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V. K. Ramkumar

2026-05-07T20:18:39Z

Vijaykumar96: Done!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''V. K. Ramkumar''' (born 1981) is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu. He is a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Anna Nagar Assembly constituency in Chennai district representing the Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam (TVK).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Anna Nagar election results 2026: TVK's VK Ramkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/130665231.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He defeated N. Chitrarasu of the DMK by a margin of 19,774 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Anna Nagar Election Result 2026 Live: TVK's V.K. Ramkumar defeats DMK's N. Chitrarasu with 19774 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/anna-nagar-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905722-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramkumar, V.K.}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]

Diptimayee Choudhury

2026-05-07T02:43:20Z

Vijaykumar96: put up new post basic info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
}}
'''Diptimayee Choudhury''' is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. She has been a [[Assam Legislative Assembly|member of the Assam Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon constituency]] as a member of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Bongaigaon Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Diptimayee Choudhury of AGP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bongaigaon-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130399.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |title=বঙাইগাঁৱত আনন্দৰ দীপ্তি চকুৱে-মুখে বিয়পিল দীপ্তিময়ীৰ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!politics/agp-candidate-diptimoyee-choudhuri-wins-bongaigaon-assembly-seat-ass24112304916 |website=ETV Bharat News |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=as |date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NDA set to sweep all five assembly seats in Assam bypolls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nda-five-assembly-seats-assam-bypolls-9686444/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en |date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Assam]]
* [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Diptimayee}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

Parangipettai

2026-05-06T15:17:03Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parangipettai
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| other_name = <hr>Porto Novo
| settlement_type = Town Panchayath
| image_alt = PARANGI PETTAI NINAIVUK KALANJIYAM.jpg
| native_name = ''Paraṅkippēṭṭai''
| nicknames = Mahmood Bandar, Porto Novo, Firingipet, Portonova, Varnapuri, Aadimooleswaram, Muthukrishna Puri, Vagudhai, Krishnapattinam, Krishnapuri, Krishna Poompalan Pattinam, Port Mahmooda, European Town, New Port, Excellent Port and Puthanthurai
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Portonovo_Lighthouse.png
|photo1b = Pno seaport.jpg
|photo2a = Samiyarpettai beach.jpg
|photo2b = CASMB.jpg
|photo3a = Pichavaram-Pno.png
}}
| image_caption = Top: [[Portonovo Lighthouse|Parangipettai Lighthouse]], Sea Port Mid: Samiyarpettai Beach, CASMB Bottom: [[Pichavaram]] Forest
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Parangipettai
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.49|N|79.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu|Bhuvanagiri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [https://www.tnrd.tn.gov.in/ Rural/Town]
| governing_body = Union [https://dtp.tn.gov.in/ Town Panchayath]
| leader_party = [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|23px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| DMK]]
| leader_title = Leader
| leader_name = Mrs. Thenmozhli Shankar
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = Mr. [[{{#property:P1308|from=Q5096585}}]] ([[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|23px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| DMK]])
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name3 = Mr. [[{{#property:P1308|from=Q3533974}}]] ([[File:Pot Elwction Symbol.png|20px]] [[ VCK]])
| leader_title4 = [[Chief minister (India)|CM]]
| leader_name4 = Mr. [[M. K. Stalin]] ([[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|23px]][[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| DMK]])
| leader_title5 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name5 = Mr. '''Sibi Adhithya Senthil Kumar''', [[I.A.S ]] [[File:IAS CREST.png|17px]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.81
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total = 25,541
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[Farangi|Parangiars]], Novians
| population_footnotes = <ref name="C2011" />
| demographics_type1 = languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu|Urudu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 608502
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 04144
| registration_plate =
| website = https://parangipettai.com
| footnotes =
}}

'''Parangipettai''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Parangipettai.ogg|p|eɪ|ɑr|eɪ|aɪ|p|i|t|eɪ|aɪ|}} {{respell|Pa|re|gi|Pe|Tie}}), historically called '''Porto Novo''' ("New Port" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]), is a coastal [[panchayat town]] in [[Cuddalore district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Parangipettai is located on the north bank of the mouth of the [[Vellar River]] at a distance of 30 km from [[Cuddalore]]. From the state capital city of [[Chennai]], Parangipettai can be reached through the [[National Highway 32 (India)|National Highway NH32]] stretch between [[Cuddalore]] and [[Chidambaram]].

Its strategic location on the [[Coromandel Coast]] has long made it a major trading center. In particular, it was an important trading destination for the Arabs, especially the Yemenis. During the colonial era, the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], the [[Dutch Coromandel|Dutch]] and the [[British Raj|English]] successively colonized the area.

There is also a Gandhian connection to Parangipettai. [http://www.dihrs.dk/Book%20about%20Anne%20Marie%20Petersen.htm Anne Marie Petersen]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} became in 1909 a missionary in the so-called [http://lutheranmissions.org/history-of-lutherans-in-india-1909-2009 Loventhal Mission]. The foundation stone was laid by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] himself in 1921, and a few years later, the school was officially opened under the name [https://schools.org.in/cuddalore/33181004410/sevamandir-hss-girls.html '''Seva Mandir'''] at a place called Porto Novo, near [[Chidambaram]], in Tamil Nadu, [[South India]].

Today, Parangipettai has evolved into a well-developed town with nearly all necessities such as healthcare, education and transport. It also hosts a [[marine biology]] station that is affiliated with the [[Annamalai University]].

The town is an important pilgrimage center for Muslims and Hindus.

==Etymology==
[[File:Porto Novo Iron Works.jpg|thumb|[[Porto Novo Iron Works]], 1848]]
[[File:Battle of Porto Novo, 1781.JPG|thumb|Memorial for the [[Battle of Porto Novo]], 1781 at Porto Novo]]
Throughout history, Parangipettai has taken many different names. Parangipettai is mentioned in classical [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature as ''Varunapuri'', meaning the place where the rain god Varuna had worshipped [[Lord Shiva]]. During Nayyakar rule, it was renamed Muthukrishna Puri and then Mahmood Banthar during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. The Portuguese, during their rule, named the place "Porto Novo", which means "New Port" in Portuguese, because they set up a port here and made it their trading stronghold.

The town is now known as Parangipettai. In Tamil, the word {{Transliteration|ta|parangiar}} refers to Europeans, and {{Transliteration|ta|pettai}} means place. Thus, Parangipettai translates to the "abode of the {{Transliteration|ta|[[Farangi|parangiars]]}} or "[[Demographics of Europe|Europeans]]" in Tamil.<ref name=CASBMbook/>

== History ==
[[Tamil Muslims]] (prominently [[Sunni]]) living in Parangipettai claimed to have a unique African Arabian ancestry. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is their mother tongue but it has been heavily influenced by [[Persians|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]. Previously, especially during the Tamil Chola rule of Tamil Nadu, Arab traders used to heavily trade around the [[Coromandel coast]] in which Parangipettai is located. Some traders claimed, throughout time decided to settle down here.

It maintained trading links of silk and [[chintz]] fabrics with [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]] from August–September to April as late when weather was at its most fair.<ref>{{cite book |last=Forrest |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Forrest (navigator) |title=A Voyage From Calcutta To The Mergui Archipelago, Lying On The East Side Of The Bay Of Bengal; Describing a Chain of Islands, never before surveyed |date=1792 |publisher=Robson |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/ForrestVoyageCalcutta1792/page/n81|pages=40–1}}</ref>

In 1733, the [[Swedish East India Company]] established a [[factory (trading post)|factory]] in Porto Novo though after a month it was [[Affair of Porto Novo|seized and dismantled]] in a joint operation by the [[East India Company|British]] and [[French Indies Company|French East India companies]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://runeberg.org/nfca/0776.html|title=Porto Novo|work=Nordisk familjebok|access-date=2 December 2018|language=sv}}</ref>

On December 25th, 1740, 500 [[Maratha]] horseman captured the Dutch fort of Portnovo and the Dutch Deputy Governor, his wife, and children<ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=J. Frederick |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103310 |title=Private Diary Of Ananda Ranga Pillai Vol.1 |page=139|date=1904}}</ref>

In 1801, Sir [[George Alexander William Leith|George Leith]], who was then Lieutenant Governor of [[Penang Island|Prince of Wales Island]] (now within modern [[Penang]] of Malaysia) appointed a prominent Indian Muslim Boatman, Cauder Mohudeen, a Christian reconvert, as Captain of the South Indian "[[Keling]]" sect. He granted a piece of land to build a mosque on the south side of [[Chulia Street, George Town|Malabar Street]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] (now Chulia Street). The mosque is now known as [[Kapitan Keling Mosque|Yusof Kapittan Mosque]] but needs more evidence for the claims as per verdict issued by Malaysian Courts. Cauder Mohudeen (born c. 1759) is said to be a small boat mandoor or foreman from Parangipettai in local chats. In the middle of 18th Century Haji Muhammad ali maricar was richest man in that area & his family root are kunjali maricar (They fled Cochin and made their home in Ponnani after becoming concerned about the Portuguese's perceived danger. Portuguese armies and ships assaulted Ponnani between 1507 and 1524), In those days many traders crossed the sea and did business in eastern Countries like Indonesia, Malaya, Burma. some of them were Haji Muhammad Ali Maricar, Haji Kavana Sultan Maricar & Bros, those are owner of some ships. ship route (Portonovo to Singapore, Portonovo to Jeddah, Madras to Singapore) S.S. LINGNAM

The [[Battle of Porto Novo]] was fought here in 1781 during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. The conflict pitted the forces of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] under ''Karim Khan Sahib'', accompanied by his father [[Hyder Ali]], against forces belonging to the [[British East India Company]] under [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Sir Eyre Coote]]. Though they were outnumbered 5 to 1, the British prevailed.

The town flourished as a seaport with connections to southeast Asia and as an industrial center during British rule, when iron made here was exported to [[England]]. The powerful [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Nawabs of Arcot]] had his mint at Porto Novo and the gold coins struck in this mint came to be called the [[Pagoda (coin)|Porto Novo Pagoda]]. Later the English followed the same design when they minted the 'Negapatam' ([[Nagapatnam]]) Pagoda; the Dutch minted their coin in the same design at [[Tuticorin]] and [[Colombo]] mints.<ref name=CASBMbook>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/parampariyam_mikka_parangipettai_tamil|title=Parampariyam Miguntha Parangipettai|publisher=Environmental Information Center CASMB Annamalai University|date= February 2019|author=Prof. Dr. M. Srinivasan and Dr. A. C. Ratheesh}}</ref>

[[File:Dutch-pagoda-Pulicat.jpg|thumb]]

==Climate==
The Parangipettai has heavy rainfall during the [[northeast monsoon]]. The total annual rainfall usually ranges between 1,200 and 1,400 mm.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://cienciasmarinas.com.mx/index.php/cmarinas/article/view/935/857|title=The influence of meteorological phenomena on the ecosystems of a tropical region, southeast coast of India: A case study|last= Perumal .P|journal=Ciencias Marinas |year=1993|volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=343–351 |doi=10.7773/cm.v19i3.935 |doi-access=free }} Vol. 19, No. 3, 343–351, [https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v19i3.935 Ciencias Mankas].</ref> This place is still known for its frequent rainfall. "Parangipettai in Tamil Nadu became the rainiest city in India with 168 mm of rainfall," says ''Skymet Weather''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Nov/06/heavy-rain-lashes-chennai-2380240.html|title=Heavy rain lashes Chennai|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=8 Nov 2021}}</ref> In November 2023, Parangingipettai was second place in District rainfall recorded with 119.5 mm in 24h.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-rains-lignite-mining-at-nlc-india-ltd-in-neyveli-stalled/article67531420.ece|title=Tamil Nadu Rains|work=The Hindu|date=16 Nov 2023}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Parangipettai (Porto Novo) 1981–2010, extremes 1968–2011
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 33.0
| Feb record high C = 35.5
| Mar record high C = 39.9
| Apr record high C = 41.5
| May record high C = 43.5
| Jun record high C = 42.5
| Jul record high C = 40.5
| Aug record high C = 39.5
| Sep record high C = 46.0
| Oct record high C = 38.0
| Nov record high C = 37.3
| Dec record high C = 36.4
| year record high C = 46.0
| Jan high C = 29.2
| Feb high C = 30.3
| Mar high C = 32.3
| Apr high C = 34.7
| May high C = 37.3
| Jun high C = 37.5
| Jul high C = 36.1
| Aug high C = 35.4
| Sep high C = 34.4
| Oct high C = 32.3
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 29.0
| year high C = 33.2
| Jan low C = 20.6
| Feb low C = 21.1
| Mar low C = 23.0
| Apr low C = 25.3
| May low C = 26.2
| Jun low C = 26.1
| Jul low C = 25.3
| Aug low C = 24.8
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 24.0
| Nov low C = 22.7
| Dec low C = 21.4
| year low C = 23.8
| Jan record low C = 14.0
| Feb record low C = 14.0
| Mar record low C = 17.8
| Apr record low C = 18.8
| May record low C = 19.0
| Jun record low C = 19.3
| Jul record low C = 18.7
| Aug record low C = 18.6
| Sep record low C = 17.8
| Oct record low C = 17.0
| Nov record low C = 16.5
| Dec record low C = 14.5
| year record low C = 14.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 39.1
| Feb rain mm = 42.1
| Mar rain mm = 32.4
| Apr rain mm = 17.9
| May rain mm = 37.8
| Jun rain mm = 43.0
| Jul rain mm = 65.4
| Aug rain mm = 87.9
| Sep rain mm = 118.0
| Oct rain mm = 259.4
| Nov rain mm = 433.0
| Dec rain mm = 238.6
| year rain mm = 1414.5
| Jan rain days = 1.9
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 0.4
| Apr rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 1.5
| Jun rain days = 2.8
| Jul rain days = 3.9
| Aug rain days = 4.8
| Sep rain days = 5.1
| Oct rain days = 9.5
| Nov rain days = 11.5
| Dec rain days = 6.4
| year rain days = 50.0
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 76
| Feb humidity = 75
| Mar humidity = 75
| Apr humidity = 74
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 61
| Jul humidity = 63
| Aug humidity = 66
| Sep humidity = 71
| Oct humidity = 77
| Nov humidity = 81
| Dec humidity = 78
|year humidity = 72
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Port Novo Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 621–622
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M201
| access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Religion==
{{Pie chart
|caption=Religions in Parangipettai (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Census11">{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803653-parangipettai-tamil-nadu.html|title=Parangipettai Population Religion Data|date=2011|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]] |value1 = 56.34 |color1 = darkorange
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 42.69|color2 = green
|label3 = [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]] |value3 = 0.47 |color3 = white
|label4 = [[Jainism in Tamil Nadu|Jain]]|value4=0.07|color4=blue
|label5 = Other or not stated | value5= 0.43 | color5=purple
|thumb=left
}}

In Parangipettai, various faiths live together in relative peace. Muslims and Hindus reside in the town in nearly equal numbers. Christians also live here. Among the Muslims are clans or family groups, but they necessarily affect social interactions like marriages and mutual living. Some of the Muslims are the Maraicars, Sahibs, Ravuthtars and Pattans. The most common ones are [[Marakkar|''Maraicar'']]. ''Maraicar'' the name faded claims to have derived from the old Tamil term '<nowiki/>''Marakkalangalin aayargal'<nowiki/>'' meaning '''Kings of Boats','' a title said to be given by the Southern Tamil Hindu King [[Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I|Vijaya Raghunadha Sedhupathy Thondamaan]] (King Sethu) to the Arab traders from parts of [[Shia Islam|Shia Yemen]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Arabia]], now [[Saudi Arabia]], who and were the reigning members of coastal trade with those regions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rājāmukamatu|first=Je|title=Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750-1900|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum|year=2005|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

At 2011 census, Parangipettai had a population of 1,10,073, with males constituting 50.23% of the population and females 49.77%.

It has a religious practice [[Hinduism]] average of 56.34%, at second place [[Islam]] average of 42.69%, then [[Christianity]] average is 0.47%, [[Jainism]] is 0.07% and others or not stated 0.43%.<ref name="Census11" />

==Book==
[[File: PNO-BOOK.jpg|thumb|The Book about "The Muslims of Parangipettai"]]
The First and only book about the Muslims of Parangipettai was written in Tamil and published by Jenifah Academy in December 2017. Named "'''Mahmoodbandar''' Parangipettai Muslimgal - Oru Paarvaiyum pathivum", this is the only known record about the Muslims of Parangipettai, their History, Culture, lifestyles, etc.

The first book of their history spanning more than a thousand years and their contemporary lives titled "Mahmoodbandar Parangipettai Muslims - A View and Record" was released on 23.12.2017 at Parangipettai Mahmoodiah Shaadi Mahaal. The author of the book is '''L. Hameed Maraicar'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.importmirror.com/2017/12/blog-post_725.html|title=மஹ்மூத்பந்தர் பரங்கிப்பேட்டை முஸ்லிம்கள் – ஒரு பார்வையும் பதிவும்… நூல் வெளியீட்டு விழா}}Published by Jenifah Academy on 23/12/2017. Author - L. Hameed Maraicar.</ref>

The author of the book L. Hameed Maraicar In his speech, described his dream for this book and how the endeavor began. In 1998, when he moved back to this town, he explained the difficulties he faced in the creation of this book, from traveling with his friends on a bicycle to learning about the living conditions of Muslims in the nearby villages of Parangipettai.

==Demographics==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" table-align="center"
|+
|-
! colspan=6 style="background: lightBlue;"|Population of Parangipettai 1871 - 2011
|-
!style="background: lightBlue", "text-align: center;"| Census Year
!style="background: lightBlue", "text-align: center;"| No. of Village Panchayats
!style="background: lightBlue", "text-align: center;"|Total Population
!style="background: lightBlue", "text-align: center;"|Total Male
!style="background: lightBlue", "text-align: center;"|Total Female
!style="background: lightBlue", "text-align: center;"|Under 6 years of Age
|-
! 1871<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/27954/download/31136/138866_1871.pdf|title= Statement of Population of 1871 in Each Village of the South Arcot District|publisher= Published by GANTZ BROTHERS, AT THE ADELPHI PRESS, MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS}} PDF Pg. No. 217</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| T || 7,182
| style="text-align: center;"| *
| style="text-align: center;"| *
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1881<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057665|title=Imperial census : operations and results in the Presidency of Madras,1881|publisher= Published by GANTZ BROTHERS, AT THE ADELPHI PRESS, MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS|jstor=saoa.crl.25057665 }} Book Pg. No. 433</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| T || 7,823 || 3,122 || 4,701
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1891<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352817|title=Census of India. Volume XIV, Madras : tables I to XVII-C, British territory, 1891|publisher= Published by SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRESS, MADRAS|jstor=saoa.crl.25352817 }} Book Pg. No. 9</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| T || 14,061 || 6,190 || 7,871
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1901<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/census-india-1901-vol-xv-madras-part-ii|title=Census of India, Vol. XV-A: Madras Part II, 1901|publisher= Published by SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRESS, MADRAS}} PDF Pg. No. 17</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| T || 13,712 || 5,957 || 7,755
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1911<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31212/download/34393/26726_1911_LMP.pdf|title=IMPERIAL AND PROVINCIAL TABLES, Madras. Part II, Vol-XII, 1911|publisher= Published by SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRESS, MADRAS}} PDF Pg. No. 13</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| T || 15,804 || 7,232 || 8,572
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1921<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32605/download/35786/20815_1921.pdf|title=VILLAGE STATISTICS SOUTH ARCOT DISTRICT, 1921|publisher= Published by THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS, MADRAS}} PDF Pg. No. 8</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| T || 12,940 || 6,021 || 6,019
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1931<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31434/download/34615/23201_1931_PRO.pdf|title=Provincial Tables, Part III, Vol-XIV,1931|publisher=Superintendent of Census Operations, Madras}}PDF Pg. No.30</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| T || 13,762 || 6,329 || 7,433
| style="text-align: center;"|~1,820
|-
! 1941<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37299/GIPE-024370-14.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|title=VILLAGE STATISTICS SOUTH ARCOT DISTRICT, 1941|publisher= Published by SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRESS, MADRAS}} PDF Pg. No. 3</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| T || 14,145 || 6,624 || 7,521
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28421/download/31603/49187_1951_SOU.pdf|title=Census Handbook, South Arcot, 1951|publisher= Published by SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRESS, MADRAS}} PDF Pg. No. 27</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| TP || 15,084 || 6,874 || 8,210
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1961<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31250/download/34431/22739_1961_SOU.pdf|title=District Census Handbook, South Arcot, Part X-III, Vol-II, Vol-IX, 1961|publisher= Published by SUPERINTENDENT OF CENSUS Operations, MADRAS}} PDF Pg. No. 463-465</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| TP || 15,139 || 7,078 || 8,061
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1971<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.census.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/27989/download/31171/51648_1971_ADM.pdf|title=Administrative Atlas, Part IX-A, Vol-I, Series-19, 1971|publisher= Published by DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS TAMIL NADU AND PONDICHERRY}} PDF Pg. No. 120</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| TP || 17,412 || 7,917 || 9,495
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
! 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30328/download/33509/46130_1981_FPT.pdf|title=Final Population Totals of Tamil Nadu, 1981|publisher= Published by Director of Census Operation Tamil Nadu}} PDF Pg. No. 51</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| TP || 20,100 || 9,079 || 11.021
| style="text-align: center;"| *
|-
|-
! 1991<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30332/download/33513/29846_1991_FPT.pdf|title=Final Population of Tamil Nadu, 1991|publisher= Published by DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, Tamilnadu}} PDF Pg. No.147</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| TP || 23,550 || 10,890 || 12,660
| style="text-align: center;"| 2,716
|-
! 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title= POPULATION CENSUS_ 2001 FOR VILLAGE PANCHAYATS AND PANCHAYAT UNIONS|publisher= Published by Census Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date= 16 June 2004}} PDF Pg. No. 484-485</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| 57<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43763/download/47469/DH_33_2001_CUD.pdf|title=Census of India 2001 - Series 17 - District Census Handbook Tamil Nadu, Part A & B - Cuddalore|publisher= Published by Census of India 2001 - District Census Handbook Tamil Nadu, Cuddalore }}</ref> || 20,901 || 10,178 || 10,723
| style="text-align: center;"| 2,457
|-
! 2011<ref name="C2011">{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a96b65a721e561e1e3de768ac819ffbb/uploads/2018/07/2018070976.pdf|title= POPULATION CENSUS_ 2011 FOR VILLAGE PANCHAYATS AND PANCHAYAT UNIONS|publisher= Published by DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS of Tamilnadu}} PDF Pg. No. 35</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| 41<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a96b65a721e561e1e3de768ac819ffbb/uploads/2018/07/2018070737-1.pdf|title=No.of Parangipettai Village Panchayaths|publisher= Published by Cuddalore District Collectorate Office }}</ref> || 25,541 || 12,733 || 12,808
| style="text-align: center;"| 3,022
|-
| colspan=6 style="background: yellow;" align=center| Source: [[Census of India]] & [https://census.tn.nic.in/ Directorate of Census Operations of Tamil Nadu]
|}

===At 2001 Census===

Parangipettai had a population of 20,901, with males constituting 49% of the population and females 51%. In Parangipettai, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Parangipettai has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 69%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

===At 2011 Census===

Parangipettai had a population of 1,10,073, with males constituting 50.23% of the population and females 49.77%. In Parangipettai, 11.25% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a96b65a721e561e1e3de768ac819ffbb/uploads/2018/07/2018070939.pdf|title= POPULATION CENSUS_ 2011 FOR VILLAGE PANCHAYATS AND PANCHAYAT UNIONS|publisher= Published by DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS of Tamilnadu}}</ref>

Parangipettai has an average literacy rate of 70.45%, Lower than the national average of 73.5%: male literacy is 76.21%, and female literacy is 64.64%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a96b65a721e561e1e3de768ac819ffbb/uploads/2018/07/2018070976.pdf|title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK 2011, CUDDALORE|publisher= Published by DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS of Tamilnadu}}</ref>

{{Bar chart |align=center
|title= Population and growth rate of
the Parangipettai Town Panchayat <ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/27954/download/31136/138866_1871.pdf|title= Statement of Population of 1871 in Each Village of the South Arcot District|publisher= Published by GANTZ BROTHERS, AT THE ADELPHI PRESS, MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS}} PDF Pg. No. 217</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43763/download/47469/DH_33_2001_CUD.pdf|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK TAMIL NADU, PART A & B - CUDDALORE, 2001|publisher=Director of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu}}PDF Pg. No.484-485</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a96b65a721e561e1e3de768ac819ffbb/uploads/2018/07/2018070976.pdf|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK CUDDALORE, 2011|publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS TAMIL NADU}}Pg. No.28</ref>
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Population (% change from prior Census)
| data_max = 26,000
| label1 = 1871 | data1 = 7,182 | comment1 =
| label2 = 1881 | data2 = 7,823 | comment2 = +8.9%
| label3 = 1891 | data3 = 14,061 | comment3 = +79.7%
| label4 = 1901 | data4 = 13,712 | comment4 = -2.4%
| label5 = 1911 | data5 = 15,804 | comment5 = +15.3%
| label6 = 1921 | data6 = 12,940 | comment6 = -18.1%
| label7 = 1931 | data7 = 13,762 | comment7 = +6.4%
| label8 = 1941 | data8 = 14,175 | comment8 = +3.0%
| label9 = 1951 | data9 = 15,084 | comment9 = +6.4%
| label10 = 1961 | data10 = 15,139 | comment10 = +0.4%
| label11 = 1971 | data11 = 17,412 | comment11 = +15.0%
| label12 = 1981 | data12 = 20,100 | comment12 = +15.4%
| label13 = 1991 | data13 = 23,550 | comment13 = +17.2%
| label14 = 2001 | data14 = 20,912 | comment14 = -11.2%
| label15 = 2011 | data15 = 25,541 | comment15 = +12.2%
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
|-
! style="background: Blue;"|Census || colspan=6 style="background: green;"|Literacy rate || colspan=6 style="background: red;"|Illiteracy rate
|-
! style="background: Blue;"| Year
! style="background: green;"| Average Literate
! style="background: green;"|Total Literate
! style="background: green;"|Male
! style="background: green;"|Female
! style="background: green;"|No. of Male
! style="background: green;"|No. of Female
! style="background: red;"|Average Illiterate
! style="background: red;"|Total Illiterate
! style="background: red;"|Male
! style="background: red;"|Female
! style="background: red;"|No. of Male
!style="background: red;"| No. of Female
|-
!1991
! style="background: #fe4e4b;"| 64.23%
| 15,128 || 72.23% || 57.36% || 7,866 || 7,262
! style="background: #fe4e4b;"|35.77%
| 8,422 || 27.77% || 42.64% || 3,024 || 5,398
|-
! 2001
! style="background: lightgreen;"| 74.88%
| 15,651 || 80.92% || 69.15% || 8,236 || 7,415
!style="background: lightgreen;"| 25.12%
| 5,250 || 19.08% || 30.85% || 1,942 || 3,308
|-
! 2011
! style="background: lightgreen;"| 77.71%
| 19,850 || 80.92% || 74.53% || 10,304 || 9,546
!style="background: lightgreen;"| 22.29%
| 5,691 || 19.08% || 25.47% || 2,429 || 3,262
|-
| colspan=13 style="background: yellow;" align=center| Source: [[Census of India]]
|}

==Economy==
Historically, Parangipettai was a trading port, and it now contributes around 3.5% of the state's total fish catch, which is distributed to various districts and other states in the country. Seafood is also exported to other countries overseas. Among the major seafood merchants from the place is SeaFoods Ltd., with a well-connected marketing network around the world.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kaja Nazimudeen |url=http://portonovocomputertech.blogspot.com/ |title=தொட்டு விடும் தூரம் |website=Portonovocomputertech.blogspot.com |date=2017-03-14 |access-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>

The production of a kind of extremely soft mat by Labbai's women, which is used for sleeping and as a hold-all for clothing and bedding, is the sole notable in Porto Novo. These are produced from the screw-pine ([[Pandanus odorifer|Pandanus odoratissimus]]) leaves are claimed to be copies of those formerly manufactured in [[Aceh|Achin]]. even though it is generally accepted that their original quality has been much excelled in both color and texture.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55643/page/n183/mode/2up?q=Porto+novo|title=South Arcot District Gazetteers|author=Francis W|year=1906}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Railways===
[[File:Train welcome.jpg|thumb|To welcome new train stoppage at Parangipettai Railway Station]]
[[Parangipettai railway station]] (Code: PO) is a Very Important Station Historically and Economically. During the British rule in Parangipettai and about 15 years after the independence of the country, the railway transport was good. After the modernization of transport facilities, Parangipettai was left very backwards.

After conversion to broad gauge, only 6 trains bound for [[Villupuram]] and [[Mayiladuthurai]], in addition to two for [[Bangalore]] - [[Karaikal]], a total of 8 trains stop at Parangipettai. Not one of the more than 60 express trains that pass through Parangipettai stops here.

===Ship===
This port carries on a busy trade with [[Ceylon]], [[Aceh|Acheng]], [[Penang]] and [[Singapore]]. Steamers of the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] (BISN) anchor 2 miles offshore in 4 1/2 to 5 feet of water and sail to Singapore once a fortnight. Goods are shipped and landed at the Government Jetty opposite the Custom House, where about twenty boats are available.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOhiCgAAQBAJ&dq=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+the+South+Indian+Railway&pg=PT4|title=The Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|first=South Indian Railway Company|last=Ltd|date=July 15, 2015|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-5082-1 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/french-trade-in-porto-novo/page/387/mode/2up|title=French Trade In Porto Novo A.D. 1673-1780|author=Dr. V. Palanichamy|year=2007}}</ref>

==Places of Interest==

===Tourist places===
Parangipettai and its surrounding areas offer several tourist attractions:

* '''[[Portonovo Lighthouse]]''' – A coastal lighthouse offering scenic views of the Bay of Bengal.
* '''Parangipettai Beach''' – A serene beach popular among locals for its natural beauty.
* '''[[Battle of Porto Novo|Porto Novo War Memorial]]''' – A memorial dedicated to the soldiers who served during colonial conflicts.
* '''Parangipettai Water Sports Complex (Boat House)''' – Offers boating and water sports facilities for tourists.
* '''[[Pichavaram Mangrove Forest]]''' – One of the largest mangrove forests in India, located nearby, known for its biodiversity and boat tours.
* '''[[Samiyarpettai]] Beach''' – A quiet and clean beach located a few kilometres from Parangipettai.
* '''AU CASMB Marine Biology Museum''' – A museum maintained by the Annamalai University Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, showcasing marine specimens and research.

===Historical places===
Parangipettai has a rich historical background, reflected in the following landmarks:

* '''[[Porto Novo Iron Works]]''' – One of the earliest iron smelting sites in India, dating back to the British colonial period.
* '''Hollander's Garden''' – A site believed to be associated with Dutch colonial presence and cemeteries in the region.
* '''M. Rasendran Memorial''' – A monument commemorating M. Rasendran, a martyr of the Tamil language movement.
* '''Hyder Ali Prayer Site (Eidgah)''' – A historic open-air prayer site where Hyder Ali is believed to have performed prayers during his campaigns.

===Parangipettai Water Sports Complex===
The [[Cuddalore District]] Administration is very keen to develop tourism activities at Parangipettai, a coastal town situated remotely right on the seashore, northern bank of the Vellar estuary. The Sub-Collector, Chidambaram, on his routine visit to Parangipettai, identified the Vellar estuary as a suitable place for the operation of Water sports activities. Incidentally, the Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology of Annamalai University, Chidambaram has already established an Aquatic Adventurous water sports facility under the aegis of [[University Grants Commission (India)]] to cater to the needs of students at Parangipettai campus since 2009.
[[File:PNO WSC.jpg|thumb|Parangipettai Water Sports Complex]]
On the direction of the Sub-collector, the [https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/T00_info.php?fc=T00 CAS in Marine Biology], the Faculty of Marine Sciences conceived the idea and drafted the proposal for setting up of Water sports complex and later got approved by the District Administration.
Subsequently, Annamalai University entered into [[MoU]] with Parangipettai Town Panchayat to operate Water sports for the general public in Vellar backwaters, flowing right in front of the Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology campus, on revenue revenue-sharing basis. As per the terms and conditions of the MoU, Parangipettai town Panchayat is responsible for extending basic infrastructure for 58.80 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://madhubalanias.in/work-experience/water-sports-complex-at-parangipettai|title=Parangipettai Water Sports Complex}}</ref>

===Hyder Ali War location===
The [[Battle of Porto Novo]] was fought on 1 July 1781 between forces of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and [[British East India Company]] in the place called Porto Novo (now known as Parangipettai) on the Indian subcontinent, during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. The British force, numbering more than 8,000 men under the command of [[Sir Eyre Coote]] defeated a force estimated at 40,000 under the command of [[Hyder Ali]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Malleson|first1=George Bruce|title=The Decisive Battles of India: from 1746 to 1849|date=1914|publisher=Reeves & Turner|page=254|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023646528/page/254/mode/2up?view=theater&q=porto+novo}}</ref><ref>Barua, Pradeep. ''The state at war in South Asia'', pp. 80–81.</ref><ref>*Garstin, John Henry. [https://archive.org/details/manualsoutharco00garsgoog/page/n167  ''Manual of the South Arcot district''], pp. 152–154.</ref>

[[File:The Battle of Porto Novo.jpg|thumb|The Battle of Porto Novo]]

===Portonovo Lighthouse And Navtex Station===
[[Portonovo Lighthouse]] cum Navtex Station (Parangipettai) was established by the Government of India in the year 1980, Parangipettai is located on the north bank of the mouth of the Vellar River at a distance of 30 km from Cuddalore.
[[File:PNO Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|Portonovo Lighthouse And Navtex Station]]
The popular Temple of [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|“Thillai Natarajer”]] in Chidambaram has located about 18 km from Portonovo lighthouse. Parangipettai has evolved into a well-developed town with nearly all basic necessities such as healthcare, education and transport.

It also hosts a [https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/T00_info.php?fc=T00Marine Biology Station] affiliated with the Annamalai University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgll.nic.in/DGLL-light-house-location/about-chennai/portonovo-lighthouse-and-navtex-station|title=Portonovo Lighthouse And Navtex Station|publisher= Established & Maintaining by Directorate of Lighthouses and Lightships, Ministry of Ports, Government of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Porto Novo}}
* [https://parangipettai.com Business & Service Listing of Parangipettai]
* [https://www.facebook.com/PNOPNS PortoNovo Payaniyar Nala Sangam - பரங்கிப்பேட்டை பயணியர் நலச்சங்கம் ]
* [http://www.mypno.com Encyclopedia of Parangipettai]
*[https://www.facebook.com/psao.parangipettai PSAO - Parangipettai Social Activities Organization]
* [https://www.facebook.com/leap.pno LEAP - Learning & Educational Academy of Portonovo]
* [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100010112765418 தர்மம் செய்வோம் குழுமம், பரங்கிப்பேட்டை]
* [http://parangipettai.tripod.com Parangipettai.tripod.com]
* [https://www.facebook.com/ParangiPettaiNews Latest Parangipettai News]
* [http://www.portonovo.in Porto-Novo.in]
* [https://www.instagram.com/parangipettai_memes/ Parangipettai Memes]
* [https://groups.google.com/forum/?pli=1#!forum/novians Novians Google Group]
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=dev.mustaq.oorsethi Oor Sethi - Local Tamil News App]. Oor Sethi App Developed by Parangipettai Tech people.

{{Cuddalore District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]

Vadakara Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T08:04:44Z

Vijaykumar96: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vadakara
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 20
| map_image = Sand Banks.JPG
| map_caption = Vadakara Sandbank
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 167,406 (2021)
| mla = [[K. K. Rema]]
| party = {{Party index link|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
}}
'''Vadakara State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district, Kerala.
|access-date = 6 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly election]], the current MLA is [[K. K. Rema]] of [[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]].

== Local self-governed segments==
Vadakara Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kozhikode District
|access-date = 6 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="50px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Vatakara]]
|Municipality
|[[Vatakara]]
|-
|2
|[[Azhiyur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Vatakara
|-
|3
|[[Chorode]]
|Grama panchayat
|Vatakara
|-
|4
|[[Eramala]]
|Grama Panchayat
|Vatakara
|-
|5
|[[Onchiam]]
|Grama panchayat
|Vatakara
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}
{{Party index link|Janata Dal}} {{Party index link|Praja Socialist Party}} {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}{{Party index link|Janata Party}} {{Party index link|Bharatiya Lok Dal}} {{Party index link|Samyukta Socialist Party}} {{Party index link|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}}
{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
| rowspan="3" |M. Krishnan
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|SP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party}}" |
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="5" |K. Chandrasekharan
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal|BLD]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}" |
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="3" |[[Janata Party|JNP]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal|JD]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| rowspan="2" |C. K. Nanu
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
| rowspan="4" |[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|M. K Premnath
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| rowspan="2" |[[C. K. Nanu]]
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016 - 2021
|-
|2021
|15th
| rowspan="2"|[[K. K. Rema]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|RMPI]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}}"|
|2021-2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|2026-
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vadakara }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|candidate=[[K. K. Rema]]|votes=70,117 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=M. K. Bhaskaran|votes=55,255 |percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=K. Dileep|votes=14,295 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Shamseer Chombala|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 14,862
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Revolutionary Marxist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vadakara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party= Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|candidate=[[K. K. Rema]]|votes=65,093|percentage=47.63|change={{increase}}16.99|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Loktantrik Janata Dal|candidate=Manayath Chandran|votes=57,602|percentage=42.15|change={{up}}4.17|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=M. Rajesh Kumar|votes=10,225|percentage=7.48|change={{decrease}}3.28|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Musthafa Paleri|votes=2,836|percentage=2.08|change={{increase}}0.02|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=353|percentage=0.26 |change={{decrease}}0.13|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Gangadharan Madappally|votes=186|percentage=0.14|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=K. T. K. Rama Padannayil|votes=137|percentage=0.10|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Rama Kuniyil|votes=126|percentage=0.09|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Velluparambath Chandran|votes=63|percentage=0.05|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Rama Cheriyakaiyil|votes=52|percentage=0.04|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=7,491|percentage=5.48|change= |}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,36,673|percentage=81.64|change={{increase}}0.10|}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|loser=Janata Dal (Secular)|swing={{increase}}16.99|}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,58,907 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vadakara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=C. K. Nanu|votes=49,211|percentage=37.98|change={{decrease}}3.07|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Manayath Chandran|votes=39,700|percentage=30.64|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|candidate=K. K. Rema|votes=20,504|percentage=15.82|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. Rajeshkumar|votes=13,937|percentage=10.76|change={{increase}}4.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. Abdul Hameed|votes=2,673|percentage=2.06|change={{decrease}}0.99}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Madaparambath Chandran|votes=1,648|percentage=1.27|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=506|percentage=0.39|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. K. Rema Kuniyil|votes=352|percentage=0.27|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Stalin P. P.|votes=284|percentage=0.22|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=T. K. Nanu|votes=279|percentage=0.22|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mathath Chandran|votes=240|percentage=0.19|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=T. P. Rama Vadakke Eroth|votes=238|percentage=0.18|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=9,511|percentage=7.34|change={{increase}}6.60}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,572|percentage=81.54|change={{increase}}0.82}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Janata Dal (Secular)|swing={{increase}}3.07}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,41,564 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vadakara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=C. K. Nanu|votes=46,912|percentage=41.05|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Janata (Democratic)|candidate=M. K. Premnath|votes=46,065|percentage=40.31|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=N. Venu|votes=10,098|percentage=8.84|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. P. Rajan|votes=6,909|percentage=6.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Saalim Azhiyur|votes=3,488|percentage=3.05|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V. K. Premnathan|votes=795|percentage=0.70|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=847|percentage=0.74|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,14,267|percentage=80.72|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Janata Dal (Secular)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vadakara]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moidu Keloth |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=29,356 |percentage=68.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chattu, Ayatathil |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,204 |percentage=31.02% |change=31.02% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,152 |percentage=37.95% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,560 |percentage=66.88% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,638 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Socialist Party (India) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Vatakara]]
* [[Kozhikode district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Vatakara area]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Anandi Gopal Joshi

2026-05-01T08:37:16Z

Vijaykumar96: started initial post with sources!

{{Short description|One of the first female Indian doctor.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anandibai Gopal Joshi
| image = Anandibai joshi.jpg
| caption = A portrait photo of Anandibai Joshi
| birth_name = Yamuna Joshi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1865|3|31}}
| birth_place = [[Kalyan]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1887|2|26|1865|3|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| resting_place = [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]], United States
| alma_mater = [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]]
| spouse = Gopalrao Joshi
| relatives = [[Pandita Ramabai]] (cousin)
| signature = Signature of Anandibai Joshee.jpg
}}
'''Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{Lang|mr|आनंदीबाई गोपाळराव जोशी}}; 31 March 1865 – 26 February 1887) was the first Indian female doctor of [[western medicine]] along with [[Kadambini Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-31 |title=Who is Anandi Gopal Joshi to whom Google dedicated a Doodle? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/who-is-anandi-gopal-joshi-to-whom-google-dedicates-a-doodle-1201625-2018-03-31 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=The forgotten legacy of Kadambini Ganguly, India's first woman doctor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-forgotten-legacy-of-kadambini-ganguly-indias-first-woman-doctor-9458675/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Anandibai travelled to New York from Kolkata ([[Calcutta]]) by ship, [[Chaperone (social)|chaperone]]d by two female English missionary acquaintances of the Thorborns.<ref name=":5" /> The [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|George Robinson]] the Viceroy of India had funded her education.<ref name="f473"/> She was the first woman from the erstwhile [[Bombay presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] to study and graduate with a two-year degree in western medicine in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Venkatraman|first1=Vijaysree|title=This woman in 1883 had the best answer to the question of why a girl would want to be a doctor|url=https://qz.com/240793/this-woman-in-1883-had-the-best-answer-to-the-question-of-why-a-girl-would-want-to-be-a-doctor/|publisher=[[Qz.com]]|date=27 July 2014}}</ref> She was also referred to as ''Anandibai Joshi'' and ''Anandi Gopal Joshi'' (where ''Gopal'' came from ''Gopalrao'', her husband's first name).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suneetha |first=A |title=Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi. |journal=One Day National Level Seminar}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anandi Baii Joshi's birth name was Yamuna and she was born in [[Kalyan]], on 31 March 1865, the fifth of nine children.<ref name=Bhar2024>{{cite journal |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Hareesha Rishab |last2=Dalal |first2=Priyal |last3=Tan |first3=Joecelyn Kirani |last4=Agarwal |first4=Trishtha |last5=Javed |first5=Mahnoor |title=Journey across the world to study medicine: The Anandi Joshi story |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=1 November 2024 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=372–379 |doi=10.1177/09677720231190887 |pmid=37549937 |language=en |issn=0967-7720|pmc=11566070 }}</ref><ref name=Rao2021>{{cite book |title=Lady Doctors: The Untold Stories of India's First Women in Medicine|last=Rao|first=Kavitha |date=2021 |publisher=Westland Publications Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90679-05-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GHRzgEACAAJ |language=en|chapter=The good wife|pages=27–60}}</ref> She was raised in a Marathi [[Chitpavan|Chitpavan Brahmin]] family<ref>Kosambi, M., Ramaswamy, R., Kolhatkar, M. and Mukherji, A., 2019. A Fragmented Feminism: The Life and Letters of Anandi bai Joshi. Routledge India.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kosambi |first1=M |last2=Thorner |first2=Alice |last3=Krishna Raj |first3=Maithreyi |title=Ideals, Images, and Real Lives: Women in Literature and History |date=2000 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Hyderabad India |isbn=81-250-0843-8 |page=107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-ztHz3XTUC&dq=chitpavan+anandibai&pg=PA104}}</ref> {{Page number|date=February 2024}} Keeping with the traditions of the time and under the pressure from her mother, she was married at the age of nine to Gopalrao Joshi, who was a widower and twenty years older than her.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-anandi-gopal-joshi-5117944/|title=Who is Anandi Gopal Joshi?|date=31 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> After marriage, Yamuna's husband renamed her 'Anandi'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anandibai Joshi|url=http://www.streeshakti.com/booka.aspx?author=16|website=Streeshakti The Parallel Force|publisher=Streeshakti|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Gopalrao Joshi worked as a postal clerk in [[Kalyan]]. Later, he was transferred to [[Alibag]], and then, finally, to [[Kolhapur]]. He was a progressive thinker, and, unusually for that time, supported education for women. Anandibai was also a cousin of [[Pandita Ramabai]] (1858-1922), an Indian social reformer, educator, and advocate for women's rights.<ref name=":0llllll">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/08/19th-century-women-medical-school_n_5093603.html|title=Meet The Three Female Medical Students Who Destroyed Gender Norma A Century Ago|last=Rao|first=Mallika|date=8 April 2014|work=Huffington Post|access-date=13 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

At the age of fourteen, Anandibai gave birth to a boy, but the child lived only for a total of ten days due to lack of medical care. This proved to be a turning point in Anandi's life and inspired her to become a physician.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2017/March/Women-Physicians/|title=Remembering the Pioneering Women From One of Drexel's Legacy Medical Colleges|last=Falcone|first=Alissa|date=27 March 2017|work=DrexelNow|access-date=13 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> After Gopalrao tried to enroll her in missionary schools but failed, they moved to Calcutta. There she was able to learn how to read and speak [[Sanskrit]] and English.

==Academic life==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2020}}
Her husband encouraged her to study medicine despite societal opposition. In 1880, he wrote a letter to Royal Wilder, a well-known American missionary, expressing his wife's interest in studying medicine and inquiring about opportunities in the United States<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naskar|first1=Dipankar|title=Some Women of Inspiration: A Glance on Women Empowerment & Development in India|journal=Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: D History, Archaeology & Anthropology|date=2014|volume=14|issue=5|page=51}}</ref> Wilder published the correspondence in his ''Princeton's Missionary Review''. Theodicia Carpenter, a resident of [[Roselle, New Jersey]], happened to read it while waiting to see her dentist. Impressed by both Anandibai's desire to study medicine, and Gopalrao's support for his wife, she wrote to Anandibai. Carpenter and Anandibai developed a close friendship and came to refer to each other as "aunt" and "niece." Later, Carpenter would host Anandibai in Rochelle during Joshi's stay in the U.S.<ref name=":4">Pripas-Kapit, Sarah. ''Educating Women Physicians of the World: International Students of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1883-1911'' (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.</ref><ref name=":2" />

Before leaving for America, Anandibai addressed the community at [[Serampore College]] Hall in 1883, explaining her decision to go to America and to pursue a medical degree.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/google-doodle-google-celebrates-anandi-gopalrao-joshis-153rd-birthday-with-a-doodle-1830939|title=Anandi Gopal Joshi: Google Doodle Celebrates India's First Female Doctor's 153rd Birthday|work=NDTV.com|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> She discussed the persecution she and her husband had endured. She stressed the need for female doctors in India. She argued that Hindu women, constrained by cultural norms, would feel more comfortable receiving medical care from female doctors rather than male physicians.<ref name=":4" />

== Married life ==

In the 1800s, it was very unusual for husbands to focus on their wives' education. Gopalrao was obsessed with the idea of Anandibai's education and wanted her to learn medicine and create her own identity in the world. But this obsession turned out to be abusive. One day, he came into the kitchen and found her cooking with her grandmother and proceeded to go into a raging fit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phukan |first=Vikram |date=2018-05-26 |title=The trailblazing Dr Anandibai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/the-trailblazing-dr-anandibai/article24000657.ece |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was very uncommon for husbands to beat their wives for cooking instead of reading. As Gopalrao's obsession with Joshi's education grew, he sent her with Mrs Carpenter, a Philadelphian missionary, to America to study medicine. Before her voyage, she addressed a public hall in 1883. She addressed the lack of women doctors and said "I volunteer myself as one."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/240793/this-woman-in-1883-had-the-best-answer-to-the-question-of-why-a-girl-would-want-to-be-a-doctor/|title=This woman in 1883 had the best answer to the question of why a girl would want to be a doctor|date=28 July 2014 }}</ref>

==In the United States==
[[File:Anandibai Joshee, Kei Okami, and Tabat M. Islambooly.jpg|thumb|Anandibai Joshee graduated from Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP) in 1886. Seen here with [[Kei Okami]] (center) and [[Sabat Islambouli|Sabat Islambooly]] (right). All three completed their medical studies and each of them was among the first women from their respective countries to obtain a degree in Western medicine.]]
Anandibai travelled to New York from Kolkata ([[Calcutta]]) by ship, [[Chaperone (social)|chaperone]]d by two female English missionary acquaintances of the Thorborns.<ref name=":5" /> They helped her arrange her travel and ensured she would have appropriate chaperones with her for the journey. The [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Viceroy of India]] had contributed a total of 200 rupees to fund her education.<ref name="f473">{{cite book | last=Dall | first=C.W.H. | title=The Life of Dr. Anandabai Joshee: A Kinswoman of the Pundita Ramabai | publisher=Roberts Brothers | year=1888 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7ZYWlcuhw4C | access-date=2025-03-16 | page=113}}</ref> In New York, Theodicia Carpenter, her American host, received her in June 1883. Anandibai wrote to the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]], asking to be admitted to their medical program,<ref name=":5">[http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001340&search_param=name&search_by=Joshi,%20Anandi%20Gopal,%201865-1887 Scan of letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929104800/http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001340&search_param=name&search_by=Joshi,%20Anandi%20Gopal,%201865-1887 |date=29 September 2018 }} from Anandibai Joshi to Alfred Jones, 28 June 1883; [http://archives.drexelmed.edu DUCOM Archives]</ref> which was the second women's medical program in the world. [[Rachel Bodley]], the dean of the college, enrolled her.

Anandibai began her medical training at age 19, making her one of the first Indian women to formally train in Western medicine. Recent scholarship have studied the letters she wrote to India while studying in America. In her letters, she struggled with embracing the Western education versus maintaining her Hindu identity. Joshi remained committed to her Hindu traditions and values, choosing not to fully adopt Western customs despite societal pressure. <ref name=":6" />

In America, her health worsened because of the cold weather and unfamiliar diet. She contracted [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=":1" /> Nevertheless, she graduated with her medical degree on 11 March 1886 at twenty-one years old. [[Pandita Ramabai]] also came as a guest of honor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Kosambi |first=Meera |date=1996 |title=Anandibai Joshee: Retrieving a Fragmented Feminist Image |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404856 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=49 |pages=3189–3197 |jstor=4404856 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The topic of her thesis was "Obstetrics among the Aryan Hindus." The thesis incorporated references from classic Ayurvedic texts and American medical textbooks, showing her effort to bridge Indian and Western medical knowledge.<ref name=":4" /> Her achievement caught international attention, and even [[Queen Victoria]] sent Anandibai a congratulatory message on her graduation.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/google-doodle-celebrates-anandi-gopal-joshi-indias-first-woman-physician/article23398091.ece|title=Google Doodle celebrates Anandi Gopal Joshi, India's first woman physician|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=31 March 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Return to India==
On November 16, 1886, Anandibai returned to India and was welcomed with great admiration and celebration for her achievements.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/why-a-crater-on-venus-is-named-after-indias-dr-anandi-gopal-joshi|title=Why is a Crater on Venus Named After India's Dr Anandibai Joshi?|work=The Quint|access-date=1 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> Her return was seen as a moment of national pride, especially for advocates of women's education and healthcare reform, Soon after, she was appointed as the physician-in-charge the female ward of the local [[R.C.S.M. Govt Medical College and CPR Hospital, Kolhapur|Albert Edward Hospital]].<ref name=":3"/>

== Death ==
Before she had the opportunity to begin her medical practice, Anandibai's health continued to deteriorate due to [[tuberculosis]], which she contracted while in the United States. Anandibai died on 26 February 1887 in [[Pune]], just weeks before turning 22. Years preceding her death, she was fatigued and felt constant weaknesses. Medicine was sent to her from America but there were no results so she kept studying medicine until her final days. Her death was mourned throughout [[India]]. Her ashes were sent to Theodicia Carpenter, who placed them in her family cemetery at the [[Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery]] in [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]]. The inscription states that Anandi Joshi was a Hindu Brahmin girl, the first Brahmin woman to receive education abroad and to obtain a medical degree.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
In 1888, American feminist writer [[Caroline Healey Dall|Caroline Wells Healey Dall]] wrote Joshi's biography.<ref>[http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001128&search_param=name&search_by=Joshi,%20Anandi%20Gopal,%201865-1887 ''The Life of Dr. Anandabai Joshee: A Kinswoman of the Pundita Ramabai''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929105959/http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001128&search_param=name&search_by=Joshi,%20Anandi%20Gopal,%201865-1887 |date=29 September 2018 }}, published by [[Roberts Brothers (publishers)|Roberts Brothers]], Boston</ref> Dall was acquainted with Joshi and admired her greatly. However, certain points in the biography, particularly its harsh treatment of Gopalrao Joshi, sparked controversy among Joshi's friends.<ref name=":4" />

[[Doordarshan]], an Indian public service broadcaster aired a [[Hindi]] series based on her life, called "Anandi Gopal," directed by Kamlakar Sarang. [[Shrikrishna Janardan Joshi]] wrote a fictionalized account of her life in his [[Marathi language|Marathi]] novel ''Anandi Gopal'', which was adapted into a play by [[Ram G. Joglekar]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/who-is-anandi-gopal-joshi-to-whom-google-dedicates-a-doodle-1201625-2018-03-31|title=Who is Anandi Gopal Joshi to whom Google dedicated a Doodle?|website=India Today|date=31 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Dr. Anjali Kirtane has extensively researched the life of Dr. Anandibai Joshi and has written a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] book entitled "डॉ. आनंदीबाई जोशी काळ आणि कर्तृत्व" ("Dr. Anandibai Joshi: her times and accomplishments") which contains rare photographs of Dr. Anandibai Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.majesticprakashan.com/node/294 |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085827/http://www.majesticprakashan.com/node/294 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences]] (IRDS), a non-governmental organization from Lucknow, has been awarding the Anandibai Joshi Award for Medicine in honour of her early contributions to the cause of advancing medical science in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irdsindia.com/irdsawards2011.html |title=IRDS Awards 2011 |publisher=Irdsindia.com |access-date=29 October 2013 |quote=Anandibai Joshi was one of the first Indian women to have obtained a degree in modern medicine when despite great hardships and poor health she got the MD from University of Pennsylvania in the USA in the end of 19th Century. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105141151/http://irdsindia.com/irdsawards2011.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> In addition, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] has established a fellowship in her name for young women working on [[women's health in India|women's health]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/anandi-joshi-indias-first-female-doctor-to-get-a-degree-in-western-medicine-5118016/|title=How Anandi Joshi obtained a degree in Western medicine from Pennsylvania college|date=31 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 31 March 2018, Google honored her with a [[Google Doodle]] to mark her 153rd birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/anandi-gopal-joshis-153rd-birthday/|title=Anandi Gopal Joshi's 153rd Birthday|website=www.google.com|language=en|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=जानिए कौन हैं आनंदी गोपाल जोशी और गूगल ने क्यों उनके जन्मदिन पर बनाया डूडल|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/anandi-joshi-became-indias-first-lady-doctor-google-doodle/|date=31 March 2018|location=Lokmat|language=hi}}</ref>

''[[Anandi Gopal]]'', an Indian biographical film on her life in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by Sameer Vidwans released in 2019. It stars Bhagyashree Milind in the titular role, [[Lalit Prabhakar]] as her husband - Gopalrao Joshi and Yogesh Soman as her father - Ganpatrao Amriteshwar Joshi.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=2 February 2019|number=1091574688600358912|title=Story of a husband who fought against all odds to make his wife a doctor... Trailer of #Marathi film #AnandiGopal [with English subtitles]... Directed by Sameer Vidwans... 15 Feb 2019 release... #AnandiGopalTrailer}}</ref> In 2017, a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language play titled ''Dr. Anandibai Joshi'', directed by [[Manoj Shah]], premiered at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]].<ref name="Phukan 2018">{{cite news|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|title=The trailblazing Dr Anandibai|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 May 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/the-trailblazing-dr-anandibai/article24000657.ece |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Pawar 2017">{{cite news|last=Pawar|first=Yogesh|title=A play to celebrate life and times of one of the first female doctors of India, Dr Anandibai Joshi|newspaper=DNA India|date=27 November 2017|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-A-play-to-celebrate-life-and-times-of-one-of-the-first-female-doctors-of-India-Dr-Anandibai-Joshi-2562841|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

Recent scholarship highlights Joshi as an early feminist thinker who challenged the oppression of women and advocated for their education and healthcare. Historian Meera Kosambi describes her writings as evidence of an emerging, though fragmented, feminist consciousness in a time when women's voices were often marginalized.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosambi |first=Meera |date=1996 |title=Anandibai Joshee: Retrieving a Fragmented Feminist Image |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404856 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=49 |pages=3189–3197 |jstor=4404856 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}
{{portal|Biography|India}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=The Life of Dr. Anandabai Joshee |author=Mrs. Caroline Healey Dall |publisher=Roberts Brothers, Boston |year= 1888|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifeofdrananabai00dalliala#page/n7/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book|title=The Women's Book of World Records and Achievements|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0385127332|url-access=registration|editor=O'Neill, Lois Decker|publisher=Anchor Press|date=1979|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0385127332/page/204 204]|author=Eron, Carol|chapter=Medicine and Health Care|isbn=0385127332|quote=First Hindu Woman Doctor}}
* Kosambi, Meera, "[http://www.muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_colonialism_and_colonial_history/v004/4.1kosambi.html Caste and Outcast (review)]". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History – Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 2003, The Johns Hopkins University Press
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007142137/http://www.kiet.edu/horizon/insirations.htm Anandibai Joshi: India’s first woman doctor (1865–1887)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101040423/http://www.tasveer.org/events/series.php?seriesid=700851175 Between the Lines], an 18-minute English documentary on the life of Anandi Joshi
* [[Madhukar Vasudev Dhond]], "Jalyatil Chandra" (Marathi) (Rajhans Prakashan, 11993)
* Documents at the Drexel University College of Medicine Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine and referencing Anandi Gopal Joshi

== Further reading ==

* Vatsal, Radha. ''No. 10 Doyers Street'' (2025). Work of fiction.

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Anandibai Gopalrao Joshee}}
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/anandibai-joshee Anandibai Joshee materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*A Marathi movie on Anandi Gopal https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8621438/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Anandi}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Thane district]]
[[Category:Drexel University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in India]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]

Annie John (judge)

2026-04-24T18:40:08Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Judge
| name = Annie John
| honorific_prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 30 November 2017
| term_end = 15 November 2019
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education = ''Mahadeva Salgogar College of Law, Panaji, Goa''
| alma_mater =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| parents =
| website =
}}
'''Annie John''' (born 16 November 1957) is a former judge of [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/ajj.html|title=Official}}</ref><ref name="Bar">{{cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/kerala-hc-three-new-judges-ashok-menon-annie-john/|title=Centre clears appointment of Ashok Menon, Annie John, Narayana Pisharadi as additional judges of Kerala HC|work=News|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born to Adv. John Madathil and Smt. Mariakutty John. She completed her schooling from Govt. LP School and UP School, Vaikom and St. Little Teresa's Convent School, [[Vaikom]], graduated from [[Bharata Mata College|Bharata Mata College, Thrikkakkara]] and obtained a law degree from Mahadeva Salgogar College of Law, Panaji, Goa.<ref name="hc"/>

==Career==
She enrolled in Bar Council of Kerala in 1982 and started practicing as an advocate with her father Adv. John Madathil. On 16 January 1989 she joined Kerala Civil Judicial Service and served as Munsiff at North Paravur and Ernakulam, as Judicial First Class Magistrate, Perumbavoor, as Principal Munsiff, Irinjalakuda, as Sub-Judge, Cherthala, as Chief Judicial Magistrate, Palakkad, as District Judge, Thalassery, as Judge Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Perumbavoor, as Judge Family Court, Thodupuzha, as District Judge, Thodupuzha, as District Judge, Alappuzha and Principal District & Sessions Judge, Thrissur. On 30 November 2017 she was appointed as additional judge of Kerala High Court and became permanent from 29 August 2019.<ref name="hc"/><ref name="Permanent">{{cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/three-additional-judges-kerala-high-court-permanent/|title=Three Additional Judges of Kerala High Court made Permanent|work=News|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="SCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/08/01/sc-collegium-recommends-3-additional-judges-of-the-kerala-hc-as-permanent-judges/|title=SC Collegium recommends 3 Additional Judges of the Kerala HC as Permanent Judges|work=News SCC Online|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Order">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/keralahc-21-08-2019.pdf|title=Order PDF|work=Order|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Recommendation">{{cite web|url=https://sci.gov.in/pdf/collegium/31-07-2019/keralahc_310719.pdf|title=Recommendation|work=Supreme Court of India|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> She demitted office upon the attainment of superannuation on 15 November 2019.{{fact|date=May 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Annie}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Manasichanu

2026-04-23T22:45:54Z

Vijaykumar96: added info - done

{{short description|Indian Telugu romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manasichanu
| image = Manasichanu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Pramod Kumar
| writer = Pramod Kumar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = CH Sudhakar Babu
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Mani Chandana]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vasu
| editing = Menaka Srinivas
| music = Satya
| studio = All India Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|8|18|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Manasichanu''''' ({{Translation|I gave my heart}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by Pramod Kumar starring [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Mani Chandana]].<ref>{{cite web | title=అప్పుడు రవితేజ లవర్‌గా.. ఇప్పుడు వదిన, అత్తగా.. ఈ హీరోయిన్ ఎవరో గుర్తుపట్టారా.? | date=17 November 2025 | url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/do-you-remember-this-actress-who-once-acted-as-ravi-tejas-heroine-her-name-was-manichandana-1677809.html|work=[[TV9 Telugu]]|language=te|access-date=11 January 2025 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ravi Teja]] as Suryakanth
*[[Mani Chandana]]
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
*[[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]]
*[[Suthi Velu]]
*[[Gautham Raju]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Uttej]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
*[[Tirupathi Prakash]]
*[[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]]
*[[Nitya Shetty]]
}}

== Production ==
This was the second film that [[Ravi Teja]] played the lead in after ''[[Nee Kosam]]'' (1999). The film marks the directorial debut of Pramod Kumar, who previously worked as an actor in ''Chitikela Pandiri'' (1992) starring [[Chakrapani Ananda]].<ref name="C">{{cite web | title=Raviteja: రైలు ప్రమాదం.. రవితేజ దర్శకుడు హఠాన్మరణం | Pramod Kumar, Director of Ravi Teja's Manasichanu, Passes Away in Train Accident Onava | date=24 November 2025 | url=http://chitrajyothy.com/2025/tollywood/pramod-kumar-director-of-ravi-tejas-manasichanu-passes-away-in-train-accident-onava-68018.html |work=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi|Chitrajyothy]]|language=te|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> Rakesh Master choreographed the song "Vendi Theraku Maa Vandanalu".<ref>{{cite web | title=Let's take a look at the Rakesh Master's filmography | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=19 June 2023 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/lets-take-a-look-at-rakesh-masters-filmography-1503191723.html|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack was composed by Satya and were released under the [[Aditya Music]] audio label.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/manasicchanu/W0cliy9uGu4_|title=Manasicchanu - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|work=[[JioSaavn]]|access-date=11 January 2025|date=2000}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| title1 = Chik Chik Chik Thana
| lyrics1 = Shiva Ganesh
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length1 = 3:34
| title2 = Rammaina Jinnaina
| lyrics2 = Mohan Rishi
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length2 = 4:54
| title3 = Yentha Vintha Prema
| lyrics3 = Shiva Ganesh
| extra3 = Swarnalatha, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:52
| title4 = Mama Miya Mama
| lyrics4 = Y. N. Murthy
| extra4 = Poornima, Mano
| length4 = 3:59
| title5 = Vendi Theraku Maa Vandanalu
| lyrics5= A. Sriman Kumar
| extra5 = Mano, [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length5 = 4:54
| total_length = 22:13
}}

== Box office ==
The film was a box office failure.<ref name="C"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|4966302}}

[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000 romantic drama films]]

Soraba Shikaripur Assembly constituency

2026-04-21T12:57:14Z

Vijaykumar96: Creating

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Soraba Shikaripur
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1952
| reservation =
| abolished = 1957
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Soraba Shikaripur Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Mysore State]]. It was part of [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[H. Siddaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Ganganayak
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1955 elections in India#Mysore|1955 By-election]] {{efn|Died in 1954}} || Mallikarjunappa Gowda
|}
{{notelist}}
==Election results==
=== Assembly By-election 1955 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1955 elections in India#Mysore|1955 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Soraba Shikaripur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/1assemblymemberslist.htm |title=First Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[]] |archive-date= 3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703132258/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/1assemblymemberslist.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjunappa Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,845 |percentage = 58.54% |change = {{increase}}17.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. P. Wodayar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 21,140 |percentage = 41.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,705 |percentage = 17.07% |change = {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,985}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}37.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Soraba Shikaripur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Siddaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,737 |percentage = 21.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ganganayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,519 |percentage = 20.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Halanaik |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 12,938 |percentage = 13.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Mariyappa |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 12,846 |percentage = 13.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadappa Gowda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 12,652 |percentage = 13.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lokappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,490 |percentage = 9.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurunathappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,598 |percentage = 6.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ganapathipapa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,255 |percentage = 2.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,799 |percentage = 8.04% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,035 |percentage = 65.29% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,035}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,314 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Sagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Sagar Assembly constituency]]
*[[Honnali Assembly constituency]]
*[[Tirthahalli Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|14.353428|75.255382|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

{{Shimoga-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Bihar Engineering University

2026-04-16T07:26:04Z

Vijaykumar96: started a info and citations

{{short description|State university in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Bihar Engineering University'''
| native_name = '''बिहार अभियंत्रण विश्वविद्यालय'''
| image = File:Beu logo.svg
| image_size = 250px
| image_upright =
| caption = Official [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of BEU
| other_name = BEU, Patna
| motto = {{native phrase|sa|lokhitāya taknīkī shikṣā sarvadhanam|italics=on}}
| motto_lang = sa
| mottoeng = Technical education for public welfare is the greatest wealth
| established = {{start date and age|9 August 2021}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Institute of technology|Technical University]]
| chancellor = {{#statements:P6|from=Q1165|filter=has no P582}}
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Suresh Kant Verma
| administrative_staff =
| city = [[Patna]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]] [[File:Flag of India.svg|25px]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Hindi]]
| colors =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5925|N|85.1350|E|type:edu|display=title}}
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[All India Survey on Higher Education|AISHE]]|[[National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning|NPTEL]]|[[Government of Bihar]]}}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| website = {{URL|http://beu-bih.ac.in/}}
| logo = File:BEU Patna logo.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
}}
[[File:Bihar Engineering University, Patna.jpg|thumb|Bihar Engineering University, Patna]]

'''Bihar Engineering University''' (abbreviated as '''BEU'''), [[Patna]] is a [[Collegiate university|collegiate]] [[Public university|public]] [[state university (India)|state university]] in [[Patna, Bihar]]. It was established by the [[Government of Bihar]] w.e.f. 9 August 2021 through The Bihar Engineering University Act 2021 (Bihar Act No. 20 of 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title= Bihar Engineering University Act 2021|date=2023-04-15|url=https://beu-bih.ac.in/backend/doct202332917172468.pdf|access-date=2023-05-14 }}</ref> to conduct and facilitate affiliation of institutions set up by the Government and/or the Trust or Society or Company in the conventional and new frontiers of Engineering & Technology, Architecture and Planning, Management Programme in teaching, research and extension work. The university aims to ensure uniform academic standards, promote research and innovation, and facilitate quality technical education.

