/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The colleges are categorised as 'government', 'private-aided' and 'private-unaided' based on the type of funding. A few colleges may be classified as 'minority linguistic' and 'minority religious' based on the minority status of languages and religions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appendix - VI, Professional Colleges Information |url=http://cet.kar.nic.in/cet2011/Brochure_files/CET_Manual_Book_61-68.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090432/http://cet.kar.nic.in/cet2011/Brochure_files/CET_Manual_Book_61-68.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2019 |website=vtu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CET - Manual Book 69-83 Pages |url=http://cet.kar.nic.in/cet2011/Brochure_files/CET_Manual_Book_69-83.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091001/http://cet.kar.nic.in/cet2011/Brochure_files/CET_Manual_Book_69-83.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=29 October 2011 |website=vtu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, these colleges are placed under 'autonomous' and 'non-autonomous' category of institutions granted by [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Autonomy Cell |url=https://vtu.ac.in/autonomy-cell/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |website=vtu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are 25 autonomous colleges affiliated to VTU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Autonomous Colleges |url=https://vtu.ac.in/en/autonomous-colleges/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |website=vtu.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''See [[List of colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University]]''<br /> <br /> ====Examinations====<br /> Exams are conducted twice a year for all affiliated non-autonomous colleges. Odd semester exam is conducted during December and January. Results usually published in February. Even semester exams are conducted during May/June; and the VTU results are published in June/July.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://results.vtu.ac.in/|title=VTU results|access-date=29 May 2018|archive-date=30 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530010729/http://results.vtu.ac.in/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vtupro.com/vtu-results|title=VTU Results|website=VTU|date=11 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Centres of excellence ===<br /> <br /> The university has signed [[MoU]]s with international organisations (such as CANEUS International) and [[multinational corporation]]s (like [[IBM]], [[Intel|Intel Asia Electronics Inc.]], [[Ingersoll-Rand|Ingersoll-Rand (India) Ltd., Bangalore]], [[Nokia]], [[Bosch Rexroth]] and [[Microsoft]]) and has set up centres of excellence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/91773/makeover-vtu-engg-curriculum.html |title=Makeover for VTU engg curriculum |date=27 August 2010 |publisher=Deccanherald.com |access-date=2011-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/centres-of-excellence.html |title=Centres of Excellence |publisher=Vtu.ac.in |date=2011-02-18 |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=1 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101105439/http://www.vtu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/centres-of-excellence.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Uday |url=http://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/education/all-muddled-over-microsoft-vtu-mou/ |title=All muddled over Microsoft- VTU MoU |publisher=All About Belgavi |date=2009-05-21 |access-date=2011-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/VTU-signs-technology-deal/articleshow/31503152.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707023410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-17/bangalore/27299730_1_vtu-visvesvaraya-technological-university-signs |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-07 |title=VTU signs technology deal |date=2002-12-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:A road in VTU campus.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A road in VTU campus]]<br /> <br /> ===Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology===<br /> <br /> [[Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology]] (VIAT) is a research institute being constructed in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. The institute is on {{convert|200|acre|km2}} of land near [[Nandi Hills, Karnataka|Nandi Hills]] and is expected to cost 600 crores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/12/stories/2008121254470600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818032109/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/12/stories/2008121254470600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-08-18 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Foundation stone for VIAT to be laid soon | date=2008-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750220300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122145909/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750220300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-01-22 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=An emerging educational hub | date=2009-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the initial years, VIAT will focus on research in embedded technology, software quality, agricultural engineering and bioengineering. Each department will function as a 'discovery-innovation centre.' The institute will offer graduate and PhD programs in the sciences.<br /> <br /> ==Student life==<br /> === VTU Fest===<br /> <br /> The university annually organises an inter-collegiate [[culfest|cultural-fest]] &quot;Yuvostava&quot; which sees participants from all across India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/01/26/stories/2009012651280400.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125102226/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/01/26/stories/2009012651280400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-25 |title=Education Plus: VTU fest from Feb. 15 |date=2009-01-26 |access-date=2011-10-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 2024, VTU has also decided to organise, a tech fest &quot;YUKTI 2K24&quot;. The event aims to showcase the innovation and inspiration of students &amp; tech enthusiasts in various fields, such as technical, management, music, dance, entertainment, and artistic. The event also featured a paper presentation competition, where participants could submit their original research papers on topics related to technology and society.<br /> <br /> == Notable alumni ==<br /> Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) has produced many notable alumni who have made significant contributions to their respective fields. Some of the most prominent alumni include:<br /> <br /> '''[[Sudha Murty|1. Sudha Murthy]]''': Chairperson of the Infosys Foundation and author of several books.<br /> <br /> '''[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar|2. Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]''': Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha and founder of BPL Mobile Communications.<br /> <br /> [[N. R. Narayana Murthy|'''3.''' '''Narayana Murthy:''']] Indian billionaire businessman and co-founders of Infosys.<br /> <br /> '''[[Anil Kumble|4. Anil Kumble]]''': Former captain of the Indian cricket team and a renowned cricket commentator.<br /> <br /> [[Balen Shah|'''5. Balen Shah''']]:Prime Minister Elect of Nepal. Former mayor of Kathmandu, and a Nepalese rapper, music composer, poet, structural engineer and politician.<br /> <br /> [[Krishna Nayaka|'''6. Krishna Nayaka''']]: Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Hadagali Assembly constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Vice-Chancellors==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;<br /> !No. !! From !! To !! ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:28em;&quot;| Name !! Position previously held<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || 1 April 1998 || 30 March 2001 || Dr. S. Rajashekharaiah&lt;ref name=&quot;VTU1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2001/04/01/stories/0401402g.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125071932/http://hindu.com/2001/04/01/stories/0401402g.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-25 |title=Rajashekharaiah leaves VTU on strong foundation |date= 2001-04-01|access-date=2011-10-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article496081.ece |title=NATIONAL / KARNATAKA : Maheshappa takes over as VC |work=The Hindu |date=2010-07-02 |access-date=2011-10-29 |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Principal, <br /> [[Basaveshvara Engineering College]], Bagalkot&lt;ref name=&quot;VTU1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || 1 April 2001 || 30 June 2007 || Dr. K. Balaveera Reddy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jul82006/state215225200677.asp |title=VTU VC will complete term: Minister – Deccan Herald – Internet Edition |publisher=Archive.deccanherald.com |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208093130/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jul82006/state215225200677.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,<br /> [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka]], Surathkal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ashish Kumar|title=Handbook of Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs-jsaPenxYC&amp;pg=PA632|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0608-6|page=632}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || 1 July 2007 || 30 June 2010 || Dr. H. P. Khincha&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/content/May192007/state200705192531.asp |title=Deccan Herald – Prof Khincha is new VTU VC |publisher=Archive.deccanherald.com |access-date=2011-10-29 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt; || Chairman, Division of Electrical Sciences,<br /> [[Indian Institute of Science|Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=ORCA INFOTECH PVT LTD, www.orcainfotech.com |url=http://sid.iisc.ernet.in/past_exe.html |title=Society for Innovation &amp; Development – Indian Institute of Science, SID – IISc |publisher=Sid.iisc.ernet.in |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117053944/http://sid.iisc.ernet.in/past_exe.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |4 || 1 July 2010 || 14 March 2016 || Dr. H. Maheshappa&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/01/stories/2010070162650700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707090959/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/01/stories/2010070162650700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-07-07 |title=Karnataka News : Maheshappa named Vice-Chancellor of VTU |date=2010-07-01 |access-date=2011-10-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| Principal, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bangalore&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |5 || March 2016 || May 2016 || Dr. Shekarappa A H G (In-Charge Vice Chancellor)&lt;ref name=&quot;Google Scholar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Google Scholar|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=_1WCHQQAAAAJ|website=Google Scholar|access-date=30 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;P.E.S. College of Engineering&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pescemandya.org/about_principal.php|title=P.E.S. College of Engineering|website=www.pescemandya.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| Principal, Sheik College of Engineering, Belagavi &lt;ref name=&quot;Google Scholar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |6 || 5 May 2016 || Sep 2016 || Dr. V. Sridhar (In-Charge Vice Chancellor)&lt;ref name=&quot;Google Scholar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/v-sridhar-is-incharge-vc-of-vtu/article8560856.ece |title=V. Sridhar is in-charge VC of VTU |work=The Hindu |date=2016-05-05 |access-date=2016-06-23 |location=Bangalore, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;P.E.S. College of Engineering&quot;/&gt;|| Principal, P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya&lt;ref name=&quot;Google Scholar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |7|| Sep 2016 || Sep 2022 || Prof. Karisiddappa&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/karisiddappa-is-vtu-vicechancellor/article9145618.ece |title=Karisiddappa is VTU Vice-Chancellor |work=The Hindu |date=2016-09-25 |access-date=2016-09-25 |location=Bangalore, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Guv-picks-Karisiddappa-as-new-V-C-of-VTU/2016/09/25/article3629139.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925135842/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Guv-picks-Karisiddappa-as-new-V-C-of-VTU/2016/09/25/article3629139.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2016 |title=Guv picks Karisiddappa as new V-C of VTU |publisher=newindianexpress |date=2016-09-25 |access-date=2016-09-25 |location=Bangalore, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GCE, HASSAN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gechassan.ac.in/|title=Welcome to Government Engineering College, Hassan - Government Engineering College, Hassan|website=www.gechassan.ac.in|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927063704/http://www.gechassan.ac.in/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Principal, Government Engineering College, Hassan&lt;ref name=&quot;GCE, HASSAN&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Sept 2022<br /> |Present<br /> |Dr. Vidyashankar<br /> |VC, KSOU<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Education|Engineering|India}}<br /> * [[List of colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University]]<br /> * [[Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Visvesvaraya Technological University}}<br /> *[https://vtu.ac.in/en/ Official website] (English)<br /> <br /> {{Universities in Karnataka}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Universities in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University| ]]<br /> [[Category:1998 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1998]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhawana_Sharma&diff=491091 2026-03-07T20:59:07Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian handball player}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Bhawana Sharma''' (born 2003) is a handball player from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. She plays for the [[India women's national handball team|India women’s National Handball team]] as centre back.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Sharma is from Navgaon, [[Kunihar]], [[Solan district]], Himachal Pradesh, India. Her father, Hem Raj, is a farmer and also works as a car mechanic during the off season. She is the youngest of three sisters, all handball players. She started playing handball in Class 6. The eldest sister, Nidhi, a former Indian player, got a government job in sports quota and her other sister, Mithali is also in the Indian senior team. The three girls were spotted and trained initially by former Indian handball couple Snehalatha and Sachin Chaudhary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-12-09 |title=Solan's Bhawna Sharma shines for India at Asian Handball Championships |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/solans-bhawna-sharma-shines-for-india-at-asian-handball-championships-101733765192597.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117065412/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/solans-bhawna-sharma-shines-for-india-at-asian-handball-championships-101733765192597.html |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; All three sisters represented India in the 2023 Asian Games at Hangzhou, China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Competition Athletes {{!}} The 19th Asian Games |url=https://www.ocagames.com/HZ_Info/AG2022-/en/results/all-sports/athletes.htm |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.ocagames.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sharma was part of the Indian senior when India made their debut in the [[IHF Women's Junior World Championship|2022 IHF Women’s Junior World Championship]]. India had two wins and finished 26th in the championship. Sharma finished as the third top scorer in the tournament with 58 goals, only four less than the top scorers [[Kim Molenaar]] and [[Charlotte Cholevová|Charlotte Cholevova]]. Her average of 8.29 goals per game was also third in the competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IHF {{!}} Five talking points after the conclusion of the 2022 IHF Women's Junior World Championship |url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/five-talking-points-after-conclusion-2022-ihf-womens-junior-world-championship |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.ihf.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, she was part of the Indian team that won the [[Asian Women's Junior Handball Championship]] in 2022. The win helped India qualify for their IHF World Championship qualification ever.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IHF {{!}} India win debut continental title at Asian Women's Junior Championship |url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/india-win-debut-continental-title-asian-womens-junior-championship |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.ihf.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, she was part of the Indian women's team at the Asian Games at Hangzhou, the People’s Republic of China. This is the fifth Asian Games for the Indian women's team. They finished third in a tough group behind Japan and China and failed to advance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peesara |first=Anuraag |date=30 September 2023 |title=Asian Games 2023 handball: Indian women's team's campaigns ends in group stage |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-games-2023-hangzhou-women-handball-schedule-results-india |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Olympics}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2024, she represented India in the [[Asian Women's Handball Championship|Asian Women’s Handball Championship 2024]] at the Indira Gandhi Arena in New Delhi. She performed well to bag the 'Player of the March' honour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2024 |title=Asian Women's Handball Championship 2024: India begin campaign with win over Hong Kong China |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asian-women-handball-championship-2024-india-vs-hong-kong-china-report |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=Olympics}}&lt;/ref&gt; India finished sixth, their best ever result in the Asian event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=India finish 6th at Asian Women's Handball Championship 2024 |url=https://thebridge.in/handball/india-finish-6th-at-asian-womens-championship-2024-51039 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Domestic ===<br /> In April 2022, Sharma was part of the Himachal Pradesh senior women's team that won the 50th Senior Women’s National Handball Championship at the Saroornagar Indoor Stadium in Hyderabad under the aegis of the then [[Handball Federation of India]]. Sharma won the best player of the tournament award. Himachal Pradesh also won the Senior Nationals in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IHF {{!}} Himachal Pradesh take title at 50th Senior Women's National Handball Championship |url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/himachal-pradesh-take-title-50th-senior-womens-national-handball-championship |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.ihf.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma. Bhawana}}<br /> [[Category:2003 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's handball players]]<br /> [[Category:People from Solan district]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br /> [[Category:Handball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sambalpuri_culture&diff=469077 2026-02-24T09:57:13Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Overview of the culture of Shambalpur region, Odisha (India)}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> '''Sambalpuri culture''' refers to the regional culture of the western districts of the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. These districts include [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]], [[Debagarh district|Deogarh]], [[Balangir district|Bolangir]], [[Sonepur district|Sonepur]], [[Kalahandi]], [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]], [[Boudh district|Boudh]], and [[Athmallik]] sub-division of [[Angul district|Angul]]. Sambalpur's cultural identity stems from the strong historical association between tribal and folk communities who have co-existed in western Odisha for centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=National Tribal Dance Festival: A Window To Tribal Life And Culture |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-national-tribal-dance-festival-a-window-into-lives-and-distinct-cultures-of-tribes-in-india-news-400303 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> ===Dhanu Jatra===<br /> [[Dhanu Jatra]] (also &quot;Dhanu Yatra&quot;) is an annual outdoor theatrical performance celebrated in Bargarh, Odisha. This 11-day event is recognized as the world's largest open-air theatre performance.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} The festival re-enacts the story of [[Krishna]] and his uncle [[Kansa]]'s visit to [[Mathura]] to witness the Dhanu ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-01-12 |title=All of Bargarh's a stage for Dhanu Yatra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/All-of-Bargarhs-a-stage-for-Dhanu-Yatra/articleshow/7270991.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sambalpur Lok Mahotsav===<br /> The Sambalpur Lok Mahotsav&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-01-05 |title=Odisha: Sambalpur Lok Mahotsav kicks off |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jan/05/odisha-sambalpur-lok-mahotsav-kicks-off-2648115.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sambalpur |first=Online |title=ART &amp; CULTURE of Sambalpur |url=https://onlinesambalpur.com/art-culture/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Online Sambalpur |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;People's Festival&quot;) is a folk and tribal festival of culture celebrated in the [[Sambalpur Region|Sambalpur region.]] It is organized by the local community in participating districts and celebrates the harmonious relationship between [[Adivasi|tribal and folk communities]]. It emphasizes the cultural identity and collective heritage of the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-12-30 |title=Preparations on in full swing for Lok Mahotsav |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/Dec/30/preparations-on-in-full-swing-for-lok-mahotsav-2646256.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over time, it has grown to become one of the most highly attended festivals in the region.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sambalpur.nic.in/lokmahotsav/index.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820035940/http://sambalpur.nic.in/lokmahotsav/index.html|date=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Lok Mahostav.jpg|thumb|right|Sambalpur Lok Mahotsav|255px]]<br /> <br /> ===Sitalsasthi Carnival===<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sitalsasthi.jpg|thumb|right|Annual Sital Sasthi Carnival|255px]] --&gt;<br /> {{Main|Sitalsasthi Carnival}}<br /> <br /> The Sitalsasthi Carnival is an annual festival that commemorates the religious reunion of Lord [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]], manifested as the Goddess [[Parvati]]. The carnival is observed in Sambalpur and [[Barpali]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Nuakhai===<br /> {{main|Nuakhai}}<br /> <br /> [[Nuakhai]] is a [[Paddy field|paddy]] [[harvest festival]] that takes place during August and September. Preparations begin at least 15 days before the festival commences. The first grains of the [[Rice|paddy crop]] are cooked into [[Cuisine of Odisha|various dishes]] and offered to deities. The eldest member of the family then distributes these sacred offerings to younger members, who in turn seek the blessings of their elders for a happy and peaceful life.&lt;ref&gt;[http://nuakhai.org/about_the_festival.htm About the Festival of Nuakhai –The Ethnic Harvesting Festival of Orissa state in India. Genesis, history, and socio-cultural heritage behind Nuakhai or Nabanna by Oriya people] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727133227/http://nuakhai.org/about_the_festival.htm |date=2011-07-27 }}. Nuakhai.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pousha Purnima===<br /> {{main|Pousha Purnima}}<br /> <br /> Pousha Purnima, also known as [[Puspuni]], is an annual festival observed by the people of western and southern Odisha. It is held on the ''puni'' (&quot;full moon&quot;) day of the month of Pusa (Sanskrit: ''Pausha''). Rooted in the region's agrarian culture, the festival is an occasion for farming families to celebrate the annual paddy harvest. Other community members also participate, and over time, it has evolved into a significant community tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paush Purnima 2024: Date, rituals, puja muhurat, significance and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/paush-purnima-2024-date-rituals-puja-muhurat-significance-and-more-101706081214063.html |access-date=24 Jan 2025 |website=Hindustan Times|date=24 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Makar Sankranti===<br /> {{main|Makar Sankranti}}<br /> <br /> Makar Sankranti is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival celebrated annually, and typically falls on January 14, though the date may occasionally vary. In western Odisha, the festival is observed with unique local customs. Devotees perform various rituals and prayers at temples and along riverbanks, offering [[Prasada|prasad]] such as [[Laddu|rasi ladddu]], a preparation made from [[sesame seeds]] (&quot;''rasi''&quot;) and [[jaggery]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> <br /> In [[western Odisha]], it is believed that offering prayers and pleasing the deities can absolve individuals of their sins (&quot;''paap''&quot;). Makar Sankranti also highlights social bonds, particularly friendship. On this day, friends may participate in a ritual (&quot;[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]&quot;) to seek blessings for their companionship. Following the ritual, participants often address each other as &quot;Makar,&quot; symbolizing a deep and enduring friendship. It is widely believed that friendships celebrated on this day will remain steadfast throughout life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceZ&quot;&gt;As part of Digital Marketing Management:Coursera- by Manisha Dash&lt;/ref&gt; {{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Sitalsasthi===<br /> {{main|Sitalsasthi}}<br /> <br /> [[Sitalsasthi]] is the most celebrated festival in [[western Odisha]], especially Sambalpur. The festival is a multi-day celebration of the divine marriage of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. The old areas of Sambalpur, such as [[Jarapada|Jharuapada]], Nandpada, and Kansaripada, attract a significant number of visitors due to their traditional Sitalsasthi celebrations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grand Sital Sasthi Yatra after 2-year Covid lull |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/may/04/grand-sital-sasthi-yatra-after-2-year-covid-lull-2449578.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 May 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Himanshu |date=2022-06-01 |title=Sambalpur Sital Sasthi 2022: 'Patarpendi' ritual performed |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/sambalpur-sital-sasthi-2022-patarpendi-ritual-performed/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bhai-juntia===<br /> <br /> Another festival, Bhai-juntia festival is celebrated on the ''[[Ashtami|Mahastami]]'' (&quot;eighth day&quot;) of [[Durga Puja]]. It is a ritual fasting undertaken by women for the whole day and night to seek [[Durga|Durga's]] blessing for the long life of their brothers, as believed in their culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;Political socialization of women: a study of teenage girls by Jyoshnarani Behera&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pua-juntia===<br /> <br /> This is a ritual fasting [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] of similar austerity for women. The Pua-juntia festival is observed by mothers to invoke the grace of Lord Dutibahana for the long life and prosperity of their sons.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Rath Yatra===<br /> {{main|Rath Yatra}}<br /> <br /> Rath Yatra or Jatra is celebrated on the second ([[dwitiya]]) day of the [[shukla paksha]] (waxing cycle of the moon) of Āshādha Māsa (3rd month of the Odia calendar). There is a strong influence of [[Jagannath]] culture in western Odisha, and a [[kirtan]] is organized in most villages.<br /> <br /> === Shiva Ratri ===<br /> Shiva Ratri Mela or [[Maha Shivaratri]] attracts large numbers of devotees to Sambalpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shakti |first=Shriyan |date=2025-02-11 |title=Bhubaneswar Lingaraj Temple Shivaratri 2025: Date, Puja Timings &amp; Rituals |url=https://sambalpuriverse.in/bhubaneswar-lingaraj-temple-shivaratri-2025/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival name translates to &quot;Night of Shiva&quot;, referring to the practice of worship of [[Shiva]]. It is observed on Shiva Chaturdashi, which takes place on the fourteenth day of the dark half of [[Falgun]]. Participants perform various forms of [[worship]], including [[meditation]], [[reading]], and [[chanting]] throughout the night.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Manish |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA7&amp;dq=Shivratri+mela&amp;ots=iNs4V1HHPd&amp;sig=0n3DmGVI_LcZEeU-nPzM-q1L6Vw#v=snippet&amp;q=shivratri&amp;f=false |title=Fasts and Festivals of India |date=2013 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-076-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival may align with other astronomically significant events.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hindu |date=2025-02-24 |title=Astrological Significance of Shiva Rathri and Its Relationship with Maha Kumbh Mela This Year - Hindutone |url=https://hindutone.com/maha-kumbh-mela/astrological-significance-of-shiva-rathri-and-its-relationship-with-maha-kumbh-mela-this-year/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Others===<br /> Besides the above-listed festivals, other religious festivals observed include [[Dola Jatra purnima|Dola Jatra]], [[Durga Puja]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;/&gt; [[Janmastami]],&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.co.in&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jyoshnarani Behera |title=Political socialization of women: a study of teenager girls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJr97JZXJPcC&amp;pg=PA75 |accessdate=20 January 2011 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Distributors|isbn=978-81-85495-21-7 |pages=75–}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dipavali]], [[Ganesh Puja]],&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.co.in&quot;/&gt; and [[Saraswati Puja]].<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> Acoustic instruments used in the folk music of western Odisha hold cultural significance due to their rarity and unique contribution to the region's musical heritage. These instruments play a central role in preserving and presenting the distinctive folk styles of the area.<br /> <br /> One prominent example is the Dulduli music ensemble, a traditional orchestra that combines several key instruments such as the [[dhol]], nisan, tasha, jhanj, and muhuri. In this arrangement, the dhol serves as the primary rhythm instrument, the nisan adds bass elements, the tasha enhances treble tones, the jhanj provides additional percussion, and the muhuri, a wind instrument similar to the [[shehnai]], functions as the primary melody-producing instrument.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Guru |first=Himanshu |date=2014-02-21 |title=News and Features By Himanshu Guru: Folk (Sambalpuri/Koshli) Music of Western Odisha |url=https://himanshu-guru.blogspot.com/2014/02/folk-sambalpurikoshli-music-of-western.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=News and Features By Himanshu Guru}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although many instrumentalists in the folk music traditions of [[western Odisha]] lack formal knowledge of [[music theory]], their performances align with the established principles of the region's folk music. This demonstrates an intuitive understanding of the genre's recommended grammar.<br /> <br /> The region's folk music employs a wide array of instruments, including the mandal, [[dholak]], [[pakhawaj]], [[Tabla|dugi-tabla]], [[mridanga]], [[Mardala|mardal]], dhap, timkidi, jodi-nagara, [[ghanta]], behela, [[khanjani]], [[Daf|dhapli]], [[Bansuri|bansi]], singh-kahali, bir-kahali, ghulghula, [[Ghungroo|ghunguru]], kendraa, khadkhadi, [[ektara]], ghumra, [[Cymbal|gini (cymbals)]], and daskathia. These instruments play a significant role in cultural and religious practices, particularly during temple rituals such as &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[aarti|aarti&quot;]].<br /> <br /> ;[[Dhol]]<br /> A classic Indian folk music instrument. The 'dhol' of Sambalpur is slightly different in its making and use, and is made from the trunk of a tree. Both sides of the 'dhol' are of the same size.<br /> <br /> ;Dandua Dhol<br /> &quot;Dand&quot; or &quot;Danda Nacha&quot; is a popular ancient Odia pastime entertainment package based on the various stories between Sri Krishna and Radha. During the old times when plays and dramas were the only sources of entertainment, such acts like &quot;Dand&quot;, &quot;Pala&quot; were very popular among the masses. &quot;Dandua Dhol&quot; is a unique &quot;Dhol&quot; specially used in &quot;Dand&quot; plays.<br /> <br /> ;Mandal<br /> The Sambalpuri 'mandal' is different from that of all other parts of India. The 'mandal' is made out of fired clay and is like a cylinder. Mandal is a drum that is used in slower rhythms. Most of the danceless songs are accomplished with the Mandal. This is a very sweet musical instrument and requires good skills to play. It is found in almost all households of ancient Odias. It is one of the main musical instruments for Kirtan during Ram Navami. Besides, it is used during &quot;Jhumer&quot; and &quot;Karma&quot; style songs. It is an essential part of the &quot;Karmasani&quot; puja.<br /> <br /> ;Nishan<br /> It is made out of iron sheets. The sound emitted by the 'nishan' is heart-throbbing. This is mostly used in worship of [[Kali]] or [[Durga]] and on the battlefield.<br /> <br /> ;Tasha<br /> It is played by two thin bamboo sticks. The sound of 'tasha' creates an atmosphere of horror, fear, and excitement.