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		<title>Board of Control for Cricket in India</title>
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		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: v2.05 - Fix errors for CW project (HTML text style element &amp;lt;b&amp;gt; (bold) - Spelling and typography)&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{Short description|National governing body of cricket in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{for|the bank|Bank of Credit and Commerce International}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox sport governing body&lt;br /&gt;
|name         = Board of Control for Cricket in India&lt;br /&gt;
|native name  = &lt;br /&gt;
|abbrev       = BCCI&lt;br /&gt;
|logo         = Cricket India Crest.svg&lt;br /&gt;
|sport        = [[Cricket]]&lt;br /&gt;
|category     =&lt;br /&gt;
|image        =&lt;br /&gt;
|jurisdiction = India&lt;br /&gt;
|founded      = {{Start date and age|December 1928}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14|title=Foundation BCCI|website=www.icc-cricket.com|access-date=17 February 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|aff          = [[International Cricket Council]]&lt;br /&gt;
|affdate      = {{Start date|31 May 1926}}&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;icc-cricket.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Full member Board of Control for Cricket in India. |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|region       = [[Asian Cricket Council]]&lt;br /&gt;
|regionyear   = 19 September 1983&lt;br /&gt;
|headquarters = Cricket centre, [[Mumbai]]&amp;lt;ref name=ICC&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 | title=International Cricket Council | access-date=4 October 2022 | archive-date=4 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|location     = [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]&amp;lt;ref name= ICC/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us|title=THE BOARD OF CONTROL FOR CRICKET IN INDIA|website=www.bcci.tv|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517071725/https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|president    = [[Roger Binny]]&amp;lt;ref name=agm22&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Roger Binny elected 36th BCCI president |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/roger-binny-elected-36th-bcci-president-101666074122652.html |access-date=18 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018073154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/roger-binny-elected-36th-bcci-president-101666074122652.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|vicepresident = [[Rajeev Shukla]]&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|secretary    =  [[Jay Shah]]&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|coach        =  [[Rahul Dravid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|womenscoach  =  &#039;&#039;Vacant&#039;&#039; &amp;lt;ref name=AA&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-jay-shah-india-womens-team-head-coach-full-fledged-staff-2358500-2023-04-11 | title=India women&#039;s team will get full-fledged coaching staff, says BCCI secretary Jay Shah }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|prevfounded  = &lt;br /&gt;
|operating income =[[Indian rupee sign|₹]] 6558 [[Crore]] (FY 2022-23)&amp;lt;ref name=HK&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-agm-guest-players-only-to-get-match-fee-no-extra-sum-8955545/|website=Indian express|title=BCCI AGM...}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|year closed =&lt;br /&gt;
|more = &lt;br /&gt;
|membership =[[List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|41]]&lt;br /&gt;
|url = https://www.bcci.tv&lt;br /&gt;
|chiefexec = Hemang Amin&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.inningsbreak.com/hemang-amin-appointed-as-interim-ceo-by-bcci/ | title=Hemang Amin appointed as interim CEO by BCCI | access-date=10 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010154803/https://www.inningsbreak.com/hemang-amin-appointed-as-interim-ceo-by-bcci/ | archive-date=10 October 2022 | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|key staff = [[Ajit Agarkar]] (chief national selector)&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Ashish Shelar]] (treasurer)&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Devajit Saikia (joint-secretary)&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; [[Abey Kuruvilla]] (general manager)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/abey-kuruvilla-former-india-pacer-appointed-as-bccis-new-general-manager-1646296198-1|title=Abey Kuruvilla, former India pacer, appointed as BCCI&#039;s new General Manager|date=3 March 2022|website=Jagranjosh.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Vineet Saran]] (Ethics officer) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Dr Abhijit Salvi (head, Anti-doping unit)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/nada-to-start-testing-players-during-duleep-trophy-games-bcci-wants-only-doctors-as-dcos/articleshow/70722728.cms | title=NADA to start testing players during Duleep Trophy games, BCCI wants only doctors as DCOs | newspaper=The Times of India | date=18 August 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Shabir Hussein (head, anti-corruption unit)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-former-gujarat-dgp-shabir-hussein-appointed-new-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-chief/379309|title=Former Gujarat DGP Shabir Hussein Appointed New BCCI Anti-corruption Unit Chief|date=12 January 2022|website=Outlook India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Arun Dhumal (chairman, IPL)&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|countryflag=India&lt;br /&gt;