==Administration==

The [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] Mr. [[Nitish Kumar]] is the Chancellor of [[Bihar Engineering University|BEU]].<ref name="ToI_2022">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/post-chhath-bihar-engineering-varsity-to-start-functioning/articleshow/94521972.cms|title=Post Chhath, Bihar engineering varsity to start functioning|date=29 September 2022|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/allot-33-seats-to-girls-in-bihar-engineering-colleges-cm-nitish-kumar/articleshow/99179975.cms|title=Allot 33% seats to girls in Bihar engineering colleges: CM Nitish Kumar|date=2 April 2023|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The proposal to establish the University was finalized in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-proposal-to-open-first-engineering-university-in-bihar-ready-now-approval-will-be-taken-from-cm-165-news-post-will-be-created-21236937.html|title=बिहार में पहला इंजीनियरिंग यूनिवर्सिटी खोलने की तैयारी पूरी, अब सीएम से ली जाएगी मंजूरी|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> In 2022, the government announced that the BEU would start operating from the campus of [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University|AKU]] in Mithapur, Patna.<ref name="ToI_2022"/> In March 2023, with [[Department of Science and Technology (Bihar)]] the government made it mandatory for all the engineering colleges in Bihar to be affiliated to the BEU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-bihar-engineering-colleges-got-their-own-university-will-operate-from-aryabhatta-knowledge-university-5549823.html|title=बिहार के इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेजों को मिली अपनी यूनिवर्सिटी, पटना में इस जगह से होगा संचालन|date=16 March 2023|website=News18 हिंदी}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-engineering-university-will-start-functioning-from-today-axs|title=बिहार इंजीनियरिंग यूनिवर्सिटी आज से करने लगेगी काम, मेडिकल यूनिवर्सिटी भी अप्रैल से हो जाएगी शुरू|website=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-nitish-kumar-bats-for-admission-of-at-least-33-3-girls-in-bihars-engineering-colleges/articleshow/99176191.cms |title=CM Nitish Kumar bats for admission of at least 33.3% girls in Bihar's engineering colleges|date=1 April 2023|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Affiliated colleges ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!District
!Established
|-
|[[Saharsa College of Engineering]]
|[[Saharsa district]]
|2017
|-
|[[Darbhanga College of Engineering]]
|[[Darbhanga district]]
|2008
|-
|[[Bhagalpur College of Engineering]]
|[[Bhagalpur district]]
|1960
|-
|[[Nalanda College of Engineering]]
|[[Nalanda district]]
|2008
|-
|[[Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering]]
|[[Patna district]]
|2016
|-
|[[Gaya College of Engineering]]
|[[Gaya district]]
|2008
|-
|[[Purnea College of Engineering]]
|[[Purnia district]]
|2017
|-
|[[Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh Dinkar College of Engineering]]
|[[Begusarai district]]
|2016
|-
|[[Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology]]
|[[Saran district]]
|2012
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Madhubani]]
|[[Madhubani district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Motihari College of Engineering]]
|[[East Champaran district]]
|1980
|-
|[[Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology]]
|[[Muzaffarpur district]]
|1954
|-
|[[Katihar Engineering College]]
|[[Katihar district]]
|2016
|-
|[[Shershah College of Engineering]]
|[[Rohtas district]]
|2016
|-
|[[Supaul College of Engineering]]
|[[Supaul district]]
|2017
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Vaishali]]
|[[Vaishali district]]
|2018
|-
|Government Engineering College, Arwal
|[[Arwal district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Aurangabad]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Jehanabad]]
|[[Jehanabad district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Khagaria]]
|[[Khagaria district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Buxar]]
|[[Buxar district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Sheikhpura]]
|[[Sheikhpura district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Lakhisarai]]
|[[Lakhisarai district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Banka]]
|[[Banka district]]
|2018
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Kaimur]]
|[[Kaimur district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Gopalganj]]
|[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Munger]]
|[[Munger district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, West Champaran]]
|[[West Champaran district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Nawada]]
|[[Nawada district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Samastipur]]
|[[Samastipur district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Jamui]]
|[[Jamui district]]
|2018
|-
|[[Sitamarhi Institute of Technology]]
|[[Sitamarhi district]]
|2016
|-
|[[BP Mandal College of Engineering]]
|[[Madhepura district]]
|2016
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Bhojpur]]
|[[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]]
|2018
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Kishanganj]]
|[[Kishanganj district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Sheohar]]
|[[Sheohar district]]
|2019
|-
|[[Government Engineering College, Siwan]]
|[[Siwan district]]
|2018
|-
|[[Shri Phanishwar Nath Renu Engineering College]]
|[[Araria district]]
|2019
|}

* Affiliated colleges under [[Bihar Engineering University]][https://www.beu-bih.ac.in/Affiliation]

{{Universities in Bihar}}

==See also==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Bihar]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Patna]]
*[[List of universities in India#Bihar|List of universities in Bihar]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Bihar|List of educational institutions in Bihar]]
*[[Distant Education Bureau|Distance Education Bureau]]
*[[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
*[[University Grants Commission (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|https://beu-bih.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Education in India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in India by state or union territory|Bihar]]
[[Category:Education in Bihar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bihar]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bihar]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]

Sai Prakash Dahake

2026-04-16T07:11:41Z

Vijaykumar96: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sai Prakash Dahake
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 20 November 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Rajendra Sukhanand Patni|Rajendra Patni]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Karanja Assembly constituency]]
| spouse = [[Prakash Dahake]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2024-Present)}}
| other_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] {{small|(Till 2024)}}
}}
'''Sai Prakash Dahake''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sai Prakash Dahake(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KARANJA(WASHIM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=956 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. She is an MLA from [[Karanja Assembly constituency]] in [[Washim district]]. She won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapde |first=Sandip |date=2024-11-23 |title=Sai Prakash Dahake Won Karanja Assembly Election 2024 final result: भाजपच्या सई प्रकाश डहाके विजयी, ज्ञायक पाटणींचा पराभव! |url=https://www.esakal.com/election/maharashtra-assembly-election/karanja-assembly-election-result-2024-winner-live-updates-saitai-prakash-dada-dahake-bjp-gnyak-patni-ncp-sharad-pawar-group-sunil-keshavrao-dhabekar-vanchit-bahujan-aghadi-news-maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-nikal-batmya-in-marathi-srk94 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dahake is from [[Karanja Lad|Karanja]], Washim district, Maharashtra. She is wife of late [[Prakash Dahake|Prakash Uttamrao Dahake]], the former MLA from Karanja seat. She studied Class 12 at Ladies High School, Amravati, and passed in 1982. Later, she discontinued her studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Dahake won from Karanja Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. She polled 85,005 votes and defeated her nearest rival and sitting MLA son Gyayak Rajendra Patni of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]], by a margin of 35,073 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karanja Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sai Prakash Dahake of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/karanja-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9129979.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Karanja, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Sai Prakash Dahake with 85005 defeats NCP (SP)'s Patni Gyayak Rajendra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/karanja-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638137-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Updates {{!}} Karanja Election Result 2024: BJP Won |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/karanja-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-loser-candidate-sai-prakash-dahake-vs-patni-gyayak-rajendra-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ubt-ncp-sharad-pawar-eci-maharashtra-assembly-election-result-2823322.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahake, Sai Prakash}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Washim district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:17Z

Vijaykumar96: Stub

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sathiyamangalam
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1957
| district = [[Erode district|Erode]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gobichettipalayam Lok Sabha constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
| electors = 171,378
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
}}
'''Sathyamangalam''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below. The constituency was in existence from 1957 to the 2008 delimitation, after which it was merged with [[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[K. Gopal Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Gopal Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| [[P. G. Karuthiruman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[S. K. Subramaniam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[R. Rangasamy (Sathyamangalam MLA)|R. Rangasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[T. K. Subramaniam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[A. T. Saraswathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[S. K. Rajendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. R. Kandasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[L. P. Dharmalingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|59.40}}
}}
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. P. Dharmalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,035 |percentage=46.13% |change=26.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Subramaniam]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,141 |percentage=33.05% |change=17.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Manoharan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,596 |percentage=12.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. N. R. Sivakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,711 |percentage=3.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Ramalingan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,112 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanisamy |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,775 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,124 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes=971 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,894 |percentage=13.09% |change=-19.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=121,465 |percentage=70.88% |change= 11.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,378 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Kandasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,252 |percentage=52.21% |change=11.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. K. Rajendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,818 |percentage=20.04% |change=-28.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Subramaniam]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,486 |percentage=15.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Sivanna |party=Independent politician |votes=10,947 |percentage=10.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sakthivel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,400 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,434 |percentage=32.18% |change=23.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,903 |percentage=59.65% |change= -9.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,264 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. K. Rajendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,885 |percentage=48.65% |change=20.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Attiannan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,101 |percentage=40.25% |change=-26.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Kadar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,142 |percentage=6.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subburaju |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,721 |percentage=1.65% |change=-0.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Chinnakutty |party=Independent politician |votes=571 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Subramanian |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=523 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Sellakutty |party=Independent politician |votes=333 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=322 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=260 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kamala |party=Independent politician |votes=234 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,784 |percentage=8.40% |change=-30.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,586 |percentage=69.33% |change= 3.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,941 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. T. Saraswathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,739 |percentage=67.21% |change=36.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Subramaniam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,801 |percentage=28.26% |change=-3.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Nallasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,146 |percentage=2.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Karivaradarajan |party=Janata Party |votes=729 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Panneerselvam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=716 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Mahendran |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=401 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sundrasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=223 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Sridaran |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,938 |percentage=38.95% |change=37.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,836 |percentage=65.53% |change= -8.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,431 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 35.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Subramaniam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,535 |percentage=31.66% |change=0.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Palanisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,448 |percentage=30.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chinnasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,407 |percentage=23.23% |change=-39.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rangasmay |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,589 |percentage=13.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Subbaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=684 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rasachetti |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Prabakaran |party=Independent politician |votes=196 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Longanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=126 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,087 |percentage=1.13% |change=-30.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,446 |percentage=73.87% |change= 0.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,394 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -31.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,725 |percentage=62.97% |change=13.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Subramaniam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,006 |percentage=31.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Subramanaiam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,476 |percentage=1.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kalanaicker |party=Independent politician |votes=1,368 |percentage=1.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Kaliappa Achari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,237 |percentage=1.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Muthu |party=Independent politician |votes=747 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,719 |percentage=31.93% |change=31.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,559 |percentage=73.28% |change= 10.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,272 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.92% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rangasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,096 |percentage=50.04% |change=14.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Rasappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,036 |percentage=49.96% |change=16.69% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60 |percentage=0.09% |change=-2.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,132 |percentage=63.20% |change= 6.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,957 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,145 |percentage=35.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Rajappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,639 |percentage=33.26% |change=-6.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Onna Marannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,250 |percentage=17.36% |change=-38.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. N. Nagaraj |party=Janata Party |votes=7,054 |percentage=11.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthirulandi |party=Independent politician |votes=952 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,506 |percentage=2.55% |change=-13.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,040 |percentage=57.09% |change= -12.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,350 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Subramaniam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,873 |percentage=55.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. G. Karuthiruman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,887 |percentage=39.93% |change=-9.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Badran |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,563 |percentage=4.47% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,986 |percentage=15.68% |change=13.35% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,323 |percentage=69.60% |change= -1.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,531 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. G. Karuthiruman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,484 |percentage=49.22% |change=-10.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Marappan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=24,278 |percentage=46.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,011 |percentage=3.88% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,206 |percentage=2.33% |change=-32.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,773 |percentage=71.15% |change= 18.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,131 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Gopal Kounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,914 |percentage=59.63% |change=19.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anthonisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=10,115 |percentage=25.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pachaiyappa Naicker |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,073 |percentage=15.14% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,799 |percentage=34.41% |change=15.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,102 |percentage=52.38% |change= 8.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,582 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 0.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Gopal Gounder]] |party=Independent politician |votes=21,298 |percentage=59.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Aranganathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,558 |percentage=40.60% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,740 |percentage=18.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,856 |percentage=44.37% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,814 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.50|77.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Erode district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Nandyal Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:30:54Z

Vijaykumar96: added a details - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nandyal
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (139-Nandyal highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nandyal Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[N. Md. Farooq]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 256,573
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 139
| incumbent_image = N. M. D. Farooq.jpg
}}

'''Nandyal Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[N. M. D. Farooq]] is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 256,573 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf|title=The Gazette of India Extraordinary (Delimitation Orders, 1967)|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Nandyal Urban
|-
| Nandyal Rural(new)
|-
| Gospadu
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Mallu Subba Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Gopavaram Rami Reddy
|-
| 1959^
| G. V. Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Mallu Subba Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| S. B. N. Saheb
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Bojja Venkata Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| M. Sanjeeva Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| V. Ramanath Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Silpa Mohan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| 2017^<ref name="Assembly Bypoll Results: AAP retains Bawana; BJP wins both Panaji, Valpoi; TDP wins Nandyal">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|title=Assembly Bypoll Results: AAP retains Bawana; BJP wins both Panaji, Valpoi; TDP wins Nandyal|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-assembly-bypoll-results-live-bawana-delhi-goa-nandyal-andhra-pradesh-kejriwal-parrikar-398523|accessdate=26 May 2025|publisher=India TV News|date=28 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526131649/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-assembly-bypoll-results-live-bawana-delhi-goa-nandyal-andhra-pradesh-kejriwal-parrikar-398523|archivedate=26 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Bhuma Brahmananda Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Silpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy|S. Ravichandra Kishore Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandyal<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maller Subba Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=22,704 |percentage=43.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Rami Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,196 |percentage=38.67 |change=38.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandaru Naganna |party=Independent politician |votes=3,212 |percentage=6.15 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Suttar Sayed |party=Independent politician |votes=2,879 |percentage=5.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Fida Hussain |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=2,623 |percentage=5.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Subbaroy |party=Independent politician |votes=619 |percentage=1.19 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,508 |percentage=4.80 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,233 |percentage=69.02 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,680 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1959 by-election===
{{Election box begin |title=1959 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Nandyal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Bye-election results 1952-95|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111183847/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=XLS|website=www.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=G.V. Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,819 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P.M. Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=9,227|percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,592 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Silpa Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 89,612
|percentage = 66.21
|change = +42.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[N._M._D._Farooq | Nasyam Mohammed Farooq]]
|votes = 40,935
|percentage = 30.24
|change = -9.32
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,677
|percentage = 35.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 135,348
|percentage = 64.97
|change = +4.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Silpa Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 67,430
|percentage = 46.31
|change = -19.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Atla Venkata Subba Reddy]]
|votes = 35,541
|percentage = 24.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[N.H.Bhaskar Reddy]]
|votes = 34,979
|percentage = 24.02
|change = -6.22
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,889
|percentage = 21.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 145,616
|percentage = 69.88
|change = +4.91
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
|votes = 82,194
|percentage = 46.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Silpa Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 78,590
|percentage = 44.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Social Democratic Party of India
| candidate = D. S. Habibulla
| votes = 6,091
| percentage = 3.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jupalle Rakesh Reddy
| votes = 2,459
| percentage = 1.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Perepogu Vijaya Kumar
| votes = 1,493
| percentage = 0.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 690
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,604
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,74,999
|percentage = 72.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=2017 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Bhuma Bramhananda Reddy
|votes = 97000
|percentage = 56.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Silpa Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 69,610
|percentage = 40.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,231
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,465
|percentage = 15.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,73,187
|percentage = 79.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = S. Ravichandra Kishore Reddy
|votes = 1,08,868
|percentage = 55.13
|change = +14.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Bhuma Bramhananda Reddy
|votes = 74,308
|percentage = 37.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,560
|percentage = 17.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,97,490
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandyal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[N._M._D._Farooq | Nasyam Mohammed Farooq]]
|votes = 1,03,075
|percentage = 49.42
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = S. Ravichandra Kishore Reddy
|votes = 90,742
|percentage = 43.51
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gopavaram Gokul Krishna Reddy
|votes = 6,418
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,518
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,333
|percentage = 5.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=2,08,578
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Nandyal district}}
{{coord|15.48|78.48|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar

2026-04-11T22:28:01Z

Vijaykumar96: New!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar1.jpg
| genre = [[drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = Shraddha Pasi Jairath
| director = Shraddha Pasi Jairath
| starring = {{ubl|Dhaval Thakur|Sanchita Basu}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| num_seasons = 1
| producer = Bombay Show Studios
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
}}

'''Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar''' is a [[Hindi]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]] series that premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 22 November 2024. The series stars newcomers Dhaval Thakur and Sanchita Basu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar's Aniruddh Dave Says 'Performance-Oriented Roles Are Always Been My Cup Of Tea' - EXCL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/thukra-ke-mera-pyaar-aniruddh-dave-says-performance-oriented-roles-are-always-been-my-cup-of-tea-exclusive-article-115806776 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The story revolves around two young lovers from different backgrounds and societal standards, whose love story is marred by family feuds rooted in caste and class differences.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar OTT Release Date: All About Plot, Cast & Where To Watch |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/thukra-ke-mera-pyaar-ott-release-date-all-about-plot-cast-where-to-watch |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The series is directed by Shraddha Pasi Jairath and produced by Bombay Show Studios. It emerged as the most-watched show of the year on Disney+ Hotstar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney+ Hotstar India's 'Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar' Breaks Platform Records |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/thukra-ke-mera-pyaar-disney-hotstar-india-records-1236249559/ |access-date=16 December 2024|website=Variety|date=16 December 2024 }}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
Set in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the series explores the love story between Kuldeep, a young man from a poor background, and Shanvika, a girl from an influential and wealthy family. Their relationship is tested by societal expectations and the deep-rooted issues of caste and class. As their romance grows, they face fierce opposition, particularly from Shanvika's powerful family, who are determined to keep them apart.

== Cast and characters ==

* Dhaval Thakur as Kuldeep
* Sanchita Basu as Shanvika
* [[Aniruddh Dave]] as Dushyant Singh
* [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2019)|Palak Jain]] sebagai Mala Prasad
* Govind Pandey
* [[Sushil Pandey]] as Gendalal
* [[Mahesh Chandra deva ]] as inspector chobey
* Neeta Satnani as Lady Doctor

== Critical reception ==
Grace Cyril of [[Times Now]] rated the film 2 stars, stating, "While the storyline might have failed to impress us, the actors are the ones who save Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar from being a total dud."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cyril |first1=Grace |title=Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar Review: Dhaval Thakur, Sanchita Basu's Show is More Like Thukra Ke Mera Time |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/thukra-ke-mera-pyaar-review-dhaval-thakur-sanchita-basus-show-is-more-like-thukra-ke-mera-time-review-115550877 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=[[Times Now]]|date=22 November 2024 }}</ref>

Archika Khurana of [[The Times of India|Times of India]] also rated the series 2.0 stars, commenting, "In conclusion, Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar fails to live up to its potential. The predictable plot and underdeveloped themes hold it back, despite decent performances from the lead actors."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khurana |first1=Archika |title=Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar Season 1 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/thukra-ke-mera-pyaar/season-1/seasonreview/115525924.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

Amit Bhatia of [[ABP News]] criticized the series, saying, "The story is so stale that it becomes useless to talk about other things. Overall, this series is revenge on you, do not take it from anyone."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhatia |first1=Amit |title=Thukra Ke Mera Pyar Review: Dhaval Thakur's Debut Series with Sanchita Basu Streaming on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/ott-thukra-ke-mera-pyar-review-dhaval-thakur-debut-series-with-sanchita-basu-streaming-on-disney-plus-hotstar-2828576 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=[[ABP News]]|date=22 November 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=34498121}}
* ''[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/thukra-ke-mera-pyaar/1271338621 Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar]'' at [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Drama web series]]

Rajeshwar Debbarma

2026-04-11T20:37:32Z

Vijaykumar96: Adding New Details

{{Short description|Indian politician from Tripura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeshwar Debbarma
| image = [[File:Rajeshwar Debbarma in 2024.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Rajeshwar Debbarma in 2024
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2003
| term_end = 2008
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Niranjan Debbarma]]
| constituency = [[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| birth_name =
| spouse = Merry Rupini
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tripura]], India
| parents =
| party = [[The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance|TIPRA Motha Party]]
| other_party = *[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]
| alma_mater = [[Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University]], [[Guwahati]]
| education = B.A. Arts
}}

'''Rajeshwar Debbarma''' is a [[Tripuri people|Tiprasa]] Indian politician from [[Tripura]] and a leader from the [[Tipra Motha Party|Tipra Motha Party (TMP).]] He was a Member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly from 2003 to 2008 after winning the election from the [[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala Assembly Constituency]] in 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/takarjala-tripura-assembly-constituency#2003|title=List of all MLA from Takarjala Assembly Constituency Seat(Tripura)|website=Result University}}</ref> as a candidate of [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/2003/takarjala-st/|title=Takarjala(ST) Tripura Assembly Election 2003|website=Latestly|access-date=2023-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html|title=Tripura Assembly Election Results 2003|website=Election India|access-date=2023-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2003/tripura/168/25|title=2003 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Tripura|website=India Votes}}</ref> As of 2025, Debbarma is appointed as one of the senior spokesperson of [[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIPRA Motha Appoints Four New Official Spokespersons to Strengthen Organisational Outreach |url=https://www.tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=4303 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Rajeshwar Debbarma started his political career from the [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra (INPT)]] in the early 2000s. He also elected as Member of Legislative Assembly from Takarjala Constituency.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Later, Rajeshwar joined Congress after repeated defeat of INPT in the subsequent elections. He joined the Bharatiya Janata Party after it came to power in 2018.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

However, Rajeshwar quitted BJP in 2019 as a protest against the controversial [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-29 |title=Tripura: Ex-MLA and prominent BJP leader Rajeshwar Debbarma quits party over Citizenship Amendment Bill |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/tripura-ex-mla-and-prominent-bjp-leader-rajeshwar-debbarma/cid2536763.htm |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211222803/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/tripura-ex-mla-and-prominent-bjp-leader-rajeshwar-debbarma/cid2536763.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2019-01-30 |title=Rajeshwar Debbarma quits BJP, claims the party didn't fulfill poll promises - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/tripura-news/rajeshwar-debbarma-quits-bjp-claims-the-party-didnt-fulfill-poll-promises/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

Rajeshwar joined TIPRA as having worked with its founder [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]] over the years. He was appointed as political secretary and has been one of the top advisor in the party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-11-30 |title=Tipra Motha to hold demonstration in Delhi demanding 'Greater Tipraland' |url=https://theprint.in/india/tipra-motha-to-hold-demonstration-in-delhi-demanding-greater-tipraland/1242266/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Rajeswar}}
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]

Ishrat Jahan encounter killing

2026-04-07T00:20:41Z

Vijaykumar96: Started a stub added tags

{{Short description|Extra-judicial killing by police in Gujarat, India}}
{{For|other people with the name "Ishrat Jahan"|Ishrat Jahan (disambiguation){{!}}Ishrat Jahan}}
{{Update|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
[[File:Ishrat Jahan encounter, 2004.jpg|thumb|The bodies of the four people killed in the encounter, 15 June 2004|291x291px]]

On 15 June 2004, officers of the [[Ahmedabad City Police|Ahmedabad Police]] Crime Branch and members of the Subsidiary Intelligence Bureau (SIB) of [[Ahmedabad]] shot and killed four people. Those killed in the incident were Ishrat Jahan Raza, a 19-year-old woman from [[Mumbra]], [[Maharashtra]], and three men – Javed Ghulam Sheikh (born Pranesh Pillai), Amjad Ali Rana and Zeeshan Johar.<ref name="cbiishrat">{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Darshan |date=9 July 2013 |title=Ishrat killing a fake encounter, says CBI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ishrat-killing-a-fake-encounter-says-cbi/article4877402.ece |accessdate=2016-02-13 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Indian [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) made allegations about the entire operation being an instance of "[[encounter killing]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Affidavit from home ministry – August 2008|url=https://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Home-Ministry-Affidavit-August-2009.pdf|website=www.thewire.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> The state agencies and police claimed that Ishrat Jahan and her associates were [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) operatives involved in a plot to assassinate the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]], [[Narendra Modi]].

After the incident, an investigation was launched based on allegations that the description of the incident by the police was false and the killings were deliberate and unlawful. The police team involved in the incident had been led by [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] D.G. Vanjara, an officer who spent eight years in jail for his alleged involvement in the extrajudicial killing of another person, [[Death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh|Sohrabuddin Sheikh]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ishrat-sit-grills-jail-cop-dg-vanzara-for-four-hours_1563193 | title = Ishrat SIT grills jail cop DG Vanzara for four hours | author = Roxy Gagdekar | publisher = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] | date = 7 July 2011 | accessdate = 2011-11-21 }}</ref> Five years later, in 2009, an Ahmedabad Metropolitan court ruled that the encounter was staged.<ref name="toi-fake">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ishrat-Jahan-killed-in-fake-police-encounter-Probe/articleshow/4983183.cms |title=Ishrat Jahan killed in fake police encounter: Probe |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828051139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-07/ahmedabad/28089878_1_ishrat-jahan-fake-encounter-sheikh-alias-pranesh-pillai |url-status=live }}</ref> The decision was challenged by the [[Government of Gujarat|state government]] and taken to the [[Gujarat High Court]]. After further investigation, in 2011, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) told the High Court that the encounter was not genuine, and the victims were killed prior to the date of the [[staged encounter]].<ref name="IBN_SIT_HC_fake_2011">{{cite news | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ishrat-jahan-encounter-was-fake-sit-to-guj-hc/204421-3.html | title = Ishrat Jahan encounter was fake: SIT tells Gujarat HC | publisher = [[CNN-IBN|IBNLive]] | date = 21 November 2011 | accessdate = 2011-11-21 | archive-date = 23 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111123083750/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ishrat-jahan-encounter-was-fake-sit-to-guj-hc/204421-3.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=ht11/> On 3 July 2013, the CBI filed its first chargesheet in an Ahmedabad court saying that the shooting was a staged encounter carried out in cold blood.<ref name="NDTV_CBI_files_chargesheet">{{cite news | url = http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ishrat-jahan-s-encounter-was-staged-by-police-and-state-intelligence-bureau-says-cbi-387619?pfrom=home-lateststories |title = Ishrat Jahan's encounter was staged by police and state Intelligence Bureau, says CBI | publisher = [[NDTV]] | date = 3 July 2013 | accessdate = 2013-07-03}}</ref>

Although the question of whether the killings were an illegal staged event or not is separate from whether the people who were killed were working for the LeT, the family of Ishrat Jahan and several politicians and activists have maintained that she was innocent, and that question has continued to be disputed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ishrat-was-an-innocent-girl-who-was-murdered-says-family/20130706.htm |title=Ishrat was an innocent girl who was murdered, says family}}</ref> The CBI declared that the encounter was staged, but did not comment on whether Ishrat Jahan was an LeT associate or not.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-05/india/40391375_1_ishrat-jahan-fake-encounter-anaju-chaudhary |title=CBI to steer clear of Ishrat's terror links |access-date=8 July 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-05/india/40391375_1_ishrat-jahan-fake-encounter-anaju-chaudhary |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2004, the [[Lahore]]-based publication ''Ghazwa Times'' quoted someone from [[Jamaat-ud-Dawah]], the political arm of the LeT, as saying that Ishrat and her companions were LeT "activists".<ref name="ToI_2004_Lashkar_owns">{{cite web | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lashkar-owns-up-Ishrat/articleshow/778241.cms?intenttarget=no | title = Lashkar owns up Ishrat | work = The Times of India | date = 14 July 2004 | accessdate = 2016-02-13 }}</ref> However, in 2007, Jamaat-ud-Dawa retracted the statement as a "journalistic mistake" and offered an apology to Ishrat's family. No explanation was given as to why the previous statement was retracted after three years.<ref name="ToI_contradictions_2009">{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ishrat-encounter-Centres-affidavit-full-of-contradictions/articleshow/5000899.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811092357/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-12/ahmedabad/28102703_1_ishrat-jahan-shamima-kausar-ishrat-encounter | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | title = Ishrat encounter: Centre's affidavit full of contradictions | work = The Times of India | date = 12 September 2009 | access-date = 2011-11-21 }}</ref> In 2010, some media outlets reported that the convicted terrorist [[David Headley]] had implicated Ishrat in terrorist activities in a statement given to the [[National Investigation Agency (India)|National Investigation Agency]] (NIA).<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ishrat-Jahan-was-an-LeT-fidayeen-Headley/articleshow/6129125.cms | title = Ishrat Jahan was an LeT Fedayeen: Headley | work = The Times of India | date = 5 July 2010 | access-date = 2011-11-21 | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811081502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-05/india/28275895_1_ishrat-jahan-javed-sheikh-alias-pranesh-pillai | url-status = live }}</ref> The NIA called these reports "baseless",<ref name="DNA_NIA_rubbishes_2011">{{cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_nia-rubbishes-reports-that-david-headley-spoke-about-ishrat-jahan_1542579 | title = NIA rubbishes reports that David Headley spoke about Ishrat Jahan | publisher = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] | date = 12 May 2011 | accessdate = 2011-11-21 }}</ref> and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] said that this assertion was fabricated by the IPS officer Rajendra Kumar, who is one of the suspects in the case.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news/39925724_1_ishrat-jahan-intelligence-bureau-encounter-case | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615093037/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news/39925724_1_ishrat-jahan-intelligence-bureau-encounter-case | url-status = dead | archive-date = 15 June 2013 | title = Ishrat Jahan fake encounter case: IB heartburn over CBI summons | date = 2013-06-12 | newspaper = Economic Times | author = Aman Sharma }}</ref> In June 2013, the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] chief Asif Ibrahim told the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Office of the Prime Minister]] and the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister of India]] that the Bureau had enough evidence to prove that Ishrat was a part of an LeT module which planned to kill Narendra Modi and the former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]].<ref name="india-today-20130614"/> In February 2016, Headley testified before a Mumbai court, via video from the US, that Ishrat Jahan was a member of Laskhar-e-Taiba.<ref name=ishratheadley>{{cite news|last=Live|first=IBN|title=David Headley names Ishrat Jahan as LeT operative during deposition in court - IBNLive|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/david-headley-names-ishrat-jahan-as-let-operative-during-deposition-in-court-1201792.html|newspaper=IBNLive|date=11 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=David Headley Says Ishrat Jehan Was A Lashkar Member - NDTV News|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/david-headley-says-ishrat-jehan-was-a-lashkar-member-1276167|newspaper=NDTV|date=11 Feb 2016}}</ref>

== The people killed in the incident ==
;Amjad Ali Rana
Amjad Ali Rana, also known as Amjadali Akbarali Rana, Akbar or Salim, was according to Indian sources from Haveli Deewan (Haveli Diwan) village in the [[Bhalwal Tehsil]] of Pakistan.<ref name="ExpressIndia_2004_07_14"/> However, a later report by the metropolitan magistrate SP Tamang stated Rana's identity card, along with that of suspect Zeeshan, was forged by the police and the two men were Indian citizens.<ref name="Tamang"/> According to the CBI chargesheet,<ref name="Firstpost_Exclusive_The_Full_Text">{{cite news
|url = http://www.firstpost.com/india/exclusive-the-cbis-ishrat-jahan-chargesheet-969551.html
|title = Exclusive: The full text of the CBI's Ishrat Jahan chargesheet
|author = 
|date = 19 July 2013
|newspaper = [[Firstpost]]
|access-date = 24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost_Scribd_Link">{{cite web
|url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/154708474/Ishrat-Jehan-First-CBI-Charge-sheet
|title = Final Report Form (Under Section 173 Cr.Pc), In The Hon'ble Court of Addl. Chief Judicial Magistrate, CBI Court II, Mirzapur, Ahmedabad
|date = 3 July 2013
|author = CBI
|author-link = Central Bureau of Investigation
|access-date = 24 April 2016}}</ref> he told the [[Gujarat Police]] that he was planning to commit a terrorist act in Ahmedabad. The CBI also said that he was abducted by the Gujarat Police and IB officials from Gota on the outskirts of Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Amjad-Ali-had-come-to-Ahmedabad-for-terror-act/2013/07/06/article1669984.ece#.UvPRVIU7D3g | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140303160718/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Amjad-Ali-had-come-to-Ahmedabad-for-terror-act/2013/07/06/article1669984.ece#.UvPRVIU7D3g | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 March 2014 | title ='Amjad Ali had come to Ahmedabad for terror act' |date=6 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He was found dead with an [[AK-56]] rifle near his body, which according to CBI, was planted by the police officials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-crime-branch-had-fired-70-rounds-at-Ishrat-others/articleshow/20915061.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707090542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-04/india/40370397_1_ishrat-jahan-jg-parmar-amjad-ali-rana |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=Gujarat crime branch had fired 70 rounds at Ishrat, others |date=4 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Amjad is believed to have met Javed several times in [[Oman]], and also Javed and Ishrat in Ibrahimpur once.<ref name="IndianExpress_now_2011"/>

;Ishrat Jahan Raza
Ishrat Jahan Raza (1985 – 15 June 2004) was a second year Bachelor of Science student at Mumbai's [[Guru Nanak Khalsa College (King's Circle)|Guru Nanak Khalsa College]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/ahmedabad/Ishrat-Jahan-a-terrorist-says-Gujarat-govt/568771/H1-Article1-451592.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208082541/http://www.hindustantimes.com/ahmedabad/Ishrat-Jahan-a-terrorist-says-Gujarat-govt/568771/H1-Article1-451592.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2013 |title=Ishrat Jahan a terrorist, says Gujarat govt |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 September 2009 |access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> She was the second of seven siblings. Her lower-middle-class family, hailing from [[Bihar]], lived in the Rashid compound in the Muslim-dominated area of [[Mumbra]], Maharashtra. Ishrat's father, Mohammad Shamim Raza, had been the proprietor of a Mumbai-based construction company called Asian Constructions and her mother Shamima worked for a long time at a medicine packaging company in [[Vashi]]. However, her father died two years before the incident.<ref name="IndianExpress_bright">{{cite web | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-bright-teen-who-smiled-all-day-mischievous-yet-understanding/878356/0 | title = A bright teen who smiled all day, mischievous yet understanding | author = Ujjwala Nayudu | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date = 21 November 2011 | access-date = 21 November 2011 }}</ref> To cover expenses after her father's death, Ishrat worked as a private tutor for children and did embroidery work to support her family. She also worked for Javed Sheikh ({{ne}} Pranesh Pillai) as a secretary handling his accounts.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Police-exposed--hope-to-get-justice-now-/879320/ | title = Police exposed, hope to get justice now |newspaper = [[The Indian Express]] |date = 23 November 2011 |access-date = 23 February 2013 }}</ref> Javed used to take her out of town at times on work.<ref name="Telegraph_Trailing_2009">{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090909/jsp/frontpage/story_11470250.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909225541/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090909/jsp/frontpage/story_11470250.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 September 2009 | title = Ishrat's last call to sister: Strange men trailing me | newspaper = The Telegraph | date = 9 September 2009 | access-date = 23 February 2013 }}</ref>

[[David Headley]], who conspired with the Lashkar-e-Taiba in plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks, later said during FBI interrogation that Ishrat Jahan was a "[[Fidayeen]]" (sacrificial aspirant) working for someone named Muzammil Bhat (or Muzammil Butt).<ref>{{cite web |title=Wanted: Butt, Muzammil |url=http://cbi.nic.in/rnotice/A-4281-6-2012.html |publisher=CBI |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925034435/http://cbi.nic.in/rnotice/A-4281-6-2012.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Inconvenient>{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/ishrat-jahan-the-inconvenient-story-no-one-wants-to-tell-867173.html |title=Ishrat Jahan: The inconvenient story no one wants to tell |date=13 July 2013 |work=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=13 February 2016}} Republished 11 February 2016.</ref> Headley also said during interrogation by the NIA that she had been targeting the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Mr. Narendra Modi, and was working with [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT).<ref name="ndtv_headly"/>

In March 2016, Headley claimed he had told NIA that about Jahan among other things, but could not say why they weren't recorded by the agency. However, he went back on part of his statement that LeT chief [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]] had told him that "Ishrat Jahan module" was a botched operation, adding that he had no personal knowledge about her. He also stated that he learned about her from the media.<ref name=IEtoldNIA>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/2611-case-david-headley-claims-he-told-nia-about-ishrat-jahan/|title=26/11 case: David Headley claims he told NIA about Ishrat Jahan|publisher=Indian Express|date=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=knowledge>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/i-have-no-personal-knowledge-about-ishrat-jahan-david-headley/articleshow/51562890.cms|title=I have no personal knowledge about Ishrat Jahan: David Headley|publisher=Economic Times|date=26 March 2016}}</ref>

;Javed Ghulam Sheikh (born Pranesh Pillai)
Pranesh Pillai, later known as Javed Ghulam Sheikh, was the son of Gopinatha Pillai, a native of [[Noornad]] in Kerala.<ref name="Sheikhs_Journey">{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/javed-sheikhs-journey-to-death/article33104.ece | title = Javed Sheikh's journey to death | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 13 October 2009 | access-date = 15 February 2016 }}</ref> He had married in 1994 and had three children.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/others/pranesh-pillai%E2%80%99s-father-says-his-son-got-justice-302 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111122135135/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/others/pranesh-pillai%E2%80%99s-father-says-his-son-got-justice-302 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 22 November 2011 | title = Pranesh Pillai's father says his son got justice | work = [[Deccan Chronicle]] | date = 22 November 2011 | access-date = 22 November 2011 }}</ref> He had migrated to [[Mumbra]] in Mumbai after marrying. Before his death, he had been booked for four assault cases in Mumbai and Pune, and had also been charged with involvement in a [[fake currency]] racket.<ref name="IndianExpress_now_2011">{{cite news | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-i-can-live-without-stigma/878959/0 | title = Now, I can live without stigma |author1=Chandan Haygunde |author2=Shaju Philip | newspaper= [[The Indian Express]] | date = 22 November 2011 | access-date = 22 November 2011 }}</ref> Pranesh Pillai converted to Islam and changed his name in 1991 to Javed Sheikh to marry a Muslim woman called Sajida. Gujarat Police recovered two passports from Javed: one obtained using his original name Pranesh and a second one in his new name.<ref name="IndianExpress_now_2011"/><ref name="Sheikhs_Journey"/>

Jahan's family first met Javed Sheikh two months before her death.<ref name="IndianExpress_bright"/> He had taken Ishrat to Nasik, Bangalore and Lucknow, where he is believed to have met Amjad.<ref name="IndianExpress_now_2011"/> Javed Sheikh travelled to Dubai in 2003 and to Oman in 2004. His wife Sajida said he came back indoctrinated from 2003 Dubai visit.<ref name=Inconvenient/>

;Zeeshan Johar
Zeeshan Johar (variously spelt Jisan Johar, Jishan Johar), also known as Abdul Ghani or Janbaaz, belonged to Gujranwala in Pakistan.<ref name="ExpressIndia_2004_07_14">{{cite news |date=14 July 2004 |title=Ishrat was working for us: Lashkar |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=33794 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204230937/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=33794 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 April 2016 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Johar had reportedly been arrested in a trespassing case in [[Srinagar]] in 2003, along with Amjad.<ref name="IndianExpress_now_2011"/> No one claimed the bodies of Amjad and Zeeshan after their death.<ref name="IndianExpress_now_2011"/> An identity card with a Pakistan address was reportedly recovered from Zeeshan Johar's body. However, a later report by the metropolitan magistrate SP Tamang stated that identity cards were forged by the police and the two men were Indian citizens.<ref name="Tamang">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-09/ahmedabad/28068081_1_crime-branch-identity-magistrate | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711030732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-09/ahmedabad/28068081_1_crime-branch-identity-magistrate | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=True identity of Johar, Rana still unknown |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 September 2009 |access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref>

== The accused officers ==
Police officers accused in the case included Deputy Commissioner of Police Dhananjay G. Vanzara and Assistant Commissioner of the Police Crime Branch Girish Laxman Singhal.<ref name=SinghalTapes/> SIB officers accused in the case include Special Director Rajinder Kumar, Assistant Director M. K. Sinha, Deputy Superintendent of Police Rajeev Wankhede, and officer T. Mittal.<ref name=cbiishrat/>

== The encounter ==
In February 2004, J&K Police had shot dead Ehsan Illahi, an LeT terrorist. The [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]]-led operation that followed, gathered intelligence about Javed Sheikh's plans and lured him to Ahmedabad where Gujarat Police awaited the arrival of his car.<ref name="Sheikhs_Journey"/><ref name="infiltrated">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/26/stories/2004062605410100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Front Page : Gujarat Lashkar conspiracy was infiltrated by Intelligence mole|date=2004-06-26|access-date=31 March 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Jahan had left her house on 11 June 2004, four days before she was killed. According to her brother, their mother Shameema did not like her going out of town with Javed. Therefore, she did not inform her mother when she left for [[Nashik]].<ref name="Telegraph_Trailing_2009"/> Jahan made a phone call to her mother on 11 June and spoke with her. According to her mother, she had called from a public phone booth outside a Nashik bus stop, and told her that "Uncle Javed Sheikh hasn't come yet." Jahan's mother said that a few minutes later, Jahan made a second call and said in a terrified voice that Javed had come but with some "strange men", and then hung abruptly.<ref name="IndianExpress_bright"/>

On 15 June 2004, the Gujarat police stated that Ishrat, along with three other people, had been gunned down near [[Ahmedabad]] by a police team belonging to the Detection of Crime Branch (DCB) of the [[Ahmedabad City Police]].<ref name="voa"/><ref name="thehindu"/> The four were allegedly killed after the police chased their blue [[Tata Indica]] car. It is not clear how the four wound up in Gujarat from Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Tehelka]] |url=http://tehelka.com/the-death-of-a-family/ |title=The Death Of A Family |author=Rana Ayyub |author-link=Rana Ayyub |issue=38 |volume=6 |date=26 September 2009 |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513164739/http://tehelka.com/the-death-of-a-family/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The police claimed that all four were connected with the Pakistan-based terror group LeT and were in Gujarat to assassinate [[Narendra Modi]], in order to avenge the [[2002 Gujarat violence|communal riots of 2002]] in which more than 1000 people were killed.<ref name="thehindu"/> The police team was led by then Deputy Commissioner of Police [[D. G. Vanzara|Dhananjay G. Vanzara]], who was later jailed for involvement in the [[Sohrabuddin Sheikh]] encounter killing.<ref name="hindustantimes_staged_2009">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/homepage/ahmedabad/Ishrat-Jahan-s-killing-staged-Judicial-probe-report/451517/H1-Article1-451368.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911075238/http://www.hindustantimes.com/homepage/ahmedabad/Ishrat-Jahan-s-killing-staged-Judicial-probe-report/451517/H1-Article1-451368.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Ishrat Jahan's killing staged: Judicial probe report|archivedate=11 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/23879/ishrat-jahan-encounter-fakejudicial-probe.html|title=Ishrat Jahan encounter is fake, judicial probe|work=Deccan Herald|date=7 September 2009 |access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref>

== Allegations ==
On 15 July 2004, news outlets such as ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref name="ExpressIndia_2004_07_14"/> ''[[The Times of India]]'',<ref name="ToI_2004_Lashkar_owns"/> [[Rediff.com]],<ref name="Rediff_2004_LeT_mouthpiece">{{cite web
|title=LeT mouthpiece says Ishrat a member
|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/14ishrat.htm
|date=15 July 2004
|access-date=3 April 2016
|publisher=Rediff India
}}</ref> and ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''<ref name="Outlook_2004_LeT_describes">{{cite news
|title=LeT describes Ishrat as outfit's woman activist
|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/let-describes-ishrat-as-outfits-woman-activist/235198
|date=15 July 2004
|access-date=3 April 2016
|newspaper=Outlook India
}}</ref> carried news reports that "the Lahore-based Ghazwa Times, mouthpiece of the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]" had acknowledged Ishrat Jahan as a [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] operative. According to these news reports, the Ghazwa Times had published an article on the "Jamat-ul-Dawa" [sic] website stating that "the veil of Ishrat Jahan, a woman activist of LeT, was removed by Indian police and her body was kept with other mujahideens (terrorists) on the ground", and that "Ishrat was with her husband, sitting on the front seat of the car".{{unreliable source?|reason=(WP:QS) The archived content of the Jamaat-ud-Dawah website does not match these reports.|date=April 2016}} In June 2007, the ''[[Business Standard]]'' reported that the "global terror group Lashkar-e-Taiyba" had apologised<ref name="jud-apology">{{citation
|title = An apology to Ishrat Jahan's family
|url = http://www.jamatdawah.org/news_detail.php?news_id=342
|author = Abdullah Muntazir
|author-link = Abdullah Muntazir
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222044620/http://www.jamatdawah.org/news_detail.php?news_id=342
|archive-date = 22 December 2008
|date = 2007-05-02
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all}}</ref> to Indian Muslims on 2 May 2007 on the [[Jamaat-ud-Dawah]]'s website "for causing them problems due to an inadvertent mistake", with the article implying that mistake in question was the claim that "Ishrat Jehan Reza had been a Lashkar operative".<ref name="BusinessStandard_2007_An_intriguing">{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/an-intriguing-apology-from-let-107060801011_1.html
|title=An intriguing apology from LeT
|author=Aasha Khosa
|date=8 June 2007
|access-date=3 April 2016
|newspaper=Business Standard
}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|certain=y|reason=(WP:QS)|date=January 2026}}

The media reports were subsequently used by the [[Government of India]] in its 2009 affidavit as evidence of Ishrat Jahan's links with the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="TheWire_2016_The_Second_Killing">{{cite web |title=The Second Killing of Ishrat Jahan |url=http://thewire.in/2016/03/02/the-second-killing-of-ishrat-jahan-23407/ |date=2 March 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016 |publisher=The Wire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331141605/http://thewire.in/2016/03/02/the-second-killing-of-ishrat-jahan-23407/ |archive-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat Govt to Challenge Ishrat Jahan Report |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/gujarat-govt-to-challenge-ishrat-jahan-report/665764 |date=8 September 2009 |newspaper=Outlook |access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>

Between July 2004<ref name="jud-web-1"/> and August 2004,<ref name="jud-web-2"/> the website of the [[Jamaat-ud-Dawah]] carried a notice disclaiming knowledge of "the young girl Ishrat Jahan Araa" (sic), claiming that the Indian media had fabricated news about Ishrat Jahan's links to the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="jud-web-1">{{citation |url=http://www.jamatuddawa.org/ |title=Ishrat Jahan's link with Lashkar-e-Taiba not established through Jama'at-ud-Da'awa's website | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728170745/http://www.jamatuddawa.org/ |archive-date=2004-07-28 |date=2004-07-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jud-web-2">{{citation |url=http://www.jamatuddawa.org/ |title=Ishrat Jahan's link with Lashkar-e-Taiba not established through Jama'at-ud-Da'awa's website | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824034236/http://jamatuddawa.org/ |archive-date=2004-08-24 |date=2004-08-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 2 May 2007, [[Abdullah Muntazir]], spokesperson of the [[Jamaat-ud-Dawah]] Pakistan, apologised to Ishrat Jahan's family and to all Indian Muslims for the journalistic mistake by his staff of quoting Indian news sites without proper attribution, which had enabled Indian media to claim that Ishrat Jahan had been a Lashkar-e-Taiba operative. He claimed the [[Jamaat-ud-Dawah]] had "published a vehement denial",<ref name="jud-web-1"/> but that the "damage had already been done".<ref name="jud-apology"/>

A probe into the encounter was ordered after Ishrat Jahan's family insisted she was innocent. The Mumbai police said she had no criminal background and their investigation did not find anything that could implicate her.<ref name="voa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-09-08-voa15.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911195219/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-09-08-voa15.cfm|url-status=dead|title=VOA News|archivedate=11 September 2009}}</ref> A number of politicians and the [[Maharashtra]] State Minorities Commission demanded an inquiry.<ref name="hindustantimes_staged_2009"/> Ishrat Jahan's funeral procession was attended by over 10,000 people in Mumbra and the [[Samajwadi Party]] state president [[Abu Azmi]] said that he would demand a CBI probe into the killings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-746863,prtpage-1.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104004153/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-746863,prtpage-1.cms |title=Thousands turn out to bid Ishrat farewell |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 June 2004 |archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref>

The Gujarat government had faced strong criticism by human rights groups for anti-Muslim human rights violations following the [[2002 Gujarat violence|communal riots of 2002]].<ref name="voa"/> During this period, there had been several police encounter deaths in Gujarat, three attributed to attempts to kill Narendra Modi in retaliation for the alleged involvement of the state machinery in the riots. Some {{Who|date=May 2019}}human rights activists have alleged that many of these alleged encounters actually happen in police custody.<ref>Leena Misra. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-22/ahmedabad/27300829_1_encounter-crime-branch-police-action There's a hollow ring to encounter stories in Gujarat]</ref> They claimed that there is a pattern that many of these encounters followed: they always took place in the wee hours of the morning in a deserted area, with no witnesses; a vigorous exchange of fire resulted in the deaths of all the terrorists, while the police received no injuries; and the diary of the accused was often recovered, and contained incriminating evidence.<ref name="pucl">PUCL. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040907142019/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2004/ahmedabad-encounter.htm A report of the all India fact finding team on the 'encounter' of four alleged terrorists by Gujarat police on 15 June 2004 at Ahmedabad]. July 2004.</ref>

According to [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]], the Gujarat police did not follow normal procedures in their investigations. No FIR was lodged with the local area police station where the encounter occurred, no charge sheet, no inquest report, and no witness statement. No bullet marks or damage was observed on the road or surrounding area.<ref name="pucl"/>

=== Tamang report ===
The report by the Metropolitan Magistrate S. P. Tamang submitted in the metropolitan court Ahmedabad on 7 September 2009 said the four persons were killed in police custody.<ref name="voa"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theindiapost.com/2009/09/08/ishrat-jahan-encounter-is-fake-says-judicial-probe/|title=Ishrat Jahan encounter is fake, says judicial probe|date=8 September 2009 |access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref> It implicated a number of top police officials for the deaths, which were allegedly staged in order to win promotions and rewards.<ref name="voa"/>

The Ahmedabad Metropolitan court ruled that the killing of Ishrat Jehan was a fake encounter,<ref name="toi-fake"/> and Ishrat's family stated that she was not connected with LeT at all. A petition led the high court to constitute a police team, headed by Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) Pramod Kumar to look into the incident.<ref name="expressbuzz">{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article149788.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110829/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article149788.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2013|title=Gujarat maintains Ishrat Jahan a terrorist|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref>

In the 243-page report, Tamang named the "encounter specialist" of the Gujarat police, the then head of the DCB, D.G. Vanzara, among others, as the accused in the "cold-blooded murder" of Ishrat Jahan and three others.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/08/stories/2009090856670100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909094519/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/08/stories/2009090856670100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ishrat Jahan killing also a fake encounter: probe report|date=2009-09-08|access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald"/>

Claiming that the police officers were motivated by their personal interests in getting promotions and appreciation from the Chief Minister, Tamang included a list of top police officers, whom he held responsible. It includes Vanzara and his then deputy Narendra K. Amin, both of whom were already arrested in the Sohrabuddin encounter killing case. The list also included K.R. Kaushik, who was then the Ahmedabad Police Commissioner, [[P. P. Pandey|P.P. Pandey]], who was then the chief of the Crime Branch, and another alleged encounter specialist Tarun Barot.<ref name="thehindu"/>

The Gujarat High Court stayed the Tamang report on 9 September 2009 but gave liberty to Ishrat Jahan's mother to produce the report before the three-member committee constituted by the High Court to investigate the encounter. Justice Kalpesh Javheri said the observations made in the report were beyond the jurisdiction of the judicial magistrate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-HC-stays-Tamang-report-on-Ishrat-encounter/articleshow/4991592.cms |title=Gujarat HC stays Tamang report on Ishrat encounter |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 September 2009 |access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref> The Division Bench directed the Registrar-General of the High Court to institute a departmental inquiry into the conduct of Mr. Tamang in holding a parallel inquiry into the encounter, when the High Court was already seized of the matter, and submitting the report without its permission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-high-court-stays-tamang-report/article17750.ece |title=Gujarat High Court stays Tamang report |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-09-10 |access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/HC-stays-Tamang-report/articleshow/4326945.cms |title=Gujarat HC stays Tamang report on Ishrat encounter |website=Timesnow.Tv |access-date=2016-03-30 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414005439/http://www.timesnow.tv/HC-stays-Tamang-report/articleshow/4326945.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Further investigation ==

The Gujarat State Government challenged the report of the metropolitan magistrate, saying that the policemen accused of faking the encounter were not given an opportunity to present their side of the arguments. Gujarat government's petition in the High Court against the Tamang report said it should be scrapped as it was "illegal and doubtful".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tamang-report-illegal-says-gujarat/article180176.ece |title=Tamang report illegal, says Gujarat - NATIONAL |work=The Hindu |date=2009-09-10 |access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref>

In July 2010, some media outlets reported that the LeT terrorist [[David Headley]] involved in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai terror attacks]] had named Ishrat as a member of LeT.<ref name="ndtv_headly">[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ishrat-jahan-was-an-let-suicide-bomber-headley-to-nia-35665 Ishrat Jahan was an LeT suicide bomber: Headley to NIA] NDTV – 5 July 2010</ref> However, in a letter to the Gujarat High Court, the NIA clarified that these media reports were false and David Headly did not speak about Ishrat Jahan.<ref name="DNA_NIA_rubbishes_2011"/> IB has alleged that the original NIA report did have excerpts detailing Headley's account about Ishrat's links with LeT: these two paragraphs were later deleted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ishrat-jahan-encounter-unanswered-questions-388963|title=Ishrat Jahan encounter: Unanswered questions|author=Sreenivasan Jain (with inputs Niha Masih, Rohit Bhan, Rashmi Rajput, Imtiaz Jaleel)|date=7 July 2013|work=NDTV.com|access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref>

The Gujarat High Court in August 2010 held that the motive described by magistrate SP Tamang in his inquiry report on the Ishrat Jahan encounter case cannot be accepted and also raised doubts on the magistrate's conclusion about the time of death of the four.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/HC-picks-holes-in-Tamang-report/articleshow/6301785.cms |title=HC picks holes in Tamang report - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2010-08-12 |access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref>

A Special Investigation Team (SIT), headed by Karnail Singh, was set up to probe the case further. The SIT sent four teams to Srinagar, Delhi, Lucknow and Nashik to probe Ishrat's alleged terrorist links.<ref>Ujjwala Nayudu, [https://archive.today/20130123024932/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ishrat-19-cops-under-sit-scanner-to-be-quizzed/734544/ Ishrat: 19 cops under SIT scanner, to be quizzed]. ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 7 January 2011.</ref> The team's [[forensics|forensic]] and [[ballistics|ballistic]] experts, reconstructed the events of the encounter.<ref>Ujjwala Nayudu, [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ishrat-experts-from-delhi-to-reconstruct-encounter/761745/0 Ishrat: Experts from Delhi to reconstruct encounter]. ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 13 March 2011.</ref> Karnail Singh appointed a team headed by Professor [[Tirath Das Dogra|T D Dogra]] and Dr. Rajinder Singh, Director CFSL Delhi to help reconstruction of scene of occurrence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/board-of-experts-misinterpreted-parameters-in-ishrat-case-sit-1324300205|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194046/http://post.jagran.com/board-of-experts-misinterpreted-parameters-in-ishrat-case-sit-1324300205|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|title=Board of experts misinterpreted parameters in Ishrat case: SIT|date=19 December 2011|publisher=Jagron post|access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref>

On 21 November 2011, the SIT told the Gujarat High Court that the Ishrat Jahan encounter was not genuine. After the SIT filed its report, the High Court ordered that a complaint under Indian Penal Code Section 302 (murder) has to be filed against those involved in the fake encounter, in which over 20 policemen, including senior IPS officers, were involved.<ref name="IBN_SIT_HC_fake_2011"/><ref name=ht11>{{cite news |title=Gujarat cops killed Ishrat Jahan in cold blood: SIT |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/Gujarat-cops-killed-Ishrat-Jahan-in-cold-blood-SIT/Article1-772053.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122100221/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/Gujarat-cops-killed-Ishrat-Jahan-in-cold-blood-SIT/Article1-772053.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2011 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 November 2011 }}</ref>

The CBI began investigations in the case with the help of Gujarat IPS officer Satish Verma. The CBI in their investigations had for the first time tightened its noose against a top cop in any encounter case, PP Pandey. PP Pandey had plotted Ishrat's encounter with the Central IB official Rajendra Kumar.<ref>{{cite news|title= Ujjwala Nayudu, Top cop Pandry, now on the run, plotted Ishrat Jahan encounter with IB man|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/top-cop-pandey-now-on-run-plotted-ishrat-encounter-with-ib-man/1111703/0|publisher=Indian Express|date=5 May 2013|access-date=5 May 2013 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Arrests ==

After somewhat more than a year,<ref>{{cite web |title=Why is the Congress playing Safe on fake Encounters? |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main54.asp?filename=Ne101112WHY.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106045153/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main54.asp?filename=Ne101112WHY.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |date=10 November 2012 |publisher=Tehelka Magazine, Vol 9, Issue 45 }}</ref> on 21 February 2013 CBI arrested Gujarat [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer G. L. Singhal who was then Assistant Commissioner of the Police Crime Branch at the time of the incident, in connection with the alleged fake encounter. The CBI in its FIR alleged that Singhal, now Superintendent of Police at State Crime Records Bureau played an active role in the encounter which was later found to be fake by the Special Investigation Team (SIT) constituted by the Gujarat High Court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishrat Jahan fake encounter: CBI arrests Gujarat police officer |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-21/india/37220960_1_fake-encounter-ishrat-jahan-gujarat-high-court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224082151/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-21/india/37220960_1_fake-encounter-ishrat-jahan-gujarat-high-court |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 February 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CBI arrests first IPS officer in Ishrat fake encounter|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/Ishrat-Jahan-fake-encounter-CBI-arrests-first-IPS-officer/Article1-1014952.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222032829/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/Ishrat-Jahan-fake-encounter-CBI-arrests-first-IPS-officer/Article1-1014952.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2013 |newspaper= [[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Besides Singhal, CBI had previously arrested senior police officers, Tarun Barot, J. G. Parmar, N. K. Amin, Bharat Patel and Anaju Chaudhary. After the mandatory 90 days for the CBI to file its chargesheet in the case (which it failed to do), all the accused were released on bail, except Amin.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPS officer gets bail in encounter case|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/334983/ishrat-case-bail-ips-officer.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=27 May 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> A CBI court, issued an arrest warrant for another accused Additional DGP (Crime) P. P. Pandey, who is absconding, though he has filed an appeal in the Supreme Court to get the FIR cancelled.<ref name=dnajune4/>

On 4 June, suspended IPS officer D. G. Vanzara was arrested by the CBI, from Sabarmati Central Jail in Ahmedabad, after he was transferred a day ago from a Mumbai Jail since 2007, where he was lodged as he is an accused in Sohrabuddin Shaikh encounter killing case of 2005 as well as Tulsi Prajapati encounter killing case. CBI alleged that he led the team of Detection of Crime Branch (DCB), Ahmedabad, on whose tip off the Ahmedabad Police went ahead with the encounter, and wanted to interrogate him further.<ref name=dnajune4>{{cite news |title=Ishrat Jahan fake encounter case: IPS officer DG Vanzara arrested by CBI from jail |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1843846/report-ishrat-jahan-fake-encounter-case-ips-officer-dg-vanzara-arrested-by-cbi-from-jail |newspaper= DNA India|date=4 June 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> The following day, an Ahmedabad court remanded Vanzara to CBI custody till 10 June.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ishrat Jahan fake encounter: IPS officer DG Vanzara remanded in CBI custody|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1844299/report-ishrat-jahan-fake-encounter-ips-officer-dg-vanzara-remanded-in-cbi-custody |newspaper=DNA India |date= 5 June 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

The CBI expressed the desire to arrest Rajendra Kumar but Intelligence Bureau chief Asif Ibrahim opposed it on many occasions, drawing the ire of CBI.<ref>{{cite news |title=IB chief does what the Congress didn't want, counters CBI on Ishrat case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/asif-ibrahim-ib-chief-political-move-haunt-congress-ishrat-jahan-encounter-166682-2013-06-13|newspaper=India Today |date=14 June 2013|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>

The CBI was able to arrest Rajendra Kumar in 2016 but he was granted bail by the court.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-04 |title=CBI arrests Kejriwal's principal secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Kejriwals-Principal-Secretary-Rajendra-Kumar-arrested/article60529255.ece |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-15 |title=No stranger to controversy: Rajender Kumar, the 'target' of CBI raid |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/no-stranger-to-controversy-rajender-kumar-the-target-of-cbi-raid/story-EzSQeAXWFu4JsozluUFD8K.html |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== 2013 developments ==
In June 2013, ''[[India Today]]'' reported that Asif Ibrahim, the chief of the Intelligence Bureau (IB), had told the Prime Minister's Office and the Home Minister that the IB had "enough evidence" to prove that Ishrat Jahan belonged to an LeT module which planned to kill Narendra Modi and Lal Krishna Advani. ''India Today'' reported Ibrahim as telling the Government that David Coleman Headley had revealed this in his interrogation by the FBI.<ref name="india-today-20130614">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/asif-ibrahim-ib-chief-political-move-haunt-congress-ishrat-jahan-encounter-166682-2013-06-13|title=IB chief does what the Congress didn't want, counters CBI on Ishrat case|last=Mahurkar|first=Uday|work=India Today|date=14 June 2013|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>

The [[United States Federal Bureau of Investigation]] had told the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs about Headley's claims on a "female suicide bomber named Ishrat Jahaan".<ref name=Inconvenient/> In a note on 13 October 2010, the NIA had said that Headley had told them Ishrat Jehan had been part of a "botched" operation run by the terrorist group.<ref name=Firstpost-PraveenSwami-LeakedNIA>{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |title=Leaked NIA document indicates cover up in Ishrat Jahan case |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/leaked-nia-document-indicates-cover-up-in-ishrat-jahan-case-958401.html |access-date=16 July 2013 |newspaper=First Post |date=16 July 2013}}</ref>

=== Headlines Today report ===
On 13 June 2013, ''[[Headlines Today]]'', an English news channel and subsidiary of [[India Today]] group, revealed that Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi and senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader [[L.K. Advani]] were among the leaders who were on the hit-list of the alleged terrorists killed in an encounter with Gujarat Police in Ahmedabad on 15 June 2004. It also claimed that Ishrat Jahan was among the terrorists assigned to execute the plot. It released unsubstantiated audio tapes of the conversation of allegedly a LET commander and Javed Sheikh, a man killed in the encounter. The news channel also produced the letter of IB chief to CBI director, in which he said that David Headley also revealed that Ishrat Jahan was an LeT operative. However, Headley's confession to the FBI had already been dismissed as hearsay by the NIA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1542579/report-nia-rubbishes-reports-that-david-headley-spoke-about-ishrat-jahan |title=NIA rubbishes reports that David Headley spoke about Ishrat Jahan | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba plot to kill Narendra Modi unveiled-Headlines Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/narendra-modi-lk-advani-lashkar-e-taiba-ishrat-jahan-fake-encounter-case-420221-2013-06-13 |date=13 June 2013 |access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

On 14 June, the leaked tapes were produced as evidence before the Gujarat High Court by the counsel for the Gujarat Government, Tushar Mehta. However, the bench refused to consider them as evidence, asking Mehta to take them to CBI for investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/ishrat-jahan-case-hc-raps-gujarat-govt-says-nobody-has-licence-to-kill_855000.html|title=Ishrat Jahan case: HC raps Gujarat govt, says nobody has licence to kill|date=14 June 2013|website=Zee News}}</ref>

A group of social activists alleged that the IB was selectively leaking tapes to the media in order to scuttle the CBI probe just 24 hours ahead of the scheduled hearing of the case in the Gujarat High Court. They also criticized the media for airing the telephone calls without any forensic tests or voice tests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/activists-say-ib-trying-to-scuttle-cbi-probe-in-ishrat-case/article4815350.ece|title=Activists say IB trying to scuttle CBI probe in Ishrat case|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 June 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== ''Tehelka'' report ===

In June 2013, ''[[Tehelka]]'' magazine published an exposé<ref>{{cite news|title=[Exposé] Ishrat Jahan encounter: CBI probe nails IB officer's role-Tehelka.com|url=http://tehelka.com/amit-shah-rajendra-kumar-ordered-ishrat-jahan-encounter/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916102517/http://www.tehelka.com/amit-shah-rajendra-kumar-ordered-ishrat-jahan-encounter/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2013|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> that revealed that the CBI had in its possession an audio recording of a conversation between Gujarat's former Minister of State [[Praful Khoda Patel]], senior IAS officer [[G. C. Murmu]], and other top officials in a meeting called to chalk out a plan to safeguard the interests of the officers whose names could crop up in the investigation. The conversation was secretly recorded by a meeting attendee, Girish Laxman Singhal, one of the two accused police officers who had been arrested by the CBI in the case.<ref name=SinghalTapes>{{cite news |title=File Charge Sheet In Ishrat Jahan Case By July 4: Court To CBI |url=http://www.tehelka.com/file-charge-sheet-in-ishrat-jahan-case-by-july-4-court-to-cbi/ |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029060310/http://www.tehelka.com/file-charge-sheet-in-ishrat-jahan-case-by-july-4-court-to-cbi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Resignation of Vanzara ===
On 1 September 2013, Senior Gujarat Police Officer D G Vanzara said he had resigned from IPS and blamed a lack of interest shown by the state government in rescuing him and other police officers jailed in police encounter cases. He sent his resignation from Sabarmati Jail, but his resignation was refused. He retired in 2014 while still in jail and was released on bail in 2015 after nearly eight months of imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |first=Rohit |last=Bhan |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/controversial-police-officer-dg-vanzara-gets-bail-but-cant-enter-gujarat-737208|title=Former Police Officer DG Vanzara Gets Bail in Ishrat Jahan Case, But Can't Enter Gujarat |date=5 February 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== 2014 developments ==

=== 2014 CBI report ===
In May 2014, CBI filed a report before a special court in [[Ahmedabad]] that it did not have prosecutable evidence against former Gujarat Minister [[Amit Shah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CBI gives Clean Chit to Amit Shah in 2004 Ishrat Jahan Encounter Case |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/cbi-gives-clean-chit-to-amit-shah-in-2004-ishrat-jahan-encounter-case/ |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=7 May 2014}}</ref>

== 2016 developments ==
Allegations against an unnamed congress politician by one of the accused officers.
In February 2016, one of the officers accused in the case, former [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] Special Director Rajinder Kumar, said he was pressured and offered "allurements" to implicate the then Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi in the case in an attempt to defame Modi. He said there was a conspiracy against Modi led by a senior [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader from Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress leader from Gujarat conspired to implicate Narendra Modi in Ishrat Jahan case: Ex-IB officer |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/congress-leader-from-gujarat-conspired-to-implicate-narendra-modi-in-ishrat-jahan-case-ex-ib-officer_1855320.html |date=13 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Was given 'allurements' to falsely implicate Modi, says IB director Rajendra Kumar on Ishrat case |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-was-given-allurements-to-falsely-implicate-modi-says-ib-director-rajendra-kumar-on-ishrat-case-2177330 |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=13 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/a-congress-leader-from-gujarat-knew-about-ishrat-jahans-reality-former-ib-chief-rajendra-kumar-289933|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214084600/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/a-congress-leader-from-gujarat-knew-about-ishrat-jahans-reality-former-ib-chief-rajendra-kumar-289933|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2016|title=A Congress leader from Gujarat knew about Ishrat Jahan's reality: Former IB chief Rajendra Kumar|website=Abplive.in|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh]]
* [[Encounter killings by police]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/static/ishratjahan/ A to Z of Isarat jahan case]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jahan, Ishrat Shamin Raza}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths in police custody in India]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:2004 in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:June 2004 in India]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]

Ghibran Vaibodha

2026-04-06T05:47:31Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{short description|Indian composer}}
{{for|other people with variants of the name Ghibran|Gebran (name)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = M Ghibran at Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru Press Meet.jpg
| caption = Ghibran at Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru Press Meet
| birth_name = Mohammed Ghibran
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|8|12}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| genre = Film score
| instrument = Keyboard, piano, guitar, accordion, harmonium, percussion
| occupation = songwriter, composer, record producer, music director, arranger, music producer
| years_active = 2000–present
| label =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Ghibran Vaibodha''' (born 12 August 1980) formerly known as '''Mohammed Ghibran''',<ref name="thehindu.com" /> is an Indian composer. He has composed music for [[Cinema of India|Indian films]], advertising films and television commercial [[jingle]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=10 August 2016 |title=Ghibran's musical drive |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Ghibran%E2%80%99s-musical-drive/article14562189.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108121321/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Ghibran%E2%80%99s-musical-drive/article14562189.ece |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=19 March 2019 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/music-composer-ghibran-wants-do-a-sankarabharanam/article7796746.ece|title=Wish to do a Sankarabharanam: Ghibran|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 October 2015|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301175324/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/music-composer-ghibran-wants-do-a-sankarabharanam/article7796746.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/music-director-gibran-speaks-about-working-with-kamal-haasan-in-thoongavanam/article7855096.ece|title=I'll risk everything for Kamal, says Gibran|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 November 2015|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406204231/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/music-director-gibran-speaks-about-working-with-kamal-haasan-in-thoongavanam/article7855096.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramesh |first1=Deepika |date=4 September 2014 |title=On a High Note: Music Director Ghibran Interview |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/high-note-music-director-ghibran-interview/ |website=Silverscreen India |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326113601/http://silverscreen.in/features/high-note-music-director-ghibran-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
M. Ghibran was born on 12 August 1980,<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Change of Names |url=https://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2023/12_VI_4_2023.pdf |journal=Tamil Nadu Government Gazette |pages=373 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618052919/https://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2023/12_VI_4_2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and raised in [[Coimbatore]]. When he was in the tenth grade, his family relocated to Chennai after his father suffered a severe loss in business. He had to discontinue studies and do several jobs to support his family.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |date=2013-06-21 |title=It was emotionally very disturbing, says Ghibran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/It-was-emotionally-very-disturbing-says-Ghibran/articleshow/20694820.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709151255/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-21/news-interviews/40118626_1_european-music-keyboard-singapore |archive-date=9 July 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Ghibran said that he had developed an interest in music after he had seen [[Yanni]] perform on TV, when he was about eight or ten. He had enrolled into a music college, but had to drop out and instead attended keyboard classes and learnt keyboard part-time from Paul Augustine. He completed [[Royal Society of Arts|RSA]] Grade 8 in both piano and music theory through [[Trinity College London]], and obtained a degree in classical composition and [[film scoring]] under Australian Composer [[Lindsay Vickery]] at the [[LASALLE College of the Arts]], Singapore.<ref name="behindwoods1" /> He received an offer to compose music for animations as an in-house composer, and worked there for two years. In 2000, he set up his own studio and over the next six years composed for over 700 ads.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

In Singapore, he worked part-time composing music for media houses to meet his expenses. After completing his works, he worked for the Singapore wood and percussion instruments orchestra.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> He subsequently returned to India, but could not find many advertisements to work on there.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