<br /> <br /> ;[[Mahuri (instrument)|Muhuri]]<br /> This musical instrument is made out of wood, with a double reed at one end and a wooden flared bell at the other end. Its sound is thought to create and maintain a sense of auspiciousness and sanctity and, as a result, is widely used during marriages, processions, and in temples. Muhuri is the only and leading 'sur' instrument in Sambalpuri music.<br /> <br /> ;Dhap<br /> Dhap is a percussion sort of a single-faced and shallow rimmed drum. It's a [[tambourine]] with a wooden frame played using the flat of the palm and fingers.<br /> <br /> ;[[Mridanga|Mridang]]<br /> It is a terracotta two-sided drum used in Western Odisha for accompaniment with devotional music ([[Bhakti]] like [[Astaprahari]], [[Kirtan]], Pala, etc.).The drum is played with palms and fingers of both hands.<br /> <br /> ;Ghumra<br /> Ghumra is considered to be a warrior instrument that was played in old times before a king was to proceed to a war or after he won a war. &quot;Ghumra Dance&quot; is based completely on these musical instruments and is a very popular form of dance in Kalahandi. The dancers used to hang this instrument around their chest and play it with both hands while dancing, and it creates a unique scene.<br /> <br /> ;Kendera<br /> The Kendera is a wooden string instrument, which has one string and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its string. They are mostly played traditionally by jogis (saints). The folk song played in a kendara is known as kendara gita.<br /> <br /> ;Ghupkudu<br /> A traditional folk instrument made of Mango wood. The round part is covered with reptile skin, and the thread is called 'thaat'. The heart-touching sound is known as 'Ghubkudu Chang Ghubkudu'. &quot;Ghupkudu nach&quot; is a popular song and dance, nowadays called &quot;Kismi Nach&quot;.<br /> <br /> ;[[Khanjani|Khanjni]]<br /> This musical instrument is mostly used by followers of the &quot;Alekh&quot; sect during their [[Bhajan]] and Kirtan. The Alekh sect is similar to the [[Jains]], having many similarities with them. The '[[matha]]' or religious place of the Alekh sect is called &quot;Mahima Gadi&quot;, where this instrument is worshipped.<br /> <br /> ;[[Bansuri|Bansi]]<br /> &quot;Baensi&quot; is spoken this way in western Odisha and means &quot;Bansi&quot; or flute. This instrument takes its inspiration from the eternal love between [[Krishna|Lord Sri Krishna]] and [[Radha]]. Sri Krishna used to play this instrument, often while gazing at cows, and that would attract Radha towards him.<br /> <br /> ;Jhanj<br /> It synchronizes the beats and rhythm in Sambalpuri Music and is considered an important background music for 'Kirtans', especially those performed during 'Rath Yatra' (Chariot Festival).<br /> <br /> ;Mitu Kathia<br /> 'Mitu Kathia', as its name suggests, is a musical instrument made out of Bamboo wood (Kathia) and is inspired by the Parrot (Mitu). It somewhat sounds like a parrot. Also, it is popularly known as &quot;Khidki Khicha&quot; due to its unique style of playing. This instrument is used in &quot;Udanda Kirtan,&quot; a particular form of Kirtan held during Ram Navami or the evening hours in villages.<br /> <br /> ;Ramtali<br /> &quot;Ramtali&quot; is mainly used during &quot;Krushnaguru&quot; plays in Odia villages. Krushnaguru is a unique song and play-based performance by a group of people on various religious and cultural topics, especially revolving around [[Krishna]] in [[Dvapara Yuga]]. Ramtali is the main instrument of the saint &quot;Narada&quot;, who is considered one of the greatest devotees of Lord Vishnu. A typical hymn he used to sing is &quot;Narayana..Narayana&quot; while playing this instrument in one hand, when he used to enter a place or participate in a discussion.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Dance==<br /> <br /> In Sambalpuri culture, community dances are connected to a function or to the worship of a deity.<br /> <br /> [[File:Sambalpuri Dance.JPG|thumb|Sambalpuri Dance]]<br /> ;Dalkhai dance<br /> [[Dalkhai]] is a ritual folk dance. Songs sung on this occasion are known as Dalkhai songs. Young girls from the [[Binjhal]], [[Sora tribe|Soura]], and [[Mirdha (tribe)|Mirdha]] tribes perform this dance during [[Dusshera]], Bhaijuntia, and other festive occasions. Non-tribal people also participate in these ritual dances and songs. Young girls stand in a line or a semi-circular pattern while dancing.<br /> <br /> ;Karma dance<br /> Karma is the most colourful dance of the district. It is mainly a tribal dance in honour of &quot;Karam Sani&quot;, the deity they believe grants children. Non-tribal people also participate in this ritual dance and songs. In the beginning, dancers enter the arena in two rows. The drummers and the singers accompany with rhythmic steps.<br /> <br /> ;Humo and Bauli<br /> These are two playful dances performed generally by young and unmarried girls on special occasions, who sing and dance in groups. The steps and movements of the dance are very slow. However, older women of the villages also play a guiding role during the performance of these songs.<br /> <br /> ;Koisabadi dance<br /> This dance is prevalent among the [[Gond tribe or The Gonds|Gond]] and the [[Bhuyan]] tribes. Male dancers take part, holding 2–3-foot-long sticks. The songs are mainly based on the love story of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bsmjsambalpuri.in/2021/09/sambalpuri-dance-enriched-folk-culture.html | title=Sambalpuri Dance - an Enriched Folk Culture &amp;#124; Dalkhai Ghumra Krushnaguru | date=26 June 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Eminent personalities==<br /> <br /> [[File:Bhima Bhoi.jpg|thumb|101px|right|upright|[[Bhima Bhoi]]]]<br /> A list of people who have contributed to the growth of Sambalpuri culture and [[Odia language]] is given below.<br /> <br /> === Veer Surendra Sai ===<br /> [[Veer Surendra Sai]] was born on 23 January 1809 in Khinda village in the [[Chauhan dynasty]]. Surendra Sai led a revolution against the British, assembling thousands of protesters. He was arrested by the then British government and died on 28 February 1884. Known as the &quot;Lion of Sambalpur&quot;, Surendra Sai is remembered for his patriotism and dedication to the cause.&lt;ref&gt;[http://Orissamatters.com/2005/09/08/veer-surendra-sai-the-immortal-lion-of-Orissa/ Veer Surendra Sai: The Immortal Lion Of Orissa « Orissa Matters]. Orissamatters.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Veer Surendra Sai |url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112743/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter7.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Gangadhar Meher ===<br /> [[Gangadhar Meher]] was born on 9 August 1862 in [[Barpali]], Bargarh district (undivided Sambalpur District) to a weaver family. He was educated up to the 5th grade. His writing and poetry is well regarded and cover themes of devotion, patriotism, reform, ethics, agriculture, elegies, and narration of nature. He died on 4 April 1924.&lt;ref&gt;[http://gangadharmeher.org/html/index.asp Welcome to the website of Swabhaba Kabi Gangadhar Meher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727070716/http://gangadharmeher.org/html/index.asp|date=2012-07-27}}. Gangadharmeher.org (1964-02-29). Retrieved on 2011-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://suniv.ac.in/life_gangadhar.html The Life and Works of Swabhabakabi Gangadhar Meher] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629170550/http://suniv.ac.in/life_gangadhar.html|date=2010-06-29}}. Suniv.ac.in. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bhima Bhoi ===<br /> [[Bhima Bhoi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhima Bhoi, the Subaltern Saint Poet of Odisha – Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |url=https://rupkatha.com/v14n215/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=rupkatha.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; was a 19th-century saint, Odia poet, mystic, and social reformer from the state of [[Odisha]] in India. Bhoi was a ''bhakta'' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: devotee) of Mahima Gosain, the founder of [[Satya Mahima Dharma]], an [[Indian religions|Indian religious tradition]] that challenged the authority of [[caste]] and other forms of discrimination. Bhoi is remembered for his mystical poetry, which was primarily in the Odia language, and his social reform efforts aimed at uplifting marginalized sections of society.<br /> <br /> === Chandra Sekhar Behera ===<br /> Chandra Sekhar Behera&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.orissadiary.com/personality/freedom_fighter/ChandraSekharBehera.aspChandra Sekhar Behera]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Orissadiary.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt; of Sambalpur was a freedom fighter and a participant in the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]. He consolidated the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]] in the Sambalpur region and merged his activities with the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a founding member of the National School of Sambalpur, started on the lines of Satyabadi Vana-Vidyalaya, founded by [[Gopabandhu Das]]. As the chairman of the Sambalpur Municipality, he received [[Gandhi]] in Sambalpur in 1928. He organized a mass movement against illiteracy and untouchability and was instrumental in the activities of [[Utkal Sammilani]] in the formation of a separate state for [[Orissa]]. Chandra Sekhar died on 23 January 1936.<br /> <br /> === Satya Narayana Bohidar ===<br /> [[Satya Narayan Bohidar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;[http://sambalpur.nic.in/eminent%20personalities.htm Eminent Personalities Of Sambalpur District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208144431/http://sambalpur.nic.in/eminent%20personalities.htm|date=2012-02-08}}. Sambalpur. nic. in (1924-04-04). Retrieved on 2011-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt; was born on 1 August 1913 at [[Sonepur, Orissa|Sonepur]], and is known as a pioneer of Sambalpuri language and grammar. One of Bohidar's major contributions was a dictionary and grammar of the [[Sambalpuri language]]. He died on 31 December 1980.<br /> <br /> === Jadunath Supakar ===<br /> [[Jadunath Supakar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; was born on 10 February 1931 to an artisan's family in Sambalpur. He was educated at National Arts School of [[Shantiniketan]]. Starting as a portrait artist, Jadunath earned his name as a master of handicraft and worked toward reviving the forgotten art of traditional weaving. He was engaged in a weavers' service center, established for artisans' development. Jadunath was also known for his mastery of musical instruments.<br /> <br /> === Isaac Santra ===<br /> [[Isaac Santra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt; was born in 1892 at Sambalpur. He was a doctor dedicated to the eradication of [[leprosy]]. He established a leper home at [[Hatibari, Odisha|Hatibari]]. Santra was honoured by the Government of India with the [[Padma Shri]] award. He also edited a magazine, ''Prabhatee'', propounding human values and qualities. He died on 29 August 1968.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.biswa.org/en/Hatibari-Health-Home Hatibari Health Home]. Biswa.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Laxmi Narayan Mishra ===<br /> [[Laxminarayan Mishra|Laxmi Narayan Mishra]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; born in 1906, was a freedom fighter in the [[Indian independence movement]], for which he was imprisoned for seventeen years. In prison, he educated himself on religion, culture, and political thought. He was an expert in languages like [[Odia Language|Odia]], [[Sanskrit]], Urdu, Bengali, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Hindi and English, and hwas known as an extraordinary [[orator]]. He was assassinated during a train journey at [[Jharsuguda]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://jharsuguda.nic.in/history-freedom%20strugle.htm Home]. Jharsuguda.nic.in. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Radhashyam Meher ===<br /> Radhashyam Meher was born on 20 November 1909 in Sambalpur. Meher invented the first handloom to weave textiles of ninety inches width, leading to the creation of the Sambalpuri sari. He is known as the father of Sambalpuri textiles, and heralded the era of Baandha art. He participated in the Indian independence movement and was jailed during the [[Quit India Movement]]. He died 19 May 1961.&lt;ref&gt;Sambalpuri Textiles By Bikram Kumar ISBN no 978-81-906822-0-6&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Haldhar Nag ===<br /> Dr. [[Haldhar Nag]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} (born 31 March 1950) is a Sambalpuri poet and writer from Bargarh, Odisha, India. Popularly known as &quot;''lok kabi ratna''&quot; (meaning &quot;people's poet gem&quot;). He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2016. He has been compared to Gangadhar Meher for his Sambalpuri style of writing. The [[BBC]] made a documentary film about his life and works.<br /> <br /> One of his first poems was ''Dhodo Bargachh'' (The Old Banyan Tree), which he published in a local magazine. The poem was successful, and four more published poems followed soon.<br /> <br /> === Jitendra Haripal ===<br /> [[Jitendra Haripal]] is a singer regarded as an exponent of Sambalpuri language music. He received the Padma Shri from the Government of India in 2017 for his contribution to Indian music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2020-09-07 |title=National honour proves cold comfort for Odisha folk artiste |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/national-honour-proves-cold-comfort-for-odisha-folk-artiste/article32543609.ece |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Aparajita Mohanty ===<br /> [[Aparajita Mohanty]] (born 31 January 1962) is an Indian actress who mostly appears in [[Odia film industry]]. Apart from film, she has played various roles in Odia television serials.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Kosli cinema]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sambalpur]]<br /> [[Category:Sambalpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Sambalpur| ]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sitapur_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=536256 2026-02-22T16:10:33Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Sitapur &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|UP-30}}<br /> |established = 1952<br /> |reservation =None<br /> |party = [[Indian National Congress]] <br /> |mp =[[Rakesh Rathore]] <br /> |map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Sitapur.map}}<br /> |map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br /> |state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |assembly_cons = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]]<br /> * [[Laharpur Assembly constituency|Laharpur]]<br /> * [[Biswan Assembly constituency|Biswan]]<br /> * [[Sevata Assembly constituency|Sevata]]<br /> * [[Mahmoodabad Assembly constituency|Mahmoodabad]]<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/030_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-30-Sitapur|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |146<br /> |[[Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]<br /> |[[Rakesh Rathour]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | 148<br /> |[[Laharpur Assembly constituency|Laharpur]]<br /> |[[Anil Kumar Verma]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |149<br /> |[[Biswan Assembly constituency|Biswan]]<br /> |[[Nirmal Verma (politician)|Nirmal Verma]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |150<br /> |[[Sevata Assembly constituency|Sevata]]<br /> |[[Gyan Tiwari]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |151<br /> |[[Mahmoodabad Assembly constituency|Mahmoodabad]]<br /> |[[Asha Maurya]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member&lt;ref name=&quot;Sitapur Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sitapur Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sitapur-lok-sabha|accessdate=25 June 2025|publisher=Result University|date=25 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625052519/https://resultuniversity.com/election/sitapur-lok-sabha|archivedate=25 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> |[[Uma Nehru]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Paragi Lal]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |[[Uma Nehru]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Paragi Lal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |Suraj Lal Verma<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]<br /> |[[Sharda Nand]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]<br /> |Jagdish Chandra Dikshit<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]<br /> |Har Govind Verma<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Rajendra Kumari Bajpai]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]<br /> |Janardan Prasad Mishra<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |[[Mukhtar Anis|Mukhtar Anees]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]<br /> |Janardan Prasad Mishra<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]<br /> |[[Kaisar Jahan]]&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Rakesh Rathore]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === General Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Sitapur]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Sitapur&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Sitapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2425.htm |accessdate=19 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604121301/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2430.htm |archivedate=4 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sitapur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sitapur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/sitapur |accessdate=25 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625041601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/sitapur |archivedate=25 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Rakesh Rathore]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 531,138<br /> |percentage = 48.20<br /> |change = {{increase}}39.18<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]<br /> |votes = 441,497<br /> |percentage = 40.06<br /> |change = {{decrease}}8.27<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Mahendra Singh Yadav<br /> |votes = 99,364<br /> |percentage = 9.02<br /> |change = {{decrease}}29.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 6,958<br /> |percentage = 0.63<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 89,641<br /> |percentage = 8.13<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,02,015 <br /> |percentage = 62.62<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sitapur]]&lt;ref name=election2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]<br /> |votes = 5,14,528<br /> |percentage = 48.33<br /> |change = +7.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Nakul Dubey]]<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 4,13,695<br /> |percentage = 38.86<br /> |change = +3.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Kaisar Jahan|Kaiser Jahan]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 96,018<br /> |percentage = 9.02<br /> |change = +6.19<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar Mishra<br /> |votes = 1,742<br /> |percentage = 0.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 8,873<br /> |percentage = 0.83<br /> |change = -0.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,00,833<br /> |percentage = 9.47<br /> |change = +4.5<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,65,222<br /> |percentage = 63.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sitapur]]&lt;ref name=election2014&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]<br /> |votes = 4,17,546<br /> |percentage = 40.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kaisar Jahan|Kaiser Jahan]]<br /> |votes = 3,66,519<br /> |percentage = 35.69<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Bharat Tripathi<br /> |votes = 1,56,170<br /> |percentage = 15.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Vaishali Ali<br /> |votes = 29,104<br /> |percentage = 2.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Suchita Kumar<br /> |votes = 8,959<br /> |percentage = 0.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 12,682<br /> |percentage = 1.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 51,027<br /> |percentage = 4.97<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,26,987<br /> |percentage = 66.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sitapur district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/sitapur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Sitapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Lucknow division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|27.51|80.76|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Sitapur district]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howrah%E2%80%93Purulia_Express&diff=472999 2026-02-20T02:45:51Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: fixed issues</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service <br /> | name = Howrah-Purulia Superfast Express <br /> | image = Purulia Express.jpg<br /> | caption = Howrah-Purulia Superfast Express train board.<br /> | type = [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]]<br /> | locale = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1983|12|15}}<br /> | last = <br /> | operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Purulia Junction}} (PRR)<br /> | stops = 12<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} (HWH)<br /> | distance = {{convert|323|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 5 hours 50 minutes <br /> | frequency = Daily <br /> | class =AC 3 Tier (3A), AC 3 Tier Economy (3E), AC Chair Car (CC), Second Class Seating (2S), General Unreserved (GS/UR)<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = Overhead racks <br /> | catering = On-board catering, &lt;br/&gt; E-catering <br /> | observation = Large windows <br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = No <br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats <br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]<br /> | trainnumber = 12827 / 12828<br /> | speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = <br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> The 12827 / 12828 '''Howrah–Purulia Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of [[Indian Railways]] – [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Purulia Junction}} in India.<br /> <br /> It operates as train number 12827 from Howrah Junction to Purulia Junction and as train number 12828 in the reverse direction, serving the state of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Coaches==<br /> <br /> The 12827 / 28 Howrah–Purulia Express presently has 2 AC 3 Tier (3A), 1 AC 3 Tier Economy (3E), 2 AC Chair Cars (CC), 8 Chair Car Reserved seating (2S), 4 General Unreserved (GS/UR), and 1 EOG and 1 LHB Seating cum Luggage Rake (LWSLR) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].<br /> <br /> As with most trains in India, coach composition is changed at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br /> <br /> ==Service==<br /> <br /> The 12827 Howrah–Purulia Express covers the distance of 323 kilometres in 05 hours 30&amp;nbsp;mins (58.73&amp;nbsp;km/h) and in 05 hours 50&amp;nbsp;mins as 12828 Purulia–Howrah Express (55.37&amp;nbsp;km/h).<br /> <br /> As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.<br /> <br /> [[File:12828 Purulia Howrah Express - AC Chair Car.jpg|thumb|12828 Purulia Howrah Express – AC Chair Car]]<br /> [[File:12828 Purulia Howrah Express - Chair Car.jpg|thumb|12828 Purulia Howrah Express – Chair Car]]<br /> <br /> ==Routing==<br /> <br /> The 12827 / 28 Howrah–Purulia Express leaves Howrah Junction at 16:50 every day. It stops at {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bankura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}}, and at few other stations before reaching Purulia Junction at 22:20. The return train leaves Purulia Junction at 05:30 and reaches Howrah at 11:20.<br /> <br /> ==Traction==<br /> <br /> As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar|Tatanagar Loco Shed]] or [[Santragachi railway station|Santragachi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.<br /> <br /> ==Timings==<br /> <br /> 12828 Purulia–Howrah Express leaves Purulia Junction on a daily basis at 05:30&amp;nbsp;hrs IST and reaches Howrah Junction at 11:22&amp;nbsp;hrs IST the same day.<br /> <br /> 12827 Howrah–Purulia Express leaves Howrah Junction on a daily basis at 16:50&amp;nbsp;hrs IST and reaches Purulia Junction at 22:30&amp;nbsp;hrs IST the same day.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZxuW-pUIl0|title=Purulia Express overtakes my Howrah bound EMU – YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/pramitz/8997048068/|title=Howrah–Purulia Express via Adra led by a SRC WAP-4 at Sankrail &amp;#124; Flickr – Photo Sharing!|publisher=flickr.com|accessdate=2014-05-30|date=2013-06-05}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.abibitumikasa.com/forums/youtube_browser.php?do=show&amp;vidid=tK_koNY1_cc|title=BIA WAM-4 burns the tracks with Howrah – Purulia Superfast !!!!!!|publisher=abibitumikasa.com|accessdate=2014-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124540/http://www.abibitumikasa.com/forums/youtube_browser.php?do=show&amp;vidid=tK_koNY1_cc|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=dead}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org|title=&amp;#91;IRFCA&amp;#93; Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}<br /> <br /> {{Railways in Eastern India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Purulia Express}}<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramnagar_Danda&diff=529353 2026-02-19T22:17:31Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: redirect created</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Dehradun district]]<br /> {{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durga_Puja_in_West_Bengal&diff=497873 2026-02-14T18:08:14Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: made a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu festival}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox intangible heritage<br /> | Image = Grand decoration in the pandel of Sobuj Sangha, Basirhat.jpg<br /> | Caption = Grand decorations reflecting the richness of art and culture of Basirhat's Durgapuja in Sobuj Sangha.<br /> | ICH = Sarodiya Durga Puja<br /> | State Party = India<br /> | Region = West Bengal (celebrated statewide)<br /> | Year = 2021<br /> | ID = 00703<br /> | List = Representative<br /> | Note = '''Observances:''' Sindoor Khela, Worship of [[Goddess Durga]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Durga Puja in West Bengal''' ({{langx|bn|পশ্চিমবঙ্গের দুর্গাপূজা}}) is an annual festival celebrated magnificently marking the worship of the [[Hindu]] [[mother goddess]] [[Durga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Durga Puja |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/stories/durga-puja |website=Indian Culture |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=9 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; This festival is the biggest festival of [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=Durga Puja<br /> |url=https://www.wbtourism.gov.in/durgapuja<br /> |website=West Bengal Tourism<br /> |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal<br /> |access-date=9 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Police-Registered Durga Puja Pandals by top Cities ==<br /> The following table shows the number of Durga Puja pandals officially registered with the local police authorities in various cities of West Bengal:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ '''Police-Registered Durga Puja Pandals in West Bengal (2025)'''<br /> ! City !! Number of Registered Pujas<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kolkata]] || 248&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |title=Durga Puja: Kolkata Elevates Durga Puja Festivities with 248 Major Celebrations<br /> |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-elevates-durga-puja-festivities-with-248-major-celebrations/articleshow/113951656.cms<br /> |work=The Times of India<br /> |date=6 March 2024<br /> |access-date=9 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Asansol]]–[[Durgapur]] || 100+&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |title=Asansol Police releases Puja road guide map<br /> |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/asansol-police-releases-puja-road-guide-map-1503350384.html<br /> |work=The Statesman<br /> |date=10 September 2023<br /> |access-date=9 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Siliguri]] || 82&lt;ref name=&quot;SiliguriPujaMap2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=Durga Puja Guide Map – Siliguri Metropolitan Police (2024)<br /> |url=https://siliguripc.wbpolice.gov.in/images/SILIGURI_PUJA_MAP-2024.pdf<br /> |website=Siliguri Metropolitan Police<br /> |publisher=Government of West Bengal<br /> |date=8 October 2024<br /> |access-date=13 June 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Basirhat]] || 73&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |title=Durga Puja 2024: পরিদর্শনকারীরা QR কোড স্ক্যান ও GPS-র মাধ্যমে দেখতে পারবেন দুর্গাপুজো<br /> |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/visitors-can-see-the-durga-puja-2024-by-scanning-qr-code-and-through-gps-l18-rdp-local18-1887044.html<br /> |work=News18 বাংলা<br /> |language=bn<br /> |date=10 June 2024<br /> |access-date=13 June 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=Durga Puja Guide Map – Photo Gallery<br /> |url=https://basirhatpolice.wb.gov.in/single-post/photos/1<br /> |website=Basirhat Police District<br /> |publisher=Government of West Bengal Police<br /> |access-date=9 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Berhampore]] || 47&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |title=বহরমপুর ও কান্দিতে পুজো গাইড ম্যাপের উদ্বোধন প্রশাসনের তরফে<br /> |trans-title=Inauguration of Durga Puja Guide Map in Berhampore and Kandi by the Administration<br /> |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/murshidabad/inauguration-of-durga-puja-guide-map-in-berhampore-and-kandi-by-administrative-side-l18-pbd-895946.html<br /> |work=News18 Bengali<br /> |language=bn<br /> |date=17 October 2023<br /> |access-date=9 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Regional observations==<br /> ===Kolkata===<br /> [[File:Ballygunge Cultural Durga Puja 2024 01.jpg|thumb|Ballygunge Cultural Association, Rashbehari, Kolkata presenting ''Arshinagar'' in their pandal]]<br /> In Kolkata, Durga Puja is an annual festival celebrated magnificently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kolkata's biggest religious festival Durga Puja reframed as international art experience |url=https://theworld.org/media/2022-09-29/kolkata-s-biggest-religious-festival-durga-puja-reframed-international-art |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The World from PRX |date=29 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Durga Puja 2022: City of Joy Kolkata gears up for biggest festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/news/durga-puja-2022-city-of-joy-kolkata-gears-up-for-biggest-festival-101662375005823-1.html |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 September 2022 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kolkata alone hosted more than 3,000 [[Barowari]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] in Kolkata in 2022, with more than 200 pujas were organized in the city with a budget of over one crore [[Indian rupee|rupees]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author1=Shiv Sahay Singh |title=I-T notices to Durga Pujas even as festival seeks UNESCO status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/i-t-notices-to-durga-pujas-even-as-festival-seeks-unesco-status/article25980616.ece |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |location=Kolkata |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kolkata has been inscribed on the list of [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]] in December 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO – Durga Puja in Kolkata |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=9 October 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barowari pujas like Kashi Bose Lane, Jagat Mukherjee Park, [[Santosh Mitra Square|Santosh Mitra Square (Lebutala Park)]], Chetla Agrani, Suruchi Sangha, [[Bullygunge Cultural Association|Ballygunge Cultural Association]], Tridhara Sammilani, Hindusthan Club, Hindustan Park are famous for its interior decoration of the pandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |title=Durga Puja 2024: A Look At Kolkata's Most Creative Pandals<br /> |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/durga-puja-2024-a-look-at-kolkatas-most-creative-pandals-6742411<br /> |work=NDTV<br /> |date=18 October 2024<br /> |access-date=9 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, Bagbazar Sorbojonin,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=Durga Puja in Bagbazar, West Bengal<br /> |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/durga-puja-bagbazar-west-bengal-368489-2012-10-21<br /> |website=India Today<br /> |publisher=Living Media India Ltd<br /> |date=21 October 2012<br /> |access-date=9 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Maddox Square,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=মহাঅষ্টমীর সকালে ,ম্যাডক্স স্কোয়ার<br /> |trans-title=Sandhi Puja at Maddox Square and Other Places Witness Huge Crowd on Sunday Morning<br /> |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/video/world-famous/pujor-ananda/sandhi-puja-at-maddox-square-and-other-places-on-sunday-morning-623584<br /> |website=ABP Ananda<br /> |language=bn<br /> |access-date=9 July 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekdalia Evergreen and many more clubs are famous for the tradition of ''Sabeki Pujo''.<br /> [[File:Durga Puja 1.jpg|thumb|Maddox Square, Kolkata Durga Puja celebration in 2012]]<br /> [[File:২০২৩ হিন্দুস্তান পার্ক ১০.jpg|thumb|Hindustan Park Durga Puja 2023, Gariahat, Kolkata]]<br /> <br /> The [[Durga Puja Carnival]] held annually, is an extension of the [[Durga Puja]] festivities in Kolkata.<br /> [[File:Durga Puja Carnival in Kolkata 2018 21.jpg|thumb|Tridhara Sammilani featuring their tableaux in Durga Puja Carnival of Kolkata]]<br /> While the centuries-old ''rajbari pujas'' with their ''Sabeki Protima'' and traditions are still popular, theme based pujas have risen in the present scenario and have become extremely popular, recording huge number of footfalls every year. Due to ginormous number of people visiting pandals every year and overcrowding on the main five days, pandals are inaugurated from [[Mahalaya]], much before Shashti. The magnification in the cost of expenditure has also lead the budget to be shifted from only ''chandas'' to advertisements and certain extent of government funding. Despite this changes, people have whole heartedly welcomed the new pinch to their age-old tradition and this festival has also turned out to be a melting pot of people from different religions, who enjoy the festivities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=From Barir Pujo To Modern Pandals, This Is How West Bengal's Durga Puja Has Changed Over Years |url=https://curlytales.com/from-barir-pujo-to-modern-pandals-this-is-how-west-bengals-durga-puja-has-changed-over-years/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Explore Durga Puja pandals in Kolkata that have transitioned from traditional to high-tech art installations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/explore-durga-puja-pandals-in-kolkata-that-have-transitioned-from-traditional-to-high-tech-art-installations/article67402690.