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Kollam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T05:51:36Z

Viji: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Kollam Lok Sabha constituency''' formerly '''Quilon Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kollam {{Small|KL-18}}
| map_image = Kollam Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg
| map_caption = Kollam Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = NK PREMACHANDRAN.rotated.rotated.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| mp = [[N. K. Premachandran]]
| preceded_by = [[N. Peethambara Kurup]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| assembly_cons = [[Chavara (State Assembly constituency)|Chavara]] [[Punalur (State Assembly constituency)|Punalur]] [[Chadayamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Chadayamangalam]] [[Kundara (State Assembly constituency)|Kundara]] [[Kollam (State Assembly constituency)|Kollam]] [[Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)|Eravipuram]] [[Chathannoor (State Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
}}

==Assembly segments==

Kollam Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|-
|117
|[[Chavara (State Assembly constituency)|Chavara]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|[[Sujith Vijayanpillai]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|{{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 121
|[[Punalur (State Assembly constituency)|Punalur]]
|[[P. S. Supal]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|122
|[[Chadayamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Chadayamangalam]]
|[[J. Chinchu Rani]]
|-
|123
|[[Kundara (State Assembly constituency)|Kundara]]
|[[P. C. Vishnunath]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|124
|[[Kollam (State Assembly constituency)|Kollam]]
|[[Mukesh Madhavan]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|125
|[[Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)|Eravipuram]]
|[[M. Noushad]]
|-
|126
|[[Chathannoor Assembly constituency|Chathannoor]]
|B. B. Gopakumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

===Corporations & municipalities coming under Kollam Lok Sabha constituency===
* [[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Kollam]] - Corporation
* [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] - Municipality
* [[Punalur]] - Municipality

== Members of Parliament ==
'''As Quilon Cum Mavelikkara in [[Travancore-Cochin]]'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
!colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|rowspan=2 |[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|[[N. Sreekantan Nair]]
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|rowspan=2 |1952-1957
|-
|[[R. Velayudhan]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent}}|
|Independent
|-
|}

'''As Quilon/Kollam'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
!colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan=2 |[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|[[V. Parameswaran Nayar|V. Parmeswaran Nayar]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|
|[[United Front of Leftists]]
|
|-
|[[P.K. Kodiyan]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|1957-1962
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|rowspan=4 |[[N. Sreekantan Nair]]
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|rowspan=4 |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|1962-1967
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|1967-1971
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|1971-1977
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|1977-1980
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|B.K. Nair
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|rowspan=4 |[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|1980-1984
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|rowspan=3 |[[S. Krishna Kumar]]
|1984-1989
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|1989-1991
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|1991-1996
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|rowspan="2" |[[N. K. Premachandran]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|1996-1998
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|1998-1999
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Rajendran]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1999-2004
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|2004-2009
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|[[N. Peethambara Kurup]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2009-2014
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
| rowspan="3" |[[N. K. Premachandran]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|2014-2019
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|2019-2024
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Incumbent]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Kollam<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kollam">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kollam |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1118.htm |access-date=5 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805154944/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1118.htm |archive-date=5 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha Elections: Premachandran scores a swift hat-trick in Kollam">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Lok Sabha Elections: Premachandran scores a swift hat-trick in Kollam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/premachandran-scores-a-swift-hat-trick-in-kollam/article68251012.ece |access-date=5 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805154935/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/premachandran-scores-a-swift-hat-trick-in-kollam/article68251012.ece |archive-date=5 August 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[N. K. Premachandran]]|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|votes=4,43,628|percentage=48.45|change={{decrease}}3.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mukesh Madhvan (actor)|Mukesh Madhvan]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=2,93,326|percentage=32.03|change={{decrease}}4.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,63,210|percentage=17.82|change={{increase}}7.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,546|percentage=0.71|change={{increase}}0.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,50,302|percentage=15.42|change={{up}}0.05}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,18,260|percentage=69.00|change={{decrease}}6.60}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
According to Election Commission, there are 12,59,400(Women-6,59,597, Men-5,99,797, Transgender people-6) registered voters in Kollam Constituency for 2019 Lok Sabha Election. Kollam Constituency was polled 74.36% of total electorate.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190426155946/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-kollam-constituency-live-results.html 2019 General Election Kollam Constituency Live Results]}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Kollam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[N. K. Premachandran]]
|votes = 4,99,667
|percentage = 51.61
|change = {{increase}}5.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[K. N. Balagopal]]
|votes = 3,50,821
|percentage = 36.24
|change = {{decrease}}5.94
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Adv. K V Sabu
|votes = 1,03,339
|percentage = 10.67
|change = {{increase}}4.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,018
|percentage = 0.6
|change = {{decrease}}0.30
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 1,48,869
|percentage = 15.37
|change = {{increase}}11.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 9,69,017
|percentage = 74.73
|change = {{increase}}2.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Kollam]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=[[N.K. Premachandran]]|votes=4,08,528|percentage=46.46|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[M A Baby|M. A. Baby]]|votes=3,70,879|percentage=42.18|change={{decrease}}3.01}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P.M. Velayudhan|votes=58,671|percentage=6.67|change={{increase}}2.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A.K. Salahudeen|votes=12,812|percentage=1.46|change=''New''}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,876|percentage=0.90|change=---}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 37,649
|percentage = 4.28
|change = {{increase}}1.95
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,79,056|percentage=72.12|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kollam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Indian general election, 2014 (Kerala)]]
* [[2014 Indian general election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/kerala/kollam/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kollam Lok Sabha Elections Asianet News survey results 2019]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}

{{coord|8.89|76.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Government of Kollam]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Travancore–Cochin]]

Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:39:37Z

Viji: adding a pg

{{other uses|Bardhaman (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bardhaman Uttar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bardhaman Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bardhaman Uttar Assembly Constituency
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| constituency_no = 266
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Nisith Kumar Malik]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 210,773
}}
'''Bardhaman Uttar''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per order of the Delimitation Commission, No. 266 Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Burdwan II (community development block)|Burdwan II]] community development block and Belkash, Bandul I, Rayan I, Rayan II, Saraitikar, Baghar I and Baghar II gram panchayats of [[Burdwan I (community development block)|Burdwan I]] community development block.

Bardhaman Uttar assembly segments is part of No. 39 [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Bardhaman''
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Benoy Choudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Radharani Mahtab
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''Bardhaman Uttar''
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Syed Shahedullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Debabrata Datta
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kashinath Ta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Dwarakanath Ta
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Ram Narayan Goswami
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Benoy Choudhuri
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Nisith Adhikary
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Pradip Tah
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Aparna Saha
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Nisith Kumar Malik]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bardhaman Uttar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Nisith Kumar Malik|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:112688}}|percentage=45.45|change={{decrease}}0.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:106228}}|percentage=42.85|change={{increase}}4.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mamoni Mondal Roy|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes={{formatnum:19465}}|percentage=7.85|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sudip Das|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:1914}}|percentage=0.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramkrishna Malik (Dev) |party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suchand Das |party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:3771}}|percentage=1.52|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:6460}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25266.htm

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Bardhaman Uttar<ref name="vidhansabha2021">{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/bardhaman-uttar-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Bardhaman Uttar Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =13 May 2021 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Nisith Kumar Malik|votes=111,211|percentage=45.97|change=+17.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Radha Kanta Roy|votes=93,943|percentage=38.83|change=+640.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Chandi Charan Let|votes=31,028|percentage= 12.83|change=-66.0}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate=Ramkrishna Malik|votes=3,347|percentage=1.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,396|percentage=0.99|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 241,925|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bardhaman Uttar<ref name="1vidhansabha2016">{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/bardhamanuttar-west-bengal-assembly-constituency | title= Bardhamn Uttar| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =13 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="2vidhansabha2016">{{cite web | url = http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/888-Bardhaman_Uttar_(assembly_election_result_2016.html| title= Bardhamn Uttar| work= Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date =13 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nisith Kumar Malik
|votes = 102,886
|percentage = 47.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Aparna Saha
|votes = 91,381
|percentage = 42.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prasanta Saha
|votes = 15,275
|percentage = 7.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Tarun Kanti Majhi
|votes = 2,275
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahadev Malik
|votes = 1,715
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,401
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Bardhaman Uttar<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25266.htm |title = Bardhaman Uttar |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050853/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25266.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=266| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223459/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=266| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Bardhaman Uttar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Bardhaman Uttar |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Aparna Saha
|votes = 98,182
|percentage = 50.87
|change = -12.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nishit Malick
|votes = 83,949
|percentage = 43.50
|change = +23.29#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sunil Sen
|votes = 5,607
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Dipu Chowdhury
|votes = 2,228
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Joygopal Das
|votes = 1,699
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Tarun Kanti Majhi
|votes = 1,342
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 193,007
|percentage = 91.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -32.97#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together, as well as the CPI(M) vote percentage, in 2006 for the Bardhaman Uttar constituency.

===1967-2006===
Pradip Tah of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Bardhaman Uttar seat defeating his nearest rival Deb Narayan Guha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 assembly elections]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001 and 1996, Nisith Adhikary of CPI (M) defeated Lakshmi Narayan Nayek and Raimoni Das (both of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]) in the respective years. In 1991 and 1987, [[Benoy Choudhury|Benoy Krishna Chowdhury]] of CPI (M) defeated Sadhan Ghosh and Santosh Saha Sikdar (both of Congress) in the respective years. In 1982, Goswami Ramnarayan of CPI (M) defeated Lakshmi Narayan Rej of ICS. In 1977, Dwarka Nath Tah of CPI (M) won the seat defeating Sudhir Chandra Dawn of Congress.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp270.htm| title = 270 – Burdwan North Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref> Kashinath Ta of Congress won the seat in 1972. Debabrata Dutta of CPI (M) won the seat in 1971 and 1969. [[Syed Shahedullah]] of CPI (M) won the seat in 1967.<ref name=eletin>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections |access-date=2010-08-29 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===1951-1962===
Radharani Mahtab of Congress won the Bardhaman seat in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Benoy Choudhuri representing [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] and [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]].<ref name=eletin/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Bardhaman]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Suicide of Jacintha Saldanha

2026-05-06T22:34:56Z

Viji: put up the data w/ refs

{{Short description|Hanging of Indian nurse after being deceived}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 
| image = Death of Jacintha Saldanha.jpg
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption = Saldanha in a family photograph
| date = {{start date|2012|12|7|df=y}}
| time =
| place = Charterhouse Annexe, [[King Edward VII's Hospital Sister Agnes]], Westminster, Greater London
| coordinates = 
| also known as =
| cause = [[Suicide]]
| first reporter =
| participants =
| outcome =
| reported death(s) =
| burial = 17 December 2012, [[Shirva, India|Shirva]], Karnataka, India
| inquiries =
| inquest = Preliminary held 13 December 2012, full 11 & 12 September 2014<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jacintha-saldanha-inquest-australian-radio-station-donates-500000-to-family-of-nurse-who-killed-herself-after-royal-prank-call-9730999.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jacintha-saldanha-inquest-australian-radio-station-donates-500000-to-family-of-nurse-who-killed-herself-after-royal-prank-call-9730999.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Jacintha Saldanha inquest: Australian radio station donates $500,000 to family of nurse who killed herself after royal prank call |work=The Independent |date=13 September 2014 | access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author = Caroline Davies|title = DJ apologises to Jacintha Saldanha's family as nurse's death ruled suicide|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 12 September 2014|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/12/jacintha-saldanha-death-suicide-prank-call-dj-apologises|access-date = 23 August 2017}}</ref>
| coroner =
| suspects =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions = None
| publication bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| website = 
| notes =
}}

'''Jacintha Saldanha''' (24 March 1966 – 7 December 2012) was an Indian nurse who worked at [[King Edward VII's Hospital]] in the [[City of Westminster]], [[London]]. On 7 December 2012, she was found dead by [[suicide]], three days after falling for a [[prank call|prank phone call]] as part of a [[Stunting (broadcasting)|radio stunt]]. In the prank call, the hosts of the Australian radio programme ''[[Hot30 Countdown]]'', broadcast on the [[Southern Cross Austereo]] owned station [[2Day FM]] in [[Sydney]], called Saldanha's hospital and impersonated [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and the then-[[Charles III|Prince of Wales]] enquiring about the health of [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge]], who was a patient there at the time. Saldanha fell for the hoax and transferred the call to the nurse looking after the Duchess.

Saldanha's suicide led to public outrage, including in Saldanha's home country, against those responsible for perpetrating and broadcasting the prank. Despite numerous calls for legal action, no charges were laid.

==Background of Saldanha==
Saldanha was 46 years old at the time of her death.<ref name=ndtv1 /> She was born in [[Shirva, India|Shirva]], India, and had lived in the [[Sultanate of Oman]] for several years, before moving to England around 2002.<ref name=appalling /> In December 2012, she was staying in nurse's quarters at her London workplace, for the sake of convenience, while her family (husband, 16-year-old son, and 14-year-old daughter) lived in [[Bristol]].<ref name=appalling>{{cite news|last=AFP|title=2Day FM radio prank on London nurse Jacintha Saldanha 'appalling', hospital says|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/day-fm-radio-prank-on-london-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-appalling-hospital-says/story-e6frg996-1226532987425|access-date=15 December 2012|newspaper=The Australian|date=9 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=158386 |title=Jacintha Attempted Suicide More than Once, Blamed RJs for her Death: Reports |publisher=daijiworld.com |date=16 December 2012}}</ref>

The family initially reported to the press that Saldanha did not have any history of [[Mental disorder|mental illness]] or [[Major depressive disorder|depression]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/11/jacintha-saldanha-inquest-no-depression-duchess-of-cambridge|title=Jacintha Saldanha inquest: nurse had no history of psychiatric illness|last=Davies|first=Caroline|date=11 September 2014|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 July 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003044853/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/11/jacintha-saldanha-inquest-no-depression-duchess-of-cambridge|url-status=live}}</ref> However, multiple news sources later revealed that this was not Saldanha's first attempt at suicide, noting she had attempted suicide on two previous occasions and was taking antidepressant medication.<ref name="Depression"/>

==Prank call==
[[File:King Edward VII's Hospital, 37 Devonshire Street.jpg|thumb|Buildings of the King Edward VII's Hospital in Devonshire Street, London]]
On 2 December 2012, [[St James's Palace]] announced that [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge]], was pregnant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-20586343|title=Kate and William: Duchess pregnant, palace says|publisher=BBC News|date=3 December 2012|access-date=2020-09-20|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003044817/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-20586343|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 December, at about 5:30 am London time (GMT) or 4:30 pm Sydney time (AEDT), the hosts of the ''Hot30 Countdown'' radio programme, [[Mel Greig]] and [[Mike Christian]], called the hospital and spoke to the main nurse, Saldanha. Impersonating [[Elizabeth II]], Greig said: "Oh hello there. Could I please speak to Kate please, my granddaughter." Saldanha responded, "Oh yes. Hold on ma'am," and transferred the call to the Duchess's nurse, who spent approximately two minutes speaking with Greig as well as Christian, the latter impersonating the then-[[Charles III|Prince of Wales]]. The hosts used what were later described as "ridiculous comedy accents".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/05/royal-baby-phone-hoax |title=Royal baby phone hoax: hospital not amused at prank call |work=The Guardian |date=5 December 2012 |access-date=30 October 2014 |location=London |first=Caroline |last=Davies |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003044853/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/05/royal-baby-phone-hoax |url-status=live }}</ref>

The stunt was broadcast on 5 December, after it had been cleared by the radio station's lawyers. When hospital chief executive John Lofthouse learned of the prank call, he condemned it as an act of "journalistic trickery" that no nurse should have to deal with.<ref name=Telegraph /> The CEO of Southern Cross Austereo, Rhys Holleran, later claimed that station officials had made at least five attempts to contact the two nurses in the recording prior to greenlighting the call for broadcast – with Sydney University law professor Barbara McDonald noting that his comments showed the station already understood they needed to "[get] consent (to air the interview) and they failed to".<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/10/royal-hoax-station-contacted-hospital |title=Royal hoax station tried to contact hospital before broadcast |first=Alison |last=Rourke |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003044851/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/10/royal-hoax-station-contacted-hospital |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 December, the radio station issued a brief apology for "any inconvenience caused" by their actions, although Christian continued to promote "the royal prank" on [[Twitter]].<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9731359/Cruel-hospital-hoax-still-playing-on-radio.html |title='Cruel' hospital hoax still playing on radio |first=Gordon |last=Rayner |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=8 December 2012 |location=London |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003044854/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9731359/Cruel-hospital-hoax-still-playing-on-radio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Neither Saldanha nor the other nurse were disciplined or suspended by the hospital; St. James's Palace also indicated that they did not blame the nurses for their part in the incident.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2012-dec-07-la-et-mg-kate-middleton-nurse-found-dead-prank-call-20121207-story.html | work= Los Angeles Times | author= Christie D'Zurilla | title= RNurse who took prank 'royal' call found dead; DJs now off the air | date= 7 December 2012 | access-date= 15 August 2024 | archive-date= 3 October 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241003044851/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2012-dec-07-la-et-mg-kate-middleton-nurse-found-dead-prank-call-20121207-story.html | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2012/12/08/why-did-kate-middletons-nurse-kill-herself/ | newspaper= The Washington Post | author= Delia Lloyd | title= Why did nurse at Kate Middleton's hospital kill herself? | date= 8 December 2012 | access-date= 15 September 2017 | archive-date= 10 March 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310000938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2012/12/08/why-did-kate-middletons-nurse-kill-herself/ | url-status= live }}</ref>

==Death==
On the morning of 7 December 2012, Saldanha was found dead by security and other staff in her nurse's quarters at the hospital. She had died by [[suicide]], and also had injuries.<ref name=family>{{cite news|title=Jacintha Saldanha's family speak of 'unfillable void' after nurse's death|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/15/jacintha-saldanha-family-nurse|access-date=15 December 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 December 2012|location=London|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003045309/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/15/jacintha-saldanha-family-nurse|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cruel trick">{{cite news|last=Sandra Laville|first=Caroline Davies|title=Jacintha Saldanha suicide note criticised hospital staff|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/13/jacintha-saldanha-suicide-notes|access-date=16 December 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 December 2012|location=London|archive-date=14 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214063101/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/13/jacintha-saldanha-suicide-notes|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was reported that Saldanha had left three [[suicide note|handwritten notes]], one of which blamed the radio stunt for her death. Another note discussed her wishes for funeral arrangements, while the third was directed at her employer, criticising their handling of events that followed the prank call.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=157712 | title = Jacintha Saldanha's Family in Grief After Prank Call Leads to her Death | publisher = Daijiworld.com| date=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/13/jacintha-saldanha-suicide-notes |title=Jacintha Saldanha suicide note criticised hospital staff |first1=Sandra |last1=Laville |first2=Caroline |last2=Davies |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215225928/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/13/jacintha-saldanha-suicide-notes |archive-date=15 December 2012 |access-date=15 December 2012 |location=London |date=13 December 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Southern Cross Austereo===
Following news of Saldanha's suicide, Austereo CEO Rhys Holleran said that Greig and Christian were both "deeply shocked" and would not return to their radio show until further notice.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.2dayfm.com.au/news/message-from-southern-cross-austereo |title=Southern Cross Austereo media statement |publisher=2dayfm.com.au |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003045252/https://hit.listnr.com/sydney/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A day later, as advertisers boycotted or threatened to [[boycott]] the station, 2Day FM suspended all advertising indefinitely.<ref>{{cite news |title=2Day FM suspends all advertising amid royal prank backlash |first=Jonathan |last=Swan |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney, Australia |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=8 December 2012 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/2day-fm-suspends-all-advertising-amid-royal-prank-backlash-20121208-2b1zy.html |archive-date=9 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209083505/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/2day-fm-suspends-all-advertising-amid-royal-prank-backlash-20121208-2b1zy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 December, Greig and Christian gave their first interviews since Saldanha's death, telling [[Nine Network]]'s ''[[A Current Affair (Australian TV series)|A Current Affair]]'' and [[Seven Network]]'s ''[[Today Tonight]]'' that they were still "badly shaken" over the tragedy.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-10/under-fire-djs-discuss-prank-call-tragedy/4419488 'Shattered' DJs discuss prank call tragedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003045252/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-11/under-fire-djs-discuss-prank-call-tragedy/4419488?future=true& |date=3 October 2024 }}. [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]], 11 December 2012.</ref>

Advertising on 2Day FM resumed from 13 December, with Austereo announcing that it would donate the remainder of station advertising proceeds for 2012—a minimum of [[Australian dollar|A$]]500,000 ([[Pound sterling|£]]320,000)—to a memorial fund to benefit Saldanha's family.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20673899 Kate hoax: Radio station to donate to nurse family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921152940/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20673899 |date=21 September 2018 }}. [[BBC News]], 12 December 2012.</ref> Austereo also cancelled its annual Christmas party for employees in Sydney and donated the funds for the party to the non-profit organisations [[Beyond Blue]] and [[Lifeline (crisis support service)|Lifeline]].<ref>Michael, Sara. [http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/dayfm-cancels-staff-christmas-party-in-wake-of-scandal 2DayFM cancels staff Christmas party in wake of phone hoax scandal]. [[News.com.au]], 10 December 2012.</ref>

On 27 January 2013, Austereo announced that ''Hot30 Countdown'' was cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Royal-prank-DJs-given-the-boot/tabid/417/articleID/284651/Default.aspx|publisher=3 News NZ |title=Royal prank DJs given the boot|date=28 January 2013}}</ref> Christian returned to work in February and won Austereo's "Top Jock" award in June 2013 for his work on [[Fox FM (Melbourne)|Fox FM]] in [[Melbourne]], while Greig remained off-air.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/05/australia-hoax-dj-wins-award|title=Royal prank DJs given the boot|date=5 June 2013|website=www.theguardian.com|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003045343/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/05/australia-hoax-dj-wins-award|url-status=live}}</ref> Greig later sued Austereo for [[Workplace bullying#Australia|failure to provide a safe workplace]]; the lawsuit was settled in December 2013. As part of the settlement, Austereo made a public statement that Greig was not responsible for the decision to air the hoax call and had suggested that it be edited before broadcast.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mel Greig wanted prank call altered: Austereo |newspaper=The Australian |date=5 December 2013 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/prank-call-dj-mel-greig-resolves-dispute-with-austereo-and-resigns/story-e6frg996-1226775626559 |access-date=30 October 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206035005/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/prank-call-dj-mel-greig-resolves-dispute-with-austereo-and-resigns/story-e6frg996-1226775626559 |url-status=live }}</ref> Greig found work in advertising after leaving Austereo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/mel-greig-has-new-gig-radio-not-place-i-want-return-moment|title=Mel Greig has a new gig: 'Radio not a place I want to return to at the moment' |work=RadioInfo Australia |date=4 June 2015 |publisher=www.radioinfo.com.au|access-date=26 February 2017 |last1=Napier |first1=Kim }}</ref> but in 2016 returned to radio work in Wollongong, south of Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/mel-greig-returns-radio-wollongong|title=Mel Greig returns to radio in Wollongong|work=RadioInfo Australia |date=19 December 2015|publisher=www.radioinfo.com.au|access-date=26 February 2017 |author1=Mrlove }}</ref> In March 2018, Greig revealed that she became the target of online bullies following the prank and became a contributor for anti-bullying campaigns.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/mel-greig-on-life-beyond-being-the-royal-prank-dj/news-story/7fc8ed9fc82fec05bd0c9cd41cf800e8|title=Mel Grieg on life beyond being the royal prank|last=Thuoy|first=Wendy|date=March 16, 2018|website=Daily Telegraph|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124222434/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/stellar/mel-greig-on-life-beyond-being-the-royal-prank-dj/news-story/7fc8ed9fc82fec05bd0c9cd41cf800e8|url-status=live}}</ref>

===In India===
The burial function for Saldanha was held on 17 December 2012 in the town of [[Shirva, India|Shirva]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name=burial>{{cite news | last =Shenoy | first =Jaideep | title =Family bids tearful goodbye to nurse Jacintha | date =18 December 2012 | url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Family-bids-tearful-goodbye-to-nurse-Jacintha/articleshow/17658692.cms | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130127140301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-18/india/35889509_1_tearful-farewell-parish-priest-casket | url-status =live | archive-date =27 January 2013 | newspaper =[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> More than 1,000 people attended the mass and burial ceremony, including a [[Minister (government)|minister]] of Karnataka state, a former [[Cabinet of India|Central Minister]] and other state functionaries.<ref name=burial /><ref name=1,000>{{cite news | last =Buncombe | first =Andrew | title =Jacintha Saldanha laid to rest, but family's hunt for answers goes on | newspaper =The Independent | date =19 December 2012 | url =https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jacintha-saldanha-laid-to-rest-but-familys-hunt-for-answers-goes-on-8422459.html | access-date =19 December 2012 | location =London | archive-date =19 December 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121219071606/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/jacintha-saldanha-laid-to-rest-but-familys-hunt-for-answers-goes-on-8422459.html | url-status =live }}</ref> Several Karnataka dignitaries also visited Saldanha's mother, who lives in Mangalore with Saldanha's siblings.<ref name=ndtv1>{{cite web|title=Royal hoax call: Body of nurse Jacintha Saldanha reaches India|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/body-of-royal-hoax-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-reaches-india-306045|publisher=NDTV.com|access-date=16 December 2012|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003045821/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=criteoPrebidAdapter&topUrl=www.ndtv.com&gpp=|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dozens of students staged a demonstration in front of the [[British High Commission]] in [[New Delhi]], carrying banners demanding "Justice for Jacintha".<ref name=ndtv1 /> The [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] expressed concern over the back-to-back deaths of Saldanha and [[Savita Halappanavar]], both women of Karnataka origin working abroad, and wrote letters to the [[Indian prime minister]] urging him to take steps to ensure the safety of Indian origin people abroad.<ref name=concern>{{cite news|title=Karnataka concerned over Savitha, Jacintha deaths: Former CM|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karnataka-concerned-over-Savitha-Jacintha-deaths-Former-CM/articleshow/17637834.cms|access-date=16 December 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 December 2012|archive-date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216214802/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karnataka-concerned-over-Savitha-Jacintha-deaths-Former-CM/articleshow/17637834.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[RJ Balaji]], based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], discontinued his radio show ''Cross Talk''—where he made prank calls to unsuspecting victims—in response to Saldanha's death.<ref>{{cite web |first=Prince |last=Frederick |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/hang-up-on-prank-calls/article4191768.ece |title=Hang up on prank calls |work=The Hindu |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023003641/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/hang-up-on-prank-calls/article4191768.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Legal action===
As part of their investigation into the death, the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] in London contacted the [[New South Wales Police Force]] in Sydney. However, on 28 December 2012, the New South Wales deputy police commissioner said that there had been no formal request from UK police to interview Greig and Christian, and that it seemed "unlikely any charges will be laid."<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/418929/20121228/kate-middleton-jacintha-saldanha.htm | title=Kate Middleton Prank Death Call: No Charges over Jacintha Saldanha | author=Dominic Gover | work=International Business Times | date=28 December 2012 | access-date=30 December 2012 | archive-date=31 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231163520/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/418929/20121228/kate-middleton-jacintha-saldanha.htm? | url-status=live }}</ref> British prosecutors confirmed in February 2013 that they would not be pressing charges against the presenters; although Greig and Christian may have committed offences under Britain's [[Data Protection Act 1998]] and [[Malicious Communications Act 1988]], prosecution was deemed to "not be in the public interest" because it would not be possible to [[extradite]] the Australians and because "however misguided, the telephone call was intended as a harmless prank".<ref name=20130202StuffCoNz>{{cite news |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/8254302/No-charges-for-royal-hoaxters |title=No charges for royal hoaxters |agency=Associated Press |publisher=www.stuff.co.nz |date=2 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |archive-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205154418/http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/8254302/No-charges-for-royal-hoaxters |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 December 2012, Australian media watchdog [[Australian Communications and Media Authority]] (ACMA) launched an inquiry to assess whether the radio station had breached the conditions of their broadcasting licence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/acma-launches-investigation-prank-call|title=ACMA launches investigation into prank call|date=13 December 2012|work=www.radioinfo.com.au|location=Australia|access-date=17 December 2012|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227071209/https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/acma-launches-investigation-prank-call|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2013, it was reported that ACMA had prepared a confidential preliminary report that found 2Day FM had acted illegally by broadcasting the hoax phone call without consent. Southern Cross Austereo was seeking to block the report's release, arguing that ACMA did not have standing to make a criminal finding.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/broadcast/acma-royal-prank-ruling-could-prejudice-afp-probe-court-told/story-fna045gd-1226722830319 |title=NACMA royal prank ruling could prejudice AFP probe |work=The Australian |date=19 September 2013 | access-date=30 October 2014 }}</ref> A [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] judge sided with ACMA in November 2013, but was reversed by a decision of the full bench of the Federal Court in March 2014. ACMA subsequently appealed to the [[High Court of Australia|High Court]], which agreed in August 2014 to hear the case.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.australiantimes.co.uk/royal-hoax-call-battle-goes-to-australian-high-court/ |title='Royal hoax call' battle goes to Australian High Court |work=Australian Times |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=30 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003045803/https://www.australiantimes.co.uk/news/royal-hoax-call-battle-goes-to-australian-high-court/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 4 March 2015 the High Court upheld the earlier decision of the Federal Court, ruling that the ACMA could validly exercise non-jurisdictional administrative power to make a determination in respect of whether the relevant conduct was unlawful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jacintha-saldanha-death-high-court-rules-royal-hoax-call-was-unlawful-1490436|title=Jacintha Saldanha death: High court rules royal hoax call was unlawful|author=Samantha Payne|date=4 March 2015|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003045910/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jacintha-saldanha-death-high-court-rules-royal-hoax-call-was-unlawful-1490436|url-status=live}}</ref>

In its report,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/acma-releases-royal-prank-call-report|title=ACMA releases Royal Prank Call report|last=radioinfo.com.au|date=22 April 2015|website=www.radioinfo.com.au}}</ref> which was released on 22 April 2015, ACMA found that 2Day FM had breached the Australian commercial radio code of conduct by broadcasting a statement of an identifiable person without her consent and that they had treated her in a highly demeaning or highly exploitative manner.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.acma.gov.au/Industry/Broadcast/Radio/Radio-content-regulation/acma-publishes-royal-prank-call-investigation-report/ |title=ACMA publishes 'Royal Prank Call' investigation report |work=ACMA media release |date=22 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052648/http://www.acma.gov.au/Industry/Broadcast/Radio/Radio-content-regulation/acma-publishes-royal-prank-call-investigation-report/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/royal-prank-station-2day-fm-may-fight-licence-suspension-as-acma-publishes-investigation-20150422-1mqry1.htm/kate-middleton-jacintha-saldanha.htm |title=Royal prank station 2Day FM may fight licence suspension as ACMA publishes investigation |author=Michael Lallo |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=22 April 2015| access-date=26 April 2015 }}</ref> ACMA applied a third licence condition to 2Day FM as a sanction which consisted of staff ethics training and a three-hour broadcast raising awareness of bullying, depression and anxiety.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbrella.com.au/2dayfm-royal-prank-call-acma-punishment-off-air-306270|title=NEWS2DayFM gets new licence condition but avoids being taken off air over royal prank call incident|date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Depression">Sources that refer to Saldanha's previous suicide attempts and anti-depressants include:
* {{Cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2012/12/24/nurse-who-killed-herself-after-kate-middleton-hoax-attempted-suicide-twice-before/|title=Nurse who killed herself after Kate Middleton hoax attempted suicide twice before|date=24 December 2012|work=New York Post|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155401/https://nypost.com/2012/12/24/nurse-who-killed-herself-after-kate-middleton-hoax-attempted-suicide-twice-before/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/hoax-nurse-made-two-prior-suicide-attempts/news-story/ae9ed515daf4f8605715d77b4470bf3d?sv=b6e05d58941fc41a45f9906e88e89d37&nk=95ea2e59de2a08c1945f4a0f267f0a32-1514101969|title=Nurse made two prior suicide attempts|date=23 December 2012|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207114829/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/hoax-nurse-made-two-prior-suicide-attempts/news-story/ae9ed515daf4f8605715d77b4470bf3d?sv=b6e05d58941fc41a45f9906e88e89d37&nk=95ea2e59de2a08c1945f4a0f267f0a32-1514101969|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/radio-prank-call-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-on-anti-depressants-after-two-suicide-attempts/news-story/0361c73590d1cfc1907fa5d658c9a98c?sv=b7a5061c09f2d3f1110eeb81e092e4c4|title=Prank call nurse 'on medication'|work=NewsComAu|access-date=24 December 2017}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9763845/Prank-call-nurse-in-previous-suicide-attempt.html|title=Prank call nurse 'in previous suicide attempt'|last=Johnson|first=Wesley|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=23 December 2012|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2012/12/nurse-jacintha-saldanha-history-suicide-attempts/|title=Hoax Nurse Jacintha Saldanha Had a History of Suicide Attempts|last=Genovario|first=Kevin|date=24 December 2012|work=Heavy.com|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155414/https://heavy.com/news/2012/12/nurse-jacintha-saldanha-history-suicide-attempts/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/12/24/tragic-kate-middleton-nurse-had-made-two-previous-suicide-attempts|title=Tragic Kate Nurse Made Two Previous Suicide Attempts|last=Sykes|first=Tom|date=24 December 2012|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=24 December 2017}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/radio-prank-call-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-on-anti-depressants-after-two-suicide-attempts/news-story/0361c73590d1cfc1907fa5d658c9a98c|title=Prank call nurse 'on medication'|work=NewsComAu|access-date=24 December 2017}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://screenertv.com/news-features/pranked-kate-middleton-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-attempted-suicide-twice-before-her-death-report/|title=Pranked Kate Middleton nurse Jacintha Saldanha attempted suicide twice before her death – report|date=24 December 2012|work=Screener|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224155418/http://screenertv.com/news-features/pranked-kate-middleton-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-attempted-suicide-twice-before-her-death-report/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/british-nurse-radio-hoax-attempted-suicide-report-article-1.1226204|title=British nurse in radio hoax attempted suicide before: report|work=NY Daily News|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003050340/https://playlist.stnvideo.com/player/data/index.php?cmd=loadInitial&session=ldFGpiQrrDeep6VO&instance=198479340&version=STN-5.0.155&age=241003&type=FULL&EXTREF=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2F2012%2F12%2F23%2Fbritish-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-victim-of-radio-prank-involving-kate-middleton-attempted-suicide-twice-before-and-took-antidepressants-report%2F&REF=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2F2012%2F12%2F23%2Fbritish-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-victim-of-radio-prank-involving-kate-middleton-attempted-suicide-twice-before-and-took-antidepressants-report%2F&ogSet=1&ESG_key=papQS7n5|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.radioinfo.com.au/news/12320|title=Hoax nurse Jacintha Saldanha 'made two prior suicide attempts' {{!}} radioinfo|website=www.radioinfo.com.au|access-date=24 December 2017}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.inquisitr.com/452454/royal-prank-call-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-made-previous-suicide-attempts-its-alleged/|title=Royal Prank Call Nurse Jacintha Saldanha Made Previous Suicide Attempts, It's Alleged|date=23 December 2012|work=The Inquisitr|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213941/https://www.inquisitr.com/452454/royal-prank-call-nurse-jacintha-saldanha-made-previous-suicide-attempts-its-alleged/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/royal-pregnancy-hoax-call-suicide-nurse-jacintha-attempted-to-kill-herself-twice-2012-12-23-1.488318|title=Royal pregnancy hoax call suicide: Nurse Jacintha attempted to kill herself twice|last=George|first=Joseph|date=23 December 2012|work=Emirates 24{{!}}7|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003050338/https://www.emirates247.com/news/royal-pregnancy-hoax-call-suicide-nurse-jacintha-attempted-to-kill-herself-twice-2012-12-23-1.488318|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016/07/31/jacintha-saldanha-who-committed-suicide-after-royal-hoax-had-history-depression-reports|title=Jacintha Saldanha, who committed suicide after royal hoax, had history of depression: reports|work=Public Radio International|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213618/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-12-23/jacintha-saldanha-who-committed-suicide-after-royal-hoax-had-history-depression|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/kate-middleton/news/jacintha-saldanha-attempted-suicide-twice-before-hoax-call_3429830|title=Jacintha Saldanha Attempted Suicide Twice Before Hoax Call|date=24 December 2012|work=Contactmusic.com|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/hoax-call-nurse-had-made-previous-suicide-attempts/66953|title=Hoax call nurse had made 'previous suicide attempts' - ucanews.com|work=ucanews.com|access-date=24 December 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213816/https://www.ucanews.com/news/hoax-call-nurse-had-made-previous-suicide-attempts/66953|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saldanha, Jacintha}}
[[Category:Radio controversies]]
[[Category:Controversies in Australia]]
[[Category:2012 in the United Kingdom|Death of Jacintha Saldanha]]
[[Category:2012 scandals]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in London]]
[[Category:History of mental health in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Suicides in Westminster]]
[[Category:Prank calling]]
[[Category:2012 hoaxes]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in Australia]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Privacy law]]
[[Category:December 2012 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:December 2012 in Australia]]

Perilloor Premier League

2026-05-03T21:25:52Z

Viji: Starting Some Entry Basic Info - done

{{short description|Indian comedy streaming television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Perilloor Premier League.jpeg
| caption = Title card
| genre = [[Comedy film|Comedy]] [[Political film|Political]]
| based_on =
| creator = Praveen Chandran
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sunny Wayne]]
*[[Nikhila Vimal]]
*[[Vijayaraghavan]]
*[[Aju Varghese]]
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
*[[Sajin Cherukayil]]
}}
| writer = [[Deepu Pradeep]]
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor = Bavan Sreekumar
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| company =
| executive_producer =
| runtime =
| producer = Mukesh R. Mehta and C.V. Sarathi <ref>{{Cite web |title='Perilloor Premier League' Trailer Video: Nikhila Vimal and Sunny Wayne starrer 'Perilloor Premier League' Official Trailer Video {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/tamil/perilloor-premier-league-trailer-video-nikhila-vimal-and-sunny-wayne-starrer-perilloor-premier-league-official-trailer-video/videoshow/105831453.cms |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| music = [[Mujeeb Majeed]]
| related =
}}
'''Perilloor Premier League''' is an Indian Malayalam-language [[Political film|political]] [[comedy drama]] [[streaming television]] series directed by Praveen Chandran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title='Perilloor Premier League tells the story of a village and its supernatural inhabitants, says director Praveen Chandran |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/perilloor-premier-league-tells-the-story-of-a-village-and-its-supernatural-inhabitants-says-director-praveen-chandran-9092359/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rashmi.kuttan |title=Disney Plus Hotstar announces third Malayalam web series 'Perilloor Premier League' |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/disney-plus-hotstar-announces-third-malayalam-web-series-perilloor-premier-league-rkn-s43xdt |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> [[Deepu Pradeep]], the writer of this web series introduces the world of Perilloor, a setting that bears a striking resemblance to Desham, the locale featured in Pradeep's earlier comedy film ''[[Kunjiramayanam]]''. The series features Malavika, portrayed by [[Nikhila Vimal]], who accidentally becomes the Panchayat president of Perilloor Grama Panchayat after a series of unpredictable events. The cast includes [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Aju Varghese]] and [[Sajin Cherukayil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perilloor Premier League trailer hints at a loud political satire |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/07/perilloor-premier-league-trailer-hints-ata-loud-political-satire-50198.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=7 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-13 |title=Sunny Wayne, Nikhila Vimal's upcoming series titled 'Perilloor Premier League'; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-wayne-nikhila-vimals-upcoming-series-titled-perilloor-premier-league-first-look-out/article67528240.ece |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Perilloor Premier League' is not far away from 'Kunjiramayanam,' yet remains fresh {{!}} Web series review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/01/06/perilloor-premier-league-web-series-review-nikhila-vimal-sunny-wayne-hotstar.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2024-01-05 |title=Perilloor Premier League web series review: A well-written satirical drama on politics and social issues |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/perilloor-premier-league-web-series-review-a-well-written-satirical-drama-on-politics-and-social-issues/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Season 1 of the series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 5 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-08 |title=Nikhila Vimal and Sunny Wayne's 'Perilloor Premier League' teaser out: Promises a blend of romance and politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nikhila-vimal-and-sunny-waynes-perilloor-premier-league-teaser-out-promises-a-blend-of-romance-and-politics/articleshow/105835883.cms |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27349179/reviews |access-date=2024-02-05 |title=Perilloor Premier League User Reviews|website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

== Premise ==
Peethambaran is unable to contest in the upcoming elections and so he urges his niece Malavika to run for Panchayat president. The question looms: will she agree to his plan? Understanding the predicament she's in, Malavika and her aunt hatch a plan to deliberately lose the election. In a twist, she turns to Psycho Balachandran for assistance. Later Malavika accidentally becomes the Panchayat president of Perilloor Grama Panchayat. This unexpected turn of events sets the stage for a captivating tale filled with humor.

Malavika had been in love with Sreekuttan since childhood. During their school days, she decides to propose him and creates a letter, with the drawing of a dragonfly as a dragonfly was present when they first met and when he helped her to get up, and hence she considered dragonfly as an integral part of their love story.

The day before Malu proposes him, he decides to watch a blue film when his parents are asleep. But hearing the sound of a crowd around, he runs outside, forgetting to switch off the television and his parents catch him red-handed. His father beats him up and the crowd hears the reason for it. The next day, everyone in the school teases him with the word "thumbi" (dragonfly) as the blue film he was watching was "kinnarathumbikal" That is when Malu gives him the letter and he assumes her to be mocking him and slaps her.

== Cast ==
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Sreekuttan (Thumbikuttan)
* [[Nikhila Vimal]] as Malavika (Malu)

* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Peethambaran
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Psycho Balachandran
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Keman Soman<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Ashokan says 2023 was a positive year, found satisfaction in movies he worked on |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ashokan-says-2023-was-a-positive-year-found-satisfaction-in-movies-he-worked-on-1.9199838 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sajin Cherukayil]] as Chandu
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Radhakrishnan
* Gopika Ramesh as surabhi
* Deepika Das as Puja
* Sarath Sabha as Ambareesh
* [[Arun Pradeep]] as Vasu
* Priya Sreejith as Lilly
* Keerthana Sreekumar as Varsha
* Vijitha Vijayakumar as Shamla
* [[P. P. Kunhikrishnan]] as Manikandan

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table
| background = #9C2A5D
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| director =
| directorR =
| writer =
| writerR =
| aux2R =
| airdate =
| airdateR =

| episodes =
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Welcome To Perilloor
| DirectedBy = Praveen Chandran
| WrittenBy = Deepu Pradeep
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Not Heaven But Hell
| DirectedBy = Praveen Chandran
| WrittenBy = Deepu Pradeep
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Fox 1, Tiger 0
| DirectedBy = Praveen Chandran
| WrittenBy = Deepu Pradeep
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Reality Bites
| DirectedBy = Praveen Chandran
| WrittenBy = Deepu Pradeep
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = All Hope Lost
| DirectedBy = Praveen Chandran
| WrittenBy = Deepu Pradeep
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Unleashing Fury
| DirectedBy = Praveen Chandran
| WrittenBy = Deepu Pradeep
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Thank You, Visit Again
| DirectedBy = Praveen Chandran
| WrittenBy = Deepu Pradeep
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Karuppuswamy

2026-05-03T01:01:11Z

Viji: info - done

{{Short description|Tamil Hindu deity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{copyedit|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = KarppaswamyArtifactStatue 20240415 202438.jpg
| caption = Idol of Karuppannaswamy
| name = Karuppannaswamy
| script_name = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| script = கருப்பண்ணசாமி കറുപ്പണ്ണസാമി
| affiliation = [[Dravidian folk religion]]
| god_of = Patroller of Boundaries<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qU5DwAAQBAJ&dq=karuppusami+god&pg=PA291 | isbn=978-0-19-061509-3 | title=Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India | year=2018 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
| other_names = {{ubl|Aandavar|Karupparayan|Karuppannaswamy|Maayandi Karuppa|Ayyan|}}
| abode = Not accurate
| weapon = [[Aruval]], [[Spear]], [[Gada (mace)|Gada]], [[Sword]], [[Silver stick]]
| mount = [[Horse]], [[Elephant]]
| day = [[Tuesday]], [[Wednesday]], [[Friday]], [[Saturday]]
}}
[[File:Karupassamy.1.jpg|alt=Vathiyar Thottathu Karuppu Svami|thumb|Vathiyaar Thottathu Karuppu Sami]]
'''Karuppuswamy''' or '''Karupparayan''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கருப்பசாமி, [[Malayalam]]: കറുപ്പണ്ണസാമി; [[romanization]]: Karuppusāmi; [[Devanagari|Bhojpuri and Awadhi]]: संगानी बाबा, {{Literal translation|Black God|Black}}) is a guardian deity (''kaval daivam'') in the [[Dravidian folk religion]], especially among rural and agrarian communities in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. He is revered as a fierce protector, upholder of justice, and divine enforcer of [[dharma]] (righteousness).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=Kristin C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qU5DwAAQBAJ&dq=karuppusami+god&pg=PA291 |title=Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-061509-3 |pages=291 |language=en}}</ref>

Among [[Indian people|Indians]], Karuppuswamy is represented as a village deity ([[grama devata|gramadevata]]) as well as an ancestral deity ([[kuladevata]]). Adherents, especially in Tamil Nadu and the border regions of [[Kerala]], believe that the deity was once a historical figure who fought to protect his community and, over time, became deified.

Among Indo-Caribbean communities, Karuppasamy is called Sanganie Baba. In the Indo-Caribbean communities of Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, Sanganie Baba is worshipped as a powerful deity.

== Historical Context ==

The historical emergence of Karuppannasamy is closely associated with the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayaka period]] (mid-16th to mid-18th centuries) in Tamil South India. Historians and anthropologists, such as E. Kent, propose that the deity was modelled after the [[Polygar|poligars]] (''pāḷaiyakkārar''), or "little kings", local chieftains who rose to prominence during this era of decentralised power. These figures, often drawn from martial castes like the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallars]], served as village watchmen responsible for protecting inhabitants, overseeing harvests, and maintaining law and order. Karuppannasamy’s iconography is characterised by a martial pose, a bristling moustache, and hair gathered in a side-bun, and mirrors the "donor portraits" found on temple columns from the Nayaka era in central-southern Tamil Nadu.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/82262157/Temple_Guardians_and_Folk_Hinduism_in_Tamil_South_India</ref><ref>https://bulletin.rijksmuseum.nl/article/view/9797/10291</ref>

== Social and Mythological Evolution ==

Unlike the pan-Indian "orthodox" Hindu deities, Karuppannasamy's history is preserved primarily through oral traditions, ballads, and folk theatre rather than Sanskrit literary texts. He is traditionally categorized as a "fierce deity" (kāval deivam), whose abodes were historically situated in the "wilderness" (kāṭu) on the outskirts of villages to serve as a protective boundary against external threats. Over time, his cult evolved through a process of "gentrification", where many originally open-air shrines were incorporated into larger temple complexes. A prominent example is his role at the [[Kallalagar Temple|Alagar Koyil temple]], where he is worshipped as the "Karuppar of the eighteen steps" and serves as the guardian and treasurer for the god [[Vishnu]].<ref>https://bulletin.rijksmuseum.nl/article/view/9797/10291</ref>

== Iconographic Rarity ==

[[File:Karuppannasamy, Tamil Nadu, c. 1750-1800. Copper alloy, h. 14 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum.jpg|thumb|Copper Idol of Karuppannswamy]]

While images of village deities are traditionally made of clay or stone and replaced frequently, rare bronze sculptures from the 18th century exist, such as one held in the [[Rijksmuseum]]. These high-quality metal images are exceptional, as village temples often lacked the means to commission such works. The presence of specific attributes, such as the [[aruval]] (billhook) and the ornamental parakeet knife, highlights the unique blend of agrarian tools and royal martial regalia that defines his historical identity.<ref>https://bulletin.rijksmuseum.nl/article/view/9797/10291</ref>

== Temples ==
[[File:VathiyaarThottathu Karupparayar.png|thumb|Karuppasamy wielding an [[aruval]]]]
Karuppuswamy temples are found outside of settlements, with entire villages contributing to the maintenance of them. These temples do not have [[gopuram|gopurams]] but do house large statues of [[Hindu deities|deities]] with large eyes, holding [[Weapon|weapons]] like [[Bow and arrow|bows and arrows]], [[sword]]s, and [[sickle]]s.

== Worship ==
Karuppuswamy worship is based on an ancient, ancestral, clan-based worship system in [[Hinduism]]. Here, most officiating priests are non-Brahmanas and derive from local lineages that had initiated the religious tradition generations ago. The worship pattern is non-[[Vedas|Vedic]], or non-[[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamic]], and is expressed through folk tales, songs, art, and dance, including [[Villu Paatu|Villu Paattu]], [[Karakattam]], and [[Koothu]].

The local priests offer flowers and [[vibhuti]] (holy ash) to worshippers and play the role of [[oracle]]s. Various people within the clan system are nominated to play the role of oracle on an annual rotation. They undertake a [[vrata]] and maintain chastity and purity during the period in which they serve as the oracle. During festivals, oracles enter the trance state of Swami Adudhal and deliver counselling messages to the group assembled there without bias.

The [[trance]] is an important phenomenon that occurs in Karuppuswamy worship. This phenomenon enables the god to possess the body of a human, who then goes on to display physical traits of the god. This occurs at major festivals or prayers, and is considered a clear sign of the physical presence or blessing of the god. Some practitioners willingly invoke the god into their bodies, while for others it occurs without their control. Trance is also used as a platform for devotees to communicate with the god and vice versa, to provide solutions and advice on a multitude of topics.

In some temples, before the oracles deliver counselling messages, they stand on top of an [[aruval]] (specifically in forms of Karuppuswamy such as Periyakaruppu, Muthukaruppu, or Muppiliyaan). The issues addressed can include family problems, financial troubles, and local community and social issues, resolved within the community group through the agreement of a local ancestral god conveyed through the oracle. Whenever the wishes of the people are granted, they give offerings to him according to their vows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karuppuswamy-a village deity of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320372973|website=researchgate.net |publisher= Amirthalingam Murugesan}}</ref> He is worshipped through several traditional ceremonies such as Kodei Vila, Mayaana Vettei, Kalari Thiruvila, and Theemithi, as well as through methods like Nadu Kazh Valipadu and Aruval Vazhipadu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karuppuswamy Temple in Trichy |url=https://www.karuppuswamykovil.in/temple-ok.php}}</ref>[[File:Muppiliyan-Periya Karuppu Jeyamangalam Theni.png|thumb|Muppiliyan Swami, Periya Karuppu Swami, Muthu Karuppu Swami worshipped by [[Vellalar]]s in Jayamangalam, [[Theni district]], near [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu]].|alt=Muppiliyan Karuppu Svami worshipped by Vellalars in Jayamangalam, Theni, Tamilnadu]]
Karuppuswamy is also worshipped in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Réunion]], [[Seychelles]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Martinique]] as Sangili Karuppan, Sangani Baba.

==In Indo-Caribbean Dravidian folk religion==
In [[Caribbean Shaktism]] in [[Guyana]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Kali/Mariamma Worship in Guyana: A Brief Overview |url=http://colour.ics.ulisboa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Mello-2020-AGTF-Magazine_compressed.pdf |publisher=Dr. Marcelo Moura Mello}}</ref> Karuppuswamy is called Sangani Baba. In the [[Indo-Caribbean people|Indo-Caribbean]] communities of [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Guadeloupe]], and [[Martinique]], Sangani Baba is worshipped as a powerful god.

In Indo-Caribbean Shaktism, Sangani Baba is revered as a god who provides counsel and guidance. During festivals and special occasions, individuals chosen as oracles enter a trance-like state, known as Swami Adudhal. In this state, they channel the messages and advice of Sangani Baba to the assembled devotees, addressing their personal and community concerns.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance of Dee (Deeha) Baba Worship in Hinduism (Sanatan Dharma) |url=https://dipika.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/The-Importance-of-Dee-Baba-worship-in-Hinduism-Sanatan-Dharma-1.pdf |website=Dipika |publisher=Narottam Das}}</ref>

Sangani Baba is often associated with the colour black, which symbolises his fierce and protective nature. He is considered a guardian god who offers his devotees protection, prosperity, and guidance. His worship in Indo-Caribbean Shaktism includes elements of Hinduism that have been passed down through generations.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance of Dee (Deeha) Baba Worship in Hinduism (Sanatan Dharma) |url=https://dipika.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/The-Importance-of-Dee-Baba-worship-in-Hinduism-Sanatan-Dharma-1.pdf |website=Dipika |publisher=Narottam Das}}</ref>

Devotees offer various items to Sangani Baba as part of their worship, including Vedic items such as [[camphor]], [[butter]], [[clove]]s, and [[ghee]]. Non-Vedic offerings, such as [[cigarette]]s and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], are also made to him in these regions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance of Dee (Deeha) Baba Worship in Hinduism (Sanatan Dharma) |url=https://dipika.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/The-Importance-of-Dee-Baba-worship-in-Hinduism-Sanatan-Dharma-1.pdf |website=Dipika |publisher=Narottam Das}}</ref>

Sacrifices of black [[chicken]]s and black [[goat]]s are made as part of rituals dedicated to Sangani Baba, symbolising the offering of life and the seeking of his blessings and favour.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance of Dee (Deeha) Baba Worship in Hinduism (Sanatan Dharma) |url=https://dipika.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/The-Importance-of-Dee-Baba-worship-in-Hinduism-Sanatan-Dharma-1.pdf |website=Dipika |publisher=Narottam Das}}</ref>

==Annual festivals ==
The village committee decides when the annual festival is conducted. The time of year this occurs varies across villages and local customs. Generally, a mass convention assembly of a large number of related family members is organised in the [[Spring (season)|spring]] for two days. The festival begins with the hoisting of a flag and the tying of a Kaappu. After this point, villagers cannot leave the village but other villages can still enter from should they wish. Once the festival ends, people may leave the village and go to another one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=தேனி கருப்பசாமி கோவில் வருடாந்திர திருவிழா..! பால்குடம் எடுத்து ஊர்வலம்..! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/theni/theni-karuppasamy-temple-annual-festival-1211668.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Forms ==
The 21 forms of Karuppannaswamy represent different roles, energies, and duties carried out by the same divine guardian. These forms are not "different gods", but rather different faces or modes of Karuppar, each suited for specific purposes such as protection, justice, healing, guarding, punishing, or guiding.

They derive from [[oral tradition]], village worship, trance rituals (sami adudhal), and kuladeivam customs, rather than from [[Vedic]] or temple-based [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] texts. Therefore, these forms may differ slightly between regions.