==Career==

The director [[A. Sarkunam]] selected Ghibran to compose the soundtrack for ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''.<ref name="behindwoods1"/> N. Venkateswaran of ''The Times of India'' wrote of the soundtrack, "M Ghibran joins the list of debut composers who have impressed with their work in recent times. The music score complements the movie, and marks him out as a musician to watch out for".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Vaagai-Sooda-Vaa/movie-review/10206941.cms |title=Vaagai Sooda Vaa movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717110923/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Vaagai-Sooda-Vaa/movie-review/10206941.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Music is another highlight. M. Gibran's numbers keep ringing in your ears long after you leave the cinema".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2503919.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211011406/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2503919.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2011|title=The Hindu : Arts / Cinema : Making a point or two|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 December 2011|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref> Rajagopalan Badrinarayanan from musicperk.com wrote "''Vaagai Sooda Vaa'' is a wholesome package with wonderful songs. Being his first movie Gibran has done a great job with the musical score. The album will surely reshuffle the current chart".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicperk.com/vaagai-sooda-vaa/ |title=Vaagai Sooda Vaa |publisher=Musicperk |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919211103/http://www.musicperk.com/vaagai-sooda-vaa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ghibran said that after ''Vaagai Sooda Vaa'' and that he was then approached by several directors about other projects, but he decided to take a break to look for an urban based script.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/seen-and-heard/article6189779.ece|title=Seen and heard|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=8 July 2014|access-date=16 July 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=30 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130103631/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/seen-and-heard/article6189779.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Ghibran composed the music for the films ''[[Vathikuchi|Vatthikuchi]]'', ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' and ''[[Naiyaandi]]''. His 2014 releases were ''[[Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]'' and ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]''. He also had his first Telugu release ''Run Raja Run''. According to Behindwoods.com, his work in the film "garnered great appreciation from the fans" and the songs had been "in the top of the charts for a long time".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ghibran-tollywoods-most-wanted.html|title=Ghibran- Tollywoods' most wanted|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=11 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002007/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ghibran-tollywoods-most-wanted.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was offered soundtrack work for ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]'' by [[Kamal Haasan]], as well as his next two projects, ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' and ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'', the Tamil remake of ''[[Drishyam]]''.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

Ghibran currently shuttles between Chennai, Mumbai and Singapore for all his recording works, and owns a studio in Chennai.<ref name="behindwoods1">{{cite web |url=http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/director-interview/ghibran-20-08-2011.html |title=Ghibran - Tamil Cinema Music Director Interview - Ghibran | Sargunam | Vaagai Sooda Vaa | Vimal | Iniya |website=Videos.behindwoods.com |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909201340/http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/director-interview/ghibran-20-08-2011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ghibran is married to a Telugu woman from Vijayawada, a scientist, whom he met in Singapore.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> Their first child, a son was born on 18 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Run-Raja-Run-music-director-becomes-Dad/articleshow/45591515.cms|title=Run Raja Run music director becomes Dad|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411094318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Run-Raja-Run-music-director-becomes-Dad/articleshow/45591515.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Ghibran's elder brother A. G. Amid is a director.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Rajathandhiram-director-is-Ghibrans-brother/articleshow/46593183.cms|title=Rajathandhiram director is Ghibran's brother|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817165123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Rajathandhiram-director-is-Ghibrans-brother/articleshow/46593183.cms|url-status=live|date=17 March 2015}}</ref> In May 2024, Ghibran announced he had [[Religious conversion|converted]] from [[Islam]] to [[Hinduism]] and changed his name to Ghibran Vaibodha;<ref>{{Cite web |last=தாரா |first=ராகேஷ் |date=2024-05-06 |title=Ghibran: இந்து மதத்திற்கு மாறிய இசையமைப்பாளர் ஜிப்ரான்! போஸ்டர் அடித்து வரவேற்ற இந்துத்துவ ஆதரவாளர்கள்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/hinduthva-supporters-welcome-music-composer-ghibran-after-he-reveals-conversion-from-islam-to-hindu-religion-181900 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602180853/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/hinduthva-supporters-welcome-music-composer-ghibran-after-he-reveals-conversion-from-islam-to-hindu-religion-181900 |url-status=live }}</ref> the name change had been implemented a year before.<ref name=":20" />

== Discography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Score !! Songs !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="5" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || '''Won''', [[Vijay Award for Best Find of the Year]] '''Won''', [[Ananda Vikatan]] Magazine's Top 10 Nambikkaigal (Hopes) of 2011 '''Won''', [[Mirchi Music Awards South]] for Best Upcoming Music Director '''Won''', BIG FM Melody Music Award for Best Debut Music Director '''Won''', [[Vijay Music Awards]] for Popular Melody of the Year Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Vatthikuchi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Naiyaandi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || '''Won''', [[Mirchi Music Awards South]] for Best Album of the Year (Mirchi Listeners' Choice)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720174709/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil/|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', [[Zee Telugu]] Santosham Award for Best Music Director – Tamil<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bestindiablog.com/2015/08/zee-telugu-santhosham-awards-2015-videos-watch-live-streaming.html |title=Zee Telugu Santhosham Awards 2015 |work=BestIndiablog |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828021840/http://www.bestindiablog.com/2015/08/zee-telugu-santhosham-awards-2015-videos-watch-live-streaming.html |archive-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.salsca.com/tollywood/santosham-awards-2015-winners-list/|title=Santosham Awards 2015 (winners list)|date=25 August 2015|website=Salsca.com|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194812/http://www.salsca.com/tollywood/santosham-awards-2015-winners-list/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Telugu film Debut. Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="2" |Tamil ||'''Won''', [[Los Angeles Independent Film Festival]] Award for Best Original Score<ref name="laiffawards.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.laiffawards.com/october-winners.html |title=Laiff Awards October Winners |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118042832/http://www.laiffawards.com/october-winners.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Won''', [[Los Angeles Independent Film Festival]] Award for Best Song (For the Song "Iraniyan Naadagam")<ref name="laiffawards.com"/> '''Won''', Russian International Film Festival Award for Best Original Music<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=http://ruiff.ru/winners-2015-october/ |title=Winners (2015 October) |work=Ruiff.nu |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034416/http://ruiff.ru/winners-2015-october/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Won''', Platinum Award from International Independent Film Awards for Original Score<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://iifilmawards.com/Platinum_Award.html|title=Platinum Award|website=iifilmawards.com|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194906/http://iifilmawards.com/Platinum_Award.html|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', Diamond Award from International Independent Film Awards for Original Song ("Iraniyan Naadagam")<ref name="iifilmawards.com">{{cite web|url=http://iifilmawards.com/Diamond_Award.html|title=Diamond Award|website=iifilmawards.com|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716223840/http://iifilmawards.com/Diamond_Award.html|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', Diamond Award from International Independent Film Awards for Original Song ("Kaadhalaam")<ref name="iifilmawards.com"/> '''Gold Winner''', from Prestige Music Award for Original Song ("Kaadhalaam")<ref name="prestigemusicaward.com">{{Cite web |url=http://prestigemusicaward.com/ |title=Prestige music awards |work=prestige |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083026/http://prestigemusicaward.com/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Silver Winner''', from Prestige Music Award for Original Song ("Iraniyan Naadagam")<ref name="prestigemusicaward.com"/> '''Won''', [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] for Best Music Director<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.ntff.no/node/136|title=The 7th annual NTFF 2016 -Tamilar Awards 2016 Winners announced!|website=Ntff.no|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704082111/http://www.ntff.no/node/136|archive-date=4 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Won''', Behindwoods Gold Medal for Best Music Director<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/list-of-winners-of-behindwoods-gold-medal-2015.html|title=List of winners of Behindwoods Gold Medals 2015|date=26 July 2016|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024150756/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/list-of-winners-of-behindwoods-gold-medal-2015.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Score reused in the Sinhalese remake ''[[Dharmayuddhaya]]''.
|-
| ''[[Thoongaavanam]]'' ''Cheekati Rajyam'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Tamil Telugu ||Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Composer-Mani-Sharma-joins-Hyper/articleshow/54623889.cms|title=Composer Mani Sharma joins Hyper|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111191106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Composer-Mani-Sharma-joins-Hyper/articleshow/54623889.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2017 || ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="5" |Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aramm]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Released in Telugu as ''Karthavyam''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/karthavyam/movie-review/63333188.cms|title=Karthavyam Telugu Movie Review {3/5}: It is indeed a noteworthy effort unless serious cinema is not your kind of entertainment|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Released in Telugu as ''Khakee''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/khakee/movie-review/61687848.cms|title=Khakee Movie Review {3.5/5}: If you're looking for an out-and-out cop thriller, go watch this one|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maayavan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Chennai Singapore]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Vishwaroopam 2]]'' ''Vishwaroop 2'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Tamil [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||Bilingual Film
|-
| ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="2" |Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ratsasan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||'''Won''', [[Raj TV]] award for Best Music Director<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GhibranOfficial/status/1098485003049066497|title=Great Pleasure in having all your warmth and support that got me the Best Music Director award for #Ratsasan Movie from @RajtvNetwork .pic.twitter.com/7YRBjBcVPC|last=Ghibran|date=20 February 2019|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170927/https://twitter.com/GhibranOfficial/status/1098485003049066497|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', LATCA Los Angeles Theatrical Release Competition & Awards for Best Music Score<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefilmfestival.com/2019-winners|title=2019 Winners|website=thefilmfestival|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928174429/https://www.thefilmfestival.com/2019-winners|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/ratsasan-two-awards-latca-film-festival-2019-vishnu-vishal-amala-paul-director-ramkumar/|title=Ratsasan Bags Two Awards At LATCA Film Festival 2019|date=21 September 2019|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009045007/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/ratsasan-two-awards-latca-film-festival-2019-vishnu-vishal-amala-paul-director-ramkumar/|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', Oniros Film Awards for Best Soundtrack<ref name=":10">{{Cite web | url=https://onirosfilmawards.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/09/ONIROS_AUGUST.pdf | title=Oniros film awards | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013080846/https://onirosfilmawards.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/09/ONIROS_AUGUST.pdf | archive-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> '''Won''', Diamond Film Awards for Best Original Score<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://www.diamondfilmawards.com/august-2019/|title=August 2019 – Diamond Film Awards|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823191210/https://www.diamondfilmawards.com/august-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Won''', Best Sagrada Familia Soundtrack / Music score at Barcelona Planet Film Festival<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/BarcelonaPlanetFilmFestival/posts/2124756337832524|title=Barcelona Planet Film Festival|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2 October 2019|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117054844/https://www.facebook.com/BarcelonaPlanetFilmFestival/posts/2124756337832524|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', Los Angeles Film Awards for Best Film Score<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafilmawards.net/september-2019|title=September 2019|website=LA Film Awards|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013080846/https://www.lafilmawards.net/september-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', Hollywood International Moving Pictures Film Festival award for Best Music Score<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=http://himpff.com/summer-2019-winners.html|title=Summer 2019 Winners|website=A home for your amazing films.|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013065012/https://himpff.com/summer-2019-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', International Independent Film Awards (IIFA) for Best Original score<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iifilmawards.com/Platinum_Award.html|title=Platinum Award|website=www.iifilmawards.com|access-date=2 October 2019|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929050057/http://www.iifilmawards.com/Platinum_Award.html|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', Latitude Film Awards for Original Score <ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://latitudefilmawards.com/august-2019/|title=August 2019|date=12 September 2019|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610061200/https://latitudefilmawards.com/august-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Won''', Starshine Film festival Award for Best Original Score <ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=http://www.starshinefilmfestival.com/august-2019/|title=August 2019 – Starshine Film Festival|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421161747/http://www.starshinefilmfestival.com/august-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Won''', East Europe International Film Festival(Part of Fusion International Film Festivals) Award for Best Original Score <ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni62713929|title=Music composer Ghibran gets international recognition for 'Ratasan'|website=IMDb|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823170927/https://www.imdb.com/news/ni62713929|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/news-in-short/music-director-ghibran-wins-best-original-score-for-ratsasan-at-fusion-international-film-festival/ |title=Music Director Ghibran wins Best Original Score for Ratsasan at Fusion International Film Festival – Silverscreen.in |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212010755/https://silverscreen.in/news-in-short/music-director-ghibran-wins-best-original-score-for-ratsasan-at-fusion-international-film-festival/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019 ||''[[Athiran]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]|| Malayalam debut
|-
|''[[House Owner]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Kadaram Kondan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Telugu ||Remake of ''Ratsasan''
|-
| ''[[Saaho]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || Telugu, Hindi ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saaho-ghibran-replaces-shankar-ehsaan-loy-in-prabhas-magnum-opus-will-do-background-score-for-film-6714601.html|title=Saaho: Ghibran replaces Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy in Prabhas' magnum opus, will do background score for film|website=Firstpost|date=28 May 2019|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604010032/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saaho-ghibran-replaces-shankar-ehsaan-loy-in-prabhas-magnum-opus-will-do-background-score-for-film-6714601.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Petromax (2019 film)|Petromax]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="2" |Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020|| ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam ]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-from-vijay-sethupathi-and-aishwarya-rajeshs-ka-pae-ranasingam-is-out/articleshow/77983280.cms|title=First single from Vijay Sethupathi and Aishwarya Rajesh's Ka Pae Ranasingam is out|website=The Times of India|date=7 September 2020|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-from-vijay-sethupathi-and-aishwarya-rajeshs-ka-pae-ranasingam-is-out/articleshow/77983280.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021 ||''[[Maara]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/madhavan-s-transformation-for-maara-goes-viral-see-photo/story-1QP5Wa1eAuQysNMD9XfjnM.html|title=Madhavan's transformation for Maara goes viral. See photo|date=26 June 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011145728/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/madhavan-s-transformation-for-maara-goes-viral-see-photo/story-1QP5Wa1eAuQysNMD9XfjnM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Anthology series – Scored music for "Arampatra" Chapter
|-
|''[[Jango (2021 film)|Jango]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2022||''[[Hero (2022 Indian film)|Hero]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Sebastian P.C. 524]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Valimai]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} ||rowspan=3|Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Taanakkaran]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Koogle Kuttappa]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Home Minister (film)|Home Minister]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Maha (film)|Maha]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="6" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Dejavu (2022 film)|Dejavu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|[[Trigger (2022 film)|''Trigger'']]
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Naan Mirugamaai Maara]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Pattathu Arasan]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Driver Jamuna]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023 || ''[[Amigos (2023 film)|Amigos]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Thunivu]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Tamil ||50th Film
|-
|''[[Hunt (2023 film)|Hunt]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||Telugu||
|-
|''[[Thalainagaram 2]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="7" |Tamil||
|-
|''[[80s Buildup]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024 || ''[[Kurangu Pedal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Weapon (film)|Weapon]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|[[Boat (2024 film)|''Boat'']] || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|[[Miss You (film)|''Miss You'']]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025||[[DNA (2025 film)|''DNA'']] || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2024-10-02 |title=Ghibran to compose score for Atharvaa Murali's DNA |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ghibran-to-compose-score-for-atharvaa-muralis-dna-806021 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[JSK: Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Suresh Gopi and Anupama Parameswaran's JSK gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/28/suresh-gopi-and-anupama-parameswarans-jsk-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rambo (2025 film)|Rambo]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="5" | Tamil||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Rambo Trailer: Arulnithi faces a bigger battle beyond kick-boxing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Oct/04/rambo-trailer-arulnithi-faces-a-bigger-battle-beyond-kick-boxing |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aaryan (film)|''Aaryan'']] || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-19 |title=Aaryan trailer: Vishnu Vishal is behind a serial killer who informs his victims an hour before murdering them |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/19/aaryan-trailer-vishnu-vishal-is-behind-a-serial-killer-who-informs-his-victims-an-hour-before-murdering-them |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Others (film)|Others]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=Gouri Kishan-Aditya Madhavan's Others locks a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/02/gouri-kishan-aditya-madhavans-others-locks-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
| ''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Feb/05/tamilnews2026feb04legend-saravanans-next-titled-leader-glimpse-and-release-window-revealed|title=Legend Saravanan's next titled Leader, glimpse and release window revealed|date=5 February 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Freedom (2025 film)|Freedom]]}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Glimpse of Sasikumar's character from Freedom out | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=29 September 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/29/glimpse-of-sasikumars-character-from-freedom-out }}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2022||''[[Irai (TV series)|Irai]]''||Aha Tamil||
|-
|}

=== Independent works and music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Artist
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''Veera Vanakkam''
|Tamil
|
|This song was released by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[M. K. Stalin|MK Stalin]] marking the special occasion of Police Commemoration Day.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ghibran's tribute song for COVID warriors in Tamil Nadu police department |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ghibrans-tribute-song-for-covid-warriors-in-tamil-nadu-police-department/articleshow/87205068.cms |access-date=2021-10-22 |website=The Times of India |date=22 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ghibrans-tribute-song-for-covid-warriors-in-tamil-nadu-police-department/articleshow/87205068.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Achamae Agandruvidu''
|Tamil
|Vocals by [[Shruti Haasan]] and [[Ramya NSK]]
|Sai Kumar's direction and [[Vairamuthu]] lyrics from Album called "Naatpadu Theral"
|-
|2020
|[[Arivum Anbum|''Arivum Anbum'']]
|Tamil
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Bombay Jayashri|Bombay Jayashree]], and many other well-known singers have taken part in the project.
|The actor-politician talks about his new virtually-conceived project to spread positivity during the global lockdown. [[Kamal Haasan]] is trying to spread hope through music.
|-
|2020
|''Salaam Chennai''
|Tamil
|Cricketers [[Murali Vijay]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Suresh Raina]] and [[Lakshmipathy Balaji|L. Balaji]] are featured in the short film, which was made by Happy Unicorn and was released by [[Think Music]].
|‘Salaam Chennai’ salutes the work put in by frontline workers and stresses the need to prevent the spread of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID -19]] by wearing masks, maintaining physical distance, and through personal hygiene.
|-
|2019
|''Nee Illama Video''
|Tamil
|
|5th track from #7UPMadrasGigS2 in collaboration with [[Sony Music India]]
|-
|2018
|''Get Your Freaking Hands Off Me''
|English, Tamil, Hindi
|
|Launched by [[Kamal Haasan]] at Jeppiaar Engineering College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Composer Ghibran's single will chronicle harassment against women - Pressreader |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20181102/282969631070360 |access-date=2018-11-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185406/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20181102/282969631070360 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Kalam Salaam''
|Tamil
|
|Salaam Kalam, has been penned by [[Vairamuthu]].
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
| rowspan="6" |2010
|[[Vijay Award for Best Find of the Year|Vijay Award]]
|Best Find of the Year
| rowspan="6" |''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
| rowspan="5" {{Won}}
|-
|[[Ananda Vikatan|Ananda vikatan Magazine's]]
|Top 10 Nambikkaigal (Hopes) of 2011
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|Best Upcoming Music Director
|-
|BIG FM Melody Music Award
|Best Debut Music Director
|-
|[[Vijay Music Awards]]
|Popular Melody of the Year
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Award]]
|Best Music Director
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|[[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Music Awards]]
|Best Album of the Year<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah|''Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah'']]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Telugu]] Santosham Award
|Best Music Director<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2014
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Filmfare Award]]
|Best Music Director
|''[[Run Raja Run]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="10" |2015
|[[LA Film Festival|Los Angeles Independent Film Festival]] Award
|Best Original Score<ref name="laiffawards.com" />
| rowspan="10" |''[[Uttama Villain]]''
| rowspan="6" {{Won}}
|-
|[[LA Film Festival|Los Angeles Independent Film Festival]] Award
|Best Song (For the Song "Iraniyan Naadagam")<ref name="laiffawards.com" />
|-
|Russian International Film Festival Award
|Best Original Music<ref name=":3" />
|-
|Platinum Award from International Independent Film Awards
|Original Score<ref name=":4" />
|-
|Diamond Award from International Independent Film Awards
|Original Song ("Iraniyan Naadagam")<ref name="iifilmawards.com" />
|-
|Diamond Award from International Independent Film Awards
|Original Song ("Kaadhalaam")<ref name="iifilmawards.com" />
|-
|Prestige Music Award
|Original Song ("Kaadhalaam")<ref name="prestigemusicaward.com" />
|Gold Winner
|-
|Prestige Music Award
|Original Song ("Iraniyan Naadagam")<ref name="prestigemusicaward.com" />
| Silver Winner
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival]] Awards
|Best Music Director<ref name=":5" />
| rowspan="2" {{Won}}
|-
|Behindwoods Gold Medal
|Best Music Director<ref name=":6" />
|-
| rowspan="11" |2018
|[[Raj TV]] award
|Best Music Director<ref name=":7" />
| rowspan="11" |''[[Ratsasan]]''
| rowspan="11" {{Won}}
|-
|LATCA Los Angeles Theatrical Release Competition & Awards
|Best Music Score<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
|-
|Oniros Film Awards
|Best Soundtrack<ref name=":10" />
|-
|Diamond Film Awards
|Best Original Score<ref name=":11" />
|-
|Barcelona Planet Film Festival
|Best Sagrada Familia Soundtrack / Music score<ref name=":12" />
|-
|Los Angeles Film Awards
|Best Film Score<ref name=":13" />
|-
|Hollywood International Moving Pictures Film Festival award
|Best Music Score<ref name=":14" />
|-
|International Independent Film Awards (IIFA)
|Best Original score<ref name=":15" />
|-
|Latitude Film Awards
|Original Score<ref name=":16" />
|-
|Starshine Film festival Award
|Best Original Score<ref name=":17" />
|-
|East Europe International Film Festival Award
|Best Original Score<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4717384}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEla5g5bUmk Ghibran - GYFHOM (Get Your Freaking Hands Off Me) | Tamil]
*[http://www.behindframes.com/get-your-freaking-hands-off-me-gyfhom-album-launch/ Get Your Freaking Hands Off Me “GYFHOM” Album Launch]
*[https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20181102/282969631070360 Composer Ghibran's single will chronicle harassment against women]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghibran}}
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Islam]]

Sri Charitropakhyan

2026-04-01T00:33:40Z

Vijaykumar96: New

{{Short description|Sikh composition}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Sikhism]]|image=Charitropakhyan - Invocation, Stanza 1-2 in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh.jpg|caption=Invocation of the Charitropakhyan, Stanza 1-2, in the penmenship of Guru Gobind Singh|previous=Shastar Nam Mala|subheader=[[Dasam Granth]]|previouslink=Dasam Granth#Contents|next=Zafarnama|nextlink=Zafarnama (letter)|verses=7558 or 7569<ref>{{cite book |last1=Makin |first1=Gursharan Singh |title=Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory |date=2005 |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |isbn=8176471798 |pages=13 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=54}}</ref>|chapters=404|author=[[Guru Gobind Singh]]}}
{{Dasam Granth Sidebar}}'''''Sri Charitropakhyan''''' or '''''Pakhyan Charitar''''' and also '''''Tria Charitra''''' ({{langx|pa|ਪਖ੍ਯਾਨ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ}}, also known as ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰੋਪਾਖ੍ਯਾਨ and ਤ੍ਰਿਯਾ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ) is a huge composition of [[short stories]], with the purpose of learning from others' mistakes to acquire more refined judgement in all fields, present in [[Dasam Granth]], which is generally and traditionally ascribed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The composition contains 405/404 tales or episodes of wiles of men and women, containing many historical, mythological and philosophical aspects, having 7558 verses.<ref>Page 6, ''Hymns From The Dasam Granth'', By Gobind Singh Mansukhani</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-975506-6 |location=New York |pages=39 |oclc=606234922}}</ref> This composition ends at [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Chopai]] which is one of the [[Nitnem]] [[Gurbani|bani]]s.<ref>Kabyo Bach Benti, Charitar 404, Dasam Granth</ref> The term Charitropakhyan is derived from two words, Charitar means characteristics/function of character and Pakhyan means already told. There are two types of Charitars, Purakh Charitar (male characters) and Tria Chariter (female characters).<ref>ਇਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਪਖ੍ਯਾਨੇ ਪੁਰਖ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰੇ ਮੰਤ੍ਰੀ ਭੂਪ ਸੰਬਾਦੇ ਇਕਸਠਵੋ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਸਮਾਪਤਮ ਸਤੁ ਸੁਭਮ ਸਤੁ ॥੬੧॥੧੧੦੬॥ਅਫਜੂੰ॥ / ਇਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਪਖ੍ਯਾਨੇ ਤ੍ਰਿਯਾ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰੇ ਮੰਤ੍ਰੀ ਭੂਪ ਸੰਬਾਦੇ ਤ੍ਰਿਸਠਵੋ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਸਮਾਪਤਮ ਸਤੁ ਸੁਭਮ ਸਤੁ ॥੬੩॥੧੧੨੯॥ਅਫਜੂੰ॥ - Dasam Granth Sahib</ref>

There is dispute over the authorship of ''Charitropakhyan'' among scholars, with some claiming that it is out of tune with other Sikh scriptures, and thus must have been composed by other poets.<ref name="McLeod2005">{{cite book |last=McLeod|first=W. H. |title=Historical dictionary of Sikhism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA44 |access-date=2 June 2010 |date=2005-07-28 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0 |pages=44–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title = The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature: Volume 1 (A To Devo)
| editor = Amaresh Datta
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-81-260-1803-1
| page = 888
}}</ref> [[Vir Singh (writer)]] believed these stories to be written by Guru Gobind Singh and that these stories "are meant for the sharpness of the intellect and to evoke the passion of the warrior spirit."<ref>Vir Singh, Srī Gur Pratāp Sūraj Granth Jilad Bahravi 12: page 4994. (Chandigarh: Bhasha Vibhaag, 1989),</ref> and that the romantic tales can also be understood allegorically.<ref>Vir Singh, Srī Gur Pratāp Sūraj Granth Jilad Bahravi 12: page 4992. (Chandigarh: Bhasha Vibhaag, 1989)</ref> As per the ''[[Guru Kian Sakhian]]'' and internal evidence, the writing of the work began in 1691 and was completed in 1696.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=Jagtar Singh |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190990381 |chapter=Literary Activity Recorded in Eighteenth-Century Sikh Literature}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:A photograph of the Charitropakhyan Pothi (volume of pages) in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh.png|thumb|A photo of the Charitropakhyan Pothi (volume of pages) in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh]]
In a literal sense, ''Charitropakhyan'' is a plot created by the author in which there is a [[frame story]] which has the wise minister narrating stories to his King (ਮੰਤ੍ਰੀ ਭੂਪ ਸੰਬਾਦੇ). The plot is explained in the second tale, which is as follows:

King Chitra Singh of Chitravati married a damsel of [[Indra]]'s kingdom. She gave birth to a son, Hanuvant Singh. The damsel deserted the king when he grew old. He ordered all of his employees to find her, but instead found another similar looking girl named Chitramati. Chitramati was the daughter of the ruler of Orissa. To marry her, he had a fight with her father, the ruler of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. Chitramati was about the age of the son of Chitra Singh, Hanuvant Singh. She grew heavily attracted to him and tried to seduce him into a sexual relationship, but Hanuvant Singh was religious in thought and did not go for incest. She in turn created a drama and accused Hanuvant Singh of raping her. King Chitra [[Singh]] believed her blindly, without knowing the side of his son, and sentenced him to death.

Mantri, the wise adviser of the King, knew that the King's second wife, Chitramati, was not of a pious character and was falsely blaming Hanuvant Singh. In order to prevent the wrongful execution of Hanuvant Singh, the adviser shared various accounts of stories depicting different situations, with the intention of making the King realize his folly and improve his decision-making skill.<ref>Charitar 2, Charitropakhyan, Dasam Granth</ref>

==List of tales==
[[File:Illustrated Sikh folios collection.jpg|thumb|Four illustrated leaves from a dispersed manuscript, ca.1850]]
Following is the list of tales present in ''Dasam Granth'':
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
#[[Chandi Charitar]] - The tale of [[Shakti]] ([[Hukam]])
#[[Charitar 2|Raja Chitar Singh and Rani Chitar Vati]] ([[Frame story]])
#Tale of Girl of [[Kalpi]] Town
#Tale of Ghurki
#Tale of Sehaj Kala
#Tale of Maal Mati
#Tale of [[Zainabadi Mahal|Zainabadi]]
#Tale of Anuraag Mati
#Tale of Jag Jot Mati
#Tale of Chitarkala
#Tale of Wife of a Shopkeeper
#Tale of Radhika
#Tale of Wife of Ramdas
#Tale of Puhap Mati
#Tale of Bhaanmati
#Tale of Chhajia
#Tale of Bitan Mati
#Tale of Chhalchhider Kumari
#Tale of Naadira Bano
#Tale of Lal Mati
#Tale of Anoop Kaur
#Tale of Anoop Kaur
#Tale of Anoop Kaur
#Tale of Sumer Kaur
#Tale of Prem Kumari
#Tale of Nirat Mati
#Tale of Biyom Kala
#Tale of Soorchhat
#Tale of Madan Mati
#Tale of Chaachar Mati
#Tale of Maan Manjri
#Tale of Ras Manjri
#Tale of Chhattar Manjri
#Tale of Chhab Maan Mati
#Tale of King of South
#Tale of Fateh Mati
#Tale of Gainde Khan
#Tale of Raj Mati
#Tale of Raj Mati
#Tale of Diljan Mati
#Tale of Preet Manjri
#Tale of Rustam Kala
#Tale of A Slave
#Tale of Tilik Manjri
#Tale of Raj Mati
#Tale of Noor Bibi
#Tale of Baadal Kumari
#Tale of [[Nur Jahan|Noor Jehan]]
#Tale of Nand Mati
#Tale of Pohap Manjri
#Tale of Sheel Manjari
#Tale of Daughter of Raja Vijay Singh
#Tale of Vijay Kunwar
#Tale of Baal Mati
#Tale of Roop Mati
#Tale of Chandra Kala
#Tale of Inder Mati
#Tale of Chiter Devi
#Tale of Laadam Kunwar and Suhaag Devi
#Tale of Rang Raae
#Tale of Shah
#Tale of Mahaan Singh
#Tale of Rani of Raja Parbal Singh
#Tale of Dam Prabha
#Tale of Wife of Mittar Singh
#Tale of Roshan Raae
#Tale of Roop Kala
#Tale of Son of a Shah
#Tale of Raj Kala
#Tale of Chattar Prabha
#[[Charitar 71|Tale of King of Sirmaur]]
#Tale of Shah of Gujarat
#Tale of Pohap Wati
#Tale of Bairam Thief
#Tale of Indebted Thief
#Tale of Son-in-Law Thief
#Tale of Bhagwati
#Tale of Gigo
#Tale of Bisva Mati
#Tale of Radha
#Tale of Drig Daniya
#Tale of Begum of [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jehan]]
#Tale of Rajo
#Tale of lndra Mati
#Tale of Raja Uchsrav
#Tale of lnder Singh
#Tale of Chandra Prabha
#Tale of Kanj Prabha
#Tale of Ram Singh Jat
#Tale of Deepkala
#Tale of Kaamkandla
#Tale of Saroop Kala
#Tale of A Weaver 186
#Tale of Din Diaal
#Tale of Bindo
#Tale of Gohraan Raae
#Tale of Raja Rasaloo and Rani Kokila
#Tale of [[Heer Ranjha]]
#Tale of Ruder Kala
#Tale of A Clever Woman
#Tale of [[Sohni Mahiwal]]
#Tale of Raja [[Dasharatha|Dasrath]] and [[Kaikeyi|Kaikaee]]
#Tale of [[Shah Jalal|Shah Jallaal]]
#Tale of The Wife of a Jat
#Tale of Taas Beg
#Tale of Four Thieves
#Tale of Maan Kunwar
#Tale of [[Sassui Punnhun|Sassi Punnu]]
#Tale of [[Urvashi|Urvassi]]
#Tale of Raja Roopeshwar
#Tale of Raj Prabha
#Tale of Chatar Kala
#Tale of ani Krishna Kunwar
#Tale of [[Rishyasringa|Sringi Rishi]] and Prostitute
#Tale of [[Gautama Maharishi|Rishi Gautam]] and [[Ahalya|Ahliya]]
#Tale of Two Devils: Sandh and Apsandh
#Tale of [[Sachi|Sachee]]
#Tale of Rani Mantar Kala
#Tale of Rani Ruder Kala
#Tale of Vishnu
#Tale of A Thief Woman
#Tale of Rani Kookum Devi and Ghansaar Devi
#Tale of Lord [[Vishnu]]
#Tale of Rani Phool Mati
#Tale of Indra Mati
#Tale of A Brave Woman
#Tale of Rattan Singh
#Tale of Rani Maan Mati
#Tale of [[Mirza Sahiban]]
#Tale of Sumat Kumari
#Tale of Bhaag Mati
#Tale of Sughar Kumari
#Tale of Sujjan Kumari
#Tale of [[Roopmati|Baaj Mati]]
#Tale of Kala Kunwar
#Tale of Rani Bharmar Mati
#Tale of [[Draupadi|Daropdee]] [[Arjuna|Arjan]]
#Tale of Rani Abhawatti
#Tale of Maaneshawari
#Tale of Megh Mati
#Tale of [[Parvati|Paarbati]]
#Tale of Rajkumari Ukha
#Tale of Rani Raj Mati
#Tale of Shingarwati
#Tale of Bhaagwati
#Tale of Parmod Kumari
#Tale of Rani Khairy and Samin
#Tale of Rani of Raja Durga Dutt
#Tale of Five Wives of a Drug-Addict
#Tale of Rani Garbhwati
#Tale of Gumaan Mati
#Tale of [[Lakshmi|Lachhmi]]
#Tale of Naaz Mati
#Tale of Darapkala
#Tale of Praan Mati
#Tale of Kandarapkala
#Tale of [[Nala and Damayanti|Nal Damwanti]]
#Tale of Rani Taanbar Kala
#Tale of Rani Bir Kala
#Tale of Maid Krishna Kala
#Tale of Sanmas Dhola
#Tale of Tund Kala
#Tale of Vijay Kumari
#Tale of [[Udaipuri Mahal|Udhaypuri Begum]]
#Tale of Bhistkala
#Tale of Rani Joban Kala
#Tale of Rani Shaahparee
#Tale of Rani Jot Mati
#Tale of Milkmaid Shaahparee
#Tale of Rani Bir Kala
#Tale of Sahib Devi
#Tale of Geet Kala
#Tale of Sangeeta Kala
#Tale of Surta Devi
#Tale of Chapal Kala
#Tale of Bir Mati
#Tale of Menlata
#Tale of Sumer Devi
#Tale of Kaamwati
#Tale of ainotma
#Tale of Rani Nisis Prabha
#Tale of Bhaan Kala
#Tale of Rit Raj Prabha
#Tale of Daropdhi
#Tale of Runrang Kumari
#Tale of Achalkala
#Tale of Kaamkala
#Tale of Kanchan Prabha
#Tale of Bhoop Kala
#Tale of Chanchala
#Tale of [[Pravin Rai Mahal|Parbeen Rai]]
#Tale of Gaan Kala
#Tale of Tirdas Kala
#Tale of Wife of a Basket Weaver
#Tale of Maanmati and Bipan Prabha
#Tale of Apritam Kala
#Tale of Ran Rang Mati
#Tale of Sankh Kunwar
#Tale of [[Rani Padmini]]
#Tale of Rani Udginder Prabha
#Tale of [[Yusuf and Zulaikha|Yousaf Zulaikhan]]
#Tale of Chapal Kala
#Tale of [[Narakasura|Raja Narkasur]]
#Tale of Rani Kailaas Mati
#Tale of Vijay Kumari
#Tale of Rani Ishaq Mati
#Tale of Rani Mushak Mati
#Tale of Atpal Devi
#Tale of [[Bhartṛhari|Bharthari]]
#Tale of Rani Chanchala Kumari
#Tale of Tarita Prabha
#Tale of Sukmaar Mati
#Tale of Mrig Nainee
#Tale of Gulzaar Mati
#Tale of Tarun Kumari
#Tale of Rani Katach Kumari
#Tale of Shah Sikander
#Tale of Rani Dinket Mati
#Tale of Chaplaang Mati
#Tale of Roshan Jehan
#Tale of Mrig Raj Mati
#Tale of Rani Bhog Mati
#Tale of Rani Chhattarmati
#Tale of Rani Tripuraar Kala
#Tale of Rani Chakhchar Mati
#Tale of Rustam Devi
#Tale of Rani Manmaal Mati
#Tale of Rani Biraj Mati
#Tale of Budh Mati
#Tale of Madan Mati
#Tale of Main Kala
#Tale of Bad Diachhmati
#Tale of Bichhan Mati
#Tale of Nirpat Kala
#Tale of Rani Achhal Mati
#Tale of A Prostitute
#Tale of Bhog Mati
#Tale of Chhat Chhail Kumari
#Tale of Beer Mati
#Tale of Ruch Raaj Kumari
#Tale of Rani Birha Manjri
#Tale of Chhab Maan Manjri
#Tale of Chitar Manjri
#Tale of Naagar Mati
#Tale of Ras Tilak Manjri
#Tale of Swaran Manjri
#Tale of Jas Tilak Manjri
#Tale of Amit Prabha
#Tale of Bichchhan Manjri
#Tale of Bhujang Mati
#Tale of Jal Jaachh
#Tale of Sukh Mati
#Tale of Jeeo Mati
#Tale of Bishan Mati
#Tale of Lahore Mati
#Tale of Seven Maidens
#Tale of Aligunj Mati
#Tale of Hans Mati
#Tale of Mrigraj Kala
#Tale of Kajraachh Mati
#Tale of Mashook Mati
#Tale of Mashook Mati
#Tale of Naagar Mati
#Tale of Birah Kumari
#Tale of Prakrit Mati
#[[Charitar 266|Tale of Rann Khamb Kala]]
#Tale of A Muslim Woman
#Tale of Champa Kala
#Tale of Jhakhket Mati
#Tale of Poorab Devi
#Tale of Bilaas Devi
#Tale of Sugandh Mati
#Tale of Sukrit Manjri
#Tale of A Maid
#Tale of Habsh Mati
#Tale of Ruder Mati
#Tale of A Co-Wife
#Tale of Roshan Aara
#Tale of Prem Manjri
#Tale of Jugraaj Manjri
#Tale of Rani Vijay Mati
#Tale of Amar Kala
#Tale of Rani Kinnar Mati
#Tale of Dakhshan Devi
#Tale of Sumat Mati
#Tale of Bikhiya
#Tale of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mariam Begum]]
#Tale of Chhail Devi
#Tale of Dakhshan Devi
#Tale of Poorab Devi
#Tale of Paschim Devi
#Tale of Utter Mati
#Tale of Raj Devi
#Tale of Anand Wati
#Tale of Chanchala Devi
#Tale of Mangla Devi
#Tale of Sakuch Mati
#Tale of Jhilmil Devi
#Tale of Achhal Devi
#Tale of A Wise Friend
#Tale of Isht Mati
#Tale of Chhattar Devi
#Tale of Abharn Devi
#Tale of Vidhiya Mati
#Tale of Tripur Mati
#Tale of Dudamb Devi
#Tale of Sughna Wati
#Tale of Phut Basir Devi
#Tale of Apoorab Devi
#Tale of Ras Tilak Devi
#Tale of Daughter of Shah
#Tale of A Jatti
#Tale of A Beautician
#Tale of Sukmaar Devi
#Tale of Pachham Devi
#Tale of Bang Devi
#Tale of Puhap Prabha
#Tale of Margaj Devi
#Tale of Muni Raj Mati
#Tale of [[Rukmini|Rukmani]]
#Tale of [[Devayani|Devjaani]]
#Tale of Makrachh Mati
#Tale of Parmud Sen
#Tale of Apsra Mati
#Tale of Sultan Kumari (debated, missing charitar)
#Tale of Sukch Mati
#Tale of Achla Mati
#Tale of Pir Kutab Shah
#Tale of a Female (Water-Carrier)
#Tale of Birah Devi
#Tale of Valan Devi
#Tale of Preet Kala
#Tale of Daughter of Shah
#Tale of Pingal Devi
#Tale of Roshan Dimaagh
#Tale of Rangh Jhar Devi
#Tale of Parj Mati
#Tale of Bivaas Mati
#Tale of Rattan Mati
#Tale of Mathura
#Tale of Apachhara Devi
#Tale of Baranga Devi
#Tale of Sorath Devi and Paraj Kumari
#Tale of Ras Rang Mati
#Tale of Angana Devi
#Tale of Gajgaah Mati
#Tale of Lakhshmani
#Tale of Gora Devi
#Tale of Ugar Devi
#Tale of Navjoban Devi
#Tale of Bastar Mati
#Tale of Zebatul Nisa
#Tale of Rann Jhoomak Devi
#Tale of Sandhla Devi
#Tale of Bilaas Devi
#Tale of Dal Bhanbah Devi
#Tale of Khanjan Devi
#Tale of Sunder Devi
#Tale of Manmohan Devi
#Tale of Jhakhjhoomer Devi
#Tale of Gaj Gaamni Devi
#Tale of Guloo
#Tale of Punjab Devi
#Tale of Mehtab Prabha
#Tale of Chit Chop Mati
#Tale of Naabh Mati
#Tale of Moorakh Mati
#Tale of Chakh Chaar Mati
#Tale of Chanchal Devi
#Tale of Abdaal Mati
#Tale of Kanchan Devi
#Tale of Rani Suchhab Wati
#[[Charitar 373|Tale of Hingla Devi]]
#Tale of Mehtaab Mati
#Tale of Jag Joban Devi
#Tale of Parbin Devi
#Tale of Suhaas Devi
#Tale of Miradhaas Mati
#Tale of Suprabha Devi
#Tale of Chriter Mati
#Tale of Khaadma Baano
#Tale of Mani Neel Mati
#Tale of Kokila Mati
#Tale of Wife of Shah
#Tale of Raj Kumari
#Tale of Din Dipak Devi
#Tale of Jagmohan Devi
#Tale of Madh Mokal Devi
#Tale of Makardhuj Devi
#Tale of Gohra Rai
#Tale of Khatima Baano
#Tale of Sandal Devi
#Tale of Champa Devi
#Tale of Alkesh Mati
#Tale of Sajul Devi
#Tale of Chapla Devi
#Tale of Sagar Devi
#Tale of Alkrit Devi
#Tale of Bhookhan Devi
#Tale of Maha Kunwar
#Tale of Basant Kumari
#Tale of [[Sada Kaur|Sadda Kumari]]
#Tale of Shiv Devi
#Tale of Shri Immortal Lord ([[Chaupai Sahib]])
}}

==Summary of tales==
The following are the summaries of several tales, translated from the work of Dr Rattan Singh Jaggi [[Steek (Sikh literature)|Steek]] of the Dasam Granth

=== 98. Tale of Heer Ranjha ===
{{Main|Heer Ranjha}}
[[File:Fresco artwork from Pothi-Mala, Guru Harsahai, Punjab 64.jpg|thumb|Fresco artwork of Heer and Ranjha from Pothi-Mala, Guru Harsahai, Punjab]]
Ranjha was an avatar of Indra and Heer was avatar of Apsara Meneka who was given abhi-shaap (curse) by Rishi Kapil to get born on Matlok. Rishi kapil was visiting inderlok when he got opportunity to saw Menaka for first time in king Inder darbar and his "Biraj" fell on seeing her. This led to rishi kapil cursing Menaka in anger! " you will take birth in Matlok. Ranjha was born near river chenab at house of chitar devi. As years went by a great famine came and only those people survived who were rich. Ranjha mother during famine in order to survive, sold him to a Jat family and he became an attractive young man whosoever girl saw him, fell for him saying "Ranjha Ranjha" the famous couplet popular in today times. Similarly Heer ended up being born into Choochak Clan. As the epic moves forward they fell in love and heer was married to Khera family as her father doesn't agree with Ranjha. Now Ranjha becomes a beggar and joins the Doli (Marriage) party of heer during her marriage. When ranjha gets a chance with heer alone they both suicide together and leave for Swarga back into their positions of Indra and Meneka. The authors today sing this Plot(Charitar).

Bhai Gurdas also references this epic in Vaar 27 Pauri 1

<blockquote>ਰਾਂਝਾ ਹੀਰ ਵਖਾਣੀਐ ਓਹੁ ਪਿਰਮ ਪਰਾਤੀ॥ 
Ranjha and Heer are renowned for the love they bore each other.

ਪੀਰ ਮੁਰੀਦਾ ਪਿਰਹੜੀ ਗਾਵਨਿ ਪਰਭਾਤੀ॥੧॥ 
But superior to all is the love, the disciples bear for their Guru. They sing it at the ambrosial hour of morning
</blockquote>

=== 100. Tale of a Clever Woman ===

In Raghu-kul a king named Roopeswar was a famous and respected in Nagar of Ropar (now Punjab). He had a queen named "Chittar Kumari" and she was very beautiful and no other woman was equally beautiful to her. A Danav (demon) came over from Lanka to Ropar. He was enticed by the Rani and Danav mind got fixed on her. The king called his bishops for consulting to get rid of Danav. And they sent a powerful Muslim general (Mullah) to fight him off and Mullah challenged Danav with his power. Danav responded by lifting the castle around him in one hand and Mullah in other and he placed castle on his head as if he is the pillar supporting him and the castle fell on him and this is how he sent the mullah to Jampur (City of Death). Then, the king sent his second Muslim general, who Danav lifted from legs and banged him on earth and killed him. Then came another one who he picked and threw in the river. 
Then came a woman in front of Danav, and she started praising the dana and this pacified the Danav. She enticed the Danav. She fed the Danav with various kind of food and wines, which made Danav happy. She started doing this every day for him and he started trusting her more and more. 
One day she sat sad in front of her and Danav asked her, you take good care of me and you ask nothing for return. Tell me what you want, why are you sad and I will fulfill your wish. He asked 2 or 3 times and she responded by saying. I am bothered by an Asur (demon) and I don't think you can do anything about it. 
Hearing this the Danav wrote a Jantar for her and told her take this and whosoever sees it once will be burned to ashes. She smartly took it from him and opened it and showed him immediately. Danav saw it himself and burned himself to ashes.

Lesson: Thus, the Danav who could not have been even won over by the powerful "kings of kings" Indra, ended up being deceived (Charitar) by a simple woman.

=== 101. Tale of Soni Mahiwal ===
[[File:Gurdwara Bhumman Shah fresco 09.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Bhumman Shah fresco depicting the folktale of Sohni Mahiwal located in Depalpur, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan.]]
{{Main|Sohni Mahiwal}}

On the bank of the river Ravi, there use to live a Jat named Mahiwal. Seeing him Sohni fell in love with him. When sun use to go down, she used to come visit her by crossing the river Ravi. She used to swim across the river by holding “Baked Clay Pot” or Pakka Ghadda which does not dissolves in water. One day when she started her journey, her brother woke up and started following her. The secret of her journey to meet Mahiwal was now known to her brother, but Sohni did not know her secret is revealed to her brother. Next day in morning her brother went and replaced the Pakka ghadda with Kacha Ghadda or “unbaked clay pot” which dissolves in water. Thus that night Sohni picked her kachaa ghadda and began journey. She swam half way and the Unbaked clay pot melted in waters of Ravi and sohni sank and died in water. Mahiwal waiting and waiting started searching for Sohni in Ravi waters. A strong wave current came and he also sank in the river and died.

Learning: Thus, One Person (her own Brother) constructed a plot (Charitar) which ended up killing sohni and mahiwal.

Bhai Gurdas also references this epic in Vaar 27 Pauri 1

<blockquote>
ਮੇਹੀਵਾਲ ਨੋ ਸੋਹਣੀ ਨੈ ਤਰਦੀ ਰਾਤੀ। 
The fame of Sohni who used to swim the Chenab river in the night to meet Mahival is well known.

ਪੀਰ ਮੁਰੀਦਾ ਪਿਰਹੜੀ ਗਾਵਨਿ ਪਰਭਾਤੀ॥੧॥ 
But superior to all is the love, the disciples bear for their Guru. They sing it at the ambrosial hour of morning
</blockquote>

=== 108. Tale of Sassi Punnu ===
{{Main|Sassui Punnhun}}

[[File:Fresco artwork from Pothi-Mala, Guru Harsahai, Punjab 61.jpg|thumb|Fresco artwork of the folktale of Sassi Pannu from Pothi-Mala, Guru Harsahai, Punjab]]

The Rishi Kapil came over to some place and saw an Apsara named Rambha. Seeing Rambha his mind got affixed with her and his "Biraj" fell on earth. From his Biraj, Rambha got pregnant, which resulted in a girl child being born. Rambha threw that child in Sind River and went to swarga.

The girl kept floating in river Sind and Was rescued by Kind of Sind Brahamdatt. He started taking care of her as a daughter and named her Sassi or "Sassiya" as she was more beautiful than the Moon (Sass).

When she grew up, she was married to King Punnu. The King Punnu already had Rani before Sassi. As Punnu grew fond of Sassi, the other Elder Rani got jealous of Sassi. She plotted to kill Punnu with her servants, when King Punnu will go for hunting next time. The day of death came and King Punnu went for Hunting and the servant of Elder Rani fired his arrow and took the King down in middle of Dark jungle. The news of death came to Sassi and she went with her servants to middle of jungle to see dead body of Punnu, and seeing the body Sassi also died.

The story ends with Dharamraj Response

In Dharamraj Sabha news of death came of Sassi and Punnu, Dharamraj responded that with the jealous fervor sorrow, the Other Rani got angry and did Charitar(Plotted) to kill her Husband Punnu, with the same Sorrow she will taken, lets do this solution.

Learning: Jealousy always leads to wrong ending and is punishable in court of Dharamraj.

Dharamraj can be referenced in Guru Granth Sahib Jee, Ang 967 Line 6 Raag Raamkali: Bhatt Satta & Balwand 
ਧਰਮ ਰਾਇ ਹੈ ਦੇਵਤਾ ਲੈ ਗਲਾ ਕਰੇ ਦਲਾਲੀ॥

The Righteous Judge of Dharma(DharamRaj) considered the arguments and makes the decision.

Bhai Gurdas Vaar also references this epic in Vaar 27 Pauri 1

<blockquote>
ਸਸੀ ਪੁੰਨੂੰ ਦੋਸਤੀ ਹੁਇ ਜਾਤਿ ਅਜਾਤੀ। 
The love of Sassi and Punnü, though of different castes, is everywhere spoken of.

ਪੀਰ ਮੁਰੀਦਾ ਪਿਰਹੜੀ ਗਾਵਨਿ ਪਰਭਾਤੀ॥੧॥ 
But superior to all is the love, the disciples bear for their Guru. They sing it at the ambrosial hour of morning
</blockquote>

== Missing tale ==
The 325th Charitar of the Charitropakhyan is missing in a plethora of Dasam Granth Manuscripts, and for this reason the Charitropakhyan is typically listed as having 404 charitars, even though the last charitar gives the notation of being the 405th (at the end of the Chaupai Sahib)<blockquote>ਇਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਪਖ੍ਯਾਨੇ ਤ੍ਰਿਯਾ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰੇ ਮੰਤ੍ਰੀ ਭੂਪ ਸੰਬਾਦੇ '''ਚਾਰ ਸੌ ਪਾਂਚ''' ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਸਮਾਪਤਮ ਸਤੁ ਸੁਭਮ ਸਤੁ '''॥੪੦੫॥'''੭੫੫੮॥ ਅਫਜੰੂ ॥

eit sree charitr pakhayaane tirayaa charitre ma(n)tree bhoop sa(n)baadhe chaar sau paa(n)ch charitr samaapatam sat subham sat ||405||7558|| afaja(n)oo ||

Here ends the Chartar Pakhyan, which catalogues the stories of Women and Ministers. End of the 405th charitar.</blockquote>

==Authorship==
The different theories on the authorship of the ''Pakhyan Charitar'':<ref name="McLeod2005b">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|title=Historical dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA52|access-date=2 June 2010|date=2005-07-28|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=52}}</ref>
# The historical and traditional view is that the entire work was composed by Guru Gobind Singh himself.
# The entire collection was composed by the poets of the Guru's entourage.
# Only a part of the work was composed by the Guru, while the rest was composed by the other poets.
# The work is not related to the Guru, but was instead written by an unknown poet.

===Historical references===
The following are historical references from the 18th Century, which claim that Guru Gobind Singh had written tales at [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] as well as at Dina Kangar:

====Letter to Mata Sundri, Bhai Mani Singh====
[[File:Bhai Mani Singh's letter addressed to Mata Sundari in April 1716 concerning the condition of the Sikhs and his mission of collecting Guru Gobind Singh's compositions.jpg|thumb|[[Bhai Mani Singh|Bhai Mani Singh's]] letter addressed to [[Mata Sundari]] in April 1716 concerning the condition of the Sikhs and his mission of collecting Guru Gobind Singh's compositions. It mentions the Sri Charitropakhyan as being the composition of Guru Gobind Singh]]
The letter is claimed to have been written by [[Bhai Mani Singh]] to [[Mata Sundari]] in 1716, after 8 years of the demise of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>....ਭਾਈ ਮਨੀ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦਾ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਨਾਲ ਨਿਰੰਤਰ ਬਣਿਆ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਇਹ ਪੱਤਰ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦੇ ਜੋਤੀ-ਜੋਤਿ ਸਮਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਕੋਈ 4-5 ਸਾਲ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾ ਹੈ।.....Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv, Dr. Harbhajan Singh</ref> This manuscript provides evidence of existence of 303 Charitars, Shastar Nam Mala and [[Chaubis Avtar|Krishna Avtar]] compositions. This manuscript was written before compilation of dasam granth during collections of various compositions.<ref>...ਭਾਈ ਮਨੀ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਮਾਤਾ ਸੁੰਦਰੀ ਜੀ ਨੂੰ ਲਿਖਿਆ ਇਕ ਪੱਤਰ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿਚ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ 303 'ਚਰਿਤਰ ਉਪਾਖਿਆਨ' ਅਤੇ 'ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ ਅਵਤਾਰ' ਦਾ ਪੂਰਬਾਰਧ ਮਿਲ ਜਾਣ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਦਾ ਉਤਰਾਰਧ ਅਥਵਾ 'ਸ਼ਸਤ੍ਰ ਨਾਮ ਮਾਲਾ' ਨਾ ਮਿਲਣ ਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ। ...Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv, Dr. Harbhajan Singh</ref> Among critics Gyani Harnam Singh Balabh believes that only 303 Charitars were written by Guru Gobind Singh among 404 Charitars in Charitropakhyan.<ref>...ਇਹ ਵੀ ਸੋਚਣ ਦੀ ਗਲ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਜੇ ਇਸ ਚਿੱਠੀ ਦੇ ਅਸਤਿਤ੍ਵ ਦੀ ਖ਼ਬਰ 'ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ' ਦੀ ਬਾਣੀ ਉਤੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਮਿਲਦੀ, ਤਾਂ ਇਹ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਪੂਰੇ 'ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ' ਨੂੰ ਗੁਰੂ-ਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਦਸਣ ਵਾਸਤੇ ਉਸ ਨੇ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ੀ ਚਿੱਠੀ ਬਣਾਈ ਹੈ। ਪਰ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਇਸ ਦੇ ਉਲਟ ਹੈ। ਜਿਸ ਗਿ. ਹਰਨਾਮ ਸਿੰਘ 'ਬਲਭ' ਨੇ ਸ. ਕਰਮ ਸਿੰਘ 'ਹਿਸਟੋਰੀਅਨ' ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰੁੇੁਰਨਾ ਨਾਲ ਇਸ ਪੱਤਰ ਨੂੰ ਖੋਜ ਕੇ ਪ੍ਰਚਾਰਿਆ ਸੀ, ਵਾਸਤਵ ਵਿਚ ਉਹ 'ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ' ਦਾ ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਸੀ। 'ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨਾਵਤਾਰ ਬਾਣੀ', ਜਿਸ ਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਇਸ ਪੱਤਰ ਵਿਚ ਹੈ, ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਗਿਆਨੀ ਹਰਨਾਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਿਸੇ ਕਵੀ ਦੀ ਰਚਨਾ ਮੰਨਦਾ ਹੈ। ਉਸ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ 'ਚਰਿਤਰੋਪਾਖਿਆਨ' ਦੇ ਕੇਵਲ 303 ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਗੁਰੂ-ਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਹਨ। ...Sri Dasam Granth Krtitv, Dr. Harbhajan Singh</ref> According to Robin Rinehart in ''Debating the Dasam Granth'' (2011), the letter first appeared publicly in the late 1920s and its style of writing and handwriting was analyzed by Rattan Singh Jaggi in the 1960s who concluded that it does not match with Bhai Mani Singh's time period, casting doubts on its authenticity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-984247-6 |page=39 |oclc=710992237}}</ref>

====Parchi Gobind Singh - Bava Sevadas====
This manuscript was finished sometime in the first quarter of the eighteenth century (around 1741) by Seva Das, an [[Udasi]].<ref>[http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/eighteenth-century-literature/parchi Parchi and History]</ref> He mentioned that Guru Gobind Singh had written tales in Persian in [[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]], called [[Hikaaitaan]] during his lifetime.<ref>Sakhi 13, Parchi Guru Gobind Singh Ki, Bava Sewadas</ref> Many of these tales are the Persian translations of the narratives in Charitropakhyan.<ref name="sikhisearch"/>

====Mahima Parkash, Sarup Das Bhalla====
This book was completed by Sarup Das, who belong to lineage of [[Guru Amar Das]]s, in 1776. He had access to whole Dasam Granth and mentioned that 404 Charitars and Chaubis Avtar was written by Guru Gobind Singh. He states:
<blockquote>
ਦੋਹਰਾ॥ 
ਬੇਦ ਬਿਦਿਆ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਕੋ ਸੰਕਲਪ ਧਰਿਓ ਮਨ ਦਿਆਲ ॥ 
ਪੰਡਤ ਪੁਰਾਨ ਇੱਕਤ੍ਰ ਕਰ ਭਾਖਾ ਰਚੀ ਬਿਸਾਲ ॥ 

ਚੋਪਈ॥ 
ਆਗਿਆ ਕੀਨੀ ਸਤਗੁਰ ਦਿਆਲਾ ॥ 
ਬਿਦਿਆਵਾਨ ਪੰਡਤ ਲੇਹੁ ਭਾਲ ॥ 
ਜੋ ਜਿਸ ਬਿਦਾਆ ਗਿਆਤਾ ਹੋਇ ॥ 
ਵਹੀ ਪੁਰਾਨ ਸੰਗ ਲਿਆਵੇ ਸੋਇ ॥ 
ਦੇਸ ਦੇਸ ਕੋ ਸਿਖ ਚਲਾਏ ॥ 
ਪੰਡਤ ਪੁਰਾਨ ਸੰਗਤਿ ਲਿਆਏ ॥ 
ਬਾਨਾਰਸ ਆਦ ਜੋ ਬਿਦਿਆ ਠੌਰਾ ॥ 

ਪੰਡਤ ਸਭ ਬਿਦਿਆ ਸਿਰਮੌਰਾ ॥ 
ਸਤਿਗੁਰ ਕੇ ਆਇ ਇਕਤ੍ਰ ਸਭ ਭਏ ॥ 
ਬਹੁ ਆਦਰ ਸਤਗੁਰ ਜੀ ਦਏ ॥ 
ਮਿਰਜਾਦਾਬਾਧ ਖਰਚ ਕੋ ਦਇਆ ॥ 
ਖੇਦ ਬਿਭੇਦ ਕਾਹੂ ਨਹੀਂ ਭਇਆ ॥ 
ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਲਿਖਾਰੀ ਨਿਕਟ ਬੁਲਾਏ ॥ 
ਤਾ ਕੋ ਸਭ ਬਿਧ ਦਈ ਬਣਾਏ ॥ 
ਕਰ ਭਾਖਾ ਲਿਖੋ ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਭਾਇ ॥ 
ਮੁਨਿਮੋ ਕੋ ਦੇਹੁ ਕਥਾ ਸੁਨਾਇ ॥ 

ਦੋਹਰਾ ॥ 
ਨਨੂਆ ਬੈਰਾਗੀ ਸ਼ਿਆਮ ਕਬ ਬ੍ਰਹਮ ਭਾਟ ਜੋ ਆਹਾ ॥ 
ਭਈ ਨਿਹਚਲ ਫਕੀਰ ਗੁਰ ਬਡੇ ਗੁਨਗ ਗੁਨ ਤਾਹਾ॥ 
ਅਵਰ ਕੇਤਕ ਤਿਨ ਨਾਮ ਨ ਜਾਨੋ ॥ 
ਲਿਖੇ ਸਗਲ ਪੁਨਿ ਕਰੇ ਬਿਖਾਨੋ ॥ 
ਚਾਰ ਬੇਦ ਦਸ ਅਸ਼ਟ ਪੁਰਾਨਾ ॥ 
ਛੈ ਸਾਸਤ੍ਰ ਸਿਮ੍ਰਤ ਆਨਾ ॥ 

ਚੋਪਈ॥ 
ਚੋਬਿਸ ਅਵਤਾਰ ਕੀ ਭਾਖਾ ਕੀਨਾ॥ 
ਚਾਰ ਸੋ ਚਾਰ ਚਲਿਤ੍ਰ ਨਵੀਨਾ॥ 
ਭਾਖਾ ਬਣਾਈ ਪ੍ਰਭ ਸ੍ਰਵਣ ਕਰਾਈ॥ 
ਭਏ ਪ੍ਰਸੰਨ ਸਤਗੁਰ ਮਨ ਭਾਈ॥ 
ਸਭ ਸਹੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਭਾਖਾ ਕਰੀ ॥ 
ਬਿਦਿਆ ਸਾਗਰ ਗ੍ਰਿੰਥ ਪਰ ਚੜੀ ॥
</blockquote>

==Relationship with Hikaaitaan==
The following is a list of [[Hikaaitaan|Hikayats]], which are similar to narratives in ''[[Charitropakhyan]]'', rewritten in the Persian Language. In fact, many of these are the Persian translations of the narratives in ''Charitropakhyan''.
* Hikayat 4 is Persian adaptation of Charitra 52
* Hikayat 5 is Persian adaptation of Charitra 267
* Hikayat 8 is Persian adaptation of Charitra 118
* Hikayat 9 is Persian adaptation of Charitra 290
* Hikayat 11 is Persian adaptation of Charitra 246

The similarity of narratives in Hikayats and ''Charitropakhyan'' serves directs the single Authorship of both compositions.<ref name = "sikhisearch">[http://www.sikhisearch.blogspot.in/2013/01/relationship-between-hikayats-and.html sikhisearch.com]</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Charitar 2]]
* [[Charitar 71]]
* [[Charitar 266]]
* [[Charitar 373]]
* [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Chaupai Sahib]], the 405th Charitar

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nidar |title=Pakhyaan Charitter: Instructions With Regards to Deceptive Characters |date=16 September 2024 |publisher=Budh Baridh Limited |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Teja |volume=1 |asin=B0DH8XHH5M}}
{{Charitropakhyan}}
{{Dasven Padshah Da Granth}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sri Charitropakhyan| ]]
[[Category:Dasam Granth]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:Lists of stories]]
[[Category:Frame stories]]
[[Category:Works about kings]]

Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:38:17Z

Vijaykumar96: started initial info from scratch!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Odisha}}
{{distinguish|Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Berhampur {{Small|OD-20}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Berhampur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| electors = 15,95,228{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur]] [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]] [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Brahmapur]] [[Digapahandi Assembly constituency|Digapahandi]] [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]] [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]] [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
}}

'''Brahmapur''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|accessdate=2008-09-20
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archivedate=2009-03-04
}}</ref> Former prime minister PV Narishama Rao represented this in 1996.

==Assembly Segments==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|127
|[[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|[[Krushna Chandra Nayak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 132
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
|[[Bibhuti Bhushan Jena]]
|-
|133
|[[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Brahmapur]]
|[[K Anil Kumar|K. Anil Kumar]]
|-
|134
|[[Digapahandi Assembly constituency|Digapahandi]]
|[[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
|-
|135
|[[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
|[[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]]
|-
|136
|[[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|[[Dasarathi Gomango]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|137
|[[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
|[[Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.20}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.83}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|29.84}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|26.49}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.48}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.46}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.05}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.57}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.96}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.35}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.86}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|65.68}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|57.82}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.33}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 19 elections have been held till date including one bypoll in 1961. It was a two member constituency in 1957.

List of members elected from Berhampur constituency are

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''As Ganjam Constituency''}}
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|Bijay Chandra Das
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| rowspan = "2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|[[Uma Charan Patnaik]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[Mohan Nayak]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1961 (bypoll){{efn|Death of [[Uma Charan Patnaik]]}}
|[[Ananta Tripathi Sarma]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''As Chatrapur Constituency''}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Ananta Tripathi Sarma]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|[[Jagannath Rao|R. Jagannath Rao]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''As Berhampur Constituency''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|[[Jagannath Rao|R. Jagannath Rao]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan=2|[[Gopinath Gajapati|Gopinath Gajapati Narayan Deo]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
||[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Jayanti Patnaik]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Anadi Charan Sahu]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Berhampur 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=15&pcname=Berhampur&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Berhampur 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=16&pcname=Berhampur&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Berhampur 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=17&pcname=Berhampur&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Berhampur lok sabha election results 2024: Berhampur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/berhampur-constituency-result-18520 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bhrugu Baxipatra]] by a margin of 1,65,476 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: Berhampur<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Berhampur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Berhampur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1820.htm |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324162017/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1820.htm |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Berhampur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Berhampur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/odisha/berhampur |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324162117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/odisha/berhampur |archive-date=24 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
|votes = 5,13,102
|percentage = 49.20
|change = {{up}}13.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Bhrugu Baxipatra]]|votes=3,47,626|percentage=33.33|change={{down}}11.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rashmi Ranjan Patnaik|votes=1,29,744|percentage=12.44|change={{down}}1.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=15,942|percentage=1.53|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,65,476|percentage=15.87|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,46,688|percentage=65.61|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bhrugu Baxipatra]] by a margin of 94,844 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: Berhampur<ref>{{cite news |title=Brahmapur Lok Sabha constituency of Odisha: Full list of candidates, polling dates |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/berhampur-lok-sabha-constituency-of-odisha-full-list-of-candidates-polling-dates-2192222.html |accessdate=10 April 2019 |work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019 candidate list for Odisha |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |accessdate=10 April 2019 |work=Business Insider India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
|votes = 4,43,843
|percentage = 44.84
|change = {{increase}}0.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bhrugu Baxipatra]]|votes=3,48,999|percentage=35.26|change={{increase}}17.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. Chandrasekhar Naidu|votes=1,42,632|percentage=14.41|change={{decrease}}19.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=14,381|percentage=1.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Tirupathi Rao Karanam|votes=8,290|percentage=0.84|change={{increase}}0.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Somanath Behera|votes=8,296|percentage=0.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate minor party|
|party = Odisha Pragati Dal
|candidate = Srihari Patnaik
|votes = 8,304
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K. Shyambabu Subudhi|votes=8,084|percentage=0.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chakradhar Sahu|votes=7,081|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=94,844|percentage=9.58|change={{decrease}}4.53}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,90,087|percentage=65.90|change={{decrease}}2.87}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = {{decrease}}8.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sidhant Mohapatra]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]] by a margin of 1,27,720 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: Berhampur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1820.htm?ac=20|title = Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
|votes = 3,98,107
|percentage = 43.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]|votes=2,70,387|percentage=29.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rama Chandra Panda]]|votes=1,58,811|percentage=17.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Ali Kishor|votes=35,968|percentage=3.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=12,706|percentage=1.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Dhanada Kanta Mishra|votes=8,248|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sri Hari Pattnaik
|votes = 4,081
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Aswin Kumar Padhi|votes=3,865|percentage=0.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = A Raghunath Varma
|votes = 3,719
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = K Shyamababu Subhudhi
|votes = 3,383
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Manoj Chowdhry|votes=3,314|percentage=0.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samata Kranti Dal|candidate=Bidhan Chandra Panda|votes=2,773|percentage=0.31|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,28,728|percentage=14.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,05,933|percentage=67.90|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 13,34,268
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sidhant Mohapatra]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]] by a margin of 57,287 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: Berhampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
|votes = 3,19,839
|percentage = 26.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]|votes=2,62,552|percentage=21.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bharat Paik|votes=78,929|percentage=6.54|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=57,287|percentage=8.06|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,11,444|percentage=58.92|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/odisha/berhampur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Brahmapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition]]|years=1996}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{coord |19.315316| 84.792338|display=title}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Gajapati district]]
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]

Pravinsinhji

2026-03-29T21:14:55Z

Vijaykumar96: Adding New Data!

{{short description|Raja of Sant (1946-1948)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}{{infobox royalty
| name = Pravinsinhji
| title = [[Maharana]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Sant State|Sant]]
| reign = 22 December 1946 – 1948
| predecessor = [[Jorawarsinhji]]
| successor = Krishnakumarsinhji
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|12|01|df=yes}}
| death_date = 1948
| spouse = Hansa Kumari
| issue = Krishnakumarsinhji
| full name = Pravinsinhji Jorawarsinhji
| father = [[Jorawarsinhji]]
}}
'''Pravinsinhji''' was the ruler of [[Sant State|Sant]] from 1946 until his death in 1948.