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Basirhat===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | footer = '''From left to right:''' (a) Grand decorations by Sobuj Sangha; (b) Installations by Gheepukur Dhar Netaji Union — both are key Durga Puja committees of Basirhat.<br /> | width = 250<br /> | image1 = Sobuj Sangha, a vibrant puja committee in Basirhat.jpg<br /> | image2 = Durga Puja of Gheepukur Dhar, Basirhat.jpg<br /> }}<br /> In [[Basirhat|Basirhat, West Bengal]], the scale and intensity of Durga Puja celebrations are among the largest in [[North 24 Parganas]] district. In terms of the number of Durga Puja pandals, the city ranks fourth in West Bengal, following Kolkata, Asansol-Durgapur, and Siliguri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=বসিরহাট শহর ও মহকুমা এলাকায় থিম দুর্গাপুজোতে মাইলফলক |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/north-24-parganas/theme-durga-puja-in-basirhat-subdivision-area-creates-milestone-l18-1329297.html |website=News18 বাংলা |publisher=Network18 |language=bn |access-date=19 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Durga Puja 2024: পরিদর্শনকারীরা QR কোড স্ক্যান ও GPS-র মাধ্যমে দেখতে পারবেন দুর্গাপুজো |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/visitors-can-see-the-durga-puja-2024-by-scanning-qr-code-and-through-gps-l18-rdp-local18-1887044.html |work=News18 বাংলা |language=bn |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=June 13, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; For more than 150 years, the Durga idol has been immersed on boats in this city. On the day of Vijayadashami, people usually come in Basirhat to see the immersion festival. The idols and installations have changed in the modern era, but the immersion continues to be done in the [[Ichamati River]] by boat according to the ancient tradition. A fair is held on both banks of the river centering on the immersion. The special attraction of this fair is wooden furniture and various wooden items.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Immersion by Boat in Ichamati at Basirhat: Crowds of Hundreds of Thousands on Both Riverbanks |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/videos/durga-puja-2023-in-basirhat-ichamati-the-boat-is-abandoned-the-two-banks-of-the-river-are-crowded-with-millions-of-people_492704.html |website=Zee News Bengali |publisher=Zee Media Corporation |date=2023-10-24 |access-date=2025-02-23 |language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=bn:ইছামতী নদীতে দুর্গা প্রতিমা বিসর্জন |url=https://banglalive.com/photo-story-on-durga-idol-immesion-in-basirhat/ |website=BanglaLive |author=শুভদীপ ঘোষ |date=2024-10-12 |access-date=2025-02-23 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Durga Idol at Vivekananda Sangha, Basirhat, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Durga idol displayed to the public in Vivekananda Sangha, Basirhat, West Bengal]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Durga Puja in Kolkata]]<br /> * [[Durga Puja in Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Navratri]]<br /> * [[Kolkata]]<br /> * [[Basirhat]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Culture of Bengal]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sushil_Kumar_(biologist)&diff=538719 2026-02-12T03:06:31Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian geneticist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Sushil Kumar<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|12|14}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|5|2|1940|12|14}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/121/08/1123.pdf |title=Sushil Kumar (1940–2021) |journal=[[Current Science]] |first=Manoj |last=Prasad |volume=121 |issue=8 |date=25 October 2021 |page=1123 |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618112903/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/121/08/1123.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | death_place = Delhi, India<br /> | fields = {{ublist | [[Genetics]] }}<br /> | workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] | [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] | [[National Botanical Research Institute]] | National Institute of Plant Genome Research | SKA Institution for Research, Education and Development }}<br /> | alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Delhi]] | [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] | [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] | [[University of Toronto]] }}<br /> | doctoral_advisor = A. T. Natarajan<br /> | doctoral_students = <br /> | known_for = Studies on [[Escherichia coli]]&lt;br&gt;Transcription map of [[bacteriophage lambda]]<br /> | awards = 1962&amp;nbsp;[[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|IARI]] Gold Medal&lt;br&gt;1965&amp;nbsp;ISGPB Genetics Medal&lt;br&gt;1981&amp;nbsp;[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]&lt;br&gt;1986&amp;nbsp;[[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]] Distinguished Scientist Award&lt;br&gt;2000&amp;nbsp;FICCI Award&lt;br&gt;2000&amp;nbsp;[[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]&lt;br&gt;2002&amp;nbsp;[[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Shyam Bahadur Saksena Memorial Medal <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sushil Kumar''' (14 December 1940 {{endash}} 2 May 2021) was an Indian geneticist and academic, known for his Plant and microbial genetical [[genomics]], especially the studies on [[Escherichia coli]] and [[Lambda phage]] as well as on the mutants of [[Rhizobium]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Brief Profile of the Awardee&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=163 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=19 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a former director of the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] and an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], and [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Fellow - Sushil Kumar&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N95-1177 | title=Indian Fellow - Sushil Kumar | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | accessdate=24 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1981, for his contributions to biological sciences.&lt;ref name=&quot;View Bhatnagar Awardees&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=19 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Sushil Kumar, born on 14 December 1940 in the Indian capital of Delhi, did his schooling at Municipal Primary School and [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Public School]], both Delhi-based schools, and graduated in science from [[Hansraj College]], Delhi in 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAAS fellows - Sushil Kumar&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/fdetail.html | title=NAAS fellows - Sushil Kumar | publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | date=2016 | accessdate=27 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He joined the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI) for his post graduate studies from where he obtained his master's degree (MSc) in 1962 under the guidance of S. Ramanujam and continued his research there, mentored by A. T. Natarajan, to secure a doctoral degree (PhD) in 1965. He did his post-doctoral research under [[M. S. Swaminathan]], the pioneer of [[Indian Green Revolution]], during 1965–66 and continued his research in the US at [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] with Paul Margolin from 1966 to 1968, at [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] with [[Wacław Szybalski]] from 1968 to 1970 and at [[University of Toronto]] with C. R. Fuerst from 1970 to 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Fellow - Sushil Kumar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Returning to India in 1971, Kumar joined the Indian Agricultural Research Institute as a geneticist and senior scientist where he served till 1989, serving as the professor of [[Molecular biology]] and [[Agricultural biotechnology]] from 1985 onward. Moving to the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) as a senior grade scientist in 1989, he became the director of the [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]] in 1993, superannuating in that position in 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Past Directors&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cimap.res.in/english/index.php/about-us/2014-04-21-06-09-22 | title=Past Directors | publisher=Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his tenure at CSIR, he also held the directorship of two subsidiaries, the ''Human Resource Development Group'' in 1997 and the [[National Botanical Research Institute]] during 1998–99. Post his official retirement, he continued his association with CSIR as an emeritus scientist from 2001 to 2005 when he moved to the National Institute for Plant Genome Research, an autonomous institute under the [[Department of Biotechnology]] as an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Senior Scientist in 2006, holding the position till 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAAS fellows - Sushil Kumar&quot; /&gt; He has been associated with the SKA Institution for Research, Education and Development since 2012 where he continues his researches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Genetics of dioecy and causal sex chromosomes in plants&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | title=Genetics of dioecy and causal sex chromosomes in plants |author1=Kumar S. |author2=Kumari R. |author3=Sharma V. | journal=J. Genet. | date=April 2014 | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=241–77 | pmid=24840848 | doi=10.1007/s12041-014-0326-7|s2cid=255493072 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> [[File:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|thumb|235px|Escherichia Coli]]<br /> The researches of Sushil Kumar which focused on the fields of plant and microbial genetical [[genomics]] are reported to have assisted in a wider understanding of biotechnology and crop breeding.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAAS fellows - Sushil Kumar&quot; /&gt; His early researches helped in the discovery of ''structural arrangement of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus'' and later, working on [[Escherichia coli]] and its [[bacteriophage Lambda]], he described its transcription map.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | accessdate=19 September 2016 | pages=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; He elucidated the [[pleiotropic]] functions of [[cyclic AMP]] in Escherichia coli and elaborated on the antitermination and antiparallel transcription and transcription termination sites of Lambda phage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Fellow - Sushil Kumar&quot; /&gt; He is known to have discovered new genes in [[Rhizobium]], a [[nitrogen-fixing]] soil bacteria and developed its mutants which has higher nitrogen fixing capabilities, thus contributing to augmenting the cultivation of crops such as [[Pisum sativum]] (Pea), [[Catharanthus roseus]] (Madagascar periwinkle) and [[Triticum aestivum]] (Wheat).&lt;ref name=&quot;Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners&quot; /&gt; His work also helped in the genetic improvement which yielded higher levels of [[artemisinin]] in [[Artemisia annua]] (Sweet wormwood) and essential oil in [[Mentha arvensis]] (Wild mint). His researches have been documented by way of over 300 articles and 25 books and he has received 80 international and 52 Indian patents for his work.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar; Sushil - Patents&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.patentgenius.com/inventor/KumarSushil.html | title=Kumar; Sushil - Patents | publisher=Patent Genius | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1971, Kumar founded the molecular genetics laboratory of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute{{Refn|group=note|The laboratory grew to become the ''Biotechnology Centre'' in 1985 and the ''National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology'' in 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ztmbpd.iari.res.in/?q=content/national-research-centre-plant-biotechnology | title=National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology | publisher=ZTMBPD | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} and later, contributed to the introduction of an academic course in [[molecular genetics]] at the institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Fellow - Sushil Kumar&quot; /&gt; During his tenure at the [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]], he established a regional field station of the institute at [[Uttaranchal]] and founded a central Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Laboratory. A former president of the [[Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding]] (1994–97), he started the ''Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences'' during his tenure as the president.&lt;ref name=&quot;Office Bearers&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.isgpb.co.in/Obearers.aspx | title=Office Bearers | publisher=Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was associated with several other science journals such as [[Journal of Genetics]], ''Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding'', ''Indian Journal of Experimental Biology'' and ''Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy'' and mentored 32 doctoral scholars in their researches.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Fellow - Sushil Kumar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honors ==<br /> Sushil Kumar received the Gold Medal from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1962 and the Genetics Medal of the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding in 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAAS fellows - Sushil Kumar&quot; /&gt; The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;View Bhatnagar Awardees&quot; /&gt; The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] awarded him the Distinguished Scientist Award in 1986 and he received two awards in 2000, the FICCI Science Award of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] and the [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]].&lt;ref name=&quot;OPB Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/agriculture.html | title=OPB Awards | publisher=Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Shyam Bahadur Saksena Memorial Medal of INSA reached him in 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;Professor Shyam Bahadur Saksena Memorial Award&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#ps | title=Professor Shyam Bahadur Saksena Memorial Award | publisher=INSA | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 2003, he delivered the Dr. B. P. Pal Memorial Lecture of the National Academy of Sciences, India.&lt;ref name=&quot;B. P. Pal Memorial Lecture&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/leca.htm | title=B. P. Pal Memorial Lecture | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as their fellow in 1981&lt;ref name=&quot;Fellow Profile IAS&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sushil_Kumar,_Prof._ | title=Fellow Profile IAS | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] followed suit in 1992. A year later, he was elected as a fellow by the National Academy of Sciences, India&lt;ref name=&quot;NASI fellow&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K | title=NASI fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Fellow - Sushil Kumar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[M. S. Swaminathan]]<br /> * [[Wacław Szybalski]]<br /> {{portal|India|Biology}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://www.nipgr.res.in/research/prof_skumar.php | title=Sushil Kumar | publisher=National Institute of Plant Genome Research | work=Scientist profile | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/PGR/author-auth_Sushil%20Kumar-lang_en.html | title=Sushil Kumar | publisher=Bioversity International, Food and Agriculture Organization | work=Author profile | date=2016 | accessdate=28 September 2016}}<br /> * {{cite journal | url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/science/botany/spandey.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002164821/http://www.bhu.ac.in/science/botany/spandey.php | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 October 2015 | title=Salt tolerant mutants in GLYCOPHYTIC SALINITY RESPONSE (GSR) genes in Catharanthus roseus | author=Shashi Pandey Rai, R. Luthra and Sushil Kumar | journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics | year=2003 | volume=106 | issue=2 | pages=221–230 | doi=10.1007/s00122-002-1026-x| pmid=12582847 | s2cid=20742960 | url-access=subscription }}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite journal | url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/10878686/genetics-of-flowering-time-in-bread-wheat-triticum-aestivum-indian-/7 | title=Genetics of flowering time in Bread Wheat Triticum Aestivum |author1=Kumar S. |author2=Sharma V. |author3=Chaudhary S. |author4=Tyagi A. |author5=Mishra P. |author6=Priyadarshini A. |author7=Singh A. | journal=Journal of Genetics | date=April 2012 | volume=91 | issue=1 | pages=33–47 |doi=10.1007/s12041-012-0149-3 | pmid=22546824 | s2cid=255493006 | url-access=subscription }}<br /> <br /> {{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sushil}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]<br /> [[Category:1940 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Wisconsin&amp;ndash;Madison alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]<br /> [[Category:Indian geneticists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]<br /> [[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiranand_Sastri&diff=451257 2026-02-07T22:52:27Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: Revised and enhanced article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian archaeologist (1878–1946)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Hiranand Sastri<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date text|1878}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1946|8|4|1878}}<br /> | death_place = [[Gurdaspur]]<br /> | other_names = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | occupation = Archaeologist<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | children = [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]] 'Agyeya'<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''''''Hiranand''' Sastri''' (1878–1946) was an Indian archaeologist, [[epigraphist]] and official of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] who was involved in the excavation of numerous sites including [[Nalanda]]&lt;ref name=phuocle&gt;{{Cite book|title = Buddhist Architecture|last = Le|first = Huu Phuoc|publisher = Grafikol|year = 2010|isbn = 978-0984404308|page = 59|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|}} and [[Sankissa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=F. R. Allchin|author2=George Erdosy|author-link1=F. R. Allchin|author-link2=George Erdosy|title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521376955|page=297|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfZRVIjjZHYC|access-date=9 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His son, [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]] 'Agyeya', Nityanand hiranand vatsyayan and Ramananda Shastri was a Hindi language poet and writer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Amaresh Datta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC |title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo) |date=2006 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=9788126018031 |page=103 |access-date=9 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Sastri was born in 1878 in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. He graduated from the [[D.A.V. College (Lahore), Ambala City|D.A.V. College]], [[Lahore]], winning a Gold Medal in the BA examination in the [[Sanskrit]] and English subjects. He obtained an MA from the [[Oriental College, Lahore]] (under [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]]),{{when|date=August 2019}} and again won a Gold Medal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Mani|editor-first=B. R.|last1=Ray|first1=Purnima|last2=Patil|first2=C. B.|title=Remembering Stalwarts: Biographical Sketches of Scholars from Archaeological Survey of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ttx-oAEACAAJ|year=2014|publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|pages=201–202|oclc=934249757}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Sastri started his career as a professor of Sanskrit and Philosophy at D.A.V. College, and later, he became a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] in Sanskrit at the Punjab University, teaching Sanskrit and [[Comparative Philology]]. He passed the Honours Examination in Sanskrit and received the Master of Oriental Learning (MOL).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He joined the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1903 and was appointed as an assistant archaeologist surveyor in the Northern Circle. Soon after, he was deputed by [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]], the then director general of ASI, to survey some archaeological sites in the [[Ganga]]-[[Yamuna]] [[doab]], where he found some [[Copper Hoard Culture|copper hoard]] objects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani2014&quot; /&gt; He explored and surveyed sites in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] including Rajpur Parasu, [[Bithoor]], Parihar, [[Kullu]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] and [[Suketi|Suket]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani2014&quot; /&gt; He was the first person to have noticed the [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] inscriptions at Shalri, which were later studied by [[J. Ph. Vogel]] and [[Dineshchandra Sircar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-06-22 |title=Rare rock inscription in HP Banjar valley: A forgotten story |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/rare-rock-inscription-in-hp-banjar-valley-a-forgotten-story/articleshow/101177377.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was promoted to the rank of Assistant Archaeologist, Librarian and Curator of the [[Nagpur]] Government Museum in 1906. He was sent to [[Harappa]] in 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani2014&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 September 1925, he was appointed the government epigraphist for India. He held the post till 10 October 1933. He edited some volumes of ''[[Epigraphia Indica]]'', the official publication of the ASI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> He died on 4 August 1946 in [[Gurdaspur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani2014&quot;/&gt; &lt;!---aged 82.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair2000&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis|last=Nair|first=Sheeba A|title=अज्ञेय के उपन्यासों में वैयत्त्किकता|trans-title=Individuality in the Novels of Agyeya|language=hi|type=PHD thesis|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Kerala]]|publication-place=Thiruvananthapuram|page=3|hdl=10603/160771|via=[[Shodhganga]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;---&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recognition==<br /> The Punjab University awarded him the Doctor of Literature for his work ''[[Bhāsa|Bhasa]] and the Authorship of the Thirteen [[Trivandrum]] Plays''. The [[Baroda State]] awarded him the title of ''Jñānaratna''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mani2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected works==<br /> * [[Nālandā]] and Its Epigraphic Material, 1942, Issue 66 of the Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India<br /> * A guide to [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]], 1934, Kanak Publications<br /> * The Ruins Of [[Dabhoi]] Or Darbhavati In Baroda State, 1940, [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwads]] Archaeological Series <br /> * {{cite book|last=Sastri|first=Hiranand|author-link=Hiranand Sastri|title=The Baghela Dynasty of Rewah|url=https://archive.org/details/bagheladynastyof21shas|year=1998|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|oclc=85167561}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Hirananda Shastri}}<br /> * {{Gbooks-author|Hiranand Sastri}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sastri, Hiranand}}<br /> [[Category:1878 births]]<br /> [[Category:1946 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological Survey of India people]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeologists from British India]]<br /> <br /> {{Archaeologist-stub}}<br /> {{India-scientist-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kundam&diff=511151 2026-02-06T13:37:55Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: adding new info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tehsil in Jabalpur District}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kundam <br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.21|N|80.34|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur District]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Janpad panchayat <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 4,856<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 20]]<br /> }} <br /> '''Kundam''' is a [[Census Town]] City and a [[Tehsil]] headquarter located in [[Jabalpur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;https://jabalpur.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It lies in the [[Mahakoshal]] region.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Kundam is located on '''23.21°N 80.34°E'''. It has an average elevation of 381 metres. [[Hiran River (Madhya Pradesh)|Hiran River]] is originates from here. 483110 is pin code of Kundam town. Kundam is located on NH 45.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.maplandiacom/india/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur/kundam/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Kundam is located on Jabalpur-Shahpura-Dindori Road. Kundam is a small town and many service available here. Interesting places in the town is kundeshwar Shiv Temple. Many kundas available here. Hiran river origin from here. &lt;ref&gt;https://aryango.com/kundeshwar-dham-kundam-jabalpur/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Villages==<br /> # Baghraji<br /> # Lakhanwara <br /> # Harduli<br /> &lt;ref&gt;https://prd.mp.gov.in/PanchParmeshwar/Public/WorksSummaryPanchayatWise.aspx?DistId=Mzk=&amp;LBId=MjQyNzU=&amp;TypeId=MA==&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> '''Kundam''' is located on [[National Highway 45 (India)|NH 45]]. It's connected [[Jabalpur]] and [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]] with Kundam. Kundam is 45 km away from Jabalpur. Daily buses runs from here.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jabalpur Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Jabalpur district]]<br /> <br /> {{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishwas_Mehta&diff=544984 2026-02-05T08:06:43Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = <br /> | governor = [[Arif Mohammed Khan]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Tom Jose]] [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | term_start = June 2020<br /> | term_end = February 2021<br /> | office = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], [[Government of Kerala]]<br /> | 1blankname = [[Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | birth_place = Dungarpur, [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|02|19}}<br /> | successor = [[Joy Vazhayil|Dr. V. P. Joy IAS]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Vishwas Mehta''' (born 19 February 1961) is a senior [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer from [[Kerala]] who retired as the Chief Secretary, [[Government of Kerala]]. A native of Rajasthan, he also served as the Chief Information Commissioner of Kerala for a period of three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Vishwas Mehta new CIC of Kerala|url=https://www.tkbsen.in/2021/03/vishwas-mehta-new-cic-of-kerala/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The Sen Times|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607153741/https://www.tkbsen.in/2021/03/vishwas-mehta-new-cic-of-kerala/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Mehta belongs to 1986 batch of IAS. He began his civil service career as assistant collector of Kollam and Wayanad. Mehta took over as Deputy Secretary in the Revenue Department in 1991 and in 1992 he became Managing Director of the Kerala State Cooperative Rubber Marketing Federation. He had also served as District Collector of Idukki and Wayanad and as Managing Director of Milma. He also served as Principal Secretary in Revenue and Health Department, Additional Chief Secretary in Revenue, Economic Affairs and Housing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-05-27|title=Vishwas Mehta is new Chief Secretary|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vishwas-mehta-is-new-chief-secretary/article31688620.ece|access-date=2021-06-07|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sebastian|first=Shevlin|title=Vishwas Mehta talks about the four M's to Kerala's success|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/vishwas-mehta-talks-about-the-four-m-s-to-kerala-s-success-1.4974735|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before appointed as Chief Secretary of Kerala, he was Home Secretary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vishwas Mehta likely to be next chief secretary of Kerala - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/May/11/vishwas-mehta-likely-to-be-next-chief-secretary-of-kerala-2141703.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as the Chief Secretary, Government of Kerala during the period June 2020 to February 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=VP Joy takes charge as Kerala's new Chief Secretary|url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=501327&amp;u=vp-joy-takes-charge-as-keralas-new-chief-secretary|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.keralakaumudi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; After retirement, he was appointed as the Chief Information Commissioner of Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vishwas Mehta to be appointed as Chief Information Commissioner|url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=485536&amp;u=vishwas-mehta-to-be-appointed-as-chief-information-commissioner|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.keralakaumudi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |author=ANI |user=ANI |number=1366344810622193664 |date=1 March 2021 |title=Kerala Governor Arif Mohammed Khan today administered the oath of office to Dr Vishwas Mehta, who has been appointed as Chief Information Commissioner, Kerala State Information Commission https://t.co/vG6DzJtpxl |language=en |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313210352/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1366344810622193664 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Vishwas}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garur&diff=455174 2026-01-31T13:51:31Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Garur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town <br /> | image_skyline = Garur, Bageshwar.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Garur Skyline<br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|29.89788|N|79.616798|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = Baijnath [[Uttarakhand]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Bageshwar <br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = Temple of [[Garuda]], a holy hindu bird <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 2.45<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 1150<br /> | population_total = 5002<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = 2500<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=बहुप्रतीक्षित गरुड़ नगर पंचायत की अधिसूचना जारी, 5002 होगी आबादी | trans-title =Notification issued for much awaited Garud Nagar Panchayat, population to be 5002 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/almora/notification-of-nagar-nikay-garur-garud-news-hld432285832 |accessdate=28 October 2021 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 263641<br /> | registration_plate = UK <br /> | website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Garur''' is a town in the [[Bageshwar district]] of the state of [[Uttarakhand]], India.&lt;ref&gt;[http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/state_html/joint_ac_more_mem.aspx?page=D&amp;lflag=local&amp;state_name=%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1&amp;state_code=35&amp;district_name=BAGESHWAR&amp;district_code=3512&amp;block_name=Garur&amp;block_code=3512003&amp;fin_year=2012-2013&amp;Digest=XNWbYP7z2Ph7oZ0CaJGItw Account Opened and Amount Disbursed through Bank/Post Office in MGNREGA]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> Garur is one of the subdivisions in Bageshwar district. The subdivisional magistrate office is situated nearby at Purda. Tehsil headquarters are also in Purda. The block office of Garud Block is located in Gadsher Village. Garur has forest range offices at Gadkhet and Baijnath.<br /> <br /> The Garur Nagar Panchayat was established on 23 July 2021. At the time of its formation, the total population of the town was 5,002 and it was spread over an area of {{convert|2.45482|km2|mi2}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड: थलीसैण, ढंडेरा, लालपुर और गरुड़ को नगर पंचायत का दर्जा, नगर निकायों की संख्या बढ़कर हुई 94 |trans-title = Uttarakhand: Thalisain, Dhandera, Lalpur and Garud get Nagar Panchayat status, number of municipal bodies increases to 94 |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-thalisen-dhandera-lalpur-and-garud-became-nagar-panchayat-in-uttarakhand-21859742.html |accessdate=28 October 2021 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Geography and demographics==<br /> Garur town spreads in a vast valley formed by glaciation and river erosion of Gomati and Garur Ganga. The climate of Garur is Sub-tropical to temperate lowest temperature ranging around 5&amp;nbsp;°C and highest up to 35&amp;nbsp;°C.<br /> <br /> Nearby towns include [[Kausani]], [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]], Kot Bhramari Gwaldam and Bageshwar.<br /> <br /> Neighbouring villages include Silli, Amoli, Matena (Joshikhola), Darsani, Anna, Paye, Jijoli, Bhagartola, Dyonai, Motisyari, [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]], Shemar, Kajuli, Garhsher, Gagrigol, Chitrapal, Tilsari, Salani, Mattee, Bheta, Lobanj, Dangoli, Wajula, Dhaina, Sirkot, and Parkoti. Garur is about 16&amp;nbsp;km away from [[Kausani]]. Garur is 25&amp;nbsp;km away from Gwaldam.