{{div col}}
*Sappani Karuppannaswamy
*Muthu Karuppannaswamy
*Madhayanai Karuppasamy
*Sangili Karuppannaswamy
*Sonei Karuppannaswamy
*Vettai Karuppannaswamy
*Punugu Karuppannaswamy
*Mada Karuppannaswamy
*Aandi Karuppannaswamy
*Veera Karuppannaswamy
*Periya Karuppannaswamy
*Sameiya Karuppannaswamy
*Chinna Karuppannaswamy
*Khottai Karuppannaswamy
*Maaradi Karuppannaswamy
*Malaiyala Karuppannaswamy
*Aagaya Karuppannaswamy
*Maaya Karuppannaswamy
*Mandu Karuppannaswamy
*Maasaana Karuppannaswamy
*Santhana Karuppannaswamy
*Aathimarathu Karuppannaswamy
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Aiyanar]]
* [[Ayyappan]]
* [[Isakki]]
* [[Kali]]
* [[Karumariamman]]
* [[Mariamman]]
* [[Madurai Veeran]]
* [[Muneeswarar]]
* [[Sudalai Madan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Liminal gods]]

Kingdom of Rohilkhand

2026-04-29T10:11:38Z

Viji: done

{{Short description|Early modern kingdom in North India (1721–1774)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = Katehir
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Rohilkhand
| common_name = Rohilkhand =
| era =
| event_start = Conquests of Aonla and Barha by [[Ali Mohammed Khan]]
| date_start =
| year_start = 1721
| event_end = [[First Rohilla War]]
| date_end =
| year_end = 1774
| event_post =
| date_post =
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| flag_p1 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| p3 =
| flag_p3 =
| p4 =
| flag_p4 =
| p5 =
| flag_p5 =
| p6 =
| flag_p6 =
| s1 = Oudh State
| s2 = Rampur State
| s3 =
| s4 =
| s5 =
| s6 =
| s7 =
| s8 =
| s9 =
| flag_s1 =
| flag_s2 =
| flag_s3 =
| flag_s4 =
| flag_s5 =
| flag_s6 =
| flag_s7 =
| flag_s8 =
| flag_s9 =
| image_flag = Flag of the Rampur State.svg
| flag_alt =
| flag_caption = Flag of the Rohilla
| image_coat =
| symbol_type =
| coat_alt =
| image_map = India Rohilkhand.png
| image_map_alt = Located at the foothills of the Himalayas, Map contains most of India
| image_map_caption = Rohilkhand in India highlighted
| national_motto =
| national_anthem =
| capital = [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]]
| common_languages = ;Official language
:[[Persian language|Persian]]
;Unofficial minority languages
: [[Urdu]], [[Pashto]], [[Brij Bhasha]]
| government_type = [[Rohilla dynasty|Absolute monarchy]]
| title_leader = Nawab
| leader1 = [[Ali Mohammed Khan]]
| year_leader1 = 1721–1748
| leader2 = [[Abdullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Abdullah Khan]]
| year_leader2 = 1748–1754
| leader3 = [[Saadullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Saadullah Khan]]
| year_leader3 = 1754–1764
| leader4 = [[Faizullah Khan]]
| year_leader4 = 1764–1774
| title_deputy = Regent of Rohilkhand
| deputy1 = [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech|Hafiz Rehmat Khan Barech]]
| year_deputy1 = 1748–1774
| deputy2 =
| year_deputy2 =
| legislature = Rohilla council
| house1 =
| type_house1 = State council
| stat_year1 = 1748
| religion = [[Islam]]
| area =
| area_km2 =
| area_sq_mi =
| area_footnote =
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_estimate_year = 1774
| population_census =
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| currency =
| footnotes =
| today =
}}

The '''Kingdom of Rohilkhand''' was a [[Petty kingdom|petty kingdom]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first1=Śekhara |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788125025962 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&dq=Kingdom+of+Rohilkhand&pg=PA30}}</ref> under nominal Mughal suzerainty, that rose under the declining [[Mughal Empire]] in 1721 and continued to exist until 1774 when it was defeated by Oudh. The British transformed its significantly reduced borders into the [[princely state]] of [[Rampur State|Rampur]]. [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Mohammed Khan]] became the first [[Nawab]] of [[Rohilkhand]], having been previously elected as overlord by various Afghan chiefs at the age of fourteen. He would carve out the future kingdom from the collapsing [[Mughal Empire]] and go on to the found the [[Rohilla dynasty]]. The crown would go on being held by the Rohillas until the kingdom came to an end in 1774, and thereafter the same dynasty would rule over [[Rampur State|Rampur]].
[[File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg|thumb|Rohilkhand Territory in 1765.]]
Most of Rohilkhand's borders were established by [[Ali Mohammed Khan]] and largely came into existence as a check to the power of [[Oudh State]] and in that capacity, Nawab Ali Mohammed was supported by the Wazir al Mulk, [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamarudin Khan]]. Nonetheless, the state grew far more influential with its borders extending to the boundaries of Delhi and Agra. In 1757, the powerful Maratha Empire [[Battle of Delhi (1757)|defeated]] the Rohillas and Afghans near Delhi and [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib Khan]] was taken prisoner. In 1772, Rohillas were defeated by a larger Maratha force When they could not repay the debt, Nawab of Oudh invaded Rohilkhand in 1773. Most of the kingdom was annexed at the end of the [[First Rohilla War]] into Oudh, when the mismanagement of [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech|Hafiz Rehmat Khan]] along with the internal division of the Rohilla Confederation led to the weakening of central authority.<ref>War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849</ref>

== Origin ==
[[Ali Mohammed Khan]] was an enterprising soldier who established the kingdom of Rohilkhand. [[Rohillas]] are [[Afghans]] who migrated to north India during the 17th and 18th centuries. However, the [[Rohilla dynasty]] descended from Nawab Ali Muhammed Khan, who was a [[Jat Muslim|Jat]]<ref name="Irvine 1971 p.118">{{cite book | last=Irvine | first=W. | title=Later Mughal | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri | year=1971 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC | access-date=30 July 2022 | page=118 | quote= Once Daud was sent against the village of Bankauli, in pargana Chaumahla, with which his employer was at feud. Along with the plunder taken on this occasion Daud obtained possession of a Jat boy seven or eight years of age, whom he caused to be circumcised and then adopted under the name of Ali Muhammad Khan.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book | last=Ḥusain | first=M. | author2=Pakistan Historical Society | title=A History of the Freedom Movement: 1707–1831 | publisher=Pakistan Historical Society | series=A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707–1947 | year=1957 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo-GvHjoH-cC | access-date=30 July 2022 | page=304 | quote= Amongst other prisoners he obtained a young Jat boy of eight years . Daud took a fancy to him and adopted him as his son and named him ' Ali Muhammad Khan.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J. L.|author-link=Jos Gommans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC&dq=most+of+the+contemporary+sources+call+him+a+jat+or+ahir&pg=PA120 |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: c. 1710–1780 |date=1995 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10109-8 |language=en|page=120|quote="Most of the contemporary sources, however, call him a Jat or an Ahir."}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Strachey |first=Sir John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Q5AQAAIAAJ&dq=This+remarkable+chief+was+not+Afghan+by+birth+but+a+Hindu&pg=PA11 |title=Hastings and the Rohilla War |date=1892 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en|page=11|quote="...this remarkable chief was not an Afghan by birth, but a Hindu, a Jat by caste."}}</ref> boy of age eight when he was adopted by the chief of the [[Barech|Barech tribe]], Sardar Daud Khan Rohilla.<ref name=":3"/> Daud Khan was the son Shah Alam, who belonged to the [[Barech]] tribe. After his murder by the Raja of Kumaon, Ali Mohammed rose as the 14-year-old leader of his foster father's militia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Playne |first1=Somerset |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |date=1921–1922 |isbn=812061965X |page=357|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref> Due to the role he played in the establishment of [[Rohilkhand]] and in the general history of Rohillas, he gained recognition as a Rohilla chief, although he was not Afghan by birth.<ref name=":1"/> In the 19th century, descendants of Ali Mohammed Khan, specifically the [[Nawabs of Rampur]], started claiming that he was a [[Barha dynasty|Barha Sayyid]] and began using the title of Sayyid. However, they could not present any [[pedigree chart|pedigree]] or valid historical proof in the support of this claim.<ref name=":2"/> The Nawabs even sought service of a prominent religious leader of Rampur, Najmul Ghani for establishing ancestry from [[Ali]], which was widely rejected.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.81116/2015.81116.The-First-Two-Nawabs-Of-Oudh_djvu.txt&ved=2ahUKEwiWle26ns78AhW7QaQEHZw3DsoQFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw01vuR-nUCSSqDiBQ5VLkVH |access-date=17 January 2023 |title=The First Two Nawabs Of Oudh|page=103|quote="Contemporary Persian authorities say that Ali Muhammad Khan was of Jat parents . See Gulistan . 7; Abdulka . " rim, 88b, Ashob, 424; Siyar . II 480. A partisan attempt has, however, been made in morden times to prove that he was a Sayyid. Najmul Ghani of Rampur has invented a false pedigree of the Khan, tracing it to Muhammad. The Maulvi's discussion is altogether unconvincing and thoroughly ridiculous. His object is to prove that the present ruler of Rampur is a Sayyid."}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Silver Rupee of the Rohilkhand Kingdom, minted in Qasba Panipat, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, with having "saya-e-fazle elah" couplet, Swastika and Parasol marks.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee from the Kingdom of Rohilkhand, minted in Qasba Panipat, struck in the name of Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], with having "saya-e-fazle elah" couplet, Swastika and Parasol marks.]]
With the death of [[Aurangzeb]] and subsequent collapse of administration under the emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], Mughal Authority in the area collapsed, Rohilla immigration increased, although there were descendants of Pathans long domiciled in India. The Mughal authority was further weakened by [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]], allowing Ali Muhammad Khan to extend his power. The Rohillas began to emerge as a mixture of old domiciled Indian [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|Pathan]] families, Indian converts to Islam and new adventurers from the northwest, who were in the process of developing a real or fictive kinship based on newly forged marriage alliances.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tGTd9KKwKVwC&dq=country-born+rohilla&pg=PA23 |title= The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch|author= G.P. Tate |date=2001 |page=23|publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn= 9788120615861}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&dq=pedigree+pathan&pg=PA120 |title= Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 |author= C. A. Bayly |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=120|isbn= 9780521310543 }}</ref>

===Ali Mohammed Khan ===
{{main|Ali Mohammed Khan}}
A man of ability and courage, Ali Mohammed Khan attracted many adventurers by his great reputation and arose as the most powerful man in Katehir. Ali Muhammad Khan distinguished himself by helping in suppressing the rebellion of the powerful Indian Muslim [[Sadaat-e-Bara|Barah Sayyids]], who were formerly de facto rulers of the [[Mughal Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=25MbAQAAIAAJ&dq=sayyid+barha+rural&pg=PA68 |title= The Imperial Gazetteer of India: Volume 10 |page=68 |author= William Wilson Hunter |date=1885 |publisher=the University of California }}</ref> and who had under their chief Saifudddin Barha put the Mughal governor Marhamat Khan and all of his followers to death.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9jaXsOc-tEC&dq=saif+ali+jansath&pg=PA605 |title= Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: 3.:Meerut division part 2 {{*}} Volume 3 |page= 605 |date= 1876 |author= Edwin Thomas Atkinson |publisher= National Central Library of Florence }}</ref> As a reward Ali Muhammad Khan was given the title of Nawab by Muhammad Shah in 1737. He gained favour with the lower rungs of society and by the invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739 he further strengthened his position attractinga large swath of afghans who took employment with him. For the subsequent five years, his authority was left unchallenged. {{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In 1745 a quarrel arose between Ali Mohammed and Safdar Jang the Subedar of Oudh. Retainers of Ali Mohammed seized the property of servants belonging to Safdar Jang. Safdar Jang who was already jealous at the growing power of Ali Mohammad went to the Emperor Muhammad Shah, and through him ordered the return of the confiscated property as well as the arrest of the Rohillas in-charge of the confiscation. After the refusal of Ali Mohammed, Safdar Jang led an Imperial expedition together with the Emperor present in person and after being deserted by his men Ali Mohammed was captured and taken to Delhi.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

He was treated honourably and respectfully by the Emperor, in large part due to his influence among his adherent who were still at large. The necessity to consulate Ali Mohammed led to his appointment as Governor of Sirhind (the area between Jummuna and Sutlej).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In 1748 the invasion by Ahmed Shah Abidali allowed Ali Mohammed the opportunity to return to Katehir and re-establish his rule. Upon his return, he was rejoined by most of his former men and soon he was virtually independent in his control of Rohilkhand. To ensure loyalty almost all positions of power were given to Afghan and several like [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] received land grants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strachey |first1=Sir John |title=Hastings and the Rohilla War |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33013 |date=1892 |publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford University |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33013/page/n40 10]–14}}</ref>

=== Rohilla Council ===
{{main|Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech}}
On his death-bed Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan made the previously humble and lowly Rohilla, [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech|Hafiz Rehmat Khan]] as Guardian of Rohilkhand until his sons reached majority. Ali Mohammad's cousin Dunde Khan was made Commander-in-chief, Niamut Khan and Silabat Khan were entrusted with the General Administration. Futte Khan who was Ali's favourite retainer was made Khanfaman, while Sirdar Khan was made Bakshi or Paymaster. All of these men were granted districts to rule over as a trust until the majority of his Ali Muhammad children but these trusts were quickly usurped by most of these men upon the death of the Nawab.<ref name="Nawab Rohilkhand"/>

Ali Mohammad's capital was Aolna, in the district of Bareilly. After his death in 1749, Rehmat Khan became the 'Hafiz' or chief guardian of his sons during their minority. Ali Mohammad left six sons, Faizullah Khan and Abdullah Khan being elder sons. Before his death, he made arrangements to divide the Kingdom among them and asked Rehmat Khan to make solemn assurance and swore upon Koran to observe the promise.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strachey |first1=Sir John |title=Hastings and the Rohilla War |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33013 |date=1892 |publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford University |page=15}}</ref> However in 1754, Hafiz Rehmat resolved no longer to regard the pledges and appropriated to themselves most valuable portions of Rohilkhand. The larger share was taken by Hafiz Rehmat and he virtually became the ruler. Smaller districts were assigned to Faizullah Khan and Abdullah Khan, elder sons of Ali Mohammad, and to several influential chiefs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strachey |first1=Sir John |title=Hastings and the Rohilla War |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33013 |date=1892 |publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford University |page=}}</ref> This led to a confederation-like structure of government with the Nawab of Rohilkhand at its head and the Rohilla Chiefs in charge of their own Rohilla States answering to him especially in regards to military engagements.

Although the council carried out to an extent its purpose, especially in the form of [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ad-Daula]] who often went to great lengths in securing Rohilkhand's safety and Futtee Khan who remained loyal to the royal family. Ultimately Rehmat Khan and Dundi Khan's machinations won out and Ali Mohammed Khan's children were in large part sidelined in the new government.<ref name="Nawab Rohilkhand">{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Charles |title=An Historical Relation of the origin, progress and final dissolution of the Rohilla Afghans in the northern provinces of Hindostan |pages=90–92}}</ref> Hafiz Rehmat died in 1774 Rohilla War and Faizullah Khan, eldest surviving son in the war became the newly acknowledged head. He signed a treaty where he retained his former territory in Rampur. Thus, The Rohilla State of Rampur was established by [[Nawab Faizullah Khan]] on 7 October 1774 in the presence of British Commander Colonel Champion, and remained a pliant state under British protection thereafter.

==== Rohilla States ====
The weakening of the central government led to the formation of around a dozen Rohilla states. Four of these states were created during the division of Rohilkhand at the request of the [[Durrani Empire|Afghan emperor]], [[Ahmed-Shah-Abdali|Ahmed Shah Abidali]], for the sons of [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Muhammad Khan]]:
#Badaun ([[Abdullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Nawab Abdullah Khan]])
#Moradabad ([[Saadullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Nawab Saadullah Khan]])
#Rampur ([[Faizullah Khan|Nawab Faizullah Khan]])
#Bareilly ([[Muhammad Yar Khan of Bareilly|Nawab Muhammad Yar Khan]])

Many Rohilla chiefs also became independent after 1748. Notable Rohilla chieftaincies included:
#Najibabad ([[Najib ad-Dawlah|Nawab Najib ad Daula]])
#Farrukhabad ([[Muhammad Khan Bangash]])
#Pilibhit ([[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech|Hafiz Rehmat Khan]])

===First Rohilla War===
{{main|First Rohilla War}}

Rohillas had sought assistance from the [[Nawab of Oudh]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] in 1772 to expel the [[Maratha Empire]] from [[Rohilkhand]]. However, they could not pay their debt back and in 1773, the Nawab decided to annexe their country. He appealed to [[Warren Hastings]] for assistance, which was given in return for a sum of forty [[lakh]]s of rupees.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} The Rohillas under [[Hafiz Rahmat Ali Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/sasia/crafts1820/introduc.html |title=Introduction to the Eleven Illustrations of Ghulam Yahya |access-date=10 October 2007 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608011910/http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/sasia/crafts1820/introduc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> were defeated by Colonel [[Alexander Champion (East India Company officer)|Alexander Champion]] on 23 April 1774 at the [[Battle of Miranpur Katra]]. The decisive battle, in which Hafiz Rahmat Khan died, caused the Rohillas to flee to the mountains near Loll Dong. Rohilkhand fell to Awadh, was plundered and occupied. The majority of the Rohillas left. A Rohilla state under British protection was set up in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], and [[Faizullah Khan]] managed to become its Nawab. The kingdom of Rohilkhand was abolished, and afterwards became part of [[Oudh State]].

==List of Nawabs==

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Nawab
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Relation with previous Nawab
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Rule
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| ''Formation of Kingdom of Rohilkhand''
|-
|align="center"| [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Mohammed Khan]] 
|align="center"| Founder 
|align="center"| 1721–1748
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"| [[Abdullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Nawab Abdullah Khan]] 
|align="center"| Son
|align="center"|1748–1754
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"|[[Saadullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Nawab Saadullah Khan]] 
|align="center"| Brother
|align="center"|1754–1764
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|align="center"|[[Faizullah Khan|Nawab Faizullah Khan]] 
|align="center"| Brother
|align="center"|1764–1774
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| ''Conquest by Oudh. Green row signifies the regency of [[Hafiz Rahmat Ali Khan]]''.
|}

== Demographics ==
There was an unusually large proportion of Muslim converts who represented a quarter of the population while the majority of the inhabitants were Hindu.<ref name="Hastings and the Rohilla War">{{cite book |last1=Strachey |first1=Sir John |title=Hastings and the Rohilla War |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33013 |date=1892 |publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford University |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33013/page/n40 10]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 1721]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1774]]
[[Category:Rohilkhand]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]

C. S. Lakshmi

2026-04-29T04:43:28Z

Viji: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian feminist writer (born 1944)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{infobox writer
| name = C. S. Lakshmi
| image = CS Lakshmi.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Ambai
| pseudonym = ambai
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1944
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Author, researcher of [[women's studies]]
| language = [[Tamil Language|Tamil]], English
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education = PhD
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi
[[Madras Christian College, Chennai|Madras Christian College]], Chennai
| period = 1962–present
| genre = Short story, novel, novella
| subject = Women, Feminism
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Siragukal Muriyum'' ''Veetin mulaiyil oru samaiyalarai'' ''Kaatil Oru Maan''
| spouse = Vishnu Mathur
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Sahitya Academy Award]] (2021)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''C. S. Lakshmi''' (born 1944) is an Indian [[Feminism|feminist]] writer and independent researcher in [[women's studies]] from India. She writes under the pseudonym '''Ambai'''.

==Personal life==
Lakshmi was born in [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu in 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-10-03 |title=Tamil writer Ambai conferred Tata Literature Live Lifetime Award for 2023 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-writer-ambai-conferred-with-tata-literature-live-lifetime-award-for-2023 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> She grew up in [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} She obtained her Bachelor of Arts from Bangalore University, Master of Arts from [[Madras Christian College]] and her PhD from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} She draws great inspiration from her mother who asked her to study in Chennai if it would contribute to a change of any extent in her life. Her dissertation was on American policy towards refugees fleeing [[Hungary]] due to the failed [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|revolution of 1956]]. After completing her education, she worked as a school teacher and college lecturer in Tamil Nadu. She is married to Vishnu Mathur, a film maker, and lives in Mumbai.<ref name="hindu1"/><ref name="tharu"/><ref name="miller"/>

==Writing career==
In 1962, Lakshmi published her first work ''Nandimalai Charalilae'' (lit. At Nandi Hills) – written when she was still a teenager.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Her first serious work of fiction was the Tamil novel ''Andhi Maalai'' (lit. Twilight) which came out in 1966. It received the "Kalaimagal Narayanaswamy Aiyar" Prize.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} She received critical acclaim with the short story ''Siragukal muriyum'' (lit. Wings will be broken) (1967) published in the literary magazine ''Kanaiyazhi''. This story was later published in book form as a part of short story collection under the same name in 1976. The same year she was awarded a two-year fellowship to study the work of Tamil women writers. The research work was published as ''The Face behind the mask'' (Advent Books) in 1984. In 1988, her second Tamil short story collection titled ''Veetin mulaiyil oru samaiyalarai'' (lit. A kitchen in the corner of the house) was published. This established her reputation as a major short story writer. Her work is characterised by her feminism, an eye for detail, and a sense of irony.<ref name="tharu">{{cite book | first1=Susie J.| last1=Tharu| first2=Ke.| last2=Lalitha| year= 1993| title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century| publisher=Feminist Press| id= {{ISBN|978-1-55861-029-3}}| pages=487–8| isbn=1-55861-029-4| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&pg=PA488}}</ref><ref name="miller">{{cite book | first=Jane Eldridge| last=Miller| year= 2001| title=Who's who in contemporary women's writing| publisher=Routledge| id= {{ISBN|978-0-415-15980-7}}| pages=13 | isbn=0-415-15980-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-TMhtk5AUYC&pg=PA13}}</ref><ref name="dutt">{{cite book | first=Kartik Chandra | last=Dutt | year=1999| title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M| publisher=Sahitya Akademi| id= {{ISBN|978-81-260-0873-5}}| pages=38 | isbn=81-260-0873-3 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA38}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C. S. Lakshmi (Ambai), 1944–|url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/cslakshmi.html|work=The South Asian Literary Recording Project| access-date = 11 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Profiles : Ambai (C. S. Lakshmi) |url=http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=85|work=womenswriting.com| access-date = 11 December 2009 }}</ref> Some of her works – ''A Purple Sea'' (1992) and ''In A Forest, A Deer'' (2006) – have been translated English by [[Lakshmi Holmström]].<ref name="forbes">{{cite book | first=Geraldine Hancock| last= Forbes| year= 2005| title=Women in colonial India: essays on politics, medicine, and historiography| publisher=Orient Blackswan| id= {{ISBN|978-81-8028-017-7}}| pages=166 | isbn= 81-8028-017-9| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ClNEJwXLNQIC&pg=PA166}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SPARROW Trustees|url=http://www.sparrowonline.org/trustees.htm|work=sparrow.org|access-date=11 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317200337/http://sparrowonline.org/trustees.htm|archive-date=17 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, she (along with Lakshmi Holmström) won the [[Vodafone Crossword Book Award]] (in the Indian language fiction translation category) for ''In a Forest, A Deer''.<ref name="mint1">{{cite news
| url = http://www.livemint.com/2007/02/24014316/Bookworm--Add-to-your-cart.html
| title = Bookworm : Add to your cart
| work = [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]
| publisher = [[HT Media Ltd]]
| date = 24 February 2007
| access-date = 11 December 2009
}}</ref> For her contributions to Tamil literature, she received the 2008 ''Iyal Virudhu'' (Lifetime Achievement Award) awarded by the Canada-based Tamil Literary Garden.<ref name="thinnai1">{{cite news
| url = http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=80901082&format=html
| title = An Announcement
| language = ta
| work = Thinnai
| publisher = thinnai.com
| date = 9 January 2009
| access-date = 11 December 2009
}}</ref><ref name="tlg">{{cite web
| url = http://www.tamilliterarygarden.com/file/Tamil%20LG%20Book%2008.pdf
| title = Lifetime Achievement Award Ceremony, 2008
| work = Tamil Literary Garden
| access-date = 11 December 2009
}}</ref> In 2021, she won the Sahitya Akademi Award, India's highest literary honor, for her collection of short stories ''Sivappu Kazhuthudan Oru Pachai Paravai.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=K. Sreenivasarao|date=30 December 2021|title=List of Winners - 2021|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards21.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231033434/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards21.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2021 }}</ref>

She got Shakti Bhatt Literary Award and Tata Literature Lifetime Achievement Award in the year 2023.

==Academic career ==
Lakshmi has been an independent researcher in the field of [[women's studies]] for over thirty years. She uses the pen name ''Ambai'' for publishing Tamil fiction and her real name (as Dr. C. S. Lakshmi) for publishing her research work and other articles in newspapers like ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]'' and in journals like ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]''. In 1992, she was a visiting fellow in the [[University of Chicago]]'s Institute for Culture and Consciousness. She was instrumental in the establishment of [[Roja Muthiah Research Library (RMRL)]] by persuading the University to acquire Roja Muthaiah Chettiar's collection of books and other published material.<ref name="uchichago1">{{cite web
| url = https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/southasia/about-rmrl.html
| title = Raja Muthiah Research Library
| work = [[Raja Muthiah Research Library (RMRL)]]
| publisher = [[University of Chicago]]
| access-date = 11 December 2009
}}</ref><ref name="uchichago2">{{cite web
| url = http://magazine.uchicago.edu/9512/9512Obsession2.html
| title = Magnificent Obsession : The U of C discovers a massive private collection of Tamil literature—and a story stranger than fiction
| author = William Harms
| work = [[Raja Muthiah Research Library (RMRL)]]
| publisher = The University of Chicago Magazine
| date = December 1995
| access-date = 11 December 2009
}}</ref><ref name="hindu3">{{cite news
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1717/17170650.htm
| title = An archive for Tamil studies
| author = S. Theodore Baskaran
| author-link = S. Theodore Baskaran
| work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 19 August 2000
| access-date = 11 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091125021544/http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1717/17170650.htm
| archive-date = 25 November 2009
| url-status = usurped
}}</ref> She has been a research Officer in the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and a college lecturer in New Delhi. In the 1990s, she worked in two research projects – ''Illustrated Social History of Women in Tamil Nadu'' sponsored by the [[Ford Foundation]] and ''An Idiom of Silence: An Oral History and Pictorial Study'' sponsored by the [[Homi J. Bhabha]] fellowship. The resulting research has been published as two volumes of the ''Seven seas & seven mountains'' series. The first volume, ''The Singer and the Song'' (2000), is a collection of interviews with women musicians and the second volume, ''Mirrors and Gestures'' (2003), is a collection of interviews with women dancers.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Art of Memory|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?210150|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]]| publisher = The Outlook Group|author=Swati Menon| date = 29 October 2000 | access-date = 23 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Place Under The Sun|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?221534|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]]| publisher = The Outlook Group|author=Radhika Jha| date = 2003-09-29 | access-date = 11 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="tulika">{{cite web
| url = http://www.tulikabooks.com/translators.htm
| title = authors, translators, illustrators & photographers
| work = tulikabooks.com
| publisher = [[Tulika Books]]
| access-date = 15 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100302000412/http://www.tulikabooks.com/translators.htm
| archive-date = 2 March 2010
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> In 1988, Lakshmi founded SPARROW (Sound and Picture Archives for Research on Women) a non-governmental organisation (NGO) for documenting and archiving the work of female writers and artists. SPARROW has published a number of books on women artists and writers. As of 2009, she continues to be the organisation's Director and a member of its board of trustees. She is a current member of the [[University of Michigan]]'s Global Feminisms Project.<ref name="umich">{{cite web
| url = http://www.umich.edu/~glblfem/about_bios.html
| title = Biographical Sketches of Project Members
| work = Global Feminisms Project
| publisher = [[University of Michigan]]
| access-date = 15 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100720195649/http://www.umich.edu/~glblfem/about_bios.html
| archive-date = 20 July 2010
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> She considers herself as a "feminist who has lived without compromise".<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050603560300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050506023923/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050603560300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 6 May 2005
| title = The little bird's long journey
| author = Aditi De
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 6 May 2005
| access-date = 11 December 2009
}}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite news
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/27418/
| title = More Ayyos from Ambai
| author = Renuka Narayanan
| work = [[The New Indian Express]]
| publisher = [[Indian Express Group]]
| date = 13 July 2003
| access-date = 11 December 2009
}}</ref><ref name="express2">{{cite news
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/lost-in-translation/248891/
| title = Lost in translation
| author = Alaka Sahani
| work = [[The New Indian Express]]
| publisher = [[Indian Express Group]]
| date = 11 December 2007
| access-date = 11 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121002034531/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/lost-in-translation/248891/
| archive-date = 2 October 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="katha">{{cite web
| url = http://www.katha.org/community-translation.html
| title = Authors
| work = katha.org
| access-date = 15 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100115231007/http://www.katha.org/community-translation.html
| archive-date = 15 January 2010
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}

===Books in English===
*The Face behind the mask : Women in Tamil literature, Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division (1984)
*A Purple Sea (Translated by Lakshmi Holmstorm), Affiliated East-West Press (1992)
*Body blows: women, violence, and survival : three plays, Seagull Books (2000)
*Seven seas & seven mountains : Volume 1 : The Singer and the Song — Conversations with Women Musicians, [[Kali for Women]] (2000)
*Seven seas & seven mountains : Volume 2 : Mirrors and Gestures – Conversations with Women Dancers, Kali for Women (2003)
*(ed.) The Unhurried City – Writings on Chennai, Kali for Women (2003)
*In A Forest, A Deer: Stories By Ambai (Translated by [[Lakshmi Holmstorm]]), Katha (2006)
*A Meeting on the Andheri Overbridge: Sudha Gupta Investigates, Juggernaut (2016)

===Books in Tamil===
*''Nandimalai Charalilae'' (lit. At Nandi Hills) (1962)
*''Andhi Malai'' (lit. Twilight) (1967)
*''Sirakukal muriyum'' (lit. Wings will be broken), Kalachuvadu (1976)
*''Veetin mulaiyil oru samaiyalarai'' (lit. A kitchen in the corner of the house), cre-A (1988)
*''Ambai : Kalacchuvadu Nerkanalgal'' (lit. ''Kalachuvadu'' Interviews with Ambai), Kalachuvadu (1998)
*''Kaatil Oru Maan'' (lit. A Deer in the Forest), Kalachuvadu (2000)
*''Varrum eriyin meengal'' (lit. Fish in a drying pond), Kalachuvadu (2007)
*''Sivappu Kazhuthudan Oru Pachai Paravai'' Kalachuvadu (2018). Sahitya Akademi Award winner

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=A life defined by self|url=http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=60907161&format=html|work=thinnai.com | language = ta | author=Venkat Swaminathan}}
*[[s:ta:அம்பை: பெண்மையின் அழகும் பெண்ணீயத்தின் சீற்றமும்|Venkat Swaminathan on Ambai (from Tamil Wikisource)]]
* {{cite web|title=சிறகு விரித்து எழுந்த பறவை – அம்பையுடன் உரையாடல்|url=http://solvanam.com/?p=36314|work=solvanam.com/?p=36314 | language = ta | author=சொல்வனம்| date=25 October 2014 }}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmi, C. S.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha Fellows]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Xtra (film)

2026-04-26T19:07:34Z

Viji: put up the article w/ refs

{{short description|Indian Telugu language adult romantic film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Xtra
| image = Xtra 2004 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Veeru K
| writer = Veeru K [[M. V. S. Haranatha Rao]] (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Ravi Venu
| starring = [[Ruthika]] Santosh Pawan [[Vadde Naveen]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Madhu A Naidu
| editing = Nagi Reddy
| music = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]{{emdash}}[[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]]
| studio = Sri Chitra
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|6|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Xtra''''' is a 2004 Indian Telugu language adult romantic film directed by Veeru K, produced by Ravi and Venu under 'Sri Chitra' banner. The film stars [[Ruthika]] as a Physical Director and Santosh Pawan as a college student with [[Vadde Naveen]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Krishna Bhagavaan|Krishna Bhagavan]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news255.html|title=Cheating case on Veeru K|date=30 December 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061526/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news255.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] and [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]] composed the film's score and soundtrack while the cinematography and editing are handled by Madhu A Naidu and Nagi Reddy respectively. The film became super hit running over 100 days in 6 centers.

== Plot ==
Nani (Santosh Pawan) is a wayward youth studying in a college. He gets secretly admired by his girl bestie, but she never confesses her love towards him. He befriends with his drunken Physical Director (Kondavalasa) and tries to evade sports and games. Frustrated by their actions, the college Principal (Jayalalitha) plans to appoint new lady trainer. Mythili (Ruthika Singh) a Hindu, joins Nani's college in the name of Nisha, a Christian, as a new Physical Director. Nani gets to know regarding Nisha's true name and religion, and he wants to unfold her conspiracy. He and his gang tries to drive her off from the college by proving her to be a Hindu, but Nani starts changing his attitude towards her. When his girl bestie reveals her love towards him, he belittles her, as he has a very low opinion towards love. Upon knowing his intentions girl bestie decides to end her life. Nisha saves her and promises her that she counsels Nani to change his mind towards love. She motivates Nani about love and it's importance in one's life. He slowly starts changing and accepts her mentorship. He gets trained by her in basketball and travels to his hometown for the tournament. He loses the championship in the tournament and tries to end his life as a result of it. Nisha saves him and counsels him for future victory. Overwhelmed by her beauty and character, Nani proposes to her, shattering the dreams of his girl bestie. Shocked by his behavior, Nisha treats his love towards her, like a child's infatuation towards his teacher. But Nani is adamant and still continues to harass her in the name of love. Going by the awkward developments in this student-teacher relationship, Nisha quits her job and reveals her real name as 'Mythili', a Hindu, to the college management and students. She embarks on a journey to actual Nisha's hometown and on her way she encounters Nani who tries to commit suicide by drinking poison, when she refuses his love again. Fed up with his actions and intentions, she accepts him with a condition that they should stay together for a month to test the compatibility, in Nisha's hometown 'Kalyanapalli' at Nisha's home. Nisha's family members treats the couple as brother and sister, instead of lovers, due to visible age gap. To Nani's surprise, Mythili's lover Prem (Vadde Naveen) visits the village, complicating the things for Nani. Prem, in turn convinces Mythili to accept Nani's proposal. He hatches a plan with village people (Brahmanandam, Krishna Bhagawan, Sudhakar and others), to make Nani realize his mistake. He then reveals to Nisha's family and the villagers, that Nisha committed suicide. She took her precious life by jumping off the building, just because Prem is in love with Mythili, and his unwillingness to share the same love with her. Mythili reveals her intentions to take Nisha's name and job was to support Nisha's family emotionally and monetarily. Upon knowing the truth from Prem about Nisha and Mythili's intentions behind the compatibility test, villagers get furious over Nani's obsession and adamant behavior. Unable to take villagers wrath, Nani halts his marriage and flees the function hall, leaving Mythili to Prem.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ruthika]] as Mythili and Nisha (Physical Director)
*Santosh Pawan as Nani
*[[Vadde Naveen]] as Prem
*[[Jayalalita]] as Principal
*Pooja
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]] as ex Physical Director
*[[Chalapati Rao]] as Nani's Father
*[[Suman Setty]] as Nani's Friend
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Postman
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Gas Company Apparao
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Police Constable
*[[Brahmanandam]] as 'Dubai Returned Businessman' Chinnarao
*[[Siva Reddy]] as Police Constable's Son
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Army Major
*[[Rajitha]] as Hospital Nurse
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Major's Wife
*[[Chittajalu Lakshmipati|Lakshmipati]] as 'Appliance Supplier' Lakshmipati
*[[M. V. S. Haranatha Rao]] as [[Zamindar]] Dambikeswara Rao
*Chitram Basha as Tailor}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack comprised of nine songs in total. The songs were composed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]{{emdash}}[[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]] and sung by Durga and Chitram Basha. The film features three remixed songs: "Vangamaku" by [[Veturi]] from ''[[Driver Ramudu]]'' (1979), "Le Le Le Naaraja" from ''[[Prema Nagar]]'' (1971) and "Masaka Masaka" from ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973) by [[Acharya Aatreya]].<ref name="I"/> Bapu-Ramana composed "Oo Le Le", a peppy number after getting inspired from "Aoura Laila" from the movie ''[[Veedevadandi Babu]]'' and "Chinnamma Chilakamma" bit composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], from the movie ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]''. The composer duo also used a devotional song "''Nee Paadamula Nirathamu Nammithini''" of [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]]. The audio rights of this film were acquired by a private music label company '<nowiki/>''XTRA Audio'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xtra_AS |url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnsTuebM6_yqai2KRbRKDRTVu2GtZWu4T |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Track Listing
!<abbr>No.</abbr>
!Title
!Lyrics
!Singer(s)
!Length
|-
!1.
|"Oo Le Le"
|Sahithi
|Durga, Chitram Basha
|3:13
|-
!2.
|"Arey Ekkadanincho"
|Sahithi
|Durga, Chitram Basha, Mithai Chitti and Chorus
|4:11
|-
!3.
|"Vangamaku"
|Sagar, [[Veturi]]
|Durga, Chitram Basha
|1:21
|-
!4.
|"Chirugaale"
|Sahithi
|Durga
|4:08
|-
!5.
|"Mythili"
|Sahithi
|Chitram Basha
|0:55
|-
!6.
|"Masaka Masaka"
|Sagar, [[Acharya Aatreya]]
|Durga and Chorus
|2:33
|-
!7.
|"Nee Paadamula"
|Sai Krishna Yachendra
|Chitram Basha
|1:21
|-
!8.
|"Le Le Naaraja"
|Sagar, Acharya Aatreya
|Durga and Chorus
|2:10
|-
!9.
|"Ra Ra Rammani"
|Sahithi
|Durga, Chitram Basha, Mithai Chitti and Chorus
|4:16
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "But what this film tells is that a girl who walks out from a person's life should patch up with him and a young man, who loves a girl older in age, should retract his steps".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/behavioural-blues/article28246828.ece|title=Behaviorial blues|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 June 2004|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061523/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/behavioural-blues/article28246828.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "This is an out-and-out adult film which is strictly recommended for desperate men who want to have fun".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-xtra.html|title=Movie review - Xtra (Mythili Malli Rammandi)|date=25 June 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061524/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-xtra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "His [Veeru K's] latest Telugu presentation ''Xtra'' is a substandard offering".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1479/telugu/xtra/249/review.htm|title=Xtra Review|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|date=6 July 2004|first=B.|last=Anuradha|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061527/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1479/telugu/xtra/249/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "Though sounding like a B-grade flick, this one is not for those cheap lechers, skin-show lovers or deperate guys".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/xtra/telugu/xtra-movie-reviews-1209-2.html|title=Xtra Review|work=Full Hyderabad|first=Mithun|last=Verma|access-date=2022-12-15|archive-date=2022-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061526/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/xtra/telugu/xtra-movie-reviews-1209-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' wrote that "Director Veeru is under illusions. He knows what he has got into and goes the whole hog with it. The sad part is he may have the last laugh".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/xtra-review-telugu-movie-7170|title=Xtra Review|date=30 June 2004|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061526/https://www.indiaglitz.com/xtra-review-telugu-movie-7170|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film opened to houseful theatres.<ref name="I"/> The film became Super-Hit, running over 100 days in 6 centers. After the film's positive reception, Veeru K announced a similar film titled ''Thrill'' (2006) also starring Ruthika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news249.html|title=Veeru K's Thrill with Ruthika|date=30 June 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061130/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news249.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's success also helped Santosh Pawan securing a lead role in the movie ''Meghamala - O Pellam Gola'' (2005).

== Legacy ==
After the film's success, the comedy concept in the later half of the movie where Apparao, Major and Zamindar creates fun banter with Mangatayaaru and her husband Chinnarao at ''"Mangatayaaru Tiffin Center"'' were reused by the director [[E.V.V. Satyanarayana]] in the movie [[Athili Sattibabu LKG|''Athili Sattibabu LKG'']] in the year 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=CineGoer.com - News (November 2006) - Exclusive Info On 'Athili Sathibabu LKG' |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/november2006/athilisathibabu.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070622/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/november2006/athilisathibabu.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=www.cinegoer.com}}</ref>. Actor and dancer [[Abhinayashree]] played the role of "Mangatayaaru", [[Lakshmipati (actor)|Lakshmipati]] as her sidekick and assistant "Gaphoor" and the hotel was named "''Mangatayaaru Tiffin Center"'' inspired by the original. Later in 2008, director Venky ([[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|''Kabaddi Kabaddi'']] movie fame), made a whole new script titled "''"Mangatayaaru Tiffin Center"'' where the role of "Mangatayaaru" was played by [[Mumaith Khan]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]

Anuradha Rana

2026-04-24T22:59:41Z

Viji: adding a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anuradha Rana
| office = Member of [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Ravi Thakur
| constituency = [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Anuradha Rana''' (born 1993) is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. She is the member of [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti]]. She is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |title =Congress candidate Anuradha Rana wins Lahaul and Spiti bypoll |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 June 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly/congress-candidate-anuradha-rana-wins-lahaul-and-spiti-bypoll/article68250446.ece/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=
At 31, Anuradha Rana is the youngest MLA from Himachal Pradesh|date=12 June 2024 |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2024/Jun/14/at-31-anuradha-rana-is-the-youngest-mla-from-himachal-pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title =
Cong candidate Anuradha Rana wins Lahaul and Spiti bypoll|date=4 June 2024 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/lead-story/cong-candidate-anuradha-rana-wins-lahaul-and-spiti-bypoll-566547}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rana is from Lahaul and Spiti. Her father's name is Roshan Lal. She completed her M.A. in English in 2018 and M.A. in Political Science in 2023 from Indira Gandhi National Open University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Rana(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- LAHAUL & SPITI (ST) : BYE ELECTION ON 01-06-2024(LAHAUL & SPITI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=500 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rana won the 2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections from Lahaul and Spiti representing Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-06-04 |title=Congress candidate Anuradha Rana wins Lahaul and Spiti bypoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly/congress-candidate-anuradha-rana-wins-lahaul-and-spiti-bypoll/article68250446.ece |access-date=2024-08-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Anuradha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:People from Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{HimachalPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Sudha Ramakrishnan

2026-04-22T16:05:52Z

Viji: put up a data and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R Sudha
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]]
| predecessor = [[S. Ramalingam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
|source =https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5650?from=members
}}'''Sudha Ramakrishnan''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="t903">{{cite web | last=Fernando | first=Antony | title=R Sudha becomes second woman MP from Mayiladuthurai with Congress victory | website=The New Indian Express | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jun/05/r-sudha-becomes-second-woman-mp-from-mayiladuthurai-with-congress-victory | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="d841">{{cite web | title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: Congress wins Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha seat for the tenth time | website=The Hindu | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/congress-wins-mayiladuthurai-lok-sabha-seat-for-the-tenth-time/article68251576.ece | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="x103">{{cite web | title=Sudha Ramakrishnan appointed as Tamil Nadu Mahila Congress chief | website=The New Indian Express | date=14 September 2020 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Sep/14/sudha-ramakrishnan-appointed-as-tamil-nadu-mahila-congress-chief-2196456.html | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="s290">{{cite web | title=Congress fields advocate Sudha Ramakrishnan in Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency | website=The Hindu | date=26 March 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/congress-fields-advocate-sudha-ramakrishnan-in-mayiladuthurai-lok-sabha-constituency/article67995494.ece | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

Sudha was present among the Opposition members during protests in the Lok Sabha in the [[2026 Union budget of India|2026 Budget Session]], during which members entered the well and displayed placards near the front benches, including the area of the Prime Minister’s seat, leading to disruptions and adjournment of the House.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lok Sabha adjourned as Opposition members enter well during protest | website=The Indian Express | date=March 2026 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lok-sabha-adjourned-opposition-protest-well-XXXX/ | access-date=2026-04-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishnan, Sudha}}
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Khashim Vashum

2026-04-19T23:11:08Z

Viji: added - done

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Khashim Vashum
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 20 January 1964
| birth_place = [[Jessami]], [[Manipur]]
| office = Minister for Animal husbandry & Veterinary and Transport department [[Government of Manipur]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chingai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chingai]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 = 
| predecessor1 = [[MK Preshow Shimray]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Naga People's Front]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| education =
| alma_mater = Zakir Hussain College, Delhi University
| profession = Social Worker
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Khashim Vashum''' is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He was elected to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chingai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chingai]] in [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] and [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of [[Naga People's Front]] and served as Cabinet Minister for Animal husbandry & Veterinary and Transport department in [[Second N. Biren Singh ministry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Khashim Vashum |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=208 |website=My Neta |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322045907/https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=208 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Live update on Manipur election |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/chingai-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-chingai-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12752452.htm/amp |work=CNBC TV18 |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> He was born in a [[Naga people|Naga]] family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pisharoty |first1=Sangeeta Barooah |author-link=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty |date=14 August 2023 |title=Manipur's 8 Naga MLAs Back CM Biren Singh's Move Against Kukis' Separate Administration Demand |url=https://thewire.in/government/manipur-naga-mlas-biren-singh-kuki-separate-administration |work=The Wire |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202104133/https://thewire.in/government/manipur-naga-mlas-biren-singh-kuki-separate-administration |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vashum, Khashim}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:People from Ukhrul district]]

Durga Charan Tanti

2026-04-19T06:23:11Z

Viji: starting new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Durga Charan Tanti
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Subrat Tarai
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Durga Charan Tanti''' is an Indian politician.

== Career ==
He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Charan Tanti Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=333 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raghunathpali Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Durga Charan Tanti of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/raghunathpali-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916816.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024: BJP all set to form govt with 78 seats, BJD second with 51 |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-election-2024/odisha-the-biggest-helper-for-bjp-as-ruling-bjd-is-being-trounced-on-most-seats-728535 |website=WION |publisher=Apoorna Sharma |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanti, Durga Charan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Binod Singh Kushwaha

2026-04-18T01:47:29Z

Viji: starting a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinod Kumar Singh Kushwaha
| image = File:Binod_Singh_Kushwaha_is_a_former_Minister_in_Government_of_Bihar.jpg
| caption =
| office = Minister of BC & EBC Welfare [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 2 June 2019
| term_end = 12 October 2020
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[Brij Kishor Bind]]
| successor = [[Renu Devi]]
| office1 = Minister of Mines & Geology [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 29 July 2017
| term_end1 = 2 June 2019
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor1 = Muneshwar Chaudhary
| successor1 = [[Brij Kishor Bind]]
| office2 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2020
| constituency2 = [[Pranpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pranpur]]
| predecessor2 = Mahendra Narayan Yadav
| successor2 = [[Nisha Singh]]
| term_start3 = 2000
| term_end3 = 2005
| predecessor3 = Mahendra Narayan Yadav
| successor3 = Mahendra Narayan Yadav
| constituency3 = [[Pranpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pranpur]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 12 October 2020
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Binod Kumar Singh''' also known as '''Binod Singh Kushwaha'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/minister-vinod-singh-dies-of-brain-hemorrhage-bjp-may-give-ticket-to-wife-127807329.html|title=चुनाव:मंत्री विनोद सिंह का ब्रेन हेमरेज से निधन, पत्नी को भाजपा दे सकती है टिकट|website=BHASKAR.COM|accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013231145/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/minister-vinod-singh-dies-of-brain-hemorrhage-bjp-may-give-ticket-to-wife-127807329.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was an Indian politician associated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was the Minister of Backward & Extremely Backward Classes Welfare at the time of his death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Minister Vinod Kumar Singh Dies Of Post-COVID Complications|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-minister-vinod-kumar-singh-dies-of-post-covid-complications-2309045|access-date=2021-09-22|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726211903/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-minister-vinod-kumar-singh-dies-of-post-covid-complications-2309045|url-status=live}}</ref> He represented [[Pranpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] thrice in the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]], [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] and [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/pranpur.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Elections in India|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625101841/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/pranpur.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Singh was considered as one of the stalwarts of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]. He defeated Mahendra Narayan Yadav in the 2010 assembly elections to Bihar Legislative Assembly and in 2015, became victorious once again by defeating Ishrat Parveen of [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-minister-and-bjp-mla-of-bihar-vinod-kumar-singh-passes-away-bramk-3290825.html|title=बिहार सरकार के मंत्री विनोद कुमार सिंह का निधन, दिल्ली में ली अंतिम सांस|website=news 18|accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125144417/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-minister-and-bjp-mla-of-bihar-vinod-kumar-singh-passes-away-bramk-3290825.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early years of his political career, he was also associated with [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], the student wing of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-minister-vionod-singh-dead-body-reached-home-district-funeral-with-state-honor-in-katihar-manihar-ghat-3557074.html|title=मंत्री विनोद सिंह के अंतिम दर्शन को उमड़े लोग, राजकीय सम्‍मान के साथ कटिहार में|website=live hindustan|accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227173832/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-minister-vionod-singh-dead-body-reached-home-district-funeral-with-state-honor-in-katihar-manihar-ghat-3557074.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
He died in 2020. It was found that his death happened because of the complications associated with COVID -19. Though, he was recovered after being infected, but, he was hospitalized once again after some time from post COVID-19 complications, leading to his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewirehindi.com/143299/bihar-minister-vinod-kumar-singh-dies-due-to-problems-after-covid-19/|title=बिहार के मंत्री विनोद कुमार सिंह का कोविड-19 के बाद हुईं समस्याओं के कारण निधन|website=the wire|accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420033304/http://thewirehindi.com/143299/bihar-minister-vinod-kumar-singh-dies-due-to-problems-after-covid-19/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-minister-vinod-kumar-singh-dies-of-post-covid-complications-2309045|title= Bihar Minister Vinod Kumar Singh Dies Of Post-COVID Complications}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Binod Kumar}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Katihar district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Charles Marngar

2026-04-14T13:54:03Z

Viji: starting new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Charles Marngar
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mawhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawhati]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = Dasakhiatbha Lamare
| term_end =
| successor =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| other_party =
}}
'''Charles Marngar''' is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He serves as a member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Mawhati Assembly constituency|Mawhati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawhati Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/mawhati.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He belongs to the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Congress MLA cites Assam's highhandedness|url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/cong-mla-cites-assams-highhandedness/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marngar, Charles}}
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jayaram

2026-03-30T00:34:59Z

Viji: cleanup

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{similar names|Jayaram (name)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayaram
| other_names = Jayaram Subramaniam
| image = Jayaram_in_2024.jpg
| caption = Jayaram in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|12|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Perumbavoor]], [[Kerala]], India<ref name=r1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jayaramonline.com/profile.html |title=Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315172754/http://www.jayaramonline.com/profile.html |archive-date=15 March 2018 |website=jayaramonline.com}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| alma_mater = Sree Sankara College
| yearsactive = 1988–present
| works = [[Jayaram filmography|Full list]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2011)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Parvathy Jayaram]]|1992}}
| children = 2, including [[Kalidas Jayaram]]
}}

'''Jayaram''' is an Indian actor who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]], in addition to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]] films. He is also a [[chenda]] percussionist, [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry artist]], and occasional [[playback singer]]. Jayaram has acted in more than 200 films and received several awards, including the [[Padma Shri]], two [[Kerala State Film Awards]], two [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]], one [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], one [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], four [[Filmfare Awards South]] and seven [[Asianet Film Awards]]. He became one of the Superstars of the Malayalam film industry through the film ''Meleparambil Aanveedu'' (1993) which was directed by Rajasenan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/jayaram-surprised-padma-shri-award-270111-aid0062.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708055827/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/jayaram-surprised-padma-shri-award-270111-aid0062.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=Jayaram surprised by Padma Shri award |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=5 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/jayaram-completes-200-films-malayalam-news-123821.html |title= Jayaram completes 200 films |work= Indiaglitz.com |date= 23 January 2015 |access-date= 1 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160806133956/http://www.indiaglitz.com/jayaram-completes-200-films-malayalam-news-123821.html |archive-date= 6 August 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref>

Jayaram started as a mimicry artist at the [[Kalabhavan]] Institute during the 1980s. He made his acting debut in a leading role in [[Padmarajan]]'s 1988 film ''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]''.<ref name="timesnownews.com">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Malayalam superstar Jayaram has a net worth of Rs 10 crore; know all the expensive things owned by the actor |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/article/malayalam-superstar-jayaram-has-a-net-worth-of-rs-10-crore-know-all-the-expensive-things-owned-by-the-actor/839258 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> He established himself as a successful leading actor in the 1990s by starring in family dramas and comedies—such as ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' (1989), ''[[Shubhayathra]]'' (1990), ''[[Sandhesam]]'' (1991), ''[[Georgootty C/O Georgootty]]'' (1991), ''[[Malootty]]'' (1992), ''[[Ayalathe Adheham]]'' (1992), ''[[Meleparambil Aanveedu]]'' (1993), ''[[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.]]'' (1994), ''[[Puthukkottayile Puthumanavalan]]'' (1995), ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' (1995), ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]'' (1996), ''[[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]]'' (1997), ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'' (1998), ''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]'' (1999), ''[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]'' (2001), and ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' (2003).

The 2000 Tamil film ''[[Thenali]]'' won him five [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Elizabeth|title=30 glorious years|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/130418/30-glorious-years.html|access-date=15 April 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050402/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/130418/30-glorious-years.html|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Jayaram won his first Kerala State Film Award, the [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]], for his performance in ''Thooval Kottaram'' (1996). He won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]] for his performance in ''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]'' (2000). Jayaram won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] three times, for his performances in ''Thooval Kottaram'' (1996), ''[[Theerthadanam]]'' (2001), and ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' (2003). In 2011, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in the country for his contributions to the Indian film industry.<ref name="timesnownews.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Jayaram: Iconic films of the actor that will make you LOL |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/happy-birthday-jayaram-iconic-films-of-the-actor-that-will-make-you-lol/96048946 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jayaram Subramaniam is the second among three children of late Subramaniyam and late Thankam at [[Perumbavoor]], [[Kerala]]. His father was from [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]. He had an elder brother named Venkataram, who died at a young age, and a younger sister named Manjula. He completed his primary education from Government Boys High School, Perumbavoor. He graduated with a [[bachelor's degree]] from Sree Sankara College, [[Kalady]] and learnt [[Chenda]] under the guidance of guru Pallassana Nandakumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=20&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=|title=CINIDIARY - A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal|website=cinidiary.com|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518163129/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=20&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He became a medical representative soon after college and later joined the [[Kalabhavan]] Institute where he learned and performed mimicry on a number of stage venues, which paved his way to the acting career in films.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayaram interview {{!}} memories with director Padmarajan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=295&v=NhNpuU-NUcc|publisher=amritatv|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310235850/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=295&v=NhNpuU-NUcc|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Malayalam writer [[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan]] is Jayaram's maternal uncle.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chandra Kumar|first=Sujit|title=An obsession that's too big|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151029/entertainment-mollywood/article/obsession-that%E2%80%99s-too-big|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=29 October 2015|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706152429/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151029/entertainment-mollywood/article/obsession-that%E2%80%99s-too-big|archive-date=6 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
After college, he joined Kalabhavan, a professional mimicry troupe in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]. At the age of 22, he was introduced to the cinema by [[screenwriter|script writer]] and filmmaker [[Padmarajan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7n6GUGppEo |title=ജയറാമിന്റെ സിനിമാപ്രവേശം, ഒപ്പം പത്മരാജന്റെ ഓര്‍മ്മകളും-നക്ഷത്രപ്പിറവിI Nakshathrappiravi |website=[[YouTube]] |date=28 October 2017 |access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011151953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7n6GUGppEo |url-status=live }}</ref> who gave Jayaram a launch pad with the 1988 film [[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]. Jayaram subsequently acted in Padmarajan's ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]'' (1988) and ''[[Innale]]'' (1989). Padmarajan became his [[mentoring|mentor]] in his film career until the former's death in January 1991.<ref name="timesnownews.com"/> He became one of the Superstars of the Malayalam film industry through the film ''[[Meleparambil Aanveedu]]'' (1993) which was directed by Rajasenan. The film was a commercial success and ran for over 200 days in theatres. His on-screen chemistry with [[Shobana]] worked well in the films ''[[Innale]]'', ''Meleparambil Aanveedu'' and ''[[Dhwani]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianetindia.com/completes-25-years-in-cinema-jayaram/|title=Completes 25 years in cinema: Jayaram|work=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=1 December 2013|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231410/http://asianetindia.com/completes-25-years-in-cinema-jayaram/|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/010416/mani-c-kappan-to-give-k-m-mani-tight-fight-in-pala.html|title=Mani C Kappan to give K M Mani tight fight in Pala|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=1 April 2016|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308170155/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/010416/mani-c-kappan-to-give-k-m-mani-tight-fight-in-pala.html|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/dhanush-marks-his-25th-film-velaiyilla-pattathari|title=Dhanush marks his 25th film Velaiyilla Pattathari|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=17 July 2014|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054019/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/dhanush-marks-his-25th-film-velaiyilla-pattathari|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is noted for appearing in [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]'s films during the late 1980s and early 1990s, in films such as ''[[Pradeshika Varthakal]]'' (1989), ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' (1989) and ''Shubha Yathra'' (1990) (all of which scripted by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]), where he co-starred with his wife [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]. He later did a film scripted by Ranjith with the story by [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and directed by [[Viji Thampi]] named ''[[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]'' (1988). He teamed up with Viji Thampi and Ranjith in ''Nanma Niranjavan Srinivasan'' (1990), where he played a police constable who is in search of a criminal played by [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]. During the early '90s he acted in [[Bharathan]]'s ''Keli'' (1991) and ''[[Malootty]]'' (1992).

He has acted in several of [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s films. Their first film was ''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]'' (1988). Around that time, Jayaram played a [[Supporting actor|supporting role]] in Sathyan Anthikkad's ''[[Artham]]'' (1989). ''[[Thalayanamanthram]]'' (1990) and ''[[Sandesham]]'' (1991), were both written and co-starred [[Sreenivasan]]. Anthikkad and Jayaram later went on to make ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]'' (1996),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |title=Official Website of Information And Public Relation Department of Kerala |publisher=Prd.kerala.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> which was a commercial success,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-mdash-Sukanya/article16813947.ece|title=Grill Mill — Sukanya|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 February 2010|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Jayaram, Mamta in Kadha Thudarunnu">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-jayaram-mamta-in-kadha-thudarunnu/20100330.htm|title=Jayaram, Mamta in Kadha Thudarunnu|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 March 2010|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806011431/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-jayaram-mamta-in-kadha-thudarunnu/20100330.htm|archive-date=6 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> continued their success in films - ''Irattakuttikalude Achan'' (1997), ''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]'' (1999), ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]'' (2000), ''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]'' (2002), ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' (2003), ''[[Bhagya Devatha]]'' and ''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]]''.

He regularly ensured K.P.A.C Lalitha, Unnikrishnan and Jagathy Sreekumar were cast in his films.

He acted in a leading role along with [[Mammootty]] and [[Suresh Gopi]] in [[Joshi (director)|Joshi]]'s ''[[Dhruvam]]'' (1993). Other films with Gopi include Viji Thampi's ''Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam'' (1990), ''[[Thooval Sparsam]]'' (1990), [[Jayaraj]]'s ''[[Paithrukam]]'' (1993), and [[Sibi Malayil]]'s ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'' (1998). He co-starred with [[Mohanlal]] in [[Bharath Gopi]]'s ''Ulsavapittennu'', ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' (1989) and [[Priyadarshan]]'s ''[[Advaitham]]'' (1991).

His association with director Rajasenan created many movies such as ''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]'' (1991), ''[[Ayalathe Addeham]]'' (1992), ''Meleparambil Aanveedu'' (1993), ''CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.'' (1994), ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' (1995), ''Aadyathe Kanmani'' (1995), ''Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran'' (1996), and ''Kadhanayakan'' (1997). He also played Aravindan in [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s ''[[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]]'' (1999) in which he co-starred with [[Sreenivasan]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] was the highest grossing Malayalam movie of 1999 and collected {{INR}}11 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20000626-crippled-by-failed-productions-and-losses-malayalam-film-industry-banks-on-sleaze-777791-2000-06-25|title=Porn again|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 June 2000|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103085122/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/crippled-by-failed-productions-and-losses-malayalam-film-industry-banks-on-sleaze/1/244399.html|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first decade of the 21st century his commercial successful films include ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]'' (2000), ''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]'' (2002), ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' (2003), ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' (2003), ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]'' (2008). His critically acclaimed roles include Karunakaran in B. Kannan's ''Theerthadanam'' (2001) and Lonappan in Rajeev Kumar's ''Sesham'' (2002).

He also forayed into [[Tamil cinema]] including roles in ''Gokulam'', ''Purushalakshanam'', ''Priyanka'', ''Kolangal'', ''Murai Mamman'' and ''Pathini''. He played the roles of Dr Kailash and Ayyappan Nair in the Kamal Haasan-starred ''[[Thenali]]'' and ''[[Panchathanthiram]]''. They first came together on-screen in ''[[Chanakyan (film)|Chanakyan]]'' (1989). Recently he has done more supporting roles in Tamil, such as [[antagonist]] roles in ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' and ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'', and a comic role in ''[[Aegan]]''.

His movies include ''Manassinakkare'' (2003), ''Njaan Salperu Raman Kutty'' (2004), ''Finger Print'' (2005), ''Alice in Wonderland'' (2005), ''Madhuchandralekha'' (2006), ''Moonnamathoral'' (2006), and ''Anchal Oral Arjunan'' (2007). In mid-2008, he played Sugunan in Akku Akbar's ''Veruthe Oru Bharya'' (2008) and ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012), which established him as one of the leading comedy actors of [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil films]].