== Early life, family, and education ==
Pravinsinhji was born on 1 December 1907 to [[Jorawarsinhji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khosla K. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1706 |title=The States Estates and Who's Who In India and Burma |date=1942 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co., Railway Road, Lahore |pages=69}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Steinberg |first=S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Statesman_s_Year_Book/TY3JDQAAQBAJ |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1948 |date=2016-12-23 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27077-0 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref> He received his elementary education at home.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bennet Coleman And Co. Ltd |url=http://archive.org/details/zscb_the-indian-year-book-vol.-28-ed-by-francis-low-and-whos-who-in-india-1941-1942-b |title=The Indian Year Book Vol. 28 Ed By Francis Low And Who's Who In India 1941 1942 Bombay Bennet Coleman And Co. Ltd. |pages=1313}}</ref> He then joined the [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]].<ref name=":0" /> After completing the Diploma Examination there, he attended the Princes School in [[Baroda]], which he left in 1925 after passing the School Leaving Certificate Examination of the [[Bombay University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97056 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 |date=1939 |pages=40}}</ref>

He married Hansa Kumari, a daughter of [[Vijayarajaji]], the [[Maharao]] of [[Cutch State|Cutch]], by his wife Padma Kunverba, on 15 May 1928 at [[Bhuj]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=SANT |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sant.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123215533/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sant.html |archive-date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Surajmal Lallubhai &amp |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.261385 |title=Surajmals For Quality Diamonds |last2=Co. Bombay |pages=542}}</ref> By her, he had a son, Krishnakumarsinhji.<ref name=":1" />

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father on 22 December 1946, he succeeded to his title, rank, and dignity as the ruler of [[Sant State|Sant]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=M. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Statesman_s_Year_Book/NNjMDQAAQBAJ |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1947 |date=2016-12-27 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27076-3 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref> Upon the [[partition of India]], he signed an [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]] to accede his state to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/International_Studies/3_GgbBKFFWoC |title=International Studies: Quarterly Journal of the Indian School of International Studies |date=1967 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=494–495 |language=en}}</ref> By this instrument, he vested in the [[Dominion of India]] powers in relation to the [[Defense (military)|defence]], [[external affairs]], and [[Communication|communications]] of his state.<ref name=":3" /> He later entered into a merger agreement with the [[Governor-General of India]] on 19 March 1948.<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
He died of [[heart failure]] at his residence in [[Mumbai]] in 1948, and was succeeded by his son, Krishnakumarsinhji.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Feudatory_and_zemindari_India/xgMnAQAAIAAJ |title=The Feudatory and zemindari India |date=1948 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Seleucus I Nicator

2026-03-29T17:48:15Z

Vijaykumar96: small changes

{{Short description|Macedonian general, Diadochus, and founder of the Seleucid Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Seleucus I Nicator
| title = [[Basileus]]{{Efn|[[List of monarchs of Persia|King of Persia]] {{br}} [[King of Kings#Hellenic usage|King of Kings]] {{br}} [[King of the Lands]] {{br}} Lord of Asia {{br}}}}
| image = Seleukos I Nikator Bronze Roman 100BCE-100CE Museo Archeologico Nazionale Naples AN 5590 1.jpg
| alt = Bronze male bust
| caption = Roman copy of a bronze statue of Seleucus found in [[Herculaneum]] (now located at the [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]])
| succession = [[Basileus]] of the [[Seleucid Empire]]
| reign = 305<ref>Boiy "The Reigns of the Seleucid Kings According the Babylonian King List." ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' 70(1) (2011): 1–12.</ref> – September 281 BC
| predecessor = [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]]
| successor = [[Antiochus I Soter]] (co-ruler from c. 292 BC)
| birth_date = {{Circa|358 BC}}
| birth_place = [[Europus (Macedonia)|Europus]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]] (modern-day [[Evropos]], [[Greece]])
| death_date = September 281 BC (aged c. 77)
| death_place = [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]], [[Thrace]] (modern-day [[Kavakköy]], [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]], [[Turkey]])<ref name=EB1911/><ref name="Seleucus I Nicator">{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/seleucus-i-nicator/|title=Seleucus I Nicator|work=Livius}}</ref>
| burial_place =
| spouse = {{ubl|[[Apama]]|[[Stratonice of Syria|Stratonice]]}}
| issue = [[Antiochus I Soter]] [[Achaeus (son of Seleucus I Nicator)|Achaeus]] [[Phila (daughter of Seleucus)|Phila]] Laodice
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| native_lang1 = 
| native_lang1_name1 = 
| dynasty = [[List of Seleucid rulers|Seleucid]]
| father = [[Antiochus (father of Seleucus I Nicator)|Antiochus]]
| mother = [[Laodice of Macedonia|Laodice]]
}}
'''Seleucus I Nicator''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|uː|k|ə|s|}};<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/seleucus-i Seleucus | Collins English dictionary]</ref> [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, ''Séleukos Nikátōr'',{{Efn|{{IPA|grc-x-attic|sé.leu̯.kos ni.ká.to:r|link=yes}}}} "Seleucus the Victorious"; {{nowrap|{{Circa|358}} BC – 281 BC}}) was a [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian Greek]] general, officer and successor of [[Alexander the Great]] who went on to found the eponymous [[Seleucid Empire]], led by the [[Seleucid dynasty]]. Initially a secondary player in the power struggles following Alexander's death, Seleucus rose to become the total ruler of [[Asia Minor]], [[Syria (region)|Syria]], [[Mesopotamia]], and the [[Iranian plateau]], assuming the title of ''[[basileus]]'' (king). The Seleucid Empire was one of the major powers of the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic world]], until it was overcome by the [[Roman Republic]] and [[Parthian Empire]] in the late second and early first centuries BC.

While serving under Alexander, Seleucus was commander of the ''[[Hypaspists|Hypaspistai]],'' an elite Macedonian infantry unit. After the death of Alexander in June 323 BC, Seleucus initially supported [[Perdiccas]], the regent of Alexander's empire, and was appointed [[Companion cavalry|Commander of the Companions]] and [[chiliarch]] at the [[Partition of Babylon]] in 323 BC. However, after the outbreak of the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] in 322, Perdiccas' military failures against [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] in [[Egypt]] led to the mutiny of his troops in [[Pelusium]]. Perdiccas was betrayed and assassinated in a conspiracy by Seleucus, [[Peithon]] and [[Antigenes (general)|Antigenes]] in Pelusium sometime in either 321 or 320 BC. At the [[Partition of Triparadisus]] in 321 BC, Seleucus was appointed [[Babylon|Satrap of Babylon]] under the new regent [[Antipater]]. But almost immediately, the wars between the Diadochi resumed and one of the most powerful of the Diadochi, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]], forced Seleucus to flee [[Babylon]]. Seleucus was only able to return to Babylon in 312 BC with the support of Ptolemy. From 312 BC, Seleucus ruthlessly expanded his dominions and eventually conquered the [[Persia]]n and [[Media (region)|Median]] lands. Seleucus ruled not only [[Babylonia]], but the entire eastern part of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Alexander's empire]].

Seleucus further made claim to the former satrapies in [[Gandhara]] and in northwest India. However these ambitions were contested by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], resulting in the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war|Seleucid–Mauryan War]] (305–303 BC). The conflict was ultimately resolved by a treaty resulting in the [[Maurya Empire]] annexing the eastern satrapies. Additionally, a marriage alliance was formed, with Chandragupta marrying a daughter of Seleucus, according to Strabo and Appian.<ref name=":1">[[Chandragupta Maurya#CITEREFAppian|Appian]], p. 55.</ref> Furthermore, the Seleucid Empire received a considerable military force of 500 [[war elephant]]s with [[mahout]]s, which would play a decisive role against Antigonus at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in 301 BC. In 281 BC, Seleucus also defeated [[Lysimachus]] at the [[Battle of Corupedium]], adding Asia Minor to his empire.

Seleucus' victories against Antigonus and Lysimachus left the Seleucid dynasty virtually unopposed amongst the Diadochi. However, Seleucus also hoped to take control of Lysimachus' European territories, primarily [[Thrace]] and Macedon itself. But upon arriving in Thrace in 281 BC, Seleucus was assassinated by [[Ptolemy Ceraunus]],<ref name="EB1911" /> who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court with his sister [[Lysandra]]. The assassination of Seleucus destroyed Seleucid prospects in Thrace and Macedon, and paved the way for Ptolemy Ceraunus to absorb much of Lysimachus' former power in Macedon. Seleucus was succeeded by his son [[Antiochus I]] as ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Seleucus founded a number of new cities during his reign, including [[Antioch]] (300 BC), [[Edessa]] and [[Seleucia|Seleucia on the Tigris]] (c. 305 BC), a foundation that eventually depopulated Babylon.

==Youth and family==
Seleucus was the son of [[Antiochus (father of Seleucus I Nicator)|Antiochus]]. Historian [[Junianus Justinus]] claims that Antiochus was one of [[Philip II of Macedon]]'s generals, but no such general is mentioned in any other sources, and nothing is known of his supposed career under Philip. It is possible that Antiochus was a member of an [[upper Macedonia]]n noble family. Seleucus' mother was supposedly called [[Laodice of Macedonia|Laodice]], but nothing else is known of her. Later, Seleucus named a number of cities after his parents.<ref name="G2">Grainger 1990, p. 2</ref> Seleucus was born in [[Europus (Macedonia)|Europus]], located in the northern part of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]. Just a year before his birth (if the year 358 BC is accepted as the most likely date), the [[Paeonians]] invaded the region. Philip defeated the invaders and only a few years later utterly subdued them under Macedonian rule.<ref name="G4">Grainger 1990, pp. 4–5</ref> Seleucus' year of birth is unclear. Justin claims he was 77 years old during the [[battle of Corupedium]], which would place his year of birth at 358 BC. [[Appian]] tells us Seleucus was 73 years old during the battle, which means 354 BC would be the year of birth. [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], however, mentions the age of 75, and thus the year 356 BC, making Seleucus the same age as [[Alexander the Great]]. This is most likely propaganda on Seleucus' part to make him seem comparable to Alexander.<ref name="G1">Grainger 1990, p. 1</ref>

As a teenager, Seleucus was chosen to serve as the king's [[Page (occupation)|page]] (''pais''). It was customary for all male offspring of noble families to first serve in this position and later as officers in the king's army.<ref name="G2">Grainger 1990, p. 2</ref>

Seleucus, like his later rivals [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] and [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius]], was reportedly a very powerful man. Appian wrote of an incident in which a wild bull that was about to be sacrificed by Alexander broke free of its bounds, and Seleucus managed to recapture the animal by grabbing and holding unto its horns with his bare hands.<ref name=":1" /> This was apparently the reason for the bull horns in the coins he later minted.

A number of legends, similar to those told of Alexander the Great, were told of Seleucus. It was said Antiochus told his son before he left to battle the Persians with Alexander that his real father was actually the god [[Apollo]]. The god had left a ring with a picture of an [[anchor]] as a gift to Laodice. Seleucus had a birthmark shaped like an anchor. It was told that Seleucus' sons and grandsons also had similar birthmarks. The story is similar to the one told about Alexander. Most likely the story is propaganda invented to present Seleucus as the natural successor of Alexander.<ref name="G2" />

[[John Malalas]] tells us Seleucus had a sister called [[Didymeia (sister of Seleucus I Nicator)|Didymeia]], who had sons called Nicanor and Nicomedes. It is most likely the sons are fictitious. Didymeia might refer to the oracle of Apollo in [[Didyma]] near [[Miletus]]. It has also been suggested that [[Ptolemy (son of Seleucus)]] was actually the uncle of Seleucus.<ref name="G3">Grainger 1990, p. 3</ref>

==Early career under Alexander the Great==
[[File:Hypaspist.jpg|thumb|250px|Seleucus led the Royal ''Hypaspistai'' during Alexander's Persian campaign.]]
In spring 334 BC, as a young man of about twenty-three, Seleucus accompanied Alexander into Asia.<ref name=EB1911/> By the time of the [[Alexander's Indian campaign|Indian campaigns]] beginning in late in 327 BC, he had risen to the command of the elite infantry corps in the Macedonian army, the "Shield-bearers" (''Hypaspistai'', later known as the "[[Silvershields]]"). It is said by Arrian that when Alexander crossed the [[Jhelum River|Hydaspes river]] on a boat, he was accompanied by [[Perdiccas]], [[Ptolemy I Soter]], [[Lysimachus]] and also Seleucus.<ref>Arrian Anabasis [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0530%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D13%3Asection%3D1 5.13.1]</ref> During the subsequent [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] (326 BC), Seleucus led his troops against the elephants of [[King Porus]]. It is unknown the extent in which Seleucus participated in the actual planning of the battle, as he is not mentioned as holding any major independent position during the battle. This contrasts with [[Craterus]], [[Hephaistion]], [[Peithon]] and [[Leonnatus]] – each of whom had sizable detachments under their control.<ref name="G9">Grainger 1990, pp. 9–10</ref> Seleucus' Royal ''Hypaspistai'' were constantly under Alexander's eye and at his disposal. They later participated in the Indus Valley campaign, in the battles fought against the [[Mallian Campaign|Malli]] and in the crossing of the [[Gedrosia]]n desert.

At the [[Susa weddings|great marriage ceremony]] at [[Susa]] in the spring of 324 BC, Seleucus married [[Apama]], daughter of [[Spitamenes]]. They had his eldest son and successor [[Antiochus I Soter]], at least two legitimate daughters (Laodice and Phila) and possibly another son ([[Achaeus (son of Seleucus I Nicator)|Achaeus]]). At the same event, Alexander married the daughter of the late Persian King [[Darius III]] while several other Macedonians married Persian women. After Alexander's death (323 BC), when the other senior Macedonian officers unloaded their "Susa wives" ''en masse'', Seleucus was one of the very few who kept his wife, and Apama remained his consort (later Queen) for the rest of her life.<ref name="G912">Grainger 1990, p. 12</ref>

Ancient sources report several anecdotes about Seleucus' activities during the life of Alexander. In the first of these episodes, he participated in a sailing trip near [[Babylon]], where Alexander's [[diadem]] was blown off his head and landed on some reeds near the tombs of Assyrian kings. Seleucus swam to fetch the diadem back, placing it on his own head while returning to the boat to keep it dry. The validity of the story is dubious. In the second, he took part in the dinner party of [[Medius of Larissa|Medeios the Thessalian]] with Alexander. The story of the dinner party of Medeios may be true, but the plot to poison the King is unlikely.{{Clarify|post-text=insufficient details and context|date=May 2009}} In the final story, Seleucus reportedly slept in the temple of the god [[Serapis]] shortly before Alexander's death in the hope that his health might improve.<ref>Plutarch, ''Alexander'' 76; Arrian, ''Anabasis'' 7.26; {{harvnb|Ogden|2017|p=64}}</ref> The validity of this story is also questionable, as the Graeco-Egyptian Serapis had not yet been invented at the time.<ref name="Heckel p. 256">Heckel p. 256
</ref>

==Senior officer under Perdiccas (323–321 BC)==
[[File:Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ptolemy I Soter]], an officer under Alexander the Great, was nominated as the [[satrap]] of Egypt. Ptolemy made [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] independent and proclaimed himself [[Basileus]] and [[Pharaoh]] in 305 BC.]]
{{Main|Diadochi}}

Alexander the Great died without a successor in Babylon on June 10, 323 BC. His general [[Perdiccas]] became the regent of all of Alexander's empire, while Alexander's physically and mentally disabled half-brother Arrhidaeus was chosen as the next king under the name [[Philip III of Macedon]]. Alexander's unborn child ([[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]]) was also named his father's successor. In the "[[Partition of Babylon]]" however, Perdiccas effectively divided the enormous Macedonian dominion among Alexander's generals. Seleucus was chosen to command the [[Companion cavalry]] (''hetairoi'') and appointed first or court [[chiliarch]], which made him the senior officer in the Royal Army after the regent and commander-in-chief Perdiccas. Several other powerful men supported Perdiccas, including [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], [[Lysimachus]], [[Peithon]] and [[Eumenes]]. Perdiccas' power depended on his ability to hold Alexander's enormous empire together, and on whether he could force the [[satrap]]s to obey him.<ref name="Heckel p. 256"/>

War soon broke out between Perdiccas and the other [[Diadochi]]. To cement his position, Perdiccas tried to marry Alexander's sister [[Cleopatra of Macedon|Cleopatra]]. The [[First War of the Diadochi]] began when Perdiccas sent Alexander's corpse to Macedonia for burial. Ptolemy however captured the body and took it to [[Alexandria]]. Perdiccas and his troops followed him to Egypt, whereupon Ptolemy conspired with the satrap of Media, [[Peithon]], and the commander of the ''[[Argyraspides]]'', [[Antigenes (general)|Antigenes]], both serving as officers under Perdiccas, and assassinated him. [[Cornelius Nepos]] mentions that Seleucus also took part in this conspiracy, but this is not certain.<ref name="G20">Grainger 1990, pp. 20–24</ref>

==Satrap of Babylonia (321–316 BC)==
[[File:Seleucos Nicator Louvre Ma3597 n3.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust attributed to Seleucus I Nicator, [[Roman Empire|Roman Imperial]] artwork made in [[Syria (region)|Syria]] from a [[Hellenistic]] model (c. 200 AD)]]
The most powerful man in the empire after the death of Perdiccas was [[Antipater]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Ainan |title=The Game of Power - Volume 3 (History of Persian Empire) |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2024 |location=London |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> Perdiccas' opponents gathered in Triparadisos, where the empire of Alexander was partitioned again (the [[Treaty of Triparadisus]] 321 BC).<ref name="G21">Grainger 1990, pp. 21–29</ref>

At Triparadisos the soldiers had become mutinous and were planning to murder their master Antipater. Seleucus and [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]], however, prevented this.{{sfn|Bosworth|2005|p=211}} Seleucus' participation in the conspiracy to kill Perdiccas has not been established but in the new settlement, he was awarded the rich province of Babylon.{{sfn|Ogden|2017|p=13}} Some sources consider this his reward for his alleged betrayal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Justinus |first=Marcus Junianus |title=Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus: Volume II: Books 13-15: The Successors to Alexander the Great |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-927759-9 |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref> The decision, however, may have been Antigonus' idea. Seleucus' Babylon was surrounded by [[Peucestas]], the satrap of [[Persis]]; [[Antigenes (general)|Antigenes]], the new satrap of [[Susiana]] and Peithon of Media. Babylon was one of the wealthiest provinces of the empire, but its military power was insignificant.{{sfn|Ogden|2017|p=13}} It is possible that Antipater divided the eastern provinces so that no single satrap could rise above the others in power.<ref name="G21" />

After the death of Alexander, [[Archon of Pella]] was chosen satrap of Babylon. Perdiccas, however, had plans to supersede Archon and nominate [[Docimus]] as his successor. During his invasion of Egypt, Perdiccas sent Docimus along with his detachments to Babylon. Archon waged war against him, but fell in battle. Thus, Docimus was not intending to give Babylon to Seleucus without a fight.{{sfn|Ogden|2017|p=13}} It is not certain how Seleucus took Babylon from Docimus, but according to one Babylonian chronicle an important building was destroyed in the city during the summer or winter of 320 BC. Other Babylonian sources state that Seleucus arrived in Babylon in October or November 320 BC. Despite the presumed battle, Docimus was able to escape.

Meanwhile, the empire was once again in turmoil. Peithon, the satrap of Media, assassinated Philip, the satrap of [[Parthia]], and replaced him with his brother [[Eudemus (general)|Eudemus]] as the new satrap. In the west [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] and [[Eumenes]] waged war against each other. Just like Peithon and Seleucus, Eumenes was one of the former supporters of Perdiccas. Seleucus' biggest problem was, however, Babylon itself. The locals had rebelled against Archon and supported Docimus. The Babylonian priesthood had great influence over the region. Babylon also had a sizeable population of Macedonian and Greek veterans of Alexander's army. Seleucus won over the priests with monetary gifts and bribes.<ref name="G30">Grainger 1990, pp. 30–32</ref>

===Second War of the Diadochi===
{{Main|Second War of the Diadochi}}
After the death of Antipater in 319 BC, the satrap of Media began to expand his power. Peithon assembled a large army of perhaps over 20,000 soldiers. Under the leadership of Peucestas the other satraps of the region brought together an opposing army of their own. Peithon was finally defeated in a battle waged in Parthia. He escaped to Media, but his opponents did not follow him and rather returned to Susiana. Meanwhile, Eumenes and his army had arrived at [[Cilicia]], but had to retreat when Antigonus reached the city. The situation was difficult for Seleucus. Eumenes and his army were north of Babylon; Antigonus was following him with an even larger army; Peithon was in Media and his opponents in Susiana. Antigenes, satrap of Susiana and commander of the Argyraspides, was allied with Eumenes. Antigenes was in Cilicia when the war between him and Peithon began.<ref name="G33">Grainger 1990, pp. 33–37</ref>

Peithon arrived at Babylon in the autumn or winter of 317 BC. Peithon had lost a large number of troops, but Seleucus had even fewer soldiers. Eumenes decided to march to Susa in the spring of 316 BC. The satraps in Susa had apparently accepted Eumenes' claims of his fighting on behalf of the lawful ruling family against the usurper Antigonus. Eumenes marched his army 300 [[Ancient Greek units of measurement#Length|stadion]]s away from Babylon and tried to cross the [[Tigris]]. Seleucus had to act. He sent two [[trireme]]s and some smaller ships to stop the crossing. He also tried to get the former ''hypasiti'' of the Argyraspides to join him, but this did not happen. Seleucus also sent messages to Antigonus. Because of his lack of troops, Seleucus apparently had no plans to face Eumenes in battle. He opened the flood barriers of the river, but the resulting flood did not stop Eumenes.<ref name="G39">Grainger 1990, pp. 39–42</ref>

In the spring of 316 BC, Seleucus and Peithon joined Antigonus, who was following Eumenes to Susa. From Susa Antigonus went to Media, from where he could threaten the eastern provinces. He left Seleucus with a small number of troops to prevent Eumenes from reaching the Mediterranean. [[Sibyrtius]], satrap of [[Arachosia]], saw the situation as hopeless and returned to his own province. The armies of Eumenes and his allies were at breaking point. Antigonus and Eumenes had two encounters during 316 BC, in the battles of [[Battle of Paraitacene|Paraitacene]] and [[Battle of Gabiene|Gabiene]]. Eumenes was defeated and executed. The events of the Second War of the Diadochi revealed Seleucus' ability to wait for the right moment. Blazing into battle was not his style.<ref name="G43">Grainger 1990, p. 43</ref>

===Escape to Egypt===
Antigonus spent the winter of 316 BC in Media, whose ruler was once again Peithon. Peithon's lust for power had grown, and he tried to get a portion of Antigonus' troops to revolt to his side. Antigonus, however, discovered the plot and executed Peithon. He then superseded Peucestas as satrap of Persia.<ref name="G44">Grainger 1990, p. 44–45</ref> In the summer of 315 BC Antigonus arrived in Babylon and was warmly welcomed by Seleucus. The relationship between the two soon turned cold, however. Seleucus punished one of Antigonus' officers without asking permission from Antigonus. Antigonus became angry and demanded that Seleucus give him the income from the province, which Seleucus refused to do.{{sfn|Boiy|2004|p=121}} He was, however, afraid of Antigonus and fled to Egypt with 50 horsemen. It is told that [[Chaldea]]n astrologers prophesied to Antigonus that Seleucus would become master of Asia and would kill Antigonus. After hearing this, Antigonus sent soldiers after Seleucus, who had however first escaped to [[Mesopotamia]] and then to [[Syria]]. Antigonus executed Blitor, the new satrap of Mesopotamia, for helping Seleucus. Modern scholars are skeptical of the prophecy story. It seems certain, however, that the Babylonian priesthood was against Seleucus.<ref name="G49">Grainger 1990, pp. 49–51, Boiy p. 122</ref>

==Admiral under Ptolemy (316–311 BC)==
{{Main|Third War of the Diadochi}}
After arriving in Egypt, Seleucus sent his friends to Greece to inform his fellow Diadochi Cassander (ruler of Macedon and overlord of Greece) and Lysimachus (ruler of [[Thracia]]) about Antigonus. Antigonus was now the most powerful of the ''Diadochi'', and the others would soon have to face him. Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander formed a coalition against Antigonus. The allies sent a proposition to Antigonus in which they demanded shares of his accumulated treasure and of his territory, with Phoenica and Syria going to Ptolemy, Cappadocia and Lycia to Cassander, Hellespontine Phrygia to Lysimachus, and Babylonia to Seleucus.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica'' XIX 57,1.</ref> Antigonus refused, and in the spring of 314 BC, he marched against Ptolemy in Syria.<ref name="G55">Grainger 1990, pp. 53–55</ref> Seleucus acted as an admiral to Ptolemy during the first phase of the war. Antigonus was besieging [[Tyros|Tyre]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Jona Lendering |url=https://www.livius.org/di-dn/diadochi/war05.html |title=Alexander's successors: The Third Diadoch War |publisher=Livius.org |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118035712/http://www.livius.org/di-dn/diadochi/war05.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> when Seleucus sailed past him and went on to threaten the coast of Syria and Asia Minor. Antigonus allied with the island of [[Rhodes]], which had a strategic location and a navy capable of preventing the allies from combining their forces. Because of the threat of Rhodes, Ptolemy gave Seleucus a hundred ships and sent him to the Aegean Sea. The fleet was too small to defeat Rhodes, but it was big enough to force [[Asander]], the satrap of [[Caria]], to ally with Ptolemy. To demonstrate his power, Seleucus also invaded the city of [[Erythrai]]. [[Ptolemy (general)|Polemaios]], a nephew of Antigonus, attacked Asander. Seleucus returned to Cyprus, where Ptolemy I had sent his brother [[Menelaus (son of Lagus)|Menelaos]] along with 10,000 mercenaries and 100 ships. Seleucus and Menelaos began to besiege Kition. Antigonus sent most of his fleet to the Aegean Sea and his army to Asia Minor. Ptolemy now had an opportunity to invade Syria, where he defeated [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius]], the son of Antigonus, in the [[Battle of Gaza (312 BC)|battle of Gaza]] in 312 BC. It is probable that Seleucus took part in the battle. [[Peithon, son of Agenor]], whom Antigonus had nominated as the new satrap of Babylon, fell in the battle. The death of Peithon gave Seleucus an opportunity to return to Babylon.<ref name="G56">Grainger 1990, pp. 56–72</ref>

Seleucus had prepared his return to Babylon well. After the battle of Gaza Demetrius retreated to [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] while Ptolemy advanced all the way to [[Sidon]]. Ptolemy gave Seleucus 800 infantry and 200 cavalry. He also had his friends accompanying him, perhaps the same 50 who escaped with him from Babylon. On the way to Babylon Seleucus recruited more soldiers from the colonies along the route. He finally had about 3,000 soldiers. In Babylon, Peithon's commander, Diphilus, barricaded himself in the city's fortress. Seleucus conquered Babylon with great speed and the fortress was also quickly captured. Seleucus' friends who had stayed in Babylon were released from captivity.<ref name="G74">Grainger 1990, pp. 74–75</ref> His return to Babylon was afterwards officially regarded as the beginning of the [[Seleucid Empire]]<ref name=EB1911/> and that year as the first of the [[Seleucid era]].

==Satrap of Babylonia (311–306 BC)==

===Conquest of the eastern provinces===
[[File:Diadochi.png|thumb|350px|The kingdoms of [[Seleucus I]], [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]], [[Ptolemy I]], [[Cassander]] and [[Lysimachus]]]]
Soon after Seleucus' return, the supporters of Antigonus tried to get Babylon back. [[Nicanor (satrap)|Nicanor]] was the new satrap of Media and the ''strategos'' of the eastern provinces. His army had about 17,000 soldiers. Evagoras, the satrap of [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]], was allied with him. It was obvious that Seleucus' small force could not defeat the two in battle. Seleucus hid his armies in the marshes that surrounded the area where Nicanor was planning to cross the Tigris and made a surprise attack during the night. Evagoras fell in the beginning of the battle and Nicanor was cut off from his forces. The news about the death of Evagoras spread among the soldiers, who started to surrender ''en masse''. Almost all of them agreed to fight under Seleucus. Nicanor escaped with only a few men.{{sfn|Grainger|1990|p=79}}{{sfn|Boiy|2004|p=126}}

Even though Seleucus now had about 20,000 soldiers, they were not enough to withstand the forces of Antigonus. He also did not know when Antigonus would begin his counterattack. On the other hand, he knew that at least two eastern provinces did not have a satrap. A great majority of his own troops were from these provinces. Some of Evagoras' troops were Persian. Perhaps a portion of the troops were Eumenes' soldiers, who had a reason to hate Antigonus. Seleucus decided to take advantage of this situation.{{sfn|Grainger|1990|p=79}}{{sfn|Boiy|2004|p=126}}

Seleucus spread different stories among the provinces and the soldiers. According to one of them, he had in a dream seen Alexander standing beside him. Eumenes had tried to use a similar propaganda trick. Antigonus, who had been in Asia Minor while Seleucus had been in the east with Alexander, could not use Alexander in his own propaganda. Seleucus, being Macedonian, had the ability to gain the trust of the Macedonians among his troops, which was not the case with Eumenes.<ref name="G80">Grainger 1990, p. 80</ref>

After becoming once again satrap of Babylon, Seleucus became much more aggressive in his politics. In a short time he conquered Media and Susiana. [[Diodorus Siculus]] reports that Seleucus also conquered other nearby areas, which might refer to [[Persis]], [[Aria (region)|Aria]] or [[Parthia]]. Seleucus did not reach [[Bactria]] and [[Sogdiana]]. The satrap of the former was [[Stasanor]], who had remained neutral during the conflicts. After the defeat of Nicanor's army, there was no force in the east that could have opposed Seleucus. It is uncertain how Seleucus arranged the administration of the provinces he had conquered. Most satraps had died. In theory, [[Polyperchon]] was still the lawful successor of Antipater and the official regent of the Macedonian kingdom. It was his duty to select the satraps. However, Polyperchon was still allied with Antigonus and thus an enemy of Seleucus.<ref name="G81">Grainger 1990, p. 81</ref>

===Response===
[[File:Seleucos I Bucephalos coin.jpg|thumb|Seleucus I coin depicting [[Alexander the Great]]'s horse [[Bucephalus]].]]
Antigonus sent his son Demetrius along with 15,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry to reconquer Babylon. Apparently, he gave Demetrius a time limit, after which he had to return to Syria. Antigonus believed Seleucus was still ruling only Babylon. Perhaps Nicanor had not told him that Seleucus now had at least 20,000 soldiers. It seems that the scale of Nicanor's defeat was not clear to all parties. Antigonus did not know Seleucus had conquered the majority of the eastern provinces and perhaps cared little about the eastern parts of the empire.<ref name="G82">Grainger 1990, pp. 82–83</ref>

When Demetrius arrived in Babylon, Seleucus was somewhere in the east. He had left [[Patrocles (geographer)|Patrocles]] to defend the city. Babylon was defended in an unusual way. It had two strong fortresses, in which Seleucus had left his garrisons. The inhabitants of the city were transferred out and settled in the neighbouring areas, some as far as Susa. The surroundings of Babylon were excellent for defence, with cities, swamps, canals and rivers. Demetrius' troops started to besiege the fortresses of Babylon and conquered one of them. The second fortress proved more difficult for Demetrius. He left his friend Archelaus to continue the siege, and himself returned west leaving 5,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry in Babylon. Ancient sources do not mention what happened to these troops. Perhaps Seleucus had to reconquer Babylon from Archelaus.<ref name="G83">Grainger 1990, p. 83; Boiy p. 127</ref>

===Babylonian War===
{{Main|Babylonian War}}
[[File:LysimachusCoinWithHornedAlexander.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Coin of Lysimachus with an image of a horned Alexander the Great]]
Over the course of nine years (311–302 BC), while Antigonus was occupied in the west, Seleucus brought the whole eastern part of Alexander's empire as far as the [[Jaxartes]] and [[Indus River]]s under his authority.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Seleucid Dynasty |volume=24 |pages=603–604 |first=Edwyn Robert |last=Bevan |inline=1}}</ref>

In 311 BC Antigonus made peace with Cassander, Lysimachus and Ptolemy, which gave him an opportunity to deal with Seleucus.<ref name="G86">Grainger 1990, p. 86</ref> Antigonus' army had at least 80,000 soldiers. Even if he left half of his troops in the west, he would still have a numerical advantage over Seleucus. Seleucus may have received help from Cossaians, whose ancestors were the ancient [[Kassites]]. Antigonus had devastated their lands while fighting Eumenes. Seleucus perhaps recruited a portion of Archelaus' troops. When Antigonus finally invaded Babylon, Seleucus' army was much bigger than before. Many of his soldiers certainly hated Antigonus. The population of Babylon was also hostile. Seleucus, thus, did not need to garrison the area to keep the locals from revolting.<ref name="G89">Grainger 1990, pp. 89– 91</ref>

Little information is available about the conflict between Antigonus and Seleucus; only a very rudimentary Babylonian chronicle detailing the events of the war remains. The description of the year 310 BC has completely disappeared. It seems that Antigonus conquered Babylon. His plans were disturbed, however, by Ptolemy, who made a surprise attack in Cilicia.<ref name="G89" />

We do know that Seleucus defeated Antigonus in at least one decisive battle. This battle is only mentioned in ''Stratagems in War'' by [[Polyaenus]]. Polyaenus reports that the troops of Seleucus and Antigonus fought for a whole day, but when night came the battle was still undecided. The two forces agreed to rest for the night and continue in the morning. Antigonus' troops slept without their equipment. Seleucus ordered his forces to sleep and eat breakfast in battle formation. Shortly before dawn, Seleucus' troops attacked the forces of Antigonus, who were still without their weapons and in disarray and thus easily defeated. The historical accuracy of the story is questionable.{{sfn|Grainger|1997|p=54}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Polyaenus |url=https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/bchp-diadochi/polyaenus.html |title=The Babylonian war |publisher=Livius.org |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180603/http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/bchp-diadochi/polyaenus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Babylonian war finally ended in Seleucus' victory. Antigonus was forced to retreat west. Both sides fortified their borders. Antigonus built a series of fortresses along the [[Balikh River]] while Seleucus built a few cities, including [[Dura-Europos]] and [[Nisibis]].

===Seleucia===
The next event connected to Seleucus was the founding of the city of [[Seleucia]]. The city was built on the shore of the Tigris probably in 307 or 305 BC. Seleucus made Seleucia his new capital, thus imitating Lysimachus, Cassander and Antigonus, all of whom had named cities after themselves. Seleucus also transferred the mint of Babylon to his new city. Babylon was soon left in the shadow of Seleucia, and the story goes that [[Antiochus I Soter|Antiochus]], the son of Seleucus, moved the whole population of Babylon to his father's namesake capital in 275 BC. The city flourished until AD 165, when the Romans destroyed it.{{sfn|Grainger|1997|p=54}}{{sfn|Boiy|2004| p=45}}

A story of the founding of the city goes as follows: Seleucus asked the Babylonian priests which day would be best to found the city. The priest calculated the day, but, wanting the founding to fail, told Seleucus a different date. The plot failed however, because when the correct day came, Seleucus' soldiers spontaneously started building the city. When questioned, the priests admitted their deed.<ref>Grainger 1990, s.101</ref>

==King of the Seleucid empire (306–281 BC)==
The struggle among the Diadochi reached its climax when Antigonus, after the extinction of the old royal line of Macedonia, proclaimed himself king<ref name=EB1911/> in 306 BC. Ptolemy, Lysimachus, Cassander and Seleucus, the other four principal Macedonian chiefs, soon followed and assumed the title and style of [[basileus]] (king).<ref name=EB1911/>

===Chandragupta and the Eastern Provinces===
[[File:Lorber 130.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Tetradrachm of Seleucus I from the [[Seleucia]] mint. Obverse shows the head of [[Zeus]]. Reverse shows [[Athena]] with elephants, with Greek legend: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΣEΛEYKOY, ''Basileōs Seleukou,'' "of king Seleucus".]]
[[File:Seleukos I Nikator, tetradrachm, 312-281 BC, HGC 9-20.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Coin of Seleucus I from the [[Susa]] mint. Obverse shows Seleucus wearing helmet covered with leopard skin and bull's horn and ear. Reverse shows [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]], holding in both hands a wreath that she places on trophy. Greek legend reads: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΣEΛEYKOY, ''Basileōs Seleukou,'' "of king Seleucus".]]
{{Main|Seleucid–Mauryan war}}
Seleucus soon turned his attention once again eastward. The Persian provinces in what is now modern Afghanistan, together with the wealthy kingdom of [[Gandhara]] and the states of the [[Indus Valley]], had all submitted to [[Alexander the Great]] and become part of his empire. When Alexander died, the [[Wars of the Diadochi]] ("Successors") split his empire apart; as his generals fought for control of Alexander's empire. In the eastern territories, Seleucus I Nicator took control of Alexander's conquests. According to the Roman historian [[Appian]]:

{{blockquote|text=[Seleucus was] always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus.|sign=[[Appian]]|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_syriaca_11.html 55]}}The Mauryans then annexed the areas around the Indus governed by the four Greek satraps: [[Nicanor (Antipatrid general)|Nicanor]], [[Philip (satrap)|Phillip]], [[Eudemus (general)|Eudemus]] and [[Peithon (son of Agenor)|Peithon]]. This established Mauryan control to the banks of the Indus. Chandragupta's victories convinced Seleucus that he needed to secure his eastern flank. Seeking to hold the Macedonian territories there, Seleucus thus came into conflict with the emerging and expanding Mauryan Empire over the Indus Valley.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=34}}

In the year 306 BC, Seleucus I Nicator went to India and apparently occupied territory as far as the Indus, and eventually [[Seleucid–Mauryan war|waged war]] with the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. Only a few sources mention his activities in India. Chandragupta (known in Greek sources as ''Sandrokottos''), founder of the [[Mauryan Empire]], had conquered the Indus valley and several other parts of the easternmost regions of Alexander's empire. Seleucus began a campaign against Chandragupta and crossed the [[Indus]].{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=34}} While the Greek sources have been interpreted by some as a Mauryan victory,{{sfn|Keay|2018|p=84}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basham |first=Arthur |orig-year =1954 |title=The Wonder That Was India |publisher=Grove Press |pages=51}}</ref>{{sfn|Grainger|2014|pp=108–110}}{{efn|Military historian John D. Grainger concludes that Seleucus invaded India, and was defeated, but states that "[b]eyond that, it is not possible to go without further evidence."{{sfn|Grainger|2014|pp=109}} There is "little or no evidence" for the idea that Chandragupta drove back Seleucus' forces as far back as Bactria.{{sfn|Grainger|2014|pp=108}} Other authors are equally cautious. Basham states that Seleucus "seems to have suffered the worst of the engagement." Romila Thapar speaks of "a campaign against Seleucus, in which Chandragupta seems to have been succesfull, judging by the terms of the treaty of 303 BC."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila | year =2004 |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520242258 |pages=176 | url =https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap/mode/1up}}</ref> Kulke and Rothermund state that Chandragupta "stopped his march east," and then present the terms of the peace treaty.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|p=39}} Keay states that "perhaps he was roundly defeated. The terms of the peace treaty certainly suggest so."{{sfn|Keay|2018|p=84}}}} the details of the conflict,{{sfn|Grainger|2014|pp=108–110}} and if there was in fact a [[pitched battle]],{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33–34}} are unknown, and Jansani warns that "there are very little details about the battle or skirmish they fought, and that none of the ancient authors depicted either Seleucus or Chandragupta as the clear victor of this battle. This lack of information about the encounter and the ensuing treaty means that it is impossible to reconstruct them."{{sfn|Jansari|2023|p=35}} Wheatley and Heckel suggest that the degree of friendly Maurya-Seleucid relations established after the war implies that the hostilities were probably "neither prolonged nor grievous".{{sfn|Wheatley|Heckel|2011|p=296}}

The two leaders ultimately reached an agreement,{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33}} and through a treaty sealed in 303 BC,<ref name="Keay" >{{cite book | author= John Keay | title=India: A History | year=2001 | pages =85–86 | isbn = 978-0-8021-3797-5| publisher=Grove Press }}</ref> Seleucus abandoned the territories he could never securely hold in exchange for stabilizing the East and obtaining elephants, with which he could turn his attention against his great western rival, Antigonus Monophthalmus.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33}} The 500 war elephants Seleucus obtained from Chandragupta were to play a key role in the forthcoming battles, particularly at Ipsus{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=37}} against Antigonus and Demetrius. The Maurya king might have married the daughter of Seleucus.{{sfn|Majumdar|2003|p=105}} According to Strabo, the ceded territories bordered the Indus:

<blockquote>The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Sandrocottus]] [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. — Strabo 15.2.9<ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html#2.9 xv.2.9]</ref>
</blockquote>

From this, it seems that Seleucus surrendered the easternmost parts of the provinces of [[Arachosia]], [[Gedrosia]], [[Paropamisadae]] and perhaps also [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]]. On the other hand, he was accepted by other satraps of the eastern provinces. His Persian wife, Apama, may have helped him implement his rule in [[Bactria]] and [[Sogdiana]].<ref>[[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent A. Smith]] (1998). ''Ashoka''. Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|81-206-1303-1}}.</ref><ref>[[Walter Eugene Clark]] (1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology", ''Classical Philology'' '''14''' (4), pp. 297–313.</ref> This would tend to be corroborated archaeologically, as concrete indications of Mauryan influence, such as the inscriptions of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] which are known to be located in, for example, [[Kandhahar]] in today's southern Afghanistan.

[[File:Head of a Greco-Bactrian ruler, Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i-Sangin, 3rd-2nd century BCE.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Seleucus I or possibly a [[Greco-Bactrian]] ruler, with royal diadem. Temple of the Oxus, [[Takht-i Sangin]], 3rd–2nd century BC, [[Tajikistan]].<ref name="OB27">{{cite journal |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=A Faience Head of a Graeco-Bactrian King from Ai Khanum |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=1998 |volume=12 |page=27 |jstor=24049090 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049090 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref>]]Some authors say that the argument relating to Seleucus handing over more of what is now southern Afghanistan is an exaggeration originating in a statement by Pliny the Elder referring not specifically to the lands received by Chandragupta, but rather to the various opinions of geographers regarding the definition of the word "India":<ref>Debated by Tarn, ''The Greeks in Bactria and India'', p. 100</ref>

<blockquote>
Most geographers, in fact, do not look upon India as bounded by the river Indus, but add to it the four satrapies of the [[Gedrosia|Gedrose]], the [[Arachosia|Arachotë]], the [[Herat|Aria]], and the [[Paropamisadë]], the [[Kabul River|River Cophes]] thus forming the extreme boundary of India. According to other writers, however, all these territories, are reckoned as belonging to the country of the Aria. — Pliny, Natural History VI, 23<ref>[https://archive.today/20121210070738/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.23 Pliny, ''Natural History'' VI, 23]</ref>
</blockquote>

The span of control of the Mauryas is also questioned by present-day archaeologists, and the idea that the ceded territory included all of Aria and Gedrosia (Balochistan) seems unlikely.<ref>Coningham & Young (2015), p. 452-453</ref>{{efn|name="Herat"|Kosmin: Kosmin (2014), ''The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire'', p.33: "Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, and possibly also Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat." The acquisition of Aria (modern Herat) is disputed. According to Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee (1996), p.594, it "has been wrongly included in the list of ceded satrapies by some scholars [...] on the basis of wrong assessments of the passage of Strabo [...] and a statement by Pliny." According to John D Grainger (2014, p. 109), "Seleucus "must [...] have held Aria", and furthermore, his "son Antiochos was active there fifteen years later".}}

The alliance between Chandragupta and Seleucus was affirmed with a marriage ([[Epigamia]]). Chandragupta or his son may have married a daughter of Seleucus, or perhaps there was diplomatic recognition of intermarriage between Indians and Greeks. An Indian [[Puranic]] source, the ''[[Pratisargaparvan|Pratisarga Parva]]'' of the ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', described the marriage of [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] with a Greek ("[[Yavana]]") princess, daughter of Seleucus (''Suluva''<ref>''Hindu Nationalism, A Reader'', Christopher Jeffrelot, [[Princeton University Press]], 2007 [https://archive.org/details/HinduNationalism-AReader p.90]</ref> in Indian sources).<ref name="Sagar">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA83 p. 83]. The paragraph of the Pratisarga Parva mentioning this marriage is: "Chandragupta married with a daughter of Suluva, the [[Yavana]] king of [[Persian Empire|Pausasa]]. Thus, he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas. He ruled for 60 years. From him, [[Bindusara|Vindusara]] was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father. His son was Ashoka."[http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf Pratisarga Parva p.18] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423144009/http://mandhataglobal.com/wp-content/custom/articles/Puranas.pdf |date=23 April 2016 }}. Original Sanskrit of the first two verses: "Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam. Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar".</ref>

In addition to this matrimonial recognition or alliance, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, [[Megasthenes]], to the Mauryan court at [[Pataliputra]] (Modern [[Patna]] in [[Bihar state]]).{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=38}} Only short extracts remain of Megasthenes' description of the journey.<ref name="Keay" />

The two rulers seem to have been on very good terms, as classical sources have recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta sent various presents such as [[aphrodisiac]]s to Seleucus.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=35}}{{efn|[[Athenaeus of Naucratis]], ''The Deipnosophists'': "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters [as to make people more amorous]. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love."<ref>[http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus1.html#c32 i.32 ]</ref>}}

Seleucus obtained knowledge of most of northern India, as explained by [[Pliny the Elder]] through his numerous embassies to the Mauryan Empire:

[[File:Mappa di Eratostene.jpg|thumb|350px|The Hellenistic world view after Seleucus: [[ancient world map]] of [[Eratosthenes]] (276–194 BC), incorporating information from the campaigns of Alexander and his successors<ref>[http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ancient%20Web%20Pages/112.html Source]</ref>]]
<blockquote>
The other parts of the country beyond the [[Hydaspes]], the farthest extent of Alexander's conquests were discovered and surveyed by Seleucus Nicator: namely

*from thence (the [[Hydaspes]]) to the [[Sydrus|Hesudrus]] 168 miles
*to the river [[Jomanes|Ioames]] ([[Yamuna]]) as much: and some copies add 5 miles more therto
*from thence to [[Ganges]] 112 miles
*to [[Rhodapha]] 119, and some say, that between them two it is no less than 325 miles.
*From it to [[Calinipaxa]], a great town 167 miles-and-a-half, others say 265.
*And to the confluent of the rivers [[Iomanes]] and Ganges, where both meet together, 225 miles, and many put thereto 13 miles more
*from thence to the town [[Pataliputra|Palibotta]] 425 miles
*and so to the mouth of the Ganges where he falleth into the sea 638 miles. — Pliny the Elder, Natural history, Book 6, Chap 21<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/pliny6.html Pliny, Natural History, Book 6, Chap 17] also [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21 Pliny the Elder, Natural history, Book 6, Chap 21] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728023626/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21 |date=28 July 2013 }}</ref>
</blockquote>

Seleucus apparently minted coins during his stay in India, as several coins in his name are in the Indian standard and have been excavated in India. These coins describe him as "Basileus" ("King"), which implies a date later than 306 BC. Some of them also mention Seleucus in association with his son Antiochus as king, which would also imply a date as late as 293 BC. No Seleucid coins were struck in India thereafter and confirm the reversal of territory west of the Indus to Chandragupta.<ref>[http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/bactria.html#Seleucus%20and%20Antiochus Coinage of Seleucus and Antiochus in India]</ref>

Seleucus may have founded a navy in the [[Persian Gulf]] and in the Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Grainger|1997|p=54}}

===Battle of Ipsus===
{{Main|Diadochi#Fourth War of the Diadochi, 308-301 BC}}
[[File:Seleucos coin MET.jpg|thumb|[[Tetradrachm]] of Seleucus I, minted at [[Susa]].<ref name="MC">{{cite journal |last1=Marest-Caffey |first1=L. |title=Seleukos I's Victory Coinage of Susa Revisited: A Die Study and Commentary |journal=American Journal of Numismatics |date=2016 |volume=28 |pages=1–64}}</ref> '''Obv''': Portrait of male figure (probably Seleucus, but possibly Alexander or Dionysus),<ref name="MC"/> wearing a leopard-skin helmet, with a bull's ear and horns. '''Rev''': [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]], holding a wreath over a trophy, probably referring to the [[Battle of Ipsus]]. Legend "King Seleucus".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Metropolitan Museum of Art |title=Tetradrachm of Seleucus I |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/326156 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref>]]
The war elephants Seleucus received from Chandragupta proved to be useful when the Diadochi finally decided to deal with Antigonus. Cassander, Seleucus and Lysimachus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius in the [[battle of Ipsus]]. Antigonus fell in battle, but Demetrius escaped. After the battle, Syria was placed under Seleucus' rule. He understood Syria to encompass the region from the [[Taurus Mountains]] to [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]], but Ptolemy had already conquered [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Phoenicia]]. In 299 BC, Seleucus allied with Demetrius and married his daughter [[Stratonice of Syria|Stratonice]]. Stratonice was also the daughter of Antipater's daughter [[Phila (daughter of Antipater)|Phila]]. Seleucus had a daughter by Stratonice, who was also called [[Phila (daughter of Seleucus)|Phila]].<ref>[[John Malalas]], [http://www.attalus.org/translate/malalas.html#198 viii.198]</ref>

The fleet of Demetrius destroyed Ptolemy's fleet and thus Seleucus did not need to fight him.<ref name="Grainger97-55">Grainger 1997, p. 55–56</ref>

Seleucus, however, did not manage to enlarge his kingdom to the west. The main reason was that he did not have enough Greek troops. During the battle of Ipsus, he had less infantry than Lysimachus. His strength was in his war elephants and in traditional Persian cavalry. In order to enlarge his army, Seleucus tried to attract colonists from mainland Greece by founding four new cities—[[Seleucia Pieria]] and [[Laodicea in Syria]] on the coast and [[Antioch on the Orontes]] and [[Apamea (Syria)|Apameia]] in the [[Orontes River]] valley. [[Antioch]] became his chief seat of government. The new Seleucia was supposed to become his new naval base and a gateway to the Mediterranean. Seleucus also founded six smaller cities.<ref name="Grainger97-55" />

It is said of Seleucus that "few princes have ever lived with so great a passion for the building of cities. He is reputed to have built in all nine Seleucias, sixteen Antiochs, and six Laodiceas".<ref name="ebd">{{EBD}}</ref>

===Defeat of Demetrius and Lysimachus===
[[File:Démétrios Ier Poliorcète (pièce).jpg|thumb|275x275px|Silver coin of Demetrius I Poliorcetes, with the Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ, ''Basileōs Dēmētriou,'' "of king Demetrius".]]
Seleucus nominated his son [[Antiochus I]] as his co-ruler and viceroy of the eastern provinces in 292 BC, the vast extent of the empire seeming to require a double government.<ref name=EB1911/> In 294 BC Stratonice married her stepson [[Antiochus I Soter|Antiochus]]. Seleucus reportedly instigated the marriage after discovering that his son was in danger of dying of love sickness.<ref>http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antiochus_1.html [[Antiochus I Soter]] entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith</ref> Seleucus was thus able to get Stratonice out of the way, as her father Demetrius had now become king of Macedonia.

The alliance between Seleucus and Demetrius ended in 294 BC when Seleucus conquered [[Cilicia]]. Demetrius invaded and easily conquered Cilicia in 286 BC, which meant that Demetrius was now threatening the most important regions of Seleucus' empire in Syria. Demetrius' troops, however, were tired and had not received their payment. Seleucus, on the other hand, was known as a cunning and rich leader who had earned the adoration of his soldiers. Seleucus blocked the roads leading south from Cilicia and urged Demetrius' troops to join his side. Simultaneously he tried to evade battle with Demetrius. Finally, Seleucus addressed Demetrius personally. He showed himself in front of the soldiers and removed his helmet, revealing his identity. Demetrius' troops now started to abandon their leader ''en masse''. Demetrius was finally imprisoned in Apameia and died a few years later in captivity.<ref name="Grainger97-55" />

Lysimachus and Ptolemy had supported Seleucus against Demetrius, but after the latter's defeat the alliance started to break apart. Lysimachus ruled Macedonia, [[Thracia]] and [[Asia Minor]]. He also had problems with his family. Lysimachus executed his son [[Agathocles (son of Lysimachus)|Agathocles]], whose wife [[Lysandra]] escaped to Babylon to Seleucus.<ref name="Grainger97-55" />

The unpopularity of Lysimachus after the murder of [[Agathocles (son of Lysimachus)|Agathocles]] gave Seleucus an opportunity to remove his last rival. His intervention in the west was solicited by [[Ptolemy Keraunos]], who, on the accession to the Egyptian throne of his brother [[Ptolemy II of Egypt|Ptolemy II]] (285 BC), had at first taken refuge with Lysimachus and then with Seleucus.<ref name=EB1911/> Seleucus then invaded Asia Minor and defeated his rival in the [[Battle of Corupedium]] in [[Lydia]], 281 BC. Lysimachus fell in battle. In addition, Ptolemy had died a few years earlier. Seleucus was thus now the only living contemporary of Alexander.<ref name="Grainger97-55" />

===Administration of Asia Minor===
Before his death, Seleucus tried to deal with the administration of Asia Minor. The region was ethnically diverse, consisting of Greek cities, a Persian aristocracy and indigenous peoples. Seleucus perhaps tried to defeat [[Cappadocia]], but failed. Lysimachus' old officer [[Philetairos]] ruled [[Pergamon]] independently. On the other hand, based on their names, Seleucus apparently founded a number of new cities in Asia Minor.<ref name="Grainger97-55" />

Few of the letters Seleucus sent to different cities and temples still exist. All cities in Asia Minor sent embassies to their new ruler. It is reported that Seleucus complained about the number of letters he received and was forced to read. He was apparently a popular ruler. In [[Lemnos]] he was celebrated as a liberator and a temple was built to honour him. According to a local custom, Seleucus was always offered an extra cup of wine during dinner time. His title during this period was Seleucus ''Soter'' ("saviour"). When Seleucus left for Europe, the organizational rearrangement of Asia Minor had not been completed.<ref name="Grainger97-55" />

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Seleucus I portrait.jpg|thumb|right|330px|Tetradrachm of [[Antiochus I]]. Obverse shows the bust of Seleucus I, with bull's horns. The reverse shows [[Apollo]] seated on [[Omphalos of Delphi|omphalos]], holding bow. Greek legend reads: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ANTIOXOY, ''Basileōs Antiochou'', "of king Antiochus".]]
Seleucus now held the whole of Alexander's conquests except Egypt and moved to take possession of Macedonia and Thrace. He intended to leave Asia to Antiochus and content himself for the remainder of his days with the Macedonian kingdom in its old limits. He had, however, hardly crossed into the [[Thracian Chersonese]] when he was assassinated by [[Ptolemy Ceraunus]] near [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] in September 281 BC.<ref name=EB1911/><ref name="Seleucus I Nicator">{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/seleucus-i-nicator/|title=Seleucus I Nicator|work=Livius}}</ref>

It appears certain that after taking Macedonia and Thracia, Seleucus would have tried to conquer Greece. He had already prepared this campaign using the numerous gifts presented to him. He was also nominated an honorary citizen of [[Athens]].<ref name="Grainger97-57">Grainger 1997, p. 57</ref>

Antiochus founded the cult of his father. A cult of personality formed around the later members of the Seleucid dynasty and Seleucus was later worshipped as a son of Zeus Nikator. One inscription found in Ilium ([[Troy]]) advises priests to sacrifice to [[Apollo]], the ancestor of Antiochus' family. Several anecdotes of Seleucus' life became popular in the classical world.<ref>{{cite book| author= Graham Shipley | title=The Hellenistic World. | year =1999 | pages=301–302 | publisher=[[Routledge]] | isbn=978-0-415-04618-3}}</ref>
[[File:Cult relief of the Gad (Fortune) of Dura, from the Temple of the Gadde - YDEA - 25209.jpg|alt=Limestone relief sculpture with three figures, the one on the right (in military dress) holding a crown over the head of the figure in the middle.|thumb|Cult relief showing Seleucus I Nicator on the right, crowning the Gad of Dura.]]
Seleucus’ reputation as a founder of cities also seems to have persisted after his death. Excavations at the site of [[Dura-Europos]] in Syria, for instance, uncovered a cult relief from a temple showing Seleucus, as the founder of the city, crowning the Gad of Dura.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Baird |first=Jennifer |title=Dura-Europos |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2018 |pages=19}}</ref> Clearer evidence that the city considered Seleucus to be its founder come from a fragmentary papyrus document, P. Dura 32, which designates Dura-Europos as "the colony of the Europeans of Seleucs Nicator".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kosmin |first=Paul |title=Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity |year=2011 |pages=97}}</ref> The sparse archaeological remains from the Hellenistic period of the site, however, indicate that the site began life as a small garrison settlement (a ''phourion'') on royal land that did not yet have the status of a ''polis''.<ref name=":0" /> The road system and fortifications only seem to have been constructed in 150 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baird |first=Jennifer |title=Dura-Europos |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2018 |pages=20}}</ref> The small community, living around the base of the citadel, with small plots of land for each soldier in the surrounding countryside,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baird |first=Jennifer |title=Dura-Europos |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2018 |pages=21}}</ref> is unlikely to have had much royal attention in this early period, but the legend surrounding Seleucus I Nicator as a city founder seems to have led later inhabitants to attach his name to their settlement.

==See also==
*[[Chronology of European exploration of Asia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

*{{Cite book |last=Boiy |first=T. |title=Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon |publisher=Peeters Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-429-1449-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bosworth | first =A. B. | title=The Legacy of Alexander |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-928515-0}}

* {{Cite book |last=Grainger |first=John D. |title=Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom |publisher=Routledge |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-415-04701-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grainger |first=John D. |title=Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=0-415-04701-3}}
* {{citation |last=Grainger | first =John D. | date=2014 | title=Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0r3KAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-80099-6}}

* {{cite book | last =Jansari | first =Sushma | year =2023 | title =Chandragupta Maurya: The creation of a national hero in India | publisher =UCL Press}}

* {{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John | year =2018 | orig-year =2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0006387848 |pages=84}}
* {{citation |last=Kosmin |first=Paul J. |author-link=Paul J. Kosmin |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar | year =2016|title=A History of India|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138961159 |edition=6th}}

* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC |title=Ancient India |date=2003 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4 |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |orig-year=1952}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-208-0433-3 |edition=4th |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |orig-year=first published in 1966}}

*{{cite book |last=Ogden |first=Daniel |date=2017 |title=The Legend of Seleucus: Kingship, Narrative and Mythmaking in the Ancient World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16478-9}}

* {{citation | last1 =Wheatley | first1 =Pat | last2 =Heckel | first2 =Waldemar | title =Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus: Volume II| chapter ="Commentary (Book 15)"| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UQJTek1salEC| publisher=Oxford University Press| date=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-927759-9}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Grainger |first=John D. |title=An Empire Builder—Seleukos Nikator |work=History Today |year=1993 |volume=43 |pages=25–30 |issue=5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grainger |first=John D. |title=A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer |publisher= Brill |year=1997a |isbn=978-90-04-10799-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Paranavithana |first=Senarat |title=The Greeks and the Mauryas |year=1971 |publisher=Stamford Lake |isbn=978-95-565-8204-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Waterfield |first=Robin |title=Dividing the Spoils - The War for Alexander the Great's Empire |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-957392-9 |location=New York |type=hardback}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Seleucus I}}
*[http://virtualreligion.net/iho/seleucus_1.html Seleucus I Nicator] entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
*[http://www.seleucid-genealogy.com/Seleucus_I.html Seleucus I Nicator entry in 'Genealogy of the Seleucids'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815064018/http://seleucid-genealogy.com/Seleucus_I.html |date=15 August 2016 }}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Seleucid dynasty]]||{{Circa|358 BC}}||September 281 BC}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef
| before = New creation Independence from [[Macedon]] under [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]] 
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[List of kings of Persia|Seleucid King]]
| years = 305 – September 281 BC
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Antiochus I Soter]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hellenistic rulers}}
{{Seleucid kings}}
{{Diadochi}}
{{Alexander's Generals}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seleucus 01 Nicator}}
[[Category:Seleucus I Nicator| ]]
[[Category:350s BC births]]
[[Category:281 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Macedonians]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Macedonians]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Greek monarchs]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Seleucid monarchs]]
[[Category:Royal pages of Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Generals of Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire]]
[[Category:Hellenistic generals]]
[[Category:Ancient Orestians]]
[[Category:Ancient Macedonian generals]]
[[Category:Ancient Macedonian murder victims]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:People from Kilkis (regional unit)]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]

Abdul Mokti Daud

2026-03-29T14:44:17Z

Vijaykumar96: New A Entry

{{Short description|Bruneian politician and diplomat}}
{{Distinguish|Abdul Mokti Nasar}}
{{Malay name|Abdul Mokti|Mohd Daud|note=on}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay styles and titles|Dato Seri Setia]]
| name = Abdul Mokti Daud
| native_name = {{no bold|عبدالموكتي داود}}
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of Setia Negara Brunei|PSNB]] [[Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei|SPMB]] PJK PKL
| image = Dato Abdul Mokti Mohd Daud.jpg
| caption = [[Minister (government)|Minister]] Abdul Mokti in 2021
| office1 = Minister at the [[Prime Minister's Office (Brunei)|Prime Minister's Office]]
| term_start1 = 30 January 2018
| term_end1 = 7 June 2022
| monarch1 = [[Hassanal Bolkiah]]
| deputy1 = [[Elinda C.A. Mohammad]]
| alongside1 = [[Isa bin Ibrahim|Isa Ibrahim]] and [[Amin Liew Abdullah]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abdul Rahman bin Ibrahim|Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]] [[Lim Jock Seng]]
| successor1 = [[Halbi bin Mohammad Yussof|Halbi Mohammad Yussof]]
| office2 = 4th [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Brunei)|Deputy Minister of Religious Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 22 October 2015
| term_end2 = 30 January 2018
| minister2 = [[Badaruddin Othman]]
| predecessor2 = [[Pengiran Bahrom]]
| successor2 = Pengiran Bahrom
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Diplomatic positions|titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}} {{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office4 = Ambassador of Brunei to Saudi Arabia
| term_start4 = 25 May 2013
| term_end4 = 22 October 2015
| predecessor4 = [[Pengiran Jaberuddin]]
| successor4 = [[Yusoff Ismail]]
| term_start5 = 1989
| term_end5 = 1999
| office6 = Ambassador of Brunei to Jordan
| term_start6 = 6 June 2006
| term_end6 = 14 November 2012
| predecessor6 = [[Husin Ahmad]]
| successor6 = [[Nooradin Yaakob]]
| office7 = High Commissioner of Brunei to Bangladesh
| term_start7 = 19 September 2001
| term_end7 = 9 November 2005
| predecessor7 = ''Position established''
| successor7 = [[Abdul Rahman Abdul Hamid|Abdul Rahman]]
| office8 = [[List of high commissioners of Brunei to India|High Commissioner of Brunei to India]]
| term_start8 = 16 October 1997
| term_end8 = 2001
| predecessor8 = [[Adnan Buntar]]
| successor8 = [[Abdul Ghafar Ismail]]
| office9 = Ambassador of Brunei to Iran
| term_start9 = April 1996
| term_end9 = August 1997
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|66|2013|5|25|slash=y}}
| birth_place = [[Brunei]]
| spouse = Zalina Omar
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Politician
*diplomat}}
| education = [[Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien College]]
}}

'''Abdul Mokti bin Haji Mohd Daud''' (born {{birth based on age as of date|66|2013|5|25|noage=yes|slash=y}})<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pg. Ibrahim |first=Dk. Vivy Malessa |date=2013-05-25 |title=Menerima mengadap Duta, Pesuruhjaya dan Perwakilan Asing yang baru |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2013/Mei/pelitabrunei_270513.pdf |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=Pelita Brunei |pages=12–13 |language=ms}}</ref> is a Bruneian retired politician and diplomat who served as the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Brunei)|Deputy Minister of Religious Affairs]] (MoRA) from 2015 to 2018, and Minister at the [[Prime Minister's Office (Brunei)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) from 2018 to 2022. Additionally, he was among the [[board of directors]] of the [[Brunei Darussalam Central Bank|Monetary Authority of Brunei Darussalam]] (AMBD).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-23 |title=Opening Address by Yang Berhormat Dato Seri Setia Haji Awang Abdul Mokti bin Haji Mohd Daud, Minister at the Prime Minister's Office as Member of AMBD Board of Directors for AMBD 10th Anniversary (2011-2021) Seminar |url=https://www.bdcb.gov.bn/Lists/Publications/Displayitem.aspx?ID=81 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.bdcb.gov.bn}}</ref>

== Education ==
Abdul Mokti completed his early education at Muhammad Alam Malay School in [[Seria]], Berakas Malay School, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam Malay School and [[Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien College]]. He then went on to earn degrees and diplomas from a number of universities, colleges, and educational institutions in [[Cairo]], [[Birmingham]], [[Selangor]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=YANG BERHORMAT DATO SERI SETIA HAJI AWANG ABDUL MOKTI BIN HAJI MOHD DAUD |url=https://www.polis.gov.bn/Pages/Minister-at-the-Prime-Minister's-Office.aspx |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Royal Brunei Police Force}}</ref>

== Early career ==
Abdul Mokti started working for the [[Government of Brunei|Bruneian government]] on 1 December 1971. He was the principal of the [[Hassanal Bolkiah Boys' Arabic Secondary School]], the deputy director of the Islamic Da'wah Centre, the principal of the [[Seri Begawan Religious Teachers University College|Seri Begawan Religious Teachers College]], the chief religious development officer (propagation and ''[[tabligh]]''), and the director of propagation and ''tabligh'', among other positions. He also held a brief position as deputy director of Welfare, Youth and Sports at the [[Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports (Brunei)|Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports]] from 1983 to 1985, in addition to his work at the MoRA.<ref name=":0" />

== Diplomatic career ==
Serving at the then-[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brunei)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] (MoFA) for over thirty years, he began as Director of Administration before moving up to the post of Private and Confidential Secretary to [[Prince Mohamed Bolkiah]], who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time. Abdul Mokti has extensive professional experience as well, having served for 26 years in a row as [[high commissioner]], as well as [[ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary]]. He has been the Head of Brunei's diplomatic mission abroad for the longest.<ref name=":0" />[[File:HE Dato Paduka Haji Awang Abdul Mokti Bin Haji Mohd Daud.jpg|thumb|President K. R. Narayanan accepting Abdul Mokti's [[letter of credence]] in 1997]]

From 1994 to 1995, he was then designated as the [[chargé d'affaires]] high commissioner to [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6MNfReWiwwC&q=Brunei+Abdul+Mokti+Daud+Bangladesh |title=The Europa World Year Book 1994 |date=1994 |publisher=Europa Publications Limited |isbn=978-1-85743-006-6 |pages=2283 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcQ9cGTimAMC&q=Brunei+Abdul+Mokti+Daud+Bangladesh |title=The Middle East and North Africa 1995 |date=1995 |publisher=Europa Publications |isbn=978-0-946653-99-7 |pages=772 |language=en}}</ref> He was appointed as the ambassador to Iran from April 1996 to August 1997, and then as the high commissioner to India from 1997 to 2001,<ref name=":0" /> presenting his letter of credence to [[President of India|President]] [[K. R. Narayanan]] on 16 October 1997, at the Ashok Hall of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India - Digital Library |url=https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/NTIwMw== |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref> He was also designated as the plenipotentiary to Nepal and at the same time, [[Dual accreditation|non-resident]] high commissioner/ambassador extraordinary to Sri Lanka. He oversaw Bruneian government's diplomatic relations with the Maldives concurrently.<ref name=":0" />

Abdul Mokti served as the first high commissioner to Bangladesh from 18 September 2001 to 9 November 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Commissioners |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/bangladesh-dhaka/SitePages/headofmission.aspx |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=High Commission of Brunei Darussalam in Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref> On 12 April 2006, the Sultan appointed him as the ambassador to Jordan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azlan Othman |date=2006-04-13 |title=Sultanate - News {{!}} Negara Brunei Darussalam {{!}} Audience for new ambassadors |url=http://sultanate.com/news_server/2006/13_apr_2.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=sultanate.com}}</ref> a position he held from 6 June 2006 to 14 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Head of Missions |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/jordan-amman/SitePages/previousheadofmission.aspx |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Embassy of Brunei Darussalam in Amman, Jordan}}</ref> Abdul Mokti was also appointed as the non-resident ambassador to Turkey and Yemen. In addition, he oversaw official affairs for the Bruneian government in Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine.<ref name=":0" />

On 25 May 2013, he was appointed to the position of ambassador to Saudi Arabia for a second time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> At the [[OIC]] Headquarters on 20 May 2015, Ambassador Abdul Mokti signed the Framework Agreement on Trade Preferential System and the General Agreement on Economic, Technical, and Commercial Cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-20 |title=Brunei Darussalam Signes Two OIC Agreements |url=https://www.oic-oci.org/topic/ampg.asp?t_id=10108&t_ref=4001&lan=en |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=OIC}}</ref>

Around the world, Abdul Mokti has attended conferences and meetings in places like New York, Washington, D.C., Geneva, the United Kingdom, ASEAN countries, Cyprus, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Malta, Morocco, Egypt, and other European countries. As a member of the delegation of Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, he also actively participates in attending international conferences and meetings that encompass the Middle East, Europe, Japan, Korea, and numerous other Asian nations.<ref name=":0" />

== Ministerial career ==
During a [[2015 Bruneian cabinet reshuffle|cabinet reshuffle]] on 22 October 2015, he was appointed as deputy minister of religious affairs. In another [[2018 Bruneian cabinet reshuffle|cabinet reshuffle]] on 30 January 2018, [[Sultan of Brunei|Sultan]] [[Hassanal Bolkiah]] nominated Abdul Mokti as Minister at the PMO for a five-year tenure.<ref name=":0" /> Further solidifying bilateral ties, Minister Abdul Mokti was present at the groundbreaking ceremony on 27 August, for the new embassy of Saudi Arabia in Brunei.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanjong |first=Achong |date=2018-08-29 |title=Construction of new Saudi Arabian Embassy, ambassador's residence begins |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/construction-of-new-saudi-arabian-embassy-ambassadors-residence-begins/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829114521/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/construction-of-new-saudi-arabian-embassy-ambassadors-residence-begins/ |archive-date=2018-08-29 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online}}</ref>

On 9 January 2019, Abdul Mokti demanded that the [[Public Works Department (Brunei)|Public Works Department]] reassess how it fulfills its mandates and adds value in areas like the department's framework projects, leadership development, succession planning, auditing of human resources, planning of training requirements for the public sector, and work ethics, discipline, and integrity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Azlan Othman |first= |date=2019-01-08 |title=Go the extra mile in public service, minister tells officers |url=https://www.jpa.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/Berita/Lawatan%20YB%20Menteri%20JPM%20Jan%202019%20-%20Borneo%20Bulletin.pdf |access-date=2023-09-15 |work=www.jpa.gov.bn}}</ref>

Position freezes are no longer frozen at the moment, in addition to filling vacancies with extreme caution during the ongoing conversation between the PMO and the ministries is one of the actions that have been done, he revealed on 13 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-13 |title=Jawatan kosong tidak dibekukan |url=https://www.jpm.gov.bn/Lists/Berita%20JPM%202019/NewDispForm.aspx?ID=80&ContentTypeId=0x01008A6187AABB335448925924F761C7B354 |access-date=2023-09-15 |work=www.jpm.gov.bn |language=ms}}</ref>

[[COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei|COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020 affected the development of the [[ASEAN]] Community. Due to the worldwide shutdown, ASEAN's information sector not only became a crucial source of data but also had the duty to ensure that the information provided was accurate and timely. Abdul Mokti made this statement on 12 March 12, 2021, while participating by video conference in the 15th Conference of the ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Information (15th AMRI) and Related Meetings, which was held at the PMO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASEAN Summit 2021 - News |url=http://103.4.189.34/news/amri-12.03.21.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=103.4.189.34}}</ref>

According to Abdul Mokti on 26 February 2022, the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei|COVID-19 pandemic]] has continued to have an influence on national [[budget]]ary allocation and [[revenue]], which has unavoidably made it more difficult for the country to implement its plans for a [[Sustainability|sustainable economy]] and [[Fiscal year|fiscal]] balance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hakim Hayat |date=2022-02-26 |title=COVID-19 challenges will drive government to be more effective, efficient: Minister |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/covid-19-challenges-will-drive-government-to-be-more-effective-efficient-minister-2/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Abdul Mokti, digital transformation activities have assumed a significant role and have drawn increased attention, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic where they have been stepped up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=Adapt to digital developments, says minister » Borneo Bulletin Online |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/adapt-to-digital-developments-says-minister/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 7 June 2022, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] announced a [[2022 Bruneian cabinet reshuffle|cabinet reshuffle]] where several cabinet ministers were replaced including Abdul Mokti. He was succeeded as PMO Minister by [[Halbi bin Mohammad Yussof|Pehin Dato Halbi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azlan Othman |date=2022-06-08 |title=New Cabinet unveiled |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/new-cabinet-unveiled/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Abdul Mokti is married to Datin Hajah Zalina binti Haji Omar; together, they have six children and nine grandkids.<ref name=":0" />

== Honours ==
Abdul Mokti has earned the following honours:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=DEWAN MAJLIS |url=https://www.majlis-mesyuarat.gov.bn/SiteCollectionDocuments/handsard2021/Laporan%20Penuh%20(Hansard)%2018%20Mac%202021%20(pagi).pdf |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Majlis Mesyuarat}}</ref>
* [[File:First_Class_of_the_Order_of_Setia_Negara_Brunei_(PSNB).svg|50x50px]] [[Order of Setia Negara Brunei]] First Class (PSNB; 15 July 2018) – ''Dato Seri Setia''<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=July 2018 |title=His Majesty's 72nd Birthday Celebration Audience and Investiture Ceremony |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/English%20Publication%20PDF/BDN%20July%202018.pdf |work=Brunei Darussalam Newsletter |pages=7 |via=www.information.gov.bn |volume=33 |issue=7}}</ref>
* [[File:First_Class_of_the_Order_of_Seri_Paduka_Mahkota_Brunei_(SPMB).svg|50x50px]] [[Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei]] First Class (SPMB; 15 July 2017) – ''Dato Seri Paduka''<ref>{{Cite web |title=HM Sultan Brunei Honours 35 |url=http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2017/07/hm-sultan-brunei-honours-35.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=HM Sultan Brunei Honours 35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nooratini Haji Abas |date=2017-07-17 |title=Seramai 35 orang menerima Bintang Kebesaran NBD |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2017/Julai/pelitabrunei_170717.pdf |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn |pages=11 |language=ms}}</ref>
* [[File:Meritorious_Service_Medal_(PJK).svg|50x50px]] Meritorious Service Medal (PJK)
* [[File:Long_Service_Medal_(PKL).svg|50x50px]] Long Service Medal (PKL)
* [[File:Proclamation_of_Independence_Medal_(Brunei).svg|50x50px]] Proclamation of Independence Medal (1997)<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Aimi Sani |date=2017-07-17 |title=Istiadat Barisan Kehormatan penuh gilang-gemilang |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Arkib%20Dokumen/2017/Julai/pelitabrunei_170717.pdf |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn |publisher=Pelita Brunei |pages=6 |language=ms}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Pengiran Jaberuddin]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Ambassador of Brunei to Saudi Arabia
| years = 25 May 2013 – 22 October 2015
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Yusoff Ismail]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Husin Ahmad]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Ambassador of Brunei to Jordan
| years = 6 June 2006 – 14 November 2012
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Nooradin Yaakob]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = Position established
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Bangladesh–Brunei relations|High Commissioner of Brunei to Bangladesh]]
| years = 19 September 2001 – 9 November 2005
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Abdul Rahman Abdul Hamid|Abdul Rahman]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Adnan Buntar]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of high commissioners of Brunei to India|High Commissioner of Brunei to India]]
| years = 16 October 1997 – 2001
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Abdul Ghafar Ismail]]
}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Pengiran Bahrom]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = 4th [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Brunei)|Deputy Minister of Religious Affairs]]
| years = 22 October 2015 – 30 January 2018
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Pengiran Bahrom]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Cabinet terms
|list =
{{Brunei Cabinet 2018}}
{{Brunei Cabinet 2015}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daud, Abdul Mokti}}
[[Category:Bruneian civil servants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bruneian diplomats]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Brunei]]
[[Category:Bruneian Muslims]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Brunei to Jordan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Brunei to Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Brunei to Iran]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to India]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to the Maldives]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Brunei to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Setia Negara Brunei, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Long Service Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Proclamation of Independence of Brunei Medal]]

Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)

2026-03-27T09:22:22Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{Short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Raj Kapoor
| image = Picture of director rajkapoor 2014.jpg
| birth_name = Shahul Mohammed
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|08|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kombai, Tamil Nadu|Kombai]], [[Theni District|Theni]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1991–present
| spouse = Sajeela
| children = 3
}}

'''Shahul Mohammed''' (born 15 August 1958), known professionally as '''Raj Kapoor''', is an Indian film director and actor, who has worked predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/raj-kapoor-tamil-actor/biography.html|title = Exclusive biography of #RajKapoor(tamilActor) and on his life}}</ref> He has also appeared as a supporting actor in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] films.