<br /> <br /> ==Heritage==<br /> The regions around Garur are characterised by several historical sites mainly Temples, Naulas and various other archeological remains. It has the historical privilege of once being the capital of Katyuri Dynasty that ruled over the Kumaon region during 13th and 14th century.<br /> <br /> Around 5–6&amp;nbsp;km from Garur there is a temple of Bhagwati Mata (Kot Ka Mandir), which once was a fort owned by the [[Katyuri Kings]]. The guru [[Adi Shankar]] stayed in the temple while en route to Badrinath after closing the ears of Lord Shiva at Jageswar. <br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> <br /> The market of Garur is one of the oldest and largest in the region.<br /> <br /> A central government scientific research center named CIMAP (Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) is situated near the village of Purada.<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> After [[Kausani]], Garur is midway between [[Gwaldam]] and Bageshwar and is a stop for KMVN buses en route to Delhi.<br /> <br /> Train services are available up to Kathgodam, a hub from which other routes depart.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bageshwar district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Bageshwar district]]<br /> [[Category:Bageshwar]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogla&diff=469021 2026-01-31T06:24:24Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: added references</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Pithoragarh district]]<br /> {{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[sv:Kumaun]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Goldsborough&diff=463969 2026-01-29T19:08:57Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: cleanup references per sources and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{about||the United States Navy officer|John R. Goldsborough|the legal reporter|John Goldesburg}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> [[File:Fort William, Calcutta, 1735.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Fort William, India|Fort William]], Calcutta, 1735]]<br /> '''Sir John Goldsborough''' (died November 1693) was a sea-captain and administrator of the [[British East India Company]]. He was the founder of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in [[Calcutta, India]].<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> ===Early life===<br /> He was a native of [[Suffolk]], in which county he possessed an estate. He was in command of the [[East Indiaman]] ''Antelope'' when that ship was taken by a [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Dutch fleet]], between [[Masulipatam]] and [[Madras]] on 22 August 1673. His account of the engagement is in the [[Bodleian Library]]. He later commanded the ''Falcon'' in 1673–4, and ''Bengal Merchant'' in 1676–7, 1683, and 1686.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite DNB|wstitle=Goldsborough, John|volume=22|accessdate=|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> The death of [[Sir John Child, 1st Baronet|Sir John Child]] in February 1690 created a vacuum in power within the company's hierarchy in India, and no officer initially succeeded Child. In January 1691, the Company directors resolved to appoint Gainsborough to act as the first member of council at the different settlements in India.&lt;ref&gt;James Talboys Wheeler, ''Madras in the Olden Time: Being a History of the Presidency from the First Foundation'', J. Higginbotham, 1861, p.249&lt;/ref&gt; In February, he was knighted, and given the official title of ‘supervisor-commissary-general and chief governor' and set sail for India in March. The following year he was made ‘captain-general and commander-in-chief’ based at [[Madras]].&lt;ref&gt;John Holland Rose, Arthur Percival Newton, Ernest Alfred Benians, Henry Dodwell, ''The Cambridge History of the British Empire'', Volume 1, CUP Archive, 1929, p.102&lt;/ref&gt; He arrived at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]] on 5 December 1692. His first instructions from the directors were to proceed with the construction of a steeple at a church at Fort George and to enlarge the town into a quadrangle.&lt;ref&gt;James Talboys Wheeler, ''Madras in the Olden Time: Being a History of the Presidency from the First Foundation'', J. Higginbotham, 1861, p.249&lt;/ref&gt; He thereafter began investigating the quarrel between the late governor, [[Elihu Yale]], and his council. In June 1693 he went to [[Fort St. David]], and after a short stay there returned by land to Madras in July.<br /> <br /> [[File:&quot;A Perspective View of Fort William&quot; by Jan Van Ryne, 1754.jpg|thumb|&quot;A Perspective View of Fort William&quot; by Jan Van Ryne, 1754]]<br /> <br /> On 29 July he embarked for the [[Bay of Bengal]], arriving at Chatanati, just north of [[Calcutta]] on 12 August. He reported unfavourably of the late [[Job Charnock]] and the disorder that followed amongst the company's servants. He criticised Charnock's successor [[Francis Ellis (colonial administrator)|Francis Ellis]] as worsening the situation, and noting that he was &quot;a man too easy and weak to stand alone in the head of such an affairs as this&quot; and that &quot;he led too loose a life to give any good example or govern this place&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sudip Bhattacharya, ''Unseen Enemy: The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617–1847'', Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 30 Jun 2014, p.54&lt;/ref&gt; Ellis was quickly remanded to Fort St. George, and [[Charles Eyre]] made his replacement. <br /> <br /> During his stay in Bengal, he criticised how everyone built as they pleased, without regulation, and noted how the company would incur large costs rectifying factories poorly constructed on unsuitable land. To resolve the situation he ordered a suitable piece of land to be enclosed by mud walls, and upon the approval of the local government, a factory was to be built on the land. The factory was to become the [[Fort William, India|Fort William]]. He also ordered Eyre to relocate the administrators into the only brick building, along with the papers in their possessions, which were at the time housed in thatched huts and liable to the hazard of fire.&lt;ref&gt;Sudip Bhattacharya, ''Unseen Enemy: The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617–1847'', Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 30 Jun 2014, p.54&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Death===<br /> While staying at Chatanati, Goldsborough was struck down by fever and died ‘within some few days after’ 28 November 1693. Before leaving London he made a will, dated 7 March 1691, wherein he described himself as ‘of Bethnall Green, in the county of Middlesex, knight, being bound on a voyage to the East India beyond the seas in the shipp Berkly Castle’ (registered in P. C. C. 12, Bond). Goldsborough was succeeded by [[John Gayer (died 1711)|Sir John Gayer]], who was appointed General of India and based at [[Bombay]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Following his death, his wife and children remained at Charles Street, Fort George. His widow Mary later married Roger Braddyll, a member of Governor Pitt's council at Fort St. George. She died in India some time previously to 4 November 1702, on which day her husband administered to her estate at London.&lt;ref&gt;Henry Davidson Love, Indian Records Series ''Vestiges of Old Madras 1640–1800'', Mittal Publications, p.553&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Goldsborough, John}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:1693 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:British people in British India]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayan_(musician)&diff=509105 2026-01-23T09:08:01Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: adding a article!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian musician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> '''Ambika Nayak''', known professionally as '''Kayan''', is an Indian musician, singer and disc jockey.<br /> <br /> Her stage name, Kayan, is derived from reversing her surname &quot;Nayak&quot;. Additionally, she is also a part of the group Kimochi Youkai and the electronic music duo Nothing Anonymous with Nirmit Shah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-08-22|title=Watch Kayan's Fresh Music Video for New Single 'Cool Kids'|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/watch-kayans-fresh-music-video-for-new-single-cool-kids/|website=Rolling Stone India|date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MW1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-08-29|title=Fashion, Passion And More: Meet Ambika Nayak aka Kayan|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/currentedition/dj-singer-songwriter-ambika-nayak-on-her-musical-journey/|website=Man's World|date=24 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Nayak, her family was already musically inclined, with her mother being a Hindustani classical vocalist and her grandmother, a [[Kathak]] dancer, and she was thus able to get substantial exposure and training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-08-22|title=Kayan to rock, jazz in Hyderabad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/may/26/kayan-to-rock-jazz-in-hyderabad-2457911.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 May 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the end of 2021, she was reportedly one of the most streamed female indie artists on [[Spotify]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-08-22|title=10 indie artistes who shook up India's music scene in 2021|url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/10-indie-artistes-who-shook-up-indias-music-scene-in-2021|date=28 December 2021|website=Vogue India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-08-22|title=Checking in with Kayan: Ambika Nayak talks about going solo, DJing and fashion|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/checking-in-with-kayan-23211781|date=29 January 2022|website=Mid-day}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, she released her seventh and eighth singles ''DFWM'' (abbreviation of ''Don't Fuck With Me'') and ''No Shade'', the latter of which featured Singaporean rapper [[Yung Raja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=Scott|last1=Ng|access-date=2022-08-22|title=India's Kayan enlists Yung Raja for new single 'No Shade'|website=[[NME]] |url=https://www.nme.com/en_asia/news/music/indias-kayan-enlists-yung-raja-for-new-single-no-shade-3289786|date=15 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> The magazine ''[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]]'' praised her live DJ sets as &quot;passionately genre-agnostic, driven by feel and an inexplicable sixth-sense tied to her spectators&quot;, and claimed that they had been key to her overall musical popularity.&lt;ref name=&quot;MW1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> '''Singles'''<br /> <br /> * ''Cool Kids'' (2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;MW&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-08-22|title=Best Of 2020: Indian Noisemakers On Our Radar|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/currentedition/best-of-2020-indian-noisemakers-on-our-radar/|website=Man's World|date=29 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Please'' (2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;MW&quot;/&gt;<br /> * ''Be Alright'' (2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2022-08-22|title=10 Best Indian Music Videos of 2021|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/10-best-indian-music-videos-of-2021/|website=Rolling Stone India|date=21 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''On My Own'' (2021)<br /> * ''DFWM'' (2022)<br /> * ''No Shade'' (2023)<br /> * ''52'' (2023)<br /> * ''stop calling me'' (2023)<br /> * ''plenty'' (2023)<br /> * ''Attention'' (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2026-01-23|title=Spotify - Kayan - Discography|url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/3lfolnS8yn0VWK2FKM0hWs/discography/all|website=Spotify|date=23 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Kayan Home Sessions'' (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Heartrate'' (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Hold Me Down'' (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Hold Me Down (Unplugged)'' (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> '''EPs'''<br /> <br /> * ''Is Love Enough?'' (2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;Spotify&quot; /&gt;<br /> ** Denim Jeans<br /> ** Good Kinda Love<br /> ** Hold Me Down<br /> ** Too Long<br /> ** i'm fine<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Web series===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | ''[[Hello Mini]]''<br /> | Vixy<br /> | Season 2<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Singers Kayan and Noor Chahal: On YouTube Music Foundry, and breaking out in style |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singers-kayan-and-noor-chahal-on-youtube-music-foundry-and-breaking-out-in-style/article65926740.ecem |date=24 September 2022 |website=The Hindu }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kayan}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian web series actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian DJs]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-musician-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camembert&diff=445736 2026-01-22T12:53:27Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: minor changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|French soft cheese}}{{For-multi|the French village|Camembert, Orne|the chart|Pie chart}}{{Expand French|topic=cult|Camembert (fromage)|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox cheese<br /> | name = Camembert<br /> | image =File:Camembert de Normandie (AOP) 11.jpg<br /> | othernames =<br /> | country = France<br /> | region = [[Normandy]]<br /> | town = [[Camembert, Orne|Camembert]]<br /> | source = [[Cow]]s<br /> | pasteurized = Not traditionally<br /> | texture = Soft-ripened<br /> | aging = At least 3 weeks<br /> | certification = Camembert de Normandie<br /> [[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée|AOC]] 1983, [[protected designation of origin|PDO]] 1992<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Camembert''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|m|ə|m|b|ɛər}} {{respell|KAM|əm|bair}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|-|m|ɒ|m|-}} {{respell|-|om|-}}, {{IPA|fr|kamɑ̃bɛʁ|lang|Fr-Paris--Camembert.ogg}}) is a moist, soft, creamy, surface-ripened [[cow]]'s [[milk]] [[cheese]]. It was first made in the late 18th century in [[Camembert, Orne|Camembert]], [[Normandy]], in northwest [[France]]. It is [[Camembert#Comparison to brie|sometimes compared]] in look, taste and texture to [[brie cheese]], albeit with a slightly lower [[butterfat]] content than brie's&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://foodstruct.com/compare/brie-vs-camembert|title=Brie vs Camembert - Health impact and Nutrition Comparison|website=Food Struct|access-date=2022-05-08|archive-date=2022-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520163633/https://foodstruct.com/compare/brie-vs-camembert|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; typical 20% – 25% by weight.<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The first camembert was made from [[raw milk|unpasteurized milk]], and the [[Appellation d'origine contrôlée|AOC]] variety &quot;Camembert de Normandie&quot; (approximately 10% of the production) is required by law to be made only with unpasteurized milk. Many modern cheesemakers outside of Normandy, France, however, use pasteurized milk for reasons of safety, compliance with regulations, or convenience.&lt;ref name=smith&gt;{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Tim | title = Making artisan cheese : 50 fine cheeses that you can make in your own kitchen | publisher = Quarry Books | location = Beverly, Massachusetts | year = 2005 | isbn =1-59253-197-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The cheese is made by inoculating warmed cow milk with [[mesophilic]] bacteria, then adding [[rennet]] and allowing the mixture to coagulate. The curd is then cut into roughly 1&amp;nbsp;cm (1/2 inch) cubes, salted, and transferred to low cylindrical camembert molds.&lt;ref name=smith /&gt; The molds are turned every six to twelve hours to allow the [[whey]] to drain evenly from the cut curds; after 48 hours, each mold contains a flat, cylindrical, solid cheese mass weighing generally 250 grams (about 9 oz). At this point the fresh cheese is hard, crumbly, and bland.<br /> <br /> The surface of each cheese is then sprayed with an aqueous suspension of the [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] ''[[Penicillium camemberti]]'', and the cheeses are left to ripen for a legally required minimum of three weeks. This [[affinage]] produces the distinctive [[bloomy rind|bloomy, edible rind]] and creamy interior texture characteristic of the cheese.&lt;ref name=smith /&gt; Once the cheeses are sufficiently ripe, they are wrapped in paper and may be placed in wooden boxes for transport.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:camembert.JPG|thumb|Camembert from [[Normandy]]]]<br /> Camembert was reportedly first made in 1791 by [[Marie Harel]], a farmer from [[Normandy]], following advice from Abbot {{ill|Charles-Jean Bonvoust|fr}} who came from [[Alençon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.camembert-aoc.org/unil-uk/htm/historique-uk.htm |title=The Invention of Marie Harel, ''Camembert de Normandie'' web site |access-date=2007-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104104135/http://www.camembert-aoc.org/unil-uk/htm/historique-uk.htm |archive-date=2010-01-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She is credited with having refined a previously existing cheese recipe from the [[Pays d'Auge]] region and having launched it into the wider world.&lt;ref name= &quot;Carr1981&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Carr|first=Sandy|title=The Simon and Schuster pocket guide to Cheese|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|year=1981|page=44|language=en|oclc=7459647|isbn=0-671-42475-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; She passed her secrets on to her daughter, whose husband, Victor Paynel, presented one of his wife's best cheeses to [[Napoleon III]], who gave to it his royal seal of approval.&lt;ref name= &quot;Carr1981&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The origin of the cheese known today as Camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialization of the cheesemaking process at the end of the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;Pierre Boisard, ''Camembert: A National Myth'', 2003 ( {{ISBN|0-520-22550-3}} ) claims that Camembert was one of the first globalized, homogenized, and standardized foods.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel, devised the wooden box that was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America, where it became very popular. These boxes are still used today.<br /> <br /> Before [[fungi]] were understood, the colour of Camembert [[:wikt:rind|rind]] was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots. From the early 20th century onwards, the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.<br /> <br /> The cheese was famously issued to French troops during [[World War I]], becoming firmly fixed in French popular culture as a result. It has many other roles in French culture, literature, and history. It is now internationally known, and many local varieties are made around the world.<br /> <br /> The variety named ''{{lang|fr|Camembert de Normandie}}'' was granted a [[protected designation of origin]] in 1992 after the original [[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée|AOC]] in 1983. The AOC Camembert can only be made from raw, unpasteurized milk from [[Normande]]s cows. Problems with hygiene regulations have caused restrictions on importation and sale in some countries, notably the US;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-13/camembert-cheese-might-be-going-extinct |title=One of the World's Great Cheeses Might Be Going Extinct |last=Zimberoff |first=Larissa |date=2017-06-13 |website=www.bloomberg.com |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2019-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102224847/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-13/camembert-cheese-might-be-going-extinct |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; a variant made from pasteurized milk is sold in these territories instead.<br /> <br /> == Chemical composition ==<br /> Camembert cheese gets its characteristic odor from many compounds. These include [[diacetyl]] (buttery flavoring for popcorn), [[3-methylbutanal]], [[methional]] (degradation product of [[methionine]]), [[1-octen-3-ol]] and [[1-octen-3-one]] (degradation products of fats), [[phenethyl acetate]], [[2-undecanone]], [[δ-decalactone]], [[butyric acid]], and [[isovaleric acid]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal<br /> | first = J. | last = Kubíckováa |author2=W. Groscha | year = 1998 | title = Evaluation of Flavour Compounds of Camembert Cheese<br /> | journal = International Dairy Journal | volume=314 | pages=11–16 | doi =10.1016/S0958-6946(98)00015-6<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as volatile sulfur compounds such as [[S-Methyl thioacetate]].&lt;ref&gt;Martínez-Cuesta MDC, Peláez C, Requena T. Methionine metabolism: major pathways and enzymes involved and strategies for control and diversification of volatile sulfur compounds in cheese. ''Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition'' 2013; 53(4): 366-385. {{doi|10.1080/10408398.2010.536918}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery caption=&quot;Significant contributors to odor of camembert cheese&quot; widths=&quot;150px&quot; heights=&quot;120px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Isovaleric acid structure.png|[[Isovaleric acid]]<br /> File:Butandion - Butanedione.svg|[[Diacetyl]]<br /> File:Oct-1-en-3-one.svg|[[Oct-1-en-3-one]]<br /> File:3-(methylthio)propanal 200.svg|[[Methional]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> Overripe camembert contains an unpleasant, excessive amount of ammonia, which is produced by the same microorganisms required for ripening.&lt;ref name=McGee&gt;{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |title=On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |year=2004 |isbn=0-684-80001-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Comparison to brie ==<br /> [[Brie (cheese)|Brie]] and Camembert are two similar soft cheeses that are both made from cow's milk. Despite their similarities, there are notable differences between them, including their origin, market shape, size, and flavor.<br /> <br /> Brie cheese originates from the [[Brie (region)|Brie]] while camembert comes from [[Normandy]]. Traditionally, Brie was produced in large wheels measuring either 22.9 cm (9 in) or 36.8 cm (14.5 in) in diameter.&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt; As a result, Brie takes longer to ripen compared to the smaller Camembert cheeses. When sold, Brie is typically cut into segments from the larger wheels, although some variations of Brie are sold as small, flat cylinders. Consequently, the sides of Brie segments are not covered by the rind. On the other hand, Camembert is ripened as a small round cheese measuring 10.2 cm (4 in) in diameter by 3.2 cm (1.26 in) in thickness, and it is fully covered by its rind.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= 14 June 2023|title=Camembert vs Brie: What's the Difference |url=https://whatdifferencebetween.com/camembert-vs-brie-difference/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=whatdifferencebetween.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720050145/https://whatdifferencebetween.com/camembert-vs-brie-difference/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This difference in size and rind coverage gives Camembert a slightly stronger flavor compared to Brie ripened for the same duration. Once the rind is cut on Camembert, it typically emits a more pungent aroma than Brie.<br /> <br /> In terms of taste, Camembert has a stronger, slightly sour, and sometimes chalky flavor. The texture of Camembert is also softer than that of Brie. When warmed, Camembert becomes creamier, while Brie retains more of its structure when heated. These variations contribute to the contrasting characteristics of the two cheeses.<br /> <br /> == Packaging ==<br /> [[File:Camembert cheese selection at a supermarket in Fécamp, Normandy.jpg|thumb|Camembert selection at a supermarket in [[Fécamp]], [[Normandy]]]]<br /> Typically camembert tends to be sold whole in thin, round, wooden containers made from [[Populus|poplar]]. Modern variations in packaging include cartons and tin cans, with a ring-pull tab for opening (Camembert in metallic boxes does not exist on the French market). The cardboard boxes are reserved for the low-cost camemberts. The product is the same as in the wooden container, wrapped dry in a paper/foil wrapper, and not immersed in brine or oil.<br /> <br /> == Camembert from other countries==<br /> A similar cheese is produced in Hungary under the same name,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Camembert in Hungary |url=http://www.chew.hu/camembert/ |website=Chew.hu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140619181100/http://www.chew.hu/camembert/ |archive-date=2014-06-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the Czech Republic under the name ''{{lang|hu|[[Hermelín]]}}'' and in Slovakia as ''{{lang|sk|encián}}'' or ''{{lang|sk|plesnivec}}''. A Camembert-type cheese is also manufactured in Cornwall, UK, and marketed as &quot;Cornish Camembert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ccl-ltd.co.uk/cornish-camembert.html |title=Cornish Camembert |publisher=Cornish Country Larder Ltd |access-date=2014-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627170151/http://ccl-ltd.co.uk/cornish-camembert.html |archive-date=2015-06-27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fonterra]] in [[New Zealand]] make a variant called Camembert Log. This is a long cylinder that is about {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter and weighs {{convert|1|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Fonterra |first1=Pacific |title=Mainland Special Reserve Creamy Camembert Log |url=https://www.fonterrapacific.com/product/mainland-special-reserve-creamy-camembert-log |website=Fonterra |publisher=Fonterra Pacific |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008142937/https://www.fonterrapacific.com/product/mainland-special-reserve-creamy-camembert-log |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fonterra also make conventional Camembert cheeses under their Mainland, Anchor and Kapiti brand names.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Anchor Food Professionals |title=Cheese Products |url=https://www.anchorfoodprofessionals.com/nz/en/products/cheese.html |website=Anchor Foods |publisher=Fonterra Co-operative Group |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009020549/https://www.anchorfoodprofessionals.com/nz/en/products/cheese.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of cheeses]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Cookbook|Camembert Cheese}}<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{French cheeses}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cow's-milk cheeses]]<br /> [[Category:French cheeses]]<br /> [[Category:French products with protected designation of origin]]<br /> [[Category:Cuisine of Normandy]]<br /> [[Category:Surface-ripened cheeses]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secunderabad%E2%80%93Hazrat_Nizamuddin_Duronto_Express&diff=533880 2026-01-22T06:09:07Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{original research|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{unreferenced|date=August 2014}}<br /> }}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | color = 80FF00<br /> | name = Secunderabad – Hazrat Nizamuddin&lt;br /&gt;''Duronto Express''<br /> | image = Scnbd duronto exp.jpg<br /> | image_width = 300<br /> | caption = Secunderabad – Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express At [[Itarsi Junction railway station]]<br /> | type = [[Duronto Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]]<br /> | first = {{Start date and age|2003|03|14|df=yes}}<br /> | last = <br /> | operator = [[Indian Railways]] ([[South Central Railway zone|SCR]])<br /> | ridership = <br /> | start = '''{{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} (SC)'''<br /> | stops = 4<br /> | end = '''[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Delhi Hazrat Nizamuddin]] (NZM)'''<br /> | distance = {{convert|1660|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 22 hrs 10 mins<br /> | frequency = Bi-weekly<br /> | class = AC 1, AC 2, AC 3, Sleeper class<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = Yes<br /> | observation = <br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = <br /> | otherfacilities = <br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = Broad – {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br /> | el = <br /> | trainnumber = 12285 / 12286<br /> | speed = {{convert|75.77|km/h|abbr=on}}<br /> | map = [[File:Andhra Pradesh (HYB-NDLS) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]<br /> {{Secunderabad-Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> The '''Secunderabad–Hazrat Nizamuddin ''Duronto Express''''' is a [[Duronto Express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}} (SC) to [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Delhi Hazrat Nizamuddin]] (NZM). It is the fastest train between [[New Delhi]] and [[Secunderabad]] with a travel time of 22 hours.<br /> <br /> It operates as train number '''12285''' from {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} and as train number '''12286''' in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] &amp; [[Delhi]].<br /> <br /> ==Coaches==<br /> The 12285 / 86 [[Secunderabad Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]] presently has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]], 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], 5 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], 8 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Slepper Class]] &amp; 1 [[Diesel generator|End on Generator]], 1 SLRD coaches. In addition, it also carries a [[pantry car]].<br /> <br /> As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br /> <br /> ==Locomotive==<br /> In Both the directions this trains was hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive on its entire journey.<br /> <br /> ==Service==<br /> The 12285 [[Secunderabad Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]] covers the distance of 1660 kilometres in 22 hours 00&amp;nbsp;mins {{convert|75.00|km/h|0|abbr=on}} &amp; in 22 hours 15&amp;nbsp;mins as 12286 [[Secunderabad Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express]]{{convert|75.00|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<br /> <br /> As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] surcharge.<br /> <br /> ==Time table==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;65%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:BLUE;&quot;&gt;''Secunderabad–Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |+<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |12286<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Stations<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |12285<br /> |-<br /> |'''Arrival'''<br /> |'''Departure'''<br /> |'''Arrival'''<br /> |'''Departure'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''----'''<br /> |'''15:55'''<br /> |'''[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]'''<br /> |'''10:50'''<br /> |'''----'''<br /> |-<br /> |20:45<br /> |20:50<br /> |[[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi Junction]]<br /> |05:30<br /> |05:35<br /> |-<br /> |00:10<br /> |00:18<br /> |[[Rani Kamalapati railway station|Rani Kamalapati]]<br /> |02:04<br /> |02:12<br /> |-<br /> |05:35<br /> |05:40<br /> |[[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Junction]]<br /> |20:40<br /> |20:45<br /> |-<br /> |08:30<br /> |08:35<br /> |[[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah Junction]]<br /> |18:00<br /> |18:05<br /> |-<br /> |'''14:10'''<br /> |'''----'''<br /> |'''[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad junction]]'''<br /> |'''----'''<br /> |'''12:50'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Stoppage==<br /> * {{stnlnk|Balharshah}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Nagpur}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:12285 Duronto Express.jpg|12285 Duronto Express<br /> File:12285 Secunderabad - Hazrat Nizamuddin Duronto Express.jpg|12285 Duronto Express standing at Secunderabad<br /> File:First AC Interior.jpg|12285 Duronto Express First class AC Interior<br /> File:Duronto Express.jpg|12285 Duronto Express 2nd AC Interior<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Duronto Express}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Duronto Express trains]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Kerala&diff=513275 2026-01-12T13:57:33Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}<br /> [[Kerala]] has an urbanisation rate of 47.42%, as compared to the national rate of 31.16%, making it the 2nd most urbanised major state in India. Within Kerala, the rate of urbanisation varied from 3.9% in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] district to 68.1% in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Macro Economic Profile|url=http://spb.kerala.gov.in/EconomicReview2016/web/chapter01_02.php|access-date=17 September 2020|website=Kerala State Planning Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; Municipalities are the urban local governments that deal with civic functions and local development functions in the municipal area. The state of Kerala has 87 municipalities and six municipal corporations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=കേരളത്തിലെ തദ്ദേശ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങള്‍-2015|url=http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/htm/localbodies.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; With 13 municipalities, the [[Ernakulam district]] has the most municipalities in the state. <br /> <br /> At the state government level, the [[Local Self Government Department (Kerala)|Local Self Government Department]] (LSGD) is responsible for policy formulation and administration. The Department of Urban Affairs, functioning under the LSGD, oversees the administration of Municipalities and Municipal Corporations (collectively referred to as Urban Local Bodies) in [[Kerala]]. The [https://urban.lsgkerala.gov.in/en Department of Urban Affairs] with the Director (Urban) as the head functions as the controlling authority of entire Urban Local Bodies in their working.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vision &amp; Mission {{!}} Urban Affairs |url=https://urban.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/vision-mission |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=urban.lsgkerala.