|caption=Official Crest of the BCCI&lt;br /&gt;
|sponsor=[[Dream11]], [[Adidas]], [[IDFC First Bank]], [[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]], [[Ambuja Cements]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues|title=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|website=Bcci.tv|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119181159/https://www.bcci.tv/venues|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Board of Control for Cricket in India&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;BCCI&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Jaspirt Bumrah: …तर जसप्रीत बुमराहचं करिअर धोक्यात, दुखापतीबाबत मोठा खुलासा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/krida/ipl/jasprit-bumrah-rohit-sharma-dravid-wont-even-be-told-about-bumrah-surprising-news-avw-92-3544332/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Loksatta |date=25 March 2023 |language=mr}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; is the national governing body of [[Cricket in India]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24861269/bcci-covered-india-right-information-rti-act-rules-top-appellate-body|title=BCCI covered under Australia&#039;s Right to Information Act, rules top appellate body|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002152001/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24861269/bcci-covered-india-right-information-rti-act-rules-top-appellate-body|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Its headquarters is situated at the Cricket centre in [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=THE BOARD OF CONTROL FOR CRICKET IN INDIA |url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517071725/https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI is the wealthiest [[governing body]] of [[cricket]] in the world.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Explained: ... board set to earn per ICC revenue ... |url=https://wisden.com/stories/news-stories/icc-revenue-share-model-2024-27-each-board-bcci-ecb-ca-pcb/amp&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiZ37Tu9KT_AhUpzTgGHZKECTwQFnoECCkQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1qiCenmCvI1ZYD_nZGK-hz |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[Wisden]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI spearheading Covid-hit world? Listing revenues of top 10 richest cricket boards in 2021. |work=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/bcci-spearheading-covid-hit-world-listing-revenues-of-top-10-richest-cricket-boards-in/763329 |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120112022/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/bcci-spearheading-covid-hit-world-listing-revenues-of-top-10-richest-cricket-boards-in/763329 |archive-date=20 November 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI among the richest sporting bodies, boasts 5,300 crore revenue |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bcci-among-richest-sporting-bodies-boasts-of-rs5300-crore-revenue/1012016/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjJi-iw6Kb0AhVqwTgGHVYICCAQFnoECBYQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3xVKgKOJZn9BIpB_kOUEc5 |access-date=29 May 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI was formed in December 1928 and is a consortium of [[List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|state cricket associations]] that select their own representatives who elect the BCCI president. [[R. E. Grant Govan|Grant Govan]] was the first BCCI president and [[Anthony De Mello]] was its first secretary.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/about/2019/history|title=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330171615/http://www.bcci.tv/about/2019/history|archive-date=30 March 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; {{As of|February 2023}}, [[Roger Binny]] is the incumbent BCCI president and [[Jay Shah]] is secretary.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; The board joined the [[International Cricket Council|Imperial Cricket Conference]] in 1926.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;icc-cricket.com&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The BCCI is an autonomous, private organisation that does not fall under the purview of the National Sports Federation of India and the [[Government of India]] has minimal regulation on it. It does not receive any grants or funds from the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. The BCCI is influential in international cricket.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Life changing... |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/life-changing-womens-premier-league-teams-sold-for-806-million-ahead-of-inaugural-tournament/news-story/f6fe3556d127bd40ae68046f47ff0711 |website=Fox sports Australia|date=25 January 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;auto&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last=Krishna B |first=Venkata |title=BCCI comes under NADA code, but not National Sports Federation yet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/aug/10/bcci-comes-under-nada-code-but-not-national-sports-federation-yet-2016906.