==Career==
Raj Kapoor started his cinema career as an assistant director to [[Film director]] [[C. V. Sridhar]] one of the legends of golden period of Tamil cinema. Later became an independent [[film director]] for ''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]'' (1991). He is known for films like [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]-[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]’s ''[[Uthama Raasa]]'' (1993) and [[Ajith Kumar]]-[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]’s ''[[Aval Varuvala]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-director-raj-kapoors-23-yr-old-son-passes-away-suddenly-mecca-118407|title = Tamil director Raj Kapoor's 23-yr-old son passes away suddenly in Mecca|date = 18 February 2020}}</ref> He went on to direct other films like Ajith-[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]'s ''[[Anantha Poongatre]]'' (1999), [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]-[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]'s ''[[Sudhandhiram]]'' (2000) and [[Sathyaraj]]'s ''[[Vambu Sandai]]'' (2008).

After making his debut as an actor in ''[[Thalaimurai]]'' (1998), Raj Kapoor announced his intentions of continuing to act in films ahead of prioritizing directorial work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/soc.culture.malaysia/tamil$20cinema$20news/soc.culture.malaysia/nzL3VgR66sE/Nv9t7WKzXDAJ |title=Google Groups |access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>

During the early 2000s, he worked on the production of a big-budget family drama titled ''Enna Vilai Azhagae'' with [[Prashanth]] and [[Amisha Patel]] starring. Despite completing most of the film and having schedules abroad in [[Paris]], the film was shelved and remains unreleased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/ennavilai.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040818023549/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/ennavilai.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2004|title='Enna Vilai Azhagae' - Love in 2000|date=18 August 2004|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minnamutam.com/cinema/previews/ennavilaialage.asp |title=Archived copy |website=www.minnamutam.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417062904/http://www.minnamutam.com/cinema/previews/ennavilaialage.asp |archive-date=17 April 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He took to directing television serials, the most famous being [[Sundar C]]’s ''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]'', that was aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. He later directed a few episodes ''[[Rasaathi (TV series)|Rasaathi]]'' and ''[[Jothi (TV series)|Jothi]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-director-raj-kapoors-23-yr-old-son-passes-away-suddenly-mecca-118407 | title=Tamil director Raj Kapoor's 23-yr-old son passes away suddenly in Mecca | date=18 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
His son Sharook Kapoor began assisting in Raj Kapoor's film direction works. On February 17, 2020 Sharook Kapoor who was in Mecca with his mother for pilgrimage died.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil director Raj Kapoor's 23-yr-old son passes away suddenly in Mecca |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-director-raj-kapoors-23-yr-old-son-passes-away-suddenly-mecca-118407 |access-date=2020-07-04 |website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=18 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Director===
;Films

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]'' ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1993 || ''[[Uthama Raasa]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Jameen]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1994 || ''[[Seeman (film)|Seeman]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyavan]]'' ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Vallal]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1998 || ''[[Aval Varuvala]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Galatta]]'' ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Anantha Poongatre]]'' ||
|-
| 2000 ||''[[Sudhandhiram]]''||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Samasthanam]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kusthi]]'' ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Vambu Sandai]]''
|
|-
|}
;Serials

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Serial !! Language !! Notes
|-
|| 2017 – 2018 ||''[[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]'' ||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] [[Kannada]]||Season 1
|-
||2019 ||''[[Rasaathi (TV series)|Rasaathi]]''||rowspan=2|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|First 28 Episodes
|-
||2021||''[[Jothi (TV series)|Jothi]]''||Complete Series
|}

===Actor===
;Films
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1983
|''[[Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu]]''
|Watchman
|Uncredited role
|-
|1986
|''[[Aruvadai Naal]]''
| Police inspector
|Uncredited role
|-
|1989
|''[[Pick Pocket (1989 film)|Pick Pocket]]''
| Police inspector
|Uncredited role
|-
|1998
|''[[Thalaimurai]]''
| Muthu's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
|''[[Anantha Poongatre]]''
|Malavika's uncle
|
|-
|''Bobbili Vamsham''
| Raghava Rayudu's father
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
|''[[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
|Machakanni's Brother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]''
| Police Sub-Inspector
|
|-
|''[[Sudhandhiram]]''
|One Hand Man
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
|''[[Vaanchinathan]]''
| Inspector Raveendran
|
|-
|''[[Aandan Adimai]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Samasthanam]]''
|Eswaramoorthy
|
|-
|''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
|Director
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003
|''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]''
| Naga
|
|-
|''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]''
| Baji
|
|-
|''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]''
|Politician
|
|-
|''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]''
|Vaira Kannan
|
|-
|''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]''
| Ravi Varma
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004
|''[[Adi Thadi]]''
|Tirupati's Assistant
|
|-
|''[[Madhurey]]''
|Kanthuvatti
|
|-
|''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]''
| Rana's henchman
|
|-
|''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]''
|Paramasivam
|
|-
|''[[Maha Nadigan]]''
|Rajan
|
|-
|''[[Jaisurya]]''
|Politician
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2005
|''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]''
| Police inspector
|
|-
|''[[Kannadi Pookal]]''
| Police inspector
|
|-
|''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]''
| Police inspector
|
|-
|''[[6'2]]''
| Police inspector
|
|-
|''[[Padhavi Paduthum Paadu]]''
| Raja
|
|-
|''[[Aanai]]''
|Trafficker
|
|-
|''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]''
|Bhoominathan
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006
|''[[Aathi]]''
|Corrupt Minister
|
|-
|''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''
|Ravi Bhai
|
|-
|''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppugulan]]''
| Sub-Inspector Aarumugham
|Malayalam film
|-
|''[[Kusthi]]''
|Rowdy
|
|-
|''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]''
| Silandhi Karuppu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2007
|''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]''
| Police Deputy Superintendent
|
|-
|''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
| Chief Investigation Officer
|
|-
|''[[Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthen]]''
|Varadharajan
|
|-
|''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]''
|Local Rowdy
|
|-
|''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]''
|Vel's Uncle
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2008
|''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]''
| Vaikundan
|
|-
|''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]''
|Emaloga Kutravali
|
|-
|''[[Thotta]]''
|Shanmugham's father
|
|-
|''[[Sandai]]''
| Kamaraj's cousin
|
|-
|''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]''
| Kothalam
|
|-
|''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]''
|Inspector Kapoor
|
|-
|''[[Buddhivantha]]''
|Investigation Officer
|[[Kannada]] film
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009
|''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]''
|Oor Thalaivar
|
|-
|''[[Thee (2009 film)|Thee]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mayandi Kudumbathar]]''
|Paraman's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Maasilamani]]''
|Kanthuvatti
|
|-
|''[[Ainthaam Padai]]''
|Rajadurai
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''[[Goripalayam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
|Guru Moorthy's Assistant
|
|-
|''[[Kanagavel Kaaka]]''
|Mannadi Narayanan
|
|-
|''[[Vaadaa]]''
|Politician
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
|''[[Bhavani (2009 film)|Bhavani]]''
|Lawyer
|
|-
|''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]''
|Thavasi's relative
|
|-
|''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]''
|King's Minister
|
|-
|''Nooravathu Naal''
|Director
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
|''Akilan''
|CBI Officer
|
|-
|''[[Kondaan Koduthaan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Oru Nadigaiyin Vaakkumoolam]]''
| Director
|
|-
|''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]''
|Pandi's father
|
|-
|''[[Puthumugangal Thevai]]''
|Producer
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
|''[[Alex Pandian]]''
|Police Commissioner
|
|-
|''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]''
|P.T. Coach
|
|-
|''[[Oruvar Meethu Iruvar Sainthu]]''
| Savita's guardian
|
|-
| ''[[Maayai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
| ''[[Uyirukku Uyiraga]]'' || Managing director ||
|-
|''[[Sooran (film)|Sooran]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aranmanai]]''
| Driver
|
|-
| ''[[Vilaasam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Aambala]]''
|Saravanan's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]''
|Old Time Police
|
|-
|''[[Pallikoodam Pogamale]]''
|Kayalvizhi's Father
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2016
|''[[Aranmanai 2]]''
|Muthu (Driver)
|
|-
|''[[Saagasam]]''
|Politician
|
|-
|''Jennifer Karuppaiya''

|
|
|-
|''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]''
|Vasu's father
|
|-
|''[[Thagadu]]''
| King's Minister
|
|-
|''Aasi''
|Durga's father
|
|-
|''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|Finance Minister
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''Kilambitangayaa Kilambitangayaa''
|
|
|-
| ''Kannakkol'' || Police officer ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]''
|Politician
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Raajavamsam]]''
|Shanmugam
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Laththi]]''
|Politician
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023
|''[[Meippada Sei]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Azhagiya Kanne (2023 film)|Azhagiya Kanne]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Moothakudi''
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Uyir Thamizhukku]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]''
|Inspector Shankar ||
|-
|''[[Nizharkudai]]'' || ||
|}

;''Serials''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Network !! Notes
|-
|2004||''[[My Dear Bootham (TV series)|My Dear Bootham]]''|| Himself ||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||Special appearance
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]''|| Selvanayagam ||
|-
|2021||''[[Thalattu (TV series)|Thalattu]]''|| || Special appearance
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Enga Veetu Meenakshi (TV series)|Enga Veetu Meenakshi]]''||[[Chairperson|Chairman]] Meiyappan|| [[Colors Tamil]] ||
|-
|2022–2024||''[[Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum]]''|| Manickam || [[Zee Tamil]] ||
|-
|2022||''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]''|| Victor || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Raj}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television directors]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

Suhail Nayyar

2026-03-27T08:53:15Z

Vijaykumar96: Data!

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suhail Nayyar
| birth_date = {{bda|df=y|24 November 1989}}
| image = Suhail Nayyar snapped attending Amrit Pal’s Diwali party 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nayyar in 2023
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater = Films and Television Institute of India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016–present
}}

'''Suhail Nayyar''' (born 24 November 1989) is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi Cinema|hindi]] films and web series.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/For-Delhi-boy-Suhail-Nayyar-Udta-Punjab-was-a-dream-debut/articleshow/52925083.cms|title=For Delhi boy Suhail Nayyar, 'Udta Punjab' was a dream debut - Times of India|work=indiatimes.com|date=28 January 2017 |access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Patra|first1=Pratyush|date=June 27, 2016|title=For Delhi boy Suhail Nayyar, 'Udta Punjab' was a dream kdebut|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/For-Delhi-boy-Suhail-Nayyar-Udta-Punjab-was-a-dream-debut/articleshow/52925083.cms|website=www.timesofindia.com|publisher=Times Of India|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> He started his career with the comedy series ''[[Life Sahi Hai]]'' and had a supporting role in the acclaimed crime drama film ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016).<ref name="Suhail Nayyar">{{cite web|last1=Nayyar|first1=Suhail|title=Watch: Luv Ranjan's web series Life Sahi Hai's first episode hits the internet waves|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/100616/watch-luv-ranjan-s-web-series-life-sahi-hai-s-hits-the-internet-waves.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=10 June 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2017/02/21/bollywood-actor-just-signed-first-international-film/|title = This Udta Punjab Actor Just Signed His First International Film! | MissMalini|date = 21 February 2017}}</ref> Nayyar has since starred in the romantic drama series ''[[Jee Karda]]'', the murder mystery film ''[[Murder Mubarak]]'' (2024) and the action spy series ''[[Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians]]'' (2025).

==Early life and career==
Nayyar was born on 24 November 1989 in [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/suhail-nayyar/|title=Suhail Nayyar|access-date= 2 December 2025}}</ref> Before travelling to Mumbai to pursue a career in acting, he studied film and acting at the Film and Television Institute. He made his debut as a supporting role of Jassi in the crime drama film''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016) where his performance as the aforementioned character is "applauded". He made a cameo appearance in Vidyut Jammwal starred ''[[Commando 2]]''. Following that, he played Abdullah in ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'', a 2018 American-Australian thriller directed by Anthony Maras and based on the [[26/11 Mumbai attacks]]. About playing Abdullah in ''Hotel Mumbai'', he said, "This is one of the difficult characters I have ever played. The amount of blood and sweat that has gone into creating ‘Abdullah’ is immeasurable". In 2022, he starred as Sandeep Sharma in the comedy drama ''[[Sharmaji Namkeen]]''.

In 2025, Nayyar starred in the action spy thriller series ''[[Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians]]'' as Sukhbir/Rafiq. Writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' Dhaval Roy commented that "The spy drama is a must-watch for its pulse-pounding tension, taut narrative, and stellar performances that leave a lasting impression."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Dhaval|last=Roy|title=Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians Season 1 Review : A taut, tense spy thriller that delivers in every scene|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/saare-jahan-se-accha-the-silent-guardians/season-1/seasonreview/123253009.cms|access-date=2025-08-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manoj-bajpayee-floored-suhail-nayyars-performance-rafiq-saare-jahan-se-accha-hes-going-surprise-audience/|title=Manoj Bajpayee floored by Suhail Nayyar’s performance as Rafiq in Saare Jahan Se Accha: “He’s going to surprise the audience”|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date= 12 September 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref.
|-
| 2016
|''[[Udta Punjab]]''
|Jassi
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title='Udta Punjab' actor Suhail Nayyar joins ALTBalaji's web series 'The Test Case'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/oct/03/udta-punjab-actor-suhail-nayyar-joins-altbalajis-web-series-the-test-case-1666216.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 October 2017 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=After Hrs|date=2017-10-03|title=After Udta Punjab, Suhail Nayyar to be seen in a web series|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-after-udta-punjab-suhail-nayyar-to-be-seen-in-a-web-series-2549882|access-date=2020-12-01|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Commando 2]]''
| Dishank Chowdhary
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]''
|Abdullah
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Suhail Nayyar: Understanding terrorist psyche for ''Hotel Mumbai'' a challenge|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/suhail-nayyar-understanding-terrorist-psyche-for-hotel-mumbai-a-challenge/1671327|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]''
|Nishant Rathee
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ginny Weds Sunny movie review: A cheesy mess of drama with little to salvage it|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/ginny-weds-sunny-movie-review-a-cheesy-mess-of-drama-with-little-to-salvage-it|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''[[Sharmaji Namkeen]]''
|Sandeep "Rinku" Sharma
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shubham |date=30 March 2022 |title=Sharma Ji Namkeen movie has been leaked on websites like Tamilrockers even before its release |url=https://khabarsatta.com/bollywood/sharmaji-namkeen-full-hd-movie-download/ |access-date=30 March 2022 |publisher=Khabar Satta |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331075241/https://khabarsatta.com/bollywood/sharmaji-namkeen-full-hd-movie-download/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
|Piyush
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neena Gupta, Mohit Raina, Lara Dutta, and others wrap up 'Ishq-E-Nadaan'|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/neena-gupta-mohit-raina-lara-dutta-and-others-wrap-up-ishq-e-nadaan|access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Murder Mubarak]]''
|Yash Batra
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/murder-mubarak-karisma-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-pankaj-tripathi-vijay-varma-team-up-for-netflixs-new-murder-mystery-13689952.html |title='Murder Mubarak': Karisma Kapoor, Sara Ali Khan, Pankaj Tripathi, Vijay Varma team up for Netflix's new murder mystery |work=Firstpost |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Nikita Roy]]''
|Jolly Hans
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-11 |title='Nikita Roy' trailer: Sonakshi Sinha, Arjun Rampal seek to expose Paresh Rawal's exorcist|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sonakshi-sinha-arjun-rampal-seek-to-expose-paresh-rawals-mysterious-exorcist/cid/2107461#goog_rewarded|access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Telegraph|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[Life Sahi Hai]]''
|Jasjit "Kukki" Singh
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-10|title=Watch: Luv Ranjan's web series Life Sahi Hai's first episode hits the internet waves|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/100616/watch-luv-ranjan-s-web-series-life-sahi-hai-s-hits-the-internet-waves.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[The Test Case (web series)|The Test Case]]''
|Captain Manit Verma
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|2020
|''[[Hasmukh]]''
|Krishna "KK" Kumar
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=''Hasmukh'' a tale of morality versus ambition: Nikkhil Advani|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/hasmukh-a-tale-of-morality-versus-ambition-nikkhil-advani/1801807|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Entertainment|first=Quint|date=2020-04-03|title=Vir Das Is Set to Make Everyone Laugh in 'Hasmukh', But at a Cost|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/vir-das-netflix-hasmukh-trailer|access-date=2020-12-01|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasmukh Review: Vir Das Makes The Transition To Hindi With Aplomb. Plus, The Idea Is Killer|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hasmukh-review-vir-das-makes-the-transition-to-hindi-with-aplomb-plus-the-idea-is-killer-2-5-stars-2213947|access-date=2020-12-01|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Jee Karda]]''
|Rishabh Rathore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=Tamannah Bhatia And Suhail Nayyar Starrer 'Jee Karda' Triumphs The Rating Charts With 8.3/10 |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/tamannah-bhatia-and-suhail-nayyar-starrer-series-jee-karda-on-prime-video-triumphs-the-rating-charts-with-8-3-10-imdb-1610190 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
|''[[Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians]]''
|R&AW agent Sukhbir/Rafiq
|<ref>{{cite web|website=Times of India|access-date=16 August 2025|url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/saare-jahan-se-accha-the-silent-guardians/seriesreview/123252989.cms|title= Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians |date=
August 16, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Single Papa]]''
|Pawan
|<ref>{{Cite web| date=2 December 2025
|title=Single Papa trailer: A man-child comes of age as a father in this comedy
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Dec/02/single-papa-trailer-a-man-child-comes-of-age-as-a-father-in-this-comedy| website=[[Cinema Express]]
|access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian film actors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm8237562}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayyar, Suhail}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]

Sangrampur, Unnao

2026-03-26T15:57:47Z

Vijaykumar96: Page!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sangrampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Daundia Khera
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sumerpur block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Sangrampur (#963) in Sumerpur CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|10|N|80|44|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.248
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2778
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sangrampur''', also called '''Daundia Khera''',<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Unao: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXVIII Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=67–8, 126–7, 167–71 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113180 |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> is a village in [[Sumerpur, Unnao|Sumerpur]] block of [[Unnao district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Unnao, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=416–41 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> Located on the high bank of the [[Naurahi river]] a bit to the west of the main [[Unnao]]-[[Dalmau]] road, it is most notable for its historic importance as the capital of the [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] of [[Baiswara]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> It was the seat of a [[pargana]] beginning in the 1700s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> As of 2011, its population is 2,778 in 530 households. It has four primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011" />

== History ==
The traditional account of Sangrampur's founding is connected with the origins of the Bais of Baiswara.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> In 1191 [[Samvat]], two Bais brothers named Abhai Chand and Pirthi Chand are said to have come to a bathing ceremony at the [[Shiurajpur]] ghat on the [[Ganges]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> Also present was the queen of [[Argal raj|Argal]], accompanied by a few attendants and soldiers.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> The governor of the place attempted to rape her by force; her soldiers surrendered, and she cried out for help.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> The two brothers were able to successfully intervene, but Pirthi Chand was killed in the fight.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> When the queen's husband, the Raja of Argal, heard about what had happened, he "received the surviving brother, Abhai Chand, with much cordiality, [and] gave him his daughter in marriage, with the proprietorship of five villages as her dowry."<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

Abhai Chand went on to found the village of [[Abhaipur]], across the Ganges from Sangrampur in what is now [[Fatehpur district]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> He then crossed the Ganges, where he fought a fierce battle against the [[Bhar]]s who originally ruled the place; he named the site of the battle "Sangrampur", after the [[Sanskrit]] word ''sangrām'', meaning battle or bloodshed.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

When the famous Bais raja Tilok Chand died, he divided his lands between his sons Raja Pirthi Chand and Rana Harhardeo.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> Pirthi Chand inherited the western part of his father's lands and made his capital at the fort of Sangrampur.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> His descendants later included the [[cadet branch]] rajas of [[Murarmau]] and Purwa Ranbirpur.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

The [[pargana]] of Daundia Khera did not exist at the time of the [[Ain-i-Akbari]]; its territory was at that time divided between the two ''mahal''s of [[Sidhupur, Unnao|Sidhupur]] (itself founded by one of the Bais rajas of Daundia Khera) and [[Unchgaon]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> It was created in the 1700s by Rao Mardan Singh, who joined them together into one pargana which he called Daundia Khera.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

Babu [[Ram Baksh Singh]], a descendant of Rao Mardan Singh, resided at a fort a bit to the north of Sangrampur; its ruins are still visible.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> He had been "constantly in opposition to the [[King of Oudh|king's]] troops", and in 1849 his entire estate was put under the direct management of the nazim Sobha Singh.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> Ram Baksh Singh recovered the estate in 1850, but he "failed to pay the expected gratuity and was attacked and driven across the Ganges."<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> His fort was destroyed and his lands were confiscated, although he later managed to buy them back.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> He was later hanged by the British at [[Baksar]] for his role in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], and his estates were confiscated.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

At the turn of the 20th century, Daundia Khera had five temples and one school.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" /> Its population in 1901 was 990, including a Muslim minority of 101.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Sangrampur as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 916 (494 male and 422 female), in 215 households and 124 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (37 – Unnao District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cxx-cxxi of section "Purwa Tehsil", cxxvi-cxxvii |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1040/1/21887_1961_UNN.pdf |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,390 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961" /> It had medical practitioner at the time, as well as 1 small manufacturer of garments, 6 makers of [[earthenware]] pottery, and 3 makers of sundry hardwares.<ref name="Census 1961" />

== See also ==
* [[Unnao gold treasure incident]], which took place here in 2013

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Unnao district}}

[[Category:Villages in Unnao district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bang Bang!

2026-03-25T12:21:21Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{Short description|2014 film by Siddharth Anand}}
{{For|other uses of "Bang Bang"|Bang Bang (disambiguation){{!}}Bang Bang}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bang Bang!
| image = Bang Bang (2014 Film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Siddharth Anand]]
| producer = [[Star Studios|Fox Star Studios]]
| screenplay = [[Sujoy Ghosh]] Suresh Nair
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Abbas Tyrewala]]
}}
| story = '''Original:''' Patrick O'Neill '''Adapted:''' Siddharth Anand
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Knight and Day]]'' (2010)|[[James Mangold]]}}
| starring = [[Hrithik Roshan]] [[Katrina Kaif]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal–Shekhar]] '''Score:''' [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = Sunil Patel
| editing = [[Akiv Ali]]
| studio = Fox Star Studios
| distributor = Fox Star Studios
| released = {{Film date|2014|10|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}140 crore<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Bang Bang is one of the costliest Bollywood films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/why-bang-bang-is-one-of-the-costliest-bollywood-films/photostory/43895417.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920212041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/why-bang-bang-is-one-of-the-costliest-bollywood-films/photostory/43895417.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|332.43 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bang Bang! Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bang-bang/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722203215/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/themusicofpkdoesnotseemifthefirsttwosongsarethebestofthelotsocanitstillbeattherecordsasitisexpectedtodo |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Bang Bang!''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Siddharth Anand]] and produced by [[Star Studios|Fox Star Studios]].<ref name="Overview">{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/594271|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426171535/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/594271|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2013|title=Bang Bang!|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> An official remake of the 2010 American film ''[[Knight and Day]]'' (2010), it marks Anand's running foray into the action genre, and stars [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]], alongside [[Javed Jaffrey]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], and [[Pavan Malhotra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-international-productions-head-talks-630418|title=Fox International Productions Head Talks Hollywood Adaptations for India|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=17 September 2013|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020042508/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-international-productions-head-talks-630418|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack and background score were handled by [[Vishal–Shekhar]] and [[Salim–Sulaiman]] respectively, marking the latter's final collaboration with Anand, while the cinematography and editing were handled by Sunil Patel and [[Akiv Ali]] respectively. In the film, a mysterious thief encounters an unassuming bank receptionist, which sets off a chain of events resulting in a series of escapades.

''Bang Bang!'' was released on 2 October 2014, coinciding with [[Gandhi Jayanti]] with dubbed versions releasing on the same day simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imax.com/content/bollywood-remake-bang-bang-ignite-imax%C2%AE-theatres-india-and-select-global-markets-starting|title=BOLLYWOOD REMAKE BANG BANG! TO IGNITE IMAX® THEATRES IN INDIA AND SELECT GLOBAL MARKETS STARTING OCT. 2|website=IMAX.com|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606215702/https://www.imax.com/content/bollywood-remake-bang-bang-ignite-imax%C2%AE-theatres-india-and-select-global-markets-starting|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed {{INRConvert|332|c|year=2014|mode=historical}} globally to become one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2014#Highest-grossing films|highest-grossing Hindi films of 2014]].

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=July 2024}}
After a treaty between [[India]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]] to expedite [[extradition]] of Omar Zafar, a notorious terrorist, to India is passed, [[Colonel|Col.]] Viren Nanda gets killed and is burnt alive by Omar in [[London]] during his escape from prison. Omar gets escorted by his trusted [[lieutenant]] Hamid Gul and declares {{USD}}5 million reward for an Indian thief to steal the [[Koh-i-Noor]].

Rajveer Nanda, a mysterious person, steals the Koh-i-Noor and demands {{USD}}20 million when Zafar and Gul aim to retrieve it. After a subsequent brawl with Gul's men at a local restaurant in [[Shimla]], Rajveer visits a restaurant and meets Harleen Sahni, a bank receptionist who dreams of finding true love and adventure in life. Harleen is waiting for her blind internet date Vickie Kapoor. Rajveer assumes the date and the pair fall for each other, but is forced to abandon her after being found by Gul's men. Harleen leaves upon learning the truth and seeing the real Vickie who admits to his car and phone failing him, but on her way back home, she bumps into Rajveer again, and he seeks her help to remove a bullet. Before leaving, Rajveer drugs her with sedative water and informs her of scare tactics that some [[law enforcement]] officials will try and coerce her into working against him.

Rajveer's prediction comes true as two government agents Zorawar Kalra and his informer, [[Inspector]] Bhola implore Harleen to travel with them to the [[police station]], but instead head for a safe place. Taking note of Rajveer's instructions, Harleen finds a pistol and holds them at gunpoint. Rajveer arrives and the pair escapes, but they meet Harleen's manager Karan Saxena, who is shot in the leg by Rajveer. Harleen demands that she return home and tells that she made a huge mistake by trusting Rajveer, which leads to an argument over their loyalties, but Harleen eventually decides to stay upon realizing that he truly intends to protect her and proceeds to accompany him. During a visit to a [[Pizza Hut]] outlet, Rajveer reveals that he stole the Koh-i-Noor, much to Harleen's surprise, and the pair are immediately confronted by Zorawar and his team.

Rajveer [[tranquilizer dart|tranquilizes]] Harleen and escapes with her. Harleen wakes up at a beach after an unknown period on the run. When Harleen takes Rajveer's phone to call her grandmother, the government officials and Gul's men, led by Gul's lieutenant Robert, tracks them down and a shootout ensues, which forces the duo to escape again after eliminating the officials and Robert's henchmen. Harleen wakes up the following morning in [[Prague]], where she regains her faith in Rajveer after recognising his efforts in leading the escape. Later, they track Gul to a casino and after a plot involving Harleen, Rajveer ultimately kills Gul. Harleen is taken to the [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian Embassy]], where she meets Zorawar and his boss, Internal Secret Services Chief Narayanan as he gives her a tracking device to pinpoint Rajveer's location and retrieve the Koh-i-Noor.

After another argument on a bridge as they try to escape, Rajveer activates the tracking device and gives the Koh-i-Noor to Harleen, where he gets shot while jumping off the bridge. Harleen returns home and reunites with her grandmother, but begins to miss Rajveer; in a moment of epiphany, Harleen locates his house and meets Rajveer's father Pankaj and his mother Shikha by posing as a [[Package delivery|delivery runner]] for Pankaj's book order. A tense moment results in Harleen trying to leave suddenly when she soon bumps into photographs of Rajveer, who is revealed by Shikha to be Jaiwant "Jai" Nanda, Viren's brother; while Viren's murder is confirmed, Pankaj refuses to accept the army's version of the story behind Jai's death as he pinpoints to a swimming championship trophy he had won in his young days, being the only person who was able to cross the lake in just one breath.

Immediately outside her home, Harleen is kidnapped and taken to the interior of a [[desert castle]], where she meets Zafar, who reveals that the surrendered diamond is a fake, while Zorawar turns out to be Zafar's informer. Zorawar gives Harleen a [[truth serum]] in an attempt to find the location of the real diamond, but she deduces that Rajveer is alive and is arriving to kill Zafar and his men. At the same time, Rajveer, who was assumed dead, plants time bombs and silently eliminates Zafar's henchmen, who have been posted outside the castle. Inside the castle, Rajveer confronts Zafar, revealing that the Koh-i-Noor was not stolen at all and that it was a joint operation between the [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] and the ISS to apprehend Zafar. Rajveer reveals that he intends to avenge Viren's death by killing Zafar.

As the time bombs destroying the castle start going off, Zafar escapes with his remaining men while Rajveer escapes with Harleen, saving her all along. However, Zafar later blocks the duo, where he takes Harleen hostage and leaves with her on a [[seaplane]]. Enraged, Rajveer eventually catches up, shooting down the seaplane to the ground and ultimately Zorawar in the process. Following an intense confrontation, Rajveer kills Zafar after pushing Harleen out of the burning aircraft and jumps out of the seaplane, which explodes seconds after Zafar's death. Rajveer loses consciousness and starts to drown, but is saved by Harleen as army officers airlift the duo.

Rajveer wakes up in a hospital and is informed by Narayanan, revealed to be his real boss, that he will not be allowed to see Harleen or his own family. Posing as a nurse, Harleen administers a sedative, knocking Rajveer out, and the pair escapes. After an unknown period on the run, Rajveer reunites with his parents and finally introduces Harleen to them.

==Cast==
* [[Hrithik Roshan]] as Jaiwant "Jai" Nanda a.k.a. Rajveer Nanda, an Internal Secret Services agent and Indian Army officer
* [[Katrina Kaif]] as Harleen Sahni, a receptionist at Bank of Shimla
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Pankaj Nanda, Rajveer and Viren's father
* [[Deepti Naval]] as Shikha Nanda, Rajveer and Viren's mother
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as [[Colonel]] Viren Nanda, Rajveer's brother (special appearance)
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Omar Zafar, a dreaded terrorist
* [[Jaaved Jaaferi]] as Hamid Gul
* [[Pavan Malhotra]] as Zorawar Kalra
* [[Kamlesh Gill]] as Harleen's grandmother
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] Chief Narayanan
* Pradeep Kabra as Inspector Bhola
* Partha Akerkar as Robert
* Arsha Aghdasi as a Goon
* Frank M. Ahearn as Bok Choy
* Amir Badri as a Rogue
* Steven Clarke as a Henchman
* Jawed El Berni as the Chain fighter
* Tina Grimm as Raver
* Damian Mavis as a Gangster
* Bill O'Leary as a Boat goon driver
* Desmond O'Neill as a Henchman
* John Pasley as a Henchman / Cop
* Aditya Prakash as a Receptionist at [[Pizza Hut]]
* Anteo Quintavalle as a Henchman
* [[Ron Smoorenburg]] as a Henchman
* [[Ankur Vikal]] as Shoaib

==Production==

===Casting===

Earlier reports had suggested that [[Siddharth Anand]], who had made ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'', ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'', ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' and ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' in the past, planned to make his next film with [[Shahid Kapoor]], but Shahid Kapoor wanted to avoid comparisons with [[Tom Cruise]] and did not have availability of his dates for the film as he had signed onto ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''. [[Bipasha Basu]] rumouredly was also on board, but she eventually turned down the film. Soon news came that Siddharth Anand was planning a film with [[Hrithik Roshan]]. In September 2012, Hrithik Roshan was confirmed to play the lead role, with [[Katrina Kaif]] playing the female lead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif to star in remake of Tom Cruise, Cameron Diaz's Knight And Day? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-tom-cruise-cameron-diaz-knight-and-day-116737-2012-09-23 |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 September 2012 |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908201352/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-tom-cruise-cameron-diaz-knight-and-day/1/221840.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif in Siddarth Anand film: Confirmed |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-in-siddarth-anand-film-confirmed/ |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 September 2012 |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908201429/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-in-siddarth-anand-film-confirmed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hrithik Roshan started working on the film immediately after wrapping up ''[[Krrish 3]]'' and charged a {{INR|300 million|link=yes}} fee for his performance in the film, which until then was the most any actor in [[Hindi cinema]] had charged up front.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrithik charges Rs 30 crore for 'Bang Bang', becomes highest paid actor |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-charges-rs-30-crore-for-bang-bang-becomes-highest-paid-actor-64350.html |work=The Times of India |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006201317/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-charges-rs-30-crore-for-bang-bang-becomes-highest-paid-actor-64350.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was soon revealed to be the official adaptation of ''[[Knight and Day]]''.

===Makeup===
In June 2014, the [[Bollywood]] group known as the Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers' Association (CCMAA) authorized an official protest on the movie set of ''Bang Bang!'' in protest of foreign make-up artist [[Daniel Bauer (make-up artist)|Daniel Bauer]] working on the movie for its lead actress, [[Katrina Kaif]]. The CCMAA and 15 of its members protested on the movie set as Daniel Bauer was not registered with the Union, despite the Union banning foreign artists working in Bollywood. The issue was resolved with the CCMAA granting Daniel Bauer full membership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/salman-khan-comes-to-katrina-kaif-s-rescue/story-GMCYL9HKR55xcJU3pXZB7O.html|title=Salman Khan comes to Katrina Kaif's rescue|date=28 June 2014|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630124101/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/salman-khan-comes-to-katrina-kaif-s-rescue/story-GMCYL9HKR55xcJU3pXZB7O.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
In December 2012, it was confirmed that the official remake of ''Knight and Day'' would be titled ''Bang Bang''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan and Katrina Kaif to go Bang Bang in Kashmir!|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hrithik-roshan-and-katrina-kaif-to-go-bang-bang-in-kashmir/|publisher=bollywoodlife.com|date=26 December 2012|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908180720/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hrithik-roshan-and-katrina-kaif-to-go-bang-bang-in-kashmir/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2013, the film's Kashmir schedule was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Katrina Kaif, Hrithik Roshan starrer Bang Bang's shoot cancelled in Kashmir|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-hrithik-roshan-starrer-bang-bang-s-shoot-cancelled-in-kashmir/article1-1027824.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=17 March 2013|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908184242/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-hrithik-roshan-starrer-bang-bang-s-shoot-cancelled-in-kashmir/article1-1027824.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shooting for the film began on 1 May 2013, with the film scheduled for release on 1 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif to begin shooting Bang Bang|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-to-begin-shooting-bang-bang-355373|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=18 April 2013|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=13 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113185739/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-to-begin-shooting-bang-bang-355373|url-status=live}}</ref> Unique water action sequences were shot in [[Thailand]] and [[Greece]]. In an interview with ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', Roshan spoke about the action sequences in the film stating, "I have pushed myself to the extreme for this stunt. This sequence called for mental and physical tenacity. The rush that I experienced while training and executing the sequence was out of the world. I was hooked to a sea plane while I did the stunt. I had trained non-stop to even attempt the sequence". Roshan refused to use any body double to perform the stunts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hrithik refuses to use body double, to perform Bang Bang stunts himself |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/hrithik-refuses-to-use-body-double-to-perform-bang-bang-stunts-himself-1398425.html |work=Firstpost |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221134819/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/hrithik-refuses-to-use-body-double-to-perform-bang-bang-stunts-himself-1398425.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Talking about another water action sequences, the film's director [[Siddharth Anand]] revealed, "We can control the action we shoot on land, but while shooting at sea, you're at the mercy of the tide. Three days before the shoot, Hrithik started practicing the stunts for five-six hours daily. It took us eight days to shoot the sequences in water. For another water action sequence, Hrithik trained for four days, before the shooting. He learnt to jetski with a speed boat pulling him along first. Then, an antiquated plane was brought in with an experienced pilot at the controls, so that it could be slowed down and speeded up at will."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Out-of-the-blue/articleshow/42214055.cms |title=Out of the blue |date=11 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914115209/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Out-of-the-blue/articleshow/42214055.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bang-bang-hrithik-does-never-before-seen-death-defying-stunts-608939 |title='Bang Bang': Hrithik Does Never-Before-Seen Death Defying Stunts |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915040001/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bang-bang-hrithik-does-never-before-seen-death-defying-stunts-608939 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-fab-facts-about-hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaifs-bang-bang-163382.html |title=5 Fab Facts About Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif's Bang Bang |date=5 August 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-date=16 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916073339/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-fab-facts-about-hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaifs-bang-bang-163382.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2013, one of the songs of the film, "Meherbaan" was shot in the city of [[Santorini]] in Greece and choreographed by [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-and-katrina-spotted-shooting-for-bang-bang-in-greece-166326-2013-06-10 |title=Hrithik and Katrina go Bang Bang in Greece |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615033945/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-and-katrina-spotted-shooting-for-bang-bang-in-greece/1/279515.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=First Look: Bang Bang – This One Looks Like Dhoom 2|url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/first-look-bang-bang-one-looks-like-dhoom-2/157142|publisher=Business of Cinema|date=1 July 2014|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830101059/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/first-look-bang-bang-one-looks-like-dhoom-2/157142|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://elinepa.org/bang-bang-2014-hindi-film/ Bang Bang!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513002252/https://elinepa.org/bang-bang-2014-hindi-film/ |date=13 May 2021 }} (2014 Hindi Film), ELINEPA</ref> In [[Phuket]], Roshan performed a stunt where he had to use a water jetpack called a [[Flyboard]] and go 45 feet high in the sky and then dive down in the water. Roshan thus became the first actor in Hollywood or Bollywood to do a flyboarding stunt in a film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan Shows-off His Action Chops in Daring Act From Bang Bang|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-shows-off-his-action-chops-in-daring-act-from-bang-bang-657442|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=1 September 2014|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906155440/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-shows-off-his-action-chops-in-daring-act-from-bang-bang-657442|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FlyboardStunt">{{cite news|title=Hrithik beats Hollywood heroes in doing daring stunts|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-beats-hollywood-heroes-in-doing-daring-stunts-2005005|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=25 July 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316064228/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-beats-hollywood-heroes-in-doing-daring-stunts-2005005|url-status=live}}</ref> He was injured during this schedule and subsequently had to undergo a brain surgery for removal of a [[Subdural haematoma|blood clot from his brain]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hrithik got head injury during 'Bang Bang' shoot: Rakesh Roshan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-got-head-injury-during-bang-bang-shoot-rakesh-roshan-1858735|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]|date=8 July 2013|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135710/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hrithik-got-head-injury-during-bang-bang-shoot-rakesh-roshan-1858735|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, the Kashmir schedule of the film was delayed because of unrest in the valley.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bang Bang: Lesser known facts of the Hrithik-Katrina starrer|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bang-Bang-Lesser-known-facts-of-the-Hrithik-Katrina-starrer/photostory/38973339.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730173056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bang-Bang-Lesser-known-facts-of-the-Hrithik-Katrina-starrer/photostory/38973339.cms?|url-status=live}}</ref>

The delays caused the film's release date to be postponed to 2 October 2014.<ref name="RelD">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/07/global-showbiz-briefs-first-trailer-for-foxs-indian-knight-and-day-remake-bang-bang-will-ferrell-getting-deauville-fest-tribute-more-808781/|title=Global Showbiz Briefs: 'Knight And Day' copy 'Bang Bang'; Will Ferrell Getting Deauville Fest Tribute; More|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=17 July 2014|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211205617/https://deadline.com/2014/07/global-showbiz-briefs-first-trailer-for-foxs-indian-knight-and-day-remake-bang-bang-will-ferrell-getting-deauville-fest-tribute-more-808781/|url-status=live}}</ref> There were reports that the film had overshot its budget to {{INR|1.3 billion}} from a planned budget of around 80–90 crore.<ref name="ShootingBudget">{{cite news|title=Why Bang Bang is one of the costliest Bollywood films?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Why-Bang-Bang-is-one-of-the-costliest-Bollywood-films/photostory/43895417.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003112242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Why-Bang-Bang-is-one-of-the-costliest-Bollywood-films/photostory/43895417.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Anand denied such reports, saying "It's funny! Yes, ''Bang Bang!'' is a big-ticket film but its budget is as per the scale of the film. There's no question of exceeding it."<ref>{{cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan's Bang Bang goes over budget|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hrithik-roshans-bang-bang-goes-over-budget/|date=25 June 2014|access-date=16 September 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124704/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hrithik-roshans-bang-bang-goes-over-budget/|url-status=live}}</ref> The shooting resumed in January 2014, in [[Shimla]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Goyal|first=Divya|title=Hrithik Roshan shoots for 'Bang Bang' in Shimla|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-shoots-for-bang-bang-in-shimla/|access-date=16 April 2014|date=3 February 2014|archive-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405121654/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-shoots-for-bang-bang-in-shimla/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Mumbai]], [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|Abu Dhabi]], [[Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-is-back-in-action-resumes-bang-bang-shoot/ |title=Hrithik Roshan, Hrithik Roshan Bang Bang, Hrithik Roshan starts shooting, Hrithik Roshan Katrina Kaif, Katrina Kaif bang bang |work=The Indian Express |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413222241/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-is-back-in-action-resumes-bang-bang-shoot/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Prague]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140713/entertainment-bollywood/article/katrina-and-hrithik-shoot-last-leg-%E2%80%98bang-bang%E2%80%99-prague |title=Katrina and Hrithik shoot for the last leg of 'Bang Bang' in Prague |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=13 July 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910203835/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140713/entertainment-bollywood/article/katrina-and-hrithik-shoot-last-leg-%E2%80%98bang-bang%E2%80%99-prague |url-status=live }}</ref> The shooting schedule in Shimla went on for straight six weeks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-bang-bang-shimla-180527-2014-02-10 |title=Spotted: Hrithik Roshan and Katrina Kaif shoot for Bang Bang in Shimla |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 February 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910201008/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-bang-bang-shimla/1/342828.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Manali bridge where the majority of scenes were shot, has become a grand tourist attraction and it was renamed as ''Bang Bang Point''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/14/aug/06-news-manali-bridge-renamed-after-hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaifs-bang-bang-081411.asp |title=Manali bridge renamed after Hrithik Roshan-Katrina Kaif's BANG BANG |publisher=glamsham.com |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808112706/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/14/aug/06-news-manali-bridge-renamed-after-hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaifs-bang-bang-081411.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/a-bridge-renamed-after-hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaifs-bang-bang-in-manali/ |title=A bridge renamed after Hrithik Roshan-Katrina Kaif's Bang Bang in Manali! |publisher=bollywoodlife.com |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807204342/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/a-bridge-renamed-after-hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaifs-bang-bang-in-manali/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Just before the Abu Dhabi segment of the film, a song shoot was completed at an open-cafeteria in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]] on 19 April 2014. Shimla was created in Film City, Mumbai to shoot a song and few action sequences for the film. The film was shot for 20 days in Film City with the lead pair. After wrapping up the Mumbai schedule, the filming team left for Abu Dhabi.<ref name="F1Cars1">{{cite web |title=Bang Bang's Shimla is actually Mumbai's Film City |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bang-bangs-shimla-is-actually-mumbais-film-city-638820 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913075938/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bang-bangs-shimla-is-actually-mumbais-film-city-638820 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|Abu Dhabi]] schedule of shooting was intense and action-packed. In Abu Dhabi, filming started early May, and took place at various locations in Abu Dhabi including the Corniche, Liwa oasis, Hyatt Capital Gate Hotel, Qasr al Sarab, Emirates Palace and Yas Island. In one of the chase sequences in the film, 120 cars were involved. The film also had used [[Formula 1]] cars.<ref name="F1Cars_1">{{cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan drives F1 car out of the circuit|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshan-drives-F1-car-out-of-the-circuit/articleshow/41404643.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 September 2014|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904045942/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshan-drives-F1-car-out-of-the-circuit/articleshow/41404643.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="F1Cars_2">{{cite web|title=Get ready for F1 ride with Hrithik Roshan's 'Bang Bang'|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-formula-one-ride-in-bang-bang--16780.html|publisher=IndiaTVNews|date=3 September 2014|access-date=6 September 2014|archive-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906175641/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-formula-one-ride-in-bang-bang--16780.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Even after the brain surgery, all the stunts were performed by Roshan himself. The stunts were designed by Andy Armstrong<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-will-do-his-own-stunts-in-bang-bang-485564 |title=Hrithik Roshan will do his own stunts in Bang Bang |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=19 February 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523005347/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-will-do-his-own-stunts-in-bang-bang-485564 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Times Of India">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/After-injury-Hrithik-Roshan-to-perform-stunts-himself-for-Bang-Bang/articleshow/30670281.cms |title=After injury, Hrithik Roshan to perform stunts himself for 'Bang Bang' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 February 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106150530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/After-injury-Hrithik-Roshan-to-perform-stunts-himself-for-Bang-Bang/articleshow/30670281.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-to-perform-stunts-himself-for-bang-bang_150979.html |title=Hrithik Roshan to perform stunts himself for 'Bang Bang' |publisher=[[ZeeNews]] |date=19 February 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220053409/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-to-perform-stunts-himself-for-bang-bang_150979.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and shot in Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/bang-hrithik-roshan-starrer-bang-bang/141503 |title=More Bang! In Hrithik Roshan Starrer Bang Bang |publisher=Business of Cinema |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419142228/http://businessofcinema.com/news/bang-hrithik-roshan-starrer-bang-bang/141503 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Abu Dhabi segment of shooting was completed on 20 May in collaboration with ''twofour54''.<ref name=ShootingInDubai>{{cite web|last=Nagraj|first=Aarti|title=Bollywood Film Bang Bang Completes Abu Dhabi Shoot|url=http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/05/bollywood-film-bang-bang-completes-abu-dhabi-shoot/|publisher=gulfbusiness.com|access-date=31 May 2014|date=20 May 2014|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521161638/http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/05/bollywood-film-bang-bang-completes-abu-dhabi-shoot/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.twofour54.com/en/news/news/bang-bang-wraps-successful-shoot-in-abu-dhabi-with-support-of-twofour54.html|title=Bang Bang wraps successful shoot in Abu Dhabi with support of twofour54|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526070147/http://media.twofour54.com/en/news/news/bang-bang-wraps-successful-shoot-in-abu-dhabi-with-support-of-twofour54.html|archive-date=26 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the first Bollywood film to be shot and co-produced in Abu Dhabi.<ref name="ShootingInDubai" /> The last leg of the film was scheduled in [[Prague]]. One stunt in which Roshan is on water skis while being pulled along by a sky plane was shot in a lake in Prague. He trained for four days to shoot this scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/in-bang-bang-hrithik-roshan-bang-bang-stunts-siddharth-anand-katrina-kaif-andy-armstrong-291892-2014-09-11 |title=Hrithik Roshan pushed his limits for Bang Bang |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912050047/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/in-bang-bang-hrithik-roshan-bang-bang-stunts-siddharth-anand-katrina-kaif-andy-armstrong/1/382103.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shooting wrapped on 15 July 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/bang-bang-shoot-in-prague/ |title=Bang Bang shoot in Prague |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811161808/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/bang-bang-shoot-in-prague/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Out-of-the-blue/articleshow/42214055.cms |title=Out of the blue |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=1 September 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911054700/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Out-of-the-blue/articleshow/42214055.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

While filming in Thailand, Roshan suffered a head injury from a stunt accident and underwent [[Neurosurgery|brain surgery]] at the [[Hinduja Hospital]], done by [[B. K. Misra]] to relieve [[subdural hematoma|subacute-subdural hematoma]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshans-brain-surgery-is-successful-says-father/articleshow/20954002.cms |title=Hrithik Roshan's brain surgery is successful, says father |last=Dubey, Bharati |date=7 July 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112001826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshans-brain-surgery-is-successful-says-father/articleshow/20954002.cms |archive-date=12 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://india.nydailynews.com/entertainmentarticle/40404f6546cc964076e917ff3402e1a0/hrithik-roshans-surgery-successful-dad-says-nothing-to-worry |title=Hrithik Roshan's surgery successful, dad says nothing to worry |date=7 July 2013 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102173811/http://india.nydailynews.com/entertainmentarticle/40404f6546cc964076e917ff3402e1a0/hrithik-roshans-surgery-successful-dad-says-nothing-to-worry |archive-date=2 November 2013 |publisher=[[HT Media]]}}</ref>

===Marketing===

On the lines of the popular [[Ice Bucket Challenge]] – one of the biggest trends of the year, the dare on social media, Roshan came up with the dare-to-do game to Bollywood co-stars [[Aamir Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Dino Morea]], [[Uday Chopra]] and [[Dabboo Ratnani]] on Twitter asking them to post videos of themselves doing a particular task and adding the hashtag #bangbangdare to it. Roshan even dared the smokers asking them not to smoke for 3 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshans-bang-bang-dares-for-bollywood-668559 |title=Hrithik Roshan's Bang Bang Dare For Bollywood |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=20 September 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081847/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshans-bang-bang-dares-for-bollywood-668559 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bollywood-stars-new-promotional-tactics/photostory/43228249.cms |title=Bollywood stars' new promotional tactics |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005004657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bollywood-stars-new-promotional-tactics/photostory/43228249.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-hardsellers-bollywood-actors-who-are-masters-of-story-selling/15641199 |title=The hardsellers: Bollywood actors who are masters of story selling |publisher=[[mid-day]] |date=29 September 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001080156/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/The-hardsellers-Bollywood-actors-who-are-masters-of-story-selling/15641199 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/hrithik-roshan-throws-bang-bang-dare-at-b-town-buddies-293567-2014-09-20 |title=Hrithik Roshan throws Bang Bang dare at B-Town buddies, smokers |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 September 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001040558/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-throws-bang-bang-dare-at-b-town-buddies/1/384061.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Stars-who-took-Hrithik-Roshans-BangBangDare/photostory/43805674.cms |title=Stars who took Hrithik Roshan's BangBangDare |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001003951/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/stars-who-took-hrithik-roshans-bangbangdare/photostory/43805674.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/when-aamir-khan-took-on-the-bang-bang-dare-and-took-off-the-transistor-673717 |title=When Aamir Khan Took on the Bang Bang Dare and Took Off The Transistor |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001132700/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/when-aamir-khan-took-on-the-bang-bang-dare-and-took-off-the-transistor-673717 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the companies challenged Roshan himself, where he was asked to buy bed sheets from their store and if he did, ₹500,000 would be donated to city hospitals. He took up the dare sportingly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2014/bang-bang-dare-hrithik-roshan-160566.html |title=Hrithik Roshan Has Got A Bang Bang Dare! Will He Do It? |publisher=FilmiBeat |date=30 September 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-date=4 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004095137/http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2014/bang-bang-dare-hrithik-roshan-160566.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While most stars take to television shows to generate buzz about their films, Roshan refrained from promoting his movie through reality TV shows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/hrithik-roshan-wont-promote-bang-bang-on-tv-shows-667704 |title=Hrithik Roshan Won't Promote Bang Bang on TV shows |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921004256/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/hrithik-roshan-wont-promote-bang-bang-on-tv-shows-667704 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-inspires-hrithik-roshan-no-bang-bang-promotions-on-tv/article1-1265563.aspx |title=No Bang Bang promotions on TV |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=19 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919002923/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-inspires-hrithik-roshan-no-bang-bang-promotions-on-tv/article1-1265563.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

To protect the film from piracy, the makers of the film approached the Court of Piracy with the plea that the film should not be viewed on any device or broadcast on any platform through the Internet without their permission and submitted a list of 90 websites. The Court responded positively on that and restrained them all from making the film available on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/planning-to-watch-bang-bang-online-hc-says-no/article1-1270264.aspx |title=Planning to watch Bang Bang online? HC says no |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 September 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930170722/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/planning-to-watch-bang-bang-online-hc-says-no/article1-1270264.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A promotional [[mobile video game]] based on the film was developed by [[Nazara Technologies]] and released the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Hrithik Roshan launches Bang Bang mobile game |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/hrithik-roshan-launches-bang-bang-mobile-game-373315-2014-09-23 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926222048/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/hrithik-roshan-launches-bang-bang-mobile-game-373315-2014-09-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Bang Bang! (soundtrack)}}

The songs of the film were composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]], while the background score has been composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]] in their final collaboration with director [[Siddharth Anand]].<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dg7XO1zgJHA|title=Swedish House Mafia – One (Original Mix)|date=26 April 2010|publisher=YouTube|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-date=18 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218230033/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dg7XO1zgJHA|url-status=live}}</ref> The digital album rights of the film were acquired by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Music-giant-acquires-digital-album-rights-of-Bang-Bang-and-Bombay-Velvet/articleshow/40929076.cms |title=Music giant acquires digital album rights of Bang Bang |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830045623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Music-giant-acquires-digital-album-rights-of-Bang-Bang-and-Bombay-Velvet/articleshow/40929076.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzicmag.com/2014/07/bang-bang-2014-first-look-cast-crew-hrithik-katrina-release.html |title=Bang Bang (2014) – First Look, Cast Crew, Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif |publisher=muzicmag.com |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=2 July 2014 |archive-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709025141/http://www.muzicmag.com/2014/07/bang-bang-2014-first-look-cast-crew-hrithik-katrina-release.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The album was preceded with three singles: "Tu Meri",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-returns-to-the-dance-floor-with-a-bang-bang-in-tu-meri-652286|title=Hrithik Roshan Returns to The Dance Floor With a Bang Bang in Tu Meri|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=18 August 2014|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907151348/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-returns-to-the-dance-floor-with-a-bang-bang-in-tu-meri-652286|url-status=live}}</ref> "[[Meherbaan (song)|Meherbaan]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-sizzle-in-meherbaan-658447 |title=Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif Sizzle in Meherbaan |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=3 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903140838/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-sizzle-in-meherbaan-658447 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meherbaan-the-perfect-romantic-song-from-bang-bang/article1-1259396.aspx#sthash.zoeGrDL7.rvJhRWO2.dpuf |title=Hrithik-Katrina's sizzling romance in Meherbaan |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111223/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meherbaan-the-perfect-romantic-song-from-bang-bang/article1-1259396.aspx |archive-date=3 September 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> and "Bang Bang".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bang-bang-first-look-title-track-released-hrithik-katrina-share-romantic-moment-609254 |title='Bang Bang': First Look of Title Track Released; Hrithik-Katrina Share Romantic Moment |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=19 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919055823/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bang-bang-first-look-title-track-released-hrithik-katrina-share-romantic-moment-609254 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bang-bang-title-track-is-out-isn-t-hrithik-the-best-dancer-in-bollywood/article1-1265286.aspx |title=Bang Bang title track is out: Isn't Hrithik the best dancer in Bollywood? |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=19 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011348/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bang-bang-title-track-is-out-isn-t-hrithik-the-best-dancer-in-bollywood/article1-1265286.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The soundtrack was released on 11 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-3-reasons-why-bang-bang-title-track-is-unmissable-2019552 |title=B3 Reasons why 'Bang Bang' title track is unmissable |newspaper=[[DNA India]] |date=17 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920212812/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-3-reasons-why-bang-bang-title-track-is-unmissable-2019552 |url-status=live }}</ref> All the songs were well received by audiences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bang-bang-song-tu-meri-goes-viral-16579.html |title=Bang Bang song #TuMeri goes viral, garners 2.4 million views in 3 days |publisher=[[India News]] |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826055249/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bang-bang-song-tu-meri-goes-viral-16579.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bang-bang-meherbaan-song-goes-viral-16876.html |title=Bang Bang #Meherbaan goes viral, garners 3.5 million views in 6 days |publisher=[[India News]] |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911015409/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bang-bang-meherbaan-song-goes-viral-16876.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
The film released worldwide on 2 October 2014.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bang Bang (2014) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2905838/releaseinfo|access-date=2020-06-15|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503143859/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2905838/releaseinfo/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Bang Bang!'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics.

=== Critical response ===
''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "If you are looking high-octane action scenes, sleek visuals, melodious music, ''Bang Bang'' should definitely be your pick for this extended weekend."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bang-bang/critic-review/bang-bang-movie-review/|title=Bang Bang! Movie Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=2 October 2014 }}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Bang Bang makes more noise and little sense. This desi adaptation of ''[[Knight and Day]]'' has charm in abundance because of its effervescent lead pair, but it lacks coherence."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bang-bang/movie-review/44109512.cms#google_vignette|title=Bang Bang Movie Review|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Rajeev Masand on ''[[IBN Live]]'' gave 2/5 stars and commented that "the film isn't unwatchable, but certainly tests your patience."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bang-bang-review-the-film-isnt-unwatchable-but-certainly-tests-your-patience/503497-47-84.html|title='Bang Bang' review: The film isn't unwatchable but certainly tests your patience|website=[[IBN Live]]|access-date=3 October 2014|archive-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004020512/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bang-bang-review-the-film-isnt-unwatchable-but-certainly-tests-your-patience/503497-47-84.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Paloma Sharma of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "A worse official remake of an already bad original, Bang Bang is more noise and less sound."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bang-bang-review-make-it-stop/20141002.html|title=Bang Bang Review: Make it STOP!|website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> Raja Sen from the same website agreed with Sharma and wrote that the film is "a stupid, stupid film trying to be slick, a B-grade film made on an A-list budget.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-bang-bang-is-loud-dumb-exhausting/20141002.htm|title=Review: Bang Bang is loud, dumb, exhausting|date=2 October 2014|work=Rediff}}</ref> ''The Indian Express'' rated it 1.5/5, calling Roshan "the eye candy of the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bang-bang-movie-review/|title='Bang Bang' review: Hrithik Roshan is the film's eye candy, Katrina Kaif is more giggle than sizzle|date=2 October 2014|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Box office==
Worldwide, ''Bang Bang'' grossed {{INR|333 [[crore]]}}<ref name="BollywoodHungama">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bang-bang/box-office/|title=Bang Bang! Box Office Collection till Now |website=[[Box Office India]]|date=20 November 2014|access-date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722203215/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/themusicofpkdoesnotseemifthefirsttwosongsarethebestofthelotsocanitstillbeattherecordsasitisexpectedtodo|archive-date=22 July 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="IBT 340">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-bang-bang-earns-340-cr-worldwide-super-nani-dull-roar-steady-612875|title=Bang Bang - Movie - Worldwide Gross|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=2 November 2014|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224094351/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-bang-bang-earns-340-cr-worldwide-super-nani-dull-roar-steady-612875|url-status=live}}</ref> ({{US$|{{To USD|3500|IND|year=2014|round=yes}} million|long=no}}), becoming one of the highest-grossing [[List of Bollywood films of 2014|Bollywood films of 2014]].

===India===
''Bang Bang!'' (Hindi) had a theatrical run for 5 weeks with a final domestic nett of around {{INR|1.81 billion}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/594271|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519085356/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/594271|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2013|title=Bang Bang Lifetime Business|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bang Bang! Lifetime Business|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/happy-new-year-beats-bang-bangs-lifetime-box-office-collections/|publisher=Koimoi|date=1 December 2014|access-date=11 January 2016|archive-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114103921/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/happy-new-year-beats-bang-bangs-lifetime-box-office-collections/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamil and Telugu versions of the film grossed around {{INR|60 million}} nett.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bang Bang! Tamil and Telugu versions Business|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/bangbangat13350croreaftertwoweeks|publisher=Box Office India Trade Network|date=17 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021155608/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/bangbangat13350croreaftertwoweeks|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Overseas===
''Bang Bang!'' earned $4.89 million overseas in its opening weekend. The biggest debut came from the UAE ($1.8 million), North America ($3.35 million), United Kingdom ($922,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/10/international-box-office-gone-girl-bang-dracula-untold-annabelle-846119/|title=Int'l Box Office Update|date=6 October 2014|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217064038/https://deadline.com/2014/10/international-box-office-gone-girl-bang-dracula-untold-annabelle-846119/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of its theatrical run overseas, the film earned $13.97 million. The highest revenue came from Gulf ($4.46 million), US/Canada ($2.62 million), UK (£1.165 million) and Australia (Aus $457,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/overseascomparisonkickvbangbang|title=Bang Bang! Overseas Business|publisher=Box Office India Trade Network|date=27 November 2014|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129220137/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/overseascomparisonkickvbangbang|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[7th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| [[Vishal Dadlani]] - "Tu Meri"
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-27|archive-date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102232/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-27|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702105444/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Song Producer (Programming & Arranging)
| Abhijit Nalani & Zoheb Khan - "Bang Bang"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=2905838}}
* {{Mojo title|bangbang}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|bang_bang_2014}}
{{Siddharth Anand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 English-language films]]
[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s spy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Films shot in Santorini]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddharth Anand]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Films set in Prague]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Indian spy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Greece]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:English-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]

1998 Andhra Pradesh cyclone

2026-03-21T07:55:08Z

Vijaykumar96: started new entry and citations!

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone in 1998}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Deep Depression BOB 03
| image = BOB 03 1998-10-14 0911Z.png
| caption = The cyclone near peak intensity.
| formed = October 13, 1998
| dissipated = October 15, 1998
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 30
| pressure = 998
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| fatalities = 101
| missing =
| economic-year = 1998
| currency = INR
| damage = 6000000000
| areas = [[India]]
| IBTrACS = 1998287N16083
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
The '''1998 Andhra Pradesh cyclone''' was a weak but deadly tropical depression which impacted India, especially the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], in October 1998. The eight depression and seventh deep depression of the [[1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], BOB 03 developed from a low-pressure area in the Bay of Bengal on October 13. The next day, it made landfall near peak intensity. Rapidly weakening once inland, the depression dissipated the next day.