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;mapframe width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; text=&quot;Municipalities in Kerala&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;ExternalData&quot;,<br /> &quot;service&quot;: &quot;geoshape&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: {<br /> &quot;stroke&quot;: &quot;#ff0000&quot;,<br /> &quot;stroke-width&quot;: 1<br /> },<br /> &quot;query&quot;: &quot;# Municipalities in Kerala\nSELECT ?id ?idLabel\n(concat('[[', ?idLabel, ']]') as ?title)\nWHERE\n{\n?id wdt:P31 wd:Q15284. # is a district\n?id wdt:P131* wd:Q1186. # in Kerala\nSERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language 'en'}\n}&quot;}<br /> &lt;/mapframe&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The urban councils of Kerala date back to the 17th century when the [[Dutch Malabar]] established the municipality of [[Fort Kochi]]. <br /> In 1664, the municipality of [[Fort Kochi]] was established by [[Dutch Malabar]], making it the first municipality in [[Indian subcontinent]], which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in 18th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=50 years on, Kochi still has a long way to go|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/50-years-on-kochi-still-has-a-long-way-to-go/articleshow/60835311.cms|last=M K Sunil Kumar|date=26 September 2017|access-date=1 June 2021|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the first modern kind of municipalities were formed in the state in 1866 in [[Malabar District]]. In 1866, [[Fort Kochi]] municipality was reestablished. [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Palakkad]], and [[Fort Kochi]], which were parts of [[Malabar District]] until 1956, were made the first modern municipalities of Kerala on 1 November 1866, according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E.Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google.co.in&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=HENRY FROWDE, M.A. |first1=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[British Indian Empire]].<br /> <br /> == Enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 ==<br /> The [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992]] provided for a national framework for municipal governance in the country, and Kerala has been following that pattern since 1994. Consequent to this amendment, several changes have occurred in the functions, powers, and responsibilities of the municipalities, and the states had to make necessary amendments to the legislation on the local governments in the respective states. The Kerala Municipalities Act of 1994,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[http://kilalibrary.googlepages.com/MunicipalityAct.pdf Kerala Municipality Act 1994]&lt;/ref&gt; enacted as per the constitutional amendment, governs the pattern, functions and services of the municipalities in Kerala. The act, which was integrated for the municipalities and corporations in the state, laid out the constitution of the [[town panchayat]]s, [[Municipal Council (India)|municipal councils]], and [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]].{{fact|date=September 2020}}<br /> <br /> Prior to this, the urban areas of Kerala were governed by the following acts, which were repealed when the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 was introduced:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kerala Municipality Act, 1994|url=http://sanitation.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/kerala_-municipality_-act_1994.pdf|access-date=17 September 2020|website=Local Self Government Department, Kerala Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Kerala Municipalities Act, 1960 <br /> * Kerala Municipal Corporations Act, 1961<br /> * Guruvayur Township Act, 1960 <br /> <br /> Hence, instead of having separate acts for municipal corporations and other types of municipal bodies, from 1994 Kerala has the same act to govern all its municipal bodies. Since then, the structure of municipal bodies has essentially remained the same, even though the urban areas have multiplied. The 74th amendment&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tn.gov.in/tsfc/amendment_acts.htm#3 See 74th Constitutional amendment act]&lt;/ref&gt; to the [[Constitution of India]] resulted in increased roles for the municipalities in every state in India, where they have been perceived to be great contributors to the social and economic development of the country, as they are the level of government that is closest to the citizens.{{fact|date=September 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> The Kerala Municipality Act 1994 envisage creation of three kinds of urban local governments<br /> * Town panchayats for transitional areas.<br /> * Municipalities for less urbanised areas and<br /> * Municipal corporations for more urbanised areas.<br /> Kerala has not created any town panchayats so far.<br /> <br /> ==Functions==<br /> The functions of the municipalities are enlisted as schedule appended to Kerala Municipality Act. The functions can be divided into civic functions and development functions in areas of agriculture, industry, health, education etc.<br /> <br /> Their mandatory responsibilities include urban planning and building control; protection and maintenance of public places, roads and water bodies; solid and liquid waste management; sanitation, street lighting and public infrastructure facilities; public health and food safety regulation; prevention and control of communicable diseases; registration of births and deaths; environmental protection; and implementation of State and national programmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to these essential civic duties, municipalities also undertake general functions such as community mobilisation, awareness activities, disaster relief support and promotion of social welfare initiatives. <br /> <br /> They are further entrusted with sectoral development responsibilities in areas such as housing, water supply, education, public health, social welfare, poverty alleviation, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe development, small-scale industries, agriculture, fisheries, sports, culture and disaster management.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Functionaries==<br /> The municipality is administered by an elected [[Municipal council (India)|municipal council]] headed by the Municipal Chairperson and functions through six Standing Committees—Finance, Development, Welfare, Public Works, Education, and Health. Each of these committees is chaired by an elected member. Elected councillors and officers are the other functionaries. Two types of officers now exist – officers belonging to the municipality as full-time officers and officers transferred to the municipality from the state government. <br /> <br /> The Municipal Chairperson leads the municipality, while the Municipal Secretary serves as the chief administrative officer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> ===Elected functionaries===<br /> * '''Chairperson'''<br /> ** Head of the Municipality.<br /> ** Elected from among the councilors<br /> ** Presides over Municipal Council meetings.<br /> ** Leads policy formulation and implementation.<br /> <br /> * '''Vice-Chairperson'''<br /> ** Assists the Chairperson.<br /> ** Acts on behalf of the Chairperson in their absence.<br /> ** Elected from among the councilors<br /> * '''Standing Committee Chairpersons'''<br /> ** Chaired by elected councillors, with each Chairperson elected from among the members of the municipal council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> ** Lead specific committees like:<br /> *** Finance<br /> *** Public Works<br /> *** Development<br /> *** Welfare<br /> *** Health and Education<br /> * '''Municipal Councillors'''<br /> ** Elected from each municipal ward.<br /> ** Form the Municipal Council.<br /> ** Participate in decision-making and budget approval.<br /> <br /> === Appointed Functionaries ===<br /> * '''Municipal Secretary'''<br /> ** Chief executive officer of the Municipality.<br /> ** Appointed by the State Government <br /> ** Implements council decisions.<br /> ** Belongs to the Municipal Common Service.<br /> * '''Engineers (Civil, Electrical, etc.)'''<br /> ** Plan and execute infrastructure projects.<br /> <br /> * '''Health Officer / Sanitary Inspector'''<br /> ** Supervise sanitation and public health.<br /> <br /> * '''Revenue Officer'''<br /> ** Manage municipal taxes and revenue.<br /> <br /> * '''Accounts Officer / Accountant'''<br /> ** Maintain financial records and prepare budgets.<br /> <br /> * '''Clerical and Support Staff'''<br /> ** Includes clerks, assistants, overseers, and other staff.<br /> <br /> == Ward committees ==<br /> The Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 mandates the establishment of ward committees in each ward of the municipality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In case the municipality has less than one lakh population, then every person from the ward on the electoral roll becomes a member of the committee. In case the population of the municipality is more than one lakh, then the following become the members of the ward committee:<br /> <br /> * the councillor of the ward;<br /> * fifteen persons to be elected in the manner prescribed, from among the members of the resident's association of that ward, which are registered in the municipality; <br /> * twenty members to be elected in the manner prescribed from among the members of the registered neighbourhood groups of that ward which are registered in the municipality; <br /> * one person each nominated by every political party having representation in the municipality; <br /> * the heads of all recognised educational institutions functioning in that ward; <br /> * twenty persons nominated jointly by the chairperson and councillor of the ward<br /> <br /> In both cases, the local councillor is the chairperson of the Ward committee. The Kerala Municipality (Constitution of ward Committee and Procedure for Meeting) Rules, 1995 provides further rules for the setting up and functioning of these committees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Kerala Municipality (Constitution of Ward Committee and Procedure for Meeting) Rules, 1995 {{!}} Sanchitha|url=http://www.sanchitha.ikm.in/node/2411|access-date=18 September 2020|website=www.sanchitha.ikm.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ward committees have been set up in Kerala and are regularly cited as a good example of functioning micro level urban governance in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Natarajan|first=Aruna|date=6 May 2019|title=What can Chennai learn from Kerala and Bengaluru on citizen participation in urban governance?|url=https://chennai.citizenmatters.in/chennai-citizen-participation-ward-committees-kerala-bengaluru-10075|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Citizens Matter}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ward committees played an important role in combating the spread of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala|COVID-19 in Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Information Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala | title=Ward level committees in the State to be strengthened: Kerala CM|url=http://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/85645|date=1 July 2020|language=en|access-date=18 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of Municipalities in Kerala ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Municipalities in Kerala<br /> |-<br /> ! Sl.No.<br /> ! Municipality<br /> ! Year of formation<br /> ! Wards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local Body Elections 2025 - TREND by State Election Commission Kerala |url=https://lbtrend.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=lbtrend.kerala.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Resize|(2025)|size=80}}<br /> ! Population (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Kerla.html |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308150801/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Kerla.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title=Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Area&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Kerla.html |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308150801/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Kerla.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)<br /> ! Density (km&lt;sup&gt;2)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Kerla.html |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308150801/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/Kerla.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Grade<br /> ! District<br /> |-<br /> |1||[[Neyyattinkara]]||NA||46||70,840||28.78||2,461||Grade 1||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |-<br /> |2||[[Nedumangad]]||NA||42||60,161||32.53||1,849||Grade 1||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |-<br /> |3||[[Attingal]]||NA||32||37,382||16.87||2,216||Grade 2||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |-<br /> |4||[[Varkala]]||NA||34||40,048||15.42||2,597||Grade 2||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |-<br /> |5||[[Punalur]]||NA||36||46,659||34.45||1,354||Grade 2||Kollam<br /> |-<br /> |6||[[Karunagappally]]||2010||37||49,604||18.65||2,660||Grade 2||Kollam<br /> |-<br /> |7||[[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]||NA||32||37,245||16.19||2,300||Grade 2||Kollam<br /> |-<br /> |8||[[Kottarakkara]]||2015||30||29,788||17.39||1,713||Grade 2||Kollam<br /> |-<br /> |9||[[Thiruvalla]]||1919||39||52,883||27.15||1,948||Grade 1||Pathanamthitta<br /> |-<br /> |10||[[Pathanamthitta]]||1978||33||37,545||23.50||1,598||Grade 2||Pathanamthitta<br /> |-<br /> |11||[[Adoor]]||1990||29||29,165||20.42||1,428||Grade 2||Pathanamthitta<br /> |-<br /> |12||[[Pandalam]]||2015||34||42,793||28.42||1,506||Grade 2||Pathanamthitta<br /> |-<br /> |13||[[Alappuzha]]||NA||53||174,164||46.20||3,770||Grade 1||Alappuzha<br /> |-<br /> |14||[[Kayamkulam]]||1921||45||68,634||21.79||3,150||Grade 1||Alappuzha<br /> |-<br /> |15||[[Cherthala]]||NA||36||45,827||16.19||2,831||Grade 1||Alappuzha<br /> |-<br /> |16||[[Mavelikkara]]||1919||28||26,421||12.65||2,089||Grade 2||Alappuzha<br /> |-<br /> |17||[[Chengannur]]||1980||27||23,466||14.60||1,607||Grade 2||Alappuzha<br /> |-<br /> |18||[[Haripad]]||2015||30||30,977||19.24||1,610||Grade 3||Alappuzha<br /> |-<br /> |19||[[Kottayam]]||1894||53||136,812||55.40||2,469||Grade 1||Kottayam<br /> |-<br /> |20||[[Changanassery]]||1920||37||47,685||13.50||3,532||Grade 1||Kottayam<br /> |-<br /> |21||[[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]||1947||26||22,056||16.06||1,373||Grade 1||Kottayam<br /> |-<br /> |22||[[Vaikom]]||1919||27||23,245||8.73||2,663||Grade 2||Kottayam<br /> |-<br /> |23||[[Ettumanoor]]||2015||36||51,129||27.80||1,829||Grade 3||Kottayam<br /> |-<br /> |24||[[Erattupetta]]||2015||29||34,814||18.29||1,903||Grade 3||Kottayam<br /> |-<br /> |25||[[Thodupuzha]]||NA||38||52,025||35.43||1,468||Grade 1||Idukki<br /> |-<br /> |26||[[Kattappana]]||2015||35||42,646||52.77||808||Grade 3||Idukki<br /> |-<br /> |27||[[Thrippunithura]]||NA||53||92,522||29.17||3,172||Grade 1||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |28||[[Thrikkakara]]||2010||48||65,984||28.10||2,348||Grade 1||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |29||[[Kalamassery]]||NA||46||71,038||27.00||2,631||Grade 1||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |30||[[Perumbavoor]]||NA||29||28,105||13.61||2,065||Grade 1||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |31||[[Aluva]]||NA||26||22,428||7.14||3,141||Grade 1||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |32||[[Muvattupuzha]]||NA||30||30,397||13.18||2,306||Grade 2||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |33||[[Kothamangalam]]||NA||33||38,837||40.04||970||Grade 2||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |34||[[North Paravur]]||NA||30||31,493||9.02||3,492||Grade 2||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |35||[[Angamaly]]||NA||31||33,465||20.45||1,633||Grade 2||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |36||[[Maradu]]||2010||35||44,704||12.35||3,620||Grade 2||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |37||[[Eloor]]||2010||32||25,297||11.21||2,257||Grade 2||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |38||[[Piravom]]||2015||28||27,229||29.36||927||Grade 3||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |39||[[Koothattukulam]]||2015||26||17,523||23.18||756||Grade 3||Ernakulam<br /> |-<br /> |40||[[Irinjalakuda]]||1936||43||62,521||33.57||1,862||Grade 1||Thrissur<br /> |-<br /> |41||[[Kunnamkulam]]||NA||39||54,071||34.18||1,582||Grade 1||Thrissur<br /> |-<br /> |42||[[Chalakudy]]||NA||37||49,525||25.23||1,963||Grade 2||Thrissur<br /> |-<br /> |43||[[Kodungallur]]||NA||46||70,868||29.24||2,424||Grade 2||Thrissur<br /> |-<br /> |44||[[Guruvayur]]||NA||46||67,006||29.66||2,259||Grade 2||Thrissur<br /> |-<br /> |45||[[Chavakkad]]||NA||33||39,095||12.41||3,150||Grade 2||Thrissur<br /> |-<br /> |46||[[Vadakkancherry]]||2015||42||61,341||51.56||1,190||Grade 3||Thrissur<br /> |-<br /> |47||[[Palakkad]]||NA||53||131,019||26.60||4,926||Grade 1||Palakkad<br /> |-<br /> |48||[[Chittur-Thathamangalam]]||NA||30||32,298||14.71||2,196||Grade 2||Palakkad<br /> |-<br /> |49||[[Ottappalam]]||NA||39||53,792||32.68||1,646||Grade 2||Palakkad<br /> |-<br /> |50||[[Shornur]]||NA||35||43,528||32.34||1,346||Grade 2||Palakkad<br /> |-<br /> |51||[[Mannarkkad]]||2015||30||34,839||33.01||1,055||Grade 3||Palakkad<br /> |-<br /> |52||[[Pattambi]]||2015||29||28,632||15.84||1,808||Grade 3||Palakkad<br /> |-<br /> |53||[[Cherpulassery|Cherupulassery]]||2015||33||41,267||32.00||1,290||Grade 3||Palakkad<br /> |-<br /> |54||[[Malappuram]]||NA||45||68,127||33.61||2,027||Grade 1||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |55||[[Manjeri]]||NA||53||97,102||53.06||1,830||Grade 1||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |56||[[Ponnani]]||NA||53||90,491||24.82||3,646||Grade 1||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |57||[[Tirur]]||NA||40||56,058||16.55||3,387||Grade 1||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |58||[[Perinthalmanna]]||1990||37||49,723||34.41||1,445||Grade 2||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |59||[[Kottakkal]]||2010||35||44,382||20.45||2,170||Grade 2||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |60||[[Nilambur]]||2010||36||46,366||30.79||1,506||Grade 2||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |61||[[Kondotty]]||2015||41||59,256||30.93||1,916||Grade 3||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |62||[[Valanchery]]||2015||34||40,318||21.90||1,841||Grade 3||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |63||[[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]||2015||45||69,534||19.49||3,568||Grade 3||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |64||[[Parappanangadi]]||2015||46||71,239||22.25||3,202||Grade 3||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |65||[[Tirurangadi]]||2015||40||56,632||17.73||3,194||Grade 3||Malappuram<br /> |-<br /> |66||[[Vatakara]]||1901||48||75,295||21.32||3,532||Grade 1||Kozhikode<br /> |-<br /> |67||[[Koyilandy]]||1934||46||71,873||29.05||2,474||Grade 1||Kozhikode<br /> |-<br /> |68||[[Koduvally]]||2015||37||48,687||23.85||2,041||Grade 2||Kozhikode<br /> |-<br /> |69||[[Ramanattukara]]||2015||32||35,937||11.70||3,072||Grade 3||Kozhikode<br /> |-<br /> |70||[[Feroke]]||2015||39||54,074||15.54||3,480||Grade 3||Kozhikode<br /> |-<br /> |71||[[Payyoli]]||2015||37||49,470||22.34||2,214||Grade 3||Kozhikode<br /> |-<br /> |72||[[Mukkam]]||2015||34||40,670||31.20||1,304||Grade 3||Kozhikode<br /> |-<br /> |73||[[Kalpetta]]||NA||30||31,580||40.74||775||Grade 2||Wayanad<br /> |-<br /> |74||[[Mananthavady]]||2015||37||47,974||80.10||599||Grade 3||Wayanad<br /> |-<br /> |75||[[Sultan Bathery]]||2015||36||45,417||102.24||444||Grade 3||Wayanad<br /> |-<br /> |76||[[Thalassery]]||1866||53||92,558||23.96||3,863||Grade 1||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |77||[[Taliparamba]]||1990||35||44,247||18.96||2,334||Grade 1||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |78||[[Payyanur]]||1990||46||72,111||54.63||1,320||Grade 1||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |79||[[Mattanur]]||1992||36||47,078||54.32||867||Grade 2||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |80||[[Kuthuparamba]]||1990||29||29,619||16.76||1,767||Grade 2||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |81||[[Anthoor]]||2015||29||28,218||24.12||1,170||Grade 3||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |82||[[Iritty]]||2015||34||40,369||45.84||881||Grade 3||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |83||[[Panoor]]||2015||41||55,216||28.53||1,935||Grade 3||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |84||[[Sreekandapuram]]||2015||31||33,489||69.00||485||Grade 3||Kannur<br /> |-<br /> |85||[[Kasaragod]]||1966||39||54,172||16.69||3,246||Grade 1||Kasaragod<br /> |-<br /> |86||[[Kanhangad]]||1984||47||73,536||39.54||1,860||Grade 1||Kasaragod<br /> |-<br /> |87||[[Nileshwaram]]||2010||34||39,752||26.23||1,515||Grade 2||Kasaragod<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of municipal corporations in Kerala]]<br /> * [[Local Governance in Kerala]]<br /> * [[Local Self Government Department (Kerala)|Local Self Government Department (LSGD), GoK]]<br /> * [[Municipal Governance in India]]<br /> * [[Non-Municipal Census Towns in Kerala]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180207192832/https://lsgkerala.gov.in/ Website of Local Self Government Department in Kerala]<br /> * [http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/htm/localbodies.php Local Self Government]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Municipalities Of Kerala}}<br /> [[Category:Municipalities of Kerala| ]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places in Kerala]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poshu_Khamar&diff=461678 2025-12-14T18:23:52Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> '''''Poshu Khamar''''' (first staged in 2006) is a political [[Bengalis|Bengali]] drama produced by the theatre group [[Pancham Baidik]] and directed by [[Arpita Ghosh]]. The drama was Bengali adaptation of [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Animal Farm]]''. Political administration attempted to ban the staging of this drama because of its political sensitivity and the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|upcoming election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Show will go on&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Show will go on|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/show-will-go-on/429105/|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=Mar 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buddha condemns decision to stop Poshu Khamar&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Buddha condemns decision to stop Poshu Khamar|url=http://thestatesman.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=362607&amp;catid=73|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bratya's Poshu Khamar is now state's tool to promote culture&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Bratya’s Poshu Khamar is now state’s tool to promote culture|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=371518&amp;catid=42|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{More plot|date=December 2012}}<br /> Inspired by [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Animal Farm]]'' the drama was a satire and criticised the communist regime of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * Debatosh Ghosh<br /> * Saoli Mitra<br /> * Arpita Ghosh<br /> * Debkamal Mondal<br /> * Debabrata Ghoshal<br /> * Swapan Adhya<br /> * Palash Das<br /> * Pallab Banerjee<br /> * Tushar Roy<br /> <br /> == Controversy ==<br /> Because of the political nature of the drama and the satirical comments targeting the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], which was the ruling party of West Bengal at that moment, the staging of the play was attempted to be banned by state authority. On March 14, 2011 the drama was scheduled to be staged Bansberia in the Hooghly district. The show was to start at 6 pm but the theatre group received an order from district administration where they were asked to cancel the show. Armed local police force with the directive of the additional district magistrate went there to stop the staging of the drama. They cited the violation of the code of conduct ahead of the upcoming election as the reason to stop the staging of the drama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Show will go on&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buddha condemns decision to stop Poshu Khamar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;They Insist Your Show Must Be Cancelled!&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=They Insist Your Show Must Be Cancelled!|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article728.html|work=Mainstream Weekly|access-date=23 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This action of political administration was criticised by state's intellectuals, theatre artistes and students' organisation. Theatre artistes, students gathered in front of the Academy of Fine Arts and showed their protest. Theatre personality [[Bibhas Chakraborty]] told–&lt;ref name=&quot;Buddha condemns decision to stop Poshu Khamar&quot; /&gt; &quot;During the Singur and Nandigram episode, many plays that criticised the state government's decision, were stopped from being staged. Despite repeated requests, the chief minister did not initiate any step at that time&quot;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160317005304/http://www.panchamvaidic.org/productions2.html Information on ''Poshu Khamar'' in Pancham Baidik's official website]<br /> <br /> {{Bengali theatre}}<br /> {{Animal Farm}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language plays]]<br /> [[Category:Indian plays]]<br /> [[Category:Works based on Animal Farm]]<br /> [[Category:Plays based on novels]]<br /> [[Category:2006 plays]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018%E2%80%9319_Ranji_Trophy&diff=451211 2025-12-13T19:12:41Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: Enhanced content and organization</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Cricket tournament}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tournament<br /> | name = 2018–19 Ranji Trophy<br /> | image = Ranji_trophy.jpg<br /> | fromdate = 1 November 2018<br /> | todate = 7 February 2019<br /> | caption = The Ranji Trophy, awarded to the winners<br /> | administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<br /> | cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]<br /> | tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]<br /> | host = {{flag|India}}<br /> | champions = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<br /> | count = 2<br /> | participants = 37<br /> | matches = 151<br /> | player of the series = <br /> | most runs = [[Milind Kumar]] (1,331) (Sikkim)&lt;ref name=&quot;Stats&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/106563/jaffers-1000-run-season-vidarbhas-successful-title-defence-2018-19-ranji-trophy |title=Jaffer's 1000-run season, Vidarbha's successful title defence |work=CricBuzz |access-date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | most wickets = [[Ashutosh Aman]] (68) (Bihar)&lt;ref name=&quot;Stats&quot;/&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> | previous_year = 2017–18<br /> | previous_tournament = 2017–18 Ranji Trophy<br /> | next_year = 2019–20<br /> | next_tournament = 2019–20 Ranji Trophy<br /> }}<br /> {{2018–19 Indian domestic cricket season}}<br /> The '''2018–19 Ranji Trophy''' was the 85th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament that took place in India between November 2018 and February 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;85th&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23216954/no-irani-cup-2018-19-domestic-season |title=No Irani Cup in 2018-19 domestic season? |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] were the defending champions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidarbha1st&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-final-delhi-vs-vidarbha-live-cricket-score-day-4/story-9vjCC9dPxHnHHZJryDhTyL.html |title=Delhi vs Vidarbha, Ranji Trophy final, full cricket score, Day 4: VID win title for 1st time, create history |access-date=1 January 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The final took place between Vidarbha and [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]], starting on 3 February 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ranji-trophy-20118-19-semifinals-saurashtra-vs-karnataka-cheteshwar-pujara-hundred-sheldon-jackson-jaydev-unadkat-1440696-2019-01-28 |title=Ranji Trophy semifinal: Pujara and Unadkat set up Saurashtra vs Vidarbha final |work=India Today |access-date=28 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/preview/1162721/vidarbha-vs-saurashtra-final-ranji-trophy |title=Vidarbha v Saurashtra - a fitting Ranji final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vidarbha defeated Saurashtra by 78 runs in the final, to become the sixth team in the tournament's history to retain their title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/report/1162721/day/5/vidarbha-vs-saurashtra-final-ranji-trophy |title=Aditya Sarwate takes 11, Vidarbha win second straight Ranji Trophy title |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/what-a-success-story-tributes-pour-in-for-ranji-trophy-champions-vidarbha-2028239.html |title='What a Success Story' - Tributes Pour in for Ranji Trophy Champions Vidarbha |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> In April 2018, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) reinstated [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] for the competition, bringing the total teams to 29.&lt;ref name=&quot;85th&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bihar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-technical-committee-approves-bihars-participation-in-ranji-trophy-1720227.html |title=BCCI Technical Committee Approves Bihar’s Participation in Ranji Trophy |work=News18 |access-date=17 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2018, the BCCI increased the total number of teams to 37, with the addition of [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]], [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]], [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]], [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]], [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] and [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CI39&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24129178/nine-new-teams-ranji-trophy-2018-19 |title=Nine new teams in Ranji Trophy 2018–19 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IE39&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018-19 season |work=Indian Express |access-date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Format==<br /> The tournament had four groups, with nine teams each in Groups A and B, and ten teams in Group C. All the new teams were placed in the Plate Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;CI39&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IE39&quot;/&gt; The teams in the Plate Group were allowed to have up to three professional players in their squads.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25465261/go-pro-template-success-ranji-trophy-plate-group |title=Go pro - the template to success in Ranji Trophy's Plate Group |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The top two teams from Group C and the top team in the Plate Group progressed to the quarter-finals of the tournament, along with five teams from Groups A and B.&lt;ref name=&quot;CI39&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IE39&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> ===League phase===<br /> The opening round of fixtures saw a total of 94 players making their first-class cricket debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-digest-mixed-bag-for-india-stars-new-states-take-baby-steps-1930305.html |title=Ranji Trophy Digest: Mixed Bag For India Stars, New States Take Baby Steps |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=5 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the third round match between [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] and [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]], Vidarbha's [[Wasim Jaffer]] became the first batsman to score 11,000 runs in the Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/wasim-jaffer-becomes-first-batsman-to-reach-11000-runs-in-ranji-trophy-11000-runs/ |title=Wasim Jaffer becomes first batsman to reach 11,000 runs in Ranji Trophy |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/wasim-jaffer-becomes-the-first-player-to-reach-11-000-runs-in-ranji-trophy-1951283 |title=Wasim Jaffer Becomes The First Player To Reach 11,000 Runs In Ranji Trophy |work=NDTV |access-date=21 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the fourth round match between [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]] and [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]], Pondicherry's [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] set a new record for the most five-wicket hauls against different teams in the Ranji Trophy with 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/105383/ranji-trophy-2018-19-highlights-kerala-succumb-to-avesh-khans-assault-vs-madhya-pradesh-cricket-team |title=Ranji Highlights: Kerala succumb to Avesh Khan's assault |work=CricBuzz |access-date=28 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fourth round of fixtures also saw the first occasion that seven captains scored centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-takeaways-gujarat-register-historic-win-over-mumbai-bengal-beat-tamil-nadu-in-a-thriller-1956825.html |title=Ranji Takeaways: Gujarat Register Historic Win Over Mumbai; Bengal Beat Tamil Nadu in a Thriller |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=1 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In round five, [[Paras Dogra]] batting for [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]] scored 253 runs against [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]. It was his eighth double century, going past [[Ajay Sharma]]'s record of seven double centuries in the Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25469326/paras-dogra-record-double-ton-memorable-debut-shahrukh-khan |title=Paras Dogra's record double-ton, and a memorable debut for Shahrukh Khan |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RanRec1&quot;/&gt; Also in round five, [[Ajay Rohera]] set a new record for the highest score on debut in a first-class match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/904963/ranji-trophy-ajay-rohera-breaks-24-year-old-world-record-for-highest-score-on-first-class-debut |title=Ranji Trophy: Ajay Rohera breaks 24-year-old world record for highest score on first-class debut |work=Scroll |access-date=8 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Batting for [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] against [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]], he scored 267 [[not out]], breaking the record of 260 runs set by [[Amol Mazumdar]] in 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ranji-trophy-2018-19-madhya-pradeshs-ajay-rohera-sets-highest-ever-score-on-first-class-debut-breaks-amol-mazumdars-25-year-old-record-775215 |title=MP's Ajay Rohera sets highest-ever score on first-class debut; breaks Amol Mazumdar’s 25-year-old record |work=Cricket Country |access-date=8 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Naman Ojha]] became the most successful wicket-keeper in Ranji Trophy history, breaking [[Vinayak Samant]]'s record of 355 dismissals as wicket-keeper.