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129075418/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/aug/10/bcci-comes-under-nada-code-but-not-national-sports-federation-yet-2016906.html |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:10&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI monopoly... |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 January 2015 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/BCCI-monopoly-and-judicial-review/article62119580.ece/amp/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001072439/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/BCCI-monopoly-and-judicial-review/article62119580.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The International Cricket Council shares the largest part of its revenue with the BCCI. Its [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] is one of the wealthiest sports league in the world.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Explained {{!}} The IPL business model and how it compares to sports leagues globally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/explained-the-ipl-business-model-and-how-it-compares-to-sports-leagues-globally/article65547025.ece |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=The Hindu|date=24 June 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In financial year 2022-2023 BCCI earned {{INR convert|6558|c|lk=c|to=USD}}. In 2023, the board sold India cricket&#039;s [[media rights]] to [[Viacom18]] for more than {{INRConvert|6000|c}},{{Efn|By this deal [[Viacom18]] got brodcasting rights of all the bilateral matches that will take place in India and right to telecast BCCI&#039;s all domestic tournaments such as Ranji trophy, Vijay Hazare trophy etc. from year 2023 to 2027.}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=BCCI AGM: Guest players only to get match fee, no extra sum |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-agm-guest-players-only-to-get-match-fee-no-extra-sum-8955545/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Women&#039;s Premier League (cricket)|WPL]] media rights was sold for {{INR|951 crores|year=2023}} to Viacom18 in 2023 and in 2022 IPL media rights was sold to Viacom18–[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star sports]] for {{INRConvert|48390|c}}. All the media rights are awarded for 5 years.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI Media Rights ... |url=https://www.esakal.com/krida/viacom18-seal-both-tv-digital-rights-in-bcci-media-rights-auction-for-five-years-aas86 |website=[[Sakal]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Viacom18 bags broadcasting rights for Women&#039;s IPL 2023-27 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/viacom18-bags-broadcasting-rights-for-womens-ipl-2023-27/article66382461.ece/amp/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjqxp-064aBAxWoRmwGHZP9Dn4QFnoECBQQBQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0USeH1WqbBqItkpIROeCxl |website=The Hindu}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:15&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=15 June 2022 |title=IPL Media Rights: It&#039;s a deal! – Everything you need to know about final IPL media rights figures |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-a-deal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-final-ipl-media-rights-figures/articleshow/92222684.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921023514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-a-deal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-final-ipl-media-rights-figures/articleshow/92222684.cms |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;The BCCI pays hundreds of crores rupees in the form of tax to the government of India, paid {{INRConvert|4000|c|lk=crores|year=2023}} in financial year 2022-23.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AT&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;{{refn|group=details|For detail information see [[#Tax payment]].}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI has hosted multiple [[ICC World Cup]]s,{{Efn|It hosted [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 ODI world cup]] and [[2016 Twenty20 cricket World Cup|2016 T20 World cup]]. It also hosted [[2013 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup]].}} and will host the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]], the [[ICC World Twenty20|2026 ICC T20 World cup]], the [[2031 Cricket World Cup|2031 ICC ODI Cricket World Cup]],{{Efn|the 2031 ICC World Cup is scheduled to take place in India but Bangladesh will serve as co-host.&amp;lt;ref name=C2/&amp;gt;}} and the [[2025 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=...2024-31 men&#039;s tournament hosts confirmed. |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=icc-cricket}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Efn|Sri Lanka will co-host the 2026 T20 world cup with India.&amp;lt;ref name=C2/&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI manages four squads that represent India in international cricket; the [[India national cricket team|men&#039;s national cricket team]], the [[India women&#039;s national cricket team|women&#039;s national cricket team]], the [[India national under-19 cricket team|men&#039;s national under-19 cricket team]] and [[India women&#039;s national under-19 cricket team|women&#039;s national under-19 cricket team]]. It also governs developmental [[India A cricket team|India A]], [[India B cricket team|India B]] and [[India A Women&#039;s cricket team in Australia in 2019|India A women&#039;s]] teams.