== Meteorological history ==
{{Storm path|BOB-03 1998 track.png}}
On October 13, a low-pressure area spawned in the monsoonal shear zone over the Bay of Bengal on October 13.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=February 1999 |title=IMD TCR 1998 |url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/27/27_01a386_35_872370_1998.pdf |journal=[[India Meteorological Department]] |pages=40–44 |access-date=2024-01-14 |archive-date=2022-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127130551/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/27/27_01a386_35_872370_1998.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Later that day, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) began monitoring the low off the eastern coast of India, designating it as ''BOB 03'' since it was in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=":1" /> On 18:00 UTC that day, BOB 03 would intensify into a deep depression, peaking with 3-minute sustained winds of {{Convert|35|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1" /> On 16:00 UTC the next day, it would make landfall near [[Narsapur, Medak district|Narsapur]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="GPOctober Tracks">{{cite web |author=Gary Padgett |date=November 29, 1998 |title=Monthly Tropical Cyclone Tracks for October 1998 |url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/oct98tks.txt |access-date=February 9, 2009 |publisher=Typhoon 2000}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Once inland, BOB 03 would rapidly weaken, weakening into a depression two hours later.<ref name=":1" /> The system would be last noted by the IMD on 00:00 UTC on October 15, dissipating around that time.<ref name="GPOctober Summary">{{cite web |author=Gary Padgett |date=November 29, 1998 |title=Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for October 1998 |url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/oct98.txt |access-date=February 9, 2009 |publisher=Typhoon 2000}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Preparations and impact ==
Since the depression was weak when it affected land, it mainly produced heavy rainfall, which damaged croplands and property.<ref name="FE1">Ashok B. Sharma (October 19, 1998). Southern States Still Under Monsoon Spell. ''Financial Express''.</ref> Daily rainfall totals reached {{convert|110|mm|in|abbr=on}} in some areas, triggering flash flooding in areas previously affected by heavy rainfall. Due to the depression, the [[Kalingapatnam]] weather station recorded {{Convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} in rainfall on October 14, while the [[Avanigadda]] weather station recorded {{Convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} in rainfall on October 15.<ref name=":1" />

During the morning of October 14, the [[Srisailam Dam]] overflowed, inundating a nearby powerhouse and forcing officials to shut down the plant. The following day, the water level of the dam kept rising, causing nearly 53,000 residents in the area to be evacuated.<ref name=":0">Staff Writer (October 17, 1998). Krishna rising, thousands evacuated. ''The Hindu''.</ref> In [[Hyderabad]], schools and government offices were closed.<ref>Staff Writer (October 14, 1998). Heavy rain to continue due to depression. ''The Hindu''.</ref> Numerous highways were also closed due to flowing water.<ref name="Oct16TH2">Staff Writer (October 16, 1998). Srisailam power plant under water, shut down. ''The Hindu''.</ref> In total, the depression caused 101 fatalities and {{INRConvert|60|c|lk=c|year=1998}}, in damages. It also submerged 50 bridges and damage 52,657 acres of crops.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Australia}}
* [[Deep Depression ARB 02 (2008)]] - deep depression that caused immense damage in Yemen.
* [[1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]] - very intense cyclonic storm which also impacted Andhra Pradesh.

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:1998 in India]]
[[Category:Tropical storms]]
[[Category:1990s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:1998 floods]]
[[Category:1990s floods in Asia]]

Nagarkirtan (film)

2026-03-18T23:48:28Z

Vijaykumar96: added new info

{{Short description|2019 Indian Bengali film}}
{{for|the Indian religious tradition|Nagar kirtan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nagarkirtan
| image = Nagarkirtan poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| producer = [[Sani Ghose Ray]]
| writer = Kaushik Ganguly
| starring = [[Riddhi Sen]] [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
| music = [[Prabuddha Banerjee]]
| cinematography = [[Sirsha Ray]]
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| studio = Acropoliis Entertainment
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2019|02|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nagarkirtan''''' is a 2019 Indian Bengali-language film written and directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]] and produced by [[Sani Ghose Ray]]. The film stars [[Riddhi Sen]] as Parimal, a trans woman from rural [[West Bengal|Bengal]], and [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Madhu, a flute player from the [[Nagar kirtan|Kirtaniya]] town of [[Nabadwip]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Ritwick Chakraborty and Riddhi Sen to play main characters in controversial 'Nagarkirtan'| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ritwick-chakraborty-and-riddhi-sen-to-play-main-characters-in-controversial-nagarkirtan/articleshow/63532364.cms |date = 29 March 2018| access-date = 2018-04-30 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

At the [[65th National Film Awards]] the film won four Awards including, [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award (Feature Film)]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for [[Riddhi Sen]].<ref>{{cite web| title = 65th National Film Awards for 2017 announced| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178652 |date= 13 April 2018| access-date = 2018-04-30 |work=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Won't take National Award for granted, says Bhoomi actor Riddhi Sen |work=Hindustan Times| url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/won-t-take-national-award-for-granted-says-bhoomi-actor-riddhi-sen/story-Xj42BhHceXhQiIxluuqIjK.html |date = 17 April 2018
| access-date = 2018-04-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/riddhi-sen-gave-world-beating-performance-in-nagarkirtan-shekhar-kapur-118051100329_1.html|title=Riddhi Sen gave world beating performance in 'Nagarkirtan': Shekhar Kapur|last=IANS|date=2018-05-11|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/importance-of-being-earnest/|title=Importance of Being Earnest|date=2018-05-09|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=July 2022}}
The movie starts with ''Puti'', born ''Parimal'' an intersex woman from the ghetto of eunuchs eloping with ''Madhu da'', a delivery boy of a Chinese restaurant who moonlights as a flautist in kirtans. The flashbacks give us an insight of Puti's childhood where her father is strictly against her dressing. She grows up to have a relationship with her private tutor ''Subhash da'' who knows of her gender orientation. Puti proposes eloping to America with him in hopes of living freely without hiding. Puti later finds out Subhash da is set to be marrying her elder sister and unable to cope with the trauma, she runs away from home to the ghetto of eunuchs in Kolkata where she becomes a disciple of their ''Guru ma'' Arati.

During her time with the eunuchs she meets ''Madhu da'', a delivery boy of a Chinese restaurant and they start meeting in secret and develop a relationship. Puti struggles with her gender dysphoria and wants to alter her body with a sex reassignment surgery. Puti elopes from her community; as leaving the ghetto premises without informing their Guru ma is prohibited and goes to Krishnanagar with Madhu da to meet Manabi Bandyopadhyay who is a well known openly transgender woman. Puti is crestfallen after knowing the cost of a sex reassignment surgery as she can never afford it when Madhu da says he is a landowner in his ancestral home in Nabadwip and is willing to sell the land to gather the cost of Puti's surgery. Puti meets Madhu da's family of Vaishnavs and goes to attend a kirtan where Madhu da plays the flute. Remembering past events with her ex lover combined with the emotions of the kirtan she breaks down and loses her wig in the process, exposing her real short hair to the full court. She runs away and Madhu da follows her but loses her and calls her phone only for his sister-in-law to pick up and be hit by reality. Madhu da's whole family, except for his sister in law who pleads him to call her, disowns him and he wanders the streets of Nabadwip looking for Puti.

Meanwhile, Puti, devoid of all her belongings and money begs for a few rupees from the locals of Nabadwip to eat at a roadside stall. The local eunuchs of Nabadwip outraged by this, knowing of the reputation of phonies dressing up as eunuchs to rip off people, all catch Puti where she is stripped and mobbed in the streets.

Madhu da, troubled by Puti's absence still looks for Puti and asks every passerby if they have seen her until he stumbles upon a man who claims to have seen her and shows him a video of Puti being stripped and beaten by the eunuchs. Madhu da breaks down in tears and goes to the police station where he tells the inspector she is his "girlfriend". They find out Puti has committed suicide by hanging herself with her towel inside the lockup where Madhu da holds her hanging feet and grieves and eventually joins the same ghetto of eunuchs in Kolkata.

== Cast ==

* [[Riddhi Sen]] as Parimal / Puti
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Madhu
* [[Manabi Bandyopadhyay]] as herself<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarkirtan -- ‘Pride’ of Transgender Love |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/nagarkirtan-pride-of-transgender-love |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref>

==Scope==
The film is a document that frames this experience of an invisible community, rarely portrayed in Indian mainstream cinema. The fabric of Ganguly's film moves beyond the binaries of a linear and complex narrative and instead brings forth a breathtaking ruthlessness that mirrors the hidden lives and traumas of the Transgender/ Hijra/ Intersex/ gender non-conforming communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/entertainment/nagarkirtan-selected-49th-international-film-festival-india| title=Nagarkirtan selected in Indian Panorama section of the 49th International Film Festival of India|work=MediaInfoline|date=9 November 2018|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> The film embodies the visceral experience of these communities battling centuries of prejudice and taboo. The community's lived realities of being caught between questions of vice and virtue, desire and rejection sustains the film's body narrative – rather precariously – avoiding a moral position – yet examining the very contours that makes taking these positions complicated. In a society that largely considers trans bodies as dustbins to dump its traumas and miscarriages of justice, the film signals a language of change that can be used to build a narrative of resistance.

==Controversy==
In February 2019, [[Bengalis|Bengali]] writer [[Swapnamoy Chakraborty]] alleged that this film was plagiarised from his [[Ananda Puraskar]] winning novel titled ''Holde Golap''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kaushik has plagiarised from my Holde Golap: Swapnamoy Chakraborty - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kaushik-has-plagiarised-from-my-holde-gopal-swapnamoy-chakraborty/articleshow/68184987.cms|access-date=2021-09-07|website=The Times of India|date=28 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> but later, he revised his views on the film and declared that ''Nagarkirtan'' is not a cinematic adaptation of Holde Golap.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I'm grateful that Swapnamoy has revised his view: Kaushik Ganguly - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/im-grateful-that-swapnamoy-has-revised-his-view-kaushik-ganguly/articleshow/68202942.cms|access-date=2021-09-07|website=The Times of India|date=March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nagarkirtan is not a cinematic adaptation of my novel: Swapnamoy Chakraborty - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/nagarkirtan-is-not-a-cinematic-adaptation-of-my-novel-swapnamoy-chakraborty/articleshow/68196897.cms|access-date=2021-09-07|website=The Times of India|date=28 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2017: [[65th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]<ref name="17thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref>
** [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award (Feature Film)]]: Nagarkirtan - [[Acropoliis Entertainment]] (Producer), [[Kaushik Ganguly]] (Director)
** [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]: [[Riddhi Sen]]
** [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]: Gobinda Mandal
**[[National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist]]: Ram Rajak

2019: won the Best Feature Film award at the 9th edition of SAARC film festival 2019 in Colombo.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7808072}}

{{Kaushik Ganguly}}
{{National Film Award Special Jury Award feature film}}
{{Acropolis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.}}
{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian transgender-related films]]
[[Category:2017 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kaushik Ganguly]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films about transgender women]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Acropoliis films]]

Dharampur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T10:08:28Z

Vijaykumar96: put up first info from scratch...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Other places|Dharmpur (disambiguation){{!}}Dharmpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharampur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 32
| map_image = 32-Dharampur, Himachal Pradesh constituency.svg
| mla = Chander Shekhar
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:82732}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Dharampur''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]], a state in northern India. It is also part of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf|title=Assembly Constituency wise Electors as on 15-09-2010|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh website|accessdate=25 April 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314170045/http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf|archivedate=14 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=6, 158–164}}</ref><ref>[https://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dharampur.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Dharampur HP86 Mandi Assembly constituency]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly & Member of Territorial Council ==
* Sant Ram Thakur from [[Indian National Congress]] was The Member of Territorial Council 1957 & 1962. MLA from 1962 to 1967
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Bhikham Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Om Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Bhikham Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1984 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|1984 By-election]] || rowspan=2 | Natha Singh
|-
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | [[Mahender Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || {{Full party name with color|Himachal Vikas Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || [[Mahender Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh}}
|-
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || rowspan=3 | [[Mahender Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Chander Shekhar Thakur|Chander Shekhar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chander Shekhar Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,063 |percentage=51.90% |change={{increase}}19.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajat Thakur|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=28,037|percentage=46.84%|change={{decrease}}9.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rakesh Mandhotra|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=230|percentage=0.38%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=216|percentage=0.36%|change={{decrease}}0.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prakash Chand Bhardwaj|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=170|percentage=0.28%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chander Shekhar|party=Independent politician|votes=141|percentage=0.24%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,026 |percentage=5.06% |change= {{decrease}}18.99 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=59,857|percentage=72.35%|change={{increase}}5.17}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,732 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,931 |percentage=56.15% |change={{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chander Shekhar Thakur]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=15,967|percentage=32.10%|change={{decrease}}15.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhupender Singh|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=3,284|percentage=6.60%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Kumar Guleria|party=Rashtriya Azad Manch|votes=428|percentage=0.86%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=333|percentage=0.67%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,964 |percentage=24.05% |change= {{increase}}21.90 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=49,746|percentage=67.18%|change={{decrease}}3.51}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,052 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,029 |percentage=49.54% |change={{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chander Shekhar Thakur]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=22,988|percentage=47.39%|change={{increase}}18.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abhimanyu|party=Himachal Lokhit Party|votes=565|percentage=1.16%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suresh Kumar Barwal|party=Independent politician|votes=318|percentage=0.66%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,041 |percentage=2.15% |change= {{decrease}}19.36 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=48,508|percentage=70.68%|change={{increase}}4.75}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,626 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,090 |percentage=50.48% |change={{increase}}21.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chander Shekhar Thakur]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=13,252|percentage=28.97%|change={{increase}}7.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Natha Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=5,544|percentage=12.12%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nanak Chand|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,613|percentage=5.71%|change={{increase}}4.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Harnam Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=412|percentage=0.90%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Saju Ram|party=Lok Jan Shakti Party|votes=396|percentage=0.87%|change={{decrease}}1.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Des Raj|party=Independent politician|votes=270|percentage=0.59%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,838 |percentage=21.51% |change= {{increase}}12.87 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=45,739|percentage=65.93%|change={{decrease}}7.10}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,375 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |swing= {{increase}}13.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Singh]] |party=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |votes=16,854 |percentage=37.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Karamvir|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=12,944|percentage=28.61%|change={{increase}}8.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thakur Natha Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=9,702|percentage=21.44%|change={{decrease}}15.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nanak Chand Bhardwaj|party=Himachal Vikas Congress|votes=3,703|percentage=8.18%|change={{decrease}}31.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Saju Ram|party=Lok Jan Shakti Party|votes=996|percentage=2.20%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Damodar Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=740|percentage=1.64%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suresh Kumar|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=311|percentage=0.69%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,910 |percentage=8.64% |change= {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=45,250|percentage=73.10%|change={{increase}}4.33}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,963 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |loser=Himachal Vikas Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Singh]] |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=14,562 |percentage=39.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Natha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,596 |percentage=36.97% |change={{decrease}}23.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karmvir Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,548 |percentage=20.52% |change={{decrease}}15.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar Sharma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=726 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=All India Rashtriya Janata Party |votes=344 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=966 |percentage=2.63% |change= {{decrease}}22.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,776 |percentage=69.34% |change= {{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,532 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Himachal Vikas Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,065 |percentage=60.76% |change={{increase}}33.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Preay Brat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,737 |percentage=35.54% |change={{increase}}7.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=545 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=427 |percentage=1.29% |change={{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,328 |percentage=25.22% |change= {{increase}}12.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,026 |percentage=71.18% |change= {{increase}}4.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,808 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}20.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahender Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,970 |percentage=40.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Priya Brat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,248 |percentage=27.84% |change={{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Natha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,168 |percentage=27.57% |change={{decrease}}31.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=722 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=521 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,722 |percentage=12.56% |change= {{decrease}}20.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,629 |percentage=66.48% |change= {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,992 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Natha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,713 |percentage=58.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,023 |percentage=25.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,142 |percentage=13.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand Verma |party=Janata Party |votes=291 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,690 |percentage=33.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,257 |percentage=66.49% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,413 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|1984 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Dharampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Natha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,366 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B.Dev |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,755 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H.Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=189 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,611 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhikham Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,310 |percentage=49.26% |change={{increase}}15.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,782 |percentage=41.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=504 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=286 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khazan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=248 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saju Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=195 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=168 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}51.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,528 |percentage=7.30% |change= {{decrease}}11.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,929 |percentage=65.74% |change= {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,353 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=9,139 |percentage=52.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhikham Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,908 |percentage=33.87% |change={{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,822 |percentage=10.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=382 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Chand Hawan |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,231 |percentage=18.53% |change= {{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,441 |percentage=63.79% |change= {{increase}}14.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,714 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhikham Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,431 |percentage=49.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,374 |percentage=41.06% |change={{decrease}}5.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Chand |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=730 |percentage=5.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khazan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=273 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,057 |percentage=8.08% |change= {{decrease}}10.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,089 |percentage=50.63% |change= {{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,854 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}16.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,980 |percentage=46.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,636 |percentage=28.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,399 |percentage=10.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=744 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=737 |percentage=5.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=320 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,344 |percentage=18.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,816 |percentage=43.36% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,990 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Mandi district}}

{{coord|30.9|77.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]

Kamlapati Palace

2026-03-16T14:07:00Z

Vijaykumar96: Started basic data basic info

{{Short description|Building in Bhopal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Kamlapati palace
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
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| alternate_names =
| image = Kamalapati Mahal Bhopal.jpg
| image_alt =
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| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[Bhopal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23|15|03.4|N|77|23|52.51|E|display=inline}}
| construction_start_date =
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}}
'''Kamalapati Palace''' is located on the bridge, between the larger and the smaller lake of [[Bhopal]]. Built in 1722, it is named after [[Rani Kamlapati]] the widow Gond ruler of Nizam Shah, Chief of [[Ginnorgarh]]. Rani Kamlapati was one of the seven wives of Ginnor's Gond Warlord Nizam Shah son of Suraj Singh Shah who ruled the territory comprising the merger of 750 villages in the 16th century. Nizam Shah built a Kamlapati Mahal as a symbol of his love in 1722 which today is being preserved by the Archeological Survey of India.The palace has been designated as a [[Monument of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).
Rani kamlapati tied the rakhi to warlord Dost Muhammad khan who protected her and her son from her enemies after her husband's death. She gifted Bhopal as a reward to Dost Muhammad khan who developed it as his capital. Their story shows the hindu muslim u ity of bhopal which continues to the present day.

== Location==
Kamalpati Palace is located inside Kamla Park and it is in Bhopal.

== History ==
Kamalapati Palace lies on the eastern side of the ancient embankment known as Bhojpal, built by the Parmara Rajput King Bhoj (AD 1010–1055) from which the present name [[Bhopal]] is derived. The existing structure is a part of the palace which was constructed by Rani Kamlapati, in AD 1722. On the Western side of this palace are the remains of Fatehgarh Fort on the hill which was built by Sardar [[Dost Mohammad of Bhopal]] (AD 1708–1726) who laid the foundation of modern [[Bhopal]]. This monument was declared protected by the Government of India in 1989 and since then Archaeological Survey of India remains the custodian.

== Architecture ==
Kamlapati palace is an example of contemporary secular architecture of the early eighteenth century and the earliest extant example in the Bhopal Town. This double storied building is constructed of lakhauri bricks having a facade with cusped arches supported on the fluted pillars, merlons having the shape of lotus petals and brackets supporting the Chhajjas.

== Gallery ==
{{Cleanup gallery|date=April 2023}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="90px">
File:Canon Kamlapati Palace (2).jpg|
File:Canon Kamlapati Palace (4).jpg|
File:Canon Kamlapati Palace (5).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (3).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (4).jpg|Canon at Kamlapati Palace
File:Kamlapati Palace (8).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (10).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (11).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (12).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (13).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (14).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (15).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (16).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (19).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (20).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (21).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (23).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace (24).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace Bhoapl (1).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace Bhoapl (2).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace Bhopal (1).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace Bhopal (2).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace Bhopal (6).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace Bhopal (7).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace Bhopal (9).jpg|
File:Kamlapati Palace(25).jpg|
</gallery>

== References ==
# https://www.ixigo.com/rani-kamlapati-palace-bhopal-india-ne-1360361
# http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/bhopal_bhopal_kamlapatimahal.html
# https://web.archive.org/web/20161102195954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_mp.asp
# http://asibhopal.nic.in/staff_listofincharge.html
# http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/pdf/distt.bhopal/bhopal/kamlapati_mahal_and_adjoining/ONLY%20PRE.pdf

{{reflist}}
{{City of Bhopal}}

[[Category:Palaces in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh]]

List of districts of Karnataka

2026-03-16T11:20:01Z

Vijaykumar96: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}

{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Districts of Karnataka
| map = Karnataka districts map.svg
| category = Districts
| territory = [[Karnataka]]
| start_date =
| current_number = 31 districts
| number_date =
| population_range = [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] – 554,519 (lowest); [[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]] – 9,621,551 (highest)
| area_range = [[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]] – {{Convert|2190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest); [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]] – {{Convert|13415|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
| government = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| subdivision = [[List of taluks of Karnataka]]
| caption = Districts of Karnataka
}}The [[South India|southern Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]] consists of 31 [[districts in India|districts]] grouped into 4 administrative divisions, ''viz''., [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]], [[Bengaluru division|Bengaluru
]], [[Kalaburagi division|Gulbarga]], and [[Mysore division|Mysore]]. Geographically, the state has three principal variants: the western [[Kanara|coastal stretch]], the [[Malenadu|hilly belt]] comprising the [[Western Ghats]], and the [[Bayaluseeme|plains]], comprising the plains of the [[Deccan Plateau]].
[[File:India Karnataka location map.png|thumb|4 Divisions and 31 Districts of Indian state of Karnataka.]]

==History==
[[File:Karnataka 1956 Reorg.svg|thumb|[[Mysore State]] that was created during States Reorganisation of 1956.]]
{{main|History of Karnataka|Unification of Karnataka}}
Karnataka took its present shape in 1956, when the former states of [[Mysore State|Mysore]] and [[Coorg State|Coorg]] were [[Unification of Karnataka|unified]] into a linguistically homogenous [[Kannada]]-speaking state along with agglomeration of districts of the former states of [[Bombay State|Bombay]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], and [[Madras State|Madras]] as part of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act of 1956]]. The unified Mysore State was made up of ten districts, ''viz''., [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]], [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]], [[Mandya district|Mandya]], [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]], [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagalur]], [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]], [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]], and [[Ballari district|Ballari]] which had been transferred from Madras Presidency to Mysore State earlier in 1953, when the new state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] was created out of Madras' northern districts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Petition against transfer of Bellary dismissed|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TgJFAAAAIBAJ&dq=bellary%20district%20madras&pg=6922%2C6087026|access-date=17 December 2010|newspaper=Indian Express|date=30 September 1953}}</ref> [[Coorg State]] became [[Kodagu district]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Chinnappa|first=Jeevan |title=Did reorganisation panel ignore Kodava leaders' plea?|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/15/stories/2005111510700300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212010817/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/15/stories/2005111510700300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2006|access-date=17 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 November 2005}}</ref> [[Dakshina Kannada|South Canara]] was transferred from Madras State, [[Uttara Kannada|North Canara]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]], [[Belagavi District|Belgaum]], and [[Vijayapura district|Bijapur]] from Bombay State. [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Kalaburagi district|Gulbarga]], and [[Raichur district|Raichur]] from Hyderabad State. The state received its new name of [[Karnataka]] in the year 1973.

=== Formations of districts ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Chronology of formation of new districts
!Date
!New district
!Formerly part of
!Administration
|-
| rowspan="2" |15 August 1986
|[[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bangalore district|Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Second Hegde ministry|Ramakrishna Hegde's ministry]]
|-
|[[Bengaluru Rural district|Bengaluru Rural]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |25 August 1997
|[[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara]]
|[[Mysuru district|Mysuru]]
| rowspan="6" |[[J. H. Patel ministry|J. H. Patel's ministry]]
|-
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
|[[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]], [[Ballari district|Ballari]] and [[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]]
|-
|[[Bagalkot district|Bagalakote]]
|[[Vijayapura district, Karnataka|Vijayapura]]
|-
|[[Gadag district|Gadaga]]
|[[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
|-
|[[Udupi district|Udupi]]
|[[Dakshina Kannada]]
|-
|[[Koppal district|Koppala]]
|[[Raichur district|Raichur]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |21 June 2007
|[[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
|[[Bengaluru Rural District|Bengaluru Rural]]
| rowspan="2" |[[First Kumaraswamy ministry|H.D. Kumaraswamy's ministry]]<ref name="newdis">{{cite news |date=6 August 2007 |title=2 new districts notified in Bangalore |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/2-new-districts-notified-in-Bangalore/articleshow/2258093.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2007-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134957/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-06/bangalore/27961491_1_new-districts-ramanagaram-taluks |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
|[[Kolar District|Kolar]]
|-
|30 December 2009
|[[Yadagiri district|Yadagiri]]<ref name="newdistrict">{{cite news |date=30 December 2009 |title=Creation of Yadgir district |work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2009-12-30 |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/30/stories/2009123051050300.htm}}</ref>
|[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
|[[Second Yediyurappa ministry|B.S. Yediyurappa's second ministry]]
|-
|18 November 2020
|[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]<ref name="newdistric">{{cite news |date=19 November 2020 |title=Vijayanagar to be Karnataka's 31st district, BSY Cabinet gives in-principle nod |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/nov/19/vijayanagar-to-be-karnatakas-31st-district-bsy-cabinet-gives-in-principle-nod-2225175.html |access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>
|[[Bellary district|Ballari]]
|[[Fourth Yediyurappa ministry|B.S. Yediyurappa's fourth ministry]]
|}

==Administrative structure==
[[File:India Karnataka Divisions map.png|thumb|4 Divisions of Indian State of Karnataka.]]
[[File:India Karnataka location map.png|thumb|31 Districts of Indian state of Karnataka.]]

=== District administration ===
A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] (DC), an officer belonging to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS). The Deputy Commissioner reports to the [[Divisional commissioner|Regional Commissioner]]. The Deputy Commissioner is also the [[District collector|Collector]] and [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] of the district. The Deputy Commissioner is assisted by an Additional Deputy Commissioner at the district headquarters. The deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to the [[Karnataka Administrative Service]]. The deputy commissioner/collector is assisted by assistant commissioners and tahsildars, who are incharge of [[Revenue division|subdivisions]] and [[List of taluks of Karnataka|taluks]] respectively. The district (''revenue district'') is divided into subdivisions. Each subdivision consists of several talukas under its administrative purview. Each subdivision is headed by a [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub-Divisional Officer]] (SDO), who holds the designation of Assistant Commissioner and Sub-Divisional Magistrate. Each taluka is headed by a [[Tehsildar|Tahsildar]]. These subdivisions and talukas are established for land revenue and land administration purposes. Each taluk contains [[hobli]] and villages, headed by Revenue Inspectors and Village Accountants respectively.

=== Police administration ===
A [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police (SP)]], usually an officer belonging to the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS), is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service and other Karnataka Police officials. Big cities like [[Bengaluru]], [[Belagavi]], [[Hubballi-Dharwad]], [[Kalaburagi]], [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]] and [[Mysuru]] are headed by a [[Commissioner of Police]] holding the rank of Additional Director General of Police(ADGP) for Bengaluru, Inspector General of Police (IGP) for Mysuru and Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) for Belagavi, Hubballi-Dharwad, Kalaburagi and Mangaluru. They are assisted by officers belonging to the [[Karnataka Police Service]] (KSPS).

=== Forest ===
A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the [[Indian Forest Service]] selected through the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] examination is responsible for managing the forests, the environment and wildlife of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Forest Service selected through the [[Karnataka Public Service Commission|KPSC]] examination.

=== Other department ===
Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Public Works, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the various state services.

===Administrative divisions===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! [[Belagavi division|Belagavi Division]]!! [[Bangalore division|Bengaluru Division]]!! [[Kalaburagi division|Kalaburagi Division]]!! [[Mysore division|Mysuru Division]]
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;"|
* [[Belagavi District|Belagavi (Headquarters)]]
* [[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]]
* [[Dharwad district|Dharwada]]
* [[Gadag district|Gadaga]]
* [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
* [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada (Karavara)]]
* [[Vijayapura district|Vijayapura]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|
* [[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban (Headquarters)]]
* [[Bengaluru North District|Bengaluru North (Doddaballapura)]]
* [[Bengaluru South District|Bengaluru South (Ramanagara)]]
* [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
* [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
* [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
* [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
* [[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]]
* [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|
* [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi (Headquarters)]]
* [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
* [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
* [[Koppal district|Koppala]]
* [[Raichur district|Raichuru]]
* [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara (Hospete)]]
* [[Yadgir district|Yadagiri]]
|style="vertical-align:top;"|
* [[Mysuru district|Mysuru (Headquarters)]]
* [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara]]
* [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru]]
* [[Dakshina Kannada|Dakshina Kannada (Mangaluru)]]
* [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
* [[Kodagu district|Kodagu (Madikeri)]]
* [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
* [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
|}

==Alphabetical listing of districts==

{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header"
!Code<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf
|title = NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2
|pages = 5–10
|publisher = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India
|date = 2004-08-18
|access-date = 2008-11-24
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080911133331/https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf
|archive-date = 2008-09-11
}}</ref>
!District
! Headquarters<ref name="goiport">{{cite web|title=Know India&nbsp;– Districts of Karnataka|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=KA|publisher=Government of India portal|access-date=16 November 2010}}</ref>
!Established<ref>Here 'Established' means year of establishment as a district of Karnataka. If the district was formed earlier to the formation of district in the state of Karnataka, 1 November 1956 will be considered as the day of establishment of the district.</ref><ref name="reorg">{{cite web|title=STATES REORGANISATION ACT 1956 - Formation of a new Mysore State |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/ |access-date=17 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/ |archive-date=16 May 2008 }}</ref>
!Subdivisions (Taluka)
!Population<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{Cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/karnataka.html |title = List of districts of Karnataka}}</ref>({{As of|2011}})
!Area<ref name="goiport"/>
!Population density<ref name="census2011.co.in"/>({{As of|2011}})
!Map
|-
|BK|
BAG
| [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkote]]
| [[Bagalkote]]
|15 August 1997<ref name="HanBokKar">{{cite web|title=A Handbook of Karnataka&nbsp;– Administration |url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20IX%20Administration.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=16 November 2010 |pages=354, 355 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008073453/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20IX%20Administration.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>
|
{{colbegin}}
* [[Badami]]
* [[Bagalkote]]
* [[Bilagi]]
* [[Ilkal]]
* [[Hunagunda]]
* [[Halavagalu]]
* [[Rabkavi Banhatti]]
* [[Terdal]]
* [[Guledgudda]]
* [[Jamkhandi]]
* [[Mudhol]]
{{colend}}
|1,889,752
|{{convert|6575|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|288|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Bagalkot in Karnataka (India).svg|75px]]
|-
| BEU
| [[Bengaluru Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]
| [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
* [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
* [[Anekal]]
* [[Yelahanka]]
* [[Kengeri]]
* [[Krishnaraja Pura]]
* [[Sarjapura]]
{{colend}}
|9,621,551
|{{convert|2190|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|4393|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Bangalore Urban locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|BEN
|[[Bengaluru North District|Bengaluru North]]
|[[Doddaballapura]]
|15 August 1986<ref>{{cite web|title=District Profile|url=http://bangalorerural.nic.in/District_profile.htm|access-date=18 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129041548/http://bangalorerural.nic.in/District_profile.htm|archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref>
|
{{colbegin}}
* [[Doddaballapura]]
* [[Devanahalli]]
* [[Hosakote]]
* [[Nelamangala]]
* [[Dabaspete]]
* [[Dodda Belavangala]]
{{colend}}
|990,923
|{{convert|2259|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|431|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Bangalore Rural locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|BES
|[[Bengaluru South District|Bengaluru South]]
|[[Ramanagara]]
|10 September 2007<ref name="HanBokKar"/>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Ramanagara]]
*[[Bidadi]]
*[[Channapatna]]
*[[Kanakapura]]
*[[Harohalli]]
*[[Kodihalli, Kanakapura|Kodihalli]]
*[[Magadi]]
*[[Kuduru]]
*[[Huliyurdurga]]
*[[Kunigal]]
{{colend}}
|1,082,636
|{{convert|3556|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|308|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Ramanagara locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|BEL
| [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
|[[Belgaum]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Athni]]
*[[Bailhongal]]
*[[Belgaum]]
*[[Chikodi]]
*[[Gokak]]
*[[Hukkeri]]
*[[Khanapur]]
*[[Kagawad]]
*[[Mudalagi]]
*[[Nippani]]
*[[Kittur]]
*[[Raybag]]
*[[Ramdurg]]
*[[Saundatti]]
*[[Yaragatti]]
{{colend}}
|4,779,661
|{{convert|13415|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|356|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Belgaum locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|BAL
| [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
|[[Ballari]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Bellari]]
*[[Kampli]]
*[[Kurugodu]]
*[[Sanduru]]
*[[Siruguppa]]
{{colend}}
|1,400,970
|{{convert|4252 |sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|290|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Bellary locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|BID
| [[Bidar District|Bidar]]
|[[Bidar]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Bidar]]
*[[Basavakalyan]]
*[[Kamalnagar]]
*[[Hulasuru]]
*[[Chitgoppa]]
*[[Bhalki]]
*[[Homnabad]]
*[[Aurad]]
{{colend}}
|1,703,300
|{{convert|5448|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|313|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Bidar locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|VIJ
| [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
|[[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Vijayapura Taluka|Vijayapura]]
*[[Indi, Karnataka|Indi]]
*[[Muddebihal]]
*[[Babaleshwar]]
*[[Nidagundi]]
*[[Tikota]]
*[[Devara Hippargi]]
*[[Talikote]]
*[[Chadchan]]
*[[Kolhar, Bijapur|Kolhar]]
*[[Sindgi]]
*[[Basavana Bagevadi]]
*[[Almel]]
{{colend}}
|2,177,331
|{{convert|10498|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|210|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Bijapur locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|CHA
| [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara]]
|[[Chamarajanagar]]a
|15 August 1997<ref name="HanBokKar"/>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Chamarajanagar]]
*[[Gundlupet]]
*[[Kollegal]]
*[[Hanur]]
*[[Yelandur]]
{{colend}}
|1,020,791
|{{convert|5101|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|181|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Chamarajanagar locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|CHI
| [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
|[[Chikkaballapur]]
||10 September 2007<ref name="HanBokKar"/>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Bagepalli]]
*[[Chikballapur]]
*[[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]]
*[[Gauribidanur]]
*[[Gudibanda]]
*[[Sidlaghatta]]
*[[Manchenahalli]]
{{colend}}
|1,255,104
|{{convert|4524|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="chikbpur">{{cite web|title=District Profile&nbsp;– Area and population |url=http://www.chikballapur.nic.in/district_areapopulation-1.html |access-date=18 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125225440/http://www.chikballapur.nic.in/district_areapopulation-1.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 }}</ref>
|{{convert|296|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Chikballapur locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|CHK
|[[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
|[[Chikmagalur]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Chikmagalur]]
*[[Kadur]]
*[[Koppa, India|Koppa]]
*[[Mudigere]]
*[[Kalasa]]
*[[Narasimharajapura]]
*[[Sringeri]]
*[[Ajjampura]]
*[[Tarikere]]
{{colend}}
|1,137,961
|{{convert|7201|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|158|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Chikmagalur locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|CHT
|[[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
|[[Chitradurga]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Challakere]]
*[[Chitradurga]]
*[[Hiriyur]]
*[[Holalkere]]
*[[Hosadurga]]
*[[Molakalmuru]]
{{colend}}
|1,659,456
|{{convert|8440|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|197|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Chitradurga locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|DAK
| [[Dakshina Kannada]]
|[[Mangaluru]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Bantwal]]
*[[Beltangadi]]
*[[Mangaluru taluk|Mangaluru]]
*[[Moodabidri]]
*[[Kadaba]]
*[[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]
*[[Sulya]]
{{colend}}
|2,089,649
|{{convert|4560|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|430|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka DK locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|DAV
|[[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
|[[Davanagere]]
|15 August 1997<ref name="HanBokKar"/>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Channagiri]]
*[[Davanagere]]
*[[Harihar]]
*[[Honnali]]
*[[Jagalur]]
*[[Nyamati]]
{{colend}}
|1,643,494
|{{convert|4460|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|370|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Davanagere locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|DHA
| [[Dharwad district|Dhārawaḍa]]
|[[Dharwad|Dhārawaḍa]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Annigeri]]
*[[Alnavara]]
*[[Dharwad]]
*[[Hubli]]
*[[Hubli]] [[City]]
*[[Kalghatgi]]
*[[Kundgol]]
*[[Navalgund]]
{{colend}}
|1,847,023
|{{convert|4260|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|434|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Dharwad in Karnataka (India).svg|75px]]
|-
|GAD
|[[Gadag district|Gadag]]
|[[Gadag]]
|24 August 1997<ref name="HanBokKar"/>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Gadag-Betigeri]]
*[[Mundargi]]
*[[Nargund]]
*[[Gajendragad]]
*[[Lakshmeshwar]]
*[[Ron, Karnataka|Ron]]
*[[Shirhatti]]
{{colend}}
|1,064,570
|{{convert|4656|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|229|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Gadag locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|KAL
|[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
|[[Kalaburagi]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Afzalpur]]
*[[Aland, Karnataka|Aland]]
*[[Chincholi]]
*[[Chitapur]]
*[[Kalaburagi]]
*[[Kamalapur, Kalaburagi|Kamalapura]]
*[[Kalagi]]
*[[Jevargi]]
*[[Sedam]]
*[[Shahbad]]
*[[Yedrami]]
{{colend}}
|2,566,326
|{{convert|10951|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|234|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Gulbarga locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|HAS
|[[Hassan district|Hassan]]
|[[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Alur, Hassan|Alur]]
*[[Arkalgud]]
*[[Arsikere]]
*[[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
*[[Channarayapattana]]
*[[Hassan, India|Hassan]]
*[[Holenarsipur]]
*[[Sakleshpur]]
{{colend}}
|1,776,421
|{{convert|6814|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|261|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Hassan locator.svg|75px]]
|-
|HAV
|[[Haveri district|Haveri]]
|[[Haveri]]
|24 August 1997<ref name="HanBokKar"/>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Byadgi]]
*[[Hangal]]
*[[Haveri]]
*[[Hirekerur]]
*[[Ranibennur]]
*[[Rattihalli]]
*[[Savanur]]
*[[Shiggaon]]
{{colend}}
|1,597,668
|{{convert|4823|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|331|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Haveri locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|KOD
| [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
|[[Madikeri]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Madikeri]]
*[[Kushalanagar]]
*[[Virajpet]]
*[[Somvarpet]]
*[[Ponnampet]]

{{colend}}
|554,519
|{{convert|4102|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|135|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Kodagu locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|KL
|[[Kolar district|Kolāra]]
|[[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolāra]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Bangarapet]]
*[[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
*[[Kolar Gold Fields]]
*[[Malur]]
*[[Mulbagal]]
*[[Srinivaspur]]
{{colend}}
|1,536,401
|{{convert|3969|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="kolar">{{cite web|title=Kolar district at a glance |url=http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf |access-date=18 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312084801/http://kolar.nic.in/kolar_statistics.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2011 }}</ref>
|{{convert|386|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Kolar locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|KOP
|[[Koppal district|Koppal]]
|[[Koppal]]
|24 August 1997<ref name="HanBokKar"/>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Gangawati]]
*[[Kanakagiri]]
*[[Kuknur]]
*[[Karatagi]]
*[[Koppal]]
*[[Kushtagi]]
*[[Yelbarga]]
{{colend}}
|1,389,920
|{{convert|7189|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|250|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Koppal locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|MAN
|[[Mandya district|Mandya]]
|[[Mandya]]
|1 November 1956<ref>Note: This date means the day when the district was initially formed, even before the formation of the state of Karnataka (Mysore). Hence 1 November 1956 will be considered as the day of formation of district in the state of Karnataka</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Formation of Mandya district|url=http://www.mandya.nic.in/scmallaiah.htm|access-date=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802203543/http://www.mandya.nic.in/scmallaiah.htm|archive-date=2 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Krishnarajpet]]
*[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]]
*[[Malavalli]]
*[[Mandya]]
*[[Nagamangala]]
*[[Pandavapura]]
*[[Shrirangapattana]]
{{colend}}
|1,805,769
|{{convert|4961|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|364|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Mandya locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|MYS
|[[Mysore district|Mysuru]]
|[[Mysore|Mysuru]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Heggadadevana kote]]
*[[Hunsur]]
*[[Krishnarajanagara]]
*[[Mysore]]
*[[Nanjangud]]
*[[Piriyapatna]]
*[[Saragur]]
*[[T.Narsipur]]
{{colend}}
|3,001,127
|{{convert|6854|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|476|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Mysore locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|RAI
|[[Raichur district|Raichur]]
|[[Raichur]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Devadurga, India|Devadurga]]
*[[Lingsugur]]
*[[Manvi]]
*[[Maski]]
*[[Raichur]]
*[[Sindhnur]]
*[[Sirwar]]
{{colend}}
|1,928,812
|{{convert|8440|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|228|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Raichur locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|SHI
|[[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]]
|[[Shimoga|Shivamogga]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravati]]
*[[Hosanagara]]
*[[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagar]]
*[[Shikaripura]]
*[[Shimoga]]
*[[Sorab]]
*[[Thirthahalli]]
{{colend}}
|1,752,753
|{{convert|8477|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|207|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Shimoga locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|TUM
|[[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]
|[[Tumkur|Tumakuru]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Chiknayakanhalli]]
*[[Gubbi]]
*[[Koratagere]]
*[[Kunigal]]
*[[Madhugiri]]
*[[Pavagada]]
*[[Sira, India|Sira]]
*[[Tiptur]]
*[[Tumkur]]
*[[Turuvekere]]
{{colend}}
|2,678,980
|{{convert|10597|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|253|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Tumkur locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|UDU
|[[Udupi district|Udupi]]
|[[Udupi]]
|25 August 1997<ref name="HanBokKar"/>
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Udupi]]
*[[Brahmavara]]
*[[Karkal]]
*[[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu]]
*[[Kundapura]]
*[[Hebri]]
*[[Byndoor]]
{{colend}}
|1,177,361
|{{convert|3880|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|329|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Udupi locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|UTK
|[[Uttara Kannada]]
|[[Karwar]]
|1 November 1956
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Ankola]]
*[[Bhatkal]]
*[[Dandeli]]
*[[Haliyal]]
*[[Honnavar]]
*[[Joida]]
*[[Karwar]]
*[[Kumta]]
*[[Mundgod]]
*[[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapur]]
*[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
*[[Yellapur]]
{{colend}}
|1,437,169
|{{convert|10291|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|140|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka UK locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|VIJ
|[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
|[[Hospet|Hosapete]]
|18 November 2020
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Harapanahalli]]
*[[Hagaribommanahalli]]
*[[Hoovina Hadagali]]
*[[Hospete]]
*[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kottur]]
*[[Kudligi]]
{{colend}}
|1,353,628
|{{convert|5644|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|240|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Vijayanagara locator map.svg|75px]]
|-
|YAD
|[[Yadgir district|Yadgiri]]
|[[Yadgir]]i
|30 December 2009
|
{{colbegin}}
*[[Gurumitkal]]
*[[Hunasagi]]
*[[Shahpur, Karnataka|Shahpur]]
*[[Shorapur]]
*[[Vadagera]]
*[[Yadgir]]
{{colend}}
|1,174,271
|
{{convert|5234|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|224|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Karnataka Yadgir locator map.svg|75px]]
|}

==Proposed districts==

As of early 2026, The Karnataka government was considering dividing 5 following existing districts into several districts (listed north to south).<ref name=karnew1>[https://marvelousbelgaum.in/karnataka-govt-considers-division-of-five-districts Karnataka Govt Considers Division of Five Districts], marvelousbelgaum.in, 18 December 2025.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Proposed District
! Proposed Since
! Current Division & District
! COmment

|-
| [[Chikkodi]]
| 1997
|rowspan="2"| [[Belagavi Division]] ([[Belagavi district]])
| Chikkodi is 70 km north of Belagavi city and 45 km northwest of Gokak city.
|-
| [[Gokak]]
| 1990s
| Gokak is 60 km northeast of Belagavi city.

|-
| [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
| 1980s
| [[Belagavi Division]] ([[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]])
| Sirsi city is 115 km east of Karwar port city (HQ of Uttara Kannada district).

|-
| [[Sullia]]
| 2020s
| [[Mysuru Division]] ([[Dakshina Kannada|Dakshina Kannada district]])
| Sullia, an in-land city, is 85 km southeast of Mangaluru coastal city (HQ of Dakshina Kannada district).

|-
| [[Madhugiri]]
| 2020s
|rowspan="2"| [[Bengaluru Division]] ([[Tumakuru district]])
| Madhugiri is 50 km north of Tumakuru city.
|-
| [[Tiptur]]
| 2020s
| Tiptur is 75 km west of Tumakuru city.

|-
| [[Hunsur]]
| 2020s
| [[Mysuru Division]] ([[Mysuru district]])
| Hunsur, an in-land city, is 45 km west of Mysuru city.

|-

|}

== See also ==
* [[List of taluks of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Districts of Karnataka}}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Districts of India}}

[[Category:Districts of Karnataka|*]]
[[Category:Karnataka-related lists|Districts]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Karnataka]]

List of districts of Karnataka

2026-03-16T11:20:01Z

Vijaykumar96: Content refreshed with new edits

Bhadra Maruti Temple

2026-03-16T11:01:44Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in [[Khuldabad]], Sambhajinagar district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox temple
| name =Bhadra Maruti Mandir
| image = Bhadra Maruti Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bhadra Maruti Temple side view
| map_type =India Maharashtra
| map_caption =Bhadra Maruti mandir in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|20|00|34|N|75|11|47|E}}
| country =[[India]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Chhathrapathi Shambhaji Nagar]]
| location = [[Khuldabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar)(Old Aurangabad of MAharashtra State)]]
| elevation_m =725
| deity = [[Hanuman]]
| festivals = {{bulleted list|[[Hanuman Jayanti]]|
[[Ram Navami]]}}
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =1960s<ref name=m>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Amravati/Bhadra-Maruti-Temple/ps52534335.cms | title=Bhadra Maruti Temple | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
| creator =
| website =
|festival=|native_name=Bhadra Maruti|governing_body=Bhadra Maruti sansthan<ref name=m/>|functional_status=Active|organisational_status=Active|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|materials=White marbel<ref name=m/>}}

The '''Bhadra Maruti Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Khuldabad]], Maharashtra, [[India]]. The deity of the temple is Lord [[Hanuman]]<ref name="b">{{Cite web |title=Bhadra Maruti - Discover Chhathrapathi Shambhaji Nagar |url=http://www.discoveraurangabad.com/bhadramaruti.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710225659/http://www.discoveraurangabad.com/bhadramaruti.html |archive-date=2015-07-10}}</ref><ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Bhadra Maruti Temple : Vayusutha |url=http://vayusutha.in/vs4/temple67.html}}</ref>

It is located on a distance of 4 km from the [[Ellora Caves]].<ref name="lonelyplanet">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pEckKuKbLoC |title=South India |isbn=978-1-74104-165-1|first1=Paul |last1=Harding |first2=Patrick |last2=Horton |first3=Janine |last3=Eberle |first4=Amy |last4=Karafin|first5=Simon |last5=Richmond |publisher=Lonely planet |year=2005 |page=133}}</ref>

At the temple, the [[murti]] of Hanuman is portrayed in a reclining or sleeping posture.<ref name="a" /> It is one of only three places where Hanuman is represented in a sleeping posture. The second noted place is a temple on the banks of [[Ganga]] at sangam in [[Prayagraj]], Uttar Pradesh and the third is at [[Jam Sawali]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="b" />

The Bhadra Maruti Temple is one of the famous tourist attraction and pilgrimage centers in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar district. Annually, n the auspicious occasions of [[Hanuman Jayanti]] and [[Ram Navami]], lakhs of devotees arrive at the mandir, and people from Aurangabad and nearby villages walk to the temple to take [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] and do [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]–[[Arti (Hinduism)|aarti]] of lord Bajrangbali. Also, Devotees visit it on Saturdays in the [[Hindu calendar]] month of "[[Shraavana]]"<ref name="lonelyplanet" /> Usually there is rush and lots of crowd during Saturdays and Tuesdays in the mandir every week.<ref name="m"/>

== History ==
In medieval times, when the region where this mandir is situated was won by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] the mandir was destroyed. It is said that however the ''[[Murti]]'' was saved, and some people successfully kept it hidden for lots of years. In the 1960s, some people started the movement to relocate the ''Murti'' to its original location. They built a mandir made up of marbal stones.<ref name="m"/>

==Folklore==
According to folklore, in ancient times the Khuldabad was known as Bhadravati, and the ruler was a noble king named Bhadrasena, who was an ardent devotee of Rama and used to sing songs in His praise. One day Hanumanji descended in the place, listening to the devotional songs sung in praise of Rama. He was mesmerized and, without his knowledge, took a reclining posture called 'Bhava-samadhi' ([[Bhava samadhi|Bhavava samadhi is]] a yogic posture). King Bhadrasen, when he had finished his song, was astonished to find Hanuman in Samadhi before him. He requested Hanuman to reside there forever and bless his and Lord Rama's devotees.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/>

There is another folklore interwoven with the history of the popular saint, ShriSwami Samarth Ramdas. It is believed that it was the saint ShriSwami Samarth Ramadas who discovered the reclining posture of Lord Hanuman. The meaning of 'Bhadra' means auspicious, and Maruti means another name of 'Lord Hanuman.' Hence, it is named "Bhadra Maruti." Thus the folklore has different legacies in different timelines, and both are accepted locally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Digest |first=The Asian |date=2025-01-17 |title=Bhadra Maruti Temple. A land where Lord Hanuman slept. |url=https://theasiandigest.com/bhadra-maruti-aurangabad/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Asian Digest |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The architecture of the temple is quite unique with the blend of north Indian and south Indian styles of architecture. This unique and captivating ambience allows tourists to explore both forms of architecture simultaneously. There are also shires built for Lord Ram, Lord Lakshman, and Lord Sita. These shrines are built beside the main shrine with the reclining posture of Lord Hanuman.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
{{commonscat|Bhadra Maruti Temple, Khuldabad, Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Khuldabad]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}
{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Samode (estate)

2026-03-15T07:13:46Z

Vijaykumar96: Stub

{{Short description|Nathawat Estate in Jaipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

The '''Estate of Samode''' was among the oldest and most prominent [[Jagir|Jagirs]] of the [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur State]].
== History ==
[[Prithviraj Singh I]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] had nineteen sons, three of whom succeeded him on the throne in succession.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=kesharlal Ajmera |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66091/ |title=The Jaipur Album Or All About Jaipur |date=1935 |pages=25,47–48}}</ref> Five died without heirs, while the remaining received various estates as their patrimony.<ref name=":0" /> His fourth son, Gopalji, was given the estates of Samode and Mohana.<ref name=":0" /> Gopal was appointed as the Patel, or Head of the Jaipur Panchayat, and was granted the first seat on the right-hand side in the durbar, along with command of the [[vanguard]] of the army.<ref name=":0" /> Gopal was succeeded by his eldest son, Nath, whose descendants are known by the patronymic Nathawat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba/ |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=75}}</ref> Nath was succeeded by Manohar Das, who accompanied [[Man Singh I]] to [[Kabul]] and participated in approximately twenty-two major battles.<ref name=":0" /> In recognition of his services, he was granted an additional jagir comprising Hadota.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, Samode was allotted to his younger brother, Behari Das.<ref name=":0" /> Behari Das served the imperial court at [[Delhi]] and successfully captured the fort of [[Ghazni]].<ref name=":0" /> In recognition of his services on various occasions, he was conferred the title of [[Raja]].<ref name=":1" /> He was succeeded by Kushal Singh who was granted the hereditary title of [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]].<ref name=":0" />

Samode represented the elder branch of the Nathawat clan but frequently contested its supremacy with [[Chomu]], another prominent house of the clan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Tod |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsandantiqu00todgoog/ |title=Annals and antiquities of Rajast'han, or the central and western Rajpoot state of India |date=1873 |publisher=Madras |others=unknown library |pages=375–376}}</ref> These disputes often resulted in considerable bloodshed.<ref name=":5" /> When Rawal Indar Singh of Samode faced reproach and threats of displeasure from the [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] authorities, the chief of Chomu approached the [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] authorities and offered a substantial nazrana ({{translation|Gift}}) to secure recognition of seniority.<ref name=":5" /> Consequently, the authorities decreed that Samode be made khalsa, and Indar Singh was exiled.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Shekhawats |date=2001 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> He went into exile in [[Marwar]] and spent his final days in the village of Peeplye, located in Samode, which had been granted for the maintenance of his wife.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

Although subordinate to the rulers of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], the [[Rawal (title)|Rawals]] held considerable authority in Samode.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/housegarden158jannewy |title=House & Garden |date=1986 |publisher=[[Condé Nast|Conde Nast Publications, Inc]] |others=Internet Archive |publication-date=1986 |pages=146}}</ref> They received fealty from the thakurs during their own durbars.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] of Samode was exempt from paying tribute to [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] but rendered military service with cavalry when required.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Batra |first=H. c |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119575/ |title=The Ralations Of Jaipur State With East India Company |date=1958 |pages=6}}</ref> His closest relatives were the jagirdars of [[Chomu]], [[Renwal]], Ajairajpura, Nangal, Udaipurya, and Etawah.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The House of Ajairajpura |url=https://www.ajairajpura.com/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=My Site |language=en}}</ref>

For six successive generations, Samode remained under the control of Kushal Singh's descendants; however, it ultimately reverted to [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sugich |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/palacesofindiatr0000sugi |title=Palaces of India : a traveller's companion featuring the palace hotels |date=1992 |publisher=London : Pavilion |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85145-520-1 |pages=35}}</ref> In 1757, Samode was granted to Hamir Singh, the eldest son of Jodh Singh, Thakur of [[Chomu]].<ref name=":3" />

== List of rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign Start
!Reign End
|-
|[[Bairi Sal]]
|
|1838
|-
|[[Sheo Singh Nathawat|Sheo Singh]]
|1838
|1854
|-
|Bijay Singh
|1854
|1885
|-
|Fateh Singh
|1885
|1905
|-
|Sangram Singh
|1905
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category: History of Jaipur]]
[[Category: Principalities]]
[[Category: Former principalities]]

Kadampazhipuram

2026-03-13T10:18:11Z

Vijaykumar96: updated information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Town in Palakkad district of Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Kadampazhipuram''' is a town within the [[Ottappalam]]
Tehsil of [[Palakkad district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].
Kadampazhipuram is a [[gram panchayat]] in [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Kadampazhipuram-I]] and [[Kadampazhipuram-II]]. Kadampazhipuram is a village in Sreekrishnapuram Block in Palakkad district of Kerala State, India. It belongs to Central Kerala Division . It is located 27 KM towards west from district headquarters [[Palakkad]]. 6 KM from [[Sreekrishnapuram]], 350 KM from state capital [[Thiruvanthapuram]], Government Engineering College Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad 4 km away from the Kadampazhipuram on the Kadampazhipuram-Sreekrishnapuram road. Government Engineering College, Sreekrishnapuram, Sreekrishnapuram VT Bhattathiripad College ( 2 KM ), [[Sreekrishnapuram VT Bhattathiripad College]], Sreekrishnapuram Central School ( 1 KM ), Government Upper Primary School Kadampazhipuram , Kadampazhipuram High School, MNKMGHSS Pulapata ( 8 KM ) are the major institution nearby.
Kadampazhipuram PIN code is 678633 and postal head office is Kadambazhipuram .

[[Karimpuzha, Palakkad|Karimpuzha]] ( 7 KM ), [[Ambalapara]] ( 7 KM ), [[Karakurissi]] ( 8 KM ), [[Kongad-I]] ( 8 KM ), [[ Ottapalam ]] ( 18 KM ) and [[Mannarkad]] ( 22 KM ) are the nearby villages to Kadampazhipuram. Kadampazhipuram is surrounded by Sreekrishnapuram Block, Ottappalam Block, Mannarkad Block.

[[Ottappalam]], [[Shoranur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Perinthalmanna]] are the nearby cities to Kadampazhipuram.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224754&rlbtype=V |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231611/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224754&rlbtype=V |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The place is on the [[State Highway 53 (Kerala)]], [[Palakkad]] - [[Cherpulassery]] road.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Kadampazhipuram-I had a population of 16,003 with 7,752 males and 8,251 females, and Kadampazhipuram-II had a population of 15,363, with 7,453 males and 7,910 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadampazhipuram-II Village Population - Ottappalam - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627576-kadampazhipuram-ii-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadampazhipuram-I Village Population - Ottappalam - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627577-kadampazhipuram-i-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211182048/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-02-11 }}</ref>

'''Landmarks'''

MNKMGHSS high school Pulappatta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schoolwiki.in/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1|title=Mnkmghss pulappatta}}</ref>

SREE VAAYILLAKKUNNILAPPAN TEMPLE<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pilgrimaide.com/sree-vayillakunnilappan-temple.html|title=sree vayillakunnilappan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317041924/http://www.pilgrimaide.com/sree-vayillakunnilappan-temple.html|archive-date=2017-03-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
High school Katampazhipuram

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Amicus curiae

2026-03-12T02:34:37Z

Vijaykumar96: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Latin legal term meaning 'friend of the court'}}
{{Distinguish|Litigation friend|Intervention (law)}}
{{Globalize|date=March 2020}}
{{Civil procedure (United States)}}{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

An '''amicus curiae''' ({{lit|friend of the court}}; {{plural form|'''''amici curiae'''''}}) is an individual or organization that is not a [[Party (law)|party]] to a legal case, but that is permitted to assist a [[court]] by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case. Whether an ''amicus'' brief will be considered is typically under the court's discretion. The phrase is [[legal Latin]] and the origin of the term has been dated to 1605–1615. The scope of ''amici curiae'' is generally found in the cases where broad public interests are involved and concerns regarding civil rights are in question.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Statement of Interest as a Tool in Federal Civil Rights Enforcement|work=Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review|url=https://harvardcrcl.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Zapana.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2023|access-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512154437/https://harvardcrcl.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Zapana.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[American law]], an ''amicus curiae'' typically refers to what in some other jurisdictions is known as an intervenor: a person or organization who requests to provide legal submissions so as to offer a relevant alternative or additional perspective regarding the matters in dispute. In the American courts, the amicus may be referred to as an '''''amicus'' brief'''. In other jurisdictions, such as [[Canadian law|Canada]], an ''amicus curiae'' is a [[lawyer]] who is asked by the court to provide legal submissions regarding issues that would otherwise not be aired properly, often because one or both of the parties is not represented by counsel.<ref>[https://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/cb/2023/40044-eng.aspx ''R v Kahsai'', 2023 SCC 20.]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/lrc-rje/p5.html |title=Legal Representation of Children in Canada. 5. Amicus Curiae |last= |first= |date=2023-02-03 |website=justice.gc.ca |publisher=Department of Justice Canada. Government of Canada |access-date=21 June 2023 |quote=In some cases, the court may appoint amicus curiae in a case that involves children, so as to help the court in determining what is in the best interests of the children. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124230410/https://justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/lrc-rje/p5.html |archive-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>

In [[international court]]s, legal submissions by [[Intervention (law)|intervenors]] are called '''amicus curiae observations'''.

== History ==
Direct or indirect connections between the ''amicus curiae'' figure and the [[Roman law|Roman juridical experience]] are still debated.<ref>{{cite book|title=Congressional Participation As Amicus Curiae Before the U.S. Supreme Court |author=Judithanne Scourfield McLauchlan |publisher=LFB Scholarly Publishing |page=266 |isbn=1-59332-088-4 |year=2005 |url=http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/mclauchlan1005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517005634/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/mclauchlan1005.htm |archive-date=17 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>Krislov, S., ''The Amicus Curiae Brief'', in 72 YLJ. 1962, 694 ss.</ref><ref>Angell, E., ''The Amicus Curiae: American Developments of English Institutions'', in 16 ICLQ, 1967, 1017 ss.</ref><ref>Edmund Ruffin Beckwith and Rudolf Sobernheim, ''Amicus Curiae—Minister of Justice'', 17 Fordham L. Rev. 38 (1948).</ref><ref>''Friends of the Supreme Court: Interest Groups and Judicial Decision Making'', Paul M. Collins.</ref> Some scholars simply explain the Latin expression with the fact that the cultural elites' (including the jurists') language of the Anglo-Saxon world was [[lingua franca|Latin]], so that many [[List of Latin legal terms|Latin legal terms]] first spread through [[Law of the United Kingdom|English law]], and then also in the [[Law of the United States]].<ref>[https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2052/60/1/article-p18.xml "''Amicus Curiae'': Origin, Worldwide Experience and Suggestions for East European Countries", Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies (2019)].</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24870502|author=Mohan, S. Chandra|title=The Amicus Curiae: Friends No More? |year=2010|journal=Singapore Journal of Legal Studies|pages=352–374|jstor=24870502 |accessdate=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/43984|title=Amicus Curiae before International Courts and Tribunals|first=Astrid|last=Wiik|date=26 December 2018|publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG|doi=10.5771/9783845275925 |hdl=20.500.12657/43984 |isbn=978-3-8452-7592-5 |accessdate=26 December 2022|via=library.oapen.org}}</ref> The Italian academic Giovanni Criscuoli, while admitting the theoretical possibility of eventually comparing it with the Roman figure of the "''consiliarius''", concludes that: "it is a figure of exclusive Anglo-Saxon blood".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/amicus-curiae_(Enciclopedia-Giuridica)/|title=Treccani – La cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere|website=www.treccani.it|accessdate=26 December 2022}}</ref>

Starting in the 9th century,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/faculty-articles/214|title=Frenemies of the Court: The Many Faces of Amicus Curiae|first=Helen|last=Anderson|date=1 January 2015|journal=University of Richmond Law Review|volume=49|pages=361|accessdate=26 December 2022}}</ref> it was incorporated into [[English law]], and it was later extended to most [[common law]] systems. Later, it was introduced in [[international law]], in particular concerning [[human rights]]. From there, it was integrated in some [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems (it has been, as at 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=Amicus Curiae Constitucional.com.ar |url=https://constitucional.com.ar/amicus-curiae/ | author = Domingo Rondina |date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> integrated into [[Argentina]]'s law system and [[Honduras]]'s 2010 civil procedures code). Today, it is used by the [[European Court of Human Rights]], the [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]], the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]], the [[Court of Justice of the European Union]] and the [[Special Tribunal for Lebanon]].

== Presentation ==
The role of an ''amicus'' was described by Lord Justice of Appeal [[Cyril Salmon, Baron Salmon|Cyril Salmon]] in ''Allen v Sir Alfred McAlpine & Sons Ltd'':

{{Blockquote|I had always understood that the role of an ''amicus curiae'' was to help the court by expounding the law impartially, or if one of the parties were unrepresented, by advancing the legal arguments on his behalf.<ref>''Allen v Sir Alfred McAlpine & Sons Ltd'' [1968] 2 QB 229 at p. 266 F-G.</ref>}}

The situation most often noted in the press is when an [[interest group|advocacy group]] files a brief in a case before an [[appellate court]] in which it is not a [[litigant]]. Appellate cases are normally limited to the factual record and arguments coming from the [[lower court]] case under appeal; attorneys focus on the facts and arguments most favorable to their clients. Where a case may have broader implications, ''amicus curiae'' briefs are a way to articulate those concerns, so that the possibly broad legal or public policy implications of the court's anticipated decisions will not depend solely on the positions and arguments advanced by the parties directly involved in the case.

{{Politics sidebar}}

In prominent cases, ''amici curiae'' are generally organizations with sizable legal budgets. In the United States, for example, non-profit legal advocacy organizations, such as the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], the [[Landmark Legal Foundation]], the [[Pacific Legal Foundation]], the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], the [[American Center for Law & Justice|American Center for Law and Justice]] or the [[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws]] (NORML), frequently submit such briefs to advocate for or against a particular legal change or interpretation. If a decision could affect an entire industry, companies other than the litigants may wish to have their concerns heard. In the [[United States]], [[United States federal courts|federal courts]] often hear cases involving the [[constitutionality]] of state laws. Hence states may file briefs as ''amici curiae'' when their laws or interests are likely to be affected, as in the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] case ''[[McDonald v. Chicago]],'' when thirty-two states under the aegis of Texas (and California independently) filed such briefs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chicagoguncase.com/2009/07/07/thirty-four-states-support-second-amendment-incorporation/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721221517/http://www.chicagoguncase.com/2009/07/07/thirty-four-states-support-second-amendment-incorporation/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2012 |title=Thirty-four states support second amendment incorporation |first=Alan |last=Gura |work=ChicagoGunCase |date=7 July 2009 |access-date=4 October 2009 }}</ref>

''De facto amici curiae'' who do not file briefs may present in the [[print media]] and [[social media]] academic perspectives on the case. For example, if the law gives deference to a history of legislation of a certain topic, a historian may choose to evaluate the claim from their specialized expertise. Economists, statisticians, sociologists, etc. may choose to do the same. Newspaper editorials, [[blog]]s, and other opinion pieces arguably have the capability to influence [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decisions as ''de facto amici curiae''.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://lawreview.stanford.edu/content/vol61/issue6/RLee.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521043107/http://lawreview.stanford.edu/content/vol61/issue6/RLee.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-21 |title=Ex Parte Blogging: The Legal Ethics of Supreme Court Advocacy in the Internet Era |first=Rachel C. |last=Lee |journal=Stanford Law Review |volume=61 |issue=6 |date=April 2009 |pages=1535–1571}}</ref> They are not, however, technically considered ''amici curiae,'' as they do not submit materials to the Court, do not need to ask for leave, and have no guarantee that they will be read.

==United States Supreme Court==
The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] has special rules for ''amicus curiae'' briefs sought to be filed in cases pending before it. Supreme Court Rule 37 states, in part, such a brief should cover "relevant matter" not dealt with by the parties which "may be of considerable help".<ref>Rule 37(1).</ref> The cover of an ''amicus'' brief must identify which party the brief is supporting, or if the brief supports only affirmance or reversal.<ref>Supreme Court Rule 37.3(a)</ref> The Court also requires that all non-governmental amici identify those providing a monetary contribution to the preparation or submission of the brief.<ref>Supreme Court Rule 37.6</ref> Briefs must be prepared in booklet format, and 40 copies must be served with the Court.<ref>[https://www.supremecourt.gov/ctrules/2010RulesoftheCourt.pdf United States Supreme Court Rule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012033720/https://www.supremecourt.gov/ctrules/2010RulesoftheCourt.pdf |date=12 October 2016 }}, 33</ref>

The Supreme Court has seen a steady increase of amicus in its proceedings. In 2019-2020 97% included these filings with the sharpest increase coming after 1966 and only a few interventions in the earlier decades.<ref>Farber, Shai. ''The Amicus Curiae Phenomenon : Theory, Causes and the Significance of Third Party Interventions.'' Springer, 2024. p. 3., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67225-5. Retrieved 22 February 2025.</ref>

In the United States Supreme Court, unless the ''amicus'' brief is being filed by the federal government (or one of its officers or agents) or a U.S. state, permission of the court (by means of [[motion for leave]]) or mutual consent of the parties is generally required. Allowing an ''amicus curiae'' to present [[Oral argument in the United States|oral argument]] is considered "extraordinary".<ref>FRAP 29.</ref> The court can also appoint its own ''amicus curiae'' if neither party supports the decision of the lower court, which it has done at least 44 times.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goldman|first1=Brian P.|title=Should the Supreme Court Stop Inviting Amici Curiae to Defend Abandoned Lower Court Decisions?|journal=Stanford Law Review|date=2011|volume=63|pages=907–972|url=http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2011/04/Goldman-63_Stan._L._Rev._907.pdf|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref>

Religious groups regularly file ''amicus'' briefs at the U.S. Supreme Court. Muslim organizations and individuals, for example, have filed ''amicus'' briefs on both sides of recent cases dealing with divisive cultural issues, such as same-sex marriage and expansive conceptions of gender identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bajwa |first1=Kamran S. |last2=Miller |first2=Samuel E. |date=May 2023 |title=Liberalism versus Liberalism: An Analysis of Muslim-American Amicus Curiae Arguments Concerning Complicity-Based Conscience Claims |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=224–248 |doi=10.1017/jlr.2023.12 |issn=0748-0814|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The first ''amicus curiae'' to appear before the Supreme Court was [[Henry Clay]], in {{ussc|name=Green v. Biddle|21|1|year=1823|reporter=Wheat.|reporter-volume=8}}, although he “did not prevail.”<ref name="O'Connor">{{cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Sandra Day|author-link=Sandra Day O'Connor|title=Henry Clay and the Supreme Court|journal=The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society|volume=94|issue=4|pages=353–362|year=1996|jstor=23383686}}</ref>{{rp|360}}

==Canada==
In [[Canadian law]], an ''amicus curiae'' is a lawyer, rather than an outside entity, who is asked by the Court to provide submissions in such a way as to make sure the legal issues affecting the interests of all parties are properly canvassed. Where one of the parties (e.g. the accused in a criminal case) is unrepresented (and is ineligible for or refuses to apply for [[legal aid]]), and the judge is concerned that this will leave that party at a significant disadvantage and risk a [[miscarriage of justice]], the judge may appoint a lawyer as ''amicus curiae''. The lawyer is not retained by and does not represent the unrepresented party as such, but has a responsibility to ensure that points of law of importance to the party's case are brought to the attention of the court. For example, in the case of a criminal trial, the ''amicus'' will have the responsibility to ensure that the accused's right to make full answer and defence is upheld. Examples of situations that could call for the appointment of ''amicus'' could include a highly complex or technical trial, an unsophisticated accused or one with cognitive or psychiatric challenges, or an unruly and disruptive accused.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 7 – Managing the Unrepresented Accused |url=https://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/about/pubs/lesage_code/chapter_7.php |website=Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General |date=29 October 2015|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> In some cases, when an accused has retained counsel for part of the trial but then fires that counsel, and if the judge finds that ''amicus'' is needed, the former counsel may be asked to remain as ''amicus'', given their familiarity with the case.