&lt;ref name=&quot;RanRec1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/stats-naman-ojha-and-paras-dogra-rewrite-ranji-trophy-records/ |title=Stats: Naman Ojha and Paras Dogra rewrite Ranji Trophy records |work=CricTracker |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=11 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RanRec&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25733628/new-records-new-teams-misfortunes-mumbai-delhi |title=New records by new teams, and the misfortunes of Mumbai and Delhi |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the sixth round of fixtures, [[Milind Kumar]] of [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] became the first batsman to score 1,000 runs in this edition of the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/sports-news/cricket-news/milind-kumar-1000-runs-ranji-trophy-sikkim-plate-division-record-article-209036.html |title=Ranji Trophy 2018/19: Milind Kumar, playing for Sikkim, enters the record books |work=News Nation |access-date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He did so in the match against [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]], in his ninth innings of the competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25534971/being-sidelined-delhi-1000-ranji-trophy |title=Milind Kumar: from being sidelined in Delhi to 1000 in the Ranji Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In round seven of the tournament, [[Ashutosh Aman]] of [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] became the first bowler to take 50 wickets in this years' Ranji Trophy tournament.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aman50&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-takeaways-shubman-gill-scores-148-in-thrilling-draw-mumbai-fail-to-win-again-1983409.html |title=Ranji Takeaways: Shubman Gill Scores 148 in Thrilling Draw; Mumbai Fail to Win Again |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd 2018 |access-date=25 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He went on to finish the tournament with 68 wickets, breaking the previous record of 64 dismissals set by [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] in the [[1974–75 Ranji Trophy|1974–75 tournament]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25719377/ashutosh-aman-flights-way-air-force-ranji-trophy-record-books |title=Ashutosh Aman flights his way from the Air Force to the Ranji Trophy record books |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Round eight saw [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] of [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]] become the first [[Seam bowling|seam bowler]] to take 400 wickets in the Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;PS400&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25653392/no-stopping-wasim-jaffer |title=No stopping Wasim Jaffer |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In round nine, [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] and [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] were both dismissed for just 35 runs in one of their innings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/970336 |title=Two Indian first-class sides bowled out for 35 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The group stage of the tournament saw two captains retire from all forms of cricket. In November 2018, [[Gautam Gambhir]] initially stepped down as captain of [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-delhi-captain-gautam-gambhir-nitish-rana-5434773/ |title=Ranji Trophy: Gautam Gambhir steps down as Delhi captain, Nitish Rana takes over |work=The Indian Express |access-date=7 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; before announcing his retirement the following month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25450642/gautam-gambhir-retires-all-cricket |title=Gautam Gambhir retires from all cricket |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gambhir went on to score 112 in his final innings, his 43rd century in first-class cricket.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25483077/gambhir-fairy-tale-finish-laxman-dravid-reprise |title=Gambhir's fairy-tale finish, and a Laxman-Dravid reprise |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]'s captain, [[Jaydev Shah]], also retired from cricket in December.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25458932/saurashtra-captain-jaydev-shah-retire-all-cricket |title=Saurashtra captain Jaydev Shah to retire from all cricket |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made record for most matches as captain in Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;RanRec&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The ninth round match between [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] and [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] was Wasim Jaffer's 146th match in the Ranji Trophy. He broke [[Devendra Bundela]]'s record of playing in the most Ranji matches.&lt;ref name=&quot;RanRec&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 January 2019, [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] from Group C became the first team to qualify for the quarter-finals, after they beat [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] by ten wickets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/vidarbha-enter-ranji-trophy-quarters-mp-punjab-close-in/ |title=Vidarbha enter Ranji Trophy quarters; MP, Punjab close in |work=The Sentinel (Assam) |access-date=2 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahead of the penultimate round of fixtures, ten teams across Groups A and B still had a chance to progress to the quarter-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25666610/easwaran-183*-keeps-bengal-alive-jharkhand-denied-victory |title=Easwaran's 183* keeps Bengal alive; Jharkhand denied victory |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] became the first team to qualify from Group A, after [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] beat [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] by two wickets in their final group-stage match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25713149/vidarbha-baroda-alive-karnataka-lose-two-days |title=Vidarbha through; Baroda alive as Karnataka lose in two days |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the loss, Karnataka also qualified from Group A.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25719987/madhya-pradesh-lose-6-0-knocked-out |title=Madhya Pradesh lose 6 for 0, knocked out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]] won the Plate Group and advanced to the quarter-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ranji-trophy-2018-19-round-9-plate-day-3-unbeaten-uttarakhand-qualify-for-knockouts-789222 |title=Ranji Trophy 2018-19, Round 9, Plate, Day 3: Unbeaten Uttarakhand qualify for knockouts |work=Cricket Country |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the final day of the group stage, [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] and [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] from Group A, [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] from Group B and [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] from Group C had also qualified for the quarter-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-takeaways-kerala-gujarat-sneak-through-to-complete-quarterfinal-line-up-1998383.html |title=Ranji Takeaways: Kerala, Gujarat Sneak Through to Complete Quarterfinal Line-up |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=10 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]] and [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] across Groups A and B were relegated to Group C,&lt;ref name=&quot;ChhGoa&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/106047/ranji-highlights-karnataka-uttarakhand-qualify-chhattisgarh-goa-relegated-india-cricket-madhya-pradesh-35-all-out |title=Ranji highlights: Karnataka, Uttarakhand qualify, Chhattisgarh, Goa relegated |work=CricBuzz |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/106029/ranji-highlights-rajasthan-qualify-maharashtra-relegated |title=Ranji highlights: Vidarbha qualify, Maharashtra relegated |work=CricBuzz |access-date=15 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] were relegated from Group C to the Plate Group for the next season.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChhGoa&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Knockout phase===<br /> [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] were the first team to progress from the quarter-finals, after they beat [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] by 113 runs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/106174/ranji-trophy-2018-19-historic-win-hands-maiden-ranji-trophy-semifinal-appearance-to-kerala |title=Historic win hands maiden Ranji Trophy semifinal appearance to Kerala |work=CricBuzz |access-date=17 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first time in the team's history that they had reached the semi-finals of the Ranji Trophy, beating their previous best of the quarter-finals, in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy|previous edition]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KeralaSF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25783545/kerala-vanquish-gujarat-enter-maiden-ranji-trophy-semi-final |title=Kerala vanquish Gujarat to enter maiden Ranji semi-final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second team to qualify for the semi-finals was [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]], after they beat [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] by six wickets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25790939/pandey-nair-take-karnataka-ranji-trophy-semi-finals |title=Pandey, Nair take Karnataka into Ranji Trophy semi-finals |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Defending champions [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] beat [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]] from the Plate Group by an innings and 115 runs to reach the semi-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-domestic/ranji-trophy/ranji-trophy-vidarbha-rout-uttarakhand-to-reach-semifinals/articleshow/67598302.cms |title=Ranji Trophy: Vidarbha rout Uttarakhand to reach semifinals |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the last quarter-final fixture to finish, [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] completed the highest successful run chase to win a match in the Ranji Trophy, scoring 372 runs to beat [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] by six wickets.&lt;ref name=&quot;SauUP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25798678/saurashtra-pull-highest-chase-ranji-trophy-history-join-vidarbha-semi-finals |title=Saurashtra pull off highest chase in Ranji Trophy history, join Vidarbha in semi-finals |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first semi-final saw the defending champions Vidarbha beat Kerala by an innings and 11 runs inside two days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ranji-trophy-2018-19-semi-final-vidarbha-vs-kerala-umesh-yadav-1438999-2019-01-25 |title=Ranji Trophy: Umesh Yadav demolishes Kerala, defending champions Vidarbha enter final |work=India Today |access-date=25 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wasim Jaffer]] became the first batsman to score 1,000 runs in two different seasons of the Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/wasim-jaffer-1000-runs-ranji-trophy-vidarbha-vs-kerala-1438303-2019-01-24 |title=Wasim Jaffer 1st batsman to score 1000 runs in a Ranji Trophy season twice |work=India Today|date=24 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Umesh Yadav]] took his best match figures in first-class cricket, taking twelve wickets for 79 runs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/report/1162719/day/2/kerala-vs-vidarbha-1st-semi-final-ranji-trophy |title=Umesh Yadav's 12-for seals innings win for Vidarbha |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the second semi-final, Saurashtra defeated Karnataka by five wickets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-semifinal-live-karnataka-vs-saurashtra-live-cricket-score-day-5-5557585/ |title=R Ranji Trophy 2018 Semi-final: Saurashtra beat Karnataka by 5 wickets to move into finals|work=Indian Express|date=28 January 2019|access-date=28 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vidarbha defeated Saurashtra by 78 runs in the final, to become the sixth team in the tournament's history to retain their title. Vidarbha's captain [[Faiz Fazal]] said that &quot;it is not easy to win the Ranji Trophy. To win eleven matches, it's not a fluke. If anyone thought last year was a fluke, we have proven ourselves again&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25943734/if-anyone-thought-last-year-was-fluke-proven-ourselves-again |title='If anyone thought last year was a fluke, we have proven ourselves again' |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Saurashtra, it was their third straight loss in Ranji Trophy finals, with their captain [[Jaydev Unadkat]] saying he was really proud of how his team performed during the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25944240/unadkat-confident-bright-future-sautrashtra-stumble-final-hurdle |title=Unadkat confident of bright future despite Sautrashtra's stumble at the final hurdle |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Player transfers==<br /> The following player transfers were approved ahead of the season.&lt;ref name=&quot;transfer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25132728/list-domestic-transfers-ahead-2018-19-ranji-trophy-season |title=List of domestic transfers ahead of the 2018-19 Ranji Trophy season |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; All the new teams in the Plate Group also transferred players into their squads, along with signing professionals.&lt;ref name=&quot;transfer&quot;/&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Player<br /> !From<br /> !To<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karn Sharma]]<br /> |Vidarbha<br /> |Andhra<br /> |-<br /> |[[Harpreet Singh Bhatia]]<br /> |Madhya Pradesh<br /> |Chhattisgarh<br /> |-<br /> |[[Krishna Das (cricketer)|Krishna Das]]<br /> |Assam<br /> |Goa<br /> |-<br /> |[[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]]<br /> |Assam<br /> |Goa<br /> |-<br /> |[[Urvil Patel]]<br /> |Baroda<br /> |Gujarat<br /> |-<br /> |[[Irfan Pathan]]<br /> |Baroda<br /> |Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chandrakant Sakure]]<br /> |Madhya Pradesh<br /> |Railways<br /> |-<br /> |[[Madhur Khatri]]<br /> |Rajasthan<br /> |Railways<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajat Paliwal]]<br /> |Haryana<br /> |Services<br /> |-<br /> |[[Arjun Sharma]]<br /> |Himachal Pradesh<br /> |Services<br /> |-<br /> |[[Abhishek Tiwari]]<br /> |Uttar Pradesh<br /> |Services<br /> |-<br /> |[[Harmeet Singh Baddhan]]<br /> |Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> |Tripura<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bravish Shetty]]<br /> |Mumbai<br /> |Tripura<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Teams==<br /> The teams were drawn in the following groups:<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-4}}<br /> '''[[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group A|Group A]]'''<br /> * [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]<br /> * [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]<br /> * [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br /> * [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]<br /> * [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> * [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]<br /> * [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]<br /> * [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<br /> <br /> {{col-4}}<br /> '''[[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group B|Group B]]'''<br /> * [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]<br /> * [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]<br /> * [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]<br /> * [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]<br /> * [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]<br /> * [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> * [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> <br /> {{col-4}}<br /> '''[[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group C|Group C]]'''<br /> * [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]<br /> * [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]<br /> * [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]<br /> * [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu &amp; Kashmir]]<br /> * [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]<br /> * [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]<br /> * [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]<br /> * [[Services cricket team|Services]]<br /> * [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]<br /> * [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> {{col-4}}<br /> '''[[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]]'''<br /> * [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]<br /> * [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]<br /> * [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]<br /> * [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]<br /> * [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]<br /> * [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]<br /> * [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]<br /> * [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==League stage==<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===[[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group A|Group A]]===<br /> {{2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group A}}<br /> <br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===[[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group B|Group B]]===<br /> {{2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group B}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===[[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group C|Group C]]===<br /> {{2018–19 Ranji Trophy Group C}}<br /> <br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===[[2018–19 Ranji Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]]===<br /> {{2018–19 Ranji Trophy Plate Group}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==Knockout stage==<br /> {{8TeamBracket<br /> | seed-width = 25px<br /> | team-width = 125px<br /> | score-width = 125px<br /> | RD3 = Final<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed1 = '''A1'''<br /> | RD1-team1 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''<br /> | RD1-score1 = '''629'''<br /> | RD1-seed2 = P1<br /> | RD1-team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]<br /> | RD1-score2 = 355 &amp; 159<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed3 = '''B1'''<br /> | RD1-team3 = '''[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]'''<br /> | RD1-score3 = '''185 &amp; 171'''<br /> | RD1-seed4 = A4<br /> | RD1-team4 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br /> | RD1-score4 = 162 &amp; 81<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed5 = '''A2'''<br /> | RD1-team5 = '''[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]'''<br /> | RD1-score5 = '''208 &amp; 372/4'''<br /> | RD1-seed6 = C2<br /> | RD1-team6 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | RD1-score6 = 385 &amp; 194<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed7 = A3<br /> | RD1-team7 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''<br /> | RD1-score7 = '''263 &amp; 185/4'''<br /> | RD1-seed8 = C1<br /> | RD1-team8 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]<br /> | RD1-score8 = 224 &amp; 222<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed1 = '''A1'''<br /> | RD2-team1 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''<br /> | RD2-score1 = '''208'''<br /> | RD2-seed2 = B1<br /> | RD2-team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]<br /> | RD2-score2 = 106 &amp; 91<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed3 = '''A2'''<br /> | RD2-team3 = '''[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]'''<br /> | RD2-score3 = '''236 &amp; 282/5'''<br /> | RD2-seed4 = A3<br /> | RD2-team4 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | RD2-score4 = 275 &amp; 239<br /> <br /> | RD3-seed1 = '''A1'''<br /> | RD3-team1 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''<br /> | RD3-score1 = '''312 &amp; 200'''<br /> | RD3-seed2 = A2<br /> | RD3-team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]<br /> | RD3-score2 = 307 &amp; 127<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Quarter-finals===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 15–19 January 2019<br /> | team1 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]] <br /> | team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<br /> | round = '''1st Quarter-final'''<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 355 (108.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Saurabh Rawat]] 108 (162)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 4/90 (31.4 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 629 (184 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 206 (296)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dhanraj Sharma]] 3/101 (29 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 159 (65.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Karn Kaushal]] 76 (137)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 5/23 (15 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]<br /> | toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Sudhir Asnani]]<br /> | motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (Vidarbha)<br /> | rain = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1162715.html Scorecard]<br /> | result = Vidarbha won by an innings and 115 runs<br /> | notes = [[Avneesh Sudha]] (Uttarakhand) made his first-class debut.<br /> * [[Wasim Jaffer]] (Vidarbha) scored his 19,000th run in first-class cricket.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ranji-trophy-2018-19-wasim-jaffer-crosses-19000-runs-during-206-in-quarters-792230 |title=Ranji Trophy 2018-19: Wasim Jaffer crosses 19,000 runs during 206 in quarters |work=Cricket Country |access-date=17 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> ----<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 15–19 January 2019<br /> | team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]<br /> | round = '''2nd Quarter-final'''<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 385 (103.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 150 (181)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 5/86 (22.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 208 (66.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Harvik Desai]] 84 (143)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Yash Dayal]] 4/55 (17.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 194 (72.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mohammad Saif (cricketer, born 1996)|Mohammad Saif]] 48 (80)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 4/53 (19 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 372/4 (115.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Harvik Desai]] 116 (259)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Akshdeep Nath]] 1/17 (5 overs)<br /> <br /> | venue = [[Bharat Ratna Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]<br /> | toss = Uttar Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | umpires = [[Abhijit Deshmukh (umpire)|Abhijit Deshmukh]] and [[Rohan Pandit]]<br /> | motm = [[Harvik Desai]] (Saurashtra)<br /> | rain = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1162716.html Scorecard]<br /> | result = Saurashtra won by 6 wickets<br /> | notes = [[Rahul Rawat]] (Uttar Pradesh) made his first-class debut.<br /> * [[Harvik Desai]] (Saurashtra) scored his maiden first-class century.&lt;ref name=&quot;SauUP&quot;/&gt;<br /> * This was the highest successful run chase to win a match in the Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;SauUP&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> ----<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 15–19 January 2019<br /> | team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]<br /> | team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | round = '''3rd Quarter-final'''<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 224 (77.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi]] 79 (119)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 3/48 (17.1 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 263 (87.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 83[[not out|*]] (144)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 5/93 (26.1 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 222 (67.2 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Robin Bist]] 44 (73)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] 4/54 (19 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 185/4 (47.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Manish Pandey]] 87[[not out|*]] (75)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Aniket Choudhary]] 2/32 (13 overs)<br /> <br /> | venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]<br /> | toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | umpires = [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] and [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]]<br /> | motm = [[Vinay Kumar]] (Karnataka)<br /> | rain = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1162717.html Scorecard]<br /> | result = Karnataka won by 6 wickets<br /> | notes = [[Tanveer Ul-Haq]] became the first bowler for Rajasthan to take 50 wickets in a single edition of the Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25775398/vinay-kumar-batting-grit-saves-day-karnataka |title=Vinay's batting grit saves the day for Karnataka |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> ----<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 15–19 January 2019<br /> | team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]<br /> | team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br /> | round = '''4th Quarter-final'''<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 185 (39.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Basil Thampi]] 37 (33)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 4/57 (14.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 162 (51.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Parthiv Patel]] 43 (36)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 4/42 (23 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 171 (59 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sijomon Joseph]] 56 (148)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Roosh Kalaria]] 3/36 (17 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 81 (31.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Shah]] 33[[not out|*]] (70)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Basil Thampi]] 5/27 (12 overs)<br /> <br /> | venue = [[Krishnagiri Stadium]], [[Wayanad]]<br /> | toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]<br /> | motm = [[Basil Thampi]] (Kerala)<br /> | rain = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1162718.html Scorecard]<br /> | result = Kerala won by 113 runs<br /> | notes = [[Rahul Shah]] (Gujarat) made his first-class debut.<br /> * [[Roosh Kalaria]] (Gujarat) took a [[List of hat-tricks in the Ranji Trophy|hat-trick]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ranji-trophy-2018-19-roosh-kalaria-sixth-bowler-to-take-a-hat-trick-this-season-791978 |title=Ranji Trophy 2018-19: Roosh Kalaria sixth bowler to take a hat-trick this season |work=Cricket Country |access-date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * This was the first time that Kerala had progressed to the semi-finals of the Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;KeralaSF&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Semi-finals===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 24–28 January 2019<br /> | team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]<br /> | team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<br /> | round = '''1st Semi-final'''<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 106 (28.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vishnu Vinod]] 37[[not out|*]] (50)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 7/48 (12 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 208 (52.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Faiz Fazal]] 75 (142)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 5/57 (16.4 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 91 (24.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Arun Karthik]] 36 (33)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 5/31 (10.5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | venue = [[Krishnagiri Stadium]], [[Wayanad]]<br /> | toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Dandekar]] and [[Virender Sharma]]<br /> | motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (Vidarbha)<br /> | rain = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1162719.html Scorecard]<br /> | result = Vidarbha won by an innings and 11 runs<br /> | notes =<br /> }}<br /> ----<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 24–28 January 2019<br /> | team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]<br /> | round = '''2nd Semi-final'''<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 275 (100.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shreyas Gopal]] 87 (182)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 4/56 (21 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 236 (71 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Snell Patel]] 85 (131)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ronit More]] 6/60 (18 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 239 (80 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shreyas Gopal]] 61 (138)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 5/78 (28 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 282/5 (91.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 131[[not out|*]] (266)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Vinay Kumar]] 3/75 (25 overs)<br /> <br /> | venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]<br /> | toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] and [[Saiyed Khalid]]<br /> | motm = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (Saurashtra)<br /> | rain = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1162720.html Scorecard]<br /> | result = Saurashtra won by 5 wickets<br /> | notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] became the second bowler for Saurashtra, after [[Kamlesh Makvana]], to take 200 wickets in the Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ranji-trophy-2018-19-semi-final-2-jaydev-unadkat-dharmendrasinh-jadeja-peg-karnataka-back-795805 |title=Unadkat, Jadeja peg Karnataka back |work=Cricket Country |access-date=28 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] became the first bowler for Saurashtra to take 50 wickets in a Ranji Trophy season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/ranji-trophy-2018-19-semi-finals-day-3-live-updates-saurashtra-vs-karnataka-cricket-score-1439689-2019-01-26#close-overlay |title=Ranji Trophy semi-final Day 3 Highlights: Saurashtra vs Karnataka |work=India Today |access-date=28 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Final===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 3–7 February 2019<br /> | team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<br /> | team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]<br /> | round = '''Final'''<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 312 (120.2 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Akshay Karnewar]] 73[[not out|*]] (160)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 3/54 (24 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 307 (117 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Snell Patel]] 102 (209)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Aditya Sarwate]] 5/98 (40 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 200 (92.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Aditya Sarwate]] 49 (133)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 6/96 (36.5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 127 (58.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Vishvaraj Jadeja (cricketer)|Vishvaraj Jadeja]] 52 (137)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Aditya Sarwate]] 6/59 (24 overs)<br /> <br /> | venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]<br /> | toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | umpires = [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]]<br /> | motm = [[Aditya Sarwate]] (Vidarbha)<br /> | rain = <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1162721.html Scorecard]<br /> | result = Vidarbha won by 78 runs<br /> | notes = [[Wasim Jaffer]] (Vidarbha) played in his tenth Ranji Trophy final, and has been on the winning side every time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/wasim-jaffer-vidarbha-vs-saurashtra-ranji-trophy-final-nagpur-cricket-1450416-2019-02-07 |title=Ranji Trophy: Ageless Wasim Jaffer completes Perfect 10 after Vidarbha lifeline |work=India Today |access-date=7 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/8050/season/2018/ranji-trophy Series home at ESPNcricinfo]<br /> <br /> {{Ranji Trophy}}<br /> {{Domestic cricket in 2018–19}}<br /> {{2018–19 in Indian cricket}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2018-19}}<br /> [[Category:2018 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:2019 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2018–19]]<br /> [[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nawab_Bai&diff=521315 2025-11-08T02:38:19Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: Added Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Secondary wife Of Aurangzeb, daughter of Raja Tajuddin Khan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> |name = Rahmat-un-Nissa<br /> |title = <br /> |image = <br /> Moti Masjidh.jpg<br /> |caption =<br /> |succession = <br /> |reign = <br /> |spouse = {{marriage|[[Aurangzeb]]|1638}}<br /> |issue = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan]]<br /> *[[Bahadur Shah I]]<br /> *[[Badr-un-Nissa Begum]]}}<br /> |full name = Rahmat-un-Nissa<br /> |house = [[Jarral]]<br /> |father = [[Raja]] Tajuddin Khan<br /> |death_date = 1691<br /> |death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br /> |burial_place = [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]]<br /> |religion = [[Islam]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rahmat-un-Nissa''' ({{langx|fa|رحمت النساء بیگم}}; died {{circa}} 1691), better known by her title '''Nawab Bai''' ({{langx|fa|نواب بائی}}; meaning &quot;The Great&quot;{{sfn|Manucci|1907|p=333}}), was a secondary wife of the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=61}} She gave birth to Aurangzeb's first two sons, including [[Bahadur Shah I]], who became Mughal emperor in 1707.