In 2008, he made a comeback after a series of commercial flops with the film ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]'' (2008), which was both a critical and commercial success at the box office and ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jayaram-joins-hands-with-kamal-after-twelve-years/20110808.htm|title=Jayaram joins hands with Kamal after 12 years|work=[[Rediff]]|date=9 August 2011|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jayaram-joins-hands-with-kamal-after-twelve-years/20110808.htm|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14783121|title=Sathyan & Jayaram are back!|work=[[Sify]]|date=23 October 2008|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117023508/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14783121|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=KERALA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mollywood-more-flops-than-hits-in-2008/article1404160.ece |title=Mollywood: more flops than hits in 2008 - KERALA |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 December 2008 |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011151940/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Mollywood-more-flops-than-hits-in-2008/article15370163.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Friday Review |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sweet-smile-of-success/article1436017.ece |title=Sweet smile of success - TVDM |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 October 2008 |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011151953/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Sweet-smile-of-success/article15400427.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-dileep-gopika-in-swantham-lekhakan/20090918.htm |title=Dileep-Gopika jodi returns - Rediff.com Movies |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2009-09-18 |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193444/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-dileep-gopika-in-swantham-lekhakan/20090918.htm |archive-date=16 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009, he performed in Sathyan Anthikkad's ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]'', a commercial success<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kbo-summer-box-office-may-1-to-june-11-news-malayalam-kkfrNtabghesi.html|title=KBO- Summer Box- Office ( May 1 to June 11)|work=[[Sify]]|date=24 June 2009|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809061830/http://www.sify.com/movies/kbo-summer-box-office-may-1-to-june-11-news-malayalam-kkfrNtabghesi.html|archive-date=9 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-jayaram-in-a-double-role/20090529.htm|title=A Jayaram double whammy!|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 March 2009|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116003921/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-jayaram-in-a-double-role/20090529.htm|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jayaram, Mamta in Kadha Thudarunnu"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=2009- A Flashback!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-a-flashback-news-malayalam-kkfrf1bghdasi.html|archive-date=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|website=[[Sify]]|date=2 January 2010|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126195849/http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-a-flashback-news-malayalam-kkfrf1bghdasi.html}}</ref> and in 2010 his first film was ''[[Happy Husbands (2010 film)|Happy Husbands]]'', commercial success with 150 days theatrical run,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14932245&cid=14625530|title=Kerala Box Office - Feb 1 to 15|work=[[Sify]]|date=19 February 2010|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308233937/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14932245&cid=14625530|archive-date=8 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14938600&cid=14625530|title=Kerala Box-Office- March 1 to April 13|work=[[Sify]]|date=15 April 2010|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162047/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14938600&cid=14625530|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-box-office-dec-2009-jan-2010-news-malayalam-kkfqUifjgdbsi.html|title=Kerala Box Office- Dec 2009 - Jan 2010|work=[[Sify]]|date=11 February 2010|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053920/http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-box-office-dec-2009-jan-2010-news-malayalam-kkfqUifjgdbsi.html|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article267220.ece|title=Meera Jasmine survives gossips again!|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=5 May 2010|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611161114/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article267220.ece|archive-date=11 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/friday-rushes/article677736.ece|title=Friday Rushes|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 September 2010|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011151955/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Friday-Rushes/article15969610.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and next he again joined with Sathyan Anthikkadu for ''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]]''. In 2011, he was featured in commercially successful films like ''[[Makeup Man]]'', along with comedic roles in ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' and ''[[China Town (2011 film)|Chinatown]]'' and also ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]''.<ref name="manorama-box-office-2011">{{cite web|title=2011 സംവിധാനം ചെയ്തത്|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/year-2011/direction.htm|publisher=Malayala Manorama|language=ml|trans-title=Those (films) which were directed in 2011|access-date=5 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207172511/http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/year-2011/direction.htm|archive-date=7 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then acted in films such as ''[[Aadupuliyattam]]'' (2016) and ''[[Pattabhiraman]]'' (2019). He played an important role Azhwarkkadiyan Nambi alias Thirumala in [[Mani Ratnam]] historical action adventure ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]] ''(2022) and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]] '' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jayaram's new look for Ponniyin Selvan!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayarams-new-look-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/73190665.cms|access-date=2020-10-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In the beginning of 2024 Jayaram had made an official comeback to Malayalam Cinema as hero in Abraham Ozler directed by Midhun Manuel Thomas. The movie is about a Veteran cop Abraham Ozler begins to investigate a mysterious unsolved case and the hunt for a serial killer begins. The movie also stars Mammootty in an extended cameo role. Abraham Ozler received mixed reviews from critics and the film made a total collection of ₹40.05 crore from the worldwide box office in first 30 days of its release and also emerged as the all-time highest grossing solo film in the career of its leading man Jayaram within its lifetime run at the theatres. The end of the film hints a sequel and Jayaram after the success of the film confirmed Abraham Ozler 2.

==Personal life==
Jayaram married actress [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]] on 7 September 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-07 |title=I contemplated going in for a name change during the shoot of Uttama Villain: Parvathy Nair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-contemplated-going-in-for-a-name-change-during-the-shoot-of-uttama-villain-parvathy-nair/articleshow/36353899.cms |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The couple has a son named [[Kalidas Jayaram]] who is an actor as well as the winner of the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] in 2003 for his second movie ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060525035222/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug152004/n12.asp National film awards announced]. Deccan Herald (15 August 2004)</ref> and a daughter Malavika.<ref name=r1/> Currently, the family resides at [[Valasaravakkam]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="asiantribune.com">{{cite web|title=Film Star Jayaram's House attacked and torched- Karunanidhi condemned|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/02/07/film-star-jayarams-house-attacked-and-torched-karunanidhi-condemned|publisher=asiantribune.com|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190745/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/02/07/film-star-jayarams-house-attacked-and-torched-karunanidhi-condemned|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Jayaram is a trained [[Chenda]] artist. He has enthralled audience through his chenda performances at various temple festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayaram to make his Pandimelam debut at Panachikkadu temple |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/23/jayaram-to-make-his-pandimelam-debut-at-panachikkadu-temple-1607828.html |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 May 2017 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Further|Jayaram filmography}}

==Awards==

;Civilian awards
* 2011 – [[Padma Shri]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/govt-announces-padma-awards-81520 |title=Govt announces Padma Awards |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045010/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/govt-announces-padma-awards-81520 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* 1996 – [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] – ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]''
* 2000 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – ''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]''
* 2001 – [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] – ''[[Sesham]]''

;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
* 2000 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award (Special Prizes)|Special Prize]] – ''[[Thenali]]''

;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
* 1996 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Malayalam)|Best Actor]] – ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=Filmfare - South Special|url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3f.htm|access-date=8 July 2016|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=5 July 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980705062041/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3f.htm|archive-date=5 July 1998 }}</ref>
* 2001 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Malayalam)|Best Actor]] – ''[[Theerthadanam]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards - The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms?referral=PM|access-date=8 July 2016|work=The Times of India|date=6 April 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104014629/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=4 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2002 – [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Tamil)|Best Supporting Actor (Tamil)]] – ''[[Panchathantiram]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |publisher=[[BSNL]] |access-date=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 2003 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Malayalam)|Best Actor]] – ''[[Manassinakkare]]''<ref name="indiaglitz2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/9366.html|title=Pithamagan sweeps FilmFare Awards|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2014-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613232712/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/9366.html|archive-date=13 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
;[[Asianet Film Awards]]
* 1998 – [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Actor|Best Actor Award]] – ''[[Sneham (1998 film)|Sneham]]''
* 2001 – [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Actor|Best Actor Award]] – ''[[Theerthadanam]]'', ''[[Uthaman (2001 film)|Uthaman]]''
* 2008 – [[Asianet Film Awards#Most Popular Actor|Most Popular Actor Award]] – ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]''
* 2011 – [[Asianet Film Awards#Most Popular Actor|Most Popular Actor Award]] – ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]''
* 2012 – [[Asianet Film Awards#Most Popular Actor|Special Commomeration]]
* 2014 – Golden Star of the year
* 2018 - Golden Star of the year
;[[Asianet Comedy Awards]]
* 2015 - Best Actor - ''[[Thinkal Muthal Velli Vare]]''
* 2017 - Best Actor - ''[[Achayans]]''
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* 2012 – Nominated – [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|Best Comedian - Tamil]] – ''[[Thuppakki]]''
* 2019 – Nominated – [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]] for ''[[Bhaagamathie]]''
* 2021 – Won – [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards#Special awards|Special Appreciation Award]] for ''Namo''
* 2023 – Nominated – [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]] for [[Dhamaka (2022 film)|''Dhamaka'']]
;Other awards
* 1993 – [[14th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best New Face Actor]] (Tamil) for ''[[Gokulam]]''
* 1996 – Sini Best Actor Award for ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]''
* 1996 – Rotary Club Award for ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]''
* 2002 – [[Mathrubhumi]] - Medimix Film Award for Best Actor for ''[[Theerthadanam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-04-02 |title=Jayaram receives 'best actor' award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/jayaram-receives-best-actor-award/articleshow/5489891.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* 2002 – [[V. Shantaram]] Award for ''[[Sesham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=2010-01-28 |title=Grill Mill - Jayaram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-Jayaram/article16840460.ece |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* 2002 – [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award]] for Best Actor for ''Sesham''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |title='Kannathil Muthamittal' bags 6 Cinema Express awards |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-date=7 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071034/http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2002-12-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2005 – Best Dairy Farmer award by [[Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)]]<ref name="dairy">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title='Lost 22 cows six years ago', Jayaram hands over Rs 5 lakh to Mathew Benny |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/01/02/jayaram-abraham-ozler-mathew-benny-cattle.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102161236/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/01/02/jayaram-abraham-ozler-mathew-benny-cattle.html |archive-date=2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|On Manorama]]}}</ref>
* 2008 – [[J. C. Daniel]] Foundation Award for Best Actor for his performance in ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]''
* 2011 – [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)#Awards established in his name|Sathyan Award]] for Lifetime Achievement<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/10/sathyan-award-for-jayaram-and-kavya/|title=Sathyan Awards 2011|publisher=kottaka.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025070930/http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/10/sathyan-award-for-jayaram-and-kavya/|archive-date=25 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2011 – [[Jaihind TV]] Film Award for Best Actor for ''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]]''
* 2012 – Best Dairy Farmer award by Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)<ref name="dairy" />
* 2014 – [[Vayalar]] Film Award for Best Actor for ''[[Nadan]]'' and ''[[Swapaanam]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/best-actor-jayaram-vayalar-film-awards-announced-full-list-of-awards-8378 | title=Vayalar Film awards announced | work=Jerin T Sam | publisher=metromatinee.com | date=7 May 2014 | access-date=7 May 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061044/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/best-actor-jayaram-vayalar-film-awards-announced-full-list-of-awards-8378 | archive-date=8 May 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 2014 – M. K. K. Nair Puraskaram by [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kalamandalam-awards-fellowship-announced/article6467698.ece | title=Kalamandalam awards, fellowship announced | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2 October 2014 | access-date=3 October 2014 | archive-date=3 October 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141003104850/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kalamandalam-awards-fellowship-announced/article6467698.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2014 – Pravasi Kalashri Award by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] for ''Chenda Melam''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-03 |title=An immensely valuable award, says Jayaram |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/an-immensely-valuable-award-says-jayaram.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|On Manorama]]}}</ref>
* 2021 – Won Special Mention in State-level Farm Awards by Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=State Farm Awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-farm-awards-announced/article65238312.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422190838/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-farm-awards-announced/article65238312.ece |archive-date=2022-04-22 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* 2022 – Best Farmer award by Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Actor Jayaram Wins Best Farmer Award At Kerala's State Farm Awards |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-jayaram-wins-best-farmer-award-at-keralas-state-farm-awards-5784433.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002162857/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-jayaram-wins-best-farmer-award-at-keralas-state-farm-awards-5784433.html |archive-date=2022-10-02 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0419688|name=Jayaram}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190506074929/http://jayaramonline.com/ Jayaram Online (archive)]

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[[Category:Musicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

What the Love! with Karan Johar

2026-03-29T12:27:51Z

Viji: put up first stub v1

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Rameez Rizvi
* Samaksh Sudi
* Sahil Brown
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 45–50 minutes
| company = [[BBC Studios]]
| budget =
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2020|01|30}}
| related =
}}
'''''What the Love! with Karan Johar''''' is a 2020 [[reality television]] series. The premise revolves around [[Karan Johar]] who tries to help six single people find love. It was released on January 30, 2020, on [[Netflix]].<ref name="decider">{{cite web |url=https://decider.com/2020/02/03/what-the-love-with-karan-johar-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'What the Love! with Karan Johar' on Netflix, A New Dating Show Starring Bollywood's Premier Love Guru |website=Decider|date=3 February 2020 |access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref><ref name="browngirlmagazine">{{cite web |url=https://browngirlmagazine.com/2020/02/what-the-love-review-karan-johar/|title='What the Love!' Review: Karan Johar's new Series is the Love Child of Makeover Reality TV|website=Brown Girl Magazine|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |total_width=50 |background=#eeeeee |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The "What the Love!" Singles Party
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|30}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #eeeeee
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = The Unsuitable Bride
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|30}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #eeeeee
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = The Eager Beaver
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|30}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #eeeeee
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Mr. No Time for Love
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|30}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #eeeeee
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Ms. Date Me Not
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|30}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #eeeeee
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Ms. Heartbroken
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|30}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #eeeeee
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = The Planner
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|01|30}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #eeeeee
}}
}}

== Cast ==
* Rameez Rizvi
* Samaksh Sudi
* Sahil Brown
* Karan Johar

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{IMDb title|10406826}}

{{Netflix original series}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:English-language Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:2020s reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian dating and relationship reality television series]]

Hemu Kalani

2026-03-29T02:48:47Z

Viji: added references

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (1923–1943)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemu Kalani
| image = Hemu Kalani 1983 stamp of India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kalani on a 1983 stamp of India
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|03|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sukkur]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India, now Pakistan.]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1943|01|21|1923|03|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Sukkur]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind Province]], [[British Raj|British India, now Pakistan]]
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]]
| organization = [[All India Students Federation]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Revolutionary|Revolutionary leader]], [[freedom fighter]], [[political activist]]
}}

'''Hemandas Kalani''' ({{Langx|sd|هيمو ڪالاڻي}}, 23 March 1923 – 21 January 1943)<ref name="THE FORGOTTEN LIFE OF HEMU KALANI">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=THE FORGOTTEN LIFE OF HEMU KALANI |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1744135 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian revolutionary and anti-colonial figure during the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was a leader of Swaraj Sena,<ref name="auto">[https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58672/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Shahed_Hemu_Kalani.pdf Shaheed Hemu Kalani]</ref> a student organisation which was affiliated with [[All India Students Federation]] (AISF). He was one of the youngest revolutionaries to be martyred for the nation's freedom struggle, being executed by the British colonial authorities when he was only 19, two months before his 20th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sindhuputra.com/hemuji.html |title=Welcome to Official Website of Amar Shaheed Hemu Kalani Yadgar Mandal |access-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132559/http://sindhuputra.com/hemuji.html |archive-date=24 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Early life==
Hemu Kalani was born in a Sindhi family<ref name="THE FORGOTTEN LIFE OF HEMU KALANI"/> at [[Sukkur]] in [[Sind Division]] of [[Bombay Presidency]] in [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Pakistan]]) on 23 March 1923.<ref>{{cite news|last1=نادر سولنگي |title=سنڌ جو ڀڳت سنگهه شهيد هيمون ڪالاڻي |url=http://www.onlineindusnews.com/2016/01/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C-%D8%AC%D9%88-%DA%80%DA%B3%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A/ |access-date=23 January 2016 |agency=Online indus News |date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085717/http://www.onlineindusnews.com/2016/01/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C-%D8%AC%D9%88-%DA%80%DA%B3%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A/ |archive-date=29 January 2016 }}</ref> (His birthday coincides with the day [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev Thapar|Sukhdev]] & [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] were hanged). He was son of Pesumal Kalani and Jethi Bai. As a child and young man he campaigned with his friends for boycotts of foreign goods and tried to persuade people to use [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi goods]]. He was drawn to revolutionary activities and started participating in acts of protests with the aim of driving out the [[British Raj|British]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]].

==Freedom struggle==
[[File:Hemu-kalani funnel.jpg|thumb|Funeral of Hemu Kalani, 21 January 1943]]
Hemu Kalani joined [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Indian independence movement|Quit India movement]] when it was started in 1942. Support for the movement in [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh]] was such that the British colonial authorities had to send [[British Indian Army|military detachments]] after him consisting of European battalions. Hemu Kalani found out that a train of these troops and their supplies would be passing through his local town at the midnight of 22 October and decided to derail it by removing the [[fishplate]]s from the railway track. This despite the fact that neither he nor his colleagues had the necessary tools and so had to use a rope as a means to loosen the fixings.<ref name="auto"/>

They were seen by the British before being able to complete the sabotage. Hemu was caught, imprisoned, and tortured by the [[Indian Imperial Police]] in an attempt to get him to reveal the names of his co-conspirators. He refused to divulge any information, was put on trial and sentenced to death. The people of Sindh petitioned the [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy]] for mercy but the condition of granting it was that the authorities must be told the identity of his co-conspirators. He again refused to pass on the information and he was hanged on 21 January 1943.<ref name="auto"/>

It is said that Hemu Kalani was so happy upon being handed the death sentence that, contrary to usual, he gained a good deal of weight during the time between his sentencing and his execution. On the day of his execution, he appeared extremely overjoyed, and walked to the gallows with a copy of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in his hands, smiling and humming the whole way.

==Legacy==

===India===
* Statue instituted of Hemu Kalani at Hemu Kalani Square Jaripatka, [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]].
* Sant Hidaram Nagar (Bairagarh) [[Bhopal]].
Statue, institutions and many more name of the Shaheed Hemu Kalani.

* '''Rewa city in M.P''' -
Hemu Kalani Chowk Rewa.

* '''Agra city in U.P''' -
Hemu Kalani Statue near Sadar Tehsil, Hemu Kalani road, [[Agra]].
Statue erected by Agra Sindhi Samaj & Hemu Kalani Murti Sthapana Samiti, [[Agra]].
* Adipur city in Kutch, Gujarat, has also Hemu Kalani Statue near Gandhi Samadhi, Maitri School road.
* Bhilwara city, In Sindhunagar Colony has erected Statue of Shaheed Hemu Kalani at the crossing of the road (chowk). Called Hemu Kalani Circle.
* [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] city (Rajasthan) has erected a statue of Young Martyr '''''Hemu Kalani''''' at the Sawai Madhopur Circle.
* [[Ahmedabad]] city (Gujarat) has erected Statue of Amar Shaheed Shree Hemu Kalani at the Rajavir Circle.
* [[Indore]] city has named a road intersection after Hemu Kalani and placed his statue at the center of the intersection.
* [[Faizabad]] city has named a National Parks in His Name and a Faizabad to Ayodhya HWY A National Libraries in [[Ayodhya]].
* A statue of Hemu Kalani is located in the [[Parliament]] complex in front of the Deputy Speaker's office<ref name="one">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030819/nation.htm#18 PM to unveil Kalani’s statue]. Tribuneindia.com (19 August 2003). Retrieved on 2018-12-11</ref>
* [[Chembur]], a suburb of [[Mumbai]] with a large Sindhi population, has Hemu Kalani Marg named after the famous freedom fighter.
* In [[Ulhasnagar]] Statue of Shaheed Hemu Kalani has been erected at the crossing of the road (chowk).
* Jodhpur city (Rajasthan) has named a road intersection after Hemu Kalani and placed his statue at the center of the intersection.
* [[Ajmer]] city (Rajasthan) has erected Statue of Shaheed Hemu Kalani at the Diggi Bazar Chowk.
* [[Ajmer]] city (Rajasthan) has a locality in Lakhan Kothri called Hemu Kalani Mohalla.
* [[Delhi]] city (Lajpat Nagar), located a senior secondary school named Shaheed Hemu Kalani Sarvodaya Bal Vidyalaya.
*[[Delhi]] city (Pitampura), Veer Hemu Marg and a street named "shaheed hemu kalani marg" In old Rajendra Nagar, Karol Bag, New Delhi.
* [[Kanpur]] city, has a park named Hemu Kalani park located in the Sindhi Colony area named after Shaheed Hemu Kalani.
* [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] city, has a community hall Hemu Kalani Samudayik Bhawan located in the Sahjidera area named after Shaheed Hemu Kalani.
* [[Dhule]] city in [[Maharashtra]] has Shaheed Hemu Kalani Road.
* [[Amalner]] city in [[Maharashtra]] has Shaheed Hemu Kalani Road.
* [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] city in [[Maharashtra]] has a children's park named Hemu Kalani Garden and society named Hemu Kalani Housing Society located in Pimpri.
* [[Bhilwara]] city in [[Rajasthan]] has a Road Square in Sindhu Nagar named as Hemu Kalani Chowk.
* [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] city in [[Chhattisgarh]] has a locality named after him called Hemu Nagar. [[File:Hemu Kalani Statue in Durg, Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumb|Hemu Kalani Statue in Durg, Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Neemuch]] city in [[Madhya Pradesh]] has a Road Square named Hemu Kalani Chowk with an erected Statue of Shaheed Hemu Kalani.
* Bikaner city (Rajasthan) has named a road intersection after Hemu Kalani and placed his statue at the center of the intersection.
*A poem " Hemu Kalani" was written on 25 January 1943 by Indra Bahadur Khare, just 4 days after Hemu's hanging, and it is published in 2017 after a span of 74 years.
* The [[Raipur]] city of Chhattisgarh has a square in the main street called Hemu Kalani Chowk.
*Shaheed Hemu Kalani education society is run in Sant Hirdaram Nagar Bhopal.
*[[Raipur]] city of Chhattisgarh has a Community Hall near Lakhe Nagar Area called Amar Shaheed Hemu Kalani Bhawan.
*[[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]] city of Chhattisgarh has a Big community hall near the Rani Road area called Amar Shaheed Hemu Kalani Dharamshala.
*[[Bhavnagar]] city in [[Gujarat]] has a Road Square at Gopal Park in Sindhunagar has erected Statue of Amar Shaheed Hemu Kalani at the crossing of the road (chowk) named as Hemu Kalani Circle on 21 January 2020.
*[[Chittorgarh]], Rajasthan has an intersection named after Shaheed Hemu Kalani Chauraha which was previously known as Pratap Nagar Chauraha.
* [[Jalgaon]], Maharashtra has a garden, Park Named "Hemu Kalani Bagicha" behind Sindhi Colony, Kanwar Nagar, Near Joshi Colony, Jalgaon-425001.
* [[Belagavi]], Hemi Kalani chowk near Daak bungalow, a circle named after him.
* [[Ujjain]], M.P. Statue of Hemu Kalani erected at Park Named "Choithram Gidwani Udyan", Situated at Sindhi Colony, Sanwer Road, Freeganj, UJJAIN (M.P.)-456001.
*[[Khairthal]], Rajasthan has an intersection named after Shaheed Hemu Kalani Chauraha.
*[[Rajnandgaon]], Chhattisgarh has Hemu Kalani Road.
*[[Tilda Newra]], Chhattisgarh has Hemu Kalani Chowk.
*[[Durg]], Chhattisgarh has Hemu Kalani Statue.

===Pakistan===
* Hemu Kalani Park, [[Sukkur|Sukkur, Pakistan]] – However was later renamed to Qasim Park.<ref>[http://the-thinktanks.blogspot.hu/2009/05/shaheed-hemu-kalani-forgotten-sindhi.html The Think Tanks: Shaheed Hemu Kalani – A Forgotten Sindhi Young Revoluter Hero]. The-thinktanks.blogspot.hu (18 May 2009). Retrieved on 2018-12-11.</ref>
Hemu Kalani has been unfortunately largely forgotten in Pakistan, being entirely absent from history books, except from the Sindh Province in Pakistan where he was born and raised in.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalani, Hemu}}
[[Category:Sindhi warriors]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sukkur District]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]

M. M. Akbar

2026-03-25T20:27:43Z

Viji: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. M. Akbar
| image = M.m Akbar എം.എം. അക്‌ബർ.jpg
| alt = Image of Akbar in 2009
| caption = Akbar in 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|02|03}}
| birth_place = [[Parappanangadi]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India.
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Chairman and managing director of [[Peace International School]] Preacher, author
| website = [https://www.snehasamvadam.org]
}}

'''Meleveettil Muhammad Akbar''' ([[Malayalam]]: മേലേവീട്ടില്‍ മുഹമ്മദ് അക്ബര്‍) is an [[Islamic]] preacher and religious scholar from India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/m-m-akbar-refutes-rashid-abdullas-claims/articleshow/58770960.cms|title=Peace International School: M M Akbar refutes Rashid Abdulla's claims |date=May 21, 2017|author=Prashanth M. P. |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref> He is the managing director of [[Peace International School]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/peace-international-group-director-mm-akbar-arrested-in-hyderabad-1177721-2018-02-26 | title=Islamic preacher MM Akbar, called Kerala's Zakir Naik, arrested in Hyderabad | date=26 February 2018 }}</ref> Akbar used to be a school teacher in Malappuram, teaching physics, and was associated with the [[Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen|Mujahid Student Movement]]. Director of ''Niche of Truth'',<ref name="ArabNews10Sep2003">{{cite web|title=Arab News, 10 September 2003 Wednesday (13 Rajab 1424), Article: Muslims Must Adopt a Positive Approach.|url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=31924&d=10&m=9&y=2003|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330181558/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=31924&d=10&m=9&y=2003|archivedate=30 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004012813580300.htm&date=2004/01/28/&prd=th&
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125084513/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004012813580300.htm&date=2004/01/28/&prd=th&
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=2013-01-25
|title=The Hindu, 28 Jan 2004, Kochi Edition, Call to promote regional history.
}}</ref> an Islamic [[Dawah|dawa]] organization based in [[Kerala]]<ref name="ArabNews10Sep2003" /> and the editor of ''Sneha Samvadam'' magazine published from [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="DubaiPeaceConvention">{{cite web|title=Dubai International Peace Convention, March 2010, Biographies of Speakers.|url=http://www.peaceconvention.com/speakers.aspx|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620120216/http://www.peaceconvention.com/speakers.aspx|archivedate=20 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Niche of Truth has created the first{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} website in [[Malayalam]],<ref>https://old.snehasamvadam.org/</ref> about the life of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]]. The Cochin-based Islamic [[Dawah|dawa]] organization's objective is to present Islam as a comprehensive religion in front of India's pluralist society.

==Early life==
MM Akbar was born in 1968 [[Parappanangadi]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India.. He was educated by his parents, who were known for religious scholarship.

==Career==
He is renowned orator and [[comparative religion]] scholar, has been serving as director of Niche of Truth since 1992. The Cochin-based Islamic missionary organization's objective is to present Islam as a comprehensive religion in front of India's pluralist society. He also heads Peace Education Foundation, which runs 14 schools,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/110716/preacher-m-m-akbar-denies-indoctrination.html | title=Preacher M M Akbar denies indoctrination | date=11 July 2016 }}</ref> of which one is in Jeddah. These schools focus on imparting excellent secular education in an Islamic environment and upholding Islamic identity, in addition to developing leadership qualities.

===Chief Editor of Sneha Samvadam magazine ===
MM Akbar, who is the Chief Editor of Sneha Samvadam magazine, a monthly periodical started in 2002, which handles creative and productive articles on comparative religion, science and Islam<ref>https://www.snehasamvadam.org/</ref>

===Managing director of Peace International School===
MM Akbar, who is the managing director of [[Peace International School]], a chain of 13 schools run by the Peace Foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Feb/26/peace-international-school-managing-director-m-m-akbar-nabbed-1778905.html | title=Peace International School managing director M M Akbar nabbed | date=26 February 2018 }}</ref>

==Literary style and themes==
In 2001 he commenced an Islamic book publishing firm 'Dawa Books' which has already released 150+ titles<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/214517 | title=Dawa camp draws huge crowd of expatriates | date=12 August 2001 }}</ref>

== International Recognition ==
Akbar has been invited to speak at various international conferences and events, including:

* Multiple invitations from Islamic Affairs departments in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain
* Guest speaker for the International Holy Qur’an Recitation Competition in Dubai
* Lectures in Australia and the United Kingdom

In 2004 and 2009, Akbar was invited by the rulers of the UAE to give lectures during Ramadan. He has also had the opportunity to meet with various Emirati rulers, including [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]].

== Other Initiatives ==
* Founder and Director of NICHE OF TRUTH, an Islamic organization in Cochin, Kerala
* Publisher and Chief Editor of ''Sneha Samvadam'', a Malayalam magazine
* Managing Director of Da’wa Books, a publishing firm
* Convenor of the Programme Committee for the First Dubai International Peace Convention in 2010
* Designer and organizer of the Salvation International Exhibition on Islam in Kerala and Dubai

Through his various roles and initiatives, M.M. Akbar continues to work towards promoting education, interfaith understanding, and religious tolerance in India and internationally.

==Controversies==
In January 2018, The Kerala government ordered closure of the Peace schools<ref name="ibtimes.co.in"/> and issued a look out notice for Akbar. Kochi police arrested him on 25 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Head of Kerala's Peace School MM Akbar tries to flee country, nabbed at Hyd airport|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/head-kerala-s-peace-school-mm-akbar-tries-flee-country-nabbed-hyd-airport-77016|website=The News Minute|accessdate=27 February 2018|date=February 25, 2018}}</ref>

In July 2016, Promoting communal division: He is the managing director of [[Peace International School]], a chain of 13 schools run by the Peace Foundation. The chain came under controversy as it was found to be promoting communal division through its syllabus <ref>{{cite news|last1=Aravind|first1=Indulekha|title=Why a section of Kerala's Muslim youth is treading a radical path|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-a-section-of-keralas-muslim-youth-is-treading-a-radical-path/articleshow/53468470.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes.co.in">{{cite news|last1=Krishna|first1=Srikanth|title=Kerala CM orders closure of Peace International School after it was found teaching communal content|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-cm-orders-closure-peace-international-school-after-it-was-found-teaching-communal-content-755702|accessdate=15 January 2018|work=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, MM Akbar has been granted bail by the court and currently all the peace schools are functioning normally. No material promoting communal division was found in the school syllabus by the High Court.
<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|title=Peace International chief Akbar gets bail|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/peace-international-chief-akbar-gets-bail/article23010748.ece|work=The Hindu|date=10 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2018, Kochi police to quiz for International extremist links: he had links with international extremist outfits.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/270218/kochi-police-to-quiz-m-m-akbar-on-international-extremist-links.html | title=Kochi police to quiz M M Akbar on international extremist links' | date=27 February 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.muhammadnabi.info Muhammed Nabi.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115133933/http://muhammadnabi.info/ |date=15 January 2019 }} (first Muhammad Nabi website in Malayalam)
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar, M. M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]

Mahadevi

2026-03-23T16:48:44Z

Viji: added references

{{Short description|Supreme goddess in Hinduism}}
{{about|the Supreme Goddess in Hinduism|the common term for a Hindu goddess|Devi|the divine feminine energy|Shakti|the concept of Shaivism|Parashakti|article about a Sanskrit astronomical table text titled ''Mahadevi''|Mahadevi (astronomy book)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| other_names = {{hlist|Adi Parashakti|Mahamaya}}
| texts = [[Devi Mahatmya]], [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]], [[Markandeya Purana]], [[Brahmanda Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Lakshmi Tantra]], [[Lalita Sahasranama]], [[Soundarya Lahari]], [[Shiva Purana]], [[Shakta Upanishads]] such as the [[Devi Upanishad]]<ref>{{cite book |first1=Constance|last1=Jones|first2=James|last2=Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC |year=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0816054589 |page=399}}</ref>
| image = MET DT4003.jpg
| caption = An 18th-century painting of Mahadevi from [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]]
| Devanagari = महादेवी
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Mahādevī
| mantra = {{IAST|Ōm āim hrīm śrīm klīm}}{{sfn|Narayanananda|1960|p=50}}
| abode = [[Manidvipa]]
| weapon = [[Chakram|Devi Chakra]], [[Pasha (Hinduism)|Pasha]], [[Elephant goad|Ankusha]], [[Trishula]] (trident)
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Durga]]|[[Lakshmi]]|[[Parvati]]|[[Saraswati]]|[[Gayatri]]|[[Radha]]|[[Tripura Sundari]]}}
| mount = Lion
| festivals = [[Navaratri]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Vasanta Panchami]], [[Lakshmi Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Durga Ashtami]], Lalita Jayanti, Adi-Puram
| deity_of = {{hlist|The Supreme Mother Goddess|Goddess of Power|''Primordial Goddess''| [[Para Brahman]] (the Ultimate Reality) in [[Shaktism]]}}
| symbol = Hreem, [[Om]], [[Shri Chakra|Sri Yantra]]
}}

'''Mahadevi''' ({{langx|sa|महादेवी}}, {{IAST3|Mahādevī}}), also referred to as '''Devi''', '''Mahamaya''' and '''Adi Parashakti''',<ref name = "Mani" >{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |pages=217–219}}</ref> is the supreme goddess in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vanamali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FwoDwAAQBAJ&q=shakti+mahadevi+supreme+goddess |title=Shakti: Realm of the Divine Mother |date=2008-07-21 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-59477-785-1 |language=en |chapter=3. Mahadevi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trh9DwAAQBAJ&dq=shaktism+mahadevi&pg=PT102 |title=The 108 Upanishads: An Introduction |date=2019-01-06 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-377-2 |language=en}}</ref> According to the goddess-centric sect [[Shaktism]], all Hindu gods and goddesses are regarded as manifestations of this great goddess, who is considered to be the ultimate reality or ''[[Para Brahman]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hay |first=Jeff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1n5mDwAAQBAJ&dq=shaktism+mahadevi&pg=PA284 |title=World Religions |date=2009-03-06 |publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC |isbn=978-0-7377-4627-3 |pages=284 |language=en}}</ref>

Mahadevi is mentioned as the ''Mulaprakriti'' (Primordial Goddess)
in Shakta texts, having five primary forms—[[Parvati]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Sarasvati]], [[Gayatri]] and [[Radha]]—collectively referred to as ''Panchaprakriti''. Besides these, Goddess [[Tripura Sundari]] is often identified with the supreme goddess Mahadevi in Shaktism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> Shaktas also worship her as [[Durga]], whilst acknowledging her to have other forms.<ref name = "TP" >{{Cite book |last=Pintchman |first=Tracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-c_j8Xggl0gC&q=mahadevi+goddess+lakshmi |title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess |date=2001-06-21 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-5007-9 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|p=95}} Author Helen T. Boursier says: "In Hindu philosophy, both Lakshmi (primary goddess in Vaishnavism) and Parvati (primary goddess of Shaivism) are identified as manifestations of this great goddess—Mahadevi—and the [[Shakti]] or divine power".{{Sfn|Boursier|2021|p=30}}
{{Hinduism}}

== Epithets ==
Mahadevi is known by many names. She is commonly known as ''Mulaprakrti'' ('she who is primordial matter') and ''Mahamaya'' ('she who is beyond maya').{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p={{pn|date=January 2023}}}} The [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] and [[Lalita Sahasranama]] describe Mahadevi's numerous epithets. These names include her divine and destructive characteristics.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p={{pn|date=January 2023}}}} In the Devi Bhagavata Purana she is described as 'the mother of all', 'the life force in all beings', and 'she who is supreme knowledge'. The Lalita Sahasranama also describes her as ''Visvadhika'' ('she who transcends the universe'), ''Sarvaga'' ('she who is omnipresent'), ''Vishvadharini'' ('she who supports the universe'), ''Raksasaghni'' ('she who slays demons'), ''Bhairavi'' ('the terrible one'), and ''Samharini'' ('she who destroys').{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p={{pn|date=January 2023}}}} Mahadevi's destructive features are further described in a hymn called the Aryastava, calling her ''Kalaratri'' ('night of death') and ''Nistha'' ('she who is death').{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p={{pn|date=January 2023}}}}

== Attributes ==
=== Mahamaya ===
In the first episode of the [[Devi Mahatmya]], Mahadevi is referred as Mahamaya, meaning the one who controls maya.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=John Stratton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C&q=goddesses+of+india |title=Devī: Goddesses of India |last2=Wulff |first2=Donna Marie |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1998 |pages=33 |isbn=978-81-208-1491-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==Literature==
=== Vedas ===
The [[Vedas]] name numerous forms of goddess such as [[Devi]] (power), [[Prithvi]] (earth), [[Aditi]] (cosmic moral order), [[Vāc]] (sound), [[Nirṛti]] (destruction), [[Ratri]] (night) and [[Aranyani]] (forest). Bounty goddesses such as Dinsana, Raka, Puramdhi, Parendi, Bharati, and Mahi are among others are mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]''.<ref name="kinsley">Kinsley, David (1988). ''Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions.'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-06339-2}}.</ref>

The [[Devīsūkta]] of the Rigveda (10.125.1 to 10.125.8) is among the most studied hymns, declaring that the ultimate reality is a goddess.{{Sfn|McDaniel|2004|p=90}}{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=26}}

{{Quote|<poem>
I have created all worlds at my will without being urged by any higher Being, and dwell within them. I permeate the earth and heaven, and all created entities with my greatness and dwell in them as eternal and infinite consciousness.
</poem>|Devi Sukta, Rigveda 10.125.8|Translated by June McDaniel{{Sfnm| McDaniel |2004|1p=90| Brown |1998|2p=26}}<ref>Sanskrit original see: [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१२५ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१२५]; for an alternate English translation, see: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_125 The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 125] Ralph T.H. Griffith (Translator); for</ref>}}

=== Upanishads ===
[[Shakta Upanishads]] are a group of minor [[Upanishads]] of Hinduism related to the [[Shaktism]] theology. There are eight Shakta Upanishads in the [[Muktika]] anthology of 108 [[Upanishads]].{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=556}} The Shakta Upanishads are notable for declaring and revering the feminine as the Supreme, the primal cause and the metaphysical concepts in Hinduism called [[Brahman]] and [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul).{{Sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=89-90}}{{Sfn|Brooks|1990|pp=77–78}}

===Shakta Puranas===
[[File:Adi Devi.jpg|thumb|Durga's cosmic form, Adi Parashakti or Mahadevi as the Supreme Goddess encompassing all divinities.]]
[[File:Adi_Para_Shakti_as_Durga.jpg|thumb|Adi Parashakti as Durga]]

Shaktas conceive the Goddess as the supreme, ultimate, eternal reality of all existence, or same as the [[Brahman]] concept of Hinduism. She is considered to be simultaneously the source of all creation, its embodiment and the energy that animates and governs it, and that into which everything will ultimately dissolve. She has manifested herself as Shiva in male form. Her half is Shiva.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1999|pages=77-78}}

==== Devi Bhagavata Purana ====
The [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] describes Mahadevi in her form of [[Bhuvaneshvari]]. It is stated that [[Shiva]] worshipped and meditated on the goddess for thousands of years using the [[Bījamantra|bīja mantra]] ''hrīm''. The goddess is described to possess both the aspects of [[Para Brahman]], ''[[nirguna]]'' (without form) and ''[[Saguna brahman|saguna]]'' (with form). In her form of ''saguna'', she is extolled as the mother of the universe, residing upon the highest abode named Manidvipa. All the gods and goddesses are described to be her various forms. In the [[Devi Mahatmya]], the [[Trimurti]] and the demigods praise the goddess.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

In the third [[canto]] of the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Devi Bhagavatam]], Devi addressed the [[Trimurti]] as follows:

{{Blockquote|text=There is oneness always between me & the Purusha; there is no difference whatsoever at any time between me & the Purusha (the Supreme Self). Who is I, that is Purusha; who is Purusha, that is I. The difference between force & the receptacle of force is due to error. He who knows the subtle difference between us two, is certainly intelligent; he is freed from this bondage of Samsara; there is no manner of doubt in this. The One Second less Eternal ever lasting Brahman substance becomes dual at the time of creation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-09 |title=Cosmology |url=https://auromere.wordpress.com/cosmology/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Integral Yoga of Sri Aurobindo & The Mother |language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2023}}|source=Srimad Devi Bhagavatam Canto 03, Chapter 06, Verse 02:03}}

In the [[Devi Gita]] of Devi Bhagavatam, it is suggested that before incarnating as [[Parvati]], she appeared to King Himalaya and revealed divine, eternal knowledge to him. She explained herself, in the words of the [[Vedas]], as having neither beginning nor end. She is the only, eternal truth. The whole universe is her creation. She is the only victor and the manifestation of victory itself. She is a manifested, un-manifested, and transcendent divinity. She then displayed her scarcely seen form to him: [[Satyaloka]] was located in her forehead; the created universe were her hairs; the sun and moon were her eyes; in her ears were the [[Cardinal directions|four directions]]; the Vedas were her words; death, affection and emotion were her teeth; [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] was manifested by her smile.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Devi Gita index |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dg/ |access-date=2012-08-05 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref> The goddess Parvati, as [[Kushmanda]], gives birth to the universe in the form of a cosmic egg which manifests as the universe. Ultimately, Adi Shakti herself is the energy which exists even after the destruction of the universe and before its creation.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|p=95}}

According to the [[Tripura Rahasya]], only Mahadevi was existed in her form of Tripura Sundari before the beginning of the universe. She is supposed to have created the Trimurti, and began the creation of the universe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T.B. Lakshmana |title=Shri Tripura Rahasya (Mahatmya Khanda) |publisher=Sri Kailasamanidweepa Trust, Bengaluru |year=2011 |pages=108}}</ref>

===Shaiva Puranas===
[[File:Adi-Para-Shakti.jpg|thumb|Adi Parashakti, the formless one who manifests all forms]]
The Shiva Purana says Adi Parashakti incarnated in materialistic form as ''Parama Prakriti'' from the left half of Shiva (Parabrahman) during the beginning of the universe. The [[Linga Purana]] states that Adi Shakti brings forth the evolution of life in every universe through the union of every Shiva and Parvati in all of the Universes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english |title=The Shiva Purāṇa |date=1970 |editor1-last=English translation by J. L. Shastri |format=includes glossary |via=Wisdom Library}}</ref><ref>Shiva Mahapurana | Gitapress Gorakhpur</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=That alone, Paramesvari of three attributes, creates the universe; she alone sustains it and she alone destroys it at the proper time.|source=Shiva Purana (Umasamhita), Chapter 45, Verse 49|author=J.L.Shastri}}

{{Blockquote|text=I bow to the great Maya, the Yogic slumber, Uma, Sati, Kalaratri, Maharatri, Moharatri, greater than the greatest, the mother of the three deities, the eternal, the bestower of the fruits of the cherished desires of the devotees, the protectress of the gods and the ocean of mercy.|source=Shiva Purana (Umasamhita), Chapter 45, Verses 58-59|author=J.L.Shastri}}

=== Vaishnava Puranas ===
[[File:Gaja Lakshmi.jpg|thumb|A painting of Lakshmi surrounded by two elephants]]

The goddess [[Lakshmi]] is revered as manifestation of Mahadevi in the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] tradition, extolled to possess a thousand names and qualities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmi Sahasranama Stotram - Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia |url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Lakshmi_Sahasranama_Stotram |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.hindupedia.com}}</ref> Various texts like the [[Garuda Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], and [[Lakshmi Tantra]] refer to Lakshmi as form of Mahadevi. According to [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], "Lakshmi is worshipped as ''maya'', the delightful delusion, the dream-like expression of divinity that makes life comprehensible, hence worth living. She is true ''shakti'', energy, boundless and bountiful".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJrPkQEACAAJ&q=the+goddess+of+wealth+and+fortune+devdutt |title=Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth and Fortune: An Introduction |date=2002 |publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simons |isbn=978-81-8462-019-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Forms ==
<gallery mode=packed heights=250px>
File:Goddess Lalita Tripura Sundari.jpg|As [[Tripura Sundari]], she is the complete supreme form.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vasantānanta |first1=Nā Irāmaccantiraṉ|title=Sri Lalita Sahasranamam: Nama-wise Commentary in English with Text in Sanskrit|date=1993|page=358|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OItAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | date=1987 | last1=Śaṅkarācārya | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rXAAAAMAAJ | title=Saundarya-lahari of Sri Sankaracarya: with text and translation, and notes based on Lakṣmīdhara's commentary | publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math | last2=Tapasyananda | last3=Lakṣmīdhara | page=70| isbn=9788171202447 }}</ref>
File:Parvati Ganesha.jpg|As [[Parvati]], she is kind and tender and represents motherhood
File:Kali_from_1885-95.jpg|As [[Kali]], she is ferocious and destroys evil
File:Maha-Kali.png|Maha-Kali, a wrathful form of Adi Parashakti
</gallery>

According to [[Shakta]] traditions, Mahadevi is the ultimate goddess while [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] are her subordinates who cannot function without her power. Whatever deity one is worshiping, they are ultimately worshiping Devi.{{sfn|Bonnefoy|1993|p=95}} According to the Srikula tradition in Shaktism, [[Tripura Sundari]] is the foremost of the Mahavidyas, the highest aspect of Mahadevi and also the primary goddess of [[Sri Vidya]]. The [[Tripura Upanishad]] places her as the ultimate [[Shakti]] (energy, power) of the universe.{{Sfn|Mahadevan|1975|p=235}} In [[Vaishnavism]], Lakshmi is traditionally worshipped as secondary to her consort Vishnu, and represents the bliss of a settled and domestic life. In [[Shaivism]], the goddess Parvati is the complete incarnation of Devi.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p={{pn|date=January 2023}}}}
{{clear}}
===Pancha Prakritis===
According to the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', Mahadevi is worshipped in five distinct forms: Durga (Parvati), Lakshmi, Sarasvati, Savitri (Gayatri), and Radha, collectively referred to as the Panchadevis or [[Prakṛti|Panchaprakritis]] and are regarded as forms of goddess Mahadevi.<ref name = "Mani" />

[[Durga]] or [[Parvati]], the mother of [[Ganesha]] and consort of [[Shiva]], is revered as the primary, supreme, eternal, all-powerful force upholding dharma. She is both the giver of happiness and the remover of sorrows for devotees seeking refuge in her.<ref name = "Mani" />

[[Lakshmi]], as the sublime form of the universal soul, embodies wealth, beauty, compassion, and all goodness. She is revered in various realms, serving Vishnu in [[Vaikuntha]], adorning heaven with glory, and manifesting prosperity in households.<ref name = "Mani" />

[[Sarasvati]], the embodiment of knowledge, arts, and intellect, is considered the deity of learning. She bestows intellect, poetic skill, reason, and logic to her devotees, being the source of fine arts and every branch of knowledge.<ref name = "Mani" />

[[Gayatri|Savitri]] or Gayatri, identified as the mother of the four [[Vedas]], represents the essence of truth, existence, and supreme bliss. She grants salvation and forms the core of the universal soul, purifying the world with her sacred presence.<ref name = "Mani" />

[[Radha]], the fifth of the Panchaprakriti, presides over the five [[Prana|pranas]]. She is described as exceptionally beautiful, the consort of [[Krishna]], and possesses divine attributes.<ref name = "Mani" />

===Amsharupa===
The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' also mentions about Amsharupa (s), who are partial manifestations of the Devī, distinct from the five complete forms discussed earlier. There are six Amsharupa(s) of the Devi, born from specific parts of her divine being — [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], flowing in the form of water, serves to cleanse individuals of their sins; [[Tulasi in Hinduism|Tulasi]], who acts as both a lover and servant of Vishnu, purifies individuals of their sins and promotes their well-being; [[Manasa]], the daughter of Kashyapa, she holds a unique position in learning, erudition, and is associated with Mantras; [[Devasena]], also known as [[Shashthi|Shasthi]] Devi, grants offspring to living beings and provides protection; Mangalachandika, born from the face of Prakriti, ensures the recipient of all favorable outcomes such as sons, grandsons, wealth, reputation, and general welfare; and [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]], who serves as the origin of the vegetable kingdom, the repository of gems, and embodies compassion and sympathy.<ref name = "Mani" />

=== The ten Mahavidyas ===
{{Main|Mahavidya}}

The Mahavidyas are ten [[Tantric Buddhism|Tantric]] goddesses, or aspects, of Mahadevi that show her nature and ability to manifest in different forms for various purposes. The word ''Mahavidya'' means 'Great Knowledge' and the epithet '''Dasamahavidyas''<nowiki/>', the ten great mantras, is also used to refer to them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Foulston |first1=Lynn |title=Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices |last2=Abbott |first2=Stuart |publisher=Sussex Academic |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-902210-43-8 |edition= |location=Brighton |pages=116–117}}</ref> The Mahavidyas have been identified as a group since the tenth century CE<ref name=":0" /> and usually includes, in order, [[Kali]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Chhinnamasta|Chinnamasta]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]], and [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520917729 |title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine |publisher=University of California Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-520-91772-9 |pages=9, 21, 22|doi=10.1525/9780520917729 }}</ref> Texts such as ''Guhydtiguhya-tantra'', T''odala-tantra'', and ''Mundamala-tantra'' compare the ten Mahavidyas to the [[Dashavatara|ten avatars]] of Vishnu. According to Kinsley, though the Mahavidyas serve less cosmic roles than the avatars of Vishnu, their purpose is to show that through her various forms Mahadevi pervades all aspects of reality.<ref name=":1" />

== Iconography ==
Adi Parashakti is generally seen as an abstract goddess but her appearance is described in the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Markandeya Purana]]-[[Devi Mahatmya]], [[Brahmanda Purana]]-[[Lalita Sahasranama]], and the [[Tripura Rahasya]]. According to the Devi Bhagavata Purana, the goddess once invited the [[Trimurti]] to [[Manidvipa]]. The Trimurti saw the supreme goddess [[Bhuvaneshvari]] sitting on a jeweled seat on a throne. Her face contained the radiance of millions of stars and her celestial beauty was so great, that the Trimurti were not able to look at her. She carries the Abhaya and Varada Mudra, Pasha, and Ankusha.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p={{pn|date=January 2023}}}}

==See also==
* [[Holy_Wisdom|Sophia]] - the transcendental wisdom as a feminine principle
* [[Tao]] - [[East Asian philosophy]] concept that represents the Ultimate Reality.
* [[Ultimate reality]] - the highest truth in different cultures and belief systems

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7}}
*{{cite book |title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Women's Studies in Religion |editor-first=Helen T. |editor-last=Boursier |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |date=2021 |isbn=978-1538154458}}
*{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=The Secret of the Three Cities |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226075693 |date=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXD8crHUdPQC}}
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Cheever Mackenzie |title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC&pg=PA77 |date=1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |title=The Lalitā Cult |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |orig-date=1942 |date=1999 |isbn=978-8120814981}}
*{{cite book |last=Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |date=1998 |title=Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0394-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Mahadevan |first=T. M. P. |title=Upaniṣads: Selections from 108 Upaniṣads |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1611-4}}
*{{cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&pg=PA90 |date=9 July 2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Narayanananda |first=Swami |date=1960 |title=The Primal Power in Man: Or, The Kundalini Shakti |place=India |publisher=N. K. Prasad |isbn=978-0787306311}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Chitgopekar |first=Nilima |year=2021 |title=Shakti An exploration of the divine feminine |publisher=DK India |isbn=978-9388372992}}

* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=C. Mackenzie |year=1990 |title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0791403648 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=C. Mackenzie |year=1998 |title=The Devī Gītā: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0791439401 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |date=2010 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |place=India |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0143415176}}
*{{cite book |last=Rajeswari |first=D. R. |date=1989 |title=Sakti Iconography |place=India |publisher=Intellectual Publishing House |isbn=978-8170760153}}
*{{cite book |first=S. K. Ramachandara |last=Rao |year=2012 |title=Lalitaarchana-Chandrika, Hymns to Lalita, Form of Tripurasundari |place=Delhi |publisher=Divine Books |series=Lala Murari Lal Chharia Oriental Series |isbn=978-93-81218-45-7 |ref=none}}

{{Shaktism}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Singular God]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]

All Assam Manipuri Students' Union

2026-03-21T12:00:54Z

Viji: adding pg

{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''All Assam Manipuri Students' Union (AAMSU), {{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯥꯝ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯨꯗꯦꯟꯠ꯭ꯁ' ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ}})''' is a group that works for the development of students of [[Meitei ethnicity]] (also called [[Manipuri ethnicity]]) living in the Indian state of [[Assam]].
It represents the interests of Manipuri students and works for the cultural, educational, and social development of the Manipuri community across the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-08|title=AAMSU commits to work for uplift of students and community|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/aamsu-commits-to-work-for-uplift-of-students-and-community|access-date=2025-11-08|website=The Sentinel|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

The union was established in 1978 with the goal of promoting education and safeguarding the rights of Manipuri students in Assam. Since its formation, AAMSU has organized social, educational, and cultural programs to strengthen community identity and unity.<ref name=":0" />

At its 40th foundation day celebration in 2018, leaders highlighted achievements such as the introduction of the [[Manipuri language]] in [[Assam University]] and colleges, the appointment of Manipuri language teachers, and the establishment of Manipuri-medium schools. The organization has also campaigned for socio-economic upliftment and equal opportunities for Manipuri students.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-07|title=AAMSU functionaries released unconditionally|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/aamsu-functionaries-released-unconditionally/|access-date=2025-11-08|website=Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Activities ==

=== Educational and cultural advocacy ===

AAMSU works to promote Manipuri language and education in Assam. The union has repeatedly appealed to the state government for better facilities in Manipuri-medium schools and for recognition of Manipuri as an official language of Assam.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Observation of Manipuri Martyrs’ Day ===

The union annually observes Manipuri Martyrs’ Day on 13 August to honor those who died in the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] of 1891. In 2018, the 127th Martyrs’ Day was organized at Sonai in [[Cachar district]], featuring a peace rally and formal meeting attended by community and political leaders. AAMSU has also demanded that the day be declared a gazetted holiday in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-13|title=AAMSU observes Martyrs day at Sonai|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/aamsu-observes-martyrs-day-at-sonai/|access-date=2025-11-08|website= Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political and social engagement ==

AAMSU has been involved in various movements related to community rights. In 2016, three of its members were arrested and later released following protests demanding the inclusion of Manipuri as a regional language option in government recruitment examinations.
In 2023, the union participated in a peace rally in [[Hojai]], calling for peace in [[Manipur]] and highlighting concerns over demographic changes in [[Northeast India]] due to cross-border migration.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-05-30|title=Peace rally in Hojai, a melting pot of cultures, demands end to influx|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/peace-rally-in-hojai-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-demands-end-to-influx/articleshow/100609146.cms|access-date=2025-11-08|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Relations and clarifications ==

In July 2023, AAMSU issued and later withdrew a statement that was misinterpreted as a “quit notice” to [[Mizoram|Mizo]] residents in [[Barak Valley]]. The union clarified that it only advised caution following tensions between communities and reaffirmed its commitment to peaceful coexistence.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-25|title=AAMSU Withdraws Advisory Issued to Mizos Living in Assam|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/aamsu-withdraws-advisory-issued-to-mizos-living-in-assam/|access-date=2025-11-08|website=Northeast Live|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-25|title=Assam Manipuri outfit issues tit-for-tat advisory to Mizos|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-manipuri-outfit-issues-tit-for-tat-advisory-to-mizos/articleshow/102089261.cms|access-date=2025-11-08|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Meeting with the Chief Minister ==

On 12 February 2024, an AAMSU delegation met Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] to discuss issues related to the Manipuri community. The delegation proposed upgrading the Manipuri Boys’ Hostel in [[Silchar]] and requested inclusion of Manipuri among the official languages of Assam. The Chief Minister assured government support for these proposals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team of All Assam Manipuri Students' Union meets Chief Minister of Assam|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/13/Our-CorrespondentCACHAR-Feb-12-A-team-of-All-Assam-Manipuri-Students-Union-AAMSU-met-with-the-Chief-Min.html|access-date=2025-11-08|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
* [[Meitei language in Assam]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Education in Assam]]
[[Category:Meitei organisations]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in India]]

Alisha Chinai

2026-03-20T21:10:25Z

Viji: small update formatting based on references also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1965)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alisha Chinai
| image = Alisha Chinai 2009 - still 64293 crop.jpg
| caption = Chinai in 2009
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|3|18|df=y}}<ref name="IndiaToday" />
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| instrument =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Indipop]]|[[Playback singer|playback singing]]}}
| occupation = Singer
| partner =
| years_active = 1985–present
}}
'''Alisha Chinai''' (born 18 March 1965)<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite web |last1=Goel |first1=Hemul |title=Made in India: Five things every '90s girl can thank birthday girl Alisha Chinai for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/90s-pop-anthem-made-in-india-singer-alisha-chinai-milind-soman-313775-2016-03-17 |website=India Today |date=17 March 2016 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref> is an Indian pop singer known for her [[Indi-pop]] albums as well as [[Music of Bollywood|playback singing]] in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name=alishapopbook>{{cite book |title=Pop culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |last= Kasbekar|first= Asha|year=2006 |publisher= ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-85109-636-1 |page= 34|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=alisha+chinai&pg=PA34|access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> She began her singing career with the album ''Jadoo'' in 1985, and by the 1990s she had become known as the 'Queen of [[Indipop]]'.<ref>Asha Kasbekar ''Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle'' 2006 1851096361 page 34 "Alisha Chinai (1972– ) is the pioneer and undisputed Queen of Indipop—that's the verdict of the music industry. Her first major hit album was Jadoo (Magic). Further platinum albums included ''[[Aah... Alisha!]]'', ''[[Babydoll (album)|Babydoll]]'', ''Madonna'' and ''Kamasutra'', but it was her most successful and popular album ''[[Made in India (album)|Made in India]]'', released in 1995, that established Indipop as a discrete genre and Chinai its prime proponent."</ref> Her best known songs were collaborations with producers [[Anu Malik]] and [[Biddu]] during the 1990s. She is best known as a solo artist for her song "Made in India", from her [[Made in India (album)|1995 eponymous studio album]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Made In India Hitmaker Alisha Chinai Looks Unrecognisable In Latest Pics |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/made-in-india-hitmaker-alisha-chinai-looks-unrecognisable-in-latest-pics-9535199 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260129045310/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/made-in-india-hitmaker-alisha-chinai-looks-unrecognisable-in-latest-pics-9535199 |archive-date=29 January 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=29 October 2025 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

==Career==
Chinai's initial albums included ''Jaadoo'', ''[[Babydoll (album)|Babydoll]]'', ''[[Aah... Alisha!]]'', ''[[Madonna (Alisha Chinai album)|Madonna]]'', ''[[Kamasutra (Alisha Chinai album)|Kamasutra]]'', ''Alisha -'' ''Madonna of India'' and ''[[Made in India (album)|Made in India]]''.<ref name=alishapopbook/> Alisha was introduced to Hindi film music by the veteran music director and composer [[Bappi Lahiri]]. They had many disco hits together in many films in the 1980s including ''[[Adventures of Tarzan]]'', ''[[Dance Dance (1987 film)|Dance Dance]]'', ''Commando'', ''Guru'', ''[[Love Love Love (1989 film)|Love Love Love]]'', etc. When she started her career with him, she was [[playback singing]] for many leading actresses, such as [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Sridevi]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Divya Bharti]]. In 1985, Alisha sang two songs with [[Remo Fernandes]], in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], for the album ''[[Old Goan Gold]]''. She also recorded a song for Pankuj Parashar's film ''Jalwa'' (1987), composed by [[Anand–Milind]]. One of her biggest hits during the 1980s was "Kaate Nahin Katthe" from ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'', which she recorded in 1987 with [[Kishore Kumar]] under the music direction of [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. Another successful track, in 1989, was "Raat Bhar Jaam Se" from the film ''[[Tridev]]'', which had music by [[Kalyanji-Anandji]] and [[Viju Shah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-interview-i-think-my-time-has-come-alisha-chinai-2543734|title=Interview {{!}} I think my time has come: Alisha Chinai|date=8 September 2017|work=DNA|access-date=19 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

In the 1990s, Chinai took on working in different films, collaborating with other music directors, such as [[Anu Malik]], [[Anand–Milind]], [[Rajesh Roshan]] and [[Nadeem-Shravan]]. Throughout these years, she had several Bollywood hit songs, including "Dhak Dhak Dhak" with [[Aditya Pancholi]] from ''[[Maha-Sangram]]'', "Jalta Hai Badan" from ''[[Balwaan]]'', "Tere Ishq Mein Nachenge"from ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'', "Chaa Raha Hain Pyaar Ka Nasha" from ''[[Chandra Mukhi]]'', "Roundhe" from ''Pyar Tune Kya Kiya'', "Sona Sona Roop Hai" from ''[[Bollywood/Hollywood]]'', "Mouje Mein" from ''Karobaar'', "De Diya" from ''Keemat'', "Ruk Ruk Ruk" from ''[[Vijaypath]]'' and the controversial "Sexy Sexy Sexy Mujhe Log Bole" from ''Khuddar''.