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.jagran.com/lite/cricket/bcci-names-shweta-sehrawat-as-captain-of-india-a-squad-for-acc-emerging-womens-asia-cup2023-10080802&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi2vNnmg6X_AhWNslYBHUi4AQsQ0PADKAB6BAgSEAE&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw33w8hhkXGgFzGW7JEIS5uZ|title=India A squad for...}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Its national selection committee, which is led by chief national selector, selects players for these teams.{{Efn|Senior national selection committee lead by &#039;chief national selector&#039; select players and skipper for India men&#039;s national cricket team, India A, B and president&#039;s XI teams, while Junior national selection committee of men&#039;s and women&#039;s selects players and skipper for &#039;India U19 team&#039;, India women&#039;s U19 team respectively.}} As part of its duties, the BCCI organises and schedules matches to be played by each of these teams, and schedules, sanctions and organises domestic cricket in India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=T20 World Cup: &#039;High time BCCI looks into their scheduling&#039; – Ex-Indian captain backs Kohli and co. after loss to NZ|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/high-time-bcci-looks-into-their-scheduling-ex-indian-captain-backs-team-india-players-after-loss-to-nz-in-t20-world-cup-101635765456000.html|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120102946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/high-time-bcci-looks-into-their-scheduling-ex-indian-captain-backs-team-india-players-after-loss-to-nz-in-t20-world-cup-101635765456000.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/bcci-announces-schedule-for-indias-2022-23-domestic-cricket-season/1074333/|title=BCCI announces schedule for India&#039;s 2022-23 domestic cricket season|date=8 August 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |last=Kadam |first=Sandip |script-title=mr:विश्लेषण: क्रिकेट निवड समिती अध्यक्षपदी पुन्हा चेतन शर्मा यांची नियुक्ती कशी? त्यांच्याकडून कोणत्या अपेक्षा असतील? |trans-title=How Chetan Sharma got appointed as chief-selector again? What we should expect from him? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/explained/know-all-about-announcement-of-chetan-sharma-as-president-of-bcci-selection-committee-print-exp-pbs-91-3385670/ |newspaper=Loksatta |date=9 January 2023 |language=mr}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Expand section|date=September 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Cricket in India|Sport in India|label1=Overview of cricket in India|label2=Overview of sports in India|History of cricket in India to 1918|History of cricket in India from 1918–19 to 1945}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{See also|Category:Cricket in India by decade|label 1=History of cricket in India by decades|History of the Indian cricket team | Cricket in India # History | India national cricket team # History}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first game of cricket was played in India by European sailors, who played the sport as a recreational activity in the first half of the 18th century. These sailors played cricket near their coastal settlements. The first recorded match in India was played between the British army and British settlers in 1751. The world&#039;s second-oldest cricket club, [[Calcutta Cricket Club]], was founded in 1792 in present-day Kolkata. The [[Parsis]] were the first civilian community to accept cricket as a sport and play it in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.buzztribe.news/the-oldest-cricket-clubs-in-the-world/|title=The oldest Cricket Clubs in the world {{!}} The pride of sport and the spirit are still alive|date=5 August 2022|access-date=19 October 2022|website=Buzztribe News|first=Nirtika|last=Pandita|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123309/https://www.buzztribe.news/the-oldest-cricket-clubs-in-the-world/|archive-date=19 October 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 1848, they set up the [[Oriental Cricket Club]] in present-day Mumbai. In 1850, they founded the Young Zoroastrian Cricket Club. In 1886, Hindus founded the [[Hindu Gymkhana, Mumbai|Hindu Gymkhana]] sports club.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title= The Board of Control for Cricket in India|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi0hsfz6Kf6AhVU7TgGHeNyDncQFnoECC0QAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1LsDuX6lwoANGd0nCZePwC |website=www.bcci.tv }}{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1912, an all-India cricket team visited England for the first time, and were sponsored and captained by the [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Maharaja of Patiala]]. In 1926, two representatives of Calcutta Cricket Club travelled to London to attend meetings of the [[Imperial Cricket Conference]], the predecessor of the current [[International Cricket Council]]. Although technically not an official representative of Indian cricket, they were allowed to attend by [[Lord Harris]], chairman of the conference. The outcome of the meeting was the MCC&#039;s decision to send a team that was led by [[Arthur Gilligan]], who had captained England in [[The Ashes]], to India.{{citation needed span|text=|date=May 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Founding and early years===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:CK Nayudu 1930s scan.jpg|thumb|[[CK Nayudu]] (in the 1930s), former Indian cricketer, Indian cricket team&#039;s first captain in Test cricket|263x263px]]&lt;br /&gt;