<br /> <br /> ==Family and lineage==<br /> There are two conflicting accounts of Nawab Bai's parentage.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=62}} According to one account, she was the daughter of [[Raja]] Tajuddin Khan who was the [[Jarral]] ruler of the [[Rajauri]] State in [[Kashmir]], and belonged to the [[Jarral]] clan.{{sfn|Manucci|1907|p=54}}{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=2}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=61}}{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=136}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://rajouri.nic.in/history/#:~:text=The%20renowned%20Rajas%20of%20this,Raja%20Izzat%20Ullah%20Khan%20(1762 | title=History &amp;#124; Rajouri, Government of Jammu and Kashmir &amp;#124; India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to another account by the Mughal historian [[Khafi Khan]], she was the daughter of a Muslim saint named Syed Shah Mir, a descendant of [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]], who had taken to a life of retirement among the hills of [[Rajauri]]. The Raja of Rajauri, Raja Bahadur Khan, who became close to this holy man, offered him his daughter in marriage. Syed Shah Mir accepted and they became parents to a son and a daughter.&lt;ref&gt;[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL50564834M/Biography_Of_Nawab_Bai Biography Of Nawab Bai by Mughal Court | Open Library], A booklet specially made to explore the historian [[Khafi Khan|khafi khan's]] perspective about Nawab Bai's [[Sayyid]] Lineage.&lt;/ref&gt; Then the saint went on a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], where all trace of him was lost.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=62}} When [[Shah Jahan]] later demanded from the Raja a tribute of money,{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=136}} and a daughter of his house, the Raja sent him this granddaughter, Nawab Bai, who was noted for her beauty, goodness and intelligence.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=62}} According to modern historians, she was given this false pedigree in order to give Bahadur Shah a right to call himself a [[Sayyid]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=61}}{{sfn|Irvine|2006|p=136}}<br /> <br /> ==Marriage==<br /> In the imperial [[Mughal Harem|Mughal harem]], she was taught languages and culture by a set of masters, governesses, and Persian women versed in court manners, and in 1638 she was married to Aurangzeb{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=62}} becoming his secondary wife.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=61}} After her marriage, she was given the name Rahmat-un-Nissa.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=61}}<br /> <br /> A year later, she gave birth to Aurangzeb's first son, Prince [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan Mirza]]. He was born on 29 December 1639, at [[Mathura]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=71}} Over the next eight years, she gave birth to two more children. They were Prince Muhammad Muazzam Mirza (future Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]]), and the memorizer of the Quran, Princess [[Badr-un-nissa Begum|Badr-un-Nissa Begum]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=72}}<br /> <br /> Although she had given birth to Aurangzeb's first son, still his first wife, the Persian princess, [[Dilras Banu Begum]], remained his chief consort as well as his favourite.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Mānekshāh Sorābshāh|last=Commissariat|title=A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758|publisher=Longmans, Green &amp; Company, Limited|year=1958|pages=151}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Aurangzeb's reign===<br /> The misconduct of her sons, Muhammad Sultan and Muhammad Muazzam, disrupted her latter life.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=63}} In the war of succession in 1659, her eldest son Muhammad Sultan joined his uncle, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], and married his daughter Gulrukh Banu Begum. However, he soon left Shah Shuja, and returned to his father in February 1660.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Sir Henry Miers|last=Elliot|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period:&amp;nbsp;Ed. from the Posthumous Papers of the Late Sir H. M. Elliot ...|publisher=Trübner and Company|year=1877|pages=249–51}}&lt;/ref&gt; On Aurangzeb's orders he was put under arrest and was sent to [[Salimgarh fort]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Surendra Nath|last=Sen|title=Indian Travels of Thevenot and Careri: Being the Third Part of the Travels of M. de Thevenot into the Levant and the Third Part of a Voyage Round the World by Dr. John Francis Gemelli Careri|publisher=National Archives of India|year=1949|pages=370}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was later transferred to Gwalior fort in 1661.{{sfn|Sarkar|1947|p=20}}<br /> <br /> In 1662, during Aurangzeb's illness, his sister [[Roshanara Begum]], took charge of him and would not allow anyone except her own confidants, to see him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Abraham|last=Eraly|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorspeacockt00eral|url-access=limited|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/emperorspeacockt00eral/page/n531 536]|isbn=978-0-141-00143-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Believing that there was no hope of her brother's surviving, Roshanara took charge of the state. When Nawab Bai learned of this and complained, Roshanara became angry, seized her by the hair and dragged her out of Aurangzeb's chamber.<br /> <br /> In 1669, a man named Abdullah submitted a petition to Nawab Bai, that after the dismissal of his son, the post of [[faujdar]] of Arandole be granted to him. But when the matter was submitted to Aurangzeb, it was rejected.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Siddiqui|last=Majid (Prof.)|title=The British Historical Context and Petitioning in Colonial India|publisher=Aakar Books|date=1 January 2005|pages=13|isbn=978-8-187-87950-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1670, Muhammad Muazzam had been instigated by the flatterers to act in a self-willed and independent manner. When Aurangzeb's letter of advice produced no effect, he summoned Nawab Bai from Delhi, in order to send her to her son to rectify his behaviour. She reached Sikandra in April 1670, where [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]], Bakshimulk Asad Khan and Bahramand Khan conducted her to the imperial harem.{{sfn|Sarkar|1947|p=63}} In May 1670, she started for Aurangabad, and was commanded to spend two days at [[Gwalior]], with her son Muhammad Sultan. After staying there for some time, Sarbuland Khan escorted her to Muhammad Muazzam.{{sfn|Sarkar|1947|p=64}}<br /> <br /> In 1686, she met the famous Italian writer and traveller, [[Niccolao Manucci]] at [[Goa]],{{sfn|Manucci|1907|p=276}} who claimed that have bleed Nawab Bai twice a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Abraham|last=Eraly|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral|url-access=limited|publisher=Penguin Books India|date=1 January 2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral/page/n155 145]|isbn=978-0-143-10262-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1687, Muhammad Muazzam was suspected of [[contumacy]] with [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Sultan Abul Hasan]], the ruler of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golkonda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=S. R.|last=Sharma|title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 2|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist|date=1 January 1999|pages=605|isbn=978-8-171-56818-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her advice and even personal entreaty had no effect on him, and at last on Aurangzeb's orders he was placed under arrest.{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=64}} Muazzam's sons,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Shyam Singh|last=Shashi|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Aurangzeb and his administrative measures|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1999|pages=270|isbn=978-8-170-41859-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; and his first wife and chief consort [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum]] were also imprisoned in separate jails.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=M. P.|last=Srivastava|title=The Mughal administration|publisher=Chugh Publications|year=1995|pages=247|isbn=978-8-185-61397-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nawab Bai is known to have built a serai at Fardapur, at the foot of the pass, and also founded Baijipura, a suburb of [[Aurangabad]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=63}}<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> She died in Delhi before the middle of 1691, after long years of separation from her husband and children. Aurangzeb along with his daughter [[Zinat-un-Nissa]] came to Muhammad Muazzam in order to condole him.{{sfn|Sarkar|1947|p=207}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658–1707 AD) of Saqi Mustad Khan|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta|year=1947}}<br /> * {{cite book|first=Niccolao|last=Manucci|author-link=Niccolao Manucci|title=Storia Do Mogor: Or, Mogul India, 1653–1708 – Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.17155|publisher=J. Murray|year=1907}}<br /> * {{cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=History of Aurangzib mainly based on Persian sources: Volume 1 – Reign of Shah Jahan|publisher=M.C. Sarkar &amp; sons, Calcutta|year=1912}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=The Later Mughals|author-link=William Irvine (historian)|first=William|last=Irvine|year=2006|isbn=8175364068|publisher=Low Price Publications}}<br /> * [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL50556992M/Maliknama_Legacy_Of_the_Maliks Maliknama; Legacy Of the Maliks by Mughal Court | Open Library]<br /> * [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL50564834M/Biography_Of_Nawab_Bai Biography Of Nawab Bai by Mughal Court | Open Library]<br /> <br /> {{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nawab Bai}}<br /> [[Category:17th-century births]]<br /> [[Category:1691 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Wives of Aurangzeb]]<br /> [[Category:Mothers of Mughal emperors]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmudul_Hasan_(scholar)&diff=477754 2025-10-14T03:00:58Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: article...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bangladeshi Islamic scholar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = '''{{Colour|royalblue|Mohius Sunnah}}'''<br /> | name = Mahmudul Hasan<br /> | native_name = মাহমুদুল হাসান<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | image = Mahmudul Hasan's Pre-Jumma Prayer Sermon at Gulshan Central Mosque.jpg<br /> | caption = Hasan in 2022<br /> | birth_place = [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]], [[East Bengal]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|7|5|df=yes}}<br /> | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]]|<br /> [[Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh]]}}<br /> | office = Chairman of [[Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]] and [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]]<br /> | term_start = 3 October 2020<br /> | status = [[Incumbent]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]]<br /> | office1 = Amir of [[Majlis-e Dawatul Haq Bangladesh]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1993<br /> | status1 = [[Incumbent]]<br /> | appointer1 = [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]]<br /> | module = {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | father = Ghalimuddin Ahmad<br /> | mother = Fatema Ramjani<br /> | religion = Islam<br /> | denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]<br /> | jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]<br /> | movement = [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]]<br /> | main_interests = {{Unbulleted list|[[Education]]|[[Islah]]}}<br /> | nationality = [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]<br /> | signature = Mahmudul Hasan's signature.svg<br /> | literary_works = ''Burhan al-Quran''<br /> | disciples = {{Unbulleted list|[[Nizamuddin Shamzai]]|[[Ubaidur Rahman Khan Nadwi]]|[[Syed Rezaul Karim]]}}<br /> | disciple_of = {{Unbulleted list|[[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]]|[[Shah Ahmad Shafi]]}}<br /> | teacher = {{Unbulleted list|[[Yusuf Banuri]]|[[Idris Merathi]]|[[Wali Hasan Tonki]]|[[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]]|[[Salimullah Khan]]|[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]}}<br /> | founder = [[National Fatwa Board]]<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Mahmudul Hasan''' (born 5 July 1950) is a Bangladeshi Islamic scholar, currently holding the position of Chairman of [[Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]], the government-recognized apex body for [[Qawmi madrasa|Qawmi madrasas]], as well as Chairman of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]] since 3 October 2020. He is often referred to as 'Mohius Sunnah' (Reviver of the [[Sunnah]]) for his role in leading the [[Majlis-e Dawatul Haq Bangladesh]], a movement linked to [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]'s reform initiatives, and he is recognized as a Sufi master in the Thanwi order through his discipleship under [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]], a successor of Thanwi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Muhammad Ahsan |title=Study of Hadith in Bengali Language (1952-2015) |date=2021 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Dhaka |url=http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1965/Muhammad%20Asan%20ullah.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |language=bn |page=438 |archive-url=https://archive.org/download/repository.library.du.ac.bd8080handle1234567891965/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%20%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%20%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2024 |url-status=live |location=Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has been leading [[Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania]] for over four decades and serves as the President of the National Fatwa Board, as well as the [[Khatib]] of [[Gulshan Central Mosque]]. He has authored a four-volume [[Tafsir|Quranic exegesis]] named ''Burhan al-Quran'' and written more than two hundred other books, in addition to establishing ''Al-Jamia'', a monthly magazine published in Dhaka.<br /> <br /> == Life sketch ==<br /> [[File:গুলশান সেন্ট্রাল মসজিদে এন্ড ঈদগাহ ৫.jpg|thumb|The Gulshan Central Mosque, Where Hasan Serves as Khatib.]]<br /> Hasan was born on July 5, 1950, in Charkharicha, Kotwali, [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:Gazhali&quot; /&gt; His parents are Ghalimuddin Ahmad and Fatema Ramjani. His early education took place at several madrasas, including Jamia Islamia Mymensingh, Jamia Arabia Ashraful Uloom Balia, Al Jamiatul Imdadiya, and [[Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh]].{{Sfn|Ullah|2021|p=437}} In 1967, following the advice of [[Shamsul Haque Faridpuri]], he traveled to Pakistan, where he enrolled at [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] in 1968.{{Sfn|Ullah|2021|p=437}} He graduated in 1969 and subsequently earned specialized degrees in Hadith, Fiqh, Tafsir, and Arabic literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Gazhali&quot; /&gt; Among his instructors were [[Yusuf Banuri]], [[Idris Merathi]], [[Wali Hasan Tonki]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]], [[Salimullah Khan]], and [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]].{{Sfn|Ullah|2021|p=437}}<br /> <br /> Hasan's teaching career began at Jessore Railway Station Madrasa, followed by a position at [[Jamia Farooqia]] in Pakistan. In 1974, he joined Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania as a Muhaddith, later becoming its [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] and director in 1980.{{Sfn|Ullah|2021|p=438}} He also serves as the Khatib of the [[Gulshan Central Mosque]] and Eidgah Society in Dhaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Gazhali&quot; /&gt; He has played a leading role in the establishment of numerous Islamic educational institutions in Bangladesh, many of which operate under his guidance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Gazhali&quot; /&gt; On October 3, 2020, he was elected Chairman of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ghazali |first=Tofail |date=3 October 2020 |title=Mahmudul Hasan Assumes Allama Shafi's Position |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/351099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240925183456/https://www.jugantor.com/national/351099 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |work=Jugantor}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also serves as the ex officio Chairman of [[Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 October 2020 |title=Qawmi Madrasa Board Chooses New Leaders with Mahmudul Hasan as President and Mahfuzul Haque as General Secretary |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117051251/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to his chairmanship, he held the position of vice chairman of Befaq and was re-elected as chairman in the board's 11th Council meeting on October 7, 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=11th Council Meeting of Wifaq Convenes |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2023/10/07/1324872 |work=kaler Kantho |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923205519/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2023/10/07/1324872 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == National reforms ==<br /> In 1993, [[Abrarul Haq Haqqi]] re-established the [[Majlis-e Dawatul Haq Bangladesh]] and appointed Mahmudul Hasan as its Amir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Muhammad Masroor |date=2 November 2022 |title=Majlis-e Dawatul Haq and Muhius Sunnah Allama Mahmudul Hasan |url=https://ourislam24.net/2022/11/02/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF-2 |work=Our Islam |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925002859/https://ourislam24.net/2022/11/02/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF-2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasan was spiritually guided by both Abrarul Haq Haqqi and [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], and he later passed on his spiritual guidance to 157 individuals, including [[Nizamuddin Shamzai]], [[Syed Rezaul Karim]], and [[Ubaidur Rahman Khan Nadwi]].{{Sfn|Ullah|2021|p=438}} In 2018, Hasan expressed his gratitude to the Prime Minister for the passage of the [[Qawmi Madrasa Act, 2018|Qawmi Madrasa Act]] but stressed that this recognition should not compromise the core values and objectives of [[Qawmi madrasa|Qawmi madrasas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ullah |first=Sakhawat |date=28 September 2018 |title=Top Scholars React to the Passage of the Qawmi Bill |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2018/09/28/684961 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225081843/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2018/09/28/684961 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also a member of the committee formed by the Government of Bangladesh to resolve the internal crisis of [[Tablighi Jamaat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ayub |first=Humayun |date=26 December 2017 |title=Mahmudul Hasan Urges a Gentle Approach to Tabligh |url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2017/12/25/412626.htm |work=[[Amader Shomoy]] |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925002859/https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2017/12/25/412626.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, when the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] issued directives concerning religious sermons, he highlighted the importance of delivering Islamic teachings with wisdom, compassion, and moderation, rejecting any use of force or coercion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mortuza |first=Mohammad |date=4 April 2019 |title=Scholarly Perspectives on Government Guidelines for Religious Sermons |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2019/04/04/754715 |work=Kaler Kantho |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007185038/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2019/04/04/754715 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the controversy over the construction of a statue of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 2020, Hasan suggested building a Mujib Minar (monument) instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 December 2020 |title=Scholars Propose Mujib Minar as an Alternative to Sculptures |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0 |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923194507/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, following the deaths of 17 Qawmi madrasa students during [[2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests|anti-Modi protests]], he prohibited madrasa students and teachers from participating in political activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 April 2021 |title=Restrictions Imposed on Political Activities of Qawmi Madrasa Students and Teachers |url=https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/59980/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240925170144/https://samakal.com/bangladesh/article/59980/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |work=Samakal}}&lt;/ref&gt; To enforce this directive, he formed a 15-member 'Implementation Sub-Committee' and requested that the government not harass madrasa students and teachers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 June 2021 |title=Beginning the Depoliticization Process for Qawmi Students and Teachers |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/education/39648 |work=[[Dhaka Post]] |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923194342/https://www.dhakapost.com/education/39648 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On June 21, 2021, Hasan was appointed as an ex-officio member of a new committee established by the [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Education]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Amir |first=Tanzil |date=24 June 2021 |title=Committee from the Ministry of Education Assumes Control Over Qawmi Madrasas |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/435269 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240925183635/https://www.jugantor.com/national/435269 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |work=Jugantor}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also engaged in discussions with government officials to advocate for the reopening of madrasas during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh|COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 August 2021 |title=Appeal for the Reopening of Qawmi Madrasas |url=https://samakal.com/education/article/74691/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240925172714/https://samakal.com/education/article/74691/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF |archive-date=25 September 2024 |work=[[Samakal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; When a proposal to regulate religious institutions was brought up in the parliamentary standing committee on August 30, he publicly opposed it, arguing that the establishment of religious institutions should not be subject to government conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 August 2021 |title=Appeal for Unrestricted Establishment of Religious Institutions |url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-second-edition/459786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240925182152/https://www.jugantor.com/tp-second-edition/459786 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |work=Jugantor}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On January 4, 2024, Hasan founded the [[National Fatwa Board]] in Bangladesh. Shortly afterward, on January 13, the Board issued a fatwa against [[Transgender rights movement|transgenderism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 January 2024 |title=Inaugural Meeting of the National Mufti Board Held |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2024/01/13/1354633 |work=Kaler Kantho |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925002953/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2024/01/13/1354633 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the fall of [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s government in 2024, Hasan convened a conference of Islamic scholars to discuss their role in reforming the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 September 2024 |title=Seven Proposals from Scholars on Reforming the State |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/700995/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/www.ittefaq.com.bd700995e0a6b0e0a6bee0a6b7e0a78de0a69fe0a78de0a6b0-e0a6b8e0a682e |archive-date=26 September 2024 |work=[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conference concluded with seven proposals, emphasizing the need for constitutional amendments in line with Islamic principles, with scholars included in state commissions. It also called for an education system based on Islamic values, excluding conflicting ideologies, legal protections for the honor of the Prophet and the preservation of Islamic beliefs, and state policies that reflect the values of the Muslim majority. The establishment of a [[Sharia]]-based council under Hasan's leadership to guide religious and social matters was recommended, along with the need for a unified framework for Islamic groups and greater involvement of scholars in state affairs to ensure that reforms resonate with the community's aspirations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 September 2024 |title=Seven Proposals from the Consultation Meeting of Prominent Scholars in the Capital |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/national/308963 |work=Dhaka Post |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923200631/https://www.dhakapost.com/national/308963 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 12, he discussed &quot;''[[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh|Befaq]]'s Duty in the Unity Process of Islamic Scholars'',&quot; highlighting scholars' responsibility to protect the interests of the 92% Muslim majority. He stressed ensuring Islamic involvement in constitutional reforms and government commissions to prevent any anti-Islamic measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Al Mahmud |first=Hassan |date=12 October 2024 |title=Scholars' Duty to Protect the Interests of 92% Muslim Majority in New Commissions |url=https://www.ourislam24.com/Report/article/52939/%e2%80%98%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%a0%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87-%e0%a7%af |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241013080349/https://www.ourislam24.com/Report/article/52939/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%AF |archive-date=13 October 2024 |work=Our Islam}}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 4, [[Sarjis Alam]], a key figure in the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]], met with Hasan to discuss initiatives for national reconstruction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Al Mahmud |first=Hassan |date=4 November 2024 |title=Sarjis Alam Meets with Sheikh-e Jatrabari |url=https://www.ourislam24.com/Report/article/53708/%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%be%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%96%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a7%9c%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%99%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%87 |work=Our Islam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == International presence ==<br /> On April 6, 1991, he addressed the actions of the Muslims in preserving Islamic civilization and culture at an educational seminar in [[Mecca]]. He further explained the principles of the Qur'an at a conference in Saudi Arabia on May 28, 1993, and spoke on the influence of Islam on European civilization at a seminar in Madina Mahad Imani on March 13, 1998. On March 30, he highlighted the importance of Islamic education in countering foreign cultural influences at the Zul Hulaifa Ubai Ibn Ka'b Institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;:MAbrar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile of Maulana Mahmudul Hasan |url=https://maktabatulabrar.com/book-author/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE/ |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Maktabatul Abrar |publication-place=Islami Tower, 11/1 Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121154701/https://maktabatulabrar.com/book-author/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 4, 1999, he discussed the impact of [[Hajj]] on Muslim society in Madina and presented on the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi Madhhab]]'s authenticity at [[Islamic University of Madinah]]. He visited London in 1999, where he was the keynote speaker at the Leicester Islamia Madrasa on August 22 and participated in various religious gatherings, including the Ijtima of Dawatul Haq. He also traveled to the United States in September 1999, delivering speeches at the Tablighi Markaz and an Islamic conference in New Jersey. In subsequent years, he spoke at notable gatherings, including the [[East London Mosque]] in 2000, and addressed topics such as [[Sufism|Tasawwuf]] and the four schools of thought at various conferences.&lt;ref name=&quot;:MAbrar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> His participation in the Dawatul Haq conference in Qatar in February 2013 included discussions on the Dawaah of the Sunnah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:MAbrar&quot; /&gt; On August 14, 2023, he represented Bangladesh at the International Islamic Conference in Mecca, where he proposed the creation of an encyclopedia in Arabic and English to evaluate the contributions of [[Ulama]]-Mashaikhs to Islam and society. He advocated for respect for the imams of the four madhhabs, countering criticisms from [[Orientalism|Orientalists]], and called for an end to broadcasts promoting [[atheism]] and [[irreligion]]. Additionally, he suggested organizing annual international conferences on &quot;Communication and Solidarity&quot; in Saudi Arabia, along with local conferences in other Muslim nations, and promoting moderation through seminars. He proposed establishing an Islamic University funded by the Saudi government for Qawmi Madrasa students in Bangladesh and recognizing their Hadith certificate as equivalent to a master's degree for direct admission into Saudi universities, including [[Islamic University of Madinah]], based on credential evaluations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Amir |first=Tanzil |date=14 August 2023 |title=Mahmudul Hasan's Seven Proposals at the Mecca Scholars Conference |url=https://www.jugantor.com/index.php/international/706842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240925173327/https://www.jugantor.com/index.php/international/706842 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |work=Jugantor}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Literary works ==<br /> [[File:Cover of Burhan al-Quran.png|thumb|Debut Cover of the Four-Volume ''Burhan al-Quran'', Published by Maqtabatul Abrar.]]<br /> He completed a three-volume work titled ''Imam Abu Yusuf: A Study of Hadith and Legal Scholarship'' under the supervision of [[Yusuf Banuri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; His four-volume Quranic commentary, ''Burhan al-Quran'', is published by Maqtabatul Abrar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He directed the publication of ''Al Jamia'', a monthly magazine that features articles on Islamic studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Siddique |first=Kazi Abul Kalam |date=24 February 2015 |title=Advancements of Qawmi Scholars in Bengali language |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/islam/news/bd/370992.details |work=[[Banglanews24.com]] |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009200701/https://www.banglanews24.com/islam/news/bd/370992.details |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, he published ''Al-Raddul Jamil'', a critique of the views held by Ahmad Al Ghamidi, head of Saudi Arabia's [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice]], who later revised his stance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Throughout his career, he authored over 200 works on various subjects, including ''Dawatul Haq and Dawat-e Tabligh, Islam and Modern Political Thought, Love for the Prophet's Family, The Life of Abrar, The Life of Usmani, Al Burhanul Mu'iyad, Gift from Abrar, Gift from Sunnah, Ideal Doctrine, Maweze Hasana,'' and ''Search for the Straight Path''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Gazhali&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ghazali |first=Tofail |date=5 October 2020 |title=Who is Allama Shafi's Successor, Mahmudul Hasan? |url=https://www.jugantor.com/islam-life/351795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240925172342/https://www.jugantor.com/islam-life/351795 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |work=[[Jugantor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Abdullah |first=Mahmoud |date=30 January 2020 |title=Mahmudul Hasan, a Distinctive Guide for the Nation |url=https://jubokantho24.com/2020/01/30/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9C/ |work=Jubo Kantho |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009032328/https://jubokantho24.com/2020/01/30/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9C/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; His Arabic discourses have been collected in ''Al Irshad Ila Sabilir Rashad,''&lt;ref name=&quot;:Gazhali&quot; /&gt; and his first independent fatwa collection, ''Hasanul Fatwa'', is being prepared for publication in three volumes, featuring content in both Arabic and Urdu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Abid |first=Tanbirul Haque |date=17 November 2024 |title=Mahmudul Hasan's Fatwa Compilation Nears Publication |url=https://www.ourislam24.com/literature/article/54131/%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4-%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%9a%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9b%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%ae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210070145/https://www.ourislam24.com/literature/article/54131/%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4-%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%9a%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9b%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%ae |archive-date=10 December 2024 |work=Our Islam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Deobandis]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Sister project links|wikt=no|n=no}}<br /> {{Hanafi scholars}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Deobandis]]<br /> [[Category:Hanafis]]<br /> [[Category:1950 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi editors]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi Islamic religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mymensingh]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh advisors]]<br /> [[Category:Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Disciples of Abrarul Haq Haqqi]]<br /> [[Category:Disciples of Shah Ahmad Shafi]]<br /> [[Category:Chairman of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Chairman of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Thomas_(actor)&diff=506569 2025-10-06T22:36:12Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: adding page!