Chinai recorded an album with [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]], titled ''[[Bombay Girl]]'', which included the hit song "De De" released in 1994.
Simultaneously, she recorded many songs as a pop singer, with accompanying album releases. Chinai was noted for her 1995 hit single and eponymous studio album, titled ''Made in India'', which was composed by [[Biddu]] and went on to become one of the highest-selling pop albums of its time, making Alisha became a household name. It contains well-known songs such as "Aaja Mere Dil Mein", "Ek Baar Do Baar", "Sun O Meri Dhadkan", "Tu Kahan", "Ooh La La", "Tu Jo Mila", "Dhokha Diya Hai Re Tune Mere Dil" and "Lover Girl". With its success, Chinai announced her departure from playback singing and wanted to concentrate only on private pop albums. However, her follow-up releases were less successful. This was also the period when she got embroiled into a major controversy with the man who recorded several hit songs with her, [[Anu Malik]]. During the release of ''Made in India'', Chinai had accused [[Anu Malik]] of molesting her. [[Anu Malik]] and Chinai did not work for several years, only to reunite in 2003 with ''[[Ishq Vishk]]''.
[[File:AlishaChinai1.jpg|thumb|upright|Chinai in 2010]]

Chinai's comeback to film music was with the song "Oh My Darling" in the [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj]] film ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]''. From 2000 to 2009, she recorded primarily with [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] and [[Pritam]]. After her controversy with [[Anu Malik]] in the 1990s, she patched up with him to record for a number of films, starting with ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'', ''[[Fida]]'', ''[[No Entry]]'', ''[[Love Story 2050]]'', ''Maan Gaye Mughle Azam'', ''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]'', ''[[Chehraa]]'' and ''Kambakht Ishq''.<ref>India Today International - Volume 2, Issues 27-34 - Page 56 2003 Indipop Rock 'n' Rule 1 QO r It has been in arrival mode ever since Alisha -L-/0 J Chinai's Jaadu hit platinum. Ten years on, her Made in India sparked the music video boom. India believed it had found a Madonna clone, while in Daler Mehndi's energetic warbling, they thought folk – or a reasonable simulacrum – had achieved record-busting status. But film music remains indomitable, accounting for 65-75 per cent of sales</ref>

In 2005, Chinai's career reached a new high when she sang "[[Kajra Re]]" from ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''. The song was a hit and won her a [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]. She was also a judge on ''[[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|Indian Idol 3]]'' and is a judge on Zee TV's ''Star Ya Rockstar'' with Anu Malik.

In 2021, Alisha Chinai appeared on ''Jay-Ho! The Jay Kumar Show'', where she talked about her childhood. She shared that her love for music began early, with school performances and her mother's influence, as her mom enjoyed Western pop music. Alisha also mentioned how she challenged the stereotype that Indian girls couldn’t sing pop music with her own work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Alisha Chinai, A Feisty Singer With An Angelic Voice, Fearless Of Controversies |url=https://jay-ho.com/alisha-chinai-a-feisty-singer-with-an-angelic-voice-fearless-of-controversies/ |website=jay-ho.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Chinai received the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award for the song "Kajra Re", from ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'' (2005).<ref name="filmfare">[http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1428474.cms 51st Filmfare Awards] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103102221/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1428474.cms |date=3 January 2013 }} filmfareawards.indiatimes.com Retrieved 29 August 2007</ref>
* Previously, she received the International Billboard Award in 1995, around the time ''[[Made in India (album)|Made in India]]'' came out,<ref name="global">[http://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati.asp?fodname=19951206 Alisha going global] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206234409/http://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati.asp?fodname=19951206 |date=6 February 2009 }} outlookindia.com Retrieved 29 August 2007</ref> and also won the Freddie Mercury Award for Artistic Excellence.
Following are the list of awards and nominations in different categories.
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ebf5ff;"
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Screen Awards]]'''
|-
|rowspan="2" |1996
|Best Indian Pop Album
|rowspan="2" |"Made in India"
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Video
|{{won}}
|}

==Personal life==
Chinai is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Priyanka-Chopra-is-Alishas-fan/articleshow/10365688.cms|title=Priyanka Chopra is Alisha's fan|date=16 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She was married to her manager Rajesh Jhaveri and is now separated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/961208/plus3.html |title=The Sunday Times on the Web – Plus |publisher=Sundaytimes.lk |date=8 December 1996 |access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref> Chinai has been in a relationship with Furkat Azamov, a native of [[Tajikistan]], since 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alisha Chinai found love in music producer from Tajikistan, who would always 'dream about meeting her' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/feelings/alisha-chinai-love-music-producer-tajikistan-songs-furkat-azamov-relationship-8031479/ |work=The Indian Express |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main Article|List of songs recorded by Alisha Chinoy}}
===Studio albums===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Record label
|-
| 1985
|style="text-align:left;"| ''Jadoo''
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" |[[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
|-
| 1986
|style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Aah... Alisha!]]''
|-
| 1988
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Babydoll (album)|Babydoll]]''
|-
| 1989
|style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Madonna (Alisha Chinai album)|Madonna]]''
|-
| 1990
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Kamasutra (Alisha Chinai album)|Kamasutra]]''
|-
| 1992
|style="text-align:left;"| ''Alisha - Madonna of India''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajeshjhaveri.com/producer-songs/madonna-of-india/|title=Madonna of India :: Music Composer & Producer Songwriter|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808170604/http://www.rajeshjhaveri.com/producer-songs/madonna-of-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
|style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Bombay Girl]]''
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |[[Magnasound]]
|-
| 1995
|style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Made in India (album)|Made in India]]''
|-
| 1998
|style="text-align:left;"| ''Om''
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |[[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
|-
| 1999
|style="text-align:left;"| ''Dil Ki Rani''
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |[[Virgin Records]]
|-
| 2001
|style="text-align:left;"| ''Alisha''
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |[[Tips Industries|Tips]]
|-
|}

===Compilation albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Record label
|-
|rowspan="2" |1993
|style="text-align:left;"|''Best of Alisha Live''
|rowspan="2" |Unknown
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''Alisha Greatest Hits''
|-
|1995
|style="text-align:left;"|''Born with a Wild Heart''
|Unknown
|-
|1996
|style="text-align:left;"|''Channel Hits''
|[[Magnasound]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |1997
|style="text-align:left;"|''Alisha Unleashed''
|[[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''Party Zone''
|rowspan="3" |Magnasound
|-
|rowspan="2" |1998
|style="text-align:left;"|''The Ultimate Party Album''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''The Best of Alisha''
|-
|1999
|style="text-align:left;"|''Now That's What I Call Indipop''
|[[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
|-
|2001
|style="text-align:left;"|''Alisha: Singer Doll of India''
|Unknown
|-
|2002
|style="text-align:left;"|''Hitz Unlimited''<ref>{{cite web|title=Hitz Unlimited (2002) - Hindi Album, Tracklist, Full Album Details and more |website=Zubeen Garg Discography |url=http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/3370633522256848326.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920184428/http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/3370633522256848326.html |archive-date=20 September 2021 |language=en |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
|[[Zee Music Company|Zee Records]]
|-
|2007
|style="text-align:left;"|''Shut Up N Kiss Me<ref>{{Cite news |title=Playback singers are paid very poorly: Alisha Chinai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/playback-singers-are-paid-very-poorly-alisha-chinai/story-EdFXigQRJQZxm4FVYOjw5J.html |work=Hindustan Times |agency=IANS |date=16 June 2008 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>''
|[[Tips Industries|Tips]]
|-
|}

===Soundtrack albums===
The following are sales of [[Bollywood soundtrack]] albums featuring songs by Alisha Chinai.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Album
! Year
! Sales
! {{Abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]''
| 6,000,000
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 1990-1999 (Figures in Units) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042906/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=5 February 2010 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
| 2,500,000
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Haathkadi (1995 film)|Haathkadi]]''
| 1,000,000
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
| 3,000,000
|-
| ''[[Khuddar]]''
| 2,800,000
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Aflatoon (1997 film)|Aflatoon]]''
| 2,500,000
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge]]''
| 1,200,000
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 2000-2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042845/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=5 February 2010 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Ishq Vishk]]''
| 1,200,000
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Murder (2004 film)|Murder]]''
| 2,200,000
|-
| ''[[Fida]]''
| 1,400,000
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''
| 1,900,000
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
| ''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| 2,000,000
|-
| ''[[Don (soundtrack)|Don: The Chase Begins Again]]''
| 1,500,000
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
| 1,700,000
|-
| ''[[Namastey London]]''
| 1,400,000
|-
!
! Total sales
! 30,800,000
!
|}

===Other albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Language
! Record label
|-
| 2001
|style="text-align:left;"|''Santiago Fiesta Latina: Bollywood Goes Latino'' (As a singer)
|Hindi
|[[Virgin Records|EMI Virgin Records]]
|-
|2002
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Bandhoi]]'' (As a backing vocals)
|Assamese
|Raj Music
|-
|2009
|style="text-align:left;"|''Caminho das Índias'' (As a singer)
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|Som Livre
|-
|}

===Select hit songs===
{{div col}}
* "Made in India" (''[[Made in India (album)|Made in India, 1995]]'')
* "Dil Ye Kehta Hai (I Love You)"(''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'', 1991)
* "Jumbalakka" (''[[Thakshak]]'', 1999)
* "Panch Vorsam" ([[Konkani language|Konkani]], ''Old Goan Gold'', 1985)
* "Rajan Ani Prema" ([[Konkani language|Konkani]], ''Old Goan Gold'', 1985)
* "Dil Mera Todo Na" (''[[Dance Dance (1987 film)|Dance Dance]]'')
* "Zooby Zooby" (''[[Dance Dance (1987 film)|Dance Dance]]'')
* "Let's Do It" (''[[Jalwa]]'')
* "Kaate Nahin" (''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'')
* "Raat Bhare Jaam se" (''[[Tridev]]'')
* "Dhak Dhak" (''[[Maha-Sangram]]'')
* "Cha Raha Hain" (''[[Chandra Mukhi]]'')
* "Sexy Sexy" (''[[Khuddar]]'')
* "Tu Shama Main Parwana Tera" (''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'')
* "Ruk Ruk Ruk" (''[[Vijaypath]]'')
* "Bambai Se Rail Chali" (''[[Zaalim]]'')
* "My Adorable Darling" (''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'')
* "Ure Baba" (''[[Bambai Ka Babu (1996 film)|Bambai Ka Babu]]'')
* "Tere Ishq Main Nachenge" (''[[Raja Hindustani]]'')
* "Krishna Krishna" (''[[Insaaf (1997 film)|Insaaf]]'')
* "De Diya Dil Piya" (''[[Keemat – They Are Back|Keemat]]'')
* "Tinka, Tinka" (''[[Karam (film)|Karam]]'')
* "Pyaar Aaya" (''[[Plan (film)|Plan]]'')
* "Mehboob Mere" (''[[Plan (film)|Plan]]'')
* "Oh My Darling!" (''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge]]'', 2002)
* "Rang Rang Mere Rang Rang Mein" (''[[Bollywood/Hollywood]]'', 2002)
* "Chot Dil Pe Lagi" (''[[Ishq Vishk]]'', 2003)
* "Dil Ko Hazar Bar" (''[[Murder (2004 film)|Murder]]'', 2004)
* "Maine Jisko Chaha Mil Gaya" (''[[Fida]]'', 2004)
* "Hamnasheen" (''[[Dobara]]'', 2004)
* "[[Kajra Re]]" (''[[Bunty Aur Babli]], 2005'')
* "Ishq Di Gali" (''[[No Entry (2005 film)|No Entry]]'', 2005)
* "Dil Chura ke Mere" (''[[No Entry (2005 film)|No Entry]]'', 2005)
* "Yeh Ishq Mein" (''[[No Entry (2005 film)|No Entry]]'', 2005)
* "Abhi toh mein" (''[[The Killer (2006 film)|The Killer]]'',2006)
* "Aaj Ki Raat" (''[[Don - The Chase Begins Again|Don]]'', 2006)
* "Touch Me" (''[[Dhoom 2]]'', 2006)
* "It's Rocking" (''[[Kya Love Story Hai]]'', 2007)
* "Ticket To Hollywood" (''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]'', 2007)
* "Lover Boy" (''[[Love Story 2050]]'', 2008)
* "Bebo" (''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]'', 2009)
* "Tera Hone Laga Hoon" (''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'', 2009)
* "Jiyara Jiyara" (''[[Prince (2010 film)|Prince]]'', 2010)
* "Dilruba" (''[[Namastey London]]'', 2007)
* "Dil Tu Hi Bataa" (''[[Krrish 3]]'', 2013)
* "You Are My Love" (''[[Krrish 3]]'', 2013)
* "Gori chori cori" (''[[Aflatoon (1997 film)|Aflatoon]]'', 1997)
* "Jalta Hai Kyun Tan Badan" (''[[Bandh Darwaza]]'', 1991)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.alishachinai.com/ The Official Alisha Chinai Website]
* {{IMDb name|0157958}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}}
{{IIFAAwardBestFemalePlaybackSiner}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinai, Alisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Singers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]

Shriram Group

2026-03-17T08:38:39Z

Viji: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian financial services conglomerate}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Shriram Group
| logo = Shriram Group.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt = Shriram Group logo
| type = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1974|04|05}}
| hq_location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = [[R. Thyagarajan (industrialist)|R. Thyagarajan]] {{small|([[Chairman]])}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narasimhan |first1=T. E. |title=Why private equity loves the Shriram Group |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/why-private-equity-loves-the-shriram-group-112013100007_1.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
| owner =
| industry = [[Financial services]] [[Insurance]] [[Real estate]]
| assets = {{up}} {{INRconvert|3.21|lc|lk=on}} (December 2024)<ref name="scap"/>
| num_employees = 116,000 (December 2024)<ref name="scap">{{cite web |title=Shriram Capital Limited |url=https://www.shriramcapital.com/ |publisher=Shriram Capital |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
| subsid = {{unbulleted list|Shriram Finance
|Shriram Life Insurance
|Shriram General Insurance
|Shriram Insight
|Shriram Fortune
|Shriram AMC
|Shriram Wealth
|Shriram Properties
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.shriramcapital.com/}}
}}
'''Shriram Group''' is an Indian [[financial services]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], headquartered in [[Chennai]]. It was founded on 5 April 1974 by [[R. Thyagarajan (industrialist)|R. Thyagarajan]], [[AVS Raja]] and T. Jayaraman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=R Thyagarajan, Shriram Ventures Ltd: Profile and Biography|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/17262981|access-date=2020-09-08|website=Bloomberg.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About the Group|url=https://www.shriramcapital.com/}}</ref> The group had its beginning in [[chit fund]]s business and later on entered the lending and insurance businesses.

==Companies==
*Shriram Finance is the flagship company of the group which provides financial services such as commercial vehicle finance, passenger vehicle finance, [[small and medium enterprise|SME]] finance and retail lending ([[personal loans]], gold loans and two-wheeler loans).<ref>{{cite news |title=Corporate Presentation/Investor updates of Shriram Finance Limited |url=https://cdn.shriramfinance.in/uploads/investor/pdf/BSENSE(2).pdf |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=Shriram Finance}}</ref> It was formed in 2022 as the result of a merger<ref>{{cite news |title=Shriram Capital, Shriram City Union Finance to merge with Shriram Transport Finance |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mergers-acquisitions/shriram-capital-to-merge-with-shriram-transport-finance-9587601.html |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> of Shriram City Union Finance<ref>{{cite news |title=Shriram City Union Finance aims over Rs 6,000 cr disbursement in Q4 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shriram-city-union-finance-aims-over-rs-6-000-cr-disbursement-in-q4-121020301883_1.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=3 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Balachandar |first1=G. |title=Aided by two-wheeler loans, Shriram City sees strong growth in Q3 disbursements |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/aided-by-two-wheeler-loans-shriram-city-sees-strong-growth-in-q3-disbursements/article33328427.ece |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=@businessline |language=en}}</ref> and Shriram Capital into Shriram Transport Finance.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's largest commercial vehicle financier Shriram Transport sees 73% loan repayments in August |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/india-largest-commercial-vehicle-financier-shriram-transport-sees-73-loan-repayments-in-august/story/415133.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref> In December 2025, it was announced that Shriram Finance had entered into an investment agreement under which the [[Japan]]-headquartered [[MUFG Bank]] would acquire a 20% stake in the company via a preferential share allotment. The transaction, valued at around US$4.3 billion, was subject to regulatory approval and involved Shriram Finance’s principal shareholders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gullapalli |date=2025-12-22 |title=MUFG Bank to acquire 20% stake in India’s Shriram Finance for $4.3bn |url=https://www.retailbankerinternational.com/news/mufg-shriram-finance/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Future Banking |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Shriram Life Insurance is the [[life insurance]] arm of the group, and a joint venture between Shriram Group and South African company [[Sanlam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanlam to up stake in Shriram Life to 49% |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sanlam-to-up-stake-in-shriram-life-to-49/article22506677.ece |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=@businessline |language=en}}</ref>
*Shriram General Insurance is engaged in commercial and retail [[vehicle insurance]], [[home insurance]] and [[travel insurance]]. It is a joint venture between Shriram Group and Sanlam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivats |first1=K. R. |title=Shriram General Insurance on expansion spree |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/shriram-general-insurance-on-expansion-spree/article26283133.ece |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=@businessline |language=en}}</ref>
*Shriram Capital (formerly Shriram Financial Ventures) is the [[holding company]] and [[Corporate promoter|promoter]] of Shriram Group's financial services and insurance businesses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacob |first1=Shine |title=Shriram Financial Ventures to be holding company in Shriram Group recast |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/shriram-financial-ventures-to-be-holding-company-in-shriram-group-recast-122112300796_1.html |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=23 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is jointly owned by Shriram Ownership Trust (59.3%) and Sanlam Group (40.7%).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=M. |title=Shriram group: Believes ‘retail ARC’ is a blue ocean, kicks-off with ₹300-cr investment |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/shriram-group-believes-retail-arc-is-a-blue-ocean-kicks-off-with-300-cr-investment/article68656441.ece |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=18 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*Shriram Properties is a real estate developer focusing on mid-income housing projects, primarily in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sonavane |first1=Ravindra N. |title=Shriram Properties files draft papers to raise ₹800 crore via IPO |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/ipo/shriram-properties-files-drhp-to-raise-800-crore-via-ipo-11618026406956.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=mint |date=10 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Shriram Fortune is the financial services distribution arm of the group.<ref name=newsmin>{{cite news |title=Shriram Capital mulls merger of group cos to facilitate exit of Piramal Group and TPG |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shriram-capital-mulls-merger-group-cos-facilitate-exit-piramal-group-and-tpg-111408 |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=30 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*Shriram AMC is an [[asset management company]] focused on mutual funds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shriram AMC to launch two new schemes in current fiscal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mf/mf-news/shriram-amc-to-launch-two-new-schemes-in-current-fiscal/articleshow/49291986.cms |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
*Shriram Insight is a retail stockbroker.<ref name=newsmin/>
*Shriram Wealth provides [[wealth management]] advisory services.<ref name=newsmin/>
*Shriram Automall is a [[Auto auction|vehicle auction]] platform started as a subsidiary of Shriram Transport Finance. In 2018, [[CarTrade.com|CarTrade]] acquired a majority stake in Shriram Automall.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakkar |first1=Ketan |title=CarTrade acquires 51 per cent in Shriram Automall to create India's largest online vehicle transaction platform |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cartrade-acquires-51-per-cent-in-shriram-automall-to-create-indias-largest-online-vehicle-transaction-platform/articleshow/62634517.cms |access-date=3 December 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=25 January 2018}}</ref> Shriram Finance holds a 44.56% stake in Shriram Automall, as of 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shriram Finance |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=127640 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=ICRA}}</ref>

==Former companies==
* Shriram Housing Finance was a [[home loan]] company which was a subsidiary of Shriram City Union Finance (and subsequently Shriram Finance).<ref>{{cite news |title=Shriram City Union Finance may seek investor for housing unit |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/shriram-city-union-finance-may-seek-investor-for-housing-unit/articleshow/81307005.cms |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> In 2024, [[Warburg Pincus]] acquired Shriram Housing Finance for {{INR}}4,630 crore<ref>{{cite news |title=US fund Warburg to buy Shriram Housing Finance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/us-fund-warburg-to-buy-shriram-housing-finance/articleshow/110094161.cms |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> and renamed the company as Truhome Finance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Atmadip |title=Shriram Housing becomes Truhome Finance, eyes 30% annual growth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/shriram-housing-becomes-truhome-finance-eyes-30-annual-growth/articleshow/117271422.cms |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://shriramcapital.com/}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Financial services companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:Asset management companies]]

Chennai–Hyderabad high-speed rail corridor

2026-03-15T09:05:36Z

Viji:

{{short description|Planned high-speed rail line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Hyderabad–Chennai High-speed Rail Corridor
| other_name = HCHSR
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[High-speed rail]]
| system =
| status = DPR Prepared, To be approved by govt.<ref name="etvbharat_aug2025">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-08-29 |title=Bullet Train In Southern States: Centre Approves Two High-Speed Rail Corridors |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/bullet-train-in-andhra-pradesh-centre-approves-two-high-speed-rail-corridors-enn25082905641 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>
| locale = {{unbulleted list|[[Telangana]]|[[Andhra Pradesh]]|[[Tamil Nadu]]}}
| start = [[Hyderabad]]
| end = [[Chennai]]
| stations = 14
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = TBD
| open = 
| yearcommenced =
| yearcompleted = 
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]]
| character = Elevated, underground, and [[grade-separated]]
| depot =
| stock = TBD
| linelength_km = 744.57<ref name="etvbharat_aug2025"/>
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1,435 mm|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]], 50 Hz, [[overhead catenary]]
| speed_km/h = 350
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nhsrcl.in/}}
| map = {{Hyderabad–Chennai high-speed rail corridor}}
| map_name =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Hyderabad–Chennai High Speed Rail Corridor''' is a planned [[high-speed rail]] line connecting the capital of [[Telangana]], [[Hyderabad]] with the capital [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chennai]] via the capital of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Amaravati]]. When completed, it will be one of key links in India's high-speed rail line network along the east coast. Set to be the third high-speed rail line project of India involving [[Hyderabad]], it will reduce the travel time between the cities of Hyderabad and Chennai from existing 12 hours to around 2.5 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-08-29 |title=South India bullet train to link Hyderabad, Chennai, Amaravati and Bengaluru: Naidu |url=https://telanganatoday.com/south-india-bullet-train-to-link-hyderabad-chennai-amaravati-and-bengaluru-naidu |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-29 |title=South India will soon have bullet train service, says Andhra Pradesh CM Naidu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/south-india-hyderabad-amaravati-chennai-bengaluru-will-soon-have-bullet-train-service/articleshow/123583194.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Hyderabad To Chennai, Bangalore High-Speed Rail Corridors Will Transform Travel In Telugu States |url=https://www.news18.com/india/how-hyderabad-to-chennai-bangalore-high-speed-rail-corridors-will-transform-travel-in-telugu-states-shil-ws-l-9535577.html |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The corridor via Amaravati was first proposed by the [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] in October 2024, requesting the union government to provide a high-speed rail connectivity between the southern economic hubs of Amaravati, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad, with the works stated to commence in 2026 post approval.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayasam |first=Raj |date=2025-08-29 |title=Pawan pitches for NDA's stability at Jana Sena legislature meet |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/andhrapradesh/pawan-pitches-for-ndas-stability-at-jana-sena-legislature-meet/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

== Possible Stations==
Planned stations - '''[[Hyderabad]]''', [[Shamshabad]], [[kodad, Suryapet]], [[Amaravathi]], [[Guntur]], [[Chirala]], [[Ongole]], '''[[Kavali]]''', [[Nellore]], [[Gudur]], [[Naidupeta]], [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]] and '''[[Chennai]]'''.<ref name="etvbharat_aug2025"/>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/amaravatinews24/status/2028760995254947994 |title=New Modified route for high speed train by telangana govt |publisher=Amaravati News24}}</ref>

==Extensions==
The corridor's section from [[Amaravati]] to [[Chennai]] is a part of the Kolkata–Chennai high-speed rail corridor, part of the bigger [[Diamond Quadrilateral]], India's ambitious project aiming to connect all four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata with High-speed rail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=Bullet train ambitions |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/bullet-train-ambitions/3718494/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[List of high-speed railway lines in India]]
* [[Hyderabad–Bengaluru high-speed rail corridor]]
* [[Chennai–Mysuru high-speed rail corridor]]
* [[Mumbai–Hyderabad high-speed rail corridor]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{High-speed rail in India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Telangana topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai - Hyderabad high-speed passenger corridor}}
[[Category:High-speed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]

Heer Ranjha (1992 film)

2026-03-07T11:03:16Z

Viji:

{{for|the 1970 film|Heer Raanjha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Heer Ranjha
| image =Heer Ranjha 1992.jpeg
| director = [[Harmesh Malhotra]]
| producer = [[Harmesh Malhotra]]
| writer = [[Mangal Dhillon]]
| based_on = {{based on|[[Heer Ranjha|''Heer'']]|[[Waris Shah]]}}
| starring = [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Sridevi]] [[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Anupam Kher]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = W. B. Rao
| released = {{film date|df=y|1992|09|04}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Heer Ranjha''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed and produced by [[Harmesh Malhotra]]. The film stars [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sridevi]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Anupam Kher]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/nWcN5ISlrVgfQJvjrENHbM/More-power-to-Heer.html|title=More power to Heer|first=Shubha|last=Mudgal|date=6 April 2013|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sridevi-funeral-shocking-similarities-emerge-between-hawa-hawai-actress-murdered-priya-rajvansh-762201|title=Sridevi funeral: Shocking similarities emerge between Hawa Hawai actress and murdered Priya Rajvansh|first=Suparno|last=Sarkar|date=28 February 2018|website=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lambi-judai-for-music-lovers-as-reshma-departs-1913528|title='Lambi Judai'... for music lovers as Reshma departs|first=S.|last=Balakrishnan|date=4 November 2013|website=DNA India}}</ref> The film is based on the legend of [[Heer Ranjha]]'s tragic romance, as narrated in the [[epic poem]] ''Heer'' by [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] poet [[Waris Shah]], written in 1766.

It was flopped due to very weak screenplay and poor art direction. A box office disaster.

==Cast==
*[[Anil Kapoor]] as Dido Chaudhary / Ranjha
*[[Sridevi]] as Heer Chaudhary
*[[Shammi Kapoor]] as Chochak Chaudhary
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Kaido Chaudhary
*[[Pankaj Dheer]] as Sultan Chaudhary
*[[Tinu Anand]] as Fakeer Baba
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Mrs. Chaudhary
*[[Gufi Paintal]] as Kazi
*[[Mangal Dhillon]] as Zaida
*[[Priti Sapru]] as Sethe
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Ludan
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Sage
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Mauju Chaudhary

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] and lyrics for all songs were written by [[Anand Bakshi]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aag Hawa Mitti Aur Paani"
| [[Anwar (singer)|Anwar]]
|-
| "Rab Ne Banaya" (Happy)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Anwar
|-
| "Rab Ne Banaya" (Sad)
| Lata Mangeshkar, Anwar
|-
| "Aashiq Mera Naam, Hai Tera Ishq Mera Imaan"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Mangal Singh]]
|-
| "Duniya Ne Mera Sab Kuch Chheena, Nahin Jeena"
| Mohammed Aziz, Mangal Singh
|-
| "Yeh Ped Hai Peepal Ka, Ho Yeh Ped Hai Peepal Ka"
| Mohammed Aziz, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| "Ranjha Ranjha Karte Karte"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| "Akhiyon Ne Akhiyon Se"
| [[Reshma (Indian singer)|Reshma]]
|-
| "Jo Phool Yahan Par"
| Reshma
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0104404}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Heer Ranjha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harmesh Malhotra]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Capital Small Finance Bank

2026-03-05T08:55:47Z

Viji: starting data

{{Short description|Indian small finance bank}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Companies|date=May 2021}}
{{Fan POV|date=May 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Capital Small Finance Bank Limited
| logo = File:Capital_Small_Finance_Bank_Logo.png
| logo_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|CAPITALSFB}}|{{BSE|544120}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE646H01017}}
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| predecessor = Capital Local Area Bank
| founded = {{start date and age |2000}}, licensed in 2016
| hq_location_city = [[Jalandhar]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl|Madan Gopal Sharma (Chairman)| Sarvjit Singh Samra (managing director & CEO) Munish Jain (CFO)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buy Sell Capital Small Finance Bank Limited Unlisted Shares – 3Adeal|url=https://3adeal.com/banks-en/capital-small-finance-bank-limited/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=3adeal.com|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118125645/https://3adeal.com/banks-en/capital-small-finance-bank-limited/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Buy Sell Capital Small Finance Bank (SFB) Unlisted Shares – Share Price|date=4 February 2019 |url=https://unlistedzone.com/shares/buy-sell-share-price-capital-small-finance-bank-sfb-unlisted-shares/|access-date=2021-03-24|language=en-US}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.capital.bank.in}}
}}

'''Capital Small Finance Bank''' (formerly Capital Local Area Bank) is an Indian first [[small finance bank]] founded in April 2016, with its headquarters in [[Jalandhar]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gera|first=Komal Amit|date=25 April 2016|title=India's first small finance bank launched|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-s-first-small-finance-bank-launched-116042500032_1.html|access-date=2021-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Acharya|first=Namrata|date=9 August 2016|title=Small finance banks to woo depositors with better rates|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/small-finance-banks-to-woo-depositors-with-better-rates-116080800642_1.html|access-date=2021-03-24}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Profile – Capital Small Finance Bank|url=https://www.capitalbank.co.in/profile|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.capitalbank.co.in|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507042950/https://www.capitalbank.co.in/profile|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Network|first=BFSI|title=Capital Local Area Bank to be India's first small area finance bank – BFSI|date=8 March 2016 |url=https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/capital-local-area-bank-jalandhar-to-be-indias-first-small-finance-bank/|access-date=2021-03-24|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 2000, Capital Local Area Bank was primarily operational in some districts of Punjab, including [[Jalandhar]], [[Kapurthala]], and [[Hoshiarpur]] until 2013. After 2013, the bank expanded its operations in [[Ludhiana]] and [[Amritsar]]. As of June 2016, the bank was operating through its 76 branches.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Sahib|date=7 July 2016|title=Capital Small Finance Bank plans 220 branch network in North India by FY 2021|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/qT04r9KuGe7sfb7D7MyBiP/Capital-Small-Finance-Bank-plans-220-branch-network-in-North.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

After providing in principle approval in September 2016, [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] granted the license to Capital Local Area Bank under Section 22(1) of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]] in 2016 and it started to operate from 24 April 2016 under the new brand name of Capital Small Finance Bank as the first Small finance bank of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First small finance bank begins operations|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/first-small-finance-bank-begins-operations/article8528965.ece|access-date=2021-03-24|website=@businessline|date=27 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Tamal|date=6 February 2017|title=Big challenges before small finance banks|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/15VqxfZbstYuERy8yp19WN/Big-challenges-before-small-finance-banks.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chakraborty|first=Somasroy|date=22 July 2014|title=KBS Local Area Bank may become a small bank|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/kbs-local-area-bank-may-become-a-small-bank-114072100267_1.html|access-date=2021-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gregory |first1=Samuel |title=Wealth management |url=https://www.instagram.com/x.moneylead |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> On the foundation day, Capital Small Finance Bank opened 10 new branches to the existing 49 branches of Capital Local Area Bank. As of March 2021, the bank has a total of 158 operational branches.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2019, the bank raised 430 million fund from Amicus Capital<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Ridhima|date=9 July 2019|title=Capital Small Finance Bank raises ₹43 crore from Amicus Capital|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/capital-small-finance-bank-raises-43-crore-from-amicus-capital-1562685110344.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> and in November, it raised 84 Crore fund as Oman India Joint Investment Fund bought 10% share of the bank.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Ridhima|date=26 November 2019|title=Capital Small Finance Bank raises ₹84 crore from OIJIF|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/capital-small-finance-bank-raises-84-crore-from-oijif-11574775491481.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=OIJIF picks up 10% stake in Capital SFB for ₹84 crore|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/oijif-picks-up-10-stake-in-capital-sfb-for-84-crore/article30089180.ece|access-date=2022-06-11|date=26 November 2019|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Small finance bank]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Small finance banks]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2000]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Deedar (1951 film)

2026-03-04T04:10:45Z

Viji: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deedar
| image = Deedar 1951 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Nitin Bose]]
| producer = Rajendra Jain
| writer = Azm Bazidpuri
| narrator =
| starring = [[Nargis]] [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Nimmi]]
| music = [[Naushad]] [[Shakeel Badayuni]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = Dilip Gupta
| editing = [[Bimal Roy]]
| studio = Filmkar Productions Ltd.
| distributor = Filmkar Productions Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|1951|03|16}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Deedar''''' is a 1951 [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic musical film]] directed by [[Nitin Bose]], starring [[Nargis]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Nimmi]]. It is a story of unfulfilled love, where the hero's childhood love is separated from him due to [[Class inequality|class inequalities]]. It is one of noted tragedies made in early [[Hindi cinema]]. It became a popular film of the Golden era and further established Dilip Kumar as the "King of Tragedy".<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book|author=Tilak Rishi|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA38|year=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9|page=38}}</ref><ref name="Patel2012">{{cite book|author=Bhaichand Patel|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA84|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9|pages=84}}</ref>

Many years later, when ''Deedar'' was having a rerun at Mumbai theatres, actor [[Manoj Kumar]] asked director [[Raj Khosla]] to accompany him to the show. Thereafter, the story of ''[[Do Badan]]'' (1966) was written after reworking its story line, that film was also a hit.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cinema : Do Badan (1966)| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/10/15/stories/2010101551031100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313211101/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/10/15/stories/2010101551031100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 March 2014 | date=15 October 2010| work = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 2014-03-13 }}</ref> It is referred to repeatedly in the [[Vikram Seth]]'s 1993 novel ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'', in which people watching it burst into tears and people who can't get tickets start a riot.<ref name="Seth1993">{{cite book|author=Vikram Seth|title=A Suitable Boy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0kyMbpRLYwC&pg=PA134|year=1993|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-023033-8|pages=134–}}</ref> The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Neengadha Ninaivu]]'' (1963) <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Neengatha-Ninaivu-1963/article14580426.ece |title=Neengatha Ninaivu (1963) |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=2016-08-20 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2019-01-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and in Turkish as ''Seven Unutmaz'' (1978).

== Cast ==
[[File:Deedar (1951).webm|thumb|The whole film]]

*[[Nargis]] as Mala
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Dr. Kishore
*[[Dilip Kumar]] as Shyamu
*[[Nimmi]] as Champa
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]]
*[[Tabassum (actress)|Tabassum]] as Baby Mala
*[[Tun Tun]] as Rai's maidservant
*[[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]] (as Surrender)
*[[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] as Bhalla
*[[Parikshit Sahni]] as Master Shyamu

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by the legend [[Naushad]], with lyrics by [[Shakeel Badayuni]]. The all-around soundtrack consisted of all the elements of a great album. It exploited the talents of singing legends such as [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Shamshad Begum]] and [[G. M. Durrani]] to the utmost. This was also amongst those few soundtracks in which the career of veteran [[Mohammed Rafi]] coincided with that of his idol [[G. M. Durrani]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Bachpan Ke Din Bhula Na Dena" (Male)
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Huye Hum Jinke Liye Barbad" (Part 1)
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Huye Hum Jinke Liye Barbad" (Part 2)
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Naseeb Dar Pe Tera Aazmane Aaya Hoon"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Meri Kahani Bhulnewale"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Dekh Liya Maine Kismat Ka Tamasha"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Tu Kaun Hai Mera Kehde Balam"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Le Ja Meri Duayen Le Ja"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Duniya Ne Teri Duniyawale"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Bachpan Ke Din Bhula Na Dena" (Female)
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Chaman Mein Rakhe Veerana"
| Shamshad Begum
|-
| "Nazar Phero Na Humse"
| Shamshad Begum, [[G. M. Durrani]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0137459|Deedar}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhH0lF9R6gk Full movie on YouTube]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091030011950/http://music.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=music.artistalbums Deedar soundtrack]

[[Category:1951 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:1951 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nitin Bose]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Parava (film)

2026-03-03T20:35:11Z

Viji: typo fix

{{short description|2017 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parava
| image = Parava.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Soubin Shahir]]
| producer = [[Anwar Rasheed]] Shyju Unni
| writer = [[Soubin Shahir]] Muneer Ali
| starring = Amal Shah Govind V. Pai [[Shane Nigam]] [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| cinematography = Littil Swayamp
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Rex Vijayan]] '''Background score:''' [[Neha Nair|Yakzan-Neha]] [[Sekhar Menon]] Rex Vijayan
| editing = Praveen Prabhakar
| studio = [[Anwar Rasheed Entertainments]] The Movie Club
| distributor = A & A Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|09|21|ref1=}}
| runtime = 144 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Parava |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/parava-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotyyodu |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}20.27 cr<ref name='gross' />
}}

'''''Parava''''' ({{translation|[[Bird]]}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Coming of age film|coming of age drama]] film directed by [[Soubin Shahir]] with a script jointly written by Soubin and Muneer Ali. It is Soubin's directorial debut. The film stars [[Dulquer Salmaan]] in an extended cameo appearance along with [[Shane Nigam]], Amal Shah and Govind V. Pai. <ref name="deccan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/071116/dulquer-salmaan-in-parava.html|title=Dulquer Salmaan in Parava|date=2016-11-07|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> Principal photography began at [[Fort Kochi]] on 1 June 2016. The film was released on 21 September 2017.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|section|date=March 2021}}
The story takes place in [[Mattancherry]] and revolves around the life of two teenagers namely Haseeb and Irshad a.k.a. "Ichappi". Both of them are best friends and share a common interest in pigeon taming. Ichappi lives with his parents, his sister, and his brother Shain. Shain is indifferent and doesn't speak to anyone. The boys' love for birds is unconditional. They have local competitors, who have stolen their prized champion female pigeon. Though it is stated that Ichappi and Haseeb are not aware of this. When school reopens Ichappi is sad since he could not pass ninth grade. However, his new class teacher consoles him and offers to help him. Ichappi happens to meet Surumi, a new student in Haseeb's class, and falls for her. He notices that most of the boys are behind her. The boys while playing cricket encounters two drug addicts who had an impact on their past. Ichappi recollects the story.

A few years ago, there used to be a local club named Six Four Mattanchery led by Imran. It was a local [[cricket]] [[Organization|club]], that competed in local matches. Ichappi's brother Shain was the star player of the club. Apart from being cricket mates, all the members of the club were best friends. The members of the club respected and loved Imran a lot. Shain meets a girl caretaker when Imran arranges [[lunch]] for some orphans. He immediately falls for her. Imran, knowing all about Shain and the girl goes to Shain's house and convinces Shain's parents for Shain's marriage. Shain's father asks Imran that there is no haste in getting him married, so let's just fix it for now. Once, one of the club's members Hakeem's sister Habeeba who works in a medical store is verbally assaulted by her boss. The club members, in the absence of Imran, vowed to seek revenge and bashes up the boss but accidentally get into a fight with some drug addicts. The addicts are thrashed in the chaos. They vow to take revenge against the club members. Imran discovers this and is infuriated by their actions. However, while meeting them at the beach at night Imran and his club members is confronted by the addicts. Imran tries for a peace treaty but it results in vain. They get into a fight when Imran urges the club members to leave the place to which the members respond positively. However, Imran couldn't stop the goons and ended up getting killed. The club members and their parents mourn the loss of Imran. Shain who strongly believed that he was responsible for Imran's demise becomes violently emotional. Shain's father grieves the loss and orders all the other club members to never meet Shain since they left Imran alone. According to him, it's not something that friends did. After this, Shain and his father live in the same house but never talk. Shain isolates himself from everyone.

Ichappi recollects this story. Ichappi goes to school and proposes to Surumi by kissing on her cheeks and is slapped in return. Ichappi gets nervous and fears that Surumi might spread this news to her parents as well as teachers. He fakes fever for the next few days and sends Haseeb to inquire about the happenings at school. Surumi confronts Haseeb and tells him not to worry and let Ichappi know that she isn't going to disclose it to anyone. Though Ichappi returns, he is saddened by the fact that Surumi has left the school under unknown circumstances. Ichappi and Haseeb under the pressure from a few other friends go to watch an adult movie. Ichappi feels uncomfortable all the time and upon reaching home, is confronted by an angry mother. His father asks him about the movie and to everyone's surprise just gives him advice to not repeat this. Upon questioning by the mother, he responds that being harsh with Shain never worked out as he wanted, he doesn't want his other son to stop speaking to him too. Hakeem's wedding is fixed. On the [[wedding]] day, Ichappi and Haseeb are shocked to find Surumi as the bride. From one of the children that roam around the competitor's place, they learn of the stolen bird. They retrieve their bird with the children's help. The local pigeon flying competition is on and the boys register their names for the [[competition]]. The birds and the whole cage disappear on the day of the competition. In tears, they fly the only pair they have. They had hidden the oldest pair in a different place. The boys can fly their birds for a long time but are interrupted by Ichappi's father who scolds them for losing the birds. The birds fly away somewhere. Ichappi and Haseeb misunderstand that their rivals stole them but they admit they didn't. Shain discovers that the birds are in the clutches of the addicts who returned from jail and wanted revenge. Shain and his friends fight the goons. Shain tries to kill them but is stopped by his friends. His father and Hakeem's father come and thrash the goons. As the police arrive, Shain's father warns the Sub-Inspector that if they return, they will be killed. He then holds Shain's hand as they leave, symbolizing the end of the father-son dispute.

The club members are shown playing cricket. Shain is shown to have left his isolation and is back on track to continue his love story. A smiling Imran is shown sitting on the fence with some children watching the friends happily enjoying their unison. Ichappi and Haseeb continue their pigeon taming. The end shot showcases the pigeon (Parava) landing on Ichappi's hand.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Amal Shah as Irshad aka 'Ichappi' Shain's younger brother and Haseeb's best friend
* Govind. V. Pai as Haseeb, Irshad's best friend
* [[Shane Nigam]] as Shain, Irshad's elder brother
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]] as Imran (Extended Cameo)
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Shain's and Irshad's father
* [[Jacob Gregory]] as Mujeeb
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as Hakeem
* Zinil Zainudeen as Sharaf
* Manaal Sheeraz as Surumi
* [[Harishree Ashokan]] as Habeeba & Hakeem's father
* [[Indrans]] as Mujeeb's father
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as a drug addict
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]] as a drug addict
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as Habeeba<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/entertainment/actress-srinda-cast-in-soubin-parava|title=Actress Srinda cast in Soubin's 'Parava'|newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref>
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Rauf
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as Manaf<ref>{{Cite web |title='Unda made us empathise with policemen more' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/may/14/unda-made-us-empathise-with-policemen-more-11596.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* Len Prasad<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/uae-talent-working-on-malayalam-film-parava-1.2103902|title = UAE talent working on Malayalam film 'Parava'| date=11 October 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Anagha LK]] as Shane's love interest
* [[Aashiq Abu]] as Police Officer
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Khader
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Irshad's class teacher
* [[Khalid Rahman]] as a drug addict
* Vijay Kumar
}}

== Production ==
After assisting several directors, Soubin started co-writing a script with friend Muneer Ali, who wrote the script for the segment "Sethulakshmi" in ''[[5 Sundarikal]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uswww.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-5-sundarikal-is-a-result-of-our-friendship/20130630.htm|title='5 Sundarikal is a result of our friendship'|newspaper=Rediff|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> in late 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/soubin-shahir-to-become-director-with-parava-and-anwar-rasheed-will-produce-it/|title=Soubin Shahir to become director with Parava and Anwar Rasheed will produce it|website=onlookersmedia.in|date=11 April 2016|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> In early 2016, [[Anwar Rasheed]] announced that he would produce Soubin's directorial debut.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/soubin-shahir-to-direct-parava-news-malayalam-qemj2iggjhaeg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412073003/http://www.sify.com/movies/soubin-shahir-to-direct-parava-news-malayalam-qemj2iggjhaeg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2016|date=12 April 2016| website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2 June 2016|title=Soubin Shahir to direct 'Parava'}}</ref> A casting call announcement was made on 23 April 2016 throughout social media seeking male and female actors between age 13 and 26.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/team-soubin-shahirs-parava-seeks-male-female-actors-releases-audition-video-675950|last1=James|first1=Anu|date=23 April 2016| website=[[International Business Times|IBTimes]]|access-date=2 June 2016|title=Team of Soubin Shahir's 'Parava' seeks male and female actors; releases audition video}}</ref>

Filming began in Qissa Cafe in [[Fort Kochi]] on 1 June 2016.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/soubin-shahirs-parava-starts-rolling-dulquer-salmaan-wishes-kali-co-star-his-maiden-680954|last1=James|first1=Anu|date=1 June 2016| website=[[International Business Times|IBTimes]]|access-date=2 June 2016|title=Soubin Shahir's 'Parava' starts rolling; Dulquer Salmaan wishes 'Kali' co-star on his maiden directorial}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The original soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Rex Vijayan]], with lyrics penned by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]. An additional song titled "Vadakkele Pathoone", sung by K. E. Nabeesa, a native artist of Mattancheri, is also included in the film as title track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/parava-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1329648186|title = Parava (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Rex Vijayan, Yakzan Gary Periera & Neha Nair|date = 29 September 2017}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Parava
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = September 29, 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 46:09
| label = Anwar Rasheed Entertainment
| producer = Rex Vijayan
| prev_title = [[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title =[[Mayaanadhi]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Fzaap9jbNq8|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = ''Parava'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/parava-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1329648186|title = Parava (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Rex Vijayan, Yakzan Gary Periera & Neha Nair|date = 29 September 2017}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pyaar Pyaar
| extra1 = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| length1 = 4:12
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| title2 = Ormakal
| extra2 = [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| length2 = 3:38
| lyrics2 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| title3 = Pakalin Vaathil
| extra3 = [[Sreenath Bhasi]]
| length3 = 3:41
| lyrics3 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| title4 = Ichaapi and Haseeb Intro
| extra4 =
| length4 = 2:11
| lyrics4 =
| title5 = Parava Theme
| extra5 =
| length5 = 3:32
| lyrics5 =
| title6 = Beach
| extra6 =
| length6 = 0:49
| lyrics6 =
| title7 = Ichaappi Becomes Leader
| extra7 =
| length7 = 2:35
| lyrics7 =
| title8 = Ichaappi's Love Theme
| extra8 =
| length8 = 1:27
| lyrics8 =
| title9 = Chaandal
| extra9 =
| length9 = 0:50
| lyrics9 =
| title10 = Dark
| extra10 =
| length10 = 0:44
| lyrics10 =
| title11 = Imran intro
| extra11 =
| length11 = 1:05
| lyrics11 =
| title12 = Shane's Love (theme)
| extra12 =
| length12 = 2:44
| lyrics12 =
| title13 = Clash
| extra13 =
| length13 = 4:31
| lyrics13 =
| title14 = Birth
| extra14 =
| length14 = 1:34
| lyrics14 =
| title15 = Stealing Back Myna Pravu
| extra15 =
| length15 = 2:18
| lyrics15 =
| title16 = The Lovers Unite
| extra16 =
| length16 = 3:08
| lyrics16 =
| title17 = The Last Parava
| extra17 =
| length17 = 0:51
| lyrics17 =
| title18 = The Revenge
| extra18 =
| length18 = 4:49
| lyrics18 =
| title19 = The End
| extra19 =
| length19 = 1:30
| lyrics19 =
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 21 September 2017.

=== Box office ===
The film was commercial success. The film collected ₹2.64 crores from first day of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/parava-box-office-soubin-shahir-movie-becomes-5th-highest-opening-day-grosser-2017-743190|title=Parava box office: Soubin Shahir movie becomes 5th-highest opening day grosser of 2017|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=23 September 2017|author=Anu James}}</ref> The film collected ₹19.4 crores within 26 days of theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-vijays-mersal-gets-terrific-opening-parava-enter-rs-20-crore-club-746047|title=Kerala box office: Vijay's Mersal gets terrific opening; Parava to enter Rs 20 crore club|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=18 October 2017|author=Anu James}}</ref> The film ran 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/parava-completes-100-days/articleshow/62136566.cms|title=Parava completes 100 days|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical ===
{{quote box
| quote = I have many reasons to fly with this film and yet once the lights darkened, these two boys whisked me into their world among fluttering hopes and heartaches and so much more... an incredibly atmospheric film that has been made with a lotta love... congratulations to the whole team of ''Parava''! MUST WATCH!!
| source =  – [[Anjali Menon]]
| align = right
| width = 32.5%
}}
Deepa Soman of ''Times of India'' rated the film 3/5: "Soubin Shahir... uses the not-yet-explored horizon of the sport as the backdrop to tell the story of his home turf, its many varied characters with painful pasts and present, bittersweet realities of the region and its portraits of friendships."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Soman|first1=Deepa|title=Parava Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/parava/movie-review/60780753.cms|access-date=15 December 2017|work=Times of India|date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

''Behindwoods''<nowiki/>' reviewer rated the film 2.75/5 and wrote, "Performance is the magical touch that makes the simple story special. To be frank, even though Dulquer Salmaan is only there in the movie for a mere 25 minutes, Parava is truly his movie. The story of the film is deeply rooted in Imran, the character played by Dulquer who has effortlessly given his best, be it the body language or the accent of the local Mattancherry boy. Siddique and Shane Nigam have yet again delivered strong performances along with Soubin Shahir and Srinath Bhasi who essayed the roles of the antagonists to perfection. Actor Harisree Ashokan's son Arjun Ashokan and actor Zainudeen's son Zinil Zainudeen have performed neatly in important roles. The kids who played the pivotal roles of Irshad and Haseeb, the pigeon flyers also deserve a tap on their shoulders for their performances. Indrans, Harisree Ashokan, Shine Tom Chacko, Gregory, Jaffer Idukki, and Srinda Arhaan have done a good job in their supporting roles."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Behindwoods Review Board|title=Parava Movie Review|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/parava/parava-review.html|access-date=15 December 2017|work=Behindwoods|date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of Film Companion South wrote "Parava doesn't find a balance between its two narratives, two moods, and indeed, two modes of storytelling: one small and intimate, the other broad and more commercial, with a score (by Rex Vijayan) that just won't stop. And for a story that we entered through its children, it feels like a betrayal when they are abandoned for large stretches focusing on the grown-ups."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/parava-movie-review|title=Parava Movie Review|publisher=[[Film Companion]]|date=26 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Theatrical ===
It almost collected Rs 20.27 crore at the box office within 26 days in Kerala.<ref name='gross'>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Anu |date=2017-12-20 |title=Mollywood in 2017: Top Malayalam movies that earned big at Kerala box office this year |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mollywood-2017-top-malayalam-movies-that-earned-big-kerala-box-office-this-year-753935 |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30e}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6212984}}

[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rex Vijayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Neha Nair]]

Zamania

2026-02-27T06:25:28Z

Viji: put up the data with sources

{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zamania
| other_name = Madan Banaras
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Zamania in Map
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|25|10|N|83|33|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1560; 461 years ago
| founder = [[Ali Quli Khan Zaman]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghazipur.nic.in/history/#:~:text=Alikuli%20khan%20winning%20Banaras%20and,ruled%20by%20East%20India%20Company%20.|title = History | District Ghazipur, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India}}</ref>
| named_for =
| government_type =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 56
| population_total = 33,253
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=234525|title=Census of India: Search Details|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 232329
| registration_plate = UP-61
| footnotes =
| website = https://ghazipur.nic.in/public-utility/nagar-palika-parishad-zamania/
| official_name =
| area_total_ha = 936
}}

'''Zamania''' is a town in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Ghazipur Gazeeter|year=1907|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37256|last1=Nevill|first1=H. R.}}</ref> Its [[municipal council]] is subordinate to the [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur District]]. It is also the administrative head of Zamania tehsil,. It is also a very historical town, it derives its name from [[Ali Quli Khan Zaman]], who was also known as Khan Zaman or Zaman Khan, he was a governor of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], and [[Ghazipur]] during the time of [[Akbar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ghazipur census |first=Zamania subdistrict |title=The census of Ghazipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1216/download/3878/DH_2011_0964_PART_A_DCHB_GHAZIPUR.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
===Early Hindu mythology===
According to [[Hindu mythology]], Zamania was the place where [[Rishi]] [[Jamadagni]] (father of Lord [[Parashurama]]) had his [[ashram]]a. Jamdagni Ashram was located near the banks of the Ganges, a few miles from the town of Zamania, where a tributary of the Ganges joins the river after covering parts of Gang Barar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=R |first=Nevill, H |date=1909 |title=Ghazipur: A Gazetteer being Vol. XXIX of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201224151/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37271 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=17 December 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===The establishment of the town===

[[File:1561-The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan-Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|A painting of [[Ali Quli Khan Zaman|Ali Quli Khan]] and [[Bahadur Khan (Mughal general)|Bahadur Khan]] made in 1561, from [[Akbarnama]]]]

During the reign of [[Akbar]] the [[Pashtuns|Afghan Pathan]], [[Ali Quli Khan Zaman]] alias Khan Zaman took command of [[Ghazipur]] and founded Zamania. [[Ali Quli Khan Zaman|Ali Quli Khan]]'s decedents later established Nasratpur and Sarai Murad Ali villages near Zamania. In 1750s the importance of the town was removed by [[Nawab Fazl Ali Khan]], a [[Nawab]] of [[Ghazipur]], but later, a notable [[zamindar]] of Zamania, Chaudhari Muhammad Azmal reestablished its importance and redeveloped the town. Chaudhary Azmal, was an Amil of the [[Pargana]] in 1770-1790 taluka to Zamania, with a zamindari holding of 11,767 acres, many of the villages in the tehsil still hold his name. Although during Mughal era much of the places in current day tehsil of a part of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Diladarnagar Kamsar]], home of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Kamsari pathans]] who had a strong hold over this area, with its administrative head being at [[Seorai|Sewrai]], but when the town of Zamania was made a subdistrict many of the places in [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Diladarnagar Kamsar]] was added in here. Although, later [[Seorai|Sewrai]] was again made a [[tehsil]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=""Orissa and Bihar Shahabad District gazetteer""|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zamania}}</ref> After the attack of [[Warren Hastings]], the then Governor-General of the [[British Empire|British]], this area was ruled over by other British rulers. [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], who was known for land reforms, came to visit here, and died of fever on October 5, 1805. A [[tomb]] built in his memory is a tourist attraction in [[Ghazipur]] City.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |date=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=Susheila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgiCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181 |title=Acute Akbar Versus The Spirited Nur Jahan: The Soul's Journey Through Time and the Who's Who of Rebirth |date=2018-09-28 |publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78901-231-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA100 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Saiyad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Ghazipur |title=Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Uttar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnAbAAAAIAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bijnor |date=1982 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oldham |first=Wilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THoNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA173 |title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of the Ghazeepoor District |date=1870 |publisher=Printed at the Government Press, North-western provinces |language=en}}</ref>

This area gave birth to freedom fighters. The hero of the first Freedom Movement (popularly referred to as [[Sepoy Mutiny]]) [[Mangal Pandey]] was born here. The [[Nilha Sahib Revolt]], where the farmers revolted against the British and set fire to various Indigo godowns, took place here. Ghazipur has played a major role in India's struggle for freedom. The Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 was a violent uprising against British rule over India. The British did eventually put down the uprising, but not without tarnishing their reputation by using offensive techniques against the mutineers. The people here also took great part in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|revolt of 1857]] lead by [[Kunwar Singh]] of [[Jagdishpur]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

==Demographics==
As per the 2011 Census, Zamania had a population of 33,423, with males comprising 52.1% and females 47.89%. The town recorded an average literacy rate of 64.56%, which is slightly above the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy stood at 72%, while female literacy was 56.46%. Additionally, 15.72% of Zamania’s population was under the age of six.<ref name="census"/>

==Tehsil==
Zamania Tehsil is a [[Tehsil]] in the Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh. According to Census information in 2011, the sub-district code of Zamania Tehsil is 00991. There are about 383 villages in the Zamania Tehsil.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
*[[Arangi, Ghazipur, Uttar pradesh|Arangi, Gazipur, Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Medinipur, Ghazipur|Mednipur, Gazipur]]
*[[Zamania Canal]]
*[[Dildarnagar Kamsar]]
*[[Seorai|Seorai, Ghazipur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ghazipur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ghazipur district]]

History of Hamas

2026-02-17T20:46:46Z

Viji: expanded content

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

The '''history of Hamas''' is an account of the [[Palestinian nationalist]] and [[Islamism|Islamist]]{{sfn|Usher|2005}} – described by some as [[fundamentalist]]{{sfn|Abu-Amr|1994|pp=66-72}} – [[socio-political]] organization based in the [[Gaza Strip]] with an associated [[paramilitary]] force, the [[Qassam Brigades|Ezzedeen al-Qassam Brigades]].{{sfn|Reuters|2007}}{{sfn|Sela|2002|pp=335–342}} [[Hamas]] ({{lang|ar|حماس}}) ''Ḥamās'' is an acronym of {{lang|ar|حركة المقاومة الاسلامية}} {{lang|ar-Latn|Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamat al-Islāmiyyah}}, meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement".

Hamas was established during the [[First intifada]] against the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] in 1987, and has its origins in [[Egypt]]'s [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement, which had been active in the Gaza Strip since the 1950s and gained influence through a network of mosques and various charitable and social organizations. In the 1980s the Brotherhood emerged as a powerful political factor, challenging the influence of the [[PLO]], and in 1987 adopted a more nationalist and activist line under the name of Hamas.{{sfn|Filiu|2012|pp=55,66}} Hamas was initially discreetly supported by Israel as a counter-balance to the secular [[PLO]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khalidi |first1=Rashid |title=The Hundred Years' War on Palestine |date=2020 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |isbn=978-1-627-79855-6 |page=223}}</ref> During the 1990s and early 2000s, the organization conducted numerous suicide bombings and other attacks against Israel.