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In a meeting with the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] and others, Gilligan promised to press for its inclusion in the ICC if all of the game&#039;s promoters in the country united to establish a single controlling body. An assurance was given{{By whom|date=October 2022}} and on 21 November 1927 a meeting was held in [[Delhi]], which was attended by delegates from [[Patiala]], Delhi, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[Rajputana]], [[Alwar]], [[Bhopal]], [[Gwalior]], [[Baroda]], [[Kathiawar]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]. The delegates agreed to create a board for control of cricket in India. On 10 December 1927, a unanimous decision to form a provisional board of control was taken, and the BCCI was formed in December 1928. [[R. E. Grant Govan]] was elected as its first president and Anthony de Mello was secretary.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;maharaja&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Dass|first=Jarmani|title=Maharaja; lives and loves and intrigues of Indian princes: Volume 56 of Orient paperbacks|year=1969|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhVuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092910/https://books.google.com/books?id=zhVuAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}Page 44&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1926, the BCCI joined the Imperial Cricket Council, then the governing body for international cricket. In 1936, the BCCI started India&#039;s premier first-class cricket championship the [[Ranji Trophy]], which was named after the first Indian person who played international cricket, the King of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar state]] [[K.S. Ranjitsinhji]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |script-title=mr:भारतीय क्रिकेटमधील मैलाचा दगड |trans-title=The milestone in Indian cricket. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/indian-cricket-ranji-trophy-ranjit-singh-golden-jubilee-amy-95-3121584 |newspaper=[[Loksatta]] |date=11 September 2022 |language=mr}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; who played for England in international cricket. The [[Mumbai cricket team]] is the most-successful team, winning 41 titles.&lt;br /&gt;
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In [[Indian cricket team in England in 1932|1932]], India played its maiden Test match under the captaincy of [[C. K. Nayudu]] against England at [[Lord&#039;s cricket ground]] in London. During [[English cricket team in India in 1933-34|England&#039;s 1933-34 tour of India]], on 17 December 1933, [[Lala Amarnath]] became the first Indian batsman to score a test century, scoring 118 on his debut, at [[Bombay Gymkhana]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= भारताचे पहिले कसोटी शतकवीर कोण, तुम्हाला माहित आहेत का?|date= 11 September 2018|url= https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/do-you-know-who-was-indias-first-test-centurion/|access-date= 4 October 2022|archive-date= 4 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221004135732/https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/do-you-know-who-was-indias-first-test-centurion/|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1967–68|1967–68]], India won its first-ever Test cricket series outside Asia. Previously it had defeated Pakistan, New Zealand and England, and won series in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Full member ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===1945–1987===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1945–46 to 1960|History of cricket in India from 1960–61 to 1970|History of cricket in India from 1970–71 to 1985}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1952, the England team [[English cricket team in India, Pakistan and Ceylon in 1951–52|toured India]]; it was their first tour of India after its [[Partition of India|Independence]]. [[Nigel Howard]] was the captain of touring team.&amp;lt;ref name=T&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/the-rise-of-the-bcci-since-indian-independence/ | title=The rise of the BCCI since Indian independence | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=6 August 2017 | access-date=24 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924113720/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/the-rise-of-the-bcci-since-indian-independence/ | url-status=live | last1=Times | first1=Economic }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The former India captain Vijaya Ananda Gajapathi Raju, also known as [[Vizzy]], was the BCCI president in the 1960s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-sir-vizzy-ganguly-2nd-indian-capt-to-be-bcci-prez/articleshow/71728355.cms | title=After Sir Vizzy, Ganguly 2nd Indian capt to be BCCI prez | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 October 2019 | access-date=4 October 2022 | archive-date=4 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004182739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-sir-vizzy-ganguly-2nd-indian-capt-to-be-bcci-prez/articleshow/71728355.cms | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1975, the BCCI paid {{INR|2500}} per match to the test cricketers. Banks, Indian railways and private enterprises would recruit players.