One major case of an ''amicus'' brief in the Supreme Court was the ''[[Reference re Secession of Quebec]]''. In that case, the federal government asked the Supreme Court to give an advisory opinion on several questions relating to the constitutional principles which might arise if the province of Quebec proposed to secede from Canada. The government of Quebec refused to participate in the reference. The Supreme Court appointed an ''amicus'' to make submissions commenting on the questions from the Quebec perspective.<ref>Bruce Ryder, [https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/1-ConstitutionalForum10_1.pdf "A Court in Need and a Friend Indeed: An Analysis of the Arguments of the ''Amicus Curiae'' in the Quebec Secession Reference"], (1998) 10:1 ''Constitutional Forum'' 9.</ref>

Canadian courts may also appoint ''amici'' in situations in which a party is represented by counsel, but issues emerge in a highly specialized or technical area of the law, on which the judge wants submissions from a lawyer with special expertise in that area. For example, in ''R. v. Warren,'' 2022 ONSC 542, the judge appointed ''amicus'' to provide detailed submissions on the intersection between constitutional rights and prison law, explaining why this was normally outside the ken even of experienced criminal defence counsel.<ref>{{cite web |title=R. v. Warren, 2022 ONSC 542 |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/on/onsc/doc/2022/2022onsc542/2022onsc542.html |website=CanLII |access-date=28 May 2024 |location=paras. 12-16 |date=24 January 2022}}</ref>

Another situation in which ''amicus'' may be appointed is when an accused is self-represented in a trial for offences such as sexual assault or assault in a domestic violence context. An unrepresented accused has the right to cross-examine Crown witnesses, but it may be undesirable to permit him or her to personally cross-examine, for example, the complainant. As a result, the ''[[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]]'' permits the judge to order that the accused will not personally cross-examine the witness, and to name an uninvolved lawyer to conduct the cross-examination in place of the accused.<ref>{{cite web |title=Testimonial Support for Vulnerable Adults (Bill C-2): Case Law Review (2009–2012). 5. Preventing Questioning by Self-represented Accused: Section 486.3 |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/victim/rr13_15b/p2.html |website=Department of Justice Canada |access-date=11 May 2020 |date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

The role commonly described as ''amicus curiae'' in the United States is known as an "intervener" in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intervener |url=https://irwinlaw.com/cold/intervener/ |website=Irwin Law |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref>

==Italy==
In [[Italian law]], ''amici curiae'' are "nonprofit organizations and the institutional subjects, bearers of collective or diffuse interests related to the issue of constitutionality" who "may submit a written opinion to the constitutional Court".<ref>[https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/documenti/download/pdf/Norme_Integrative_per_i_giudizi2020.pdf Corte costituzionale].</ref><ref>[https://www.rivistaaic.it/it/rivista/ultimi-contributi-pubblicati/massimo-luciani/l-incognita-delle-nuove-norme-integrative AIC].</ref>

== World Trade Organization (WTO) ==
The role of ''amicus curiae'' briefs in the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) dispute settlement system is controversial. The controversy arises due to the governmental nature of WTO disputes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van den Bossche |first1=Peter |title=The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=3rd |page=263}}</ref> As only WTO members have access to the system, any non-members such as [[non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs) are excluded and have no right to be heard.<ref name="Van den Bossche">Van den Bossche, 2013, p. 263</ref> Thus the only way for them to contribute to a WTO decision is through ''amicus curiae'' briefs. To date{{When|date=December 2015}} there is a divergence in approaches in the WTO as to the admissibility of such briefs.<ref name="Van den Bossche" />

The first WTO case to comprehensively examine the admissibility of ''amicus curiae'' briefs was US – Shrimp.<ref>Panel Report, United States – Import Prohibition on Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/R/Corr.1 (3 November 1998)</ref> The case concerned a ban by the US on imports of all shrimp and shrimp products not caught with turtle excluder devices. The panel at first instance rejected the two ''amicus curiae'' briefs that were submitted by environmental groups, on the basis they were not expressly solicited by the panel under Article 13 of the [[Dispute Settlement Understanding]] of the WTO.<ref>Panel Report, United States – Import Prohibition on Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/R/Corr.1 (3 November 1998), [7.8]</ref> This was overturned by the [[Appellate Body]] who held a panel had authority to accept, consider or reject briefs under Articles 12 and 13 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding regardless of whether they were expressly solicited.<ref>Appellate Body Report, United States – Import Prohibition on Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WTO Doc WT/DS58/AB/R12, AB-1994-4 (12 October 1998), [89]</ref>

The issue was re-examined in US – Lead and Bismuth II which concerned the imposition of duties by the US on certain imported hot rolled lead and bismuth carbon steel from the UK.<ref>Panel Report, United States – Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom, WTO Doc WT/DS138/R (23 December 1999)</ref> The Panel at first instance affirmed the position in the US – Shrimp case and accepted two ''amicus curiae'' briefs that were submitted.<ref>Panel Report, United States – Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom, WTO Doc WT/DS138/R (23 December 1999), [24]</ref> On appeal, the Appellate Body relied on Article 17.9 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding and Rule 16(1) of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review to create rules to accept ''amicus curiae'' briefs.<ref name="Appellate Body Report 2000">Appellate Body Report, United States – Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom, WTO Doc WT/DS138/AB/R, AB-2000-1 (10 May 2000), [39]–[42]</ref> This was deemed as the source of legal authority to accept such briefs by an Appellate Body.<ref name="Appellate Body Report 2000" />

The next significant case to deal with ''amicus curiae'' briefs was EC – Asbestos, where the French government banned domestically produced and imported [[asbestos]] products.<ref>Panel Report, European Community – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WTO Doc WT/DS135/R (18 September 2000).</ref> Of the five ''amicus curiae'' briefs received by the Panel, only two that were submitted by the European Community, were accepted.<ref>Panel Report, European Community – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WTO Doc WT/DS135/R (18 September 2000), [8.12].</ref> The panel did not provide any explanation as to why they were accepted or rejected. On appeal, the Appellate Body relied on Rule 16(1) of the ''Working Procedures for Appellate Review'' to create additional procedures to deal with the ''amicus curiae'' briefs.<ref name="Appellate Body Report 2001">Appellate Body Report, European Community – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WTO Doc WT/DS135/AB/R, AB-2000-11 (12 March 2001), [50]–[51].</ref> Of the 11 briefs submitted, the Appellate Body accepted none on the basis they failed to comply with these additional procedures.<ref name="Appellate Body Report 2001" />

==See also==
* [[Intervention (law)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|amicus curiae}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://m-w.com/dictionary/Amicus%20curiae Amicus curiae] at the ''[[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090202183601/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/Amicus%2520curiae.html Amicus curiae] at the [[MSN Encarta|MSN Encarta Dictionary]] (2009-10-31)
* [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Amicus%20curiae Definitions] from [[Dictionary.com]]
* [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/amicus+curiae Amicus curiae] at [[The Free Dictionary|The Free Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia]]

{{SCOTUS horizontal|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Latin legal terminology]]
[[Category:Legal documents]]
[[Category:Roman law]]

Charlapalli – Thiruvananthapuram North Amrit Bharat Express

2026-03-11T17:57:53Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{Short description|Amrit Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Charlapalli - Thiruvananthapuram North Amrit Bharat Express
| logo =
| image = Charlapalli TVN Amrit.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = Train board
| type = [[Amrit Bharat Express]], [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]
| first = {{start date and age|2026|01|23|df=yes}} (Inaugural) 
{{start date and age|2026|01|27|df=yes}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways (SCR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Charlapalli}} '''''(CHZ)'''''
| end = {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram North}} '''''(TVCN)'''''
| stops = 31
| distance = {{convert|1488|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| trainnumber = 17041/17042
| line_used = *[[Pagidipalli–Nallapadu section|Charlapalli–Guntur line]] Towards → {{rws|Nalgonda}} ''{{rws|Hyderabad}}''
*[[Vijayawada–Guntur section|Guntur–Tenali line]] Towards → {{rws|Renigunta Junction}}
*[[Gudur–Katpadi section|Renigunta–Katpadi line]]
*[[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line]]
*[[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section|Shornur-Ernakulam line]] Towards → {{rws|Kottayam}}
*[[Ernakulam–Kollam line (via Kottayam and Kayamkulam)]]
*[[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line|Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram North line]]
| class = Sleeper Class Coach '''''(SL)'''''
General Unreserved Coach '''''(GS)'''''
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Upper
| catering = On-board Catering
| observation = Saffron-Grey
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric Outlets]]|Reading lights|Bottle Holder}}
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|Bio-Vacuum Toilets]]|[[Tap water|Foot-Operated Water Taps]]|[[Passenger information system]]}}
| stock = [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Modified LHB Coaches]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
| speed = {{cvt|47|km|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength =
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance =
| sharing = No
| map = {{Charlapalli–Thiruvananthapuram North AB Express Route}}
| map_state = show
}}

The 17041/17042 '''Charlapalli–Thiruvananthapuram North''' '''Amrit Bharat Express''' is [[India]]'s 27th Non-AC [[Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[Amrit Bharat Express]] train, which runs across the states of [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] by connecting the eastern corridor of [[Hyderabad]] to the national rail network [[Charlapalli railway station|Charlapalli]] with [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]], the capital of [[Kerala]] to major cities across the country of central city hub in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkat |first=Rajalakshmi |date=2026-01-10 |title=PM to launch 3 Amrit Bharat trains on January 23 in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/pm-to-launch-3-amrit-bharat-trains-on-january-23-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Anish |date=2026-01-21 |title=Amrit Bharat Express launch: Kerala set to get 3 new trains this week – check routes, stoppages |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-to-get-3-new-amrit-bharat-express-trains-routes-stops-10487352/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The express train is inaugurated on 23 January 2026 by Honorable [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] through video conference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Amrit Bharat Express trains to launch in Kerala {{!}} Full routes and stoppages revealed |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/kerala/amrit-bharat-express-kerala-3-new-trains-routes-stoppages-idt9ctuv |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>
== Overview ==
The train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Charlapalli railway station|Charlapalli]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]. It is currently operated 17041/17042 on weekly basis.

== Rakes ==
It is the 27th [[Amrit Bharat Express|Amrit Bharat 2.0 Express]] train in which the locomotives were designed by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] (CLW) at [[Chittaranjan]], [[West Bengal]] and the coaches were designed and manufactured by the [[Rail Coach Factory]] at [[Kapurthala]], under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Train Schedule: Charlapalli ↔ Thiruvananthapuram North Amrit Bharat Express
|-
! Train No.
! Station Code
! Departure Station
! Departure Time
! Departure Day
! Arrival Station
! Arrival Hours
|-
| 17041
| CHZ
| [[Charlapalli railway station|Charlapalli]]
| 7:15 AM
| [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]
| 2:45 PM
| 31h 30m
|-
| 17042
| TVCN
| [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]
| 7:30 PM
| [[Charlapalli railway station|Charlapalli]]
| 10:30 PM
| 29h 0m
|}

== Routes and halts ==
The 17041/17042 Charlapalli – Thiruvananthapuram North Amrit Bharat Express halts are as follows:
{{columns-list|
# '''{{stnlnk|Charlapalli}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Nalgonda}}
# {{stnlnk|Miryalaguda}}
# {{stnlnk|Sattenapalle}}
# {{stnlnk|Guntur Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Tenali Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Bapatla}}
# {{stnlnk|Ongole}}
# {{stnlnk|Nellore}}
# {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Tiruttani}}
# {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Tiruppur}}
# {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Thrissur}}
# {{stnlnk|Aluva}}
# {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Town}}
# {{stnlnk|Kottayam}}
# {{stnlnk|Changanasseri}}
# {{stnlnk|Tiruvalla}}
# {{stnlnk|Chengannur}}
# {{stnlnk|Mavelikara}}
# {{stnlnk|Kayamkulam Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Karunagappalli}}
# {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Varkala Sivagiri}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram North}}'''
|colwidth=15em}}

== Rake reversal ==
No rake Reversal or rake share.

== See also ==
● [[Amrit Bharat Express]]

● [[Vande Bharat Express]]

● [[Rajdhani Express]]

● [[Charlapalli railway station|Charlapalli]]

● [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]

== Notes ==
a. Runs a day in a week with both directions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amrit Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Amrit Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]

Dhurai

2026-03-06T06:14:06Z

Vijaykumar96: put up some page and citations...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhurai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Khiron block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Dhurai (#548) in Khiron CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.335436|N|80.914347|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.942
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4481
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dhurai''' is a village in [[Khiron]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=244–61 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> It is located 19 km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the tehsil headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 4,481 people, in 867 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 2 primary schools and no healthcare facilities and it hosts both a weekly [[haat]] and a permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Paho]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Dhurai as comprising 15 hamlets, with a total population of 1,547 people (766 male and 781 female), in 299 households and 273 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=108–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,497 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 45 residents were literate, 44 male and 1 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of Khiron and the [[thana]] of [[Gurbakshganj]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dhurai as comprising 14 hamlets, with a total population of 1,759 people (884 male and 875 female), in 345 households and 321 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxiv-lxv of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,497 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dhurai as having a population of 2,449 people, in 440 households, and having an area of 594.08 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=124–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Dhurai (as "Dhurayee") as having a total population of 3,137 people (1,622 male and 1,515 female), in 526 households and 518 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 144–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 594 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 669, or 21% of the total; this group was 50% male (334) and 50% female (335).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 27% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 22% (572 men and 122 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 987 people were classified as main workers (792 men and 195 women), while 345 people were classified as marginal workers (12 men and 333 women); the remaining 1,805 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 679 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 121 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 1 household industry worker; 10 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 8 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 21 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

== Archaeology ==
During an archaeological survey of Raebareli district in the late 1990s, archaeologists D. P. Tewari and Anoop Kumar Singh encountered various [[redware]] and [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brickbat brickbats] at Dhurai, which they dated tentatively to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] to early medieval period.<ref name="Indian Archaeology 1998-99">{{cite book |editor1-last=Misra |editor1-first=R.C. |title=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 — A Review |date=2004 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchaeology199899areview_421_b/mode/2up |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|200}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Post-credits scene

2026-03-05T10:00:22Z

Vijaykumar96: updated page

{{short description|Short sequence that appears after all or part of the final credits}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Original research|date=January 2023}}
}}
A '''post-credits scene''' (also known as a '''stinger''', '''end tag''', or '''credit cookie''') is a short [[teaser trailer|teaser]] clip that appears after the [[closing credits]] have rolled and sometimes after a [[production logo]] of a [[film]], [[TV show]], or [[video game]] has run. It is usually either written for humor or to set up a [[sequel]].

{{Anchor|Mid-credits scene}}Sometimes, one or more '''mid-credits scenes''' are also inserted partly through the closing credits, typically for the purpose of maintaining the audience's attention so they do not need to wait for the entire credits roll to finish for a teaser.

==History==
Post-credits scenes may have their origins in [[Encore|encores]], an additional performance added to the end of staged shows in response to audience applause.<ref>{{Cite web |title='More!' The surprising history of the encore |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/more-the-surprising-history-of-the-encore |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=Gramophone |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717092741/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/more-the-surprising-history-of-the-encore |url-status=live }}</ref> Opera encores were common practice in the 19th century, when the story was often interrupted so a singer could repeat an aria, but fell out of favor in the 1920s due to rising emphasis on dramatic storytelling rather than vocal performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salazar |first=Francisco |date=April 29, 2014 |title=Encore! A History of the Encore At the Met After Javier Camarena's Repetition Last Friday |work=Latin Post |url=https://www.latinpost.com/articles/11370/20140429/encore-history-met-javier-camarenas-repetition-last-friday.htm |access-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016133844/http://www.latinpost.com/articles/11370/20140429/encore-history-met-javier-camarenas-repetition-last-friday.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first general release film to feature a post-credits scene is ''[[The Silencers (film)|The Silencers]]'', released in March 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brayson |first=Johnny |date=November 15, 2017 |title=This '70s Movie Is To Blame For Having To Wait Until After The Credits For the Final Scene |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/when-did-post-credits-scenes-start-the-trends-history-is-filled-with-twists-turns-3235313 |url-status=live |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |access-date=November 19, 2021 |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119065419/https://www.bustle.com/p/when-did-post-credits-scenes-start-the-trends-history-is-filled-with-twists-turns-3235313 }}</ref> The scene depicts lead character [[Matt Helm]] (played by [[Dean Martin]]) lying shirtless on what appears to be a rotating sofa along with 10 scantily-clad women.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Silencers (1966) | date=6 April 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8plu-ESBhs |language=en |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520232617/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8plu-ESBhs&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> He kisses two women before rubbing his face and muttering, "Oh my god."<ref name=":0" /> During the scene, text overlays reads "Coming Up Next" and "Matt Helm Meets Lovey Kravezit."<ref name=":0" />

In 1979, ''[[The Muppet Movie]]'' uses a [[framing device]] in which the characters themselves watch the movie unfold in a theater. During the credits, the Muppets get up from their seats, talk to each other and joke around (thus incentivizing the real audience to stick around and see what happens next). In the final moment after the credits, Animal yells at the audience to "GO HOME!" before sighing "buh-bye" and passing out from exhaustion.

The use of such scenes gained popularity throughout the 1980s at the end of comedy films. In 1980, ''[[Airplane!]]'' ended with a callback to an [[Howard Jarvis|abandoned taxicab passenger]] who was not a primary character. Enhanced application continued in 1985 with ''[[Young Sherlock Holmes]]'' (see below); in ''[[Masters of the Universe (1987 film)|Masters of the Universe]]'' (1987), Skeletor's head emerges from the water at the bottom of the pit, saying "I'll be back!"<ref name="Rhodes">{{Cite web |last=Rhodes |first=Eric |date=November 25, 2019 |title=10 Movie Post Credits Scenes That Went Nowhere |url=https://screenrant.com/movie-post-credits-scenes-stingers-that-went-nowhere-pointless/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119065934/https://screenrant.com/movie-post-credits-scenes-stingers-that-went-nowhere-pointless/ |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> ''The Muppet Movie'' also began a trend of using such scenes to break the [[fourth wall]], even when much of the rest of the film had kept it intact. The scenes were often used as a form of [[metafiction]], with characters showing an awareness that they were at the end of a film, and sometimes telling the audience directly to leave the theatre. Films using this technique include ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]'' (in which the title character frequently breaks the fourth wall during the film) and the musical remake of ''[[The Producers (2005 film)|The Producers]]''. The post-credits scene in the latter film also includes a cameo appearance by ''Producers'' screenwriter [[Mel Brooks]].

Post-credits scenes also appeared on the long-running television show ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'', introduced in the 1990 episode ''[[Rocket Attack U.S.A.]]'', continuing until the end of the series. With few exceptions, they highlighted moments from the films that were either particularly nonsensical or had simply caught the writers' attention.

==Contemporary film examples==
Stingers lacking the metafictional aspects also gained prominence in the 1980s, although they were still primarily used for comedy films. Post-credits scenes became useful places for humorous scenes that would not fit in the main body of the film. Most were short clips that served to tie together loose ends—minor characters whose fates were not elaborated on earlier in the film, or plot lines that were not fully wrapped up. For example, all five ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean films|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' films include such scenes. ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]'' features a stinger that reveals that Kip and LaFawnduh get married, a scene that was included in its [[wide release]]. In the film ''[[The Cannonball Run]]'', [[bloopers]] from the film are shown. One of the stars in that picture, [[Jackie Chan]], later featured [[outtakes]] during the credits of many of his films, often showing him getting injured doing his own stunts.

Even when post-credits scenes started to be used by films with little comedy development, the same format of giving closure to incomplete storylines or inconsequential characters remained in use. Using humor in such scenes is also still common for more serious films, as in the film ''[[Daredevil (film)|Daredevil]]'', in which [[Bullseye (Marvel Comics)|Bullseye]] is shown after his defeat by Daredevil in a full body cast. Other films eschew the comedy in favor of a twist or revelation that would be out of place elsewhere in the film, as in ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]''{{'}}s post-credits scene in which [[Professor X]] is shown to be alive after his apparent death by the hands of the [[Jean Grey (film character)|Phoenix]]. Another example is the stinger at the end of ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' which features a post-memory loss [[Gilderoy Lockhart|Lockhart]]. A third example occurs in ''[[Young Sherlock Holmes]]'': during the entire credits, a [[Sled|sleigh]] is seen traveling in the [[Alps]] to a mountain inn; at the end of the credits, the passenger Professor Rathe (presumed to be dead), also known as "Eh-Tar", signs the register as "[[Professor Moriarty|Moriarty]]".

With the rise of pre-planned [[media franchise|film franchise]]s, post-credits scenes have been adopted in order to prepare the audience for upcoming sequels, sometimes going so far as to include a cliffhanger ending where the main film is largely stand-alone. The cinematic release of ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' demonstrated the sequel set-up use of stingers by featuring the [[trailer (film)|trailer]] for ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]''.

Another example is the ending of the supernatural horror film ''[[Annabelle: Creation]]'' (2017), set in Romania, 1952 and see the character of [[Valak]], the demon nun from ''[[The Conjuring 2]]'' (2016) gliding towards the viewer before it darkens, teasing the spin-off prequel ''[[The Nun (2018 film)|The Nun]]'' (2018).

Some films, including [[Richard Linklater]]'s ''[[School of Rock]]'', take the idea of the post-credits scene to its limit by running the credits during the main action of the film. In this example, the characters perform a song in the last minutes of the film, and the credits run inconspicuously until one character sings the line "the movie is over/but we're still on screen".

The [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] has made extensive use of [[Mid-credits and post-credits scenes in the Marvel Cinematic Universe|mid- and post-credits scenes]] which typically serve as a teaser for a future [[Marvel Studios]] film. For example, the post-credits scene of ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' shows [[Phil Coulson]] locating [[Mjolnir (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|a large hammer]] at the bottom of a crater in a New Mexico desert, thus teasing the release of ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' the following year. The post-credits sequence of ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' introduces the characters of [[Pietro Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Pietro]] and [[Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wanda Maximoff]], who join the franchise in ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''. Other times these mid- and post-credits scenes serve primarily as gags, such as the post-credits scene in ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'', which has the [[Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Avengers]] eating [[shawarma]] in a derelict restaurant in the aftermath of the film's climactic battle, or ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'', which features [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Captain America]] educating the audience on patience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/every-marvel-after-credits-scene-explained/|title=Every Marvel After-Credits Scene Explained|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=2019-04-02|website=Collider|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-07|archive-date=2018-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217171232/http://collider.com/every-marvel-after-credits-scene-explained/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-17 |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/every-marvel-end-credits-scene/ |title=Every Marvel post-credits scene and what they mean |last=O'Callaghan |first=Lauren |website=Gamesradar |access-date=2019-04-07 |archive-date=2019-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235719/https://www.gamesradar.com/every-marvel-end-credits-scene/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/every-marvel-cinematic-universe-end-credits-scene-explained.html/ |title=Every Marvel Cinematic Universe End Credits Scene Explained |last=Bleznak |first=Becca |date=2018-05-20 |website=The Cheat Sheet |access-date=2019-04-07 |archive-date=2019-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407235722/https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/every-marvel-cinematic-universe-end-credits-scene-explained.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The credits of many [[Pixar]] films, including ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' (1998), ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' (2003), ''[[The Good Dinosaur]]'' (2015) and ''[[Finding Dory]]'' (2016) have included humorous mid-credits scenes. ''A Bug's Life'' (1998), for example, parodied the trend of bloopers at the end of movies by including fake blooper scenes of the characters making mistakes or goofing around on the "set" of the movie. ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' (1999) and ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' (2001) followed suit. Other Pixar films, such as ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' (2006), ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' (2010) and ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' (2015) have included an epilogue that plays during the credits.

An unusual use of the post-credits scene is to fulfill contractual obligations. In order to secure the [[personality rights]] to produce ''[[The Disaster Artist (film)|The Disaster Artist]]'', a [[biopic]] of [[Tommy Wiseau]], the filmmakers were obligated to include a cameo by Wiseau himself. This scene was filmed, but relegated to the post-credits sequence of the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/james-franco-the-disaster-artist/|title=James Franco Directed 'The Disaster Artist' in Character as Tommy Wiseau|date=27 October 2017|access-date=14 November 2017|website=Slashfilm|first=Ben|last=Peason|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113130229/http://www.slashfilm.com/james-franco-the-disaster-artist/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In video games==

[[Video game]]s, particularly those with complex stories, sometimes also use post-credits scenes. An early example is ''[[EarthBound]]'', in which the main character receives a message that a main villain has escaped.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZwMdIn4ZAI|title = EarthBound 44 : Post Credits Scene|website = [[YouTube]]|access-date = 2022-02-20|archive-date = 2022-02-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220220075725/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZwMdIn4ZAI|url-status = live}}</ref> A game may contain a scene or voiceover after the credits, of one or more characters speaking, revealing new information that gives a new perspective to the previous events as well as setting up part of the next game in the series. As the credits for modern games get longer, added cut scenes that maintain interest during the credits are becoming more common.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==See also==
* [[List of films with post-credits scenes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mediastinger.com/movies-with-stingers/ MediaStinger] – coverage of stingers in films, television and video games
* [http://aftercredits.com/stingers/ What's After the Credits?] – coverage of stingers in films, television and video games

[[Category:Film scenes]]
[[Category:Film and video terminology]]

Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall

2026-03-05T01:53:05Z

Vijaykumar96: fixed lead for clarity for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
The '''Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall''', is located inside the compound of the ''Indian National Congress building'' near Lamington Road, in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=French |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BbDtAAAAMAAJ |title=Liberty Or Death: India's Journey to Independence and Division |date=1998 |publisher=Flamingo |isbn=978-0-00-655045-7 |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref>

The hall was built in the honour of Jinnah after the historic victory of citizens of Bombay under the brave and brilliant leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in front of the Town Hall of Bombay against the outgoing crown governor of Bombay, Wellingdon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bolitho |first=Hector |title=Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780195473230 |page=100}}</ref>

His admirers contributed sixty five thousand rupees to build this memorial Hall which stands still today in spite of the ravages of partition.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Jinnah House]]

==External links==
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/12128.cms State ownership does not guarantee a public monument - The Times of India]
* [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/eyeadvani.htm Jinnah in the eye of Advani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420045604/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/eyeadvani.htm |date=20 April 2008 }}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Memorials to Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]

== References ==
<references />{{Jinnah}}{{india-struct-stub}}

Chaddi Dosth

2026-03-04T04:41:00Z

Vijaykumar96: put up the data initial version

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Chaddi Dosth.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[PC Shekhar]]
| writer = Nataraj (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Shyam
| starring = [[Rangayana Raghu]] [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kumaran
| editing =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chaddi Dosth''''' ({{translation|Childhood friends}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada|Kannada-language]] comedy film directed by [[PC Shekhar]] and starring [[Rangayana Raghu]] and [[Sadhu Kokila]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chaddi-dosth-brings-together-the-best-comedians-as-heroes/articleshow/23909548.cms|title=Chaddi Dosth brings together the best comedians as heroes|date=11 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Kavya|last=Christopher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/chaddi-dosth-gathering-sees-a-host-of-stars/articleshow/26026403.cms|title=Triple treat for Kannada movie goers|date=19 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809164715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Chaddi-Dosth-gathering-sees-a-host-of-stars/articleshow/26026403.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-the-heroines-of-chaddi-dosth/articleshow/26362622.cms|title=Meet the heroines of Chaddi Dosth|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Parinatha|last=Sampath|date=26 November 2013}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Ranganna
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Khadim
*Roopa Shree as Sandhya
*Ashwini Gowda
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Venkateswhara
*[[Mimicry Dayanand]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chaddi-dosth-review-kannada-15044328.html|title=Chaddi Dosth|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223024031/http://www.sify.com/movies/chaddi-dosth-review-kannada-15044328.html|archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref>
*"Love Ondsari"
*"Rodige Taaru"
*"Chaddi Dosth"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Though the first half is okay, the second half is too noisy with an overdose of loud dialoguesm".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chaddi-dosth/movie-review/26649635.cms|title=CHADDI DOSTH MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 November 2013}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The movie scores huge bonus points from the audiences for being the perfect laughter riot. A perfect weekend treat and a must watch movie".<ref name="Sify"/> A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' wrote that "This is a film for the masses".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/chaddi-dosth-review-kannada-movie-17858|title=Chaddi Dosth Review|work=Indiaglitz|date=30 November 2013|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921190248/https://www.indiaglitz.com/chaddi-dosth-review-kannada-movie-17858|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]

Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena

2026-03-03T03:04:47Z

Vijaykumar96: added a data - done

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = ''"Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena"'' by Ashwini Shende
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 354
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ekta Kapoor [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|14}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2011|7|30}}
| related =
}}

'''''Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena''''' ({{translation|My friend doesn't know love}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It is produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under the banner of [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ekta-takes-the-marathi-plunge-makes-soap-zee-marathi|title=Ekta takes the Marathi plunge; makes soap for Zee Marathi|website=Telly Chakkar}}</ref> It premiered from 8 June 2010 by replacing ''[[Kulvadhu (TV series)|Kulvadhu]]''. It starred [[Mrunal Dusanis]] and [[Abhijeet Khandkekar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/maziya-priyala-preet-kalena-marks-the-foray-of-balaji-telefilms-into-marathi-television.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317071610/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/maziya-priyala-preet-kalena-marks-the-foray-of-balaji-telefilms-into-marathi-television.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 March 2023|title="MAZIYA PRIYALA PREET KALENA" marks the foray of Balaji Telefilms into Marathi Television|website=Essel News Letter}}</ref>

== Summary ==
The series revolves around an innocent girl Shamika who is NRI and a middle class boy Abhijeet Pendse who falls in love with her. The series explores their lives and the hardships faced but solved with their unconditional love for each other and the emotional journey they undergo.

== Plot ==
Shamika Raje, a beautiful NRI comes to India with her loving step-mother Sandhya and step-sister Riya to seek her partner. Sandhya arranges Shamika's alliance with Jay Prabhu, son of Leena Prabhu, Sandhya's friend. Jay is a playboy hence asks his cousin brother Abhijeet Pendse to receive them. Abhi falls for Shamika but is unaware about his feelings. Abhi tries to establish a relationship between Shamika and Jay. During this Jay unwilling misframes Abhi for his mistakes. Jay's friend Rahul tries to misbehave with Riya and Abhi opposes him. Rahul tries to torture Riya and Shamika but ends up shooting Abhi. Abhi during this reveals his love for Shamika to her. He is saved and Abhi and Shamika clear all the misunderstandings and learn the true colors of Jay. Shamika accepts Abhi's love and they start a relationship.

Elsewhere it is revealed that Sandhya is blackmailing Jay and Leena to get him married to Shamika to transfer all the property to her and Riya. Since Jay was responsible for Ashwini, Shamika's elder sister death, Sandhya blackmails Jay and Leena. It is revealed that Ashwini was actually saved by Abhi and his friends and she was into coma. Riya also meanwhile falls for Abhi. She attempts suicide but is saved by Abhi who learns her feelings and Shamika. Jay is enraged by Abhi's life and Shamika's declining proposal frames Abhi for a fraud with his ex-girlfriend Soniya. Shamika but successfully saves Abhi from this issue. During this, Riya learns that all the assets and property belong to Shamika alone. To avenge this, she joins hands with Jay to separate Abhi and Shamika. Shamika passes all the tests by Abhi's family and gets accepted by them.

During Abhi and Shamika's engagement, Jay reveals that he falsely married Shamika and is the owner of her property. Leena gets disgusted by all this planning and plotting and tries to save Ashu who was kidnapped and kept hidden by Sandhya. Leena learns all the truth and blackmails Sandhya to mend ways for good. But Sandhya kills her by poisoning her.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Mrunal Dusanis]] as Shamika Raje - Pendse, Sandhya's step- daughter, Ashwini's younger sister, Rita's step-sister
* [[Abhijeet Khandkekar]] as Abhijeet Pendse, Vibhavari and Subhash's son, Madhuri and Meghana's brother, Shamika's husband

=== Recurring ===
* Sneha Kulkarni as Riya, Chandu's wife, Abhi's ex-lover, Sandhya's daughter, Ashu and Shamika's step-sister
* [[Prasad Jawade]] as Jay Prabhu, Leena's son, Abhi, Meghana and Madhuri's cousin
* [[Harshada Khanvilkar]] as Sandhya Raje, Riya's mother, Shamika and Ashwini's step-mother
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Subhash Pendse, Abhi, Meghana, Madhuri's father, Leena's brother
* Suhita Thatte as Vibhavari Pendse, Abhi, Meghana, Madhuri's mother
* Sumukhi Pendse as Leena Pendse - Prabhu, Jay's mother, Subhash's sister, Abhijeet's aunt, Sandhya's best friend
* Dhanashri Kadgaonkar as Meghana Pendse, Abhi and Madhuri's younger sister, Subhash and Vibhavari youngest daughter
* Sankarshan Karhade as Chandu, Abhi's friend, Riya's husband
* [[Amita Khopkar]] as Maai, Raje's Caretaker
* [[Jui Gadkari]] as Soniya, Jai's ex-girlfriend
* [[Tanvi Kishore]] as Namrata

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Awards 2010]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-awards-2010-held-recently-with-a-grand-bash.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626094020/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-marathi-awards-2010-held-recently-with-a-grand-bash.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 June 2021|title=Zee Marathi Awards – 2010, held recently with a grand bash!|website=Essel News Letter}}</ref>
!Category
!Recipients
!Role
|-
|Best Family
|
|Pendse Family
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Abhijeet Khandkekar]]
|Abhijeet
|-
|Best Couple
|[[Abhijeet Khandkekar]]-[[Mrunal Dusanis]]
|Abhijeet-Shamika
|-
|Best Newcomer Male
|[[Abhijeet Khandkekar]]
|Abhijeet
|-
|Best Newcomer Female
|[[Mrunal Dusanis]]
|Shamika
|-
|Best Title Song
|[[Ashok Patki]]
|Music Composer
|-
|Best Mother
|Suhita Thatte
|Vibhavari
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Ashwini Shende
|
|}

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 43
|2010
|0.7
|1
|97
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 24/10/2010 to 30/10/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118064119/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=24/10/2010&endperiod=30/10/2010|archive-date=18 November 2010|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=24/10/2010&endperiod=30/10/2010|access-date=21 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=486 | title = Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena | archive-date = 2014-04-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140423171917/http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Archives.aspx?zhid=486 | access-date = 2022-11-30 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt14655594}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]

Anurag Tewari

2026-03-02T05:08:17Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anurag Tewari
| birth_date = {{birth date|1981|5|17|df=y}}<ref name="HTDeath"/>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|5|17|1981|5|17|df=y}}<ref name="HTDeath"/>
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref name="HinduFoundDead"/>
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT)
| office1 = Deputy Commissioner of [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
| term_start1 = November 2015
| term_end1 = October 2016
| office2 = Commissioner, Department of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs, [[Bengaluru]]
| term_start2 = October 2016
| term_end2 = 17 May 2017
| profession = Civil servant
}}

'''Anurag Tewari''' was an Indian administrative service officer of 2007 batch, Karnataka cadre. As Deputy Commissioner of Bidar from November 2015 to October 2016, he designed a ground water recharge scheme funded through the MGNREGA.
The Government of Karnataka adopted this model statewide as the "'''Raita Belaku'''" (Light of the Farmer) program in 2017.<ref name="DHRaitha" />

==Early life and education==
Anurag Tewari was born in 1981.<ref name="HTDeath">{{cite news |title=On Birthday, IAS Officer Found Dead By Roadside. 'Suspicious' Say Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ias-officer-anurag-tiwari-found-dead-on-roadside-in-uttar-pradeshs-lucknow-1694510 |work=NDTV |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> He holds an engineer degree from the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), he cleared the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] civil service examination.<ref name="BMLegacy">{{cite news |title=Anurag Tewari: An IAS officer to be remembered |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/anurag-tewari-an-ias-officer-to-be-remembered-/articleshow/58721899.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=March 2017 |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

==Career==
Tewari was commissioned in the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) in 2007.<ref name="HTDeath" />

===Deputy Commissioner of Bidar===
In November 2015, Tewari was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Bidar.<ref name="TOIAppointed">{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Rishikesh Bahadur |date=12 June 2015 |title=Anurag Tewari is new DC of Bidar district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/anurag-tewari-new-dc-of-bidar-district/article7309651.ece |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 June 2015 |title=Anurag Tewari is Bidar Deputy Commissioner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/anurag-tewari-is-bidar-deputy-commissioner/article7316800.ece |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> During this period, he conducted regular public visits and held administrative meeting called "Development Days".<ref name="HinduRounds">{{cite news |last=Desai |first=Rishikesh Bahadur |date=30 December 2015 |title=Bidar DC to go on weekly rounds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bidar-dc-to-go-on-weekly-rounds/article7381189.ece |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He launched a social media initiative #askDC for public grievance redressal.<ref name="HinduDevelopment">{{cite news |date=2 November 2015 |title=Administration to speed up development works in Bidar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/administration-to-speed-up-development-works-in-bidar/article7831615.ece |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Tewari implemented a scheme to deepen farm ponds using funds from the MGNREGA for groundwater recharge.<ref name="DHRaitha">{{cite news |date=17 May 2017 |title=Tewari's work inspired govt to start 'Raitha Belaku' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/612178/tewaris-work-inspired-govt-start.html |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Government of Karnataka subsequently adopted this program statewide as "'''Raitha Belaku'''" (Light of the Farmers) in 2017.<ref name="DHRaitha" />

===Commissioner posting===
In October 2016, Tewari was posted as Commissioner of the Department of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs in Bengaluru.<ref name="HTDeath" /> He held this position until his death on 17 May 2017.<ref name="TOI38Days">{{cite news |last=K. T. |first=Vinobha |date=19 May 2017 |title=IAS officer Anurag Tewari hardly worked for 38 days in Karnataka: Minister U T Khader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ias-officer-anurag-tewari-hardly-worked-for-38-days-in-karnataka-minister-u-t-khader/articleshow/58753608.cms |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

==Death and investigation==
===Discovery and initial response===
Tewari was found dead on a roadside near the Meera Bai State Guest House in Hazratganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh on 17 May 2017, his 36th birthday.<ref name="HTDeath" /> Police described the circumstances as suspicious.<ref name="HTDeath"/> A post-mortem examination determined the cause of death to be [[asphyxiation]].<ref name="HinduFoundDead">{{cite news |title=IAS officer found dead in Lucknow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ias-officer-found-dead-in-lucknow/article62074702.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

===Murder case registration===
On 22 May 2017, the Hazratganj police registered a [[First information report|First Information Report]] under Indian penal code section 302 (murder) against unknown persons, based on a complaint filed by Tewari's brother Mayank Tewari.<ref name="TOIFIR">{{cite news |title=FIR registered in the case of IAS officer Anurag Tewari's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/fir-registered-in-the-case-of-ias-officer-anurag-tewaris-death/articleshow/58789210.cms |work=Times of India |date=24 May 2017 |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Tewari's family alleged he had been under pressure from superiors and that he had expressed concerns about his safety two months before his death.<ref name="HTAllegations">{{cite news |title=Murder case registered in IAS officer Anurag Tiwari's death, family says he was under pressure |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/murder-case-registered-in-ias-officer-anurag-tiwari-s-death-family-says-he-was-under-pressure/story-2sA3eyUQDts5CjOqPNWAEM.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2017 |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh government recommended a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) investigation following a meeting with [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref name="TOICBIReq">{{cite news |title=IAS officer's death: UP government recommends CBI probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ias-officers-death-up-government-recommends-cbi-probe-/articleshow/58789845.cms |work=Times of India |date=22 May 2017 |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="TNMCBIOrder">{{cite news |title=After registering murder case, govt orders CBI probe into IAS officer Anurag Tewari's death |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/after-registering-murder-case-govt-orders-cbi-probe-ias-officer-anurag-tewaris-death-62466 |work=The News Minute |date=23 May 2017 |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

A Uttar Pradesh minister stated in the assembly that Tewari was preparing to expose financial irregularities in the Karnataka Food Department worth 2,000 crore. The Karnataka government denied this claim.<ref name="TOIFIR" /><ref name="TOI38Days" /> A special investigation team visited Tewari's Bengaluru office and residence in June 2017 to collect evidence.<ref name="HinduSIT">{{cite news |date=1 June 2017 |title=Anurag Tewari case: SIT visits his office, residence in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/anurag-tewari-case-sit-visits-his-office-residence-in-bengaluru/article18699128.ece |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===CBI investigation===
The CBI took over the investigation in July 2017 and registered a murder case under Indian Penal Code Sections 302 and 201.<ref name="TOICBITakeover">{{cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Pathikrit |date=17 June 2017 |title=IAS officer's death: CBI registers murder case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ias-officers-death-cbi-registers-murder-case/articleshow/59185079.cms |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In February 2019, the CBI filed a closure report concluding that Tewari died in an accidental fall resulting in asphyxiation, ruling out both suicide and homicide.<ref name="HTClosure2019">{{cite news |date=19 June 2019 |title=CBI files closure report, says IAS officer died due to accidental fall |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/anurag-tiwari-case-cbi-files-closure-report-says-ias-officer-died-due-to-accidental-fall/story-cqwTojzTXryF8s97U9dTsI.html |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Tewari's family rejected this finding. The CBI filed a second closure report in January 2021.<ref name="BSRejection">{{cite news |date=20 September 2022 |title=Special court rejects CBI closure report on Karnataka IAS officer's death |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/special-court-rejects-cbi-closure-report-on-karnataka-ias-officer-s-death-122092000133_1.html |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=Business Standard |agency=IANS}}</ref>

In September 2022, a special CBI court in Lucknow rejected both closure reports on a protest petition filed by Mayank Tewari.<ref name="BSRejection" /> The court ruled that the closure reports could not be accepted, as of October 2022, the case remained officially open.<ref name="BSRejection" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Anurag}}

[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths in India]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Anurag}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

PSGR Krishnammal College for Women

2026-02-28T05:21:21Z

Vijaykumar96:

{{Short description|College in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = PSGR Krishnammal College for Women
| image =
| motto = "Educate to Empower"
| type = Private
| established = 1963
| chairperson = Dr. Nandini Rangaswamy
| principal = Dr. P. B. Harathi
| city = [[Coimbatore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[Bharathiar University]]
| website = [https://www.psgrkcw.ac.in/ psgrkcw.ac.in]
}}
'''PSGR Krishnammal College for Women''', is an autonomous arts and science college located in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. India. It has been recognized as the 'College of Excellence' by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.b-u.ac.in/Home/AffCollegeList |title=Welcome to Official Website of Bharathiar University :: Coimbatore |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628000229/http://b-u.ac.in/Home/AffCollegeList |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/education/psgr-krishnammal-college-for-women/nv84| title = PSGR KRISHNAMMAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN {{!}} Outlook Education}}</ref>

==History==
PSGR Krishnammal College for Women was established in 1963 under the GRG Trust, founded by Sri G.R. Govindarajulu and Smt. Chandrakanthi Govindarajulu with a motto of 'empowering women through education', initially affiliated to the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/psgr-krishnammal-college-celebrates-50-years/article5109369.ece| title = PSGR Krishnammal College celebrates 50 years - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.psgrkcw.ac.in/about-us/ |title=About Us | PSGR Krishnammal College for Women |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618160634/https://www.psgrkcw.ac.in/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=College
|NIRF_C_2022=6
}}
The college is ranked 7th among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==Academics==
The college offers undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degrees in arts, science, commerce, computer science, and management.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.psgrkcw.ac.in/admissions/ | title=Admissions | PSGR Krishnammal College for Women | date=22 April 2020 }}</ref> It has global collaborative agreements with Oregon State University, San Diego State University and Toledo University, USA; Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia; Nottingham Trent University, UK; CETYS University, Mexico; and Swinburne University, Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.psgrkcw.ac.in/recognition-and-awards/ |title=Recognition & Awards |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618105600/https://www.psgrkcw.ac.in/recognition-and-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.psgrkcw.ac.in/|title=Official Website}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bharathiar University]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Lal Dena

2026-02-27T17:03:48Z

Vijaykumar96: added pg

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox academic
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1939|1|11}}, [[Pherzawl]]
| education = MA; PhD
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati University]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]]
| occupation = Teacher, academic
| main_interests = [[Modern history]], [[Northeast India]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]], [[Hmar people]]
}}

'''Lal Dena''' (born 11 January 1939) is a historian of modern [[South Asia]] with special interest in [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]]. He is a retired professor of [[Manipur University]] and the former Vice Chancellor of [[Sangai International University]], Churachandpur.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=27..151018.oct18 | title=Prof Lal Dena resigns : 15th oct18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines }}</ref><ref>https://www.zoramobserver.com/manipur/prof-lal-dena-takes-charge-as-vice-chancellor-of-sangai-international-university/</ref> He is from the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] tribe.

==Education==
Prof. Lal Dena passed Class-X from Pherzawl High School in 1959, and did PUC from DM College in 1963. He did BA and MA (History) from [[Gauhati University]] completing them in 1970. He received his Ph.D. degree from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), New Delhi in 1982.

==Academic career==
Prof. Lal Dena taught history at the Department of History, [[Manipur University]], Imphal, and served as its head of department until his retirement.<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/lal-dena-manipur-the-basic-issue-is-land/20230629.html Manipur: 'The basic issue is land'], Rediff News, 5 July 2023.</ref> He then joined [[Sangai International University]] as the Vice Chancellor.

==Books==
*Lal Dena (1984). ''British Policy Towards Manipur,[1891-1919]''.
*Lal Dena (1988). ''Christian Missions and Colonialism: A Study of Missionary Movement in Northeast India with Particular Reference to Manipur and Lushai Hills, 1894-1947.''Vendrame Institute.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_XYAAAAMAAJ | title=Christian Missions and Colonialism: A Study of Missionary Movement in Northeast India with Particular Reference to Manipur and Lushai Hills, 1894-1947 | last1=Dena | first1=Lal | date=1988 }}</ref>
*Lal Dena (1991), ''History of Modern Manipur, 1826-1949''. New Delhi: Omsons (edited).<ref>{{cite book | url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/999593783506421 | title=History of modern Manipur, 1826-1949 | date=1991 }}</ref>
*Lal Dena (1995). ''Hmar Folk Tales''. Scholar Publishing House.
*Lal Dena (2008). ''In Search of Identity: Hmars of North East India''. Akansha.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGcMAQAAMAAJ | title=In Search of Identity: Hmars of North-East India | isbn=978-81-8370-134-1 | last1=Dena | first1=Lal | date=2008 | publisher=Akansha Publishing House }}</ref>
*Lal Dena (2011). ''Dialogue on Tipaimukh Dam.''Akansha Publishing House (edited)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=5552079489&searchurl=an%3Ddena%2Blal%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title2 | title=Dialogue on Tipaimukh Dam by Edited by Lal Dena: (2011) | Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd }}</ref>
*Thangsawihmang & Lal Dena (2022). "Hmar Indigenous Games."
*Lal Dena (2025). ''The Hmar Culture Relics: Historical Monuments in Pherzawl District''. Hmar Art and Culture Society

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dena, Lal}}
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:1939 births]]

Ipoh

2026-02-26T06:56:48Z

Vijaykumar96: New New Article - done

{{for|the federal constituency formerly represented in the Dewan Rakyat|Ipoh (federal constituency)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ipoh
| settlement_type = [[List of capitals in Malaysia|State capital]] [[List of cities in Malaysia|city]]
| official_name = City of Ipoh <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{nobold|{{native name|ms|Bandaraya Ipoh}}}}</div>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/3/2
| image1 = Ipoh skyline 24-2.jpg
| caption1 = City skyline
| image2 = Ipoh Town (6064379582).jpg
| caption2 = Old downtown
| image3 = St. Michael's Institution.jpg
| caption3 = [[St. Michael's Institution]]
| image4 = Ipoh Train Station At Night.jpg
| caption4 = [[Ipoh railway station]]
| image5 = City Hall Building by Fairus Khafiz.jpg
| caption5 = [[Ipoh Town Hall]]
| image6 = Landmark of Ipoh (4).jpg
| caption6 = [[Sultan Idris Shah II Mosque]]
| image7 = Gunung Lang.jpg
| caption7 = Gunung Lang Recreational Park
| image8 = Limestone hills of Tambun near the Tibetan Temple.jpg
| caption8 = [[Karst topography]] at [[Tambun]]
}}
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag of Ipoh, Perak.svg
| flag_size = 115px
| image_seal = Ipoh Emblem.svg
| nicknames = City of Millionaires, Bougainvillea City, Mountain City, Silver Valley
| motto = ''Berkhidmat dan Maju'' {{langx|en|Service and Progress}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| mapframe-marker = city
| map_caption = Location of Ipoh in Perak
| pushpin_map = Malaysia Perak#Malaysia municipalities#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 275px
| pushpin_map_caption = {{Legend inline|#800000|outline=black}} '''Ipoh''' in {{Legend inline|#FEFEEF|outline=black}} '''[[Perak]]'''
| coordinates = {{coord|04|35|50|N|101|04|30|E|region:MY-08_type:city(657,892)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of Malaysia|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Malaysia|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Perak}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kinta District|Kinta]]
| established_title = Establishment
| established_date = Around {{Start date and age|1880}}
| established_title1 = Establishment of the local government
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1893}}
| established_title2 = Municipality status
| established_date2 = {{Start date and age|May 31, 1962}}
| established_title3 = City status
| established_date3 = {{start date and age|df=y|27 May 1988}}
| government_type = [[List of local governments in Malaysia|City council]]
| governing_body = [[Ipoh City Council]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Rumaizi Baharin
| area_total_km2 = 643
| area_total_sq_mi = 
| elevation_m = 51.85
| elevation_ft =
| population_total = 759,952
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_demonym = Ipohian / Ipohite
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Malaysia|Postcode]]
| postal_code = 30xxx, 31xxx
| area_code = 05
| area_code_type =
| iso_code =
| website = {{URL|mbi.gov.my}}
| unemployment_rate =
| timezone = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]]
| utc_offset = +8
| timezone_DST = Not observed
}}

'''Ipoh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|p|oʊ}}, {{IPA|ms|ipoh|audio|LL-Q9237 (msa)-Noaius Paticus-Ipoh.wav}}) is the capital city of the [[Malaysia]]n [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|state]] of [[Perak]]. Located on the [[Kinta River]], it is nearly {{Convert|200|km|abbr=on}} north of [[Kuala Lumpur]] and {{Convert|150|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] in neighbouring [[Penang]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ipoh, city in Malaysia {{!}} Wonderful Malaysia |url=https://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/ipoh-city-malaysia.htm |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.wonderfulmalaysia.com}}</ref> As of the [[Census in Malaysia|2020 census]], Ipoh had a population of 759,952, making it the [[List of cities in Malaysia by population|ninth-largest city in Malaysia by population]] and the fourth most populous state capital, after [[Johor Bahru]], [[Shah Alam]] and [[George Town, Penang|George Town]].

In recent years, Ipoh's popularity as an international tourist destination has been significantly boosted by efforts to conserve its [[British Empire|British]] colonial-era architecture.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The city is also well known for its [[Ipoh cuisine|cuisine]] and natural attractions including limestone hills and caves within which [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temples were built.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipohecho.com.my/v4/article/2015/05/16/caves-of-the-kinta-valley|title=Ipoh Echo {{!}} Caves of the Kinta Valley|last=net|first=powered by iosc dot|website=IpohEcho.com.my|date=16 May 2015 |language=en|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref>

Ipoh's location between [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] has made it a major land transportation hub within [[Peninsular Malaysia|West Malaysia]], with both the [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu|Malayan Railway]]'s [[KTM West Coast Railway Line|West Coast Line]] and the [[North–South Expressway (Malaysia)|North-South Expressway]] cutting through the city. Aside from land transportation, Ipoh is served by the [[Sultan Azlan Shah Airport]].

==Etymology==
The name Ipoh is derived from the Malay name of ''[[Antiaris toxicaria]]'' (''pokok ipoh'') which grows locally. The sap of this plant, which is poisonous, was mixed with [[Strychnos]] latex by [[Orang Asli|Aslians]] to coat the tips of their blowpipe darts for hunting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ng |first1=Francis |title=Ipoh's terrible tree |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2012/01/07/ipohs-terrible-tree/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=The Star |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

Originally a village, Ipoh began to grow rapidly in the 1880s after huge deposits of [[tin]] were discovered within its vicinity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://db.ipohworld.org/photo/pdf/3875_wzhem140612.pdf|title=The History of Ipoh}}</ref> Its geographic location in the rich tin-bearing valley of the [[Kinta River]] made it a natural centre of growth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choong |first1=C.M. |last2=Sautter |first2=B. |last3=Pubellier |first3=M. |last4=Menier |first4=D. |last5=Chow |first5=W.S |last6=Kadir |first6=A.A. |date=December 2014 |title=Geological Features of the Kinta Valley |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283622669 |journal=Platform: A Journal of Engineering, Science and Society |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=1–14}}</ref>

The Great Fire of Ipoh in 1892 destroyed over half the town, but also presented an opportunity to rebuild the town in a more orderly grid pattern.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Surana |first=Sanjay |date=2018-02-28 |title=Why Ipoh, Malaysia, Should Be on Your Travel Radar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/28/travel/ipoh-malaysia-tourism.html |access-date=2024-05-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By 1895, it was the second largest town within the [[Federated Malay States]], which also consisted of [[Selangor]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], and [[Pahang]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbi.gov.my/ms/pelawat/info-ipoh/page/0/1|title=Info Ipoh: Halaman 2 dari 2 {{!}} Portal Rasmi Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh (MBI)|website=mbi.gov.my|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921122218/http://www.mbi.gov.my/ms/pelawat/info-ipoh/page/0/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ipoh was then rebuilt in time for the second tin rush and grew rapidly as a result of the booming tin mining industry, particularly in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Discover the Lost World of Tambun |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-rediscovering-a-lost-world |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref>

A local [[Hakka people|Hakka]] miner, millionaire Yau Tet Shin, started developing a large tract of the town in the early 1930s, today known as the "New Town", from the eastern bank of the [[Kinta River]] to Greentown.<ref name="ipohworld762">[http://www.ipohworld.org/blog/?p=762 Ipohworld’s World » Yau Tet Shin’s New Town Under Construction 1908]. Ipohworld.org. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref> In 1937, Ipoh was made the capital of [[Perak]], replacing [[Taiping, Perak|Taiping]].

[[File:IPOH TOWN.png|thumb|Map of Ipoh, Perak in 1951]]

Ipoh was invaded by the Japanese on 15 December 1941. In March 1942, the Japanese Civil Administration or Perak Shu Seicho was set up at [[St. Michael's Institution]]. After the liberation of Malaya by British forces, Ipoh remained the capital of Perak as it does to this day.<ref>Khoo Salma Nasution & Abdur-Razzaq Lubis, ''Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development'', Ipoh: Perak Academy, 2005. pp. 273–292</ref> After depletion of its tin deposits and the collapse of tin prices in the 1970s, the city suffered decades of decline and neglect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/travel/malaysia/2012/01/09/ipoh/|title=Ipoh - Malaysia {{!}} The Star Online|last=Tam|first=Susan|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/02/22/the-city-that-tin-built/|title=The city that tin built|last=Tan|first=Peter|date=2015-02-21|website=BorneoPost Online {{!}} Borneo, Malaysia, Sarawak Daily News|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/sleepy-ipoh-awakens|title=Sleepy Ipoh awakens|last=hermes|date=2016-03-22|work=The Straits Times|access-date=2017-08-21|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgeproperty.com.my/content/old-town-restored-rightful-place-history-ipoh|title=Old Town restored to rightful place in history of Ipoh|website=theedgeproperty.com.my|language=en|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref> With the closure of the tin mines, its urban population was forced to seek employment in other cities within Malaysia. In spite of this, Ipoh remains one of the largest cities in Malaysia in terms of population, with tourism now a main driver of the city's economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.world-guides.com/asia/malaysia/perak/ipoh/ipoh_history.html|title=Ipoh History Facts and Timeline: Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia|website=world-guides.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>

Ipoh gained municipal status in 1962, and in 1988 it was declared a city by the [[Sultan of Perak]], [[Azlan Shah of Perak|Sultan Azlan Shah]].<ref name=":0" />

==Geography==
{{Location map many|Malaysia Perak Ipoh|width=300|float=left
|caption=Locations of Ipoh and its suburbs
|lat1=4.597222|long1=101.075|label1_size=75 |label1='''Ipoh'''|position1=left
|lat2=4.720754|long2=101.1212|label2_size=65 |label2=[[Chemor]]|position2=left|mark2=Cyan pog.svg
|lat3=4.61831|long3=101.140884|label3_size=65 |label3=[[Tambun]]|position3=right|mark=Cyan pog.svg
|lat4=4.638596|long4=101.0636|label4_size=65 |label4=[[Bandar Meru Raya|Meru Raya]]|position4=left|mark4=Cyan pog.svg
|lat5=4.529513|long5=101.129836|label5_size=65 |label5=[[Simpang Pulai]]|position5=right|mark5=Cyan pog.svg
|lat6=4.56836|long6=101.050314|label6_size=65 |label6=[[Menglembu]]|position6=left|mark6=Cyan pog.svg
}}

===Topography===
Ipoh is in the state of [[Perak]], which is in the central part of [[Peninsular Malaysia]]. The city is in the middle of the [[karstic]] [[Kinta Valley]] region, on the bank of the [[Kinta River]] and the confluence of the smaller rivers Sungai Pinji and Sungai Pari. Hills of [[limestone]], called [[mogote]]s, surround the city, which can be found around suburban areas to the northeast, east and southeast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malaysiahotelreview.com/perak/destination/limestone-hill.shtml |title=Limestone Hills (Bukit Batu Kapur), Ipoh, PERAK – Malaysia Travel Review |publisher=Malaysiahotelreview.com |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-date=20 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220232704/http://malaysiahotelreview.com/perak/destination/limestone-hill.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Keledang Range|Keledang mountain range]] stretches from the north to the west of the city. This range runs parallel to the [[Bintang Mountains|Bintang mountain range]] with the [[Perak River]] running on its left bank and the [[Kinta River]] to its right. This range is interrupted to the north of Ipoh by a tributary of the [[Perak River]] called the Pelus River, which is sourced from the [[Titiwangsa Mountains|Titiwangsa mountain range]], which runs to the east of Ipoh.<ref>{{cite book |last= Jacq-Hergoualc'h |first= Michel |author2=Victoria Hobson |title= The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk Road (100 BC – 1300 AD) |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |date=September 2002 |isbn= 90-04-11973-6}}</ref>

===Climate===
Ipoh has a [[tropical rainforest climate]]. Ipoh is more subject to the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] than the [[trade wind]]s and very rarely has [[cyclone]]s, therefore it can be described as having an equatorial climate. The city's temperature shows little variation throughout the year, the average temperature being {{Convert|28|C}}. Ipoh sees high precipitation throughout the year with an average of {{Convert|200|mm|abbr=on}} of rain each month and averaging {{Convert|2897.0|mm|abbr=on}} of rain per year. The wettest month is October when on average {{Convert|307.1|mm|abbr=on}} of rain falls. Ipoh's driest month is January which has {{Convert|132.3|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall on average.
{{Ipoh weatherbox}}

===Limestone caves===
[[Mogote]]s are the most prominent natural features of the city. There are many caves in these outcrops, some of which have cave temples built in them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cavesofmalaysia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706051626/http://www.cavesofmalaysia.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2006 |title=Home |publisher=Cavesofmalaysia.com |access-date=10 December 2013 }}</ref> The [[Sam Poh Tong Temple]] is a notable example, along with Kek Lok Tong; Cavern of Utmost Happiness), which lies on the other side of the same outcrop. It is accessible through the Gunung Rapat housing area. Other cave temples in Ipoh include Ling Sen Tong, Nan Tian Tong, Kwan Yin Tong and Perak Tong.

[[Gua Tempurung]], near [[Gopeng]], south of Ipoh, is a show cave open to the public and popular among [[Caving|spelunkers]]. More than {{Convert|3|km|abbr=on}} long, it is one of the longest caves in Peninsular Malaysia. Part of it has been developed with electric lighting and walkways, and there are tours of varying lengths and difficulty. A river passage runs about {{Convert|1.6|km|abbr=on}} through the hill. There are five large chambers, filled with spectacular [[speleothems]] which include [[stalactites]] and [[stalagmites]].

==Economy==
In its early history, Ipoh as a settlement was built around its mining industry,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ho |first=Tak Ming |title=Ipoh: when tin was king |date=2009 |publisher=Perak Academy |isbn=978-983-42500-2-7 |location=Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia}}</ref> although inferior to that of Gopeng, some {{convert|19|km}} to the south. Ipoh was once one of the richest cities in Malaysia<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Suriati |last2=Jones |first2=David |date=2013 |title=Investigating the Mining Heritage Significance for Kinta District, the Industrial Heritage Legacy of Malaysia |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=105 |pages=445–457 |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.047 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and South East Asia, in the days when [[tin]] was its major product. During the 1980s, when tin prices collapsed, the economy of Ipoh was affected significantly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Masron |first1=T. |last2=Khalid |first2=H.N. |last3=Yaakub |first3=N.F. |last4=Zamharii |first4=S.K. |last5=Masami |first5=F. |date=2019 |title=Tin Mining Activities and Sustainability of Mining-Based Cities in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=The Journal of Ritsumeikan Geographical Society |volume=31 |pages=27–51 |url=https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/lt/area/assets/file/research/geo/letter/31/31-3.pdf |access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref> However, the city has since experienced economic growth. The city of Ipoh hosts the headquarters of several large multinational corporations, such as: [[Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad]], a major [[palm oil]] company;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us – Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad {{!}} KLK Malaysia |url=https://www.klk.com.my/contact-us/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> Batu Kawan Berhad, an investment company which holds the majority share in Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad (KLSE:KLK) most popular amongst public companies who own 48% of the shares, institutions hold 23% |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kuala-lumpur-kepong-berhad-klse-065523707.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Batu Kawan Berhad |url=https://www.bkawan.com.my/contact.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.bkawan.com.my}}</ref> [[Hovid (company)|Hovid Berhad]], a major Malaysian pharmaceutical company;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suhaidi |first=Nurul |title=Pharma giants advancing innovation for holistic healthcare |url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2023/01/19/pharma-giants-advancing-innovation-for-holistic-healthcare/ |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=The Malaysian Reserve}}</ref> and [[OldTown White Coffee|Old Town White Coffee]] (or Old Town Berhad), a food and beverage giant originating from Ipoh which specializes in white coffee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabrina |first=Sarah |date=2023-03-29 |title=How OldTown White Coffee grew from one Ipoh store to a global chain bought for RM1.47bil |url=https://vulcanpost.com/821214/oldtown-white-coffee-malaysia-brand-history/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Vulcan Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Other public listed companies in Ipoh include, Perak Transit Berhad, Tasek Cement Berhad, DKLS Industries Berhad, Wellcall Holding Berhad, Rubberex Berhad, and Perak Corp. Ipoh also hosts the Malaysian headquarters for several foreign multinational companies, including [[Finisar]], [[Voith]], ITL Asia Pacific,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact |url=https://www.itlbiomedical.com/contact-us/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=ITL BioMedical |language=en-US}}</ref> and Sagami Manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malaysian Rubber Council |title=Company Profile: Suppliers Directory |url=https://www.myrubbercouncil.com/marketplace/public/company_details.php?mrepc_no=00306 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=Malaysian Rubber Council}}</ref>

==Governance==
[[File:Ipoh City Council.jpg|thumb|[[Ipoh City Council]]]]
The [[Ipoh City Council]] governs the city. Datuk Rumaizi Baharin, appointed in April 2020, is the mayor of Ipoh.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rumaizi Baharin appointed new Ipoh mayor {{!}} The Star Online|url = https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/04/03/rumaizi-baharin-appointed-new-ipoh-mayor|website = The Star|location=Malaysia|access-date = 1 June 2020}}</ref> Ipoh is divided into two parliamentary constituencies: ''[[Ipoh Barat]]'' (Ipoh West) and ''[[Ipoh Timor]]'' (Ipoh East). The parliamentary seat for ''Ipoh Barat'' is held by [[Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) Representative [[M. Kulasegaran]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = M. Kulasegaran {{!}} Malaysia Parliament Portal|url = https://www.parlimen.gov.my/profile-ahli.html?uweb=dr&id=3588|website = The Official Portal, Parliament of Malaysia Website|location=Malaysia|access-date = 1 June 2020}}</ref> The seat for ''Ipoh Timor'' is held by fellow DAP leader [[Howard Lee Chuan How]]. As of 2022, there were 233,000 voters in Ipoh. Most of the voters in Ipoh are Chinese, followed by Malays, Indians and others.

{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Ethnic breakdown of Ipoh's electorate as of 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=14th General Election Malaysia (GE14 / PRU14) - Results Overview|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=election.thestar.com.my}}</ref>|label2=[[Malaysian Malays|Malay]]|value2=18.49|color2=green|label1=[[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]]|value1=63.55|color1=red|label3=[[Malaysian Indians|Indian]]|value3=17.04|color3=orange|label4=Other ethnicities|value4=0.92|color4=yellow}}

==Demographics==
Ipoh is one of [[Malaysia]]'s largest cities. As of 2010, the municipal area of Ipoh has a population of 657,892.<ref name="census 2010">{{cite web|title=Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, 2010|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Perak.pdf|publisher=Department of Statistics Malaysia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227011347/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Perak.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 }}</ref> It ranks as the seventh most [[List of urban areas in Malaysia by population|populous urban centre]] in Malaysia (2010).<ref name="census 2010" />

These are statistics from the Department of Statistics Malaysia 2010 census.<ref name="census 2010" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center;" colspan=3| Ethnic groups in Ipoh, 2010
|-
! [[Ethnicity]] !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Chinese Malaysian|Chinese]] || 270,165 || 44.11%
|-
| [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] || 253,592 || 38.55%
|-
| [[Malaysian Indian|Indian]] || 110,024 || 14.07%
|-
| Others || 1,559 || 0.2%
|-
| Non-Malaysian || 19,989 || 3.04%
|}

==Town layout==
{{See also|List of Ipoh areas}}{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Ipoh_58.jpg
| image2 = Birch Memorial Clock Tower 2.png
| image3 = Concubine Lane.jpg
| image4 = Old Uncle with White Coffee.jpg
| footer = Ipoh's Old Town, clockwise from top right: [[Birch Memorial Clock Tower]], wall mural by Ernest Zacharevic, Concubine Lane, skyline of the administrative center
}}

Ipoh is a medium-sized city with a polycentric and decentralised urban structure. Its historic Old Town serves as a symbolic cultural and heritage core, featuring colonial-era architecture, heritage streets, and cafés, but most of the city’s residential, commercial, and cultural activities are distributed across suburban neighbourhoods such as Greentown, Canning Garden, Bercham, and Station 18.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The decentralised layout makes Ipoh largely car-dependent, and the dispersed nature of economic and social hubs means that the Old Town is relatively quiet outside of daytime tourist activity. The city’s pattern contrasts with more compact heritage cities, where tourism and local life overlap in a single central district. This structure also influences visitor experiences: first-time tourists often perceive Old Town as the city’s sole centre, while many notable cultural, culinary, and religious sites lie in outlying areas.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Culture==
[[File:Concubine Lane 1.jpg|thumb|Concubine Lane, one of the cultural and culinary hubs in the city]]

===Cuisine===

Ipoh has a significant food scene with many hawker centres and restaurants. It has dishes derived from Malay, Chinese and Indian cuisine. See {{Main|Ipoh cuisine}}

===Film and television===
Movies filmed in Ipoh include:
* 1992: ''[[Indochine (film)|Indochine]]''
* 1999: ''[[Anna and the King]]''
* 2003: ''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]''
* 2005: ''[[Sepet]]''
* 2005: ''[[Gubra]]''
* 2006: ''After This Our Exile''
* 2006: ''Goodbye Boys''
* 2006: ''[[Lust, Caution]]''
* 2015: ''[[Blackhat (film)|Blackhat]]''

===Greenery & Public Parks===
* [[D. R. Seenivasagam]] Park (Coronation Park)
* Sultan Abdul Aziz Recreational Park (Polo Ground)
* Kledang Saiong Forest Eco Park
* Botani Eco Park

===Theme parks===
There are several theme parks in Ipoh, including the [[Lost World of Tambun|Sunway Lost World of Tambun]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunwaylostworldoftambun.com/|title=Lost World of Tambun Ipoh}}</ref> and the now defunct [[MAPS Perak|Movies Animated Park Studios (MAPS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsperak.com/|title=Movies Animation Park, Ipoh Official Website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207000455/http://www.mapsperak.com/|archive-date=7 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Famous attractions===

A list of attractions:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biztechcommunity.com/style-travel/ipoh-attraction/|title=Places to Visit in Ipoh: Explore the Enchanting Ipoh Attraction|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026000000/https://biztechcommunity.com/style-travel/ipoh-attraction/|archive-date=26 October 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Qing Xing Ling Leisure & Cultural Village
* Kek Look Tong Cave Temple
* Perak Cave Temple
* Banjaran Hotsprings Retreat
* Tasik Cermin (Mirror Lake)
* Gunung Lang Recreational Park
* Pavilion Petting Zoo & Gunung Lang Climbing Park
* Funtasy House Trick Art
* Fujiwara Tofa Shop
* Kinta Riverfront
* [[Ipoh Town Hall]]
* Market Lane (Concubine Lane)
* Trail of Dr. Sun Yat Sen and His Comrades in Ipoh
* [[Sam Poh Tong Temple]]
* [[Ipoh railway station|Ipoh Railway Station]]
* Sultan Azlan Shah Roundabout

==Transport==
[[File:Sultan Azlan Shah Airport.JPG|thumb|[[Sultan Azlan Shah Airport]]]]

===Roads===
The old interstate [[Malaysia Federal Route 1|Federal Route 1]] connects Ipoh with other major towns and cities in peninsular Malaysia, for example to [[Alor Setar]], [[Taiping, Perak|Taiping]] and [[Penang]] to the north and [[Tapah]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Seremban]] and even [[Johor Bahru]] in the south. Motorists from the east coast can use [[Malaysia Federal Route 4|Federal Route 4]] (from [[Gerik]]) in northern Perak or [[Malaysia Federal Route 185|Federal Route 185]] (from [[Cameron Highlands]]).