In the Palestinian legislative election of January 2006, Hamas campaigned on [[armed resistance]] against the Israeli occupation and gained a large majority of seats in the [[Palestinian Parliament]], defeating the ruling [[Fatah]] party. After the elections, conflicts arose between Hamas and Fatah, which they were unable to resolve. {{sfn|Peraino|2006}}{{sfn|Brown|2015}} In June 2007, Hamas defeated Fatah in a [[Fatah-Hamas conflict#Conflict|series of violent clashes]], and since that time Hamas has governed the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] portion of the [[Palestinian Territories]], while at the same time the unity government of which they formed a part in the [[West Bank]] was dissolved by the Palestinian Authority.{{sfn|Urquhart |2007}} [[Israel]] and [[Egypt]] then imposed an [[economic blockade on Gaza]] and largely sealed their borders with the territory.<ref name="iht.com">[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/09/africa/ME-GEN-Israel-Palestinians.php "Gaza faces economic disaster if blockade continues, U.N. official warns"] International Herald Tribune</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">Dion Nissenbaum. [http://washingtonbureau.typepad.com/jerusalem/2008/12/olmert-aide-supports-free-gaza.html "Olmert aide supports free Gaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006090950/http://washingtonbureau.typepad.com/jerusalem/2008/12/olmert-aide-supports-free-gaza.html |date=2014-10-06 }}. [[McClatchy Newspapers]]. 8 December 2008.</ref>

After acquiring control of Gaza, Hamas-affiliated and other militias launched rocket attacks upon Israel, which Hamas ceased in June 2008 following an [[Egypt]]ian-brokered ceasefire.<ref name="ITIC">{{cite web|date=December 2008 |title=The Six Months of the Lull Arrangement pdf |work=Tel Aviv Terrorism Information Center |url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/hamas_e017.pdf |accessdate=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013120923/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/hamas_e017.pdf |archivedate=13 October 2009 }}</ref> The ceasefire broke down late in 2008, with each side accusing the other of responsibility.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3626260,00.html Qassam lands in western Negev, no injuries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106123823/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3626260,00.html |date=2011-01-06 }} [[Ynet News]] 20 November 2008</ref> In late December 2008, [[2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict|Israel attacked Gaza]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1232292897399&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813132815/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1232292897399&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archivedate=13 August 2011 |date=19 January 2009 |title=Pool of 8 foreign journalists allowed into Gaza |first=Etgar |last=Lefkovits |url-status=dead }}</ref> withdrawing its forces in mid-January 2009.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5558389.ece "Israel withdraws its troops from Gaza"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005808/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5558389.ece |date=2011-05-10 }} ''Times Online''</ref> Since 2009, Hamas has faced multiple military confrontations with Israel, notably the 2012 and 2014 Gaza Wars, leading to substantial casualties. Hamas has maintained control over Gaza, often clashing with the Palestinian Authority led by Fatah. Efforts at reconciliation between Hamas and Fatah have seen limited success. Hamas has continued to face international isolation and blockades, while engaging in sporadic rocket attacks and tunnel construction activities against Israel. In 2023, Hamas launched the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|October 7 attack on Israel]], starting the ongoing [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2024 |title=Iran's frightening new playbook for war |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/08/08/irans-frightening-new-playbook-for-war |access-date=2024-08-12 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

== Family origins outside the Gaza Strip ==
 {{Further | Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine | label1 = 1940s insurgency | 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel | label3 = depopulated towns and villages | Nakba denial | label4 = denial }}

Most of the founding members of Hamas, and most of the current leadership, were born in [[Mandatory Palestine]] but outside of the [[Gaza Strip]], or have parents who were.

* Founding leader [[Ahmed Yassin]] was born in [[Al-Jura]].<ref name="Yassin Jura" >{{cite book | last=Kabahā | first=Muṣṭafá | title= The Palestinian People: Seeking Sovereignty and State | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QyTCNAEACAAJ | year=2014 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated | isbn=978-1-58826-882-2 | access-date=28 October 2020 | archive-date= 19 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219083406/https://books.google.com/books?id=QyTCNAEACAAJ | url-status=live | page=323 }}</ref>

* Yassin's successor [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi]] was born in [[Yibna]].<ref name="Aziz Gaza history" >{{cite book| title= Gaza: A History | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | page=97 | author-link= Jean-Pierre Filiu | first= Jean-Pierre |last=Filiu}}</ref>

* [[Ismail Haniyeh]]'s was born in [[Al-Shati refugee camp]] to parents [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight |migrated]] from [[Al-Jura]] to [[Gaza Strip #1948 |Gaza]] in [[1948 Palestine war |1948]].<ref name=bbcprofile>{{cite news|title=Profile: Hamas PM Ismail Haniya |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4655146.stm |newspaper=BBC |date=14 December 2006|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218062008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4655146.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

* The father of [[Faiq Al-Mabhouh |Faiq]] and [[Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh]] was from [[Bayt Tima]].<ref name="Mabhouh - AJ Ency" >{{cite news| title= Fayeq Al-Mabhouh...a police general in Gaza who was assassinated by Israel | url = https://aja.ws/7ff59c | access-date=30 April 2024 | work=Encyclopedia | agency=Al Jazeera | date=19 March 2024 }}</ref>

* [[Yahya Sinwar]] was born in the [[Khan Yunis refugee camp |Khan Yunis]] in [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic |Egyptian-occupied Gaza]] in 1962 to a family who [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight |left]] the city of [[Ashkelon|Ashqelon]] during the [[1948 Palestine War]].<ref>{{Cite web | date= 2024-01-28 | title= Yahya Sinwar {{!}} Hamas Leader, Biography, & Facts {{!}} Britannica | url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yahya-Sunwar |access-date=2024-02-01 | website= www.britannica.com | language=en | archive-date=28 January 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240128125507/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yahya-Sunwar | url-status=live }}</ref>

* The exception is [[Khaled Mashal]], who was born in [[Silwad]], in the [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank |Jordanian ruled]] [[West Bank]].<ref name="2008a" >{{cite journal | title = Khalid Mishal: The Making of a Palestinian Islamic Leader Interviewed by Mouin Rabbani | date = 2008 | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | last = Rabbani | first = Mouin | author-link = Mouin Rabbani | url = https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/42013 | journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] | publisher = Institute for Palestine Studies | pages = 61 | doi = 10.1525/jps.2008.37.3.59 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>

In 1956, when he was eight or nine, [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi]] witnessed the [[Khan Yunis massacre]] in the Southern [[Gaza Strip]].<ref name="Aziz Gaza history" /> During the massacre, al-Rantisi recalled that Israeli soldiers killed his uncle in front of him, in conversation with [[Joe Sacco]] he claimed this fact was very important for his future life.<ref>{{cite book | last= Sacco | first= Joe | title= Footnotes in Gaza | url= https://archive.org/details/footnotesingaza0000sacc | url-access= registration | year= 2009 | publisher= Metropolitan Books | location= New York | isbn= 978-0-8050-7347-8 }}</ref>

[[Yahya Sinwar]] was born in 1962, in the [[Khan Yunis refugee camp]], when the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule, where he spent his early years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalloul |first=Motasem A. |date=2017-02-13 |title=The new leader of Hamas in Gaza is Yahya Al-Sinwar |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170213-the-new-leader-of-hamas-in-gaza-is-yahya-al-sinwar/ |website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> His family were [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight |expelled from or fled]] from [[Ashkelon|Al-Majdal Asqalan]] ({{langx|ar|مدينة مجدل|Medīna Majal}}),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aja.me/6ncqu|title=يحيى السنوار أسير محرر قاد حركة حماس واستشهد في مواجهة مع الاحتلال | موسوعة | الجزيرة نت}}</ref> now known as [[Ashkelon]], during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], and sought refuge in the Gaza Strip. Sinwar, discussing his refugee upbringing, tied it to his Hamas involvement in conversations with fellow prisoners during his later imprisonment. According to Esmat Mansour, another inmate, Sinwar was deeply affected by the communal living conditions and food distribution in the refugee camp.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news | last1=Becker | first1=Jo | last2=Sella | first2=Adam | date= 2024-05-26 | title= The Hamas Chief and the Israeli Who Saved His Life | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/26/world/middleeast/hamas-sinwar-israel-doctor-prison-swap.html | access-date= 2024-05-27 | work= The New York Times | language=en-US | issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

{{Location map many | Israel
| caption = Family origins of [[List of leaders of Hamas |Hamas leaders]] (see text).
| maplink = Occupied Palestinian Territories
| float = right
| width = 300

| label1 = [[Al-Jura |Jura]]
| label1_size =
| position1 = left
| background1 =
| mark1 = SpringGreen pog.svg
| mark1size =
| link1 = Al-Jura
| coordinates1 = {{coord|31|39|57|N|34|33|17|E}}

| label2 = [[Yibna]]
| position2 = left
| mark2 = SpringGreen pog.svg
| link2 = Yibna
| coordinates2 = {{coord|31|51|58|N|34|44|47|E}}

| label3 = [[Silwad]]
| position3 = left
| mark3 = SpringGreen pog.svg
| link3 = Silwad
| coordinates3 = {{coord|31|58|46|N|35|15|40|E}}

| label4 = [[Ashkelon |Al{{nbh}}Majal]]
| position4 = top
| mark4 = SpringGreen pog.svg
| link4 = Ashkelon
| coordinates4 = {{coord|31|40|N|34|34|E}}

| label6 = [[Kawkaba]]
| position6 = right
| mark6 = SpringGreen pog.svg
| link6 = Kawkaba
| coordinates6 = {{coord|31|37|51|N|34|39|46|E}}

| label5 = [[Bayt Tima]]
| position5 = right
| mark5 = SpringGreen pog.svg
| link5 = Bayt Tima
| coordinates5 = {{coord|31|37|24|N|34|38|21|E}}

| label16 = [[Al-Shati]]
| position16 = left
| mark16 = SpringGreen pog.svg
| link16 = Al-Shati refugee camp
| coordinates16 = {{coord|31|31|55.91|N|34|26|43.42|E}}

| label17 = [[Khan Yunis]]
| position17 =
| mark17 = SpringGreen pog.svg
| link17 = Khan Yunis
| coordinates17 = {{coord|31|20|40|N|34|18|11|E}}

}}

== Early Islamic activism in Gaza ==
{{Main|Israeli support for Hamas#history}}
With its takeover of Gaza after the [[Six-Day War|1967 war with Egypt]], Israel tolerated and at times encouraged Islamic activists and groups as a counterweight to the secular nationalists of the PLO and its dominant faction, Fatah.<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |url=http://archive.org/details/hamaspoliticscha00levi |title=Hamas : politics, charity, and terrorism in the service of jihad |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |others=Foreword by [[Dennis Ross]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-300-11053-1 |location=New Haven |page=24 |access-date=26 September 2023 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Israel hunted down secular [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] factions, but dropped the previous Egyptian rulers' harsh restrictions against Islamic activists.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news|last=Higgins |first=Andrew |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847|title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas |work=Wall Street Journal |date=24 January 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html|archivedate=26 September 2009|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref>

Among the activists benefited was Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]], leader of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Gaza, who had also formed the Islamist group [[Mujama al-Islamiya]], a charity recognized by Israel in 1979. Israel allowed the organization to build [[mosques]], clubs, schools, and a library in Gaza.<ref name="WSJ" /> Yitzhak Segev, the Israeli governor of Gaza in 1979, said he had no illusions about Yassin's intentions, having watched an Islamist movement topple the [[Shah]] as Israel's military attache in [[Iran]]. However, in conformity with the quietist approach characteristic of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza, which unlike many Palestinian factions, did not boycott Israel's occupation of the Strip after 1967,{{sfn|Filiu|2012|pp=54-70,55}} and Yassin and his charity were considered "100% peaceful" towards Israel during this time. Segev maintained regular contact with Yassin, met with him around a dozen times, and arranged for Yassin to be taken to Israel for hospital treatment.<ref name="WSJ" />

Also, Segev said, Fatah was "our main enemy."<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2135098 |title=Suicide Voters |publisher=Slate.com |date=30 January 2006 |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903221506/http://www.slate.com/id/2135098/ |archive-date=3 September 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Islamists frequently attacked secular and leftist Palestinian movements, including Fatah, but the Israeli military avoided getting involved in those quarrels.<ref name="WSJ" /> It stood aside, for example, when Mujama al-Islamiya activists stormed the [[Red Crescent]] charity's headquarters in Gaza, but Segev did send soldiers to prevent the burning down of the home of the head of the organization.<ref name="WSJ" />

In 1984 the Israeli army received intelligence that Yassin's followers were collecting arms in Gaza. Israeli troops raided mosques and found a cache of weapons.<ref name="WSJ" /> Yassin was arrested, but told his interrogators the weapons were meant to be used against secular Palestinians, not Israel. The cleric was released a year later and allowed to continue to develop his movement in Gaza.<ref name="WSJ" />

Around the time of Yassin's arrest, Avner Cohen, an Israeli religious affairs official, sent a report to senior military officers and civilian leadership in Gaza advising them of the dangers of the Islamic movement, but this report and similar ones were ignored.<ref name="WSJ" /> Former military intelligence officer Shalom Harari said the warnings were ignored out of neglect, not a desire to fortify the Islamists, and said "Israel never financed Hamas. Israel never armed Hamas."<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Shavit |first=Ari |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/02/06/060206ta_talk_shavit |title=Watching Hamas |work=New Yorker |date=7 January 2009 |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805195109/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/02/06/060206ta_talk_shavit |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, former Israeli officials have openly acknowledged Israel's role in providing funding and assistance to Yassin's network as a means of undermining the secular, left-wing Palestinian factions that made up the PLO.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2001 |title=Israel gave major to aid to Hamas |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/2001/02/24/Israel-gave-major-to-aid-to-Hamas/6023982990800/ |website=[[United Press International]]}}</ref> Brigadier General [[Yitzhak Segev]], who served as the Israeli military governor in Gaza during the early 1980s, admitted to providing financial assistance to [[Mujama al-Islamiya]], the precursor of Hamas, on the instruction of the Israeli authorities.<ref name="blowback">{{cite news |last1=Sayedahmed |first1=Dina |date=19 February 2018 |title=Blowback: How Israel Went From Helping Create Hamas to Bombing It |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/02/19/hamas-israel-palestine-conflict/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201211111/https://theintercept.com/2018/02/19/hamas-israel-palestine-conflict/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=David K. Shipler |date=19 May 2021 |title=Israel's Failed Strategies |url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021/05/19/israels-failed-strategies/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=[[Washington Monthly]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rakgomo |first=Sally |date=6 November 2023 |title=Israel's role in the creation of Hamas |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/110490 |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=[[Mmegi]]}}</ref> Former [[Israeli Civil Administration]] director [[Efraim Sneh]] stated in 1992 that "we saw the fundamentalists mainly as an unthreatening social force aiming to improve the bad conditions and standards of living of the Palestinians ... We know now that we must make a distinction between Hamas, with whom we have nothing in common, and the moderates, mainstream secular elements among the Palestinians."<ref name="LAT Client">{{cite web |author-last=Melman |author-first=Yossi |date=20 December 1992 |title=Hamas: When a Former Client Becomes an Implacable Enemy : Israel: The Likud government originally saw this Muslim fundamentalist organization as a welcome alternative to the PLO. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-20-op-4428-story.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> In 2018, historian [[Uri Milstein]] quoted [[Yitzhak Mordechai]], who served as head of the [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]] from 1986 to 1989, as saying that "I was very familiar with Gaza from my previous positions. But when I took charge of the Southern Command, I was shocked by the number of mosques that had been recently constructed in Gaza. As it turned out, Israel's strategists had been supportive of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin's charitable organization."<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Milstein |author-first=Uri |date=4 January 2018 |title=IT HAS BEEN 30 YEARS SINCE THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST INTIFADA |url=https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/IT-HAS-BEEN-30-YEARS-SINCE-THE-OUTBREAK-OF-THE-FIRST-INTIFADA-532851 |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

== The founding of Hamas ==
{{See also|Hamas in the First Intifada}}

Hasan and Sayedahmed (2018) cite multiple sources that say that Hamas was founded in the late 1970s as a religious counterweight to the secular Fatah. Other sources say that Hamas was founded by Yassin and six other Palestinians as an offshoot of [[Egypt]]'s Muslim Brotherhood after Palestinians were killed in a traffic accident involving an Israeli driver during the events that followed–[[First Intifada]], a [[Palestinian uprising]] against [[Israeli Occupation of Palestine|Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza]]. The new group was supported by Brotherhood-affiliated charities and social institutions that had already gained a strong foothold in the occupied territories. The acronym "Hamas" first appeared in 1987 in a leaflet that accused the Israeli intelligence services of undermining the moral fiber of Palestinian youth as part of [[Mossad]]'s recruitment of what Hamas termed "collaborators." Nonetheless, Israeli military and intelligence was still focused on Fatah, and continued to maintain contacts with Gaza Islamic activists. Numerous Islamist leaders, including senior Hamas founder [[Mahmoud Zahar]], met with [[Yitzhak Rabin]] as part of "regular consultations" between Israeli officials and Palestinians not linked to the PLO.<ref name="WSJ" />

[[Mary King (political scientist)|Mary Elizabeth King]] (2009) wrote that the nonviolence of the [[First Intifada]] "neither lifted the military occupation nor stopped the implanting of [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlements]] in lands set aside for the Palestinians by the United Nations. Nevertheless, the uprising's nonviolent sanctions achieved more than had decades of armed attacks on largely civilian targets. ... Israeli agents provocateurs in Arab disguise ... joined demonstrations and sought to incite demonstrators to use violence. The local committee [organizing the nonviolent demonstrations] prevented such provocations from instigating lethal escalations." The First Intifada disintegrated "into violence after Israel's incarceration, deportation, or discrediting of the very activist intellectuals who had sustained the uprising's nonviolent character".{{sfn|King|2009|pp=146, 150 and 131}}

Hamas carried out its first attack against Israel in 1989, abducting and killing two soldiers. The Israel Defense Forces immediately arrested Yassin and sentenced him to life in prison, and deported 400 Hamas activists, including Zahar, to [[South Lebanon]], which at the time was occupied by Israel. During this time Hamas built a relationship with Hezbollah.

From 1987 to 1991, Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the ''[[hijab]]'' alongside other measures, including insisting women stay at home, be segregated from men, and the promotion of [[polygamy]]. In the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the ''hijab'' were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the ''hijab'' was being worn 'just to avoid problems on the streets'.<ref name="Ruben">Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.230–231</ref>

Hamas subsequently opposed the 1993 [[Oslo Accords]], and refused to take part in the newly-formed [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Garcia Magariño |author-first=Sergio |date=11 October 2023 |title=What is Hamas? Seven key questions answered |url=https://theconversation.com/what-is-hamas-seven-key-questions-answered-215391 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=The Conversation}}</ref> In the short-term, this opposition lead to a decrease in Hamas's popularity, as Palestinians inside the occupied territories broadly welcomed the Accords.<ref>Milton-Edwards, Beverley & Stephen Farrell. Hamas: The Quest for Power. John Wiley & Sons, 2024. Page 654-66.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Kristianasen |author-first=Wendy |date=1 April 1999 |title=Challenge and Counterchallenge: Hamas's Response to Oslo |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538305 |access-date=10 June 2025 |journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]] |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=19–36 |doi=10.2307/2538305 |jstor=2538305 }}</ref> In the long-term, however, according to Palestinian sociologist Jamil Hilal, Hamas "presented itself as the main opposition to the Oslo Accords and succeeded in becoming a major political (and armed) force with the failure of the Oslo Accords to lead to a sovereign Palestinian State with [[East Jerusalem]] as its capital."<ref>{{cite journal |date=1 March 2018 |title=The Fragmentation of the Palestinian Political Field: Sources and Ramifications |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/caa/article-abstract/11/1-2/189/104940/The-Fragmentation-of-the-Palestinian-Political |journal=Contemporary Arab Affairs |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |pages=189–216 |doi=10.1525/caa.2018.000012 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 January 2025 |author-last=Hilal |author-first=Jamil}}</ref>

== The 1990s ==

Hamas denounced negotiations between Israel and PLO and started using violence to counter this process.<ref name=Seurat8>{{cite book |last1=Seurat |first1=Leila |title=The Foreign Policy of Hamas |date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781838607449 |page=8}}</ref> Hamas's military branch, the [[Al-Qassam Brigades|Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], was created in 1991.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZPQm5cQ4AwC&q=Mehola+Junction+bombing+islamic+jihad Martyrdom, Not Suicide: The Legality of Hamas' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829193146/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZPQm5cQ4AwC&dq=Mehola+Junction+bombing+islamic+jihad&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-08-29 }} By M.A. Philipp Holtmann, p. 13</ref> The Brigades' objectives are subordinate to the political goals of Hamas, however, they operate with a significant degree of independence.<ref>[http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/HamassIzzal-Dinal-QassamBrigades.aspx al-Qassam Brigades: Details of the organisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107134024/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/HamassIzzal-Dinal-QassamBrigades.aspx |date=2015-01-07|quote=As Hamas’s military wing, the Brigades’ objectives are subordinate to Hamas’s broad political goals}} Australian Government National Security 18 August 2012</ref> Hamas killed an Israeli border guard in December 1992.<ref name=Seurat8/>

Hamas first began specifically targeting civilians in [[suicide attack]]s in response to the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]] carried out by the American-Israeli settler [[Baruch Goldstein]], who on 25 February 1994, during [[Ramadan]], killed 29 unarmed civilians and injured 125 by throwing hand grenades and firing at a group of worshippers during prayer at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs|Ibrahimi Mosque]] in [[Hebron]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/settlers-remember-gunman-goldstein-hebron-riots-continue-1.263834|title=Settlers Remember Gunman Goldstein; Hebron Riots Continue|last1=Issacharoff|first1=Avi|last2=Levinson|first2=Chaim|date=28 February 2010|work=[[Haaretz]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106022833/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/settlers-remember-gunman-goldstein-hebron-riots-continue-1.263834|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=live|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> Before that, Hamas did not deliberately attack civilian targets.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8yvMKheTrIC&pg=PA55|title=Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-based Politics|last=Zuhur|first=Sherifa|year=2008|page=55|publisher=Indiana University|isbn=9781584873716|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> Following the massacre, Hamas announced that if Israel did not discriminate between "fighters and unarmed civilians", then it would be "forced ... to treat the Zionists in the same manner. Treating like with like is a universal principle."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozLNNbwqlAEC|title=Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement|last1=Milton-Edwards|first1=Beverley|last2=Farrell|first2=Stephen|year=2013|page=92|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780745654683|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> Hamas became well known internationally for their suicide attacks.<ref name="suicide bombings">For suicide attacks, sources include:
* "To the outside world, Hamas is best-known—infamous—for its reliance on suicide bombers." ([https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/palestine503/video_index.html Palestinian territories:Inside Hamas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827172713/https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/palestine503/video_index.html |date=2017-08-27 }}, ''[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]'' ''[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline: World]]'', 9 May 2006)
* "...the militant organization, best known abroad for its attacks against Israeli civilians..." (Musharbash, Yassin. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,397664,00.html "Could Victory be Undoing of Hamas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805021358/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,397664,00.html |date=2011-08-05 }}, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', 27 January 2006)
* "...it was best known in Israel and abroad for the suicide attacks it used..." ([https://www.theguardian.com/israel/comment/0,,1696094,00.html "After the Hamas earthquake"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 27 January 2006).</ref>

[[Yahya Ayyash]], the leader of the West Bank battalion of the Brigades and believed to be the mastermind behind most of the early suicide attacks, was killed by the [[Shin Bet|Israeli secret service]] in early 1996.<ref name="Kimmerling">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC|title=The Palestinian People: A History|last=Kimmerling|first=Baruch|year=2009|page=372|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674039599|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/06/world/palestinian-believed-to-be-bombing-mastermind-is-killed.html|title=Palestinian Believed to Be Bombing Mastermind Is Killed|last=Schmemann|first=Serge|date=6 January 1996|work=[[New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423195047/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/06/world/palestinian-believed-to-be-bombing-mastermind-is-killed.html|archive-date=23 April 2024|url-status=live|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>

In December 1992, Israel responded to the killing of a border police officer by [[1992 deportation of Hamas members|deporting 415 leading figures]] of Hamas and [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] to Lebanon, which provoked international condemnation and a unanimous UN Security Council resolution, number 799, condemning the action and demanding the return of those deported.<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2010/08/israel-palestinian-jerusalem For Arabs in Israel, a house is not a home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901132354/http://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2010/08/israel-palestinian-jerusalem |date=2010-09-01 }} by Edward Platt, [[New Statesman]], 30 August 2010</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC&q=arafat+israel+hamas Inside Hamas: the untold story of militants, martyrs and spies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829190914/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC&dq=arafat+israel+hamas&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2016-08-29 }} By Zaki Chehab, p. 115</ref> Those expelled had their identification papers confiscated and were bussed through the [[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|Israeli security zone]] in southern Lebanon, and released at the Zamraya crossing. Each deportee was given $50. On their arrival, the Lebanese authorities refused to allow them any further into Lebanon and they set up camp on the mountainside at Marj al Zuhur. Amongst those deported were around 100 [[sheikhs]], [[imams]], [[muezzin]]s, [[qadi]] and other religious figures. 170 had university degrees or equivalent diplomas. Israel admitted seventeen, including a sixteen-year-old, had been deported by mistake.<ref>[[Middle East International]] Nos 441,442, 8&22 January 1993, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; Editor [[Michael Adams (journalist)|Michael Adams]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.5,6&11,12</ref> On 9 September 1993, coinciding with the [[Oslo I Accord|Oslo agreement]], 181 of the remaining 396 deportees were returned to the [[Gaza Strip]] where the majority were immediately detained by the Israeli authorities.<ref>Middle East International No 461, 22 October 1993; September chronology p.13</ref> The remaining 197 deportees returned to the [[Palestinian territories|Occupied Territories]] on 4 December 1993, 29 were immediately taken into custody and 18 did not return.<ref>Middle East International No 467, 21 January 1994; December chronology p.15</ref>

Although the suicide attacks by the al-Qassam Brigades and other groups violated the 1993 [[Oslo accords]] (which Hamas opposed<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,CHRON,ISR,,469f38a8c,0.html Chronology for Palestinians in Israel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812203213/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CCHRON%2CISR%2C%2C469f38a8c%2C0.html |date=12 August 2011 }} [[The UN Refugee Agency]], 2004</ref>), [[Palestinian Authority]] President [[Yasir Arafat]] was reluctant to pursue the attackers and may have had inadequate means to do so.<ref name="Kimmerling"/> Some analysts stated that the Palestinian Authority could stop the suicide and other attacks on civilians but refused to do so.<ref>[[Efraim Karsh|Karsh, Efraim]]. ''Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest''. New York: Grove Press, 2003. p. 216.</ref>

In September 1997, Israeli agents in Jordan attempted but failed to kill Hamas leader [[Khaled Mashal]]. In a bid to release Mossad agents captured by the Jordanian authority after the failed assassination attempt, King Hussein secured a deal with Israel to swap Yassin with Mossad agents. Two years later Hamas was banned in [[Jordan]], reportedly in part at the request of the United States, Israel, and the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref name="Jordan curbs Hamas">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/22/israel "Jordan curbs Hamas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213165951/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/22/israel |date=2017-02-13 }}, ''The Guardian'', 22 November 1999</ref> Jordan's [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah]] feared the activities of Hamas and its Jordanian allies would jeopardize peace negotiations with Israel, and accused Hamas of engaging in illegitimate activities within Jordan.<ref name="Hamas Leader Khaled Mashaal">[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1869481,00.html Hamas Leader Khaled Mashaal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026111100/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1869481,00.html |date=2010-10-26 }} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 4 January 2009</ref><ref name="unhcr.org">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3df4be501d.html Jordan: Whether Hamas persecute, kidnap, torture or abuse with impunity Jordanian citizens who disagree with its methods, policies and ideology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812203811/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3df4be501d.html |date=2011-08-12 }} Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 25 October 2000, JOR35666.E. Retrieved 28 September 2010.</ref> In mid-September 1999, authorities arrested Hamas leaders Khaled Mashal and [[Ibrahim Ghosheh]] on their return from a visit to Iran, and charged them with being members of an illegal organization, storing weapons, conducting military exercises, and using Jordan as a training base.<ref name="Hamas Leader Khaled Mashaal" /><ref name="unhcr.org" /><ref name="Levitt">Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, by Matthew Levitt, Dennis Ross. Yale University Press, 2007. p.45</ref> Hamas leaders denied the charges.<ref name="Jordan curbs Hamas" /> Mashal was exiled and eventually settled in Syria.

== The Second Intifada ==
Al-Qassam Brigades militants were among the armed groups that launched both military-style attacks and suicide bombings against Israeli civilian and military targets during the [[Second Intifada]], also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada ({{langx|ar|انتفاضة الأقصى}}, ''Intifā{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ḍ}}at El Aq{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ṣ}}a''; {{langx|he|אינתיפאדת אל-אקצה}}, ''Intifādat El-Aqtzah''), which began in late September 2000. This [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] uprising against Israeli rule in the occupied territories was much more violent than the [[First Intifada]]. The military and civilian death toll was estimated at 5,500 Palestinians, more than 1,100 Israelis, and 64 foreigners.<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/Casualties.asp ''B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202225031/http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/Casualties.asp |date=2010-12-02 }}, [[B'Tselem]].</ref> A 2007 study of Palestinian suicide bombings during the Second Intifada (September 2000 through August 2005) found that about 40 percent were carried out by the al-Qassam Brigades.<ref>[http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/benmelech/files/JEP_0807.pdf Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers pdf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127151257/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/benmelech/files/JEP_0807.pdf |date=27 January 2013 }} [[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] Volume 21, Number 3, Summer 2007. Pages 223–238</ref>

The immediate trigger for the Second Intifada is disputed, but a more general cause, writes U.S. political science professor Jeremy Pressman, was "popular Palestinian discontent [that] grew during the Oslo peace process because the reality on the ground did not match the expectations created by the peace agreements."<ref>[http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/Fall03/pressman.pdf The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318174326/http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/Fall03/pressman.pdf |date=2009-03-18 }}
Jeremy Pressman, Fall 2003 (pdf)</ref> Hamas would be the beneficiary of this growing discontent in the 2006 Palestinian Authority legislative elections.

Since 2002, militants of al-Qassam Brigades and other groups have used homemade Qassam rockets to hit Israeli towns in the [[Negev]], such as [[Sderot]]. Al-Qassam Brigades was estimated in 2007 to have launched 22% of the rocket and mortar attacks,<ref name="ITIC-2007-pages">{{cite report |url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/terror_07e.pdf |title=Anti-Israeli Terrorism in 2007 and its Trends in 2008 |date=May 2008 |publisher=Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center |pages=11, 28 |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013092026/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/terror_07e.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2009 |work=Intelligence and Terrorism Information Cente}}</ref> which killed fifteen people between the years 2000 and 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403024612/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Victims%2Bof%2BPalestinian%2BViolence%2Band%2BTerrorism%2Bsinc.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=GxMSDev}}</ref> The introduction of the ''Qassam-2'' rocket in 2008 enabled Palestinian paramilitary groups to reach, from Gaza, such Israeli cities such as [[Ashkelon]].

== 2004 – Negotiation Attempts ==
In January 2004, Hamas leader Yassin said that the group would end armed resistance against Israel in exchange for a Palestinian state in the [[West Bank]], including [[East Jerusalem]], and the [[Gaza Strip]], and that restoring Palestinians' "historical rights" (relating to the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight]]) "would be left for future generations."<ref name="Running out of time">[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/675/re1.htm Running out of time] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120061025/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/675/re1.htm |date=20 January 2010}} ''Al-Ahram Weekly'', 29 January – 4 February 2004</ref> On 25 January 2004, senior Hamas official [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi]] offered a 10-year truce, or ''[[hudna]]'', in return for the establishment of a Palestinian state and the complete withdrawal by Israel from the [[Green Line (Israel)|territories captured]] in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]].<ref name="Running out of time" /> Al-Rantissi stated that Hamas had come to the conclusion that it was "difficult to liberate all our land at this stage, so we accept a phased liberation."<ref name="Running out of time" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-rejects-insincere-hamas-offer-of-10year-truce-574542.html Israel rejects 'insincere' Hamas offer of 10-year truce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121063448/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-rejects-insincere-hamas-offer-of-10year-truce-574542.html |date=2010-01-21 }} ''The Independent'' 27 January 2004</ref> Israel immediately dismissed al-Rantissi's statements as insincere and a smokescreen for military preparations.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /> Yassin was killed in a [[targeted killing]] on 22 March 2004, by an Israeli air strike,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3636207.stm Fury as Gaza buries Hamas leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413172603/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3636207.stm |date=2011-04-13 }} BBC News, 19 April 2004</ref> and al-Rantisi was killed by a similar air strike on 18 April 2004.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3556099.stm Hamas chief killed in air strike] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219104237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3556099.stm |date=2008-12-19 }} BBC News, 22 March 2004</ref>

From the time of an attack on the Israeli southern town of [[Be'er Sheva]] in August 2004, in which 15 people were killed and 125 wounded, a truce was generally observed. Hamas violated it in August 2005, with an attack on the same bus station, wounding seven, and in several attacks on Israeli motorists—killing six.<ref>{{cite news|title=Deadly Hebron cell caught|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3211836,00.html|publisher=YNetnews|date=6 February 2006|access-date=19 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430222449/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3211836,00.html|archive-date=30 April 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shin Bet cracks Hamas terror cell |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1138622559871&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|date=6 February 2006|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

At the end of January 2004, [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] mandated Steve Cohen, a U.S. official, to meet with Hamas officials, according to the French newspaper ''[[Le Canard enchaîné]]''. The mission was not only to inform the U.S. about the Hamas objectives, according to the newspaper, but also to evaluate if it could represent a counterbalance to [[al-Qaeda]]. In exchange for such cooperation, according to ''Le Canard'', Hamas officials asked for the end of extrajudicial [[targeted killings]] carried out against them by the Israeli military.<ref name="Le Canard">''Les très secrètes 'relations' Israël-Hamas'' (The very secret Israel-Hamas 'relations'), ''[[Le Canard Enchaîné]]'', 1 February 2006 (issue n°4449) {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

While Hamas boycotted the [[2005 Palestinian presidential election]], it did participate in the [[2005 Palestinian municipal election|2005 municipal elections]] organized by Yasser Arafat in the occupied territories. In those elections it won control of over one third of Palestinian municipal councils, besting Fatah, which had traditionally been "the biggest force in Palestinian politics".<ref>{{cite news|title=Hamas success in Fatah heartland|publisher=BBC News|date=13 May 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4541383.stm|accessdate=5 January 2010|first=Matthew|last=Price|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316051302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4541383.stm|archive-date=16 March 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> With this electoral success behind it, Hamas contested the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006 elections for the Palestinian Legislative Council]] as the main component of the List of Change and Reform.

== 2005 – Israel's unilateral disengagement plan ==
In 2004, in a prelude to [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]] from the Gaza Strip, Israeli forces carried out a number of military attacks targeted at militants in Gaza cities and refugees camps, seeking to draw out and kill Hamas-affiliated gunmen. Awareness of high casualties during such incursions led the Hamas leadership to instruct its activists to avoid putting themselves needlessly in the line of fire. On 12 September 2005, [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] withdrew from the Gaza Strip and declared an official end to Israeli military rule in Gaza, though Israel still retained control of the airspace and of the sea. However, the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] argued that the occupation was ongoing, as complete [[sovereignty]] includes control of both airspace and seaways. The Gaza Strip was called a "lawless open-air prison".<ref>{{cite news | title=Breakthrough or Blockade in Middle East Peace Process? Why Hamas won, and why negotiations must resume|author=[[Joel Beinin]]|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=8 February 2006| url=https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/breakthrough-or-blockade-in-middle-east-peace-2522924.php}}</ref>

Hamas claimed that this unilateral withdrawal was a victory for its armed struggle and pledged to liberate all the occupied territories, including the West Bank and [[East Jerusalem]]. Fatah, on the other hand, viewed [[Ariel Sharon]]'s unilateral plan as proof of the Palestinians' failure to obtain international recognition. Both criticized the disengagement plan, citing Sharon's simultaneous encouragement of [[Israeli settlement]]s in the West Bank, including [[Ma'ale Adumim]], a large settlement east of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel: Sharon the blessed|publisher=[[Le Monde Diplomatique]]|date=February 2006|url=http://mondediplo.com/2006/02/03sharon|access-date=2007-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314145422/http://mondediplo.com/2006/02/03sharon|archive-date=2007-03-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2005, an advisor of [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], a principal right-wing opponent of Ariel Sharon, secretly negotiated with a Hamas representative, according to the ''[[Le Canard enchaîné]]''. The meeting was about the "possibility of an administrative co-gestion with the Hamas in the occupied territories", which is already the case in some Hamas-controlled cities of the West Bank, according to the French newspaper, which continued: "But, in both sides, participants to such a dialogue keeps their mouth shut (''bouche cousue''). It is impossible to admit that one has met and negotiated with his sworn enemy."<ref name="Le Canard" />

== January 2006 – Winning the legislative election ==
{{Wikinews|Hamas wins Palestinian election}}
While Hamas had boycotted the [[2005 Palestinian presidential election|January 2005 presidential election]], during which [[Mahmoud Abbas]] was elected to replace Yasser Arafat, it did participate in the [[2005 Palestinian municipal election|municipal elections]] held between January and May 2005, in which it took control of [[Beit Lahia]] and [[Rafah]] in the Gaza Strip and [[Qalqilyah]] in the West Bank. The [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|January 2006 legislative elections]] marked another victory for Hamas, which gained the majority of seats, defeating the ruling [[Fatah]] party. The "List of Change and Reform", as Hamas presented itself, obtained 42.9% of the vote and 74 of the 132 seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.ps/template.aspx?id=291 |title=The CEC announces the final results of the second PLC elections |publisher=Elections.ps |date=29 January 2006 |accessdate=28 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404002945/http://www.elections.ps/template.aspx?id=291 |archivedate=4 April 2009 }}</ref>

=== Political decisions, and consequences on economy ===
{{Further|Palestinian economy}}

The result of the election was regarded as a major setback for governments attempting to mediate the ongoing [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]. The [[George W. Bush administration]] immediately declared that it would not deal with Hamas until it renounced its support of suicide bombings and violence, and accepted Israel's right to exist. Israeli president [[Moshe Katsav]] and Israel's ex–prime minister [[Shimon Peres]] both said that if Hamas would accept Israel's [[right to exist]] and give up violence, Israel should negotiate with the organization. President [[Vladimir Putin]] said that Russia would not support any efforts to cut off financial assistance to the Palestinians, stating that Hamas gained power by democratic means. He invited some Hamas leaders to Moscow beginning of March 2006, and in May, repeated that cutting funds to the Hamas was a "mistake".<ref name="Oxygen">{{Cite news |title=Une bouffée d'oxygène pour les Palestiniens |date=10 May 2006 |accessdate=10 May 2006 |publisher=[[Radio France International|RFI]] |url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/077/article_43622.asp |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909203556/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/077/article_43622.asp |archive-date=9 September 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The US and the EU cut all funds to the Palestinian Authority, with only Russia warning against the potential dangers of cutting out the PA from any Western support. The EU (which gives $500 million per year to the PA) announced that future aid to the Palestinians was tied to "Three Principles" outlined by the international community—Hamas must renounce violence, it must recognize Israel's right to exist, and it must express clear support for the Middle East peace process, as outlined in the 1993 [[Oslo Accords]]. Hamas did not seem to be ready to accept such conditions, and rejected them as "unfair".<ref name=BBC2>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4664152.stm "Hamas rejects 'unfair' aid demand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218220928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4664152.stm |date=2007-02-18}}, BBC News, 31 January 2006</ref> At best, they would be ready to accept the [[Arab Peace Initiative]] formulated on 28 March 2002, during the [[Arab League]] [[Beirut Summit]]: full normalization of relations with Israel in exchange for Israeli withdrawal to the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 internationally recognized borders]], implying Israeli evacuation of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, [[east Jerusalem]], the [[Golan Heights]] and the [[Right of return|return of all Palestinian refugees]] and their descendants.<ref name="LemondeA">{{Cite news |title=Le Quartet cherche une solution à la banqueroute palestinienne |date=9 May 2006 |accessdate=9 May 2006 |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3218,36-769645,0.html |language=fr |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210225338/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3218,36-769645,0.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Furthermore, the US has imposed a financial blockade on the PA's banks, impeding some of the [[Arab League]]'s funds (e.g. [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Qatar]]) from being transferred to the PA.<ref name="LemondeA" />

Israel, on the other side, decided to cut transfers of the $55 million tax-receipts of the PA that it receives on the PA's behalf, since the PA did not have any access point to receive taxes. On 19 February 2006, interim [[Prime minister of Israel|Israeli Prime minister]] [[Ehud Olmert]], who called the PA a "terrorist authority", decided to stop transfer of the $55 million tax-receipts to the PA, which accounts for a third of the PA's budget (two thirds of its proper budget) and insure the wages of 165,000 Palestinian civil servants (among them 60,000 security and police officers).<ref name="LemondeA" /> Israel had already done that in 1991 and 1992, but international aid had covered up the budgetary losses. Israel also decided to increase controls on check-points, but finally decided against blocking Palestinians from commuting between Gaza and the West Bank and from prohibiting them to work in Israel. Criticizing these measures, moderate [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labor leader]] [[Amir Peretz]] said that they were "indirect ways" to "get around Hamas and strengthen moderate forces" among the Palestinians.

In May 2006, following a [[World Bank]] report about the [[Palestinian economy]], the [[Quartet on the Middle East]] (the United States, Russia, European Union, and the United Nations) agreed to transfer funds directly to the [[Palestinian population]]. Israeli minister of foreign affairs, [[Tzipi Livni]], said the measure was "acceptable", while PA minister of foreign affairs, [[Mahmoud Zahar]], welcomed the promise of aid but criticised attempts to bypass the PA: "We appreciate every effort in order to help the Palestinian people by legal channels... and the legal channel is the Palestinian Authority, whether the presidency or the government,".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4756407.stm "Palestinians to get interim aid"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911194649/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4756407.stm |date=2007-09-11}}, BBC News, 10 May 2006</ref>

The World Bank had already compared the 2001 and 2002 economic recession, due to the [[Second Intifada]] and Israel's refusal to transfer tax receipts, to the [[Great Depression|1929 economic crisis]]. The [[United Nations|UN]] underlined that unemployment, which was estimated to 23% in 2005, would increase to 39% in 2006, while [[poverty]], estimated at 44%, would increase to 67% in 2006.<ref name="LemondeA" /> According to a World Bank report published on 7 May 2006, the delay in paying the PA's civil servants—who had not received their wages since March 2006—was dangerous both on social and security plans. This convinced the United States to accept the EU proposal, supported by Russia and the Arab countries, of finding a way to transfer funds to the Palestinian society without passing by the Palestinian Authority. The Quartet on the Middle East thus accepted, on 9 May 2006, an "international temporary mechanism of limited range and length"<ref name="Oxygen" />

=== Last Fatah measures ===
Before the Israeli decision to cut transfer of tax receipts, the Palestinian Assembly passed legislation giving the Palestinian President, [[Mahmoud Abbas]], the power to appoint a court that could veto legislation passed by the new Hamas-led parliament to be sworn in start of February. The constitutional court would veto legislation deemed in violation of the Palestinians' Basic Law, a forerunner to the Palestinian constitution. Palestinian deputies also backed a [[decree]] that automatically makes members of the incoming parliament members of the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) parliament in exile. Unlike the Hamas charter, the PLO charter recognises the legitimacy of Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinian Parliament Gives New Power |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 February 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021300259.html?sub=AR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102072507/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021300259.html?sub=AR|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Outgoing MPs boost Abbas' power |publisher=BBC News |date=13 February 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4708820.stm |accessdate=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223005813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4708820.stm |archive-date=23 February 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Hamas' declarations since the 2006 legislative elections ===
Hamas dropped its call for the destruction of Israel from its 2006 election manifesto, calling instead for "the establishment of an independent state whose capital is Jerusalem" and top Hamas official [[Mahmoud al-Zahar]] told CNN and claimed that 'long-term truce' with Israel is possible if Israel withdraws to pre-1967 borders and releases Palestinian prisoners.<ref name="guard1">{{cite news|work=The Guardian|date=12 January 2006|url=https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,2763,1684472,00.html|title=Hamas drops call for destruction of Israel from manifesto |location=London |first=Chris |last=McGreal |authorlink= Chris McGreal
|accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas: Ceasefire for return to 1967 border |publisher=Y Net News |date=30 January 2006 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3207845,00.html |access-date=19 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516141848/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3207845,00.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 February 2006, Hamas head [[Khaled Mashal]] speaking in Cairo said that he wanted to send a message to the Israeli government that Hamas would be ready to talk if Israel met conditions that included a withdrawal to the 1967 boundaries, Hamas would then "possibly give a long-term truce with Israel". However, he also asserted that "We will not stand against the resistance, we will not condemn any operation and will never arrest any mujahed [holy warrior], Anyone who thinks Hamas will change is wrong" and refused to commit the organization to a full renunciation of violence..<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2006 |title=Hamas offers deal if Israel pulls out |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/02/09/wmid09.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/02/09/ixworld.html |location=London |first=Tim |last=Butcher |accessdate=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013141934/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F02%2F09%2Fwmid09.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F02%2F09%2Fixworld.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

However, on 13 February 2006, in an interview in Russian newspaper ''[[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]'', the same Khaled Mashal declared that Hamas would stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the 1967 borders, withdrew itself from all [[Palestinian territories|Palestinian occupied territories]] (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem), and recognized Palestinian rights that would include the "right of return". This was the first time that Hamas even talked about an eventual stop to armed struggle. But Mashal continued to refuse to acknowledge the [[Road map for peace]], adopted by the Quartet in June 2003, "since nobody respects it". The Road map projected the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas will end armed struggle if Israel quits territories — leader |publisher=AFX News Limited |date=12 February 2006 |url=https://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/02/12/afx2519867.html |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085731/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/02/12/afx2519867.html |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Palestinian Authority's Al-Hayat Al-Jadeeda conducted a poll in 2006 that showed that 84% of Palestinians support a peace deal with Israel, based on the responses of "863 Palestinians from the Gaza Strip and West Bank," and that more than 75% of the peace-deal supporters voted for Hamas.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 January 2006|title=75% of Hamas voters oppose destruction of Israel|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1138622512446&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In April 2006, [[Henry Siegman]], former director of the [[American Jewish Committee]], stated that according to "a prominent senior member of Hamas's Political Committee" Hamas is prepared to explicitly recognize the state of Israel. "Members of Hamas's political directorate do not preclude significant changes over time in their policies toward Israel and in their founding charter, including recognition of Israel, and even mutual minor border adjustments. Such changes depend on Israel's recognition of Palestinian rights. Hamas will settle for nothing less than full reciprocity." These sentiments "are in striking contrast to the odiousness of Hamas's founding charter," said Siegman.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18939] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608073050/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18939|date=2007-06-08}} Hamas: The Last Chance for Peace? By Henry Siegman, New York Review of Books, 27 April 2006</ref>

In May 2006, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' reported that Hamas leaders threatened a new Intifada, as well as to decapitate anyone who tried to bring down their cabinet.<ref>Abu Toameh, Khaled. [https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1145961290193&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Hamas armed force readies for action]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 6 May 2006.</ref>{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}

=== Cabinet formation ===
On 20 March 2006, Hamas unveiled its full cabinet list, placing loyal members in charge of all key ministries; of the 24 ministers appointed, the majority were Hamas (the others were independent or [[Technocracy (bureaucratic)|technocrats]]). [[Mahmoud Abbas]]' Fatah refused to join the Hamas government. The position of foreign minister was given to [[Mahmoud al-Zahar]], a Gazan leader and target of previous targeted killing attempts by Israel. [[Saeed Seyam]], another Hamas leader, was appointed interior minister, in charge of multiple security agencies. Hamas member and engineer [[Ala el-Deen Al-Araj]] was appointed economics minister. The position of finance minister was given to [[Omar Abdel-Razeq]], Hamas election official and economics professor from the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Reuters|date=20 March 2006|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L20387227.htm|title=Hamas unveils Palestinian cabinet list}}</ref>

In his interview to ''The Sunday Telegraph'', the newly appointed chief of the Palestinian security services [[Jamal Abu Samhadana]] stated: "We have only one enemy. They are Jews. We have no other enemy. I will continue to carry the rifle and pull the trigger whenever required to defend my people."<ref>{{cite news|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|title='Jews are our enemy. I will pull the trigger whenever required'|date=23 April 2006|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/04/23/whamas23.xml|location=London|accessdate=4 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719121501/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F04%2F23%2Fwhamas23.xml|archive-date=19 July 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, president Mahmoud Abbas retained official control over the Palestinian security services.<ref name="BBC8">{{Cite news |title=Three die in Fatah-Hamas clashes |date=8 May 2006 |accessdate=8 May 2006 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4983510.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823080526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4983510.stm |archive-date=23 August 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tensions between Fatah and Hamas ===
{{Main|Palestinian factional violence}}

After the formation of the Hamas cabinet on 20 March 2006, tensions progressively rose in the Gaza Strip between Fatah and Hamas militants. In May 2006, ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' reported that Israeli security sources claimed they had uncovered a Hamas plot to assassinate president Mahmoud Abbas.<ref>Mahnaimi, Uzi. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-2168494,00.html Israel foils plot to kill Palestinian president] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517032707/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-2168494,00.html |date=2008-05-17 }}, ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'', 7 May 2006.</ref> This was officially denied by a Hamas spokesman, while Mahmoud Abbas' spokesman, Nabil Abu Rudeina, described the report as "totally untrue".<ref>"Un complot visant Abbas aurait été déjoué grace aux Israéliens", ''[[L'Orient-Le Jour]]'', 8 May 2006.</ref> On 8 May, three Palestinians were killed and 10 wounded in clashes in southern Gaza, near [[Khan Yunis]], between rival Hamas and Fatah gunmen. On 6 and 7 May, hundreds of Palestinians demonstrated in Gaza and the West Bank demanding payment of their wages. Although this inter-Palestinian incident had been one of the most serious since January 2006, tension had been slowly risen with the "economic squeeze" on the PA.<ref name="BBC8" />

=== Agreement and preservation of national unity ===
On 27 June, Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement on the [[prisoners' document]], which included the forming of a national unity government.

In February 2007 [[Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement|Saudi-sponsored negotiations in Mecca]] produced [[Hamas & Fatah Mecca Agreement|agreement]] on a signed by [[Mahmoud Abbas]] on behalf of Fatah and [[Khaled Mashal]] on behalf of Hamas. The new government was called on to achieve Palestinian national goals as approved by the Palestine National Council, the clauses of the Basic Law and the National Reconciliation Document (the [[Palestinian Prisoners' Document|"Prisoners' Document"]]) as well as the decisions of the Arab summit.{{sfn|Westervelt|2007}}

In March 2007, the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] established a [[Palestinian March 2007 National Unity Government|national unity government]], with 83 representatives voting in favor and three against. Government ministers were sworn in by [[Mahmoud Abbas]], the chairman on the Palestinian Authority, in at a ceremony held simultaneously in Gaza and Ramallah. In June that year, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip from the national unity government<ref>{{cite news|title=Hamas takes control of Gaza|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|accessdate=3 June 2010|newspaper=Guardian|date=15 June 2007|location=London|first1=Ian|last1=Black|first2=Mark|last2=Tran|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134036/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|archive-date=31 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> after forcing out Fatah.

=== 2006 Gaza–Israel conflict ===
{{Main|Operation Summer Rains}}

On 9 June, during or shortly after an Israeli operation, [[Gaza beach blast|an explosion]] occurred on a busy Gaza beach, killing eight Palestinian civilians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/frontpage/story/0,,1794536,00.html|title=Death on the Beach: Seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic|work=The Guardian|date=10 June 2006 |location=London |first=Chris |last=McGreal |accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2006-06/11/01.shtml |title=Palestinian Child Buries Slain Family |publisher=[[IslamOnline.net]] |date=11 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207074400/http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2006-06/11/01.shtml |archivedate=2008-12-07 }}</ref>
It was initially assumed that Israeli shellings were responsible for the killings, although Israeli government officials later denied this.
Prompted by the recent events Hamas formally withdrew from its 16-month [[ceasefire]] on 10 June, and took responsibility for the ongoing Qassam rocket attacks being launched from Gaza into Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/15/AR2006061500160.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Militants Fire Rockets Into South Israel |first=Laurie |last=Copans |date=15 June 2006 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153443/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/15/AR2006061500160.html |archive-date=7 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 June, Israeli operatives apprehended Osama and Mustafa Muamar in the Gaza Strip, alleged by Israel to be Hamas members.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5112846.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Israel captures pair in Gaza raid |date=24 June 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813091650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5112846.stm |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 June, a Hamas attack in Israel resulted in the deaths of two Israeli soldiers and the capture of Israeli Corporal [[Gilad Shalit]]. Israel then launched [[Operation Summer Rains]] on 28 June to recover the captured soldier. The ongoing operation initially consisted of heavy bombardment of bridges, roads, and the only power station in Gaza. Several [[Palestinian Authority|PA]] facilities were also bombed, such as the Palestinian Interior Ministry and the office of the [[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Prime Minister]] [[Ismail Haniyeh]].

On 29 June, Israel captured 64 Hamas officials. Amongst them were eight [[Palestinian Authority]] cabinet ministers and up to twenty members of the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]],<ref>{{cite news|title=ISRAELIS, PALESTINIANS URGED TO 'STEP BACK FROM THE BRINK', AVERT FULL-SCALE CONFLICT, AS SECURITY COUNCIL DEBATES EVENTS IN GAZA|publisher=[[UN]]|date=30 June 2006|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8768.doc.htm|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126135754/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8768.doc.htm|archive-date=26 January 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as heads of regional councils, and the mayor of [[Qalqilyah]] and his deputy. At least a third of the Hamas cabinet was captured and held by Israel.
On 6 August Israeli forces detained the Hamas' [[Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council]], [[Aziz Dweik]], at his home in the West Bank.

In November 2006, a 64-year-old woman executed a suicide bombing mission, killing herself and slightly injuring 2 Israeli soldiers. Hamas claimed responsibility and its spokesman, [[Abu Obaida]], declared that "both Palestinian men and women are committed to battling the Israelis".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1742512006 |title=Suicide bomber was grandmother aged 64 |publisher=News.scotsman.com |date= 24 November 2006|accessdate=28 October 2010 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

=== 2007 – End-of-truce with Israel ===
On 24 April 2007, "six rockets were launched from Gaza [by Hamas], two of which landed in Israel". According to Bloomberg news, Palestinians said the rockets were in response to Israeli military action over the previous weekend which had "killed as many as eight people in the West Bank, where there is no cease-fire, and one in Gaza." Most of the dead were militants, but Palestinians said at least two civilians, including a 17-year-old girl, were killed. Hamas announced that it considered the truce to be over.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ahPBbAK03DMs&refer=home |title=Hamas Rockets Hit Israel for First Time Since Truce |accessdate=24 April 2007 |publisher=Bloomberg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930082244/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ahPBbAK03DMs&refer=home |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/851758.html |title=Sources: IDF to limit its response to rocket barrage |accessdate=24 April 2007 |work=Haaretz |agency=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427232437/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/851758.html |archive-date=27 April 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3391429,00.html |title=Hamas fires rockets at Israel |accessdate=24 April 2007 |work=ynetnews |date=24 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426101926/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3391429,00.html |archive-date=26 April 2007 |url-status=live |last1=Waked |first1=Ali }}</ref>

The rocket attack, which came on Israel's 59th Independence Day, caused no damage or injury. However, it marked the first time Hamas openly acknowledged firing shells toward Israel since agreeing to a cease-fire along the Gaza-Israel border in November.

Abu Ubeida, a spokesman for Hamas' armed wing, told foreign journalists that "there is no truce between us and the occupation, the occupation destroyed the truce from the moment it started, we did not trust the intentions of the occupation from the beginning."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6586905.stm |title=Hamas fighters end Israel truce |accessdate=24 April 2007 |publisher=BBC |date=24 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426133743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6586905.stm |archive-date=26 April 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Abu Ubeida told the Voice of Palestine radio station that "the cease-fire has been over for a long time, and Israel is responsible for that."<ref name=USATODAY20070424>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-04-24-israel-hamas_N.htm Hamas claims end to truce, fires rockets at Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523085240/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-04-24-israel-hamas_N.htm |date=2011-05-23 }} ''USA Today'' 2007-04-24</ref> "This is a message to the Zionist enemy that our strikes will continue," Abu Obeida said of the rocket fire. "We are ready to kidnap more and more, and kill more and more of your soldiers."<ref name=USATODAY20070424 />

Israeli soldier Cpl. Gilad Shalit's kidnappers demand the release of hundreds of Palestinian prisoners, including veterans and those involved in killing or wounding Israelis.

Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said on 23 April 2007, that freeing soldiers is important to the government, but that it would not repeat "mistakes made in the past" by releasing violent prisoners who then carried out more attacks against Israelis. But Olmert said there would be "no escape in the end from making a difficult decision" on trading prisoners for the captured Israeli troops.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

Hamas militants stated on 24 April 2007, that they had launched 40 rockets and 70 mortar shells. The Israeli military said it could confirm six rockets and eight mortars. Two of the rockets fell in Israel, north of the Gaza Strip, the Israeli army said–they added that the attack was a diversion for an attempt by Hamas gunmen to kidnap an IDF soldier.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3391544,00.html |title=Hamas attempt to kidnap IDF soldier thwarted |accessdate=24 April 2007 |work=Ynetnews.com |date=24 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526184441/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3391544,00.html |archive-date=26 May 2007 |url-status=live |last1=Greenberg |first1=Hanan }}</ref>

In May 2006, Israel arrested a top Hamas official, [[Ibrahim Hamed]], who Israeli security officials alleged was responsible for dozens of [[suicide bombings]] and other attacks on Israelis.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2006 |title=Top Hamas fugitive nabbed |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3254071,00.html |website=Ynetnews}}</ref> Hamed's trial on those charges has not yet concluded.<ref>{{cite news |author=Barak Ravid |date=17 March 2009 |title=Who are the deadly terrorists Israel refuses to release for Shalit? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/who-are-the-deadly-terrorists-israel-refuses-to-release-for-shalit-1.272300 |access-date=16 April 2014 |newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> In 2008, Hamas explosives engineer Shihab al-Natsheh organized a deadly [[2008 Dimona suicide bombing|suicide bombing in Dimona]].<ref name="Dimona">{{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Rory |date=5 February 2008 |title=Hamas says it was behind suicide blast in Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/06/israelandthepalestinians.international |access-date=22 September 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=News Agencies and Haaretz Service |date=27 July 2008 |title=Israeli troops in Hebron kill Hamas man behind Dimona attack |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/israeli-troops-in-hebron-kill-hamas-man-behind-dimona-attack-1.285314 |access-date=22 September 2014 |newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>

== Hamas-Fatah conflict ==
{{Main|Fatah–Hamas conflict|Battle of Gaza (2007)}}
After the formation of the Hamas-led cabinet on 20 March 2006, tensions between Fatah and Hamas militants progressively rose in the Gaza strip, leading to demonstrations, violence, and repeated attempts at a truce. Israeli intelligence warned Mahmoud Abbas that Hamas had planned to kill him at his office in Gaza. According to a Palestinian source close to Abbas, Hamas considers President Abbas to be a barrier to its complete control over Palestine and decided to kill him. In a statement to Al Jazeera, Hamas leader Mohammed Nazzal accused Abbas of being party to besieging and isolating the Hamas-led government.<ref>Mahnaimi, Uzi. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-2168494,00.html Israel foils plot to kill Palestinian president] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517032707/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-2168494,00.html |date=2008-05-17 }}, ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'', 7 May 2006</ref>

On 9 June 2006, during an Israeli artillery operation, [[Gaza beach blast|an explosion]] occurred on a busy Gaza beach, killing eight Palestinian civilians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/frontpage/story/0,,1794536,00.html|title=Death on the Beach: Seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic|publisher=Guardian|date=10 June 2006|location=London|first=Chris|last=McGreal|accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2006-06/11/01.shtml |title=Palestinian Child Buries Slain Family |publisher=[[IslamOnline.net]] |date=11 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207074400/http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2006-06/11/01.shtml |archivedate=2008-12-07 }}</ref> It was assumed that Israeli shellings were responsible for the killings, but Israeli government officials denied this.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1063909381.html?dids=1063909381:1063909381&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+20%2C+2006&author=YAAKOV+KATZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=01&desc=HRW+says+it+can%27t+refute+IDF+Gaza+beach+findings+blast|title=HRW says it can't refute IDF Gaza beach findings blast|date=20 June 2006|access-date=27 May 2010|first=Yaakov|last=Katz|work=Jerusalem Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805010917/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1063909381.html?dids=1063909381:1063909381&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+20%2C+2006&author=YAAKOV+KATZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=01&desc=HRW+says+it+can%27t+refute+IDF+Gaza+beach+findings+blast|archive-date=5 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1071649401.html?dids=1071649401:1071649401&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+22%2C+2006&author=YAAKOV+KATZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=04&desc=IDF%3A+Second+piece+of+shrapnel+not+ours|title=IF: Second piece of shrapnel not ours|date=22 June 2006|access-date=27 May 2010|first=Yaakov|last=Katz|work=Jerusalem Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525140300/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1071649401.html?dids=1071649401:1071649401&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+22,+2006&author=YAAKOV+KATZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=04&desc=IDF:+Second+piece+of+shrapnel+not+ours|archive-date=25 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hamas formally withdrew from its 16-month [[ceasefire]] on 10 June, taking responsibility for the subsequent [[Qassam rocket]] attacks launched from Gaza into Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/06/15/international/i025402D49.DTL&type=politics |title=Militants Fire Rockets Into South Israel |publisher=Sfgate.com |date=5 March 2010 |accessdate=27 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204042305/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F06%2F15%2Finternational%2Fi025402D49.DTL&type=politics |archivedate=4 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Gilad Shalit on Hamas poster.jpg|160px|right|thumb|Hostage Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]] on Hamas poster, reads: "Our heroes prisoners may we have a new Gilad each year" and down :"They (Palestinian prisoners) are not alone"]]

On 29 June, following a joint incursion by Fatah, Islamic Jihad, and Hamas in which two Israeli soldiers were killed and corporal [[Gilad Shalit]] was captured, Israel captured 64 Hamas officials. Among them were 8 [[Palestinian Authority]] cabinet ministers and up to 20 members of the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Israelis, Palestinians urged to 'step back from the brink', avert full-scale conflict, as Security Council debates events in Gaza|publisher=[[UN]]|date=30 June 2006|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8768.doc.htm|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126135754/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8768.doc.htm|archive-date=26 January 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as heads of regional councils, and the mayor of [[Qalqilyah]] and his deputy. At least a third of the Hamas cabinet was captured and held by Israel. On 6 August Israeli forces detained the [[Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council]], Hamas member [[Aziz Dweik]], at his home in the [[West Bank]].