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/mar/23/todays-indian-cricketers-earn-600-times-more-than-players-of-1970s-1584946.html | title=Today&#039;s Indian cricketers earn 600 times more than players of 1970s | access-date=24 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924113721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/mar/23/todays-indian-cricketers-earn-600-times-more-than-players-of-1970s-1584946.html | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The board appointed [[Ajit Wadekar]] captain [[Indian cricket team in England in 1971|in 1971]], the Indian team won their first test series against England on English soil, and against [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 1970–71|the West Indies]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]] made his test debut in latter series.&lt;br /&gt;
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India won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], defeating the defending champions the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] by 43 runs in the [[1983 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] at Lord&#039;s. India also won the [[World Championship of Cricket]] in 1985, defeating Pakistan by eight wickets in the [[1985 World Championship of Cricket Final|final]] at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. The BCCI hosted the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 World Cup]]; it was the first time the event was organised outside England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=History|website=Bcci.tv |url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/www.bcci.tv/about/history|access-date=9 December 2021}} {{Dead link |date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===1987–2000===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1985–86 to 2000}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Through the 1980s and early 1990s, BCCI paid {{INR|5 [[lakh]]}} per match to terrestrial television network [[Doordarshan]] to broadcast the Indian cricket team&#039;s matches.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=4 September 2017 |title=How a cash-strapped BCCI in the early 90s became the world&#039;s wealthiest board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Economic Times Blog |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922080835/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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It hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup competitions in [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]].&amp;lt;ref name=C2 /&amp;gt;{{Efn|Sri Lanka–Pakistan co-hosted 1996 ODI ICC Cricket world cup with India.}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1991, BCCI proposed South Africa&#039;s readmission to international cricket at the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Viswanath |first1=G. |title=Dalmiya enriched Indian cricket: Bacher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-chief-Jagmohan-Dalmiya-enriched-Indian-cricket-says-Ali-Bacher/article60204103.ece |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 September 2015 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After the proposal succeeded, the BCCI sold television broadcast rights for the first time; [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] purchased the rights to broadcast the [[South African cricket team in India in 1991–92|South African cricket tour of India]], South Africa&#039;s first official international tour after the [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era|21-year boycott]] from international cricket.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.m.economictimes.com/definition/bcci/amp |title=What is BCCI? |website=Economic Times |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172421/https://m.economictimes.com/definition/bcci/amp |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During this time, South Africa joined the &amp;quot;Asian bloc&amp;quot; of the BCCI and its South-Asian neighbours.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1993, the BCCI signed a deal with &#039;&#039;TransWorld International&#039;&#039; (TWI), which would pay the BCCI to televise [[English cricket team in India in 1992–93|England&#039;s tour of India]] on satellite television and Doordarshan would pay TWI for the rights to televise the matches in India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;auto1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=1993: BCCI puts a price on telecast of its cricket matches |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/20030818-1993-bcci-puts-a-price-on-telecast-of-its-cricket-matches-792084-2003-08-17 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=India Today }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=How a cash-strapped BCCI in the early 90s became the world&#039;s wealthiest board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Economic Times Blog |date=4 September 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[1993 Hero Cup]] was broadcast on [[STAR (India)|Star TV]], which made it the first cricket series to be broadcast on satellite television in India and broke the monopoly of Doordarshan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Doordarshan&#039;s intransigent attitude sends the Hero Cup for a six |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19931130-doordarshan-intransigent-attitude-sends-the-hero-cup-for-a-six-811887-1993-11-29 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=India Today }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;auto1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; A lengthy legal battle between Doordarshan and the BCCI—which was led by [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]] and president [[I. S. Bindra]]—ensued. In February 1995, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled the television rights of India&#039;s matches were a commodity belonging to the BCCI, for which the broadcaster must pay BCCI and not the other way around.