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1952)}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{sources exist|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{citation style|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Jose Thomas <br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | nationality = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1952|03|08|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|09|1952|03|08|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Trivandrum]], Kerala, India<br /> | other_names = <br /> | alma_mater = {{ubl||||}}<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}<br /> | years_active = <br /> | works = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = {{ubl|}}<br /> | awards = }}<br /> <br /> '''Jose Thomas''' (1952–2019) was a senior journalist and a film-theatre personality who appeared in several films, notably ''[[Unnikuttanu Joli Kitti]]'' (1989) and ''[[Daya (film)|Daya]]'' (1998). Unnikuttanu Joli Kitti tells the story of an unemployed youth, a character portrayed by Jose Thomas, who is jobless primarily due to callous social attitudes. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|national film award for other social issues]] in 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-09 |title=കിളിമാനൂരിന് സമീപം വാഹനാപകടം: നടനും മാധ്യമപ്രവർത്തകനുമായ ജോസ് തോമസ് മരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/accident-in-kilimanoor-actor-and-journalist-jose-thomas-died-1.4266122 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-11-10 |title=Kerala: Media professional dies as car rams parked truck |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/media-professional-dies-as-car-rams-parked-truck/articleshow/71988953.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-10 |title=Scribe, theatre actor Jose Thomas killed in mishap; 3 others injured |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/Nov/10/scribe-theatre-actor-jose-thomas-killed-in-mishap-3-others-injured-2059626.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Jose Thomas attended a film institute in Trivandrum in the early 1980s, where [[Adam Ayub]] was one of his professors. After that, he worked as an assistant/associate director on more than 50 films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Actor Jose Thomas passed away| url=https://www.asianetnews.com/video/kerala-news/actor-jose-thomas-passed-away-q0op21|website=Asianet News}}, 2019-11-09&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=ലക്ഷദ്വീപിൽ നിന്ന് എന്റെ ആദ്യത്തെ ലൈവ് ന്യൂസ് റിപ്പോർട്ടിങ്|author=Adam Ayub| url=<br /> https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/my-first-live-news-reporting-from-lakshadweep-adam-ayub-293765 |publisher=MediaOne}}, 2025-07-08.&lt;/ref&gt;He had worked as a senior journalist at a Malayalam news channel for a long time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-10 |title=Scribe, theatre actor Jose Thomas killed in mishap; 3 others injured |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/Nov/10/scribe-theatre-actor-jose-thomas-killed-in-mishap-3-others-injured-2059626.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;He has also acted in several telefilms, as well as directed many plays and television documentaries. He is a multiple-time winner of the Kerala State Television Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Actor Jose Thomas passed away| url=https://www.asianetnews.com/video/kerala-news/actor-jose-thomas-passed-away-q0op21|website=Asianet News}}, 2019-11-09&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Jose Thomas died in a road accident in Kilimanoor, Trivandrum district, on November 9, 2019. He is survived by his wife, son, and daughter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-10 |title=Scribe, theatre actor Jose Thomas killed in mishap; 3 others injured |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/Nov/10/scribe-theatre-actor-jose-thomas-killed-in-mishap-3-others-injured-2059626.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10424784/ IMDb]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Jose}}<br /> [[Category:2019 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male stage actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:1952 births]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from Kottayam]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meetha_Lal_Mehta&diff=467874 2025-09-22T15:48:36Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Civil Servant}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Meetha Lal Mehta<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|12|25|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = Bhadsora, Rajasthan<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|12|07|1938|12|25|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Social worker, civil servant<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = Social service<br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | website = <br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]&lt;br&gt;Indira Gandhi Priyadarshni Vriksha Mitra Award&lt;br&gt;Acharya Jai Mal Gyan Award&lt;br&gt;Mewar Gaurav Award&lt;br&gt;Chanakya Award<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Meetha Lal Mehta''' (25 December 1938 – 7 December 2014) was an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian civil servant]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=29251061&amp;ticker=20991658&amp;previousCapId=20991658&amp;previousTitle=Vaibhav%2520Gems%2520Ltd | title=Bloomberg | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; a former Chief Secretary to the [[Government of Rajasthan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chief Secretary&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://rajasthan.gov.in/Government/ChiefSecretary/Pages/PreviousChiefSecretaries.aspx | title=Chief Secretary | publisher=Government of Rajasthan | date=2015 | access-date=8 March 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315161903/http://rajasthan.gov.in/Government/ChiefSecretary/Pages/PreviousChiefSecretaries.aspx | archive-date=15 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SP Test&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://sptest.rajasthan.gov.in/Government/ChiefSecretary/_layouts/mobile/dispform.aspx?List=15af0e8e-fa64-499f-8f2e-f4dcd6907323&amp;View=fa6d05ef-be2b-455b-b14d-6cf5e63bfe77&amp;ID=10 | title=SP Test | publisher=SP Test | date=2015 | access-date=8 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111842/http://sptest.rajasthan.gov.in/Government/ChiefSecretary/_layouts/mobile/dispform.aspx?List=15af0e8e-fa64-499f-8f2e-f4dcd6907323&amp;View=fa6d05ef-be2b-455b-b14d-6cf5e63bfe77&amp;ID=10 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the founder chairman of ''Rajasthan Mission on Livelihoods'' (RMoL),&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Standard&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rmol-chairman-meetha-lal-mehta-dies-at-75-114120700679_1.html | title=Business Standard | newspaper=Business Standard India | publisher=Business Standard | date=7 December 2014 | access-date=8 March 2015| agency=Press Trust of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aamne Samne with former chief whip, Meetha Lal Mehta at First India Rajasthan Live &quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydfBjTSJknY | title=Aamne Samne with former chief whip, Meetha Lal Mehta at First India Rajasthan Live | publisher=First India Rajasthan News Channel | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=18 October 2014 | access-date=8 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; a joint initiative by the Government of Rajasthan and [[UNDP]] for upgrading the livelihoods of the poorer sections of the people of the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Concept&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.newconceptinfo.com/RMOL-MandE | title=New Concept | publisher=New Concept | date=2015 | access-date=8 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407000411/http://www.newconceptinfo.com/RMOL-MandE | archive-date=7 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/knowledge-and-solutions/blogs/2012/07/02/UNDP-support-to-the-RMOL-project.html | title=UNDP | publisher=UNDP | date=2 July 2012 | access-date=8 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105843/http://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/knowledge-and-solutions/blogs/2012/07/02/UNDP-support-to-the-RMOL-project.html | archive-date=2 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siasat&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/rmol-chairman-meetha-lal-mehta-dies-75 | title=Siasat | publisher=Siasat | work=8 December 2014 | date=8 December 2014 | access-date=8 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 2015 with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Meetha Lal Mehta, born 1939, did his early college studies at the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] in New Delhi from where he graduated in Physics and secured his master's degree from [[Rajasthan University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; He continued his higher education at the [[University of London]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; to obtain a post graduate diploma from in urbanization.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Later, he entered [[Indian Administrative Service]] and became the Chief Secretary to the [[Government of Rajasthan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt;{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} He served the state as the Chief Secretary during the ministry of [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Uday India&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.udayindia.in/english/content_05june2010/homage.html | title=Uday India | publisher=Uday India | date=2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; from 2 February 1994 to 31 December 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chief Secretary&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SP Test&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On his retirement from the civil service, Mehta became the chairman of ''Rajasthan Mission on Livelihoods'' (RMoL),&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Standard&quot; /&gt; a state sponsored initiative, partly funded by [[UNDP]], for the betterment of the lives of the financially compromised people of [[Rajasthan]]. Under the aegis of this program, Mehta was known to have introduced many schemes, such as ''Apna Rickshaw Apne Naam Yojna'', where the rickshaw pullers of the state were assisted to own their own vehicle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Beads-Of-Sweat-On-The-Mahal-Wall/230347 | title=Outlook | publisher=Outlook | date=27 February 2006 | access-date=8 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harmony India&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPrintView.jsp?page_id=7985 | title=Harmony India | publisher=Harmony India | date=October 2008 | access-date=8 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122910/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPrintView.jsp?page_id=7985 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The project also arranged for redesigning their vehicle for better performance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harmony India&quot; /&gt; He served as the additional secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs in Rajasthan, as the director of [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD){{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and as the chairman of three state bodies such as the Compensation Committee, the Nomination and Remuneration Committee and the Audit Committee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; He was the head of many state public undertakings like Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals (RSSM), Rajasthan State Co-operative Bank (RSCB), Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation (RSWC), Spin Fed and Rajasthan knowledge Corporation Limited (RKCL).{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} He was also a board member of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and [[Prasar Bharati]]{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and a director of Vaibhav Global,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Four Traders&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.4-traders.com/business-leaders/Mitha-Lal-Mehta-06YN5Y-E/biography/ | title=Four Traders | publisher=Four Traders | date=2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; a private enterprise doing business as an online retailer of fashion jewellery and lifestyle accessories&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaibhav Global&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/vaibhav-global-ltd/directorsreport/companyid-5226.cms | title=Vaibhav Global | publisher=Economic Times | work=2014 | access-date=8 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; till his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Money Control&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/announcements/mitha-lal-mehta-ceases-to-be-directorvaibhav-global_1247111.html | title=Money Control | publisher=Money Control | date=2015 | access-date=8 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mehta is a recipient of several awards such as Indira Gandhi Priyadarshni Vriksha Mitra Award (1986), Acharya Jai Mal Gyan Award (1988), Mewar Gaurav Award (1994) and Chanakya Award (2010).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; He died, aged 75, on 7 December 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; at a private hospital in [[Mumbai]], following the complications from a heart attack suffered a month earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Standard&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siasat&quot; /&gt; The [[Government of India]] included him in the 2015 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list, posthumously, for the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Reserve Bank of India]]<br /> * [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]]<br /> * [[Indian Administrative Service]]<br /> * [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]]<br /> * [[Rajasthan University]]<br /> * [[University of London]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{portal|India}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydfBjTSJknY | title=Aamne Samne with former chief whip, Meetha Lal Mehta at First India Rajasthan Live | publisher=First India Rajasthan News Channel | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=18 October 2014 | access-date=8 March 2015}}<br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Meetha Lal}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]<br /> [[Category:1939 births]]<br /> [[Category:2014 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Social workers from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rameshwar_Sharma&diff=529293 2025-09-19T15:12:18Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Huzur Assembly constituency|Huzur]]<br /> | term_start = 2013<br /> | term_end = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor = Jitendra Daga<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Rameshwar Sharma''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Huzur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Huzur, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates &amp; Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/huzur-constituency-s12aed2008a155/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Huzur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Huzur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/huzur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BJP MLA Rameshwar Sharma: Non-Hindus Can Join Garba if They Re-Embrace Hinduism |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/madhya-pradesh/non-hindus-at-garba-bjp-mla-says-a-spoon-of-gangajal-and-tulsi-leaf-can-help-3736160 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Rameshwar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Harischandra_Prasad&diff=541271 2025-09-14T04:12:11Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: adding</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2003 Indian Telugu-language film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = <br /> | image = Tiger Harischandra Prasad.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = [[V. Samudra]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = [[Paruchuri brothers]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Posani Krishna Murali]]<br /> {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br /> | label1= Dialogue by<br /> | data1 = Paruchuri brothers<br /> }}<br /> | story = Posani Krishna Murali<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = P. Naga Lakshmi<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] <br /> * [[Ramya Krishna]] <br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]<br /> | music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> | studio = Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|12|18}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Tiger Harischandra Prasad''''' is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language [[action film|action]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by [[V. Samudra]] starring [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] and [[Ramya Krishna]]. The film is based on the problems of peasants.&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news242.html|title=THP on 18th December|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=24 November 2003|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226080400/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news242.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film received pre-release hype,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/community/openletters/harikrishna-thodakottu.html|title=Open letter to Hari Krishna Nandamuri|date=17 September 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Thodakottu|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226080400/https://www.idlebrain.com/community/openletters/harikrishna-thodakottu.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but it was released to mixed reviews. This film marked [[Posani Krishna Murali]]'s sixth collaboration with [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] and their only unsuccessful film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news239.html|title=Six films in Posani - Hari Krishna combination|date=14 August 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226080403/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news239.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] as Tiger Harischandra Prasad<br /> * [[Ramya Krishna]] as Rajeswari<br /> * [[Dasari Arun Kumar]] as Devaprasad<br /> * [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Swathi <br /> * [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as C. I.<br /> * [[Ahuti Prasad]]<br /> * [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Rajeswari's uncle<br /> * [[Jayaprakash Reddy]]<br /> * [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Papa Rao<br /> * [[Anandaraj]] as Killer Koteswar Rao<br /> * [[Brahmanandam]] as Bhoomika (in female getup)<br /> * [[Kovai Sarala]] as Pawan Kalyan (in male getup)<br /> * [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]<br /> * [[Rajitha]] as Protestor<br /> * [[Bandla Ganesh]]<br /> * Anitha Chowdary<br /> * Surekha Vani as [[Maa TV]] reporter<br /> * [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Police Inspector<br /> * [[Brahmaji]]<br /> * [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao|Kondavalasa]] as Swamy<br /> * [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Agriculture Minister<br /> * [[Girish Karnad]] as Prime Minister<br /> * Grandhi Subba Rao in a special appearance<br /> * [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Tiger Harischandra Prasad's father (in portrait)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was produced by P. Naga Lakshmi, who previously produced ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]'' (2002).&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot;/&gt; In October 2003, the film was shot in [[Chilakaluripet]], [[Guntur]] (at [[Jinnah Tower]]) and [[Narasaraopet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news241.html|title=Tiger Harischandra Prasad's shooting in Guntur|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=29 October 2003|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609005610/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news241.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 24 November 2003, the shooting of the film was complete except for two songs.&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tiger Harishchandra Prasad Songs: Tiger Harishchandra Prasad MP3 Telugu Songs by S P Balasubrahamanyam Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/tiger-harishchandra-prasad |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=27 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227151541/https://gaana.com/album/tiger-harishchandra-prasad |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nachaki of ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote &quot;The tunes are good, yes, but seem too common, and blame it partly on the beat used in the songs. The audience feels like they're listening to songs of a mid-80's movie, partly because of the theme of the movie!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=1 August 2025 |archive-date=23 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031223191301/http://www.telugufilmserver.com/tigerharischandraprasad_audio.shtml |last=Nachaki |title=Tiger Harischandra Prasad - audio review |url=http://www.telugufilmserver.com/tigerharischandraprasad_audio.shtml |website=Telugu Cinema}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Kadeddula<br /> | length1 = 6:58<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Jaladi Raja Rao]]<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | title2 = Premalona Emi Maya<br /> | length2 = 6:23<br /> | lyrics2 = E. S. Murthy<br /> | extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | title3 = Cheppana<br /> | length3 = 4:21<br /> | lyrics3 = Chirravuri Vijaykumar<br /> | extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Swarnalatha]]<br /> | title4 = Simhamochina<br /> | length4 = 4:56<br /> | lyrics4 = Chirravuri Vijaykumar<br /> | extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br /> | title5 = Deshama<br /> | length5 = 5:24<br /> | lyrics5 = Jaladi Raja Rao<br /> | extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br /> | total_length = 28:02<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that &quot;Harikrishna gets a tailor made role well cut out for his style of acting, with rugged appeal. But some frivolous scenes including the comedy featuring Brahmanandam and Kovai Sarala, puts the film on a sidetrack&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/22/stories/2003122200840400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103081137/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/22/stories/2003122200840400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2004|title=High-powered drama|date=22 December 2003|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that &quot;The last 20 minutes of the film is impressive. The rest of the film is narrated in old fashion. This film would take Hari Krishna close to the masses&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tigerharischandraprasad.html|title=Movie review - Tiger Harischandra Prasad|date=18 December 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226085906/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tigerharischandraprasad.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a negative review, a critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that &quot;This might've as well been a B-grade Narayana Murthy revolutionary pain, but one doesn't associate pains with Ramya Krishna around. But that's the pain: she's hardly around. This seems like an emerging trend in Tollywood. Not Ramya Krishna's absence, but movies with social messages&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/tiger-harishchandra-prasad/telugu/tiger-harishchandra-prasad-movie-reviews-1077-2.html|title=Tiger Harishchandra Prasad Review|work=Full Hyderabad|last=Verma|first=Mithun|access-date=2023-12-26|archive-date=2023-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226080406/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/tiger-harishchandra-prasad/telugu/tiger-harishchandra-prasad-movie-reviews-1077-2.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote &quot;[..] the film fails to evoke any interest neither to the audience targeted nor to the common audience. The film basically looks like R.Narayanamurthy films but has a huge starcast to reach the audience.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telugufilmserver.com/THP_Review.shtml|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=2 August 2025|title=Tiger Harichandra Prasad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040209125444/http://www.telugufilmserver.com/THP_Review.shtml|archive-date=9 February 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|0393879}}<br /> <br /> {{V. Samudra}}<br /> {{Posani Krishna Murali}}<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by V. Samudra]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Posani Krishna Murali]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bijapur_Dam&diff=470199 2025-09-11T11:35:40Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox dam<br /> | name = Bijapur Dam<br /> | name_official = Bijapur Canal<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|30.35465|78.03593|}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | dam_type = Check Dam<br /> | location = Garhi Cantt, Dehra Dun, India<br /> }}<br /> '''Bijapur Dam''' is situated in the [[Dehradun Cantonment|Garhi Cantonment]] area of [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCIPAQAAIAAJ |title=Bhārata Kā Rājapatra, The Gazette of India|year=1954 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Bijapur [[check dam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dainik Jagran 28 October 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=देहरादून : नदी में डूबने से सचिवालय में तैनात कंप्यूटर सहायक की मौत, कुछ माह पहले हुई थी शादी |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-computer-assistant-dies-due-to-drowning-in-river-located-at-bijapur-dam-22596099.html |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; was built on the [[Tons River|Tons river]] close to Karkuli valley by Britishers in the year 1841, witnessing the [[civil engineering]] proficiency of British official [[Sir Proby Thomas Cautley]], who worked on this one of the oldest check dams in Uttarakhand to improve the water supply in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2015 |first=Yogesh |last=Kumar |title=Doon &amp; dams: A centuries-old connection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doon-dams-a-centuries-old-connection/articleshow/49227080.cms |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Cautley created the blueprints and cost estimates for the Bijapur [[Canal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Work in progress to cover British-laid Kalanga canal |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/work-in-progress-to-cover-british-laid-kalanga-canal.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; but Captain Kirke—at the time the adjutant of the Sirmur Battalion—supervised the construction of the works. In the month of January 1841, water was allowed into the canal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bijapur Canal {{!}} Welcome to Uttarakhand Irrigation Department |url=https://www.uttarakhandirrigation.com/bijapur-canal |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.uttarakhandirrigation.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Head works ===<br /> A [[mountain stream]] called Tons that drains the Karkuli valley provides water for the [[Bijapur canal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmNGKpcE83cC |title=The Holy Himalaya |year=1989 |publisher=[[Nitya Nand]], [[Kamlesh Kumar]]|isbn=9788170350552 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Captain Cautley took advantage of some sizable chunks of rock that had fallen into the riverbed close to the left bank directly beneath the settlement of Bijapur when determining the immediate location for the head works.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abk2DwAAQBAJ |title=Sals of the Valley: A Memorial to Dehra Dun |date=21 September 2017 |publisher=[[Pradeep Singh]]|isbn=9781947752740 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Head (hydrology)|head]] was constructed entirely of loose rocks prior to 1858. In order to provide a full and constant supply of water during the rains, the [[canal]] was built with new head works that included scouring sluices, shrines, and grills, while also excluding pebbles and shingles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historical Canals in Uttarakhand Issues and Analysis @ abhipedia Powered by ABHIMANU IAS |url=https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/MTIzNDgz/Historical-Canals-in-Uttarakhand-Uttarakhand |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=abhipedia.abhimanu.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Dehradun canals]]<br /> * [[Dakpathar Barrage]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.uttarakhandirrigation.com/bijapur-canal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Dams in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Canals in India]]<br /> [[Category:Irrigation in India]]<br /> [[Category:Water supply infrastructure in India]]<br /> <br /> {{India-dam-stub}}</div>

Vikaasajublieeschool https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maa_Ratneshwari_Temple&diff=514168 2025-08-06T08:16:39Z

<p>Vikaasajublieeschool: Added A Place</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Maa Ratneshwari Mandir<br /> | native_name = माँ रत्नेश्वरी मंदिर<br /> | native_name_lang = hi<br /> | image = Maa Ratneshwari Mandir.jpg <br /> | caption = Top View of Maa Ratneshwari Temple<br /> | alt = Maa Ratneshwari Temple in Ratanpur Abhiman<br /> | map_type = India Bihar<br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | map_caption = Location of Maa Ratneshwari Mandir in Bihar<br /> | map_alt = Location of the temple in India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.292112|85.7414439|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes = <br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | province = <br /> | district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]<br /> | locale = [[Ratanpur Abhiman]]<br /> | location = [[Ratanpur Abhiman]]<br /> | elevation_m = 52<br /> | elevation_footnotes = Approximate elevation<br /> | deity = [[Durga]] (Maa Ratneshwari Devi)<br /> | facade_direction = East<br /> | temple_tank = <br /> | tower = <br /> | tradition = Hinduism<br /> | temple_tree = <br /> | festivals = [[Navaratri]], [[Durga Puja]]<br /> | architecture_type = Traditional Hindu Temple<br /> | architect = <br /> | temple_quantity = 1<br /> | monument_quantity = <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | established = <br /> | year_completed = Unknown<br /> | creator = <br /> | temple_board = Maa Ratneshwari Pooja Samiti<br /> | website = {{Cite web | url=https://www.jaymaaratneshwari.com/ | title=www.jaymaaratneshwari.com | access-date=2025-03-12 | archive-date=2024-09-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915221855/https://www.jaymaaratneshwari.com/ | url-status=dead }}<br /> <br /> | footnotes = [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]] [[Maa Durga]] [[Durga|Vaishnavi]]<br /> }}<br /> {{refimprove|date=August 2025}}<br /> '''Maa Ratneshwari Temple''', also known as '''Maa Ratneshwari Mandir''' or locally called '''Durga Asthan''', is a Hindu temple located in the eastern part of [[Ratanpur Abhiman]], in [[Darbhanga]], Bihar. The temple is dedicated to [[Maa Durga]] in her Lakshmi Swarupa form and has been a site of religious significance for centuries. <br /> ==History==<br /> It was established by '''Baba Bam Bholi Das''', following its original foundation by Ratna Sen, a devoted follower of the [[Durga]], during the rule of the [[Sena Dynasty]] in [[Bengal]]. Ratna Sen, the great-grandson of [[Keshava Sena]], the last ruler of the Sena Dynasty, migrated to [[Mithilanchal]] and established a fort near an existing Durga temple. The temple is considered a prominent pilgrimage destination, particularly for devotees from the Mithilanchal region and Nepal.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/darbhanga/news/senvansh-had-built-maa-ratneshwari-temple-in-darbhanga-132027100.html | title=सेन वंश ने बनवाया था मां रत्नेश्वरी मंदिर मंदिर:75 फीट ऊंचे टीले पर बना मां मंदिर, मनोकामना पूर्ण होने की है मान्यता | language=hi | trans-title=Maa Ratneshwari Temple was built by the Sen dynasty: Maa temple built on a 75 feet high mound, it is believed that wishes are fulfilled}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Significance and Features==<br /> The temple is known for its peaceful and serene atmosphere, and its worship practices are centered around a sacred Pindi rather than an idol. It does not practice [[animal sacrifice]], which aligns with its tranquil nature. The temple attracts a large number of devotees, especially during the '''Shardiya Navaratri''' and [[Navaratri]] festivals.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-vaishnavi-shaktipeeth-is-in-the-mata-ratneshwari-place-2216948.html | title=जाले में वैष्णवी शक्तिपीठ है माता रत्नेश्वरी स्थान | language=hi | trans-title=Mata Ratneshwari place is a Vaishnavi Shakti Peeth in Jaale}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;<br /> Maa ratneshwari Temple Intrance.jpg|Maa Ratneshwari Temple Intrance<br /> Maa Ratneshwari Mandir.jpg |Top View of Maa Ratneshwari Temple<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Hindu-temple-stub}}</div>

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