These arrests, along with other events, including the subsequent arrest of the speaker of the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]], effectively prevented the Hamas-dominated legislature that resulted from the preceding elections from functioning during most of its term.<ref name="haaretz20100125">{{Cite news|title=Fatah and Hamas no nearer to unity as Palestinian parliament's term ends|publisher=Haaretz|date=25 January 2010|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/fatah-and-hamas-no-nearer-to-unity-as-palestinian-parliament-s-term-ends-1.262054|access-date=28 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918080017/http://www.haaretz.com/news/fatah-and-hamas-no-nearer-to-unity-as-palestinian-parliament-s-term-ends-1.262054|archive-date=18 September 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="haaretz20090623">{{Cite news|title=Israel releases jailed Hamas parliament speaker|publisher=Haaretz|date=23 June 2009|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-releases-jailed-hamas-parliament-speaker-1.278644|access-date=28 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102062649/http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-releases-jailed-hamas-parliament-speaker-1.278644|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2007, Saudi-sponsored negotiations in Mecca produced [[Hamas & Fatah Mecca Agreement|agreement]] on a signed by [[Mahmoud Abbas]] on behalf of Fatah and [[Khaled Mashal]] on behalf of Hamas. The new government was called on to achieve Palestinian national goals as approved by the Palestine National Council, the clauses of the Basic Law and the National Reconciliation Document (the "Prisoners' Document") as well as the decisions of the Arab summit.<ref name="canadafreepress.com">{{cite news|title=The Palestinian National Unity Government|url=http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/inss022407.htm|accessdate=4 June 2010|date=24 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814062056/http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/inss022407.htm|archive-date=14 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2007, the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] established a [[Palestinian March 2007 National Unity Government|national unity government]], with 83 representatives voting in favor and three against. Government ministers were sworn in by [[Mahmoud Abbas]], the chairman on the Palestinian Authority, in at a ceremony held simultaneously in Gaza and Ramallah. In June that year, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip from the national unity government<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hamas takes control of Gaza|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|accessdate=3 June 2010|newspaper=Guardian|date=15 June 2007|location=London|first1=Ian|last1=Black|first2=Mark|last2=Tran|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134036/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|archive-date=31 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> after forcing out Fatah.

In June 2007, renewed fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah. In the course of the June [[2007 Battle of Gaza]], Hamas exploited the near total collapse of Palestinian Authority forces in Gaza, to take over<ref name="gazawar">[http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090202_gaza_war.pdf The "Gaza War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805203522/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090202_gaza_war.pdf |date=2010-08-05 }}. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2010-08-21.</ref> control of Gaza, ousting Fatah officials. President Mahmoud Abbas then dismissed the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority government.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1632614,00.html What Happens After Hamas Wins?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616055349/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1632614,00.html |date=2007-06-16 }} Time</ref> and outlawed the Hamas militia.<ref name="cnn.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/06/17/palestinian.cabinet/index.html |publisher=CNN |title=Abbas outlaws Hamas militia forces |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906123218/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/06/17/palestinian.cabinet/index.html |archivedate=2008-09-06}}</ref>

Immediately upon the conclusion of the Battle of Gaza, Israel imposed an economic blockade on Gaza, and Hamas repeatedly launched rocket attacks upon areas of Israel near its border with Gaza because of the blockade.<ref name="iht.com" />

At least 600 Palestinians died in fighting between Hamas and Fatah.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |title=Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006 |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628191726/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Human Rights Watch, a U.S.-based group, accused both sides in the conflict of torture and war crimes.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/13/israel3 Fatah supporters surrender to Hamas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704211453/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/13/israel3 |date=2017-07-04 }} The Guardian (UK), 13 June 2007</ref>

=== Gaza War ===
{{Main|Gaza War (2008–09)|United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict}}

On 17 June 2008, Egyptian mediators announced that an informal truce had been agreed to between Hamas and Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel-Hamas truce announced|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=17 June 2008|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/EC97905E-9D8A-4B11-B7E2-4BC3E9DAAF8A.htm|accessdate=17 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618000044/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/EC97905E-9D8A-4B11-B7E2-4BC3E9DAAF8A.htm|archive-date=18 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/17/AR2008061700659.html Israel, Hamas Agree on Gaza Strip Truce] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827215925/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/17/AR2008061700659.html |date=2017-08-27 }} Washington Post, 18 June 2008</ref> Hamas agreed to cease rocket attacks on Israel, while Israel agreed to allow limited commercial shipping across its border with Gaza, barring any breakdown of the tentative peace deal; Hamas also hinted that it would discuss the release of [[Gilad Shalit]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7460504.stm Israel agrees to Gaza ceasefire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512032952/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7460504.stm |date=2011-05-12 }} BBC News</ref> Israeli sources state that Hamas also committed itself to enforce the ceasefire on the other Palestinian organizations.<ref name=IICC>[http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/hamas_e017.pdf Six Months of the Lull Arrangement Intelligence Report (PDF)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013120923/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/hamas_e017.pdf |date=2009-10-13}} Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (IICC) 31 December 2008</ref>

While Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire, the lull was sporadically violated by other groups, sometimes in defiance of Hamas.<ref name=IICC /><ref name="hamasstatement">[https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/996712.html Hamas: Continued rocket fire by Fatah armed group harms Palestinian interests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122085446/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/996712.html |date=2008-11-22 }} ''Haaretz''. Avi Isacharoff and Yuval Azoulay. 29 June 2008</ref><ref name="hamasarrestsreuters">[https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL103182282 Hamas arrests militants after rocket fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422051509/http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL103182282 |date=2009-04-22 }} Reuters. 10 July 2008</ref> For example, on 24 June [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] launched rockets at the Israeli town of Sderot; Israel called the attack a grave violation of the informal truce, and closed its border crossings with Gaza.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7472819.stm Israel closes Gaza after rockets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826023551/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7472819.stm |date=2013-08-26 }} BBC, 25 June 2008</ref>

On 4 November 2008, Israeli forces, stating they were attempting to stop construction of a tunnel, killed six Hamas gunmen in a raid inside the Gaza Strip.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/05/israelandthepalestinians Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106161636/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/05/israelandthepalestinians |date=2018-01-06 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 5 November 2008.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/04/israel-gaza-hamas-hidden-agenda Why Israel went to war in Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922195308/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/04/israel-gaza-hamas-hidden-agenda |date=2016-09-22 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 4 January 2008.</ref> Hamas responded with increased rocket attacks, a total of 190 rockets in November according to Israel's military, up from two in each of the preceding months.<ref>{{cite web |author=Robin Lustig |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldtonight/2009/01/gaza_the_numbers.html |title=Gaza: the numbers |publisher=BBC News |date=6 January 2009 |accessdate=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113022526/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldtonight/2009/01/gaza_the_numbers.html |archive-date=13 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the six-month truce officially expired on 19 December, Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and mortars into Israel over the next three days, though no Israelis were injured.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/12/24/Rockets_from_Gaza_bombard_Israeli_area/UPI-97171230119628/ |title=Rockets from Gaza bombard Israeli area |publisher=Upi.com |accessdate=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050841/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/12/24/Rockets_from_Gaza_bombard_Israeli_area/UPI-97171230119628/ |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hamas 'might renew truce' in Gaza">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7797144.stm|title=Hamas 'might renew truce' in Gaza|date=23 December 2008|accessdate=27 December 2008|publisher=BBC News|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226034557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7797144.stm|archive-date=26 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 December, Hamas said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its "aggression" in Gaza and opened up its border crossings.<ref name="Hamas 'might renew truce' in Gaza" /> The previous six weeks had seen a "dramatic increase" in attacks from Hamas.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1868829,00.html?iid=tsmodule Why Israel Attacked] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617115555/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1868829,00.html?iid=tsmodule |date=2013-06-17 }} Time magazine – 27 December 2008</ref>

On 27 and 28 December, the [[Operation Cast Lead]] attack on Gaza was launched, killing over 280 and injuring 600 in its first two days, according to Palestinian officials.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{Cite news |last1=Balousha |first1=Hazem |last2=McCarthy |first2=Rory |date=2008-12-29 |title=Civilian death toll rises after second day of air strikes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/israelandthepalestinians-middleeast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905093325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/israelandthepalestinians-middleeast |archive-date=5 September 2013 |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Most were Hamas police and security officers, though many civilians also died.<ref name="guardian.co.uk" /> According to Israel, militant training camps, rocket-manufacturing facilities and weapons warehouses that had been pre-identified were hit, and later they attacked rocket and mortar squads who fired around 180 rockets and mortars at Israeli communities.<ref name="airstrikes">{{Cite web |date=2008-12-27 |title=Israeli airstrikes in Gaza kill more than 200 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28397813 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Chief of Gaza police force [[Tawfiq Jabber]], head of the General Security Service [[Salah Abu Shrakh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1231950866724&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=IAF kills Hamas strongman Siam |work=Jerusalem Post |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813132645/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1231950866724&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archivedate=2011-08-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> senior religious authority and security officer [[Nizar Rayyan]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7807430.stm |title=Obituary: Nizar Rayyan|date=1 January 2009 |accessdate=9 January 2009 |publisher=BBC News|location=London}}</ref> and Interior Minister [[Said Seyam]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7831870.stm |title=Key Hamas Leader Killed |date=15 January 2009 |accessdate=15 January 2009 |publisher=BBC News |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118233416/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7831870.stm |archive-date=18 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> were among those killed during the fighting. Although Israel sent out thousands of cell-phone messages urging residents of Gaza to leave houses where weapons may be stored, in an attempt to minimise civilian casualties,<ref name="airstrikes" /> some residents complained there was nowhere to go because many neighborhoods had received the same message.<ref name="airstrikes" /><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/world/middleeast/06scene.html?fta=y Warnings Not Enough for Gaza Families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723175408/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/world/middleeast/06scene.html?fta=y |date=2016-07-23 }} ''New York Times'', 5 January 2009</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/world/middleeast/06mideast.html?fta=y Israel Deepens Gaza Incursion as Toll Mounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723175415/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/world/middleeast/06mideast.html?fta=y |date=2016-07-23 }} ''New York Times'', 5 January 2009</ref> Israeli bombs landed close to civilian structures such as schools. Israel said they had only targeted sites from which they had been attacked, and some local civilians also said that there had been attacks against Israel from just outside the school.
<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7814054.stm |title=Strike at Gaza school 'kills 40' |date=7 January 2009 |accessdate=9 January 2009 |publisher=BBC News |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109211456/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7814054.stm |archive-date=9 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7819492.stm |title=Israel 'shelled civilian shelter' |date=9 January 2009 |accessdate=9 January 2009 |publisher=BBC News |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111104028/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7819492.stm |archive-date=11 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some alleged that Israel was deliberately targeting Palestinian civilians.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/18/israel-war-crimes-gaza-conflict Israel accused of war crimes over 12-hour assault on Gaza village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313042550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/18/israel-war-crimes-gaza-conflict |date=2017-03-13 }} ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 January 2009</ref>

Israel declared a unilateral ceasefire on 17 January 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7835794.stm |title=Israel declares ceasefire in Gaza |date=18 January 2009 |accessdate=19 January 2009 |publisher=BBC News |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119033334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7835794.stm |archive-date=19 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hamas responded the following day by announcing a one-week ceasefire to give Israel time to withdraw its forces from the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7836205.stm |title=Hamas announces ceasefire in Gaza |date=18 January 2009 |accessdate=19 January 2009 |publisher=BBC News |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122015600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7836205.stm |archive-date=22 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1,166 and 1,400 Palestinians and 13 Israelis were killed in the conflict.<ref>[http://palestinenote.com/cs/blogs/news/archive/2010/07/28/hamas-releases-second-response-to-goldstone-report.aspx Hamas releases second response to Goldstone Report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105318/http://palestinenote.com/cs/blogs/news/archive/2010/07/28/hamas-releases-second-response-to-goldstone-report.aspx |date=23 July 2011 }} Palestine Note, 28 July 2010 "...approximately 1,400 Palestinians were killed according to the Hamas government and the Palestinian Center for Human Rights. The Israeli army puts the number at 1,166."</ref><ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100921/wl_afp/mideastconflictgazaungoldstone Israel, Hamas probes on Gaza violations 'inadequate'] Agence France Presse, hosted by Yahoo News, 21 September 2010</ref>

=== After the Gaza War ===
On 16 August 2009, Hamas leader [[Khaled Mashal]] stated that the organization was ready to open dialogue with the [[Obama administration]] because its policies were much better than those of former US president [[George W. Bush]]: "As long as there's a new language, we welcome it, but we want to see not only a change of language, but also a change of policies on the ground. We have said that we are prepared to cooperate with the US or any other international party that would enable the Palestinians to get rid of occupation."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=152001|title=Mashaal: Hamas can speak with Obama|last=Abu Toameh|first=Khaled|date=16 August 2009|publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]|accessdate=17 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203234710/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=152001|archive-date=3 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite this, an 30 August 2009, speech during a visit to Jordan<ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http://ammonnews.net/article.aspx%3FarticleNO%3D44365&sl=ar&tl=en Speech of Khaled Meshaal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121000637/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fammonnews.net%2Farticle.aspx%3FarticleNO%3D44365&sl=ar&tl=en |date=2016-01-21 }} 30 August 2009 (rough automated translation from Arabic)</ref> in which Mashal expressed support for the [[Palestinian right of return]] was interpreted by David Pollock of the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] as a sign that "Hamas has now clearly opted out of diplomacy."<ref name="Pollock">{{cite web | last=Pollock | first=David | url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3112 | title=Rejectionists Readying to Counter U.S. Peace Push | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907104210/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3112 |archivedate=2009-09-07 | publisher=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] | date=1 September 2009}}</ref> However, in a rare and widely cited video interview with Charlie Rose on 28 May 2010, Mashal expressed his view that a right of return (to a Palestinian state outside Israel's 1967 boundaries) was consistent with diplomacy toward a two-state solution, saying that "if Israel withdraws to the borders of 1967, it doesn't mean that it gives us back all the land of the Palestinians. But we do consider this as an acceptable solution to have a Palestinian state on the borders of 1967. Hamas accepts a Palestinian state on the borders of 1967 with its capital Jerusalem and with the right of return. This stand by Hamas is announced, practiced, and it signed an agreement with Fatah, which is the national compact document."<ref>[http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11032#frame_top Video interview of Khaled Meshal by Charlie Rose, 28 May 2010] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923141345/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11032#frame_top |date=23 September 2010 }} Click on small "transcript" link at top of comments section to view transcript; scroll up to view video.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64T2AM20100530 | title=Hamas renews offer to end fight if Israel withdraws | work=Reuters | date=30 May 2010 | accessdate=6 April 2025}}</ref>

The 2 August 2010 [[Rocket attacks on Eilat and Aqaba|rocket attack on Eilat and Aqaba]] sparked rage in Egypt at Hamas and [[Iran]]. The Egyptian press stated that the firing of the rockets from Egyptian territory by Hamas or by organizations cooperating with it constituted the crossing of a red line. The Egyptian position was that Iran is using Hamas as a local proxy to escalate violence in the Middle East and to sabotage the Palestinian reconciliation efforts, as well as efforts to renew Palestinian-Israeli peace negotiations.<ref>[http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4568.htm Rage in Egypt at Hamas and Iran following Rocket Attacks on Eilat, Aqaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903122746/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4568.htm |date=2010-09-03 }}, MEMRI Special Dispatch No.3200</ref>

In February 2010, Palestinian Authority security forces in the West Bank arrested a Hamas cell preparing to test-fire a Qassam rocket near [[Ramallah]] and handed the rocket over to Israel. Hamas later stated that "Having a Qassam rocket in the West Bank is a demand that must be achieved".<ref name=hand>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/palestinians-hand-israel-qassam-rocket-seized-in-west-bank-1.266093 Palestinians hand Israel Qassam rocket seized in West Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209083838/http://www.haaretz.com/news/palestinians-hand-israel-qassam-rocket-seized-in-west-bank-1.266093 |date=2011-12-09 }}, ''Haaretz'' 22-02-2010</ref><ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/01/c_13193064.htm Hamas seeks to have rockets in West Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610034006/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/01/c_13193064.htm |date=2011-06-10 }}, Xinhua 01-0302010</ref>

In 2010, Hamas, who have been actively sidelined from the peace talks by Israel, spearheaded a coordinated effort by 13 [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] militant groups, in attempt to derail the stalled [[Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians in 2010|peace talks]] between Israel and [[Mahmoud Abbas]], President of the [[Palestinian Authority]]. According to the Israeli [[Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories]] Major Gen. Eitan Dangot, Israel seeks to work with [[Salam Fayyad]], to help revive the Palestinian economy, and hopes to ease restrictions on the Gaza Strip further, "while somehow preventing the Islamic militants who rule it from getting credit for any progress". According to Dangot, Hamas must not be seen as ruling successfully or be allowed to "get credit for a policy that would improve the lives of people".<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2010 |title=IDF general lays out plan for reviving Gaza economy |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/idf-general-lays-out-plan-for-reviving-gaza-economy-1.321256 |access-date=7 June 2013 |newspaper=Haaretz |agency=The Associated Press}}</ref> The campaign consists of attacks against Israelis in which, according to a Hamas declaration in early September, "all options are open".<ref name="Weiss">{{Cite news |author=Weiss, Mark |date=4 September 2010 |title=Islamist groups attempt to derail Middle East talks |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0904/1224278203442.html |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref name="Mitnick">[https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0831/Hamas-targets-Israeli-Palestinian-talks-by-killing-four-Israelis "Hamas targets Israeli-Palestinian talks by killing four Israelis; Hamas took responsibility for the fatal shooting of four Israeli settlers outside Hebron today, on the eve of Israeli-Palestinian talks in Washington,"] Joshua Mitnick, 31 August 2010, ''Christian Science Monitor''.</ref><ref name="jerusalempoststaff">{{Cite news |date=3 September 2010 |title=Hamas to launch 'more effective attacks' on Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=186963 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref name="excathedraeditorial">{{cite news |date=8 September 2010 |title=The Shadow of Hamas |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/07/AR2010090705977.html |access-date=7 September 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> The participating groups also include [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], the [[Popular Resistance Committees]] and an unnamed splinter group of [[Fatah]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6811J620100902 Gaza militants vow wave of attacks against Israel], Reuters 2 September 2010</ref>

As part of the campaign, on 31 August 2010, 4 Israeli settlers, including a [[pregnant]] woman, [[August 2010 West Bank shooting|were killed by Hamas militants]] while driving on [[Highway 60 (Israel–Palestine)|Route 60]] near the settlement [[Kiryat Arba]], in the West bank. According to witnesses, militants opened fire on the moving vehicle, but then "approached the car" and shot the occupants in their seats at "close range". The attack was described by Israeli sources as one of the "worst" terrorist acts in years.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Kershner, Isabel |author-link1=Isabel Kershner |author2=Landler, Mark |date=31 August 2010 |title=Israeli Settlers Killed in West Bank |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/world/middleeast/01settlers.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/world/middleeast/01settlers.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=7 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Liel |first=Alon |title=Abbas condemns Hamas attack; 4 Israelis shot dead |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=186640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901202018/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=186640 |archive-date=1 September 2010 |access-date=1 August 2011 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 September 2010 |title=US says Hebron attack must not derail Middle East talks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11148097 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> A senior Hamas official said that [[Israeli settlers]] in the West Bank are legitimate targets since "they are an army in every sense of the word".<ref name="4 Israelis killed by Hamas">{{cite news |date=1 September 2010 |title=4 Israelis killed by Hamas |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2010-09/01/c_13472957.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807071834/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2010-09/01/c_13472957.htm |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref><ref name="Hamas official: Israeli settlers are a legitimate military target">{{cite news |date=1 September 2010 |title=Hamas official: Israeli settlers are a legitimate military target |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-official-israeli-settlers-are-a-legitimate-military-target-1.312108 |access-date=1 August 2011 |newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>

On 20 June 2010, senior Hamas official [[Mahmoud a-Zahar]] called on Palestinian residents of the [[West Bank]] to fire rockets into Israel.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=178963 A-Zahar calls for rockets to be fired from West Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019061853/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=178963 |date=2012-10-19 }}, ''Jerusalem Post'' 20-06-2010</ref>

=== Islamization of the Gaza Strip (2007–present) ===
{{Main|Islamization of the Gaza Strip}}

Since Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, some of its members have attempted to impose Islamic dress or the [[Hijab]] head covering on women.<ref name="ReferenceB">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html Hamas Fights Over Gaza's Islamist Identity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119001358/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html |date=2017-01-19 }} ''New York Times'', 5 September 2009</ref><ref name="xinhua">{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm |title=Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code _English_Xinhua |accessdate=2011-05-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514030330/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm |archivedate=2011-05-14 }} Xinhua, 2010-01-03</ref> Also, the government's "Islamic Endowment Ministry" has deployed Virtue Committee members to warn citizens of the dangers of immodest dress, card playing and dating.<ref name="bloomberg">[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118123632/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk |date=2015-11-18 }} By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, 30 November 2009</ref> However, there are no government laws imposing dress and other moral standards, and the Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> There has also been successful resistance to attempts by local Hamas officials to impose Islamic dress on women.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/18/hamas-gaza-islamist-dress-code Hamas patrols beaches in Gaza to enforce conservative dress code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210235710/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/18/hamas-gaza-islamist-dress-code |date=2017-02-10 }} The Guardian (UK), 18 October 2009</ref>

According to [[Human Rights Watch]], the Hamas-controlled government of Gaza stepped up its efforts to "Islamize" Gaza in 2010, efforts that included, according to the organization, the "repression of civil society" and "severe violations of personal freedom."<ref name=Esveld>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-27-la-oe-vanesveld-gaza-20100627-story.html |title=In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions|first= Bill |last=Van Esveld|date=27 June 2010|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

[[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] researcher Dr. [[Khaled Al-Hroub]] has criticized what he called the "[[Taliban]]-like steps" Hamas has taken. He wrote, "The Islamization that has been forced upon the Gaza Strip–the suppression of social, cultural, and press freedoms that do not suit Hamas's view[s]–is an egregious deed that must be opposed. It is the reenactment, under a religious guise, of the experience of [other] totalitarian regimes and dictatorships."<ref>The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, by Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), 11 October 2010. [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024183415/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm |date=2010-10-24 }} by the Middle East Research Institute, 22 October 2010.</ref>

Hamas officials denied having any plans to impose Islamic law, one legislator stating that "What you are seeing are incidents, not policy," and that Islamic law is the desired standard "but we believe in persuasion."<ref name="bloomberg" /> The Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

=== 2011–2013 Sinai insurgency ===
Hamas has been accused of providing weapons, training and fighters for Sinai-based insurgent attacks, although Hamas strongly denies the allegations, calling them a smear campaign aiming to harm relations with Egypt. According to the Egyptian Army, since the ouster of Egypt's Muslim-Brotherhood president [[Mohamed Morsi]], over 600 Hamas members have entered the Sinai Peninsula through [[Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels|smuggling tunnels]]. In addition, several weapons used in Sinai's insurgent attacks are being traced back to Hamas in the Gaza Strip, according to the army. The four leading insurgent groups in the Sinai have all reportedly maintained close ties with the Gaza Strip. Hamas called the accusation a "dangerous development". Egyptian authorities stated that the [[2011 Alexandria bombing]] was carried out by the Gaza-based [[Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)|Army of Islam]], which has received sanctuary from Hamas and earlier collaborated in the capture of Gilad Shalit. Army of Islam members linked to the [[August 2012 Sinai attack]] have reportedly sought refuge in the Gaza Strip. Egypt stated that Hamas directly provided logistical support to the Muslim Brotherhood militants who carried out the [[December 2013 Mansoura bombing]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

=== Operation Brother's Keeper ===
On 15 June 2014, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused Hamas of involvement in the [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|kidnapping of three Israeli teenagers]] (including one who held American citizenship), saying "This has severe repercussions." On 5 August 2014, Israel announced that Israeli security forces arrested Hussam Kawasme, in [[Shuafat]], in connection with the murders of the teens.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kidnap and murder of Israeli teens: Palestinian suspect held, police say |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Middle-East/Kidnap-and-murder-of-Israeli-teens-Palestinian-suspect-held-police-say/articleshow/39719757.cms |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> During interrogation, Kawasme admitted to being the mastermind behind the attack, in addition to securing the funding from Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinian suspect held over kidnap murders of 3 Israelis |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/world/2014/08/06/palestinian-suspect-held-kidnap-murders-3-israelis/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720211533/http://www.therakyatpost.com/world/2014/08/06/palestinian-suspect-held-kidnap-murders-3-israelis/ |archive-date=20 July 2015 |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=The Rakyat Post}}</ref> Officials have stated that additional people arrested in connection with the murders are still being held, but no names have been released.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel arrests suspected ringleader of cell that killed teens |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-arrests-suspected-ringleader-of-cell-that-nabbed-teens/ |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

On 20 August, [[Saleh al-Arouri]], a Hamas leader then in exile in Turkey, claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of the three Israeli teens. He delivered an address on behalf of [[Khaled Mashal]] at the conference of the [[International Union of Muslim Scholars]] in [[Istanbul]], a move that might reflect a desire by Hamas to gain leverage.<ref name="HamasAcc">Jack Khoury, [https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.611676 "Hamas claims responsibility for three Israeli teens' kidnapping and murder"], ''Haaretz'', 21 August 2014.</ref>

Hamas political leader Khaled Mashal accepted that members of Hamas were responsible, stating that he knew nothing of it in advance and that what the leadership knew of the details came from reading Israeli reports.<ref name="HamasAcc2">[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562328,00.html 'Mashal: Hamas was behind murder of three Israeli teens,'] [[Ynet]] 22 August 2014.</ref> Mashal, who had headed Hamas's exiled political wing since 2004, has denied being involved in the "details" of Hamas's "military issues," but "justified the killings as a legitimate action against Israelis on 'occupied' lands."

=== 2017 ===
Hamas released [[A Document of General Principles and Policies]], often described as its new or revised [[1988 Hamas charter|charter]].

In December 2017, Hamas' leader stated that U.S. President [[Donald Trump]]'s decision to [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital]] was a "Declaration of War" and called for an uprising against the Jewish State.<ref>Hume; Tim; TRUMP'S JERUSALEM SPEECH A "DECLARATION OF WAR," SAYS HAMAS; VICE News; 7 December 2017; https://news.vice.com/story/trump-jerusalem-declaration-of-war-hamas {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208151622/https://news.vice.com/story/trump-jerusalem-declaration-of-war-hamas |date=8 December 2017 }} [https://www.vice.com/en/article/trump-jerusalem-declaration-of-war-hamas/]</ref><ref>Hamas: US decision on Jerusalem is a war declaration; Al Jazeera; 7 December 2017; http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/hamas-leader-jerusalem-decision-war-declaration-171207083427072.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209235216/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/hamas-leader-jerusalem-decision-war-declaration-171207083427072.html |date=2017-12-09 }}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
In July 2024, Ismail Haniyeh, the top overall Hamas political leader, was [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|killed]] in [[Tehran, Iran]] in a predawn blast.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-hamas-israel-30968a7acb31cd8b259de9650014b779|title=Hamas' top political leader is killed in Iran in strike that risks triggering all-out regional war|first=Abby|last=Sewell|publisher=Associated Press|date=31 July 2024|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> Hamas stated that Haniyeh was killed by an anti-personnel missile, with Iran's Revolutionary Guards stating that a 7kg warhead was involved. Western reports suggest he might have been killed by a bomb planted in his room at IRGC-run guesthouse.<ref name="bbc20240808">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=Behind the scenes as Hamas chose its new leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyl3yg7wzzo |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |last2=Mazzetti |first2=Mark |last3=Fassihi |first3=Farnaz |date=2024-08-01 |title=Bomb Smuggled Into Tehran Guesthouse Months Ago Killed Hamas Leader |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/01/world/middleeast/how-hamas-leader-haniyeh-killed-iran-bomb.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Following Haniyeh's death, [[Yahya Sinwar]], the leader of Hamas in Gaza, was elected chairman of the group, replacing Haniyeh. Per Hamas officials, he was elected due to his considerable popularity in the [[Arab world|Arab]] and [[Islamic world|Islamic]] worlds following the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] and his strong connections with Iran and the "[[Axis of Resistance]]," an informal Iranian-led political and military coalition.<ref name="bbc20240808" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Khadder |first1=Kareem |last2=Lister |first2=Tim |last3=Salman |first3=Abeer |last4=Kourdi |first4=Eyad |last5=John |first5=Tara |date=2024-08-06 |title=Hamas names Oct. 7 architect Yahya Sinwar new political leader. What does it mean for ceasefire talks? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/06/middleeast/hamas-yahya-sinwar-political-bureau-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2024, new Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar was [[Killing of Yahya Sinwar|killed]] in combat in Gaza with the Israeli military.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas confirms leader Yahya Sinwar killed in combat in Gaza by Israeli army |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/18/hamas-confirms-leader-yahya-sinwar-killed-in-combat-in-gaza-by-israeli-army |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===

In January 2025, Hamas confirmed that its senior military chief, [[Mohammed Deif]], was killed by Israel 's military in July last year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas confirms death of military chief Mohammed Deif |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g9p33xd2go |work=www.bbc.com |date=30 January 2025}}</ref>

In March 2025, Ismail Barhoum, a member of Hamas's political bureau was killed in an Israeli attack on [[Nasser Hospital]] in [[Khan Yunis|Khan Younis]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Israeli strike on Gaza hospital kills Hamas leader, teen, officials say |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/24/israeli-strike-on-gaza-hospital-kills-hamas-leader-teen-officials-say |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2025, Yahya Fathi Abd al-Qader Abu Shaar, the head of Hamas' weapons smuggling network, was killed by Israeli army.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli strikes kill Palestinians in tented area for displaced in Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yrl891j23o |work=www.bbc.com |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

On 13 May 2025, [[Mohammed Sinwar]], Hamas leader in Gaza and the brother of Yahya Sinwar, was killed by Israeli airstrike in the southern Gaza Strip. [[Muhammad Shabana|Muhammed Shabana]], commander of the Rafah Brigade, was also killed in the same strike.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas Leader Muhammad Sinwar's Body 'Found in Gaza Tunnels': Report |url=https://www.newsweek.com/hamas-leader-muhammad-sinwar-body-found-gaza-tunnels-2073748 |work=Newsweek |date=18 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 August 2025, [[Abu Obaida]], the spokesman for Hamas's armed wing, was killed in an Israeli aerial attack in Gaza City.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas spokesman Abu Obeida killed in Gaza, Israel says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm214r5rd29o |work=www.bbc.com |date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

On 13 December 2025, Israel's assassination killed senior commander [[Ra'ad Sa'ad]] (Raed Saed), who was described as the second-in-command of the Hamas's armed wing.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Hamas says Israel's killing of senior commander threatens ceasefire |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/israel/hamas-israel-killing-senior-commander-threatens-ceasefire-rcna249086 |work=NBC News |date=14 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Allegations of Israeli support for Hamas ==
{{Anchor|Israeli support continuing into 2023}}
{{Main|Israeli support for Hamas}}

On 24 Jan. 2009, Andrew Higgins wrote in the [[Wall Street Journal]] that Israel had "Helped to Spawn Hamas". He quoted Professor [[Avner Cohen]], a former Israeli religious affairs official and a Tunisian-born Jew who worked for more than two decades for the Israeli government's religious affairs department in Gaza, as saying "Hamas, to my great regret, is Israel's creation" and that Israel had "encouraged them as a counterweight to ... [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] and its dominant faction, [[Yasser Arafat]]'s [[Fatah]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847|title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas|work=Wall Street Journal|author=Andrew Higgins|date=24 January 2024|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html|archive-date=26 September 2009}}</ref>

On 8 October 2023, Tal Schneider said in an [[op-ed]] article in ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' that Netanyahu's policy for years had been to prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state by treating Hamas as a partner at the expense of [[Mahmoud Abbas]], the [[Palestinian Authority]] and its West Bank government, resulting in "wounds that would take Israel years to heal from". For years, she wrote, Netanyahu divided power between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, bringing Abbas to his knees while propping up Hamas. One method she described was collaborating with Hamas to increase the number of Israeli work permits granted to Gazan laborers, from approximately 2,000-3,000 work permits in 2021 to 20,000 after Netanyahu's return to power in 2023. She also wrote that "While Netanyahu does not make these kind of statements publicly or officially, his words are in line with the policy that he implemented."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/|title=For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces|work=Times of Israel|author=Tal Schneider|date=8 October 2023|access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref>

On 9 October 2023, an article was written by [[Haaretz]] that mentioned Netanyahu treated Hamas as a partner by covertly funding and supporting them to make a two-state solution impossible. The article also mentioned that in March 2019, he told his colleagues of the Likud Party,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-09/ty-article/.premium/another-concept-implodes-israel-cant-be-managed-by-a-criminal-defendant/0000018b-1382-d2fc-a59f-d39b5dbf0000?lts=1713189479217|title= Another concept implodes: Israel can't be managed by a criminal defendant.|work=Haaretz|author=Gidi Weitz|date=9 October 2023}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Anyone who wants to thwart the establishment of a Palestinian state has to support bolstering Hamas and transferring money to Hamas. This is part of our strategy - to isolate the Palestinians in Gaza from the Palestinians in the West Bank".}}

On 10 December 2023, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that Qatari officials had delivered millions of dollars per month in cash to Gaza, "billions of dollars over roughly a decade" to help prop up the Hamas government there. [[Dan Margalit (journalist)|Dan Margalit]], an Israeli journalist, stated in an interview that "Mr. Netanyahu told him that having two strong rivals, including Hamas, would lessen pressure on him to negotiate toward a Palestinian state". Just weeks before 7 October, the head of [[Mossad]] told Qatari officials that "Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel not only tolerated those payments, he had encouraged them."
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/middleeast/israel-qatar-money-prop-up-hamas.html|title='Buying Quiet': Inside the Israeli Plan That Propped Up Hamas|work=New York Times|author=Mark Mazzetti|author2=Ronen Bergman|date=10 December 2023|access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref>

On 19 January 2024, [[Reuters]] reported that [[Josep Borrell]], the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|EU foreign policy chief]], said while receiving an honorary doctorate from the [[University of Valladolid]] that "Israel had financed the creation of Palestinian militant group Hamas, publicly contradicting Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who has denied such allegations." and that "Borrell added the only peaceful solution included the creation of a Palestinian state. 'We only believe a two-state solution imposed from the outside would bring peace even though Israel insists on the negative,' he said."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eus-borrell-says-israel-financed-creation-gaza-rulers-hamas-2024-01-19/|title=EU's Borrell says Israel financed creation of Gaza rulers Hamas|work=Reuters|date=19 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.elindependiente.com/internacional/2024/01/19/borrell-carga-contra-israel-financio-a-hamas-durante-anos-para-restar-poder-a-fatah/|title=Borrell carga contra Israel: "Financió a Hamás durante años para restar poder a Fatah"|date=19 January 2024|work=El Independiente|language=Spanish|quote="Hamás ha sido financiado por Israel durante años para intentar restar poder a la autoridad palestina de Fatah", ha declarado Borrell durante su intervención en el solemne acto de investidura}}</ref>
Borrell also described Israel as having "created Hamas", but immediately continued saying that "yes, Hamas was financed by Israel to weaken the [[Palestinian Authority]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/borrell-accuses-israel-of-creating-and-financing-hamas/|title=
Borrell accuses Israel of 'creating' and 'financing' Hamas|work=[[Euractiv]]|date=
20 January 2024|quote=“We believe that a two-state solution must be imposed from outside to bring peace. Although, I insist, Israel is reaffirming its refusal (of this solution), and to prevent it they have gone so far as to create Hamas themselves,” Borrell said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/es-es/noticias/espana/borrell-acusa-a-israel-de-haber-financiado-a-hamas/ar-BB1gXzhf|title=Borrell acusa a Israel de haber financiado a Hamas|author=Beatriz Navarro|website=[[MSN]] |quote=“Sí, Hamas fue financiado por el gobierno de Israel en un intento de debilitar a la Autoridad Palestina liderada por Al Fatah”, defendió ayer el alto representante ..., Josep Borrell, en una vehemente defensa de la solución de los dos estados. ... En su empeño de “debilitar” a la Autoridad Palestina, el ejecutivo israelí habría llegado a “crear” y “financiar” al grupo terrorista islámico Hamas, remató}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7ULJkRXztA&t=79s|title=BORRELL acusa a ISRAEL de FINANCIAR la CREACIÓN de HAMÁS para DEBILITAR a PALESTINA|work=YouTube, channel: RTVE Noticias|date=19 January 2024 |quote= (from transcript at 1:16) Aunque insisto Israel se reafirme en esa negativa que para impedirla han llegado ellos mismos a crear jamás sí jamás ha sido financiado por el gobierno de Israel para intentar debilitar a la autoridad Palestina}}</ref>

== Brief timeline ==
* 1984 – Arrest of Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]], sentenced to 12 years of prison after the discovery of an arms cache. Yassin is freed the next year.
* 1987 – Creation of Hamas by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
* 1987– [[First Intifada]] begins.
* 1988 – [[wikisource:Hamas Covenant|Hamas Covenant]].
* 1989 – Israel outlaws Hamas and imprisons Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
* 1991 – [[Gulf War]].
* 1992 – Creation of the military branch Izz ad-Din al-Qassam.
* 1993 – [[Oslo Accords]].
* April 1993 – First Hamas suicide bombing at Mehola Junction.
* 1996 – [[1996 Palestinian legislative and presidential election]] Hamas boycotts them, allowing [[Fatah]], led by Yasser Arafat, a large victory.
* 5 January 1996 – [[Targeted killing]] of [[Yahya Ayyash]], Hamas bomb maker.
* February – March 1996 – 47 Israelis killed in three different bombings.
* October 1997 – Freed by Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] for "humanitarian reasons" (actually, due to the botched killing attempt on [[Khaled Mashal]], on 25 September 1997, by the [[Mossad]] in Jordan, a deal was brokered by [[Bill Clinton]] between [[Israel]] and [[Jordan]]) [[Sheikh Yassin]] is acclaimed as a hero on his return to Gaza.
* March 1998 – Death of [[Mohiyedine Sharif]], master bombmaker
* September 2000 – Beginning of [[Al-Aqsa Intifada]].
* July 2002 – Killing of [[Salah Shahade]], leader of the Ezzedeen-al-qassam brigades.
* 8 March 2003 – Israel kills [[Ibrahim al-Makadmeh]], a leader of the Hamas's military wing. 3 other men are also killed.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Graham Usher (journalist)|Graham Usher]] |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/629/re1.htm |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |title=Recruiting for Hamas |date=19 March 2003 |accessdate=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123182657/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/629/re1.htm |archive-date=23 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 6 January 2004 – 10-year truce ([[hudna]]) offered by senior Hamas official Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi in exchange of Israel's complete withdrawal to the 1967 borders.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/2416620?view=Eircomnet | title= Israel scorns Hamas 10-year truce plan | last= Tostevin | first= Matthew | date= 26 January 2004 |publisher=[[Reuters]] | access-date= 21 November 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040306192510/http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/2416620?view=Eircomnet | archive-date= 6 March 2004}}</ref>
* 22 March 2004 – Killing of Sheikh Yassin. Yassin, then an old man restricted to a wheel-chair due to his lifelong paralysis was killed in an Israeli missile strike. Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi replaced him as the leader of Hamas. On 28 March, Rantissi stated in a speech given at [[The Islamic University in Gaza]] that "America declared war against God. [[Ariel Sharon|Sharon]] declared war against God, and God declared war against America, Bush and Sharon".<ref>{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Bill |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-03-28-hamas-bush_x.htm |title=Hamas leader says Bush is the 'enemy' of God and Islam |publisher=Usatoday.Com |date=28 March 2004 |accessdate=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523085341/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-03-28-hamas-bush_x.htm |archive-date=23 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 17 April 2004 – Killing of [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi]]. Rantissi was also killed in an air strike by the [[Israeli Air Force]], five hours after a fatal suicide bombing by Hamas. [[Khaled Mashal]], the leader of Hamas in Syria, said Hamas should not disclose the name of its next leader in Gaza.
* 18 April 2004, Hamas secretly selected a new leader in the Gaza Strip, fearing he would be killed if his identity were made public. However, it was speculated that the new leader is [[Mahmoud al-Zahar]]; the second-in-command, [[Ismail Haniyeh]]; and third-in-command, [[Said Seyam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnn.com/news.php3?id=61435|date=26 April 2004|title=Next Hamas Leader Confirmed|publisher=Arutz Sheva|access-date=19 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321010511/http://www.israelnn.com/news.php3?id=61435|archive-date=21 March 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* September 2004 – Israeli army [[Ramatkal|Chief of Staff]] [[Moshe Ya'alon]] said that Israel would "deal with [...] those who support terrorism", including those in "terror command posts in Damascus".
* 26 September 2004 – Killing of [[Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil]]. Sheikh Khalil was killed by a car bomb in Damascus, Syria. Khalil was described variously as "mid-level", "senior", a "distinguished member", and believed to be in charge of the group's military wing outside the Palestinian territories. In a statement released in Gaza, Hamas threatened to target Israelis abroad in retaliation.
* October 2004 – Killing of [[Adnan al-Ghoul]], assistant of [[Mohammed Deif]], the leader of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam brigades.
* 11 November 2004 – Death of [[Yasser Arafat]], chairman of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and president of the [[Palestinian National Authority]].
* [[2005 Palestinian presidential election|January 2005 Palestinian presidential election]] – Hamas boycotts them. PLO chairman [[Mahmoud Abbas]] elected to replace Yasser Arafat.
* [[2005 Palestinian municipal election|Palestinian municipal elections, January–May 2005]] – Relative success of Hamas, which took control of [[Beit Lahia]] in northern Gaza, [[Qalqilyah]] in the West Bank and [[Rafah]].
* March 2005 – Hamas proclaims [[tahdiyah]], a period of calm.
* 25 January 2006 – Victory of the Hamas at the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|legislative election]], which took 74 seats of the 132 seats.
* March 2007 – The Palestinian Legislative Council established a national unity government headed by Ismail Haniyeh.
* June 2007 – Hamas begins [[Battle for Gaza (2007)|a takeover of Gaza]], ending the coalition with Fatah.
* 31 July 2024 – Senior military chief of Hamas, [[Mohammed Deif]], was killed by Israel 's military.
* 31 July 2024 – Hamas leader, [[Killing of Ismail Haniyeh|Ismail Haniyeh was killed]] in Iran.
* 16 October 2024 – New Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] was [[Killing of Yahya Sinwar|killed]] in combat in Gaza with the Israeli military
*April 2025 – Yahya Fathi Abd al-Qader Abu Shaar, the head of Hamas' weapons smuggling network, was killed by Israeli army.<ref>{{cite web|title=IDF destroys Hamas training camp in Gaza, kills head of group's smuggling unit|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-destroys-hamas-training-camp-in-gaza-kills-head-of-groups-smuggling-unit/|website=The Times of Israel|date=17 April 2025|last=Fabian|first=Emanuel|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
*May 2025 – [[Mohammed Sinwar]], Hamas leader in Gaza and the brother of Yahya Sinwar, was allegedly killed by Israeli airstrike in the southern Gaza Strip. [[Muhammad Shabana|Muhammed Shabana]], commander of the Rafah Brigade, was also killed in the same strike.
* 30 August 2025 – [[Abu Obaida]], the spokesman for Hamas' armed wing, was killed by Israeli military.
* 13 December 2025, Israel's assassination killed senior commander [[Ra'ad Sa'ad]] (Raed Saed), who was described as the second-in-command of the Hamas's armed wing.<ref name="auto"/>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of the Gaza war]]

==References==
{{Reflist|22em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|35em}}
*{{cite book| title = Islamic fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad
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| author-link = Ziad Abu Amr
| publisher = [[Indiana University Press]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTG5sdLHD8C
| isbn = 978-0-253-20866-8
}}
*{{cite web| title = Palestinians: Fighting and Governing
| last = Brown | first = Nathan J.
| author-link = Nathan J. Brown (political scientist)
| publisher = [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Wilson Center]]
| url = https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/palestinians-fighting-and-governing
| date = 27 August 2015
}}
*{{cite journal | title = The Origins of Hamas: Militant Legacy or Israeli Tool?
| last = Filiu | first = Jean-Pierre
| author-link = Jean-Pierre Filiu
| journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]]
| date = Spring 2012 | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 54–70
| doi = 10.1525/jps.2012.xli.3.54 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2012.xli.3.54 | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2012.xli.3.54
| url-access = subscription}}
*{{cite news| title = Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist
| publisher = [[Reuters]]
| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL23611943._CH_.2400
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205143043/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL23611943._CH_.2400
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2016-02-05
| date = 23 August 2007
| ref = {{harvid|Reuters|2007}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Blowback: How Israel Went from Helping Create Hamas to Bombing It
| last1 = Hasan | first1 = Mehdi
| last2 = Sayedahmed | first2 = Dina
| publisher = [[The Intercept]]
| url = https://theintercept.com/2018/02/19/hamas-israel-palestine-conflict/
| date = 19 February 2018
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Palestinian Civil Resistance against Israeli Military Occupation
| last = King | first = Mary Elizabeth | year = 2009
| title = Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East
| editor-last = Stephan | editor-first = Maria J.
| publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]]
| pages = 131–155
| isbn = 978-0-230-10175-3
}}
*{{Cite news| title = The Gangs of Gaza
| last = Peraino | first = Kevin
| magazine = [[Newsweek]]
| url = https://www.newsweek.com/gangs-gaza-111125
| date = 25 June 2006
}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Hamas
| last = Sela | first = Avraham | year = 2002
| author-link = Avraham Sela
| encyclopedia = The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East
| editor-last = Sela | editor-first = Avraham
| publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishers|Bloomsbury Academic]]
| pages = 335–342
| isbn = 978-0-826-41413-7
}}
*{{cite news| title = A tale of two factions
| last = Urquhart | first = Conal
| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/24/israel
| date = 25 October 2007
}}
*{{cite news| title = The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation
| last = Usher | first = Graham
| publisher = [[Middle East Research and Information Project|MERIP]]
| url = https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/opt-new-hamas-between-resistance-and-participation
| date = 21 August 2005
}}
*{{cite news| title = Hamas, Fatah Reach Accord on Government
| last = Westervelt | first = Eric
| publisher = [[NPR]]
| url = https://www.npr.org/2007/02/09/7299390/hamas-fatah-reach-accord-on-government
| date = 9 February 2007
}}
{{Refend}}

{{Hamas}}
{{Gaza–Israel conflict}}
{{Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
{{Nakbaend}}

[[Category:History of Hamas| ]]
[[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood|*]]
[[Category:History of militant organizations]]
[[Category:History of the Palestinians|Hamas]]

Shumbha and Nishumbha

2026-01-31T08:15:00Z

Viji: slightly refined content per standard format further and added references

{{Short description|Asuras in Hinduism}}
[[File:Durga fighting the rakshashas Shunga and Nishunga.jpg|upright 1.3|thumb|Painting of Durga fighting Shumbha and Nishumbha]]
'''Shumbha''' (शुम्भ) and '''Nishumbha''' (निशुम्भ) are two [[Asura|asuras]] in [[Hindu mythology]], featured in the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]''. In their legend, they were slain by the goddess [[Kaushiki]].

== Legend ==
The story of Shumbha and Nishumbha begins in the fifth chapter of the ''Devi Mahatmya''.

[[Durga]] retells how two [[asura]] brothers sought to conquer the [[Trailokya|three worlds]] by subjecting themselves to severe penance and purification rituals so that no man or asura could destroy them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.s-a-i.info/assoc_change/navarathri_6_1.html |title=The Devi Mahatmya Navrathri Katha - Chapter 1 to 13 |publisher=S-a-i.info |date= |accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> Shumbha and Nishumbha traveled to [[Pushkara]], a sacred site, and remained there in prayer for ten thousand years. The creator deity [[Brahma]] saw the brothers' penance, and was pleased, granting them the boon they requested.<ref name="tripod1">{{cite web|url=http://sdbbs.tripod.com/devi.html |title=The Devi |publisher=Sdbbs.tripod.com |date= |accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref>

[[Chanda and Munda]], two lesser asuras in the service of Shumbha, encountered the goddess [[Durga]], and were overwhelmed by her beauty. They carried reports of this goddess to Shumbha, who sought to possess Durga. Shumbha sent the asura Sugriva to court Parvati, but she rejected his advances. It was then decided by the asura brothers that if Parvati would not come willingly, they would have to abduct her. First, the asura Dhumralochana and his army of sixty-thousand asuras were sent to abduct Parvati. Various goddesses assumed the forms from [[Durga]] and slew the entire army. Next, Chanda and Munda were deployed, who were also destroyed by the goddess.<ref name="tripod1" /> [[Raktabīja]] was sent next, and was slain by the goddess [[Kali]].

==Death==
[[File:Kali Attacking Nisumbha, c. 1740.jpg|thumb|upright 1.3|A [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] depiction of [[Kali]] (sometimes described as a form of [[Parvati]]) attacking Nishumbha with her trident: ''Kali Attacking Nishumbha''; {{circa|1740}}, colour on paper, 22 × 33 cm, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].]]
After these encounters, Shumbha and Nishumbha had no choice but to meet [[Parvati]] in direct combat. Although Brahma's boon had granted the brothers protection against men and demons, no such protection existed against goddesses. Nishumbha was the first to fall, after assaulting Parvati's lion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sivanandaonline.org/graphics/activities/navaratri_04/chapter-9.htm |title=Sri Durga Saptasati or The Devi Mahatmya |publisher=Sivanandaonline.org |date= |access-date=2009-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616045121/http://sivanandaonline.org/graphics/activities/navaratri_04/chapter-9.htm |archive-date=2010-06-16 |df= }}</ref> Upon seeing the death of his brother, Shumbha went after [[Parvati]] in a rage, but was ultimately cleaved in two by the Goddess' [[Trishula|trident]]. With Shumbha and Nishumbha gone, the Three Worlds returned to their ordinary state of being, rid of a great evil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sivanandaonline.org/graphics/activities/navaratri_04/chapter-10.htm |title=Sri Durga Saptasati or The Devi Mahatmya |publisher=Sivanandaonline.org |date= |access-date=2009-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616045049/http://sivanandaonline.org/graphics/activities/navaratri_04/chapter-10.htm |archive-date=2010-06-16 |df= }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Some, such as John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff, see Shumbha and Nishumbha as symbols of arrogance and pride which is ultimately overcome by [[Parvati]]'s humility and wisdom.<ref>Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie; ''Devī: Goddesses of India''. Published by University of California Press, 1996: p. 68 {{ISBN|0-520-20058-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-520-20058-6}}</ref> In [[Shashi Tharoor|Shashi Tharoor's]] [[satirical]] novel ''[[The Great Indian Novel]]'', the story of Shumbha and Nishumbha is used both as a warning against the dangers of seduction, and as a metaphor for the collapse of the relationship among the five [[Pandavas]].<ref>Tharoor, Shashi. ''The Great Indian Novel.'' Viking Press: 1989. {{ISBN|0-670-82744-4}}</ref> There is also a Kannada Movie by the name of Shumba Nishumba and tell the story of Asuras and [[Parvati]].

==See also==
* [[Chanda and Munda]]
* [[Mahishasura]]
* [[Raktabīja]]
* [[Rambha (asura)]]
* [[Dhumralochana]]
* [[Sugriva (asura)]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://sdbbs.tripod.com/devi.html English translation of the Devi Mahatmyam]
*[http://sanskrit.safire.com/Sanskrit.html Devī Māhātmya - Sanskrit original in pdf form.]

{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shumbha And Nishumbha}}
[[Category:Danavas]]

Economy of Telangana

2026-01-25T12:01:37Z

Viji: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = [[Telangana]]
| image = Downtown hyderabad drone.png
| gdp = {{INRConvert|1800325|c|year=2024}} (2025-26 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/telangana/2025/Telengana_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf|title=Telangana Budget Analysis 2025-26|website=prsindia.org}}</ref>
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|9th]]
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana.
| year = 1 April – 31 March
| growth = 11.9% (2023-24 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| per capita = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}}{{INRConvert|year=2025|485690||0|}} (2025-2026) <ref>{{cite web|title=Gross State Value Added in Current Prices |url= https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/GSVA_NSVA_Economic_Activity/Telengana_08082025.xlsx |publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation |page=1 |access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>
* {{increase}}$22,981 (PPP; 2025-2026) <ref name = "Implied PPP conversion rate"> {{cite web | title=National Currency per International Dollar | url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO/OEMDC/ |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>}}
| per capita rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|3rd]]
| sectors = Agriculture (21%) Industry (17%) Services (61%) (2021-22)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| components =
| inflation = {{decreasepositive}} 7.46% (2019-20)<ref name="SocioEconomicOutlook">{{cite web|title=Socio Economic Outlook 2023|url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/PDFDocuments/Telangana-Socio-Economic-Outlook-2023.pdf|website=telangana.gov.in|publisher=Planning Department, Government of Telangana|access-date= 23 February 2023}}</ref>
| poverty = {{decreasepositive}} 5.77%
| gini =
| hdi =
| labor =
| occupations = Agriculture (45.8%) Industry (21.0%) Services (33.2%) (2020-21)<ref name="SocioEconomicOutlook"/>
| unemployment = {{decreasePositive}} 5.2% (Sep 2025)<ref>{{cite web|title= Telangana jobless rate down in 2nd quarter |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-jobless-rate-down-in-2nd-quarter-1916423 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>
| average gross salary = 256465
| gross median =
| average net salary = 211344
| net median =
| industries =
| exports =
| export-goods =
| export-partners =
| imports =
| import-goods =
| import-partners =
| FDI =
| current account =
| gross external debt =
| NIIP =
| debt = 29.29% of GSDP (2024-25 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| balance = {{INRConvert|-54010|c|nolink=yes}} 3.0% of GSDP (2025-26 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| revenue = {{INRConvert|2.29.721|lc|nolink=yes}} (2025-26 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| expenses = {{INRConvert|2.84.837|lc|nolink=yes}} (202-26 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis">{{cite web|title=Telangana Budget Analysis 2025-26|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/telangana-budget-analysis-2025-26|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>
| aid =
| credit =
| spelling = Oxford
| presentUS$asdefault = no
}}
[[File:Coal Handling Ropeway near Pamulapalli.jpg|thumb|Coal Handling Ropeway at
[[Aswapuram]], Khammam district]]

'''[[Telangana]]''' is one of the fastest-growing states in [[India]] posing [[Economic growth|average annual growth rate]] of 13.90% over the last five years.<ref>{{cite news|title=State economy growing faster than nation’s|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/state-economy-growing-faster-than-nations/article29377062.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|author=N. Rahul}}</ref> Telangana's [[Nominal GDP|nominal gross state domestic product]] for the year 2023-24 stands at ₹15.2 lakh crore (US$180 billion). Service sector is the largest contributor to the Telangana's economy with a share of about 65% in the year 2018-19. Growth in services has largely been fuelled by [[Software industry in Telangana|IT services]] with the State holding leading position in IT & ITeS in the country in terms of production and exports.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana leads the country in services sector growth|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/feb/01/telangana-leads-the-country-in-services-sector-growth-2097329.html|work= The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Around 54% of GDP comes from the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region|Greater Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]]. Agriculture also form a backbone of Telangana's Economy. Two important rivers of India, the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]], flow through the state, providing [[irrigation]]. Farmers in Telangana mainly depend on rain-fed water sources for irrigation. Rice is the major food crop. Other important local crops are cotton, sugar cane, mango and tobacco. Recently, crops used for [[Vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oil]] production, such as [[sunflower]] and peanuts, have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including [[Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects]].