The new [[North–South Expressway (Malaysia)|North–South Expressway]] is a faster and more efficient alternative to Route 1. However, some towns like [[Kampar, Perak|Kampar]] can only be accessible via Route 1.

===Train===
[[File:Ipoh Railway Station by Fairus Khafiz Photo.jpg|thumb|Ipoh Railway Station]]
[[Ipoh railway station|Ipoh's railway station]] is operated by [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] (KTM) and is in the Old Town. However, it does not have intra-city travel like there is in [[Kuala Lumpur]]; the railway only connects Ipoh with neighbouring towns and cities. The station is a stately building, referred to by locals as the "Taj Mahal of Ipoh". [[KTM Intercity]] began the Shuttle Train Service between Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh from 1 December 2008 while the modern [[KTM ETS|Electric Train System (ETS)]] shuttle began from 12 August 2010, with an average speed of {{Convert|145|km/h|abbr=on}}, plying the Ipoh-Seremban route, which cut the travelling distance between Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur to 120 minutes. There are 10 dedicated shuttle train services between these two cities daily, beginning at 5 am from both of the stations. Travel time between the cities was expected to be reduced from three hours to two hours and fifteen minutes when the new set of EMU trains arrived in mid-2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cockatoo.com/malaysia/e-06pera/em-per27.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119155613/http://www.cockatoo.com/malaysia/e-06pera/em-per27.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2013 |title=Malaysia / Perak / The Ipoh Railway Station |publisher=Cockatoo.com |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=10 December 2013 }}</ref>

===Bus===
[[File:Ipoh-amanjaya-bus-terminal.jpg|thumb|Ipoh Amanjaya Bus Terminal]]
[[File:BAS.MY Ipoh Launching Ceremony - ANS 4958 (250224).jpg|thumb|A bus in Ipoh operated by Perak Transit under BAS.MY Ipoh]]
The inter-city bus terminal is located at Amanjaya Integrated Bus Terminal in [[Bandar Meru Raya]], just north of the city. Medan Kidd is the public transport intracity terminal that is very near to Ipoh Railway Station. Currently, the main public transport operator in the city is PerakTransit under the branding of BAS.MY Ipoh.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Code
!Route
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A30A}}
|Medan Kidd - Terminal Meru Raya
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A30B}}
|Medan Kidd - Terminal Meru Raya - Chemor
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A31A}}
|Medan Kidd - Kuala Kangsar via Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A31B}}
|Medan Kidd - Kuala Kangsar via Jalan Tun Abdul Razak
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A31X}}
|Medan Kidd - Chemor via Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A32}}
|Medan Kidd - Bercham - Tanjung Rambutan
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A33A}}
|Medan Kidd - Tanjung Rambutan - Chemor
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A33B}}
|Medan Kidd - Tanjung Rambutan
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A34}}
|Medan Kidd - Gopeng - Kampar
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A35}}
|Medan Kidd - Pasir Puteh - Pengkalan Sentosa
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A36}}
|Medan Kidd - Batu Gajah - Seri Iskandar
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A37}}
|Medan Kidd - LTSAS (Ipoh Airport) - Taman Botani
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A100}}
|Bandaraya Ipoh - Feeder
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A101A}}
|Medan Kidd - Bercham via Taman Ipoh
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A101B}}
|Medan Kidd - Bercham via Kampung Simee
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A102}}
|Medan Kidd - Manjoi - Buntong
|-
|{{BAS.MY bus code|A103}}
|Medan Kidd - Taman Cempaka - Ampang
|}

===Air===
The [[Sultan Azlan Shah Airport]] is the only airport in Ipoh, located near [[Gunung Rapat]]. Domestic and international flights are available. [[Scoot]] provide daily flights from Ipoh to [[Singapore]] [[Changi Airport]] while [[Batik Air Malaysia]] used to provide daily flights to [[Senai International Airport]], serving as a link to the city of [[Johor Bahru]]. [[Penang International Airport]] is located {{convert|154|km|abbr=on}} north-west Ipoh, the airport provides more domestic and international destinations.

==Education==
{{Main|List of schools in Perak}}

This is a list of schools in Ipoh, Perak.
*Sekolah Izzuddin Shah
*[[Sekolah Tuanku Abdul Rahman]]
*Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bercham
*Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tanjung Rambutan
*Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Seri Puteri
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (T) St. Philomena Convent, Ipoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Dato' Panglima Kinta, Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Yuk Choy, Ipoh
*SMJK Yuk Choy, Ipoh
*Tarcisian Convent School, Ipoh (TCS)
*[[Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Anderson|Anderson School]], Ipoh
*[[Anglo-Chinese School, Ipoh|Anglo-Chinese School]], Ipoh
*[[St. Michael's Institution]], Ipoh
*SMK Jalan Tasek, Ipoh
*[[Methodist Girls' School, Ipoh|Methodist Girls Secondary School (MGS)]], Ipoh
*Perak Girls Secondary School (PGS), Ipoh
*[[SMK Main Convent, Ipoh]]
*Wesley Methodist School, Ipoh
*Ipoh International School (Private)
*Fairview International School, Ipoh
*Perak Yuk Choy High School (Private), Ipoh
*[[Sekolah Menengah Poi Lam|Poi Lam High School (Private), Ipoh]]
*Shen Jai High School (Private), Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (T) Kerajaan, Sungai Pari, Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (T) Gunung Rapat, Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (T) Perak Sangeetha Sabha, Ipoh
*SMK Rapat Setia, Ipoh
*SMK Jalan Pasir Puteh, Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Poi Lam, Ipoh
*SMK Seri Keledang, Ipoh
*SMK Menglembu, Ipoh
*SMJK Poi Lam, Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Sam Tet, Ipoh
*[[SMJK Sam Tet]], Ipoh
*SMK Dato Ahmad Said
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Ave Maria Convent, Ipoh
*SMJK Ave Maria Convent, Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Gunung Rapat, Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Wan Hwa (1)
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Wan Hwa (2)
*Sekolah Kebangsaan (ACS), Ipoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan (P) Methodist, Ipoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Haji Mahmud Chemor, Ipoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Kuala Pari, Ipoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Jalan Pegoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Jelapang
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Marian Convent, Ipoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Raja Ekram, Ipoh
*SMK Raja Perempuan, Ipoh (RPS) Royal Princess School "Cluster School"
*SRK Raja Perempuan, Ipoh (RPS)
*Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Ampang, Ipoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan St. Michael's Institution (1), Ipoh
*Sekolah Kebangsaan St. Michael's Institution (2), Ipoh
*Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Chung Shan

==Sports==
[[File:PerakStd.jpg|thumb|[[Perak Stadium]]]]
Ipoh has a sports complex known as Kompleks Sukan MBI or [[MBI Sports Complex]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Syamil |date=2018-11-16 |title=Let's Get Physical |url=https://www.ipohecho.com.my/2018/11/16/lets-get-physical/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Ipoh Echo |language=en-US}}</ref> Among the facilities located within the complex is the [[Perak Stadium]] ({{langx|ms|Stadium Perak}}), the home of [[Perak FA|Perak Football Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perak FC seek support to build own stadium, training centre |url=https://thesun.my/home_news/perak-fc-seek-support-to-build-own-stadium-training-centre-YY9881908 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=thesun.my |language=en-MY}}</ref> who play in the [[Malaysia Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azharie |first=Farah |date=2023-07-16 |title=Perak continue Super League revival {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2023/07/931669/perak-continue-super-league-revival |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=NST Online |language=en}}</ref>

The Royal Perak Golf Club off Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah (Tiger Lane), the Meru Golf Club in [[Jelapang, Perak|Jelapang]], and Clearwater Sanctuary Golf Club en route to [[Batu Gajah]] are golf courses in Ipoh. Other sports venues include the Kilat Club in Pasir Pinji, Ipoh Field (''Padang Ipoh'') in the Old Town, the [[Polo]] Grounds, and the Iskandar Polo Club in Ampang Baru.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

The [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]] is an annual international men's [[field hockey]] tournament held in Ipoh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRH SultanAzlan Shah - a true torch bearerof Asian hockey |url=http://asiahockey.org/about/sultan-azlan-shah-a-true-torch-bearer-of-asian-hockey/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Asian Hockey Federation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{div col begin}}
'''Film and television'''
* [[Angie Cheong]], actress
* [[Mimi Chu]], actress and singer
* [[Iqram Dinzly]], actor and model
* [[Mamat Khalid]], film director and screenwriter
* [[Peter Pek]], TV host and businessman
* [[Patrick Teoh]], actor and radio host
* [[Michelle Yeoh]], actress famous for role in ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]''
* [[Natasha Hudson]], actress and model
* [[Mandy Lieu]], actress and model
* [[Peter Madden (actor)|Peter Madden]], actor
'''Music'''
* [[Guang Liang|Michael Wong]], singer-songwriter
* [[Jamal Abdillah]], pop singer and actor
* [[Francissca Peter]], singer-songwriter
* [[:ms:Sophia Liana|Sophia Liana]]
* Sam Chin Neng of pop duo [[Fuying & Sam]]

'''Sports ([[badminton]])'''
* [[Koo Kien Keat]]
* [[Choong Tan Fook]]
* [[Lee Wan Wah]]
* [[Cheah Soon Kit]]
* [[Wong Pei Tty]]
* [[Wong Mew Choo]]
* [[Chen Tang Jie]]

'''Sports ([[Association football|football]])'''
* [[Nazirul Naim]]
* [[Chan Kok Heng]]
* [[Muhamad Khalid Jamlus]]
* [[Azizon Abdul Kadir]]

'''Sports (others)'''
* [[Tony Underwood]] (rugby)
* [[Nur Suryani Mohd Taibi]] (sports shooting)
* [[Leong Mun Yee]] (diving)
* [[Cheong Jun Hoong]] (diving)
* [[Cindy Ong Pik Yin]] (competitive swimming)

'''Business'''
* [[David Ho Sue San]] of [[Hovid Berhad]] and Carotech Berhad
* [[Lee Loy Seng]], founder of Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
* Dr. [[Wong Jeh Shyan]], CEO of CommerceNet Singapore Limited
* Koon Yew Yin, founder of IJM Corporation Bhd and [[Gamuda Berhad]]
* [[Leong Sin Nam]], tin mine owner
* [[Eu Tong Sen]], tin mine owner
* [[Foo Choo Choon]], tin mine owner who has a road in Ipoh named after him
* [[Chung Thye Phin]], tin mine owner who has a road in Ipoh named after him
* [[Leong Fee]], tin mine owner
* [[Winnie Loo]], hairstylist, entrepreneur, author

'''Politics'''
* [[Yeoh Ghim Seng]], Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore 1970–1989
* [[Yeoh Eng-kiong|Dr Yeoh Eng Kiong]], Hong Kong Secretary for Health, Welfare and Food 2002–2004
* [[S. J. V. Chelvanayakam]], Member of the Ceylonese Parliament 1956–1977
* [[Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah]], Second Minister of Finance of Malaysia 2009–2016
* [[D. R. Seenivasagam]], co-founder of the [[People's Progressive Party (Malaysia)|People's Progressive Party]]
* [[Lim Keng Yaik]], president of the [[Malaysian People's Movement Party]] 1980–2007
* [[Lee Lam Thye]], social activist and former politician
* [[Chang Lih Kang]], Malaysian politician
* [[Lee Chuan How]], Member of the Perak State Executive Council 2018–2020
* [[Yusof bin Ishak]], president of Singapore 1965–1970

'''[[Science]] and [[engineering]]'''
* Hong Wai Onn, first Malaysian engineer granted the Freedom of the City of London

'''Other'''
* [[Adeline Ooi]], curator and art advisor
* [[Andrea Fonseka]], beauty paegeant titleholder (maternal hometown)
* [[Chan Sek Keong]], Chief Justice of Singapore 2006–2012
* [[Lat (cartoonist)|Lat]], cartoonist
* [[Huen Su Yin]], blogger and cake designer
* [[Desmond Koh]], YouTuber and Chief Technical Officer of Coregas
* Tang Siew Mun, academic
* [[Tang Tuck Kan]], artist
* [[Wu Lien-teh]], physician during the [[Manchurian Plague]]
{{div col end}}

==Sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia#Ipoh|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia}}

Ipoh currently has two [[sister cities]]:

* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Nanning]], [[China]] (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/significantnews/200504/20050400033999.html|title=Guangxi signed cooperation project of US$400 million with Malaysia|publisher=Ministry of Commerce, People's Republic of China|date=6 April 2005|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220131349/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/significantnews/200504/20050400033999.html|archive-date=20 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka]], [[Japan]] (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/english/06.html|title=Exchange with sister cities|publisher=Fukuoka City|date=23 April 2009|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220131554/http://www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/english/06.html|archive-date=20 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Zugló]], [[Hungary]] (2026)

==See also==
* [[Jalan Ipoh]] - a road in Kuala Lumpur named after Ipoh
* [[Jalan Ipoh MRT station]]
* [[List of Ipoh areas]]
* [[List of roads in Ipoh]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite report |last=Fleming |first=Tom |date=May 2021 |title=Malaysia: Ipoh Perak |url=https://www.britishcouncil.my/sites/default/files/malaysia_cultural_cities_profile_ipoh_perak.pdf |series=Cultural Cities Profile East Asia |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=[[British Council|British Council Malaysia]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630205615/https://www.britishcouncil.my/sites/default/files/malaysia_cultural_cities_profile_ipoh_perak.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=8 April 2025}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box
| onlinebooks = no
| by = no
}}
{{Commons category|Ipoh}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.ipoh-city.com/ Ipoh Tourism Board Official Website]
* [https://theipohguide.com Ipoh City Guide Website]

{{Geographic location
| North = [[Sungai Siput]] [[Chemor]]
| Northeast = Hulu Kinta [[Lojing]]
| East = [[Lojing]] [[Cameron Highlands]]
| Southeast = [[Simpang Pulai]]
| South = [[Batu Gajah]]
| Southwest = [[Parit]]
| West = [[Manong, Perak|Manong]]
| Northwest = [[Kuala Kangsar]]
| Centre = Ipoh
}}
{{Perak}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Articles related to Ipoh
| list =
{{Cities in Malaysia}}
{{Most populous cities in Malaysia}}
{{Largest cities of Malaysia}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ipoh| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Perak]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1880]]
[[Category:State capitals in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Cities built on a grid]]

Sheikh Manjurul Islam

2026-01-02T20:29:04Z

Vijaykumar96: Article

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Other uses|Manzurul Islam (disambiguation){{!}}Manzurul Islam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheikh Manjurul Islam
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1971
| term_end = 1972
| predecessor = [[Bhakti Bhushan Mandal]]
| successor = Bhakti Bhushan Mandal
| constituency = [[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Birbhum district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| education =
}}
'''Sheikh Manjurul Islam''' was an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He served as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Manjurul Islam was born into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Sheikhs of Bengal|Sheikhs]] in the [[Birbhum district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]].

==Career==
Islam contested in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate for [[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency]], winning against Congress politician Mohammad Idris.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1971/dubrajpur/|title=Dubrajpur, 1971|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Sheikh Manjurul}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician stubs]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Trimeresurus salazar

2025-12-16T04:01:42Z

Vijaykumar96: Done!

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Trimeresurus salazar (10.3897-zse.96.48431) Figure 7.jpg
| taxon = Trimeresurus salazar
| display_parents = 3
| authority = Mirza et al., 2020
}}

'''''Trimeresurus salazar''''', also known as '''Salazar's pit viper''', is a species of venomous, green [[pit viper]] first discovered in 2019 in the lowlands of the western part of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India; the fifth new reptile species to be discovered in the region in 2019. It was named after [[Salazar Slytherin]] from the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series. It has a dark green head and yellowish green dorsal scales on the rest of its body. The species is [[sexually dichromatic]]; the males have reddish-orange and yellow-orange stripes and a rusty red-orange tail that the females lack. Its habitat is under threat from human development activities.

== Taxonomy and etymology ==
This snake was first discovered during a [[herpetological]] expedition in the summer of 2019 to the Eastern Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh, India, which is a [[biodiversity hotspot]] and has a high degree of landscape heterogeneity with elevation ranging from 100 to 7000 m and distinct climatic regimes.{{Sfn|Kimbrough|2020}}{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=124}} The expedition collected two specimens of a green pit viper of the [[genus]] ''Trimeresurus'' in the lowlands near [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]], which were believed to be either ''[[Trimeresurus septentrionalis]]'' or ''[[Trimeresurus albolabris]]'' based upon their coloration and the number of [[dorsal scale]] rows. These specimens were later compared with eleven specimens of ''T. septentrionalis'' and ''T. albolabris'' from the collections of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]], the [[Natural History Museum, London]], [[National Museum of Natural History in Paris]] and the [[University of Copenhagen]],{{Sfn|Kimbrough|2020}} and differences were found in the coloration of the lateral stripe on the head and the body in males.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|pp=123–124}} Molecular analysis of the [[genomic DNA]] confirmed that the specimens were a new species of green pit viper.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|pp=124–125}} It became the fifth new reptile species to be discovered in Arunachal Pradesh in 2019.{{Sfn|Karmakar|2020}} The researchers also found two specimens of the new species in the [[Natural History Museum of Denmark]] which had been collected by a Danish [[naturalist]], [[Bernt Wilhelm Westermann]], between 1811 and 1816{{Sfn|Rathee|Purkayastha|Dalal|Lalremsanga|2021|p=131}} but were wrongly labeled as white-lipped pit vipers.{{Sfn|George|2020}}

This new species of green pit viper, ''Trimeresurus salazar'', was named after [[Salazar Slytherin]] from the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series,{{Sfn|Asmelash|2020}} with a suggested common name of ''Salazar's pit viper''.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=125}} In the fictional book and movie series, Slytherin is famous for being a Parselmouth, a person who can communicate with snakes.{{Sfn|BBC|2020}} As such, the [[Slytherin|house]] he founded in Hogwarts is represented by a snake, and is also associated with the color green.{{Sfn|Kimbrough|2020}}

== Description ==
Salazar's pit viper has a long and thin body with a [[Snout–vent length|length]] reaching 363 to 415 mm,{{Sfn|Chandramouli|Campbell|Vogel|2020|p=174}} and a triangular, elongated head which is clearly distinct from the neck.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=126}} These vipers are green but also have yellow, orange, red, or gold markings.{{Sfn|de Lazaro|2020}} Males have a reddish orange stripe running from their [[preocular scales]] to the lateral side of the nape, a yellow-orange ventrolateral stripe and a short, bilobed [[hemipenis]].{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=125}} The head is dark green in color which fades to a yellowish green color on its dorsal scales, except for the first dorsal scale row which is yellowish white with a faint orange patch. The tail has rusty red dorsal scales and orange ventral scales. Juveniles are brightly colored with the males having a much more prominent lateral stripe on the head.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=127}} Females lack both reddish orange head stripe and the yellow-orange ventrolateral stripe.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=130}} The appearance of ''T. salazar'' is different to the ''T. albolabris'', ''T. septentrionalis'', and the ''T. insularis'' because of the greater number of pterygoid and dentary teeth, the reddish-orange head stripe in the males and the smaller size of its hemipenis.{{Sfn|Starr|2020}} It has 6 palatine, 15 pterygoid and 19 dentary teeth.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=126}}

The species has 19 to 21 rows of moderately keeled dorsal scales at mid-body, 163 to 171 ventral scales, 59 to 74 subcaudal scales, 12 to 13 infralabial scales and 10 to 11 supralabial scales with the first supralabial scale being fused with the nasal scale.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=126}}{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=130}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
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Salazar's pit vipers have been found at an elevation of 172 metres above sea level in the [[Eastern Himalayas]],{{Sfn|Baheerathan|2020}} in the lowlands of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in India.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=123}}{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=131}} They are also confirmed to be present in [[Meghalaya]],{{Sfn|Rathee|Purkayastha|Dalal|Lalremsanga|2021|pp=131-132}} [[Mizoram]], the slopes of [[Darjeeling]] in West Bengal,{{Sfn|Vogel|Mallik|Chandramouli|Sharma|2022|p=349}} also has been recorded from Tripura [[Tripura]] {{Sfn|Choudhury|Deb|Purkayastha|2024}} and they are also likely to occur in [[Bangladesh]].{{Sfn|Rathee|Purkayastha|Dalal|Lalremsanga|2021|p=136}} The species was later documented near Lumang in the Tashigang Territorial Forest Division in eastern Bhutan{{Sfn|Koirala|Jamtsho|Wangdi|Tshering|2021|p=17464}} and in [[Jashpur district]], Chhattisgarh.{{Sfn|Vogel|Mallik|Chandramouli|Sharma|2022|p=349}} They are nocturnal snakes{{Sfn|Kimbrough|2020}} and have been observed coiled on shrubs at night.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|p=130}}

Their diversity could be underestimated as the species belonging to the ''Trimeresurus'' genus are [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] cryptic, which makes them difficult to identify in the field, requiring evidence based upon morphological, ecological and molecular data.{{Sfn|Mirza|Bhosale|Phansalkar|Sawant|2020|pp=123–124}} Their habitat in Arunachal Pradesh is under threat from development activities such as road widening, agriculture and [[hydroelectric]] projects,{{Sfn|Baheerathan|2020}} especially the proposed 49 km long [[Pakke-Kessang district#Seijosa|Seijosa]]-[[Bhalukpong]] road which cuts right through their habitat,{{Sfn|Goswami|2020}} and the proposed [[Dibang Dam]].{{Sfn|George|2020}}

== Diet ==
The diet of pit vipers in the genus ''Trimeresurus'' includes lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals.{{Sfn|de Lazaro|2020}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|colwidth=40em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/21/world/salazar-slytherin-pit-viper-trnd/index.html |title=Scientists discover a new snake and name it after Salazar Slytherin |date=22 April 2020| first=Leah|last= Asmelash|publisher=CNN |accessdate=9 November 2020 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Baheerathan |first1=M. |title=Meet Salazar's pit viper – a new snake species named after the parseltongue wizard |url=https://researchmatters.in/news/meet-salazar%E2%80%99s-pit-viper-%E2%80%93-new-snake-species-named-after-parseltongue-wizard |website=Research Matters |accessdate=8 November 2020 |date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028061813/https://researchmatters.in/news/meet-salazar%E2%80%99s-pit-viper-%E2%80%93-new-snake-species-named-after-parseltongue-wizard |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last1=BBC |title=Harry Potter: Snake named after Salazar Slytherin, legendary character from the book series |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/52399326 |work=BBC News |accessdate=8 November 2020 |date=24 Apr 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chandramouli |first1=S. R. |last2=Campbell |first2=Patrick D. |last3=Vogel |first3=Gernot |title=A new species of green pit viper of the genus ''Trimeresurus'' Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Nicobar Archipelago, Indian Ocean |journal=Amphibian & Reptile Conservation |date=1 November 2020 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=169–176 |url=http://amphibian-reptile-conservation.org/pdfs/Volume/Vol_14_no_3/ARC_14_3_[Taxonomy_Section]_169-176_e264.pdf |accessdate=9 November 2020 }}
* {{cite web|last=de Lazaro|first=Enrico|title=New Species of Pit Viper Discovered in India |url=http://www.sci-news.com/biology/salazars-pit-viper-08353.html|date=22 April 2020|accessdate=27 June 2020|work=Sci-News }}
* {{cite web |last1=George |first1=Matthew T. |title=A viper named Salazar |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2020/05/22/a-viper-named-salazar.html |website=theweek.in |accessdate=9 November 2020 |date=31 May 2020}}
* {{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Roopak |title=Pit viper discovered in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/pit-viper-discovered-in-arunachal-pradesh/cid/1765445 |accessdate=9 November 2020 |work=Telegraph India |date=16 April 2020 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul |title=New pit viper in Arunachal Pradesh named after Harry Potter character |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/new-pit-viper-in-arunachal-pradesh-named-after-harry-potter-character/article31356892.ece |accessdate=8 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=16 April 2020 }}
* {{Cite web|last=Kimbrough |first=Liz |date=29 April 2020|title=One point for Slytherin: New Indian pit viper named after Harry Potter character|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/one-point-for-slytherin-new-indian-pit-viper-named-after-harry-potter-character/|access-date=27 June 2020|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Koirala |first1=Bal Krishna |last2=Jamtsho |first2=Karma |last3=Wangdi |first3=Phuntsho |last4=Tshering |first4=Dawa |last5=Wangdi |first5=Rinchen |last6=Norbu |first6=Lam |last7=Phuntsho |first7=Sonam |last8=Lhendup |first8=Sonam |last9=Nidup |first9=Tshering |title=Diversity and distribution of snakes in Trashigang Territorial Forest Division, eastern Bhutan |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |date=29 January 2021 |pages=17455–17469 |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.11609/jott.6835.13.1.17455-17469 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mirza |first1=Zeeshan A. |last2=Bhosale |first2=Harshal S. |last3=Phansalkar |first3=Pushkar U. |last4=Sawant |first4=Mandar |last5=Gowande |first5=Gaurang G.|last6=Patel|first6=Harshil|date=15 April 2020|title=A new species of green pit vipers of the genus ''Trimeresurus'' Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae) from western Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=https://zse.pensoft.net/article/48431/|journal=[[Zoosystematics and Evolution]]|language=en|volume=96|issue=1|doi=10.3897/zse.96.48431|issn=1860-0743|doi-access=free |pages=123–138|accessdate=8 November 2020 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rathee |first1=Yashpal Singh |last2=Purkayastha |first2=Jayaditya |last3=Dalal |first3=Siddharth |last4=Lalremsanga |first4=Hmar Tlawmte |title=First record of Salazar's Pitviper (Trimeresurus salazar) from Meghalaya, India, with comments on hemipenes |journal=Reptiles & Amphibians |date=13 May 2021 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.17161/randa.v28i1.15369|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web|last=Starr|first=Michelle|date=23 April 2020|title=New Species of Slithering Snake Has Been Named For Salazar Slytherin |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/new-species-of-slithering-snake-has-been-named-for-salazar-slytherin|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=27 June 2020|work=ScienceAlert }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Vogel |first1=Gernot |last2=Mallik |first2=Ashok Kumar |last3=Chandramouli |first3=S. R. |last4=Sharma |first4=Vivek |last5=Ganesh |first5=S. R. |title=A review of records of the Trimeresurus albolabris Gray, 1842 group from the Indian subcontinent: expanded description and range extension of Trimeresurus salazar, redescription of Trimeresurus septentrionalis and rediscovery of historical specimens of Trimeresurus davidi (Reptilia: Viperidae) |journal=Zootaxa |date=17 August 2022 |volume=5175 |issue=3 |pages=343–366 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.2|pmid=36095361 |s2cid=251631832 }}
{{refend}}

{{Trimeresurus}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q90903062}}

[[Category:Trimeresurus|Salazar]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2020]]

Yadava

2025-12-07T06:25:14Z

Vijaykumar96: minor edit

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Ancient people from India}}
{{About|the ancient Indian people|other uses|Yadav (disambiguation)|the empire|Yadava dynasty|the group of castes|Yadav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

[[File:Indian tribes between the Indus and the Ganges.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Vrishni]]s are one of the Yadava clans, located in the region of [[Mathura]]. Location of the Vrishni among other groups: the [[Audumbaras]], the [[Kuninda]]s, the [[Vemaka]]s, the [[Yaudheya]]s, the [[Paurava]]s and the [[Arjunayana]]s.]]

The '''Yadava''' ({{langx|sa|यादव|translit=yādava|lit=descended from Yadu}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams |first=Monier|title=Sanskrit English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|orig-year=1899|year=2005|publisher=Motilal Banrsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|page=851|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC&pg=PA851|location=Delhi}}</ref><ref>[[Franklin Southworth|Franklin C. Southworth]] considers the word ''Yadava'' to be possibly [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], meaning "herder", as it has no known [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] etymology (Southworth, Franklin C. (1995). ''Reconstructing social context from language: Indo-Aryan and Dravidian prehistory'', in George Erdösy (ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=A6ZRShEIFwMC&pg=PA266 ''The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity''], Indian Philology and South Asian Studies, Vol. I, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., {{ISBN|978-3-11-014447-5}}, p. 266n.</ref>) were an ancient [[Indian people]] who believed to have descended from [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]], a legendary king of [[Chandravamsha]] lineage.

The community was formed of various [[clan]]s, being the [[#The Satvatas|Satvatas]], [[Andhaka]]s, [[Bhoja tribe|Bhoja]]s, [[#The Kukuras|Kukuras]], [[Vrishni]], [[Surasena|Surasenas]], and [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] who all worshipped [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gadkari |first=Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zst_7qaatp8C&pg=PA184 |title=Society and Religion: From Rugveda to Puranas |date=1996 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |isbn=978-81-7154-743-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499265/page/n191/mode/2up|title=Hindu Polity A Constitutional History Of India In Hindu Times|last=K. P. |first=Jayaswal|date=1943 |authorlink=K. P. Jayaswal|publisher= Delhi University House|page=141|quote=In the time of Periplus (c. 80 AD) the very area called by [[Ptolemy]] Larike was called [[Abiria]]. It seems that the Abhiras of Gujurat were the Rastrikas of [[Ashoka|Asoka]] and the Yadavas of ''[[Mahabharatha]]''.}}</ref><ref>While discussing about the Puranic accounts, [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]] used the term, ''Yadava clans'' for the Andhakas, the Vrishnis and the Kukuras (Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.447fn3). But [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]] used the term ''Yadava [[tribe]]s'' for the Satvatas, the Andhakas and the Vrishnis (Bhandarkar, R. G. (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=C5zKrCIBmBwC&pg=PA11 ''Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems''], Delhi: Asian Educational Service, {{ISBN|978-81-206-0122-2}}, p. 11).</ref> They are listed in ancient Indian literature as the segments of the lineage of Yadu (''Yaduvamsha'').<ref name="thapar4">Thapar, Romila (1978, reprint 1996). ''Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|978-81-250-0808-8}}, p. 223.</ref> Amongst the Yadava clans mentioned in ancient Indian literature, the [[Haihayas]] are believed to have descended from Sahasrajit, the elder son of Yadu<ref name="p1">Pargiter, F. E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 87.</ref> and all other Yadava clans, which include the [[Cedī (tribe)|Chedis]], the [[Vidarbha kingdom|Vidarbhas]], the Satvatas, the Andhakas, the Kukuras, the Bhojas, the Vrishnis and the Surasenas are believed to have descended from Kroshtu or Kroshta, a younger son of Yadu.<ref name="p2">Pargiter, F. E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 102–4.</ref>

In the [[Mahabharata]] it is mentioned that when the Yadavas abandoned [[Dvārakā]] (Dwaraka) and [[Gujarat]] after the death of [[Krishna]] and retreated northwards under [[Arjuna]]'s leadership, they were attacked and broken up.<ref>{{Cite book |author1-link=Sarat Chandra Roy |last1=Roy |first1=Sarat Chandra (Rai Bahadur) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGMqAQAAIAAJ |title=Man in India |date=1974 |publisher=A.K. Bose |language=en}}</ref>

It can be inferred from the ''vamshanucharita'' (genealogy) sections of a number of major [[Puranas]] that, the Yadavas spread out across the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] region, [[Gujarat]], the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] valley, the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and the eastern [[Ganges]] valley.<ref name="thapar2">Thapar, Romila (1978, reprint 1996). ''Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|978-81-250-0808-8}}, pp. 216–7.</ref> The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the Puranas mention that the Yadus or Yadavas, a confederacy comprising numerous clans were the rulers of the [[Mathura]] region.<ref name="sircar1">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=D. C. |title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2790-5|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA16|location=Delhi}}</ref> and were [[Pastoral farming|pastoral cowherd]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |language=en}}</ref> The ''Mahabharata'' also refers to the exodus of the Yadavas from [[Mathura]] to [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] owing to pressure from the [[Pauravas|Paurava]] rulers of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], and probably also from the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kurus]].<ref name="hcr1">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 127–8.</ref>

At various times there have been a number of communities and royal dynasties of the [[Indian subcontinent]] that have claimed descent from the ancient Yadava clans and legendary Yadava personalities, thus describing themselves as the ancient Yadavas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Forlong|first=John G. R. |title=Encyclopedia of Religions |year=2008 |publisher=Cosimo Classics|isbn=978-1-60520-488-8|pages=504|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpXGJQeaatkC&pg=PA504|volume=III: N–Z|location=New York}}</ref><ref>Kosambi, D. D. (1988). ''The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline'', New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, {{ISBN|978-0-7069-4200-2}}, p. 116.</ref>
==Haihayas==
{{Main|Haihayas}}

The Haihayas were an ancient confederacy of five ''gana''s (clans), who were believed to have descended from a common ancestor, Yadu. These five clans are Vitihotra, Sharyata, Bhoja, Avanti and Tundikera. The five Haihaya clans called themselves the Talajanghas<ref name="p2"/> According to the ''Puranas'', Haihaya was the grandson of Sahasrajit, son of Yadu.<ref name="p1"/> Kautilya in his ''{{IAST|Arthaśāstra}}'' mentioned about the Haihayas.<ref name="rc1">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 130–1.</ref> In the Puranas, [[Kartavirya Arjuna|Arjuna Kartavirya]] conquered [[Mahishmati]] from [[Karkotaka|Karkotaka Naga]] and made it his capital.<ref name="p8">Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.266</ref>

Later, the Haihayas were also known by the name of the most dominant clan amongst them — the Vitihotras. According to the ''Puranas'', Vitihotra was the great-grandson of Arjuna Kartavirya and eldest son of Talajangha.<ref name=p2/> Ripunjaya, the last Vitihotra ruler of [[Ujjayini]] was overthrown by his ''amatya'' (minister) Pulika, who placed his son, Pradyota on the throne.<ref name="rc1"/><ref>Raizada, Ajit (1992). ''Ujjayini'' (in Hindi), Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh, p.21</ref> The ''Mahagovindasuttanta'' of the ''[[Dighanikaya]]'' mentions about an Avanti king Vessabhu (Vishvabhu) and his capital Mahissati (Mahishmati). Probably he was a Vitihotra ruler.<ref name="bhattacharyya">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=P. K. |title=Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records|year=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-208-3394-4|lccn=78900527|oclc=3864981|pages=118–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njYpsvmr2dsC&pg=PA118}}</ref>

==Shashabindus==

In the [[Balakanda]] (70.28) of the [[Ramayana]], the Shashabindus are mentioned along with the Haihayas and the Talajanghas.<ref name="wilsonX">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition|volume=IV|year=1868|editor=Fitzedward Hall|publisher=Trübner & Co.|pages=61,61n|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kos-AAAAcAAJ&q=Sasabindus&pg=PA61|location=London}}</ref> The Shashabindus or Shashabindavas are believed as the descendants of Shashabindu, a ''[[Chakravartin]]'' (universal ruler)<ref name="pX">Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.261.</ref> and son of Chitraratha, great-great-grandson of Kroshtu.<ref name="wilsonX"/>

==Chedis==
{{Main|Cedī (tribe)|Chedi Kingdom}}

The Chedis or Chaidyas were an ancient Yadava clan, whose territory was conquered by a [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] king Vasu, who thus obtained his epithet, ''Chaidyoparichara'' (the overcomer of the Chaidyas)<ref name="p5">Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.118.</ref> or ''Uparichara'' (the overcomer). According to the Puranas, the Chedis were descendants of Chidi, son of Kaishika, grandson of Vidarbha, a descendant of Kroshta.

==Vidarbhas==
{{Main|Vidarbha Kingdom}}

According to the Puranas, the Vidarbhas or Vaidarbhas were descendants of Vidarbha, son of Jyamagha, a descendant of Kroshtu.<ref name="p2"/> Most well known Vidarbha king was [[Bhishmaka]], father of [[Rukmi]]n and [[Rukmini]].<ref name="dowson2">{{cite book|last=Dowson|first=John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History|publisher=Rupa & Co.|page=54|location=Calcutta|orig-year=1879|year=1984}}</ref> In the [[Matsya Purana]] and the [[Vayu Purana]], the Vaidarbhas are described as the inhabitants of Deccan (''[[Dakshinapatha]] vasinah'').<ref name="hcr3">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.83</ref>

==Satvatas==

According to the Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.14), the Satvatas were a southern people held in subjection by the Bhojas.<ref name="law1"/> The [[Satapatha Brahmana]] (XIII.5.4.21) mentions that Bharata seized the sacrificial horse of the Satvatas.<ref name="p3">Pargiter, F. E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 65.</ref> Panini, in his ''Ashtadhyayi'' mentions the Satvatas also as being of the ''Kshatriya gotra'', having a ''sangha'' (tribal oligarchy) form of government<ref name="thapar"/> but in the [[Manusmriti]] (X.23), the Satvatas are placed in the category of the ''Vratya Vaishyas''.<ref name="buhler">{{cite book|last=Buhler|first=G.|title=The Laws of Manu|year=2004|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7755-876-0|page=279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcBWxNsK2UoC&pg=PA279}}</ref>

According to a tradition, found in the [[Harivamsa]] (95.5242-8), Satvata was a descendant of the Yadava king [[Madhu]] and Satvata's son Bhima was contemporary with [[Rama]]. Bhima recovered the city of Mathura from the [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvakus]] after the death of Rama and his brothers. Andhaka, son of Bhima Satvata was contemporary with [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], son of Rama. He succeeded his father to the throne of Mathura.<ref name="p9">Pargiter, F. E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 170–1, 171fn2.</ref>

The [[Andhaka]]s, the [[Vrishni]]s, the [[Kukura (clan)|Kukuras]], the [[Bhoja]]s and the [[Surasena]]s are believed to have descended from Satvata,<ref name="p4">Pargiter, F. E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 105–107.</ref> a descendant of [[Kroshtu]].<ref name="p2"/> These clans were also known as the Satvata clans.

===Andhakas===

According to the ''[[Ashtadhyayi]]'' (IV.1.114) of [[Pāṇini|Panini]], the Andhakas were of the ''Kshatriya gotra'', having a ''sangha'' (tribal oligarchy) form of government<ref name="thapar">Thapar, Romila (1978, reprint 1996). ''Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|978-81-250-0808-8}}, pp. 303–4.</ref> In the ''[[Drona Parva]]'' (141.15) of the ''Mahabharata'', Andhakas were categorized as the ''Vratya''s (deviators from orthodoxy).<ref name="hcr1"/> According to the Puranas, the Andhakas were the descendants of Bhajamana, son of Andhaka and grandson of Satvata.<ref name=p2/>

According to the ''Mahabharata'', the allied army of the Andhakas, the Bhojas, the Kukuras and the Vrishnis in the [[Kurukshetra War]] was led by [[Kritavarma]], son of Hridika, an Andhaka.<ref name="p4"/> But, in the same text, he was also referred as a Bhoja of Mrittikavati.<ref name="law1">Law, B. C. (1973). ''Tribes in Ancient India'', Bhandarkar Oriental Series No.4, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pp. 366–73.</ref>

===Bhojas===
{{Main|Bhoja tribe}}
{{see also|Bhojas of Goa}}

According to the [[Aitareya Brahmana]] (VIII.14), the Bhojas were a southern people, whose princes held the Satvatas in subjection. The [[Vishnu Purana]] (IV.13.1-61) mentions the Bhojas as a branch of the Satvatas.<ref name="law1"/> According to this text, Bhojas of Mrittikavati were descendants of Mahabhoja, son of Satvata.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman (tr.)|title=The Vishnu Purana|year=1840|publisher=John Murray|page=424|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp106.htm|location=London}}</ref> However, according to a number of other Puranic texts, the Bhojas were descendants of Babhru, grandson of Satvata.<ref name="p2"/> In the [[Adi Parva]] of the ''Mahabharata'' (85.3533) and in a passage of the ''Matsya Purana'' (34.30) the Bhojas are mentioned as the ''[[mleccha]]''s.{{cn|date=February 2025}} Another passage of the ''Matsya Purana'' (44.69) describes them as pious and the performers of the religious rites.<ref name="law1"/>

===Kukuras===

[[Kautilya]] in his {{IAST|Arthaśāstra}} (XI.1.5), describes the Kukuras as a clan, having ''sangha'' (tribal oligarchy) form of government, whose leader uses the title of ''{{IAST|rājā}}'' (''{{IAST|rājaśabdopajīvinah}}'').<ref>Rangarajan, L. N. (ed. & tr.) (1992). ''The Arthashastra'', New Delhi: Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-14-044603-6}}, p. 822.</ref> According to the [[Bhagavata Purana]], the Kukuras occupied the territory around [[Dwarka]]. The Vayu Purana mentions that the Yadava ruler [[Ugrasena]] belonged to this clan (''Kukurodbhava'').<ref name="law2">Law, B. C. (1973). ''Tribes in Ancient India'', Bhandarkar Oriental Series No.4, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p. 389.</ref> According to the Puranas, Ahuka, an Kukura, had two sons by a [[Kasi Kingdom|Kashi]] princess, Ugrasena and Devaka. Ugrasena had nine sons and five daughters, [[Kamsa]] being the eldest. Devaka had four sons and seven daughters, [[Devaki]] was one of them. [[Kamsa]] usurped the throne of Mathura after imprisoning Ugrasena. But later he was killed by [[Krishna]], son of Devaki, who re-installed Ugrasena to the throne.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Garg|editor-first=Ganga Ram|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-81-7022-374-0|page=21|volume=I, A-Aj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA21|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The Nashik Cave Inscription of Gautami Balashri mentions that her son [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] conquered the Kukuras. The [[Junagadh]] Rock Inscription of [[Rudradaman I]] includes the Kukuras in the list of the peoples conquered by him.<ref name="law2"/>

===Vrishnis===
{{Main|Vrishni}}

[[File:Coin of the Bactrian King Agathokles.jpg|thumb|350px|Images of [[Samkarshana]] and [[Vāsudeva]], the two most celebrated [[Vrishni heroes]], on a coin of the [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]] ({{Circa|190}}–180 BCE)]]

The Vrishnis are mentioned in a number of [[Vedic]] texts, which include the [[Taittiriya Samhita]] (III.2.9.3), the [[Taittiriya Brahmana]] (III.10.9.15), the [[Satapatha Brahmana]] (III.1.1.4) and the [[Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana]] (I.6.1).<ref name="sircar1"/> The Taittiriya Samhita and the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana mention about a teacher, Gobala belonging to this clan.<ref name="sircar2">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=D. C.|title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2790-5|page=29,29fn4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA29|location=Delhi}}</ref>

Although, Panini, in his ''Ashtadhyayi'' (IV.1.114) includes the Vrishnis in the list of the clans of the ''Kshatriya gotra'', having a ''sangha'' (tribal oligarchy) form of government,<ref name="thapar"/> but in the ''[[Drona Parva]]'' (141.15) of the ''Mahabharata'', the Vrishnis, like the Andhakas were categorized as the ''Vratya''s (apsotates). In the ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' (81.25) of the ''Mahabharata'', the Kukuras, the Bhojas, the Andhakas and the Vrishnis are together referred as a ''sangha'', and Vasudeva Krishna as ''Sanghamukhya'' (seignor of the ''sangha'')<ref name="hcr1"/> According to the Puranas, Vrishni was one of the four sons of Satvata.<ref name="p2"/> Vrishni had three (or four) sons, Anamitra (or Sumitra), Yudhajit and Devamidhusha. Shura was son of Devamidhusha. His son [[Vasudeva]] was father of Balarama and Krishna.<ref name="p4"/>

According to the Harivamsa (II.4.37-41), the Vrishnis worshipped goddess [[Ekanamsha]], who, elsewhere in the same text (II.2.12), described as daughter of [[Nanda (mythology)|Nandagopa]].<ref>Bhattacharji, Sukumari (2000). ''The Indian Theogony: Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva'', New Delhi: Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-14-029570-2}}, p. 173.</ref> The [[Mora Well Inscription]], found from a village near Mathura and dated to the early decades of the Common era records the installation of the images of the five Vrishni ''vira''s (heroes) in a stone shrine by a person, named Tosha. These five Vrishni heroes have been identified with [[Balarama|Samkarshana]], [[Krishna|Vasudeva]], [[Pradyumna]], [[Aniruddha]] and Samba from a passage in the Vayu Purana (97.1-2).<ref>{{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris Meth|title=Many Heads, Arms and Eyes : Origin, Meaning and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10758-8|page=211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211|location=New York}}</ref>

[[File:Vrishni coin.png|thumb|left|A Vrishni silver coin from Alexander Cunningham's ''Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century'' (1891)]]

A unique silver coin of the Vrishnis was discovered from [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. This coin is presently preserved in the [[British Museum]], [[London]].<ref>Lahiri, Bela (1974). Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.), Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 242–3.</ref> Later, a number of copper coins, clay seals and sealings issued by the Vrishnis were also discovered from Sunet, near [[Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Handa|first=Devendra|title=Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and Style|year=2006|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7305-307-8|pages=86|location=Shimla}}</ref>

====Shaineyas====

The Shaineyas are believed to have descended from Shini, son of Anamitra, son of Vrishni. In the ''Mahabharata'' and the Puranas, the most notable Shaineya was [[Satyaki|Yuyudhana]], son of Satyaka and grandson of Shini. He was a contemporary of Krishna. According to the Puranas, Asanga and Yugandhara were his son and grandson respectively.<ref name="p4"/>

====Akrura and the Syamantaka====

A number of Puranas mention [[Akrura]], a Vrishni, as the ruler of Dvaraka.<ref name="p7">Pargiter, F. E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 280.</ref> His name is found in the [[Nirukta]] (2.2) as the holder of the jewel.<ref name="sarup">{{cite book|last=Sarup|first=Lakshman|title=The Nighantu and the Nirukta:of Sri Yaskacarya The Oldest Indian Treatise on Etymology, Philology And Semantics, Part II |orig-year=1920–1927 |date=1998 |version=Reprint |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1381-6|pages=23,23fn1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l2UOabkPTIC&pg=RA1-PA23|location=Delhi}}</ref> In the Puranas, Akrura is mentioned as the son of Shvaphalka, who was great-grandson of Vrishni<ref name="p4"/> and Gandini. In the ''Mahabharata'', the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''[[Brahma Purana]]'', he was mentioned as the keeper of the [[Syamantaka]], the most well-known jewel of the Yadavas.<ref name="sarup"/><ref name="dowson1">{{cite book|last=Dowson|first=John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History|publisher=Rupa & Co.|page=10|location=Calcutta|orig-year=1879|year=1984}}</ref> According to the Puranas Akrura had two sons, Devavant and Upadeva.<ref name="p4"/>

===Fratricidal war and its aftermath===

According to the ''[[Mausala Parva]]'' (7.185-253) of the ''Mahabharata'' a few years after the ''Kurukshetra War'', Andhaka-Vrsni Yadava clans of Dvaraka were destroyed due to a fratricidal war.<ref>{{cite book|title= Seer of the Fifth Veda: Kr̥ṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa in the Mahābhārata |first= Bruce M. |last= Sullivan |publisher= Motilal |year=1999 |page=103 |isbn= 9788120816763 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XO3Im3OMi8C&pg=PA102}}</ref> Both [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]] died soon after this war. Later, son of Kritavarma became ruler of Mrittikavati and grandson of Yuyudhana became ruler of the territory near the [[Sarasvati River]]. The rest of the surviving Yadavas took refuge in [[Indraprastha]]. Vajra, great-grandson of Krishna was installed as their king.<ref name="p6">Pargiter, F. E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 284.</ref>

Vajra is mentioned as the great-grandson of Krishna in the [[Vishnu Purana]]. According to a section of this text (IV.15.34-42), he was the son of [[Aniruddha]] and Subhadra.<ref name="wilson2">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman (tr.)|title=The Vishnu Purana|year=1840|publisher=John Murray|page=440|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp108.htm|location=London}}</ref> But according or another section (V.32.6-7), he was the son of Aniruddha and Usha, daughter of Bana and granddaughter of [[Mahabali|Bali]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman (tr.)|title=The Vishnu Purana|year=1840|publisher=John Murray|page=591|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp149.htm|location=London}}</ref> Bahu (or Pratibahu) was his son and Sucharu was his grandson.<ref name="wilson2"/> Elsewhere in this text (V.38.34), he was mentioned as installed as king in Mathura instead of Indraprastha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman (tr.)|title=The Vishnu Purana|year=1840|publisher=John Murray|page=615|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp155.htm|location=London}}</ref>

The narrative of the Yadava fratricidal war is also found in two [[Jataka tales]] of the [[Pāli Canon|Pali Buddhist canon]]: the ''Ghata Jataka'' and the ''Samkicca Jataka''. According to the ''Ghata Jataka'', Vasudeva, Baladeva and eight other ''Andhaka-Venhu'' (probably, a corrupt form of ''Andhaka-Venhi'', [[Pali language|Pali]] equivalent to Sanskrit Andhaka-Vrishni) brothers seized [[Dvārakā|Dvaravati]] and killed its king Kamsa. Later, these brothers fought amongst themselves and except Vasudeva and Baladeva everybody died. Vasudeva and Baladeva also died soon after. The ''Samkicca Jataka'' mentions that the ''Andhaka-Venhu''s killed each other.<ref name="sullivan">{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Bruce M.|title=Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa and the Mahābhārata: A New Interpretation|year=1990|publisher=E. J. Brill|isbn=978-90-04-08898-6|pages=103–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIfOXgak2H8C&pg=PA103|location=New York}}</ref> Kautilya also in his {{IAST|Arthaśāstra}} (I.6.10) mentioned about the destruction of Vrishni clan because of their foolhardiness.<ref>Rangarajan, L. N. (ed. & tr.) (1992). ''The Arthashastra'', New Delhi: Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-14-044603-6}}, p. 144.</ref>

==Yadava Kinship system==

According to a modern historian, [[Romila Thapar]], the [[kinship]] system of the Yadavas shows traces of [[matrilineal]] structure, which is found from the mention of their cross-cousin marriages. This is particularly prohibited in the [[Indo Aryan]] kinship system.<ref name="thapar3">Thapar, Romila (1978, reprint 1996). ''Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|978-81-250-0808-8}}, pp. 231, 236.</ref> The Vishnu Purana mentions that Krishna married Rukmini, a Vidarbha princess. His son Pradyumna married Rukmavati, daughter of [[Rukmi]], brother of Rukmini. Pradyumna's son Aniruddha married Rochana, granddaughter of Rukmi.<ref name="wilson2"/>

==Shurasenas and Krishna==
{{Main|Surasena|Krishna}}

The [[Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jaina]] texts list 16 powerful states (''shodasha mahajanapada''), which flourished in the early 6th century BCE. Shurasena was one of such states mentioned in the [[Anguttara Nikaya]], a Buddhist text. The capital of the Shurasenas was Mathura, which was also known as Madura.<ref name="singh1">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|pages=260, 264}}</ref> [[Megasthenes]] (c. 350 – 290 BCE) mentions that the Sourasenoi (Shurasenas), who lived in the Mathura region, worshipped [[Herakles]], by which he may have meant [[Vasudeva Krishna]], the Indian god bearing the closest resemblance to Herakles. The worship of Vasudeva Krishna seems to have originated in the Mathura region.<ref name="singh1#">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|page=436}}</ref>

A number of traditions exist regarding the origin of the Shurasenas. According to a tradition, found in the [[Linga Purana]] (I.68.19), Shurasenas were descendants of Shurasena, son of Arjuna Kartavirya. According to another tradition found in the [[Ramayana]] (VII.62.6) and the Vishnu Purana (IV.4.46), the Shurasenas were descendants of Shurasena, son of [[Shatrughna]], brother of Rama.<ref name="p9"/> According to the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devibhagavata Purana]] (IV.1.2), Shurasena was father of Vasudeva, father of Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Swami Vijnanananda|title=The S'rimad Devi Bhagawatam|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2008|volume=I|page=334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBEkOqvqSMkC&pg=PA334|orig-year = 1921|isbn=978-1-4375-3059-9}}</ref> [[Alexander Cunningham]] in his ''Ancient Geography of India'' states that because of Surasena, his grandfather, Krishna and his descendants were known as the Surasenas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |title=The ancient geography of India |date=1871 |publisher=London: Trübner & Co. |page=374 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023029485#page/n421/mode/2up/search/Surasena}}</ref> [[Bhāsa|Bhasa]], in his ''Balacharita'' mentions that the mother of Kamsa was a Shurasena (''Shaurasenimata'').<ref name="sircar2#">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=D. C.|title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2790-5|pages=29,29fn4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA29|location=Delhi}}</ref>

==Religion==

Besides chiefdoms and ''jagirs'', the ''peethams'' (seats) granted to them by virtue of their religious powers. For instance, there were fourteen seats (''peethams'') among the [[Warangal]] according to a ''sanad'' granted in 1425 (Shaka Samvat), by Sree Pratapa Rudra, Maharaja of Warangal, to Sree Kondiah Guru, as the head of the fourteen seats. Subsequently when [[Bhagyanagar]] was founded by Sultan Abdulla of Qutub Shahi in AD 1560 the rights of the {{who|date=December 2023}} were acknowledged and recognized, and the name Golkonda was substituted for Manugal.<ref name="Yadav1992">{{cite book|author=J. N. Singh |title= through the ages, from ancient period to date|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJNHAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sharada Pub. House|isbn=978-81-85616-03-2|page=181}}</ref> According to the charter awarded by the [[Abdullah Qutb Shah|Sultan Abdullah]] of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] in 1071 [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]], Kondiah built the fort for the sultan by using his charisma in resolving the mystery of the site, and also discovered for him gold coins buried underground. In return, the sultan gave him the Charter conferring upon Kondiah the rights and privileges due to the head of the fourteen seats, and of twelve classes of and two classes of Kondiah, although a follower of, was the head of the ''Peethams''. Perhaps the at this time were under the influence of although they were incorporated into the category.<ref name="Rao1979">{{cite book|author=M. S. A. Rao|title=Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 June 2011|date=1 May 1979|publisher=Macmillan|pages=128–129|isbn=9780333902554}}</ref>

== See also ==
'''[[Vedic period]]''':
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Bharatas (Vedic tribe)]]
* [[Puru (Vedic tribe)]]
* [[Janapada]]
* [[Rigvedic rivers]]
* [[Rigvedic Sanskrit]]
* [[Lunar dynasty]]
* [[Solar dynasty]]
* [[Historical Vedic religion]]
* [[Turvasu Druhyu and Anu dynasties]]
* [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes]]
'''[[History of India]]''':
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[Outline of ancient India]]
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Singh, G. P. (1994). ''Early Indian Historical Tradition and Archaeology: Purāṇic Kingdoms and Dynasties with Genealogies, Relative Chronology and Date of Mahābhārata War'', Delhi: D.K. Printworld, {{ISBN|978-81-246-0005-4}}.
* Yadav, J. N. Singh (1992). ''Yādavas Through The Ages (From Ancient Period to Date)'' (in 2 Vol.), Delhi: Sharada Publishing House, {{ISBN|978-81-85616-03-2}}.
[[Category:Yadavas| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]

Shaktimaan (franchise)

2025-12-02T13:30:12Z

Vijaykumar96: Stub

{{Short description|Superhero media franchise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| image =
| caption = Mukesh Khanna in a still from [[Shaktimaan]]
| creator = {{ubl|Mukesh Khanna| Dinkar Jani|Ghalib Asad Bhopali|Brij Mohan Pandey}}
| origin = ''[[Shaktimaan]]''
| years = 1997–present
| books =
| novels =
| comics =
| magazines =
| strips =
| films = ''[[Shaktimaan (film)]]'' (TBD)
| tv_films = ''Hamara Hero Shaktimaan'' (2013)
| tv_series = {{ubl|''[[Shaktimaan]]'' (1997–2005)|''Shaktimaan is Back'' (TBD)}}
| atv = {{ubl
|''[[Shaktimaan: The Animated Series]]'' (2011)
|''Shaktimaan'' (TBD)
}}
| plays =
| musicals =
| games =
| rpgs =
| vgs = ''Shaktimaan'' ''Shaktimaan: Tab''
| radio =
| soundtracks =
| music =
| toys =
| otherlabel1 =
| otherdata1 =
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}}
'''''Shaktimaan''''' is an Indian [[superhero fiction|superhero]] [[media franchise]] consisting of TV series, comic books and films. The original work is ''[[Shaktimaan]]'', which was produced by [[Mukesh Khanna]] under his banner Bheeshm International and directed by Dinkar Jani and Vikram Veturi.

==Production==
'''''Shaktimaan''''' was conceptualised by [[Mukesh Khanna|Khanna]] in 1981 when he was working on a [[film]] with [[Rajshri Productions]]. He narrated the idea to producer Rajkumar Barjatya, who liked it, and the two adapted it into a film titled ''Akash''. In November 1997, ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' reported quoted him: "I would watch my [[nephew]] sitting glued to the TV whenever ''Power Zone'' came on, shooting with imaginary fire guns, or operating some imaginary hi-fi [[gadget]] in his own little world. That's when it struck me that if I made ''Shaktimaan'' I would have a readymade audience of [[youth|kids]] who are always most impressed with [[Special effects|SFX]] tricks." Over the development of the titular [[character (arts)|character]], [[Mukesh Khanna|Khanna]] said, "In [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]], there are a lot of strong characters but no super-heroes. All we get to see our [[Superman]] or [[Spider-Man]], who are [[wikt:alien|alien]] concepts. That's why I decided to create an Indian superhero, Shaktimaan, who is born out of a [[yagna]], and a result of all the creative [[energies]] of the [[universe]]. A [[superhero]] who can [[fly]]... disappear. And when he is not in his super-hero [[Dual role|avataar]], he's a bumbling [[photographer]] who always misses scooping much to the chagrin of his boss Geeta Vishwas." He added that the attire of Shaktimaan's alter ego, "complete with buck teeth and floppy hair", was inspired by American comedian [[Jerry Lewis]].<ref name="screen">{{cite web |title=Mukesh Khanna: No More Mythological |url=http://www.screenindia.com/nov14/tele1.htm |website=Screen |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031031211440/http://www.screenindia.com/nov14/tele1.htm |archive-date=31 October 2003 |date=November 1997}}</ref>

Having wanted the "best ever" special effects seen on Indian television, following the series' airing, [[Mukesh Khanna|Khanna]] felt that it "[fell] is short of [his] expectations". He added, "When I had planned the serial I wanted the kind of special effects seen in ''[[Superman]]'', ''[[Spider-Man]]'' and ''[[Terminator (franchise)|Terminator]]''. Maybe I was too ambitious. [[Computer graphics]] has just arrived in [[India]] and there is lack of trained professionals here." He further said, the special effects for each episode cost him {{INR}}2 [[lakh]], and {{INR}}10 lakh overall.<ref name="screen"/>
In 2004 Sign language interpretation was launched for the social message given at the end of the episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040201/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2022-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210104419/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040201/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The series was sponsored by [[Parle-G]] from its first episode.<ref name="screen"/>

In 2019, [[Mukesh Khanna|Khanna]] revealed through his [[YouTube]] channel Bheeshm International that the show had to be cancelled because the high broadcasting charges were bringing him losses, and not due to complaints of [[children]] imitating [[stunts]] from the [[Television show|show]] as popularly believed.<ref>{{cite news|title=14 साल बाद मुकेश खन्ना ने बयां किया दर्द, इस वजह से बंद करना पड़ा था 'शक्तिमान'|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/mukesh-khanna-on-shaktimaan-why-this-show-off-air|access-date=7 January 2021|work=Amar Ujala|date=17 August 2019|language=hi|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614053035/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/mukesh-khanna-on-shaktimaan-why-this-show-off-air|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Television series==

=== Shaktimaan (1997–2005) ===
{{main| Shaktimaan}}
''Shaktimaan'' ({{langx|hi|शक्तिमान}}) is a fictional Indian [[superhero]] from the television series of the same name which aired on [[DD National]] from 27 September 1997 to 27 March 2005 on Sundays. The series was produced by [[Mukesh Khanna]] and directed by [[Dinkar Jani]]. It has also aired on [[Pogo TV|Pogo]] in English,<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050615/asp/calcutta/story_4870084.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104212825/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050615/asp/calcutta/story_4870084.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=Screen On & Off|date=15 June 2005|accessdate= 25 November 2011|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> Tarang in [[Odia language|Odia]] and Chutti TV in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and repeated its Hindi telecast on [[STAR Utsav]]. [[Mukesh Khanna]] plays the roles of Shaktimaan and his [[alter ego]] Pandit Gangadhar Vidyadhar Mayadhar Omkarnath Shastri, a photographer for the newspaper ''Aaj Ki Aawaz''. Shaktimaan is depicted as a human who has attained superhuman strength and power through deep meditation and attaining control over five elements of life. [[Kitu Gidwani]], and later [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] plays the role of [[Geeta Vishwas]], a reporter in the series who loves Shaktimaan. [[Surendra Pal]] plays the role of Tamraj Kilvish.

=== Shaktimaan: The Animated Series (2011–2012) ===
''[[Shaktimaan: The Animated Series]]'' is an Indian animated [[action film|action]] series based on the live-action series ''[[Shaktimaan]]''. It is created by Reliance Animation and was aired on [[Sonic-Nickelodeon|Sonic]] on 20 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-superhero-shaktimaan-gets-animated/258856-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519152839/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-superhero-shaktimaan-gets-animated/258856-44-124.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-19|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title=Shaktimaan in 3D soon| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Shaktimaan-in-3D-soon/articleshow/12392913.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906225359/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-25/tv/31233514_1_shaktimaan-superhero-films| url-status=live| archive-date=6 September 2012|date=25 March 2012|access-date=10 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=Aparna Phadke}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/10943572.cms |title=Viacom18 to launch new channel Sonic for young adults this month |newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |date=1 December 2011 |access-date=16 December 2011 |archive-date=27 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527044805/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/10943572.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017 [[Discovery Kids (India)|Discovery Kids]] acquired the rights of syndication from Reliance Entertainment.<ref name=Moviez>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/discovery-kids-to-air-movies-every-weekend-throughout-2017|title=Discovery Kids to air Shaktimaan|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=26 December 2016|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229073939/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/discovery-kids-to-air-movies-every-weekend-throughout-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Shaktimaan (TBD) ===
In October 2019, Mukesh Khanna announced himself that a [[3D animation|3D animated series]] will be launched in future, with its teaser launching on 7 December 2019 at [[Comic Con India]] 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/exclusive-shaktimaan-getting-animated-wordsword-creations-3d|title=Exclusive: 'Shaktimaan' is getting animated by WordSword Creations in 3D|date=9 December 2019|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110143545/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/exclusive-shaktimaan-getting-animated-wordsword-creations-3d|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Web series==
On 15 March 2019 a show named ''Sorry Shaktimaan'' started on a YouTube channel having the same name. It is the educational section of Shaktimaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCovsWDYg7qek5GTh4I2TDzw|title=Sorry Shaktimaan|website=YouTube|access-date=2020-03-04|archive-date=2022-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801040127/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCovsWDYg7qek5GTh4I2TDzw|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Film ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Films !! Producer !! Notes
|-
|2013
|''Hamara Hero Shaktimaan''
| [[Bheeshm International]]
| [[Telefilm]]
|-
|TBA
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Shaktimaan''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Producing with [[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures International]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=Shaktimaan film teaser: Desi superhero to make big screen debut soon 'with one of India's major superstars'. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shaktimaan-film-teaser-desi-superhero-to-make-big-screen-debut-soon-with-one-of-india-s-major-superstars-watch-101644497252480.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212075527/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shaktimaan-film-teaser-desi-superhero-to-make-big-screen-debut-soon-with-one-of-india-s-major-superstars-watch-101644497252480.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Announced
|}

==Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Character
!| Live-action TV series
!| Television film
!| Animated TV series
|-
! width:10%;"| ''[[Shaktimaan]]'' (1997-2005)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Hamara Hero Shaktimaan]]'' (2013)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Shaktimaan: The Animated Series]]'' (2011)
|-
! Pt. Gangadhar VIdyadhar Mayadhar Omkarnath Shastri/Shaktimaan
| colspan="2" | [[Mukesh Khanna]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! [[Vehaan Arya]]/Shaktimaan
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Jason Griffith]] (Voice)
|-
! Gita Viswas
| [[Kitu Gidwani]] [[Vaishnavi Mahant]]
| [[Manasi Salvi]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Lina Ray
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Suzy Myers (Voice)
|-
! Tamraj Kilvish
| colspan="2" |[[Surendra Pal]]
| [[Scott Rayow]] (Voice)
|-
! Dr. Jackol
| [[Lalit Parimoo]] [[Arun Bakshi]]
| [[Gufi Paintal]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mahaguru
| colspan="2" |[[Tom Alter]]
| [[Michael Alston Bailey]] (Voice)
|-
! Sahab / Kumar Ranjan
| [[Raman Khatri]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Durandhar Singh
| [[Raju Shrivastav]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Kaushaliyaa
| [[Manjeet Kullar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Shalaaka / Kaali Billi
| [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Shaliyaa / Safed Billi
| [[Dolly Minhas]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Naurangee
| [[Kishore Bhanushali]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Prof. Viswas
| [[Rajendra Gupta]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mayor Jai Kumar Janardan / Kakodar
| [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Paroma
| [[Deepshikha]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Sheraali
| [[Deepshikha]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Queen Mayaadri
| [[Sunila Karambelkar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Bankelal / Toyman
| [[Brij Mohan Pandey]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Kaamini
| [[Nupur Alankaar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! The Villain Alien
| [[Shikha Swaroop]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Bilas Rao
| [[Goga Kapoor]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Matandeeka
| [[Mohini Ghosh]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Inspector Jai Singh
| [[Deepraj Rana]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Satyaprakash Nirala
| [[Sharad Smart]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Maansi Sharma
| [[Urvashi Dholkia]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Teemira / Behroopia
| [[Annu kashyap]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Maansi
| [[Neelam Mehra]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Dr. Gyaani
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Mike Pollock (voice actor)|Mike Pollock]] (Voice)
|-
! Tick
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Marc Thompson (voice actor)|Marc Thompson]] (Voice)
|-
! Tock
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Sean Schemmel]] (Voice)
|-
! Bumpy
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Tom Wayland]] (Voice)
|-
! General D’Cruze
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| David Manis (Voice)
|-
! Major Geek
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dan Green (voice actor)|Dan Green]] (Voice)
|}

== Controversies ==
When ''Shaktimaan'' first aired on Doordarshan, there were a lot of controversies created as children set themselves on fire or jumped off buildings hoping that Shaktimaan would save them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/81040/ |newspaper=Indian Express |title=The Shaktimaan effect |date=22 February 1999 |accessdate=22 October 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010040536/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/the-shaktimaan-effect/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In an effort to promote responsible behaviour among children, Mukesh Khanna spent a substantial part of the airtime in explaining to the children that the stunts shown on television were not real and should not be emulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/section/entertainment/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121100707/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/tclos.htm|url-status=dead|title=Entertainment News: Latest Hollywood & Bollywood News, Movies Releases & Reviews|archivedate=21 January 2010|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Khanna also stated that most of the controversies were fake and were raised in media to undermine its popularity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/essays.nsf/%28docid%29/9C256C945E192F326525693F00383C61 |publisher=The New Indian Express |title='Shaktimaan' deaths instigated:Producer |date=9 January 1999 |accessdate=22 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405022402/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/essays.nsf/(docid)/9C256C945E192F326525693F00383C61 |archivedate=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Comic books==
A series of comic books appeared featuring Shaktimaan and published in many Indian languages as well as English in association with [[Diamond Comics]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=6 July 1998 |title=Comic hero |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19980706-doordarshans-serial-shaktimaan-turned-into-a-comic-826502-1998-07-05 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=9 February 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Merchandise==
Shaktimaan merchandise like costumes, stickers, dolls were introduced in the market.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/mukesh2.htm |title='Bheeshma' Khanna has it in for Bollywood : Mukesh Khanna | Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2002-11-26 |accessdate=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116023410/https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/mukesh2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Games==
{{Excerpt|Shaktimaan: The Animated Series|Games}}

==Awards and nominations==
''[[Shaktimaan: The Animated Series]]'' won 2012 FICCI BAF award for best animated TV series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/blog/shaktimaan-wins-2012-ficci-baf-award-best-animated-tv-episode|title=SHAKTIMAAN WINS 2012 FICCI BAF AWARD FOR "BEST ANIMATED TV EPISODE"|website=Animation World Network|access-date=2020-01-09|archive-date=2022-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916032511/https://www.awn.com/blog/shaktimaan-wins-2012-ficci-baf-award-best-animated-tv-episode|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q3345441|id=tt0389680|title=Shaktimaan}}
* [http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/mukesh1.htm Interview with Mukesh Khanna] at Indiantelevision.com

[[Category:Television superheroes]]
[[Category:Indian superheroes]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 1997]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Shaktimaan]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]
[[Category:2010s Indian films]]

Addada

2025-11-17T04:30:01Z

Vijaykumar96: started a info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Addada
| native_name = {{lang|te|అడ్డదా}}
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Addada is in Krishna district
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|16.35813|N|80.98560|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Pamarru
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = <!521390 [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city pamarru & Gudiwada
| blank1_info_sec1 = Krishna
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

''' Addada ''' ({{langx|te|అడ్డదా}}) is a village in the southern state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Andhra Pradesh |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} , Census Village code= 1324300</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Addada, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh</ref> It is located in the [[Pamarru, India|Pamarru]] [[taluk]] of [[Krishna district]] in Andhra Pradesh.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424054437/http://krishna.nic.in/]

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}