The state has also started to focus on the fields of [[information technology]] and [[biotechnology]]. There are 68 [[Special Economic Zones]] in the state.<ref name="sez">{{cite web |title=TG Special Economic Zones |url=http://sezindia.nic.in/HTMLS/578FormalapprovalsgrantedunderSEZAct19thJune,09.pdf |publisher=sezindia |access-date=3 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007035200/http://www.sezindia.nic.in/HTMLS/578FormalapprovalsgrantedunderSEZAct19thJune,09.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2009 }}</ref>

Telangana is a mineral-rich state, with coal reserves at Singareni Coal mines.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Singareni Collieries Company Limited|url=http://scclmines.com/scclnew/index.asp|publisher=scclmines|access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref>

== Agriculture and livestock ==
[[File:Cultivation near Bhongir fort.jpg|thumb|[[Paddy field|Paddy]] cultivation near [[Bhongir Fort]]]]
Rice is the major [[food crop]] and [[staple food]] of the state. Other important crops are tobacco, mango, cotton, and [[sugar cane]]. Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. Important rivers of India, the [[Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]] flow through the state, providing [[irrigation]]. Apart from major rivers, there are small rivers as Tunga Bhadra, Bima, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Manair, Penganga, Pranahitha, peddavagu and Taliperu. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including [[Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects]] and [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]], the world's highest masonry dam.

Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Telangana based on 2011 prices<ref>[http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Final1Brochure_30july2018.pdf 2015 agricultural output of Telangana based on 2011 prices]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Segment || National Share %
|-
| Ajwain || 30.5
|-
| Cow pea || 27.8
|-
| Chilli || 16.0
|-
| Turmeric || 13.7
|-
| Egg || 12.4
|-
| Kapas(Cotton) || 11.2
|-
| Fibre || 10.5
|-
| Lemon || 10.0
|-
| Bitter gourd || 9.5
|-
| Meat || 9.4
|-
| Tomato || 8.9
|-
| Orange || 8.7
|-
| Wool & hair || 7.6
|-
| Maize || 7.4
|-
| Mango || 6.5
|-
| Cucumber || 5.4
|-
| Bean || 5.3
|}

[[Agri Export Zone]]s for the following produce are proposed at the places mentioned against them:
* [[Gherkin]]s – [[Mahaboobnagar]], [[Rangareddy]], [[Medak]], [[Karimnagar]], [[Warangal]]
* [[Mangoes]] and [[Grapes]] - Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Medak, Mahaboobnagar

Telangana is developing into a [[seed|seed hub]] in India, and was selected as a certifying agency as per [[OECD|OECD standards]], for 10 states. The state cultivated seeds in 2,251 acres and exported 17,000 quintals to countries like Sudan, Egypt, Philippines and in 2017-18, it expanded cultivation to 2,567 acre and was expecting yield of 26,000 quintals.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

== Industries ==
Several major manufacturing and services industries are in operation mainly around [[Hyderabad]]. Automobiles and auto components industry, spices, mines and minerals, textiles and apparels, [[pharmaceutical]], horticulture, poultry farming are the main industries in Telangana.

The state government is in the process of developing Industrial Parks at different places, for specific groups of industries. The existing parks are Software Park at Hyderabad, HITEC City for software units, Apparel Park at [[Gundlapochampalli]], Export Promotion Park at Pashamylaram, Bio-technology park at [[Turakapally|Turkapally]].
{{Further|Industrial Policy Frame work for State of Telangana 2014}}

==Services==

=== Information Technology ===
[[File:MindSpace campus in Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|The [[Hyderabad Information Technology and Engineering Consultancy City]] or HITEC City is a major IT hub of Telangana]]{{See also|Software industry in Telangana}}
In terms of services, Hyderabad is usually nicknamed as Cyberabad due to its information technology foray and location of major software industries in the city.<ref name="roy aih">{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Ananya |url=https://archive.org/details/worldingcitiesas00roya |title=Worlding cities: Asian experiments and the art of being global |last2=Aihwa |first2=Ong |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4051-9277-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldingcitiesas00roya/page/n266 253] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="toi chary">{{cite news |date=13 October 2011 |title=An Amazon shot for city |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-Amazon-shot-for-city/articleshow/10335301.cms?referral=PM |access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> Prior to secession, it contributed 15% to India's and 98% to Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors last 2013,<ref name="toi-it">{{cite news |date=25 June 2013 |title=Special governance for Hyderabad needed for growth |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Special-governance-for-Hyderabad-needed-for-growth/articleshow/20753414.cms?referral=PM |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> with Hyderabad as in the front line of Telangana's aims to promote information technology in India, the city boasts the [[HITEC City]] as its premier hub.

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Golconda_Fort_005.jpg|thumb| The [[Golconda | Golconda Fort, Hyderabad]] ]]
[[Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation]] (TSTDC) is a state government agency which promotes tourism in Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Huge-challenges-ahead-for-new-Telangana-tourism-corporation/articleshow/34847749.cms |title=Huge challenges ahead for new Telangana tourism corporation |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-05-09 |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> Telangana has a variety of tourist attractions including historical places, monuments, forts, water falls, forests and temples.

== See also ==

* [[List of districts in Telangana by GDP]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Telangana}}
{{Economy of India topics}}

[[Category:Economy of Telangana| ]]

Shalimar Bagh metro station

2026-01-18T23:05:46Z

Viji: added references

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Shalimar Bagh
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image = Shalimar Bagh metro station (Delhi).jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = Block AG, Poorbi Shalimar Bagh, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi, 110088
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}} Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}}
| depth = {{convert|16|m|ft}}
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|03|14|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=Azadpur|right=Netaji Subhash Place}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Shalimar Bagh''' metro station is located on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=1|title=DMRC - Majlis Park - Shiv Vihar|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>

==The station==
===Station layout===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''C'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Netaji Subhash Place}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Pink|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Azadpur}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}''
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}};"| Shalimar Bagh metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-4
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-5
|-
| Ashok Vihar Crossing, Shalimar Bagh Block-A, Kendriya Vidyalaya|| Shalimar Bagh Block-A|| Wazirpur Fire Station, Wazirpur Industrial Area|| Wazirpur Computer Market|| Wazirpur Computer Market, EPFO, K C Goel Marg
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Inner Ring Road, Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[North Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Shalimar+Bagh/@28.7019762,77.1640954,315m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sShalimar+Bagh+metro+station!3m4!1s0x390d02247c852455:0xd546b4b075572b06!8m2!3d28.7018192!4d77.1651913|title= Shalimar Bagh metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

My Days in the Underworld: Rise of the Bangalore Mafia

2026-01-14T23:02:18Z

Viji: added new info

{{short description|Book by Agni Shreedhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = My Days in the Underworld: Rise of the Bangalore Mafia
| image = My Days in the Underworld Rise of the Bangalore Mafia front cover.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Agni Sreedhar]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in = [[Bangalore]]
| published = 2013
| publisher = Tranquebar Press
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
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| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
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| followed_by =
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| website =
}}
'''''My Days in the Underworld: Rise of the Bangalore Mafia''''' is an autobiographical book written by [[Agni Sreedhar]]. Before becoming a writer, film maker and journalist he was an underworld don. He wanted to enter the [[Indian Administrative Service]] after studying for law. Circumstances (when his brother was beaten up by an underworld man), which he narrates in his novel, made him an underworld don for 20 years in [[Bangalore]] (now Bengaluru).

In this book he tells of his own experiences and encounters in the crime world of Bangalore, which runs on a track that never coalesces with the chaotic world of the common people governed by a distorted justice system. Initially, Sreedhar wrote a series of articles under the title ''Dadagiriya Dinagalu'' in [[Kannada language]] for his [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] ''Agni'', which he later translated into English under the title ''My Days in the Underworld-Rise of Bangalore Mafia'' with the help of Prathiba Nandakumar and V.G. Jaideep. The book was first published in 2013 by Tranquebar Press.{{Sfn|Sreedhar |2013|p=Review}}<ref name=Khajane>{{cite news|title=The gangs of Bangalore|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-gangs-of-bangalore/article5447870.ece|access-date=9 February 2016|date=11 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Cops, gangsters co-exist: Agni Sreedhar">{{cite news|title=Cops, gangsters co-exist: Agni Sreedhar|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140130/news-current-affairs/article/cops-gangsters-co-exist-agni-sreedhar-0|access-date=9 February 2016|date=20 January 2016|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="The Man Who Saw Too Much">{{cite web|title=The Man Who Saw Too Much|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/The-Man-Who-Saw-Too-Much/2014/03/09/article2095686.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309160144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/The-Man-Who-Saw-Too-Much/2014/03/09/article2095686.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="How an underworld don became a crusading journalist">{{cite news|title=How an underworld don became a crusading journalist|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/how-an-underworld-don-became-a-crusading-journalist-064937171.html|access-date=9 February 2016|work=Yahoo News}}</ref><ref name="Insider's journey into Bangalore's dark alleys">{{cite news|title=Insider's journey into Bangalore's dark alleys|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/Insiders-journey-into-Bangalores-dark-alleys/2013/11/19/article1898103.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410075440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/Insiders-journey-into-Bangalores-dark-alleys/2013/11/19/article1898103.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2015|access-date=9 February 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The author says the book "also works as the story of the city".<ref name=Khajane/>

== Story ==
In the introduction to the book, the author writes that most of the people have a distorted idea of the underworld, so he wanted to narrate the real crime world of Bangalore. The book is divided into five parts, and each part has multiple chapters. The book begins with the author's arrival in Bangalore in the summer of 1974 to get admitted in a college for higher education. Then he goes on narrating how he met different people and how he turned into an underworld don. The narration is presented from the perspective of the top political leaders of his time who ruled in the state and the other crime world dons who controlled the city, such as [[Dawood Ibrahim]], [[Chhota Rajan]], Sharad Shetty, [[Kotwal Ramchandra]], Jayaraj and [[Muthappa Rai]].{{Sfn|Sreedhar |2013|p=Review}}

==Reviews==
Writing for the [[Hindu]], Muralidhara Khajane says: "The book throws light on notorious gangsters. In fact this is the first book that presents the history of Bangalore’s underworld, detailing the lives of dreaded dons, who ruled Bangalore underworld...."<ref name=Khajane/>

==Award==
This book won its author the [[Sahitya Academy Award]].<ref name=Khajane/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first= Agni |last= Sreedhar |title=My Days in the Underworld Rise of the Bangalore Mafia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQQBAQAAQBAJ|date=27 September 2013|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-83260-34-8}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:Novels set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Crime in Bengaluru]]

Kumara Venkata Bhupala Puram

2025-11-25T02:45:57Z

Viji: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kumara Venkata Bhupala Puram
| other_name = K. V. B. Puram
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
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| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|34|36|N|79|41|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[K. V. B. Puram mandal|K. V. B. Puram]]
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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}}

'''Kumara Venkata Bhupala Puram''' or '''K. V. B. Puram''' is a village in [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of [[K. V. B. Puram mandal]] and is located in [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |accessdate=19 June 2015|pages=458, 512|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Henglep

2025-11-24T01:29:56Z

Viji: added - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Henglep
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
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| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.4836| 93.5233|format=dms |display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = Churachandpur North
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1100
| population_total = 992
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = {{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=140}}
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kuki-Chin languages]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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| mapframe-zoom = 9
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}}
'''Henglep'''{{efn|Alternative spelling: Hinglep.}} is a village in the [[Churachandpur district]] in the [[Manipur]] state of India, populated by about a thousand [[Kuki-Zo people]]. Henglep is also the headquarters of the Churachandpur North subdivision (or Henglep Subdivision) with a population of more than 30,000 people.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}} Henglep was a key area of operations during the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919]] (also called the Anglo-Kuki War).

== Geography ==
Henglep is situated on a mountain ridge to the west of the [[Leimatak River]] at an elevation of {{convert|1100|m}}. The river is actually a headstream of the Leimatak River called "Tuibin", which originates in the Mamunlhang hill ranges and flows north. It combines with a south-flowing headstream called "Thingbong" a short distance to the north of Henglep, to form the Leimatak River.

The Tuibin river valley below Henglep is referred to as the "Kuchu valley" (roughly at {{coord|24|26|57|N|93|32|36|E|name=Kuchu valley}}) in the Manipur royal chronicle ''[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]''. The Manipur ruler [[Ching-Thang Khomba]] (Bhagyachandra or Jai Singh) had a temporary royal residence built here while waging war on the Khongjai hills to the west of Henglep. A key village called "Khongchai" was subdued and all its inhabitants, who were [[Kuki people|Kukis]], became subjects of the Manipur kingdom, acquiring the name "Khongchais" (or "Khongjais") in the process.<ref>
[https://ukhrultimes.com/kuki-research-forum-kurf-on-objective-historical-position-of-the-kukis-in-manipur/ Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur], Ukhrul Times, 25 May 2022.
</ref>{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009|pp=25–26}}
According to scholar Saroj Nalini Parratt, the king's court in the [[Kangla Fort]] was also named "Kuchu", possibly as a remembrance of this victory.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009|p=134}}

== History ==
After the British took over Manipur as a [[princely state]] in [[Anglo-Manipur War|1891]], they decided to administer the hill regions directly, outside the control of the Manipur State Darbar. Thangjing Hill came under the Southwest Subdivision, initially administered from [[Moirang]]. Henglep was part of the subdivision.<ref>
Lal Dena, Lal Robul Pudaite, [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/colonial-divide-in-manipur-tracing-the-journey-of-state-between-1835-and-1947-news-315632 Colonial Divide In Manipur: Tracing The Journey Of State Between 1835 And 1947], Outlook, 4 September 2023.
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Singh |first=Karam Manimohan |title=History of Christian Missions in Manipur |publisher=Mittal PUblications |year=1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000sing/page/270 |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |page=270 |quote=The Governor placed on record the boundaries of the Churachandpur Sub-Division. The area was bounded on the west and the south by the State border: the eastern boundary was the well defined natural line of the Manipur River: but the northern boundary was not capable of such accurate definition which was to approximate the Manipur bridle path [Cachar Road].}}
</ref>

During the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919]] (also called the "Anglo-Kuki War"), the Henglep area was a key war theatre ("area of operations" in British terminology).{{sfnp|Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis|2019|p=107}} Another village called [[Ukha Loikhai|Ukha]] to the east of Henglep, closer to the [[Thangjing Hills]] range, was also part of the area. Pakang Haokip in Henglep, along with Semchung Haokip at Ukha, Haoneh Haokip at Nabil and Paosum Haokip at Songhphu, led the war effort.{{sfnp|Haokip, These Crafty Jungle Fighters|2019|p=123}} In early 1917, the local chiefs met at Ukha and Henglep to discuss the emerging conflict with the British authorities.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|loc=pp. 38–39: "Aishan’s announcement was followed by a series of meetings held in different parts of Kuki hills – Chassad, Jampi, Taloulong, Mombi, Ukha, Henglep, etc."}}<ref name="Kuki Inpi Manipur">
Kuki Inpi Manipur, Anglo-Kuki War (1917-1919), Imphal Free Press, 29 September 2019. {{ProQuest|2298810123}}
</ref> After [[Mombi, Manipur|Mombi]] was burned by the British, an all-Kuki War Council was called by the chief of Chassad, and the chiefs received a signal to resist and fight. War preparations were begun in October after
another gathering of chiefs at Ukha.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|loc=p. 42}} The British attack came in December, led by the [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] J. C. Higgins. The Ukha Kukis were supported by Henglep and other villages, and staged an able defence, with sniper attacks and home-made leather cannons, causing several casualties on the British troops, but no Kuki was captured. Ukha was reportedly burnt down, and the Kukis escaped into the hills.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|loc=p. 47}}<ref name="Kuki Inpi Manipur"/> Another attack with a larger force was launched in February 1918, with similar results.{{sfnp|Haokip, These Crafty Jungle Fighters|2019|p=125}}

Eventually the rebellion was suppressed only by wholesale destruction of villages, including their livestock and foodgrains, driving the people into the woods to starve, along with women and children.{{sfnp|Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis|2019|pp=100–101}}

After the Rebellion, the British reorganised their hill administration by establishing a new headquarters for the South-West Subdivision at [[Songpi]] (then called "Churachandpur"). The Churachandpur Subdivision eventually became the [[Churachandpur district]] in independent India in 1971.<ref>
{{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf |pages=16–17}}
</ref>

== Transportation ==
The Henglep Road connects Henglep to the [[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]] (NH2) near the village of Thingkeu, {{Convert|43|km}} to the south. NH2 connects to the district headquarters at [[Churachandpur]] as well as the western periphery of Manipur at [[Tipaimukh]].<ref>Henglep MLA inspects road upgradation work, Imphal Free Press, 6 February 2023. {{ProQuest|2773106559}} </ref> The Henglep Road continues on to the north till Kolchung.

Henglep also has a road to [[Ukha Loikhai]] in the east, which continues on to [[Thangjing Hill]] and [[Torbung]].

== Henglep Subdivision ==
The Henglep Subdivision, officially the "Churachandpur North" subdivision, consists of a single [[tribal development block]], which is also referred to as the Henglep block. It has 122 villages under its jurisdiction, with a combined population of 30,616 people in the 2011 census.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=36}} It has a sex ratio of 942 females to 1000 males.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=39}} About 95 percent of the population belong to [[Scheduled Tribes]].{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=42}}

== See also ==
* [[List of populated places in Churachandpur district]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{citation |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Guite & Haokip, The Anglo-Kuki War|2019}}}}
** {{citation |last=Guite |first=Jangkhomang |chapter='Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet': The general course of the Anglo-Kuki War |title=Ibid |year=2019 |pages=37– |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |ref={{sfnref|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019}}}}
** {{citation |first=D. Letkhojam |last=Haokip |chapter=‘These Crafty Jungle Fighters’: Tactics, technology and symbols of Kuki war |title=Ibid |year=2019 |pages=118– |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, These Crafty Jungle Fighters|2019}}}}
** {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |chapter=Breaking the Spirit of the Kukis: Launching the ‘largest series of military operations’ in the northeastern frontier of India |title=Ibid |year=2019 |pages=93– |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis|2019}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415344302 |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 1|2005}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 2 |date=2009 |publisher=Foundation Books / Cambridge University Press India |isbn=978-81-7596-854-7 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/16008904#map=11/24.5674/93.6076&layers=C Leimatak River], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 16 October 2023.
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/17206450#map=12/24.4607/93.5597&layers=C Henglep Road], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 13 February 2024.
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/17202804#map=13/24.4561/93.6185&layers=C Ukha Road] (between Henglep and Torbung via Ukha Loikhai), OpenStreetMap, retrieved 13 February 2024.

{{Manipur}}

[[Category:Villages in Churachandpur district]]

List of Indian Academy Award winners and nominees

2025-11-21T08:07:26Z

Viji:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
[[File:Bhanu Athaiya (2).jpg|alt=A picture of Bhanu Athya.|thumb|[[Bhanu Athaiya]] became the first Indian to win an [[Academy Award]] for designing the costumes for [[Richard Attenborough]]'s ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982).]]
Indian individuals and films have received or been nominated in different categories of the '''[[Academy Award]]s''' (also known as Oscar). {{as of|2023}}, 21 Indians have been nominated and 10 have won Oscars including in the [[Academy Scientific and Technical Award|scientific and technical]] category.

At the [[30th Academy Awards]], [[Mehboob Khan]]'s 1957 [[Hindi]]-language film ''[[Mother India]]'' was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's first submission]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]] category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/all-the-indian-films-that-were-indias-official-entry-to-the-academy-awards-2360805.html|title=Before Gully Boy, these Indian films were sent to the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film Category|publisher=[[News18]]|date=10 February 2020|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201044918/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/all-the-indian-films-that-were-indias-official-entry-to-the-academy-awards-2360805.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was nominated alongside four other films and lost to the Italian film ''[[Nights of Cabiria]]'' (1957) by one vote.<ref name=30th>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1958 |title=The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706094132/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/30th-winners.html |archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/And-the-Oscar-nearly-goes-to/articleshow/51171811.cms|title=And the Oscar nearly goes to…|last=Alikhan|first=Anwar|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2016|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=5 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705112433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/And-the-Oscar-nearly-goes-to/articleshow/51171811.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1982, The [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] was instrumental in co-producing [[Richard Attenborough]]'s biographical film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''.<ref>Wakeman, John. World Film Directors, Volume 2. The H. W. Wilson Company. 1988. 82.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article884479.ece|title=Film producer D.V.S. Raju passes away|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 November 2010|access-date=24 October 2014|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102193622/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article884479.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[55th Academy Awards]], [[Bhanu Athaiya]] became the first Indian to win an Academy Award for [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|designing the costumes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54560058|title=Bhanu Athaiya: Costume designer who won India's first Oscar dies|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=15 October 2020|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214230350/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54560058|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ravi Shankar]] was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] for the same film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-bollywood-retrospect-from-pather-panchali-to-gandhi-5-spellbinding-albums-of-pandit-ravi-shankar-2197101|title=Bollywood Retrospect: From 'Pather Panchali' to 'Gandhi', 5 spellbinding albums of Pandit Ravi Shankar|last=Arunachalam|first=Param|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=2 April 2016|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929092413/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-bollywood-retrospect-from-pather-panchali-to-gandhi-5-spellbinding-albums-of-pandit-ravi-shankar-2197101|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, three Indian films have been nominated for Best International Feature Film — ''Mother India'', ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988) and ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001).

In [[64th Academy Awards|1992]], legendary Bengali filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]] was bestowed with an [[Honorary Academy Award]]. He became the only Indian to date to receive the honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/|title=Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray|access-date=18 May 2014|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020193036/http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> In [[72nd Academy Awards|2000]], [[M. Night Shyamalan]] became the first Indian-American to receive an Oscar nomination for his 1999 film [[The Sixth Sense]]. He was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]] respectively. Currently, Shyamalan is the only person of Indian heritage to be nominated in those categories.

[[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Resul Pookutty]] won the [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing]] and Best Original Score, respectively, for the 2008 British film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''. Rahman also won for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] alongside lyricist [[Gulzar]] for the song "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/sharma-pookutty-gulzar-in-8-slumdog-oscars/654533|title=sharm, Pookutty, Gulzar in 8 Slumdog Oscars|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=23 February 2009|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127125812/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/rahman-pookutty-gulzar-in-8-slumdog-oscars/654533|url-status=live}}</ref> becoming the first and only Indian to date to have won more than one Academy Award. Rahman also holds the record for most nominations for an Indian with five total nominations to date, followed by [[Ismail Merchant]] with four nominations (three for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and once for [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Live Action Short]]).

At the [[95th Academy Awards]], three different Indian productions received Oscar nominations, with both ''[[RRR]]'' (feature film) and ''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]'' (documentary short film) winning among their respective categories and thus the former became 'The first Indian Full-length Feature film' and the latter became 'The first Indian Documentary short film' to win the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ar-rahman-celebrates-10-years-of-oscar-victory-says-he-starved-to-look-slim-at-the-event/articleshow/67846697.cms|title=AR Rahman celebrates 10 years of Oscar victory, says he 'starved' to look slim at the event|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=5 February 2019|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127214901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ar-rahman-celebrates-10-years-of-oscar-victory-says-he-starved-to-look-slim-at-the-event/articleshow/67846697.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=RRR's 'Naatu Naatu' and The Elephant Whisperers make history at the Oscars 2023. Indian cinema must make the most of these wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rrr-naatu-naatu-elephant-whisperers-oscars-indian-cinema-8493255/lite/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Several Indians and [[Indian Americans]] have received the Oscars in the technical category like [[Rahul Thakkar]], [[Cottalango Leon]] and Vikas Sathaye.

== Winners and nominees ==
In the following tables, the years correspond to the year in which the films were released; the Academy Award ceremony is held the following year.

=== Honorary awards ===
[[File:SatyajitRay.jpg|thumb|alt=A portrait of Satyajit Ray.|India's only [[Oscar Award|Oscar]] [[Honorary Academy Award]] recipient (in 1992) director [[Satyajit Ray]] (Born in [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal]], now [[West Bengal]], into a [[Bengali Hindu]] family of [[Mymensingh]], [[Bengal]], now [[Bangladesh]]). He received this award for his lifetime achievement in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] cinema.]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Honorary awards}}
! scope="col" | Year 
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Note
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[64th Academy Awards|1992 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Satyajit|Ray}}
| "In recognition of his rare mastery of the art of motion pictures, and of his profound humanitarian outlook, which has had an indelible influence on filmmakers and audiences throughout the world."
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/ |title=Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray |access-date=22 April 2013 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020193036/http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/ |archive-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|first=Edward|last=Gargan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/16/movies/film-satyajit-ray-honored-without-profit-in-his-land.html|title=FILM; Satyajit Ray Honored, Without Profit in His Land|date=16 February 1992|access-date=29 April 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=6 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006023550/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/16/movies/film-satyajit-ray-honored-without-profit-in-his-land.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Competitive Awards ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Competitive awards}}
! scope="col" | Year 
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)/recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[30th Academy Awards|1958 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Mother India]]''
| ''[[Mother India]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=30th/>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[33rd Academy Awards|1961 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ismail|Merchant}}
| {{sort|Creation of Woman|''The Creation of Woman''}}
| [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Subject (Live Action)]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1961|title=The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners|access-date=23 June 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234831/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1961|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[41st Academy Awards|1969 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Fali |Bilimoria|nolink=yes}}
| {{sort|The House That Ananda Built|''[[The House That Ananda Built]]''}}
| rowspan="1"|[[Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject|Best Documentary (Short Subject)]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Oscars1969">{{Cite web |title=The 41st Academy Awards (1969) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1969 |accessdate=13 October 2011 |work=oscars.org}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"| [[50th Academy Awards|1978 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ishu|Patel}}
| rowspan="1"| ''[[Bead Game]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1978|title=The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners|access-date=22 April 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/50th-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[51st Academy Awards|1979 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|K. K.|Kapil|nolink=yes}}
| {{sort|Encounter with Faces|''[[An Encounter with Faces]]''}}
| [[Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject|Best Documentary (Short Subject)]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1979|title=The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners|access-date=2 October 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402004111/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1979|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[55th Academy Awards|1983 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Bhanu|Athaiya}}
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1983|title=The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners|access-date=22 April 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/55th-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ravi|Shankar}}
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[59th Academy Awards|1987 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ismail|Merchant}}
| {{sort|Room with a View|''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''}}
| [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1987|title=The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners|access-date=23 June 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402004243/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1987|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[61st Academy Awards|1989 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''
| ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''
| Best Foreign Language Film
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989|title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners|access-date=22 April 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095646/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[65th Academy Awards|1993 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{sortname|Ismail|Merchant}}
| ''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]''
| rowspan="2" | Best Picture
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993|title=The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners|access-date=23 June 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102081504/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[66th Academy Awards|1994 {{small|(66th)}}]]
| {{sort|Remains of the Day|''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]''}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1994|title=The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners|access-date=23 June 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429072543/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/66th-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[74th Academy Awards|2002 {{small|(74th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Lagaan]]''
| ''[[Lagaan]]''
| Best Foreign Language Film
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002|title=The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners|access-date=22 April 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=9 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109213431/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[77th Academy Awards|2005 {{small|(77th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ashvin|Kumar}}
| ''[[Little Terrorist]]''
| Best Short Subject (Live Action)
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2005|title=The 77th Academy Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners|access-date=2 October 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101230853/http://oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2005|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| [[81st Academy Awards|2009 {{small|(81st)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Resul|Pookutty}}
| rowspan="5"| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing|Best Sound Mixing]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| <ref name="81st Oscars">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2009|title=Nominees and Winners for the 81st Academy Awards|access-date=22 April 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110111206/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Gulzar]] {{small|(Lyrics)}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] ({{small|For "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]"}})
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| {{sortname|A. R.|Rahman}} {{small|(Music)}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Original Score
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Original Song ({{small|For "[[O... Saya]]"}})
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[83rd Academy Awards|2011 {{small|(83rd)}}]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[127 Hours]]''
| Best Original Score
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| <ref name="83rd Oscars">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2011|title=Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards|access-date=24 April 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605132752/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/83/nominees.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Original Song ({{small|For "[[If I Rise]]"}})
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[85th Academy Awards|2013 {{small|(85th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Bombay|Jayashri}} {{small|(Lyrics)}}
| ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''
| Best Original Song ({{small|For "[[Pi's Lullaby]]"}})
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2013|title=Nominees for the 85th Academy Awards|access-date=22 April 2013|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014074656/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[92nd Academy Awards|2020 {{small|(92nd)
}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Smriti|Mundhra}}
| ''[[St. Louis Superman]]''
| Best Documentary (Short Subject)
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees for the 92nd Academy Awards |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2020 |access-date=15 March 2023 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |archive-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225030534/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[94th Academy Awards|2022 {{small|(94th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Rintu|Thomas}} {{sortname|Sushmit|Ghosh}}
| ''[[Writing with Fire]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]
| {{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees for the 94th Academy Awards |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022 |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051947/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[95th Academy Awards|2023 {{small|(95th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|M. M.|Keeravani}} {{small|(Music)}} [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] {{small|(Lyrics)}}
|''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
|Best Original Song ({{small|For "[[Naatu Naatu]]"}})
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees for the 95th Academy Awards |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314145222/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Kartiki|Gonsalves}} {{sortname|Guneet|Monga}}
|''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]''
|Best Documentary (Short Subject)
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Shaunak|Sen}} {{sortname|Aman|Mann|nolink=yes}}
|''[[All That Breathes]]''
|Best Documentary Feature
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[96th Academy Awards|2024 {{small|(96th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Nisha Pahuja]]
| ''[[To Kill a Tiger]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film|Best Documentary Feature Film]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment Desk |first=HT |date=24 Jan 2024 |title=Who is Nisha Pahuja? Meet To Kill a Tiger's Indian-origin director, whose film is nominated for Oscars 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/who-is-nisha-pahuja-to-killer-a-tiger-indian-oscars-2024-nominations-101706074783132-amp.html |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Scientific and technical awards ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Scientific and technical awards}}
! scope="col" | Year 
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)/recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Note
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Rahul|Thakkar}}{{efn|For his "groundbreaking design" of [[DreamWorks Animation]] Media Review System.<ref name=variety>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2016-academy-sci-tech-awards-winners-1201675428/|title=Academy Honors 33 Individuals With Scientific and Technical Awards|last=McNary|first=Dave|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=8 January 2016|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202225148/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/2016-academy-sci-tech-awards-winners-1201675428/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Academy Award for Technical Achievement]]
| Shared the award with Richard Chuang
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-varsity-graduate-wins-oscar-for-design/article8131553.ece|title=Mumbai varsity graduate wins Oscar for design|work=The Hindu|date=21 January 2016|access-date=22 January 2016|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127125812/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Mumbai-varsity-graduate-wins-Oscar-for-design/article14010448.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Cottalango|Leon}}{{efn|For "the design, engineering and continuous development" of [[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] itView technology.<ref name=variety/>}}
| Shared the award with Sam Richards and J. Robert Ray
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/techie-born-in-tn-wins-academy-award/article8155120.ece|title=Techie, born in T.N., wins Academy Award|last=Preetha|first=M. Soundariya|work=The Hindu|date=26 January 2016|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126195633/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/techie-born-in-tn-wins-academy-award/article8155120.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Vikas|Sathaye|nolink=yes}}{{efn|For "the concept, design, engineering and implementation" of the Shotover K1 Camera System.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/indian-engineer-part-of-team-awarded-sci-tech-oscar/articleshow/62880495.cms|title=Techie, born in Maharashtra, wins Academy Award|work=The Economic Times|date=12 February 2018|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230750/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/indian-engineer-part-of-team-awarded-sci-tech-oscar/articleshow/62880495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Shared the award with John Coyle, Brad Hurndell and Shane Buckham
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/and-the-oscar-goes-to-pune-engineer-sathaye-for-smart-camera-equipment/story-LWvzzRcMQCD9RM0yvjwLpM.html|title=And the Oscar goes to...Pune engineer Sathaye for smart camera equipment|last=Bari|first=Prachi|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=15 February 2018|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208081125/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/and-the-oscar-goes-to-pune-engineer-sathaye-for-smart-camera-equipment/story-LWvzzRcMQCD9RM0yvjwLpM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the British Academy Film Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Grammy Awards]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Academy Awards lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Academy Award winners and nominees}}
[[Category:Lists of Academy Award winners and nominees by nationality or region|Indian]]
[[Category:Cinema of India|Academy Awards]]
[[Category:Indian Academy Award winners|*]]

SBM Bank India

2025-11-01T14:29:30Z

Viji:

{{short description|Commercial bank}}
{{Cleanup-PR|1=article|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Distinguish|State Bank of Mysore}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SBM Bank India
| logo = State Bank of Mauritius Logo.jpg
| logo_caption =
| image =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as =
| founder =
| area_served =
| key_people = Ashish Vijayakar (MD and CEO)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/sbm-bank-india-names-ashish-vijayakar-md-ceo/articleshow/107752116.cms/|title=SBM Bank India names Ashish Vijayakar MD - CEO}} </ref>
| industry = [[Finance and Insurance]]
| genre =
| products = [[Banking]]
| Profit =
| assets =
| num_employees = 350+
| parent = [[State Bank of Mauritius|SBM Holdings Ltd]]
| subsid =
| foundation = 1 December 2018
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.sbm.bank.in}}
}}
'''SBM Bank India''' is a subsidiary of the [[State Bank of Mauritius]]. It was the first bank to receive a banking license from the India's banking regulator [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) to establish a universal banking business in the country as a [[wholly owned subsidiary]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sbm-plans-calibrated-expansion-of-units-in-india/articleshow/69138596.cms|title = SBM plans calibrated expansion of units in India|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Rebello|first1 = Joel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/state-bank-of-mauritius-to-operate-as-local-subsidiary-to-double-branches-eyes-rs-5000-cr-biz-in-two-years-3436781.html|title=State Bank Of Mauritius To Operate As Local Subsidiary; To Double Branches, Eyes Rs 5000 Cr Biz In Two Years|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/sbm-bank-india-ltd-becomes-first-foreign-bank-to-set-up-wholly-owned-subsidiary-in-india/business-economy/news/1478479.html|title=SBM Bank (India) Ltd becomes first foreign bank to set up wholly owned subsidiary in India}}</ref> It was incorporated on 1 December 2018 as a private sector bank headquartered in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/sbm-bank-india-unveils-sbm-private-wealth/Business%20Economy/news/2155130.html|title=SBM Bank India unveils SBM Private Wealth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/SBM-Bank-India-inaugurates-first-of-its-kind-container-branch-at-Maharashtra-/25041|title=SBM Bank India inaugurates first-of-its-kind container branch at Maharashtra|website=www.psuconnect.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/sbm-bank-aims-to-add-up-to-six-branches-in-fy21/article30495665.ece|title=SBM Bank aims to add up to six branches in FY21|website=@businessline|date=6 January 2020 }}</ref> It also operates from [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Surat]], and in the rural centers of [[Ramachandrapuram, Telangana|Ramachandrapuram]] and [[Palghar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mauritius-pm-inaugurates-sbm-bank-india-ltd-in-mumbai-119012500517_1.html|title = Mauritius PM inaugurates SBM Bank (India) Ltd in Mumbai|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 25 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/focusing-deposits-state-bank-of-mauritius-plans-major-branch-expansion/1504292/|title = Focusing deposits, State Bank of Mauritius plans major branch expansion|date = 4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ciol.com/sbm-bank-india-limited-first-foreign-bank-set-wholly-owned-subsidiary-wos-india/|title=SBM Bank (India) Limited: First foreign bank to set up a Wholly Owned Subsidiary (WOS) in India|website=www.ciol.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sbm-bank-india-wants-to-be-an-amazon-of-banking-5774891.html|title=SBM Bank India Wants To Be An Amazon Of Banking|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/SBM-Bank-India-Envisions-An-Expansion-Of-16-Branches-By-The-Year-2022/11-04-2019-169070|title=SBM Bank (India) Envisions An Expansion Of 16 Branches By The Year 2022|first=Bhaktvatsal|last=Sharma|website=BW Businessworld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mauritius-pm-inaugurates-sbm-bank-india-ltd-in-mumbai-119012500517_1.html|title=Mauritius PM inaugurates SBM Bank (India) Ltd in Mumbai|date=25 January 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mauritius-sbm-gets-rbi-approval-to-merge-operations-with-its-indian-subsidiary-118120100674_1.html|title=Mauritius' SBM gets RBI approval to merge operations with its Indian subsidiary|agency=Press Trust of India|date=1 December 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

== History ==
{{contradiction|date=November 2022}}
SBM Bank (India) Ltd. is a step-down subsidiary of SBM Holdings Ltd, a listed entity in the [[Stock Exchange of Mauritius|Mauritius Stock exchange]], promoted by the [[Government of Mauritius]], brought its rich experience to [[India]] by setting up the Indian Operations in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/dec/02/rbi-approves-state-bank-of-mauritius-merger-with-indian-subsidiary-1906223.html|title=RBI approves State Bank of Mauritius merger with Indian subsidiary|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 December 2018 }}</ref>

== Products and services ==
SBM Bank (India) Ltd. focuses on retail banking products under the brand "SBM Private Wealth" and customized wholesale banking products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/sbm-bank-i-will-focus-on-rural-markets-through-collaborative-approach-says-sidharth-rath/article30850494.ece|title=SBM Bank (I) will focus on rural markets through collaborative approach, says Sidharth Rath|first=Thomas|last=Abraham|website=@businessline|date=18 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/we-intend-to-use-open-architecture-to-build-scale-sbm-bank-s-sidharth-rath-120080200915_1.html|title=We intend to use open architecture to build scale: SBM Bank's Sidharth Rath|first=Raghu|last=Mohan|date=3 August 2020|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Tie-ups and Partnerships ==
{{shorten|date=November 2022}}
* SBM Bank taps partnerships to grow India operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sbm-bank-bets-on-tie-ups-to-grow-india-operations-not-to-add-branches-6787201.html|title=SBM Bank Bets On Tie-ups To Grow India Operations; Not To Add Branches|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
* SBM Bank India partners with Lendingkart to offer overdraft facility for working capital to MSMEs. SBM Bank offers a customised overdraft facility to over 1,00,000 customers of Lendingkart, largely [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|MSMEs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/small-business/news-sbm-bank-india-ties-up-with-lendingkart-to-offer-overdraft-facility-for-working-capital-to-msmes-164954|title=SBM Bank India ties up with Lendingkart to offer overdraft facility for working capital to MSMEs|date=10 September 2021|website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-sector-banking-financials/sbm-bank-india-collaborates-with-lendingkart-to-market-unique-tailormade-overdraft-facility-121090900662_1.html|title=SBM Bank India collaborates with Lendingkart to market unique tailormade Overdraft facility|website=www.indiainfoline.com}}</ref>
* SBM Bank India to empower for MSME exporters through collaboration with Drip Capital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/sbm-bank-india-collaborates-with-drip-capital-to-empower-msme-exporters/articleshow/84171878.cms|title=SBM Bank India collaborates with Drip Capital to empower MSME exporters|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=6 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/drip-capital-partners-with-sbm-bank-india-to-empower-msme-exporters/article35184659.ece|title=Drip Capital partners with SBM Bank India to empower MSME exporters|website=@businessline|date=7 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/msme/sbm-bank-india-partners-with-drip-capital-to-boost-msme-exports|title=SBM Bank India partners with Drip Capital to boost MSME exports|first=Knn India-Knowledge & News|last=Network|website=knnindia.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/msme-fin-how-bank-fintech-partnerships-have-evolved-in-india-to-ease-lending-payments-for-msmes-others/2354400/|title=What bank-fintech tie-ups mean for MSMEs, others in India beyond lending, payments|date=28 October 2021 }}</ref>
* SBM Bank India re-imagines credit card experience in partnership with OneCard. SBM Bank India did the Collaboration with OneCard to extend mobile-based credit cards. With in-app on-boarding, the virtual card can be activated & used instantly, while the physical card is delivered to the customer in as less as 3–5 days time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/sbm-bank-india-collaborates-with-onecard-to-extend-mobile-based-credit-cards/79107/|title=SBM Bank India Collaborates with OneCard to extend mobile-based credit cards|date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortunly.com/news/banking/sbm-bank-and-onecard-partner-up-to-launch-mobile-based-credit-card/|title=SBM Bank and OneCard to Launch Mobile-Based Credit Card|website=Fortunly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/sbm-bank-partners-with-onecard-to-launch-mobile-based-credit-card-121090601200_1.html|title=SBM Bank partners with OneCard to launch mobile-based credit card|agency=Press Trust of India|date=6 September 2021|via=Business Standard |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of }}</ref>
* SBM Bank India tied up with CredAvenue for NBFCs and fintec.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sbm-bank-india-partners-with-credavenue-for-nbfcs-and-fintechs/articleshow/83146792.cms|title=SBM Bank India partners with CredAvenue for NBFCs and fintechs - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/sbm-bank-india-logs-on-to-credavenue-as-platform-partner/|title=SBM Bank India logs on to CredAvenue as Platform Partner|date=28 May 2021}}</ref>
* SBM Bank India taps 30 fintechs to grow deposit operations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sbm-bank-ties-up-with-30-fintechs-to-grow-deposits/articleshow/84535905.cms|title=SBM Bank ties up with 30 fintechs to grow deposits - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 July 2021 }}</ref>
* Vested Finance and SBM Bank come together to offer forex transfers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/vested-finance-ties-up-with-sbm-bank-for-forex-transfers-11634109148935.html|title=Vested Finance ties up with SBM Bank for forex transfers|date=13 October 2021|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefintechtimes.com/vested-finance-partners-with-sbm-bank-india-to-make-desposts-for-us-investing-easier/|title=Vested Finance Partners with SBM Bank India To Make Desposts for US Investing Easier|first=Polly Jean|last=Harrison|date=17 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sbms-partner-vested-to-help-indians-buy-us-stocks-online/articleshow/87004555.cms|title=SBM's partner Vested to help Indians buy US stocks online - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 October 2021 }}</ref>
* Paisabazaar introduces its neo-lending strategy, launches Step Up Credit Card with SBM Bank India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/paisabazaar-rolls-out-its-neo-lending-strategy-launches-step-up-credit-card-with-sbm-bank-india/682319/|title=Paisabazaar rolls out its neo-lending strategy, launches Step Up Credit Card with SBM Bank India|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=22 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/paisabazaar--sbm-bank-announce--to-launch-step-up-credit-card.html|title=Paisabazaar, SBM bank announce to launch Step Up credit card|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>
* Niyo and SBM Bank India come together to offer Niyo Global experience for passport holders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mybigplunge.com/tech-plunge/fintech/niyo-and-sbm-bank-india-launches-upgraded-niyo-global-experience-for-passport-holders/|title=Niyo with SBM Bank India now offers a digital savings account.|date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/niyo-and-sbm-bank-to-launch-upgraded-niyo-global-experience-for-passport-holders/business-economy/news/2561512.html|title=Niyo and SBM Bank to launch upgraded Niyo Global experience for passport holders}}</ref>
* Niyo with SBM Bank India and VISA now offers a digital savings account with travel-friendly product Niyo Global. Along with zero-forex mark-up, customers can now earn an attractive interest p.a. on the savings account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/niyo-sbm-bank-announce-offer-for-digital-savings-account|title=Niyo, SBM Bank announce offer for digital savings account|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/sbm-bank-india-set-to-launch-a-neo-banking-platform/article33091396.ece|title=SBM Bank India set to launch a neo banking platform|website=@businessline|date=13 November 2020 }}</ref>
* U GRO Capital and SBM Bank India together launch ‘GRO Smart Business’ credit cards targeted to MSMEs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/u-gro-capital-sbm-bank-india-partner-launch-gro-smart-business-credit-card-for-msmes/|title=U GRO Capital, SBM Bank India partner to launch 'GRO Smart Business' credit card for MSMEs|first=BFSI|last=Network|date=8 April 2021}}</ref>
* SBM Bank India along with Mastercard facilitate cross border transactions, remittances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sbm-bank-india-mastercard-to-facilitate-cross-border-transactions-remittances-11594029848373.html|title=SBM Bank India, Mastercard to facilitate cross border transactions, remittances|date=6 July 2020|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pymnts.com/news/international/2020/today-in-payments-around-the-world-worldremit-smb-bank-india/|title=WorldRemit Introduces Transfer Tracking App|date=16 September 2020|website=www.pymnts.com}}</ref>
* LoanTap in association with SBM Bank and [[RuPay|Rupay]], launches limitless prepaid cards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/digital-lending-platform-loantap-launches-limitless-prepaid-cards-in-association-with-sbm-bank-rupay|title=Digital lending platform LoanTap launches limitless prepaid cards in association with SBM Bank, Rupay|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
* SBM EnKash RuPay Business Card through RuPay network will offer a host of unique amenities designed for SMEs, MSMEs, and start-ups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/sbm-bank-india-enkash-yap-and-rupay-launch-business-credit-card/article32171067.ece|title=SBM Bank India, EnKash, YAP and RuPay launch business credit card|website=@businessline|date=23 July 2020 }}</ref>
* SBM Bank India taps Vakrangee for Banking Business Correspondent (BC) service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/sbm-bank-india-partners-with-vakrangee-to-provide-banking-services-120120400275_1.html|title=SBM Bank India partners with Vakrangee to provide banking services|first=Capital|last=Market|date=4 December 2020|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
* Finin collaborates with SBM Bank India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/finin-launches-as-neobanking-platform-partners-with-sbm-bank-india-280526-2020-12-03|title=Finin launches as neobanking platform, partners with SBM Bank India|website=Business Today|date=3 December 2020 }}</ref>
* Arya announces its collaboration with SBM Bank India to tap the mid-market segment, including mid-corporates and higher-end SMEs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/arya-state-bank-of-mauritius-bank-partner-to-offer-financing-solutions/|title=Arya, State Bank of Mauritius Bank partner to offer financing solutions|first=BFSI|last=Network|date=12 August 2021}}</ref>
* Vakrangee partners with SBM Bank India to take Smart Banking to Indian hinterlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/vakrangee-ties-with-sbm-bank-india-to-offer-smart-banking-to-the-unbanked-india-120120400332_1.html|title=Vakrangee ties with SBM Bank India to offer Smart Banking to the unbanked India|website=www.indiainfoline.com}}</ref>
* Bharti AXA Life tied up with SBM Bank India for insurance distribution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/bharti-axa-life-partners-with-sbm-bank-india-for-insurance-distribution/articleshow/77617273.cms|title=Bharti AXA Life partners with SBM Bank India for insurance distribution|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=18 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/bharti-axa-life-sbm-bank-india-enter-into-bancassurance-partnership/article32381715.ece|title=Bharti AXA Life, SBM Bank India enter into bancassurance partnership|first=K. R.|last=Srivats|website=@businessline|date=18 August 2020 }}</ref>
* SBM Bank India and PayNearby come together to democratize financial investments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/finance-details/12399/new-platform-floated-by-sbm-bank-india-and-paynearby-ease-the-process-of-financial-investments.html|title=New platform floated by SBM Bank India and PayNearby ease the process of financial investments | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|website=Indiablooms.com|date=18 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/sbm-bank-india-and-paynearby-announce-launch-of-nivesh/east/news/2124964.html|title=SBM Bank India and PayNearby announce launch of Nivesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sbm-bank-ties-up-with-paynearby-to-offer-open-banking-to-masses-4789731.html|title=SBM Bank Ties Up With PayNearby To Offer 'open Banking' To Masses|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|Banks}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Banks of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Banking in India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]

Mahavir Singh Phogat

2025-09-01T06:45:30Z

Viji: minor edit

{{short description|Indian amateur wrestler and senior Olympics coach}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Mahavir Singh Phogat
| image = Mahavir Singh Phogat at the special screening of ‘Dangal’.jpg
| caption = Phogat in 2016
| birth_name =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhiwani District|Bhiwani]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| height =
| country = India
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| spouse = Daya Kaur
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching = [[Geeta Phogat]], [[Babita Kumari]], [[Ritu Phogat]], [[Vinesh Phogat]], [[Priyanka Phogat]]
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = [[Dronacharya Award]]
}}

'''Mahavir Singh Phogat''' is an Indian [[Amateur wrestling|amateur wrestler]], senior [[Olympics]] coach and politician.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahavir Singh Phogat |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tags/mahavir-singh-phogat.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/search/mahavir-singh-phogat_all|title=Mahavir Singh Phogat : Read Mahavir Singh Phogat Latest News, Photos, Videos Online on Midday|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226180307/http://www.mid-day.com/search/mahavir-singh-phogat_all|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the trainer and father of the [[Phogat sisters]].<ref name=d2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/21/meet-mahavir-singh-phogat-the-fascinating-wrestler-who-inspired |title=Meet Mahavir Singh Phogat the fascinating wrestler who inspired, Publication: Huffington Post newsportal; Published on: 21 October 2016; Accessed on: 6 March 2017 |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708083115/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/21/meet-mahavir-singh-phogat-the-fascinating-wrestler-who-inspired/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Hindi]] biographical film ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' is loosely based on his life.

Mahavir Singh Phogat was awarded the [[Dronacharya Award]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Sports Awards – 2016 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149084 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204072626/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149084 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dangal.net/2015/04/film-dangal-wrestler-mahavir-singh-phogat-biography.html|title=Film Dangal is wrestler Mahavir Singh Phogat's biography - Aamir plays Mahavir|publisher=|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226202248/http://dangal.net/2015/04/film-dangal-wrestler-mahavir-singh-phogat-biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the father and coach of [[Geeta Phogat]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=Basu|first=Hindol|date=14 June 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/The-hero-behind-Dangal/articleshow/47660174.cms|title=The hero behind 'Dangal' | Chandigarh News|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810023447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/The-hero-behind-Dangal/articleshow/47660174.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/wrestling-coach-mahavir-phogat-overlooked-for-dronacharya-award/15523177|title=Wrestling coach Mahavir Phogat overlooked for Dronacharya Award|date=11 August 2014|work=Mid Day|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807141531/https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/wrestling-coach-mahavir-phogat-overlooked-for-dronacharya-award-15523177|url-status=live}}</ref> who won India's first gold medal in women's wrestling in the 55 kg freestyle category at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], and the first Indian woman wrestler to have qualified for the [[Olympics]], and [[Babita Kumari]], who won a bronze medal at the [[2012 World Wrestling Championships]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/OtherSports/Babita-clinches-bronze-in-World-Championships/Article1-937328.aspx |title=Babita clinches bronze in World Championships |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112030431/http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/OtherSports/Babita-clinches-bronze-in-World-Championships/Article1-937328.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and won the gold medal in [[2014 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = JSW Sports Excellence Program Wrestling|url = http://www.jsw.in/sports/wrestling|website = www.jsw.in|access-date = 2 November 2015|archive-date = 5 November 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161105084944/http://www.jsw.in/sports/wrestling|url-status = live}}</ref> Phogat's niece, [[Vinesh Phogat]], was also a [[Commonwealth Games]] gold medalist and also won gold medal at Asian games 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-meet-the-medal-winning-phogat-sisters-2009485|title=Meet the medal winning Phogat sisters|first=Gargi|last=Gupta|date=10 August 2014|website=DNA India|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207114402/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-meet-the-medal-winning-phogat-sisters-2009485|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/But-hey-this-is-family/articleshow/6239783.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103162947/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/wrestling/28274884_1_gold-medals-boys-commonwealth-gold |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=But hey, this is family... |date=31 July 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 October 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Phogat was born in [[Bhiwani district]] of [[Haryana]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Geeta Phogat's Real Life Journey From Akhada To CWG Gold Is More Inspiring Than Dangal |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/geeta-phogat-s-real-life-journey-from-akhada-to-cwg-gold-is-more-inspiring-than-dangal-the-movie-268184.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=IndiaTimes |date=26 December 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102201702/https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/geeta-phogat-s-real-life-journey-from-akhada-to-cwg-gold-is-more-inspiring-than-dangal-the-movie-268184.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and hails from [[Balali]] in [[Charkhi Dadri district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan promises to attend his 'Dangal' 'daughter' Geeta Phogat's wedding |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/041116/aamir-khan-promises-to-attend-his-dangal-daughter-geeta-phogats-marriage.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 November 2016 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520054355/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/041116/aamir-khan-promises-to-attend-his-dangal-daughter-geeta-phogats-marriage.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He is married to Daya Shobha Kaur and has four daughters & one son - [[Geeta Phogat|Geeta]], [[Babita Kumari|Babita]], [[Ritu Phogat|Ritu]], [[Sangita Phogat|Sangita]] and Dushyant respectively. As a [[Foster care|foster father]], he also took care of his nieces [[Vinesh Phogat|Vinesh]] and [[Priyanka Phogat|Priyanka]], children of his brother who was killed in a land dispute. All the 6 Phogats are trained in wrestling by Mahavir. While Geeta, Babita and Vinesh are international players, Ritu has won a gold medal at the national championship and Priyanka and Sangeeta have won medals in age-level international championships.

== Popular culture ==
===Biographical film===
{{Main|Dangal (2016 film)}}
The Indian biographical film ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' is based on Singh's life and the journey of his daughters towards success. [[Aamir Khan]] plays the role of Mahavir Singh Phogat, while [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]] and [[Sanya Malhotra]] play the roles of his daughters [[Geeta Phogat|Geeta]] and [[Babita Phogat|Babita]] respectively. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-to-play-mahavir-phogat-in-dangal-meets-his-wrestler-daughters-geeta-and-babita/|title=Aamir Khan to play Mahavir Phogat in Dangal, meets his wrestler daughters Geeta and Babita|date=30 July 2015|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207114358/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-to-play-mahavir-phogat-in-dangal-meets-his-wrestler-daughters-geeta-and-babita/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-how-aamir-is-preparing-for-his-role-in-dangal/story-0nqVeEg24Qu1CR5Nm606iM.html|title=This is how Aamir is preparing for his role in Dangal|date=30 July 2015|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807141531/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/this-is-how-aamir-is-preparing-for-his-role-in-dangal/story-0nqVeEg24Qu1CR5Nm606iM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan now on a new diet for 'Dangal' - Bollywood News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aamir-khan-now-on-a-new-diet-for-dangal-hindi-news-151725.html |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=IndiaGlitz.com |date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193210/https://www.indiaglitz.com/aamir-khan-now-on-a-new-diet-for-dangal-hindi-news-151725.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/21/meet-mahavir-singh-phogat-the-fascinating-wrestler-who-inspired/|title=Mahavir Singh Phogat Who Inspired A* amir Khan for 'Dangal'|publisher=|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025071214/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/21/meet-mahavir-singh-phogat-the-fascinating-wrestler-who-inspired/?|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours==

[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Dronacharya Award for the year-2016 to Shri Mahabir Singh for Wrestling (Lifetime), in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2016.jpg|thumb|Mahavir Singh receiving the [[Dronacharya Award]] from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in August 2016]]

===National Honours===
* 2016 – [[Dronacharya Award]]

===Book===
{{Main|Akhada: The Authorized Biography of Mahavir Singh Phogat}}
''Akhada'' is the authorised biography of Mahavir Singh Phogat, a former wrestler and a coach. The book is penned by sports journalist Sourabh Duggal and was released on 21 December 2016 at the Chandigarh Press Club.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/man-who-inspired-dangal-releases-his-biography-akhada-in-chandigarh/story-3Oy0MRVwc4hq48NzzLwJ0O.html|title=Man who inspired 'Dangal' releases his biography 'Akhada' in Chandigarh|date=16 December 2016|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807141520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/man-who-inspired-dangal-releases-his-biography-akhada-in-chandigarh/story-3Oy0MRVwc4hq48NzzLwJ0O.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It traces Mahavir Phogat's journey with his daughters and nieces hailing from a small village in Haryana to winning the medals for the country.<ref>[http://www.vowelor.com/book/akhada-mahavir-singh-phogat-biography-review/ "Akhada: The Authorised Biography of Mahavir Singh Phogat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222084406/http://www.vowelor.com/book/akhada-mahavir-singh-phogat-biography-review/ |date=22 December 2016 }}, written by Saurabh Duggal</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phogat, Mahavir Singh}}
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Sport wrestlers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwani]]
[[Category:Indian wrestling coaches]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dronacharya Award]]
[[Category:Phogat sisters|Mahavir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]

Khoni, Maharashtra

2025-08-28T08:54:53Z

Viji: new - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{For|the town in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]|Khoni}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2014}}
{{update|date=March 2014}}

== About ==
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khoni
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3113|N|73.0544|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 22687
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[Khoni, Maharashtra|Khoni]] is a village located in Kalyan tehsil of Thane district in Maharashtra, India. It is situated 8km away from sub-district headquarter Kalyan (tehsildar office) and 28km away from district headquarter Thane. As per 2009 stats, Khoni village is also a gram panchayat.

Khoni has its own place in the vibrant Thane region. In the following sections, you’ll find details about population, literacy, households, children, caste data, area, [[Personal identification number|pincode]], local governance, nearby villages, connectivity, and more.

According to Census 2011, the location code or village code of Khoni is 553000. The village spans a total geographical area of 280 hectares. [[Dombivli|Dombivali]] is nearest town to Khoni village for all major economic activities, which is approximately 8km away.

When it comes to local governance, Khoni village is administered by a [[Sarpanch]], the elected head of the village, in accordance with the [[Constitution of India]] and the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Act]]. The village falls under the Kalyan Rural Vidhan Sabha constituency for state-level representation and the Kalyan [[Lok Sabha]] constituency for national parliamentary elections. The local administration is responsible for civic services and development within the village.

==Demographics==
At the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Khoni had a population of 22,687. Males constituted 65% of the population and females 35%. Khoni had an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 72%, and female literacy was 68%. In Khoni, 14% of the population were under 6 years of age.

Khoni is situated on the Katai Naka Badlapur pipeline road.{{cn|date=March 2014}}

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thane district]]

{{Thane-geo-stub}}

2022–23 Gokulam Kerala FC season

2025-08-27T08:35:30Z

Viji: adding data

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| season = 2022–23
| chairman = {{flagicon|IND}} Gokulam Gopalan
| manager = {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Richard Towa]] ''(until 22 December)'' {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]] ''(from 27 December)''
| mgrtitle = Head Coach
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]] [[EMS Stadium]]
| league = [[2022–23 I-League|I-League]]
| league result = 3rd
| cup1 = [[Baji Rout#Baji Rout Cup|Baji Rout Cup]]
| cup1 result = Quarter-finals
| cup2 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup2 result = Group Stage
| cup3 =
| cup3 result =
| league topscorer = [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] 8 Goals
| season topscorer = [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] 9 Goals
| average attendance = 5,192
| highest attendance = 8,234 (vs [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]])
| lowest attendance = 1,216 (vs [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] )
| largest win =3-0 (vs [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] (H), 7 December 2022, I-League) 3-0 (vs [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] (H), 25 February 2023, I-League) 1-4 (vs [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] (A), 6 March 2023, I-League)
| largest loss =

| prevseason = [[2021–22 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2021–22]]
| nextseason = [[2023–24 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season|2023–24]]
| updated = 29 April 2023
}}

The '''2022–23 season''' is '''[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]'s''' sixth season since its establishment in 2017 and their fifth season in the [[I-League]]. In addition to the [[I-League]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=ISL, I-League to have promotion-relegation after talks with FIFA and AFC: Reports |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-super-league-i-league-relegation-promotion-fifa-afc-football/article38505302.ece |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Sportstar |date=23 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Gokulam Kerala also participated in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Indian Football Calendar 2022-23: Durand Cup on 13th Aug, ISL starts in October |url=https://www.insidesport.in/indian-football-calendar-2022-indian-football-season-to-kick-off-with-durand-cup-on-13th-aug-isl-season-set-to-start-on-october-6th-check-details/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[IFA Shield]].

==Current technical staff==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Position'''
!style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Name'''
|-
| Head Coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francesc Bonet]]<ref>{{cite web|title=We welcome our new gaffer from Spain Francesc Bonet|url=https://twitter.com/GokulamKeralaFC/status/1607716124556414977|website=@GokulamKeralaFC|date=27 December 2022|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Fitness and conditioning Coach
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Djair Miranda Garcia
|-
|Technical Director
| Vacant
|-
| Goalkeeping Coach
| {{flagicon|NEP}} Manish Timsina
|-
|}

==Kits==

{|style="margin:1em auto;"
|{{Football kit
|pattern_la1 =_whiteborder
|pattern_b1 =_darkblue2
|pattern_ra1 =
|pattern_sh1 =_Greensides
|pattern_so1 =
|leftarm1 =C40233
|body1 =C40233
|rightarm1 =9B111F
|shorts1=
|socks1=
|title = Home
}}

|{{Football kit
|pattern_la2=
|pattern_b2=_whitecollar
|pattern_ra2=
|pattern_sh2=_greensides
|pattern_so2=_greentop
|leftarm2=54BC81
|body2=54BC81
|rightarm2=54BC81
|shorts2=FFFFFF
|socks2=54BC81
|title = Away
}}
|}

== First-team squad ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Squad no.
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Nationality
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Position(s)
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Age
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Previous club
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Since
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Apps
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Goals
! style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Assists
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#7D2838; color:white; text-align:center" | '''Goalkeepers'''
|-
| 1
| [[Bilal Khan (footballer)|Bilal Khan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| 28
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| 2022
| 16
| 0
| 0
|-
| 40
| [[James Kithan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| 27
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| 2022
| 1
| 0
| 0
|-
| 42
| [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| 29
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| 2022
| 34
| 0
| 0
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#7D2838; color:white; text-align:center" | '''Defenders'''
|-
| 2
|[[Subhankar Adhikari]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Left-back|CB]]
| 25
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|GKFC Reserves]]
|2022
|23
|0
|1
|-
| 3
| [[Mohammed Jassim]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Left-back|LB]]
| 25
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|GKFC Reserves]]
|2020
|39
|0
|3
|-
| 4
| [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| 27
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|2021
|33
|0
|1
|-
| 17
| [[Aminou Bouba]]
| {{flagicon|CMR}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| 31
|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Eding Sport FC]]
|2021
|56
|3
|2
|-
| 24
| [[Abdul Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| 27
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|2022
|22
|2
|1
|-
| 46
| [[Vikas Singh Saini|Vikas Saini]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)|RB]]
| 25
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers]]
|2022
|16
|0
|1
|-
| 66
| [[Sajad Hussain Parray]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|LB]]
| 19
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|2023
|1
|0
|0
|-
| 93
| [[Akhil Praveen]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| 28
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|2022
|1
|0
|0
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#7D2838; color:white; text-align:center" | '''MidFielders'''
|-
| 7
| [[Thahir Zaman]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 27
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|GKFC Reserves]]
|2020
|54
|9
|2
|-
| 8
| [[Rishad PP]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|GKFC Reserves]]
|2021
|24
|2
|3
|-
| 10
| [[Kaká (footballer, born May 1991)|Kaká]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 31
|{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Arar FC|Arar]]
|2022
|6
|0
|0
|-
| 14
| [[Jijo Joseph]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 30
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Kickstart FC]]
|2023
|4
|1
|0
|-
| 15
| [[Arjun Jayaraj]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 26
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|2022
|39
|2
|1
|-
| 18
| [[Shilton D'Silva]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 30
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|2023
|8
|1
|0
|-
| 23
| [[Farshad Noor]]
| {{flagicon|AFG}}
| [[Midfielder|CM]]
| 28
|{{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahrain SC]]
|2022
|25
|5
|4
|-
| 29
| [[Noufal PN]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 22
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|GKFC Reserves]]
|2022
|23
|0
|6
|-
| 47
| [[Omar Ramos]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 34
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|2022
|11
|1
|2
|-
| 50
| Tanmoy Ghosh
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 22
|{{flagicon|India}} [[BSS Sporting Club]]
|2022
|13
|0
|0
|-
| 99
| [[Rahul Raju]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Midfielder|AM]]
| 19
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
|2022
|22
|1
|0
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#7D2838; color:white; text-align:center" | '''Forwards'''
|-
| 9
| [[Samuel Mensah Koney]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|GKFC Reserves]]
|2023
|4
|2
|0
|-
| 13
| [[Sreekuttan VS]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 23
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Kerala blasters]]
|2022
|47
|3
|4
|-
| 17
| [[Sourav K]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 21
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|GKFC Reserves]]
|2021
|24
|2
|2
|-
| 19
| [[Jobby Justin]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 29
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|2023
|13
|1
|1
|-
| 20
| Dilip Oraon
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 21
|{{flagicon|India}} [[United SC|United]]
|2022
|1
|0
|0
|-
| 22
| [[Shijin Thadhyouse]]
| {{flagicon|India}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 21
| {{flagicon|India}} SAI
|2022
|14
|3
|1
|-
| 70
| [[Sergio Mendigutxia]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| 29
| {{flagicon|ITA}} US Mariglianese
|2022
|16
|9
|0
|-
|}

=== New contracts ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Date'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |''' Player'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
|28 May 2021
| style="text-align:center;" |DF
| style="text-align:center;" |15
|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]]
|
|}

==Transfers & loans ==

===Transfers in===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#7D2838; color:#FFFFFF; |'''Entry date'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Previous club'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
|3 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|15
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Jayaraj]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-23-gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-arjun-jayaraj/ | title=Arjun Jayaraj returns to Gokulam Kerala on free transfer | date=24 June 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|11 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Tanmoy Ghosh
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[BSS Sporting]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-tanmoy-ghosh/ | title=Gokulam Kerala to sign West Bengal midfielder Tanmoy Ghosh | date=22 May 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|12 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Akhil Praveen
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arunfoot.com/gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-midfielder-akhil-praveen/ | title=Gokulam Kerala FC sign midfielder Akhil Praveen! | publisher=Arunfoot | first=Arunava | last=Chaudhuri | date=12 July 2022 | accessdate=24 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|15 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Bibin Ajayan
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Golden Threads FC]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arunfoot.com/gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-defender-bibin-ajayan/ | title=Gokulam Kerala FC sign defender Bibin Ajayan! | date=15 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|21 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Sukuram Sardar
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Railways
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arunfoot.com/gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-midfielder-sukuram-sardar/ | title=Gokulam Kerala FC sign midfielder Sukuram Sardar! | date=22 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|26 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Shijin
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} SAI Kollam
| None
|
|-
|4 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|MNE}} Vladan Kordic
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|MNE}} [[FK Arsenal Tivat|Arsenal Tivat]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/vladan-kordic-gokulam-kerala-fc-i-league-2022-23-transfers/article65634182.ece | title=Vladan Kordic signs for Gokulam Kerala ahead of 2022-23 season | date=13 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|21 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CMR}} Auguste Somlaga
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LBY}} Al Afriqi
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arunfoot.com/gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-cameroon-striker-auguste-somlaga/ | title=Gokulam Kerala FC sign Cameroon striker Auguste Somlaga! | date=21 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|25 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Kaká (footballer, born May 1991)|Kaká]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Arar FC|Arar]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-signs-everton-kaka-brazil-i-league-season-football-news/article65811694.ece | title=Gokulam Kerala FC signs Everton Kaka of Brazil ahead of new season | date=25 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|31 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DM
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ARG}} Juan Nellar
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.S. Sancolombano Calcio|Sancolombano]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arunfoot.com/gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-argentine-midfielder-juan-carlos-nellar/ | title=Gokulam Kerala FC sign Argentine midfielder Juan Carlos Nellar! | date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|2 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreekuttan VS]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| None
|
|-
|15 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Subhankar Adhikari
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| None
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-george-telegraph-gokulam-kerala-sign-defender-subhankar-adhikari/ |title=iLeague 2022 |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130062510/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-george-telegraph-gokulam-kerala-sign-defender-subhankar-adhikari |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|15 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Vikas Saini
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers]]
| None
|
|-
|15 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Noufal
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} BASCO FC
| None
|
|-
|15 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 23
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Farshad Noor]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahrain SC]]
| None
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2022-10-indian-football-i-league-2022-23-gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-farshad-noor/ |title=Gokulam Kerala FC sign Farshad Noor |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109181858/https://khelnow.com/football/2022-10-indian-football-i-league-2022-23-gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-farshad-noor |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|15 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Dilip Oraon
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[United SC|United]]
| None
|
|-
|15 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GHA}} Dodi
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GHA}}
| None
|
|-
|15 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bilal Khan (footballer)|Bilal Khan]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| None
|
|-
|15 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| 40
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[James Kithan]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| None
|
|-
| 1 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abdul Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| None
|<ref>[https://www.arunfoot.com/defender-abdul-hakku-returns-to-gokulam-kerala-fc/ Defender Abdul Hakku returns to Gokulam Kerala FC] Arun Foot. Retrieved 21 March 2023</ref>
|-
| 6 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 47
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Omar Ramos]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| None
|<ref name=arunfoot>[https://www.arunfoot.com/gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-spanish-duo-of-omar-ramos-sergio-mendigutxia/ Gokulam Kerala FC sign Spanish duo of Omar Ramos & Sergio Mendigutxia!] Arun Foot. Retrieved 21 March 2023</ref>
|-
| 6 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 70
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Mendigutxia]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ITA}} US Mariglianese
| None
|<ref name=arunfoot/>
|-
| 16 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Eldar Moldozhunusov]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[FC Neftchi Kochkor-Ata|Neftchi ]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chyndyk.media/futbolchu-eldar-moldozhunusov-indiyanyn-gokulam-kerala-klubuna-tt/|title=Футболчу Элдар Молдожунусов Индиянын "Гокулам Керала" клубуна өттү|trans-title=Football player Eldar Moldozhunusov transferred to Indian club "Gokulam Kerala"|website=chyndyk.media|publisher=Chyndyk Media Kyrgyzstan (Чындык Медиа)|date=13 January 2023|access-date=15 January 2023|language=ky|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115052547/https://chyndyk.media/futbolchu-eldar-moldozhunusov-indiyanyn-gokulam-kerala-klubuna-tt/}}</ref>
|-
| 16 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 19
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thebridge.in/transfer-news/jobby-justin-gokulam-kerala-transfer-38748|title=Gokulam Kerala FC set to rope in Jobby Justin|work=The Bridge|access-date=21 March 2023|date=14 January 2023|author=Swapnomoy Chakraborty}}</ref>
|-
| 28 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shilton D'Silva]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| None
|
|-
|2 April 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GHA}} Samuel Mensah Koney
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| None
|
|-
|2 April 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurabh Meher]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| None
|
|-
|}

=== Loan in ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Start date'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''End date'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''From club'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#d50000; color:white;" |'''Ref'''
|-
| 15 September 2022
| End of season
| style="text-align:center;" | FW
| style="text-align:center;" | 99
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} Rahul Raju
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
|None
|<ref name="raju_loan">{{Cite twitter|number=1564995236128239616|user=bengalurufc|title=UPDATE: Blue Colts' striker Rahul Raju has completed a loan move to I-League side @GokulamKeralaFC, until the end of the 2022-23 season.}}</ref>
|-
|15 September 2022
| End of season
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| 42
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| None
|
|-
| 31 December 2022
| 31 May 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sajad Hussain Parray]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| Undisclosed
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad FC sign Sajad Hussain Parray|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2022/announcement/hyderabad-fc-sign-sajad-hussain-parray/|access-date=1 January 2023|website=Hyderabad FC|date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 30 January 2023
| 31 May 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jijo Joseph]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[State Bank of India|SBI]]
| None
|
|-
|}

===Transfers out===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Exit date'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''To club'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#7D2838; color:white;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
| 1 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abdul Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| Loan Return
|
|-
| 1 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreekuttan VS]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| Loan Return
|
|-
| 15 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Alex Saji]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| Free
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-gokulam-kerala-hyderabad-fc-sign-defender-alex-saji-official/ | title=Alex Saji joins defending ISL champions Hyderabad FC | date=15 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 4 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshit Dagar]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| Free
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-super-league-jamshedpur-fc-recruits-rakshit-dagar-sheikh-sahil/article65726634.ece | title=Jamshedpur FC ropes in Rakshit Dagar, Sheikh Sahil for upcoming ISL season | date=4 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 5 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Uvais]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| Free
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kheltalk.com/football/isl-2022-23-jamshedpur-fc-sign-up-youngster-muhammad-uvais/ |title=Jamshedpur FC sign up youngster Muhammad Uvais |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811235012/https://kheltalk.com/football/isl-2022-23-jamshedpur-fc-sign-up-youngster-muhammad-uvais/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 18 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jithin M S]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Free
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/northeast-united-fc-rope-in-midfielder-jithin-ms-from-gokulam-kerala-fc | title=NorthEast United FC rope in midfielder Jithin MS from Gokulam Kerala FC | date=19 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 20 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Emil Benny]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Free
|
|-
| 1 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sukuram Sardar
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Diamond Harbour
|
|
|-
| 13 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 98
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Jourdaine Fletcher]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
| Free
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arunfoot.com/neroca-fc-sign-jamaica-striker-jourdain-fletcher/ | title=NEROCA FC sign Jamaica striker Jourdain Fletcher! | date=13 September 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 23 September 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 99
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
| Free
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-23-roundglass-punjab-fc-sign-luka-majcen-kiran-limbu-official/ | title=RoundGlass Punjab sign Kiran Limbu, Luka Majcen for I-League 2022-23 season | date=23 September 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 27
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Takhellambam Deepak]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| DM
| style="text-align:center;"| 06
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Charles Anandraj]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammed Rashid]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 14
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zodingliana Ralte]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Ahmed Waseem Razeek]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Eastern District SA|Eastern District]]
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|AFG}} [[Sharif Mukhammad]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 42
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhijith K]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ngangom Ronald Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 19
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Rahim Osumanu]]
| style="text-align:left;"|
| Free
|
|-
| 10 October 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 22
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Beneston Barretto]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| Free
|
|-
| 5 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|CMR}} Auguste Somlaga
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
| Released
|
|-
| 5 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 98
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|CMR}} Dodi Nde
| {{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| Released
|
|-
| 5 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ARG}} Juan Nellar
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab|Punjab]]
| Released
|
|-
| 22 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| 32
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahajaz Thekkan]]
|
| Mutual agreement
|
|-
|24 January 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|MNE}} Vladan Kordic
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|MNE}} [[FK Bokelj|Bokelj]]
| None
|
|-
| 20 March 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Eldar Moldozhunusov]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[FC Neftchi Kochkor-Ata|Neftchi ]]
| None
|
|-
|}

==Pre-season==

=== Baji Rout Cup ===

==== Quarter finals ====

{{football box collapsible
| round = QF
| date = {{start date|2022|11|04|df=y}}
| time = 09.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 1–1
| penaltyscore = 5–3
| report = [https://twitter.com/GokulamKeralaFC/status/1588409478205960193 Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 = * [[Abdoulaye Sané|Sané]] {{goal|90+2}}
| goals2 = * A. Somlaga {{goal|90+4}}
| penalties1 = * M. Cissé {{pengoal}}
* [[Ponif Vaz|Vaz]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Richard Costa|Costa]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Tana (footballer)|Tana]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Abdoulaye Sané|Sané]] {{pengoal}}
| penalties2 = * [[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Farshad Noor|Noor]] {{pengoal}}
* J. Nellar {{pengoal}}
* [[Mohammed Jassim|Jasim]] {{penmiss}}
| location = [[Angul|Angul, Odisha]]
| stadium = Kadam Padia Stadium
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}

==Competitions==

===Overview===
{{Fb overview2
|c=1
|c1=[[2022-23 I-League|I-League]] |fm1= 12 November 2022 |lm1=12 March 2023 |sr1=Match Day 1 |fp1= 3rd |w1=12|l1=7|d1=3|f1=26 |a1=14
|c2=[[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]|fm2=5 April 2023|lm2=18 April 2023 |sr2=Qualifiers |fp2=Group Stage|w2=1|l2=3|d2=0|f2=8|a2=11
|c3=[[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions|play–offs for AFC Cup]] |dm3=29 April 2023|sr3=Play Off|fp3=Playoff|w3=0 |d3=0|l3=1 |f3=1 |a3=3
|u={{Start date|2023|04|29|df=y}}
}}

===I-League===
{{Main|2022–23 I-League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2022–23 I-League|showteam=GOK}}

=== Results by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header = Round
|label1 = Ground
| res1 =[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|A]]/[[TRC Turf Ground|A]]/A/[[Cooperage Ground|A]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium (Panchkula)|A]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|H]]/[[EMS Stadium|H]]/[[EMS Stadium|H]]/[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|A]]/[[EMS Stadium|H]]/[[Kalyani Stadium|A]]/[[Ambedkar Stadium|A]]/[[GMC Athletic Stadium|A]]/[[EMS Stadium|H]]/[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|A]]/[[Chhatrasal Stadium|A]]/[[EMS Stadium|H]]
|label2 = Result
| res2 =W/W/D/L/D/W/W/D/L/W/L/W/W/L/L/L/W/W/W/L/W/W
|label3 = Position
| res3 =4/3/3/5/5/3/2/3/4/3/4/3/3/3/3/4/4/3/3/3/3/3

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_10-=red1

|source=
|updated=12 March 2023
}}

==== Matches ====
'''Note''': I-League announced the fixtures for the 2022–23 season on 1 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=Hero I-League 2022-23 to kick-off on November 12 |url=https://i-league.org/hero-i-league-2022-23-to-kick-off-on-november-12/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=i-league.org}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2022|11|12|df=y}}
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14328 Report]
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 = * [[Farshad Noor|Noor]] {{yel|11}}
* [[Rahul Raju|Raju]] {{yel|51}}
* A. Somlaga {{goal|53}}
| goals2 = * [[Nuriddin Davronov|Davronov]] {{yel|11}}
* Davis {{yel|47}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 8,234
| result = W
| motm = Auguste Somlaga (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2022|11|18|df=y}}
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14334 Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * [[Thahir Zaman|Zaman]] {{goal|87}}
* [[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] {{yel|90+2}}
* [[Mohammed Jassim|Jasim]] {{yel|90+5}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,174
| result = W
| motm = [[Henry Kisekka]] (Aizawl)
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2022|11|22|df=y}}
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14341 Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 = * [[Moro Lamine|Moro]] {{yel|45+1}}
| goals2 = * [[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] {{yel|44}}
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 3,500
| result = D
| motm = [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2022|11|27|df=y}}
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14347 Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 = * [[Faysal Shayesteh|Shayesteh]] {{goal|63}}
| goals2 = * [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Kumar]] {{yel|12}}
* [[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] {{yel|35}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| attendance = 1,013
| result = L
| motm = [[Faysal Shayesteh]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Ashish Tiwari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2022|12|04|df=y}}
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14357 Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 = * Lalhmangaihsanga {{goal|3}}
| goals2 = * Shijin T {{goal|53}}
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 2,758
| result = D
| motm = Lalhmangaihsanga (Mumbai Kenkre)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2022|12|07|df=y}}
| time = 19.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14361 Report]
| team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| goals1 = * D. Ndo {{yel|43}} {{goal|53}}
* [[Vikas Singh Saini|Saini]] {{yel|50}}
* Shijin T {{goal|61||70}}
| goals2 = * [[Shubho Paul|Paul]] {{yel|20}}
* A. Khan {{yel|82}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,150
| result = W
| motm = Shijin Thadhayouse (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2022|12|12|df=y}}
| time = 19.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14368 Report]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 = * A. Somlaga {{yel|38}}
* [[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan]] {{goal|51}}
* D. Ndo {{yel|81}}
* Shijin T {{yel|82}}
| goals2 = * [[Rafique Ali Sardar|Ali Sardar]] {{yel|90+8}}
* [[Joseba Beitia|Beitia]] {{yel|90+11}} {{sent off|0|90+11}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,600
| result = W
| motm = [[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan VS]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Lakshay
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 8
|date= {{Start date|2022|12|15|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Gokulam Kerala
|score=0-0
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14372 Report]
|team2= [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|goals1= * Dilip Oraon {{yel|5}}
* [[Vikas Singh Saini|Vikas Saini]] {{yel|36}}
* [[Arjun Jayaraj]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2= * [[David Simbo]] {{yel|57}}
|location= [[Manjeri]]
|stadium= [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|attendance=1,320
|result=D
|motm= [[Lunminlen Haokip]] (NEROCA)
|referee=Lalit Singh Rawat
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 9
|date= {{Start date|2022|12|21|df=y}}
|time= 19.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[RoundGlass Punjab|Punjab]]
|score= 1-0
|report =
|team2= Gokulam Kerala
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Gurgaon]]
|stadium= [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result=L
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 10
|date= {{Start date|2023|01|08|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Gokulam Kerala
|score= 1-0
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14386 Report]
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=* [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]] {{yel|18}}
* [[Sreekuttan VS]] {{yel|65}}
* [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] {{goal|80}}
* [[Mohammed Jassim]] {{yel|90}}
* [[Aminou Bouba]] {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2= * [[Sharif Mukhammad]] {{yel|66}}
|location= [[Manjeri]]
|stadium= [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|attendance=2,315
|result=W
|motm= [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|referee=K Ramadasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 11
|date= {{Start date|2023|01|15|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Gokulam Kerala
|score= 1-2
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14393 Report]
|team2= [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|goals1= * [[Thahir Zaman]] {{goal|86}}
|goals2= * Manash Protim Gogoi {{goal|57}}
* Salam Johnson Singh {{goal|78}}
|location= [[Manjeri]]
|stadium= [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|attendance=1,550
|result=L
|motm= Manash Protim Gogoi (TRAU)
|referee=Tanmoy Dhar
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 12
|date= {{Start date|2023|01|20|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Gokulam Kerala
|score= 2-0
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14399 Report]
|team2= [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|goals1= * [[Thahir Zaman]] {{goal|35}}
* Rahul Raju {{yel|36}}
* [[Sreekuttan VS]] {{yel|45+5}}
* [[Jobby Justin]] {{goal|86}}
|goals2= * Richard Osei {{yel|36}}
|location= [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
|stadium= [[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=2,864
|result=W
|motm= [[Omar Ramos]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|referee=Williams Joy Koshiy
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 14
|date= {{Start date|2023|01|29|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Gokulam Kerala
|score= 1-0
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14410 Report]
|team2= [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
|goals1= * [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] {{goal|21}}
* Rahul Raju {{sent off|2|54|55}}
|goals2= * Kiran Pandhre {{yel|17}}
|location= [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
|stadium= [[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=2,352
|result=W
|motm= [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|referee=Mrutyunjay L Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 15
|date= {{Start date|2023|02|05|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|score=2-1
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14417 Report]
|team2= Gokulam Kerala
|goals1=
|goals2= * [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] {{yel|33}}
* [[Aminou Bouba]] {{goal|77}}
|location= [[Imphal]]
|stadium= [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=1,350
|result=L
|motm=
|referee=Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 16
|date= {{Start date|2023|02|09|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Gokulam Kerala
|score= 1-2
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14423 Report]
|team2= [[RoundGlass Punjab|Punjab]]
|goals1= * [[Thahir Zaman]] {{yel|32}}
* Subhankar Adhikari {{yel|45}}
* [[Vikas Singh Saini|Vikas Saini]] {{yel|60}}
* [[Farshad Noor]] {{goal|73}}{{yel|77}}
* [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Kumar]] {{yel|84}}
|goals2= * Juan Nellar {{yel|7}}
* [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Kumar]] {{goal|42|og}}
* [[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|70}}
|location= [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
|stadium= [[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=1,285
|result=L
|motm= [[Luka Majcen]] (Punjab)
|referee=LALIT SINGH RAWAT
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 17
|date= {{Start date|2023|02|12|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|score= 2-1
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14427 Report]
|team2= Gokulam Kerala
|goals1= * [[Wayne Vaz]] {{yel|29}}
* [[Abiola Dauda]] {{goal|67}}
* [[Kean Lewis]] {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2= * [[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]] {{goal|13}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance=2,126
|result=L
|motm= [[Kean Lewis]] (Mohammedan SC)
|referee=KYNSANPHAR LYNGDOH NONGUM
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2023|02|15|df=y}}
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14405 Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 = * [[William Pauliankhum|Neihsial]] {{yel|4}}
* [[Bektur Amangeldiev|Amangeldiev]] {{goal|9}}
* [[Lalliansanga Renthlei|Renthlei]] {{yel|39}} {{sent off|0|89}}
* [[Britto P. M.|Britto]] {{yel|90+2}}
* J. Singh {{yel|90+7}}
| goals2 = * R. Raju {{yel|11}}
* [[Noufal PN|Noufal]] {{yel|62}}
* [[Sergio Mendigutxia|Mendigutxia]] {{goal|90|p|90+8}}
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| attendance = 407
| result = W
| motm = [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 18
|date= {{Start date|2023|02|19|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score= 0-1
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14434 Report]
|team2= Gokulam Kerala
|goals1=* [[Abdoulaye Sané]] {{yel|45+2}}
* [[Mamit Vanlalduatsanga|Vanlalduatsanga]] {{yel|90+4}}
* [[Momo Cissé]] {{yel|90+7}}
|goals2= * [[Farshad Noor]] {{goal|20}}
* [[Shilton D'Silva]] {{yel|60}}
* [[Aminou Bouba]] {{yel|63}}
* [[Jobby Justin]] {{yel|90+4}}
* [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]] {{yel|90+7}}
|location= [[Margao]]
|stadium= [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance=1,100
|result=W
|motm= [[Farshad Noor]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|referee=MRUTYUNJAY L AMATYA
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 19
|date= {{Start date|2023|02|25|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Gokulam Kerala
|score= 3-0
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14439 Report]
|team2= [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1= *[[Rahul Raju]] {{goal|35}}
* [[Sergio Mendigutxia|Mendigutxia]] {{goal|57}}
* [[Mohammed Jassim]] {{yel|70}}
* [[Jijo Joseph]] {{goal|90}}
* [[Farshad Noor]] {{yel|90+3}}
|goals2= * [[Lalchhawnkima]] {{yel|63}}
* KC Larchhuakmawia {{sent off|2|90+2|90+6}}
|location= [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
|stadium= [[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=1,216
|result=W
|motm= [[Noufal PN]](Gokulam Kerala)
|referee=V ESHWAR RAO
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 20
|date= {{Start date|2023|03|02|df=y}}
|time= 19.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|score= 1-0
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=14447 Report]
|team2= Gokulam Kerala
|goals1= * [[Gerson Vieira|Gérson Vieira]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2= * [[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan VS]] {{yel|31}}
* [[Jijo Joseph]] {{yel|36}}
* [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] {{yel|51}}
|location= [[Imphal]]
|stadium= [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|attendance=1,308
|result=L
|motm= Salam Johnson Singh (TRAU)
|referee=WILLIAMS JOY KOSHY
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 21
|date= {{Start date|2023|03|06|df=y}}
|time= 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|score= 1-4
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17410 Report]
|team2= Gokulam Kerala
|goals1= * [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]] {{goal|15}}{{yel|86}}
* [[R Lawmnasangzuala]] {{yel|51}}
* [[Lalhrezuala Sailung]] {{yel|80}}
|goals2= * [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] {{goal|11|87|pen.}}
* [[Shilton D'Silva]] {{goal|49}}{{yel|80}}
* [[Farshad Noor]] {{goal|63}}
|location= [[New Delhi]]
|stadium= [[Chhatrasal Stadium]]
|attendance=250
|result=W
|motm=[[Sergio Mendigutxia]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|referee=PRIYOBARTA SINGH LANGPOKLAKPAM
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 22
|date= {{Start date|2023|03|12|df=y}}
|time= 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Gokulam Kerala
|score= 1-0
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17767 Report]
|team2= [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|goals1= * [[Mohammed Jassim]] {{yel|5}}
* [[Sergio Mendigutxia]] {{goal|50|pen.}}
|goals2= * [[Faysal Shayesteh|Shayesteh]] {{yel|49}}
|location= [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
|stadium= [[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=1,253
|result=W
|motm= [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|referee=SENTHIL NATHAN S
}}

===Super Cup===
{{main|2023 Indian Super Cup}}
After finishing 3rd in the [[2022–23 I-League|I-League]], the Malabarians won a qualifier against 8th-ranked [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] to earn a place in the group stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kerala-to-host-hero-super-cup-in-april |title=Kerala to host Hero Super Cup in April |website=the-aiff.com |date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Qualifiers ===

{{football box collapsible
| round = '''Q-2'''
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala FC
| score = 5–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/18407 Report]
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =* [[Omar Ramos|Ramos]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Sourav K.|Sourav]] {{goal|47}}
* [[Farshad Noor|Noor]] {{goal|64}}
* [[Thahir Zaman|Zaman]] {{goal|78}}
* [[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Nediyodath]] {{goal|87}}
| goals2 =* [[Abiola Dauda|Dauda]] {{goal|27||48}}
| location = [[Manjeri]]
| stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Omar Ramos]]
| referee =
|result=W
}}

===Group stage===
====Group C====
{{:2023 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group C|showteam=GOK}}
==== Matches ====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|10|df=y}}
| time = 17.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 5–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18451 Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 = * [[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|6||27}}
* [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|45}}
* [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|63}}
* [[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|70}}
* [[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 = * [[Mohammed Jassim|Jassim]] {{yel|38}}
* [[Sergio Mendigutxia|Mendigutxia]] {{goal|72}}
* [[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] {{yel|87}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,743
| motm = [[Liston Colaco]] (ATK Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Venkatesh R
|result=L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|14|df=y}}
| time = 17.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gokulam Kerala
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18453 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 = * [[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan]] {{yel|45+1}}
* [[Thahir Zaman|Zaman]] {{yel|72}}
| goals2 = * [[Saviour Gama|Gama]] {{yel|43}}
* [[Iker Guarrotxena|Guarrotxena]] {{goal|90}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,274
| motm = [[Noah Sadaoui]] (Goa)
| referee = Harish Kundu
|result=L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 3–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18455 Report]
| team2 = Gokulam Kerala
| goals1 = * [[Harry Sawyer (soccer)|Sawyer]] {{goal|40}}
* [[Farukh Choudhary|Choudhary]] {{goal|59}}
* [[Ishan Pandita|Pandita]] {{goal|69}}
| goals2 = * S. Konney {{goal|33||62}}
* [[Vikas Singh Saini|Saini]] {{yel|57}}
* [[Shilton D'Silva|D'Silva]] {{yel|71}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,123
| motm = [[Harry Sawyer (soccer)|Harry Sawyer]] (Jamshedpur)
| referee = Senthil Nathan S
|result=L
}}

===AFC Cup===
{{main|2023 AFC Cup}}
[[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions|play–offs for AFC Cup]]
Since the '''[[2023–24 AFC Champions League]]''' and the '''[[2023–24 AFC Cup]]''' adopted transitional calendar with the switch from ''Spring-to-Autumn'' to an ''Autumn-to-Spring'' schedule,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/about_afc/committees/executive_committee/news/afc_executive_committee_unveils_dynamic_enhancements_to_the_afc_club_competitions.html|title=AFC Executive Committee unveils dynamic enhancements to the AFC Club Competitions|publisher=AFC}}</ref> the '''[[All India Football Federation]]''' decided that its continental slots are determined by extra playoffs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/qualification-for-the-afc-competitions-2023-24|title=Qualification for the AFC Competitions 2023-24|publisher=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|29|df=y}}
| time = 19.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 1–3
| penaltyscore =
| aet =
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18903 Report]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 =* [[Vikas Singh Saini|Saini]] {{yel|6}}
* [[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Nediyodath]] {{yel|9}}
* [[Aminou Bouba|Bouba]] {{yel|20}}
* [[Farshad Noor|Noor]] {{goal|36}}, {{yel|59}}
* [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan]] {{yel|52}}
* [[Sergio Mendigutxia|Mendigutxia]] {{yel|81}}
| goals2 =* [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|18||32||53}}
* [[Narender Gahlot|Narender]] {{yel|49}}
* [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga|Mawihmingthanga]] {{yel|62}}
* [[Denechandra Meitei|Meitei]] {{yel|64}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 500
| motm = [[Diego Maurício]] ([[Odisha FC]])
|result=L
| referee = Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
}}

==Squad statistics ==

=== Appearances===
Players with no appearances are not included on the list.

As of match played 29 April 2023

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"|No.
! rowspan="2"|Pos.
! rowspan="2"|Nat.
! rowspan="2" style="width:180px;"|Name
! colspan="2" style="width:86px;"|[[2022–23 I-League|I-League]]
! colspan="2" style="width:86px;"|[[2023 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
! colspan="2" style="width:86px;"|[[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions|play–offs for AFC Cup]]
! colspan="2" style="width:86px;"|Total
|-
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
|-
|1
|GK
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Bilal Khan (footballer)|Bilal Khan]]
||2||2||1||0||0||0||'''3'''||'''2'''
|-
|02
|CB
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Subhankar Adhikari]]
||21||20||2||2||0||0||'''23'''||'''22'''
|-
|03
|LB
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Mohammed Jassim]]
||14||11||4||4||1||1||'''19'''||'''16'''
|-
|04
|CB
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]]
||16||15||2||1||1||1||'''19'''||'''17'''
|-
|<s>5</s>
|MF
|{{Flagicon|ARG}}
|align=left|Juan Nellar
||9||7||0||0||0||0||'''9'''||'''7'''
|-
|07
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Thahir Zaman (footballer)|Thahir Zaman]]
||20||6||4||0||1||0||'''25'''||'''6'''
|-
|9
|FW
|{{Flagicon|GHA}}
|align=left|[[Samuel Mensah Koney]]
||0||0||3||2||1||0||'''4'''||'''2'''
|-
|<s>9</s>
|FW
|{{Flagicon|KGZ}}
|align=left|[[Eldar Moldozhunusov]]
||10||0||0||0||0||0||'''10'''||'''0'''
|-
|<s>9</s>
|FW
|{{Flagicon|CMR}}
|align=left|[[Auguste Somlaga]]
||9||8||0||0||0||0||'''9'''||'''8'''
|-
|10
|MF
|{{Flagicon|BRA}}
|align=left|[[Kaká (footballer, born May 1991)|Kaká]]
||6||3||0||0||0||0||'''6'''||'''3'''
|-
|13
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Sreekuttan VS]]
||22||20||4||2||1||1||'''27'''||'''23'''
|-
|14
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Jijo Joseph]]
||4||1||0||0||0||0||'''4'''||'''1'''
|-
|15
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Arjun Jayaraj]]
||7||3||0||0||0||0||'''7'''||'''3'''
|-
| 17
|CB
|{{Flagicon|CMR}}
|align=left|[[Aminou Bouba]]
||21||21||4||4||1||1||'''26'''||'''26'''
|-
|18
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Shilton D'Silva]]
||4||1||3||2||1||1||'''8'''||'''4'''
|-
|19
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Jobby Justin]]
||9||2||4||0||0||0||'''13'''||'''2'''
|-
|22
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Shijin Thadhayouse]]
||14||6||0||0||0||0||'''14'''||'''6'''
|-
|23
|MF
|{{Flagicon|AFG}}
|align=left|[[Farshad Noor]]
||20||19||4||4||1||1||'''25'''||'''24'''
|-
|24
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Abdul Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]
||11||8||4||3||1||1||'''16'''||'''12'''
|-
|27
|FW
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Sourav K]]
||6||1||4||4||1||1||'''11'''||'''6'''
|-
|29
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[ Noufal PN]]
||19||11||3||2||1||0||'''23'''||'''13'''
|-
|40
|GK
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[James Kithan]]
||1||1||0||0||0||0||'''1'''||'''1'''
|-
|42
|GK
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
||19||19||4||4||1||1||'''24'''||'''24'''
|-
|46
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Vikas Singh Saini|Vikas Saini]]
||12||12||3||2||1||1||'''16'''||'''15'''
|-
|47
|MF
|{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|align=left| [[Omar Ramos]]
||7||6||4||4||0||0||'''11'''||'''10'''
|-
|50
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Tanmoy Ghosh]]
||13||7||0||0||0||0||'''13'''||'''7'''
|-
|66
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| [[Sajad Hussain Parray]]
||1||0||0||0||0||0||'''1'''||'''0'''
|-
|70
|FW
|{{Flagicon|ESP}}
|align=left| [[Sergio Mendigutxia]]
||12||12||3||2||1||1||'''16'''||'''15'''
|-
|93
|DM
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left| Akhil Praveen
||1||0||0||0||0||0||'''1'''||'''0'''
|-
|99
|MF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Rahul Raju]]
||19||15||3||2||0||0||'''22'''||'''17'''
|-
|<s>98</s>
|FW
|{{Flagicon|CMR}}
|align=left|[[Dodi Nde]]
||7||1||0||0||0||0||'''7'''||'''1'''
|-
|}

===Goal Scorers===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nat.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|I League
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|play offs for AFC Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1
| 70
| FW
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Sergio Mendigutxia]]
| |8||1||0||'''9'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2
| 23
| MF
| {{flagicon|AFG}}
| [[Farshad Noor]]
| |3||1||1||'''5'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 3
| 7
| AM
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Thahir Zaman (footballer)|Thahir Zaman]]
| |3||1||0||'''4'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 4
| 22
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Shijin Thadhayouse]]
| |3||0||0||'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 5
| 9
| FW
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| [[Samuel Mensah Koney]]
| |0||2||0||'''2'''
|-
| 24
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Abdul Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]
| |1||1||0||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="10"| 7
| <s>9</s>
| FW
| {{flagicon|CMR}}
| Auguste Somlaga
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 13
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Sreekuttan VS]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 14
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Jijo Joseph]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 17
| DF
| {{flagicon|CMR}}
| [[Aminou Bouba]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 18
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Shilton D'Silva]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 19
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Jobby Justin]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 27
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Sourav K]]
| |0||1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 47
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Omar Ramos]]
| |0||1||0||'''1'''
|-
| <s>98</s>
| FW
| {{flagicon|CMR}}
| [[Dodi Nde]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 99
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Rahul Raju]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
|}

===Assists===
Not all goals have an assist.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Rank
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nat.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|I League
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|play offs for AFC Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1
| 29
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Noufal PN|Noufal Jr]]
| |6||0||0||'''6'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2
| 13
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Sreekuttan VS]]
| |4||0||0||'''4'''
|-
| 23
| MF
| {{flagicon|AFG}}
| [[Farshad Noor]]
| |4||0||0||'''4'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| 4
| 17
| DF
| {{flagicon|CMR}}
| [[Aminou Bouba]]
| |0||2||0||'''2'''
|-
| 27
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Sourav K]]
| |1||1||0||'''2'''
|-
| 47
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Omar Ramos]]
| |1||1||0||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="7"| 7
| 2
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Subhankar Adhikari
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 7
| AM
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Thahir Zaman (footballer)|Thahir Zaman]]
| |0||0||1||'''1'''
|-
| <s>9</s>
| FW
| {{flagicon|CMR}}
| Auguste Somlaga
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 15
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Arjun Jayaraj]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 19
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Jobby Justin]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 22
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Shijin Thadhayouse]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
| 46
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Vikas Singh Saini|Vikas Saini]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
|}

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Nation
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|[[2022–23 I-League|I-League]]
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Play Offs for AFC Cup
!style="background:#d50000; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| 42
| {{flagicon|india}}
| [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
| |11||0||0||'''11'''
|-
| 1
| {{flagicon|india}}
| [[Bilal Khan (footballer)|Bilal Khan]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
|}

===Disciplinary record===
{{updated|match played 29 April 2023}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"| No.
!rowspan="2"| Pos.
!rowspan="2"| Name
!colspan="2" width=120| I League
!colspan="2" width=120| Super Cup
!colspan="2" width=120|Play Offs for AFC CUP
!colspan="2" width=120| Total
|-
!{{yel}} !! {{sent off}} !! {{yel}} !! {{sent off}} !! {{yel}} !! {{sent off}} !! {{yel}} !! {{sent off}}
|-
|3
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Jassim]]
|4
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|'''5'''
|'''0'''
|-
|4
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]]
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|'''5'''
|'''0'''
|-
|7
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thahir Zaman]]
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|-
|<s>9</s>
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Auguste Somlaga]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|13
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan VS]]
|3
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|-
|14
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jijo Joseph]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|15
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Jayaraj]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|17
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]]
|5
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
|'''7'''
|'''0'''
|-
|18
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shilton D'Silva]]
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|'''3'''
|'''0'''
|-
|19
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|20
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dilip Oraon]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|22
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shijin Thadhayouse]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|23
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|AFG}} [[Farshad Noor]]
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|'''5'''
|'''0'''
|-
|24
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abdul Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|29
|MF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Noufal PN]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|46
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikas Singh Saini|Vikas Saini]]
|3
|0
|1
|0
|1
|0
|'''5'''
|'''0'''
|-
|50
|DF
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhankar Adhikari]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|-
|70
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Mendigutxia]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|'''3'''
|'''0'''
|-
|<s>98</s>
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Dodi Ndo]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|-
|99
|FW
|align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Rahul Raju
|5
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|-
|}

==Club awards==

===Player of the Month award===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!Month
!Player
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|December
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
|
|-
|January
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Raju]]
|
|-
|February
|{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Farshad Noor]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2022–23 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Gokulam Kerala F.C. season}}
[[Category:2022–23 I-League by team]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC seasons]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]

Lok Shakti Express

2025-08-21T05:21:38Z

Viji:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokshakti Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Bandra Terminus}} ('''BDTS''')
| end = {{rws|Ahmedabad Junction}} ('''ADI''')
| distance = {{convert|481|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 40 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No Pantry Car but Available
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el = Yes
| trainnumber = 22927 / 22928
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|65.59|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:Lokshakti Express and Gujarat Mail (Mumbai - Ahmadabad) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22927 / 22928 '''Lok Shakti Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Bandra Terminus]] and [[Ahmedabad railway station|Ahmedabad]] in India. It is a daily service.

It operates as train number 22927 from [[Bandra Terminus]] to [[Ahmedabad railway station|Ahmedabad]] and as train number 22928 in the reverse direction. The name '''Lok Shakti''' means '''People's Power'''.

==Coaches==

The '''Lok Shakti Express''' has 1 AC 1st Class cum AC 2 tier, 1 AC 2 tier, 4 AC 3 tier, 12 Sleeper class, 3 General Unreserved, 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake coaches. As with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 19031/19032 [[Yoga Express|Ahmedabad - Haridwar Yoga Express]].

==Routing==

The 22927 '''Lok Shakti Express''' runs from [[Bandra Terminus]] via Andheri, [[Borivali]], Virar, [[Palghar railway station|Palghar]], boisar, dahanu rd, Umargam Road, [[Vapi railway station|Vapi]], valsad, billimora, navsari, [[Surat railway station|Surat]], kosamba junction, bharuch junction, [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction]], Anand jn, nadiad jn, maninagar to [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]] .

The 22928 '''Lok Shakti Express''' runs via maninagar, mhmdvd kheda rd, nadiad jn, Anand jn, [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction]], bharuch junction, kosamba junction, [[Surat railway station|Surat]], navsari, valsad, [[Vapi railway station|Vapi]], Umargam Road, [[Palghar railway station|Palghar]], [[Borivali]], Andheri .

==Service==

The '''Lok Shakti Express''' is a daily train service and covers the distance of 481 kilometres in 7 hours 40 mins in both direction (65.58 km/h).

==Traction==

Dual traction [[WCAM 1]] locomotives would haul the train all the way between [[Bandra Terminus]] and [[Ahmedabad railway station|Ahmedabad]].

After [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] switched over to AC system in February 2012, it is hauled by a [[WAP 4|WAP-4E]] or [[WAP 5|WAP-5]] locomotive from the [[Vadodara railway station|Vadodara]] electric locomotive shed.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="500">
File:22927 Lok Shakti Express at Bandra Terminus.jpg|22927 Lok Shakti Express at [[Bandra Terminus]]
File:22927 Lok Shakti Express - General or Unreserved coach.jpg|22927 Lok Shakti Express - [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General/Unreserved]] coach
File:22927 Lok Shakti Express - Sleeper Class coach.jpg|22927 Lok Shakti Express - [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]] coach
File:22927 Lok Shakti Express - AC 3 tier coach.jpg|22927 Lok Shakti Express - [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] coach
File:22927 Lok Shakti Express - AC 2 tier coach.jpg|22927 Lok Shakti Express - [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]] coach
File:22927 Lok Shakti Express - AC 1st Class cum AC 2 tier coach.jpg|22927 Lok Shakti Express - [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class cum AC 2 tier]] coach
</gallery>

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/101/297/8/1 Lok Shakti Express]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-timings-for-Western-Railway-outstation-trains-from-September-1/articleshow/41119298.cms]

{{reflist}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Mumbai–Ahmedabad trains]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Bangi (surname)

2025-08-12T21:51:45Z

Viji:

'''Bangi''' is a surname originating from the [[Gujarat]] [[Surat]] district of [[India]]. The name Bangi is believed to have derived from a term for individuals who call fellow [[Muslim]]s to [[mosque]] to perform prayer known as giving [[Adhan|Azaan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.markazulmaarif.org/ebooks/teachingofislam/part6.htm |title=Azaan - Part 6 - Teachings of Islam |access-date=2007-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508124043/http://www.markazulmaarif.org/ebooks/teachingofislam/part6.htm |archive-date=2006-05-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many Kokan Muslims in Maharashtra and people in other beliefs have this surname. In Piplol and Rajewadiv (Maharashtra) there are more than 5000 Konkanis with Bangi as surname.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangi (Surname)}}
[[Category:Konkani-language surnames]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language surnames]]

Priya Malik (actress)

2025-07-19T13:07:13Z

Viji: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 9#Wild card entries]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Gymnothorax aurocephalus

2025-06-06T14:50:22Z

Viji: stub - done

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox|taxon=Gymnothorax aurocephalus|authority=Nashad, Mohapatra, Varghese, Ramalingam, Bineesh & Mohanty, 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Gymnothorax aurocephalus Nashad, Mohapatra, Varghese, Ramalingam, Bineesh & Mohanty, 2020 |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1493585 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.marinespecies.org |language=en}}</ref>}}
'''''Gymnothorax aurocephalus''''' is a species of [[moray eel]] described on the basis of 4 specimens found in depths of {{cvt|125|to|130|m}}. It was found in the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. The body which is deep-brown in color is covered by white spots. Its sharp, jagged teeth are arranged in a single series.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nashad |first1=M. |last2=Mohapatra |first2=Anil |last3=Varghese |first3=Sijo P. |last4=Ramalingam |first4=L. |last5=K |first5=Bineesh K. |last6=Mohanty |first6=Swarup Ranjan |date=2020-11-10 |title=A new white-spotted moray eel, Gymnothorax aurocephalus sp. nov. (Muraenidae: Muraeninae) from Andaman Sea, India |url=https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4877.2.8 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=4877 |issue=2 |pages=361–372 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4877.2.8 |pmid=33311194 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q108081237}}

[[Category:Fish described in 2020]]
[[Category:Eels]]

{{Muraenidae-stub}}

Bhatinda Falls

2025-05-16T18:42:14Z

Viji:

{{Orphan|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{how-to|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox waterfall
|name='' Bhatinda Falls''
|alt_name=  Bhatinda Falls
|photo=Bhatinda_Falls_1.jpg
|photo_width=400
|photo_caption=Bhatinda Falls, Dhanbad
}}
''' Bhatinda Falls''' is a [[waterfall]] located in [[Dhanbad]], [[Jharkhand]], approximately 14 km from Dhanbad railway station.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhatinda Fall {{!}} District Dhanbad, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://dhanbad.nic.in/tourist-place/bhatinda-fall/}}</ref> It is tucked away in the rough hillocks and verdant vegetation that surround it.{{tone inline|date=January 2023}} The falls are surrounded by enormous boulders of rock.

== Natural environment ==
There is a confluence of two rivers near Bathinda Falls. The Katari River originates from [[Parasnath]] and flows from north to south reaching Munidih. [[Damodar River|Damodar river]] comes from the east. Two rivers meet near the falls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhatinda Fall |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-181-dhanbad-bhatinda-fall-a-beautiful-place-NOR.html}}</ref> Here the rocks are inclined at an angle of 12 degrees to the river current. It is concealed among the rocky outcrops and foliage that surround it. Rock formations with gigantic stones surround the waterfall.

== Location ==
The nearest airport is [[Ranchi]] or [[Kolkata]]. Tourists can get to this location by going to [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad Railway Station]], which is the nearest one and is 14 km away from Bhatinda Fall. Taking an auto from Dhanbad railway station, visitors can reach the spot in less than half an hour. Many visitors come here to have picnics. This location also offers a number of restaurants and hostel in [[Dhanbad]] for visitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=bhatinda-falls-jharkhand |date=21 May 2021 |url=https://www.ghuranchandi.com/bhatinda-falls-jharkhand/}}</ref>  

<gallery mode="packed">
Bhatinda_Falls_5.jpg|
Bhatinda_Falls_2.jpg|
Bhatinda_Falls_3.jpg|
Bhatinda_Falls_7.jpg|Rock
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of India]]
[[Category:Dhanbad]]

Shitala Mata Temple, Butapaldi

2025-03-13T08:23:44Z

Viji: put up the location added tags

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Shitala in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shitala Mata Temple
| image = File:Shitala Mata Temple, Buttapaldi, Mehsana - Temple Complex from southeast from distance2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Temple Complex from southeast
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes=
| country = India
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| location = Butapaldi, [[Mehsana district]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shitala]] or [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Maru-Gurjara architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = {{circa|12th century}}
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Shitala Mata Temple''' is a {{circa|12th century}} [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to goddess [[Shitala]] located in Butapaldi village of [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]].

==Architecture==
The east-facing Shitala Mata temple was built in about 12th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=temple+butapaldi |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Mehsana District |date=1975 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications |page=84}}</ref> It has three parts: ''[[mandapa]]'', ''[[antarala]]'' and ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum). The platform has friezes of [[kirtimukha]], elephants, humans and deities. The doorframe of the sanctum has images of Vishnu in five niches in top section and while images of Laxmi in niches in the side sections. On the exterior walls of the sanctum, there is an image of [[Parvati]] in south niche and the images of [[Durga|Mahishasurmandini]] (Chamunda) in north and west niches.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Shitala_Mata_Temple%2C_Buttapaldi%2C_Mehsana_-_Information_board.jpg|title=Information Board at the Shitala Mata Temple, Butapaldi|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Gujarat}}</ref> The ''vedika'' (altar), ''kakshasana'' (seatings), small pillars and the ceiling of the ''mandapa'' are decorated with fine carvings.<ref name=":0" /> A bust of an image is enshrined in place of the original image in the sanctum which is worshiped locally as [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]] or Shitala Mata.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

It is a state protected monument (S-GJ-286).<ref>{{cite web |title=પુરાતત્વ ખાતાના રાજ્ય રક્ષિત સ્મારકોની યાદી |trans-title=List of State Protected Monuments of Archaeology Department |url=http://www.sycd.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/List-of-monument.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427193421/http://www.sycd.gujarat.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/List-of-monument.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-27 |access-date=2017-04-27 |website=Sports, Youth and Cultural Activities Department, Government of Gujarat }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Shitala Mata Temple, Buttapaldi, Mehsana - Shrine proper (Gudhamandapa) from northwest.jpg|''[[Shikhara]]''
File:Shitala Mata Temple, Buttapaldi, Mehsana - Adhishthana (base) of Gudhamandapa (shrine proper) from west or back.jpg|Friezes on the platform
File:Shitala Mata Temple, Buttapaldi, Mehsana - Karotaka (ceiling) of Mandapa (hall).jpg|''Karotaka'' (ceiling) of ''mandapa''
File:Shitala Mata Temple, Buttapaldi, Mehsana - Dado and Vedi panel.jpg|Mouldings of ''kakshasana'' (seatings)
File:Shitala Mata Temple, Buttapaldi, Mehsana - Mahishasurmardini icon in west niche of Mandovara of Gudhamandapa (shrine proper) 2.jpg|Mahishasurmardini in west niche
File:Shitala Mata Temple, Buttapaldi, Mehsana - Doorframe of Sanctum.jpg|Doorframe of sanctum
File:Shitala Mata Temple, Buttapaldi, Mehsana - Idols in Sanctum Sanctorum.jpg|Images in sactum
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commonscat}}
{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shitala Mata Temple, Butapaldi}}
[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]

Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889–90

2024-12-21T09:00:33Z

Viji: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

S. M. Abbas

2024-12-05T01:38:29Z

Viji: Starting The Details More To Come - done

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S.M. Abbas
| image = SMABBAS.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|05|17}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|04|16|1933|05|17}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Film Director and Screenwriter
| spouse = Shamima Khatoon
}}
[[File:WIKI PIC 4.jpg|thumb|S. M. Abbas at the premiere of [[Shriman Satyawadi]] with [[Raj Kapoor]].]]
'''S. M. Abbas''' (Syed Mohammad Abbas) was an influential Indian film director and screenwriter, particularly active during the 1960s and 1970s. He is best known for his work on several popular Bollywood films such as "[[Shriman Satyawadi]]" (1960), "[[Hungama (1971 film)|Hungama]]" (1971), "[[Ek Hasina Do Diwane]]" (1972), and "[[Kab? Kyoon? Aur Kahan?]]" (1970). Abbas contributed significantly to the Indian film industry, especially in the genres of comedy and drama. His family connections also link him to notable Bollywood personalities, as his son Usman Syed is married to Radha, the younger sister of the renowned actress [[Rekha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-06 |title=S M Abbas, Filmography, Movies, S M Abbas News, Videos, Songs, Images, Box Office, Trailers, Interviews - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/s-m-abbas/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |language=en}}</ref> His younger son, Talat, is married to the granddaughter of art director Sant Singh.

[[File:WIKI PIC 1.png|thumb|S. M. Abbas on the set of [[Purnima (film)|Purnima]].]]

== Career ==
After graduating from Allahabad University, S. M. Abbas left for Bombay in early 1957, with a clear destination in mind: the film industry. He dreamt of being an actor. In Allahabad, he participated in several stage dramas and directed them at the locally famous cinema hall "Palace." His drama "Parda Uthaao, Parda Girao," based on Dr. Kumar Verma's play, was well received.
[[File:WIKI PIC 5.jpg|left|thumb|S. M. Abbas (left) with his cast and crew of [[Shriman Satyawadi]].]]
In late 1957, his first film "Ek Jhalak" (starring Pradeep Kumar and Vyjayanthimala) was released. Instead of acting, he assisted director Kali Das under the pseudonym Ram Kumar. His next film was the Raj Kapoor starrer "Parvarish" in 1958, where he wrote additional dialogues and assisted the main writer Saghir Usmani, again using the name Ram Kumar.

The big break came in 1960-61 with "Shriman Satyavadi," considered by some, including himself, to be his best directorial venture.[[File:WIKI PIC 3.jpg|thumb|S.M. Abbas with [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] during the shoot of [[Hungama (1971 film)|Hungama]].]]

During this period, he worked on low-budget stunt movies like "Jadui Topi" and "Kaala Chashma." He also dubbed non-Hindi movies, including the well-received Russian film "Soldier's Father." After experiencing a downturn, Abbas saw an upward trend in his career. In the late 1960s, "Hasina Maan Jayegi" gave a significant boost to his writing career.

== Personal life ==
S.M. Abbas married Shamima Khatoon in 1952.They went on to have four children together.
[[File:WIKI PIC 7 1986.jpg|thumb|S. M. Abbas in 1986]]
S.M. Abbas graduated from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]]. In his early days, he represented the university hockey team. His father was [[subedar]] in the British Army.

He died on April 16, 2004 in SL Raheja Hospital in [[Mahim]]. His wish was to be buried in his village, Asrawe Khurd, a village near [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
! scope="col" style="width:250px;" | Title
![[Film director|Director]]
![[Screenwriter|Writer]]
![[Film producer|Producer]]
!Ref(s)
|-
|1958
|[[Parvarish (1958 film)|Parvarish]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=S.M. Abbas {{!}} Writer, Director, Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1121795/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|1959
|[[Satta Bazaar]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1960
|[[Shriman Satyawadi]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1963
|Kan Kan Men Bhagwan
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1964
|[[Majboor (1964 film)|Majboor]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />

|-
|1964
|Punar Milan
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|
<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=as9m7ivRPJI |title=Punar Milan (1964) Full Movie {{!}} पुनर मिलन {{!}} Balraj Sahni, Mumtaz Begum |date=2016-09-20 |last=Hindi Classics |access-date=2024-07-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|1965
|[[Purnima (film)|Purnima]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1965
|Sangram
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1965
|Saiyan Se Neha Lagaibe
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1965
|Saheli
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1968
|[[Haseena Maan Jayegi]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1970
|[[Kab? Kyoon? Aur Kahan?]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1970
|[[Himmat (1970 film)|Himmat]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1971
|[[Hungama (1971 film)|Hungama]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1971
|[[Paras (1971 film)|Paras]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1972
|[[Ek Hasina Do Diwane]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1972
|[[Ek Bechara]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1973
|[[Kahani Kismat Ki]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1974
|Chor Machaye Shor
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1975
|[[Sewak (film)|Sewak]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1976
|[[Fakira]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1976
|[[Suntan (1976 film)|Suntan]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1977
|[[Farishta Ya Qatil]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1977
|[[Khel Khilari Ka]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1977
|[[Kalabaaz]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1978
|[[Heeralaal Pannalal (1978 film)|Heeralaal Pannalal]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=S.M. Abbas movies and filmography - Cinestaan.com |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/s-m-abbas-82447/filmography |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|1981
|[[Sahhas]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahhas (1981) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sahhas-5251/cast-crew |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|1982
|[[Ghazab]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghazab (1982) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ghazab-5498/cast-crew |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|1982
|[[Daulat (1982 film)|Daulat(1982 film)]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daulat (1981) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/daulat-14704/cast-crew |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|1982
|[[Raaj Mahal]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1986
|[[Mazloom]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1987
|Godna
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13004188/ |title=Godna (1987) {{!}} Comedy |language=en-US |access-date=2024-07-31 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|[[Nache Nagin Gali Gali]]
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nache Nagin Gali Gali (1989) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nache-nagin-gali-gali-6615/cast-crew |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|1990
|Wafaa(1990 film)
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1990
|Maa O Maa
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1991
|Ghar Parivaar
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

===Acting credits ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Role
|-
|1954
|Chor Bazar<ref>{{Citation |last=Arora |first=Prem Narayan |title=Chor Bazar |type=Action, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154326/?ref_=nm_flmg_c_1_act |access-date=2024-07-03 |others=Shammi Kapoor, Sumitra Devi, Chitra |publisher=All India Pictures}}</ref>
|Extras
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1121795}}

[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]

Shahpura State

2024-11-05T01:06:21Z

Viji: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[Shahpura state]]

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Md Faridul Haq Khan

2024-06-24T01:25:06Z

Viji: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Faridul Haq Khan]]

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}}