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;icon&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Cricket&#039;s canny iconoclast |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jagmohan-dalmiya-cricket-s-canny-iconoclast-922183 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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BCCI, in a joint bid with Pakistan and Sri Lanka, won the rights to host the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]], defeating the England-and-Australia bloc. The tournament was a commercial success,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gorilla&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; yielding the ICC a profit of $50 million.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;icon&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1997, Dalmiya became the [[List of International Cricket Council presidents|president of the ICC]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gorilla&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Ananth |first1=Venkat |title=How BCCI became the 800-pound gorilla of cricket |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pVdCJRSBBid7eVxuCwfqcK/How-India-became-the-800-pound-gorilla-of-cricket.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Mint |date=8 December 2014 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; With Dalmiya at the head of the ICC, the BCCI led a successful proposal to grant [[Test status]] to [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] in 1999–2000.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=How Indian power play helped Bangladesh rise |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/060217/how-indian-power-play-helped-bangladesh-rise.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 February 2017 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===21st century===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 2000–01}}&lt;br /&gt;
Since 2000, the BCCI has hosted and organised multiple ICC cricket World Cups competitions that is men&#039;s [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 ODI world cup]],{{Efn|Bangladesh and Sri Lanka served as Co-host with India.}}, the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 ODI world cup]], the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016 T20 world cup]], the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]] and [[2021 ICC Men&#039;s T20 World Cup|2021 T20 world cups]];{{Efn|2021 ICC T20 world cup was scheduled to take place in India but it was moved to [[UAE]] due to [[COVID-19]] outbreak in India but hosting rights and commercial benefits remained with India&#039;s BCCI.&amp;lt;ref name=C2&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2180451 |title=ICC Men&#039;s T20 World Cup 2021 to move to UAE and Oman|website=www.icc-cricket.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} [[2013 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|2013]], [[2016 ICC Women&#039;s World Twenty20|2016]] Women&#039;s Cricket world cups.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2007, the BCCI established the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), an annual, franchise-based, [[Twenty20 cricket]] league. In 2008, the BCCI sold the ownership rights of eight city-based franchises to corporate groups and Bollywood celebrities in a closed auction for a total of {{USD}}723.49 million;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; it also sold the tournament&#039;s global media rights for 10 years to [[World Sport Group]] for {{USD}}1.03 billion. The media deal was re-negotiated the following year to $1.6 billion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Mehra |first1=Priyanka |last2=Shukla |first2=Archna |title=The curious case of Indian cricket |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/vcpLvHXohDpOcco98G7WuO/The-curious-case-of-Indian-cricket.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Mint |date=6 April 2009 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2010, the BCCI expanded the league to 10 teams, selling two new franchises for a total of {{USD}}703 million.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=For $703 million, Pune &amp;amp; Kochi join IPL season 4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/for-703-million-pune-kochi-join-ipl-season-4/articleshow/5710112.cms |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Due to the IPL&#039;s commercial success, similarly styled Twenty20 leagues appeared around the world, as did franchise-based leagues in other sports in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol |title=How did IPL become a success story? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/how-did-ipl-become-a-success-story/article24001697.ece |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=26 May 2018 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=Bhanu |title=IPL impact: 5 new sports leagues come up in 18 months, non-cricket sports have no dearth of sponsors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/ipl-impact-5-new-sports-leagues-come-up-in-18-months-non-cricket-sports-have-no-dearth-of-sponsors/articleshow/12225965.cms |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2014, the BCCI, Cricket Australia and the England and Wales Cricket Board seized control of several of the ICC&#039;s key committees to form the &amp;quot;Big Three&amp;quot;. The foundation of the &amp;quot;Big Three&amp;quot; would result in a complete remodelling of world cricket, with India, England, and Australia now commanding most of cricket&#039;s revenue for the foreseeable future.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramani |first=Srinivasan |date=2008 |title=Cricket, Excesses and Market Mania |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=13–15 |via=JSTOR}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{ISBN missing|date=May 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2019, the BCCI recognised retired players&#039; union the [[Indian cricketers association|Indian Cricketers&#039; Association]] (ICA), which was formed after the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] appointed [[Lodha Committee|Lodha committee]]&#039;s recommendation to form an independent organisation for welfare of nation&#039;s players. The board also includes this union&#039;s one person as &amp;quot;ICA representative&amp;quot; in BCCI and IPL&#039;s apex governing council.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCI approves Indian cricketers association |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bci-approves-indian-cricketers-association/amp_articleshow/70352373.cms |website=Times of India}}{{dead link|date=February 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On 14 February 2022, it laid foundation stone for new [[National Cricket Academy]] (NCA) at [[Bangalore]], which will replace old NCA located near [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], Banglore.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last=PTI |first=Press Trust Of India |date=14 February 2022 |title=Work begins on new NCA in Bengaluru, foundation stone laid by BCCI brass |work=The Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/work-begins-on-new-nca-in-bengaluru-foundation-stone-laid-by-bcci-brass/articleshow/89566659.cms |access-date=28 October 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Women&#039;s cricket ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further |India women&#039;s national cricket team #History}}&lt;br /&gt;
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| caption1 = Former cricketer [[Mithali Raj]], she was national team captain, is the leading run scorer in the world at women&#039;s ODIs.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;M&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2641627|title=Mithali Raj: The record breaker|website=www.icc-cricket.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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| caption2        =   [[Jhulan Goswami]] (in 2009), former cricketer. She holds the record of highest wicket taker in the world in women&#039;s ODIs.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[India women&#039;s national cricket team]] represents India in [[Women&#039;s international cricket]]. It played its first [[Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup]] in [[1978 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|1978]], when it was first held in India. [[Diana Edulji]] was the first captain of the Indian women&#039;s cricket team in [[One Day International]]s (ODIs). The team finished as runner-up in the [[2005 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|2005]] and [[2017 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|2017]] World Cup, held in South Africa and England, respectively.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; The [[India women&#039;s national under-19 cricket team|India women&#039;s U19 team]] won the [[2023 Under-19 Women&#039;s T20 World Cup|inaugural edition]] of women&#039;s U19 T20 world cup on 30 January 2023. It defeated [[England women&#039;s under-19 cricket team|England]] in [[2023 ICC Under-19 Women&#039;s T20 World Cup#Final|the final]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=U19... |url=https://www.esakal.com/amp/krida/u19-t20-world-cup-shafali-verma-created-history-india-beat-england-team-india-winning-moment-celebration-video-viral-ind-vs-eng-cricket-kgm00&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjbwt-Xvu38AhVU9jgGHdusALgQFnoECA0QAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw2Kc-05xJxTpHzaHpwnUbe4 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=ESakal}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup tournaments in [[1978 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|1978]], [[1997 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|1997]] and [[2013 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|2013]] were held in India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=ICC Women&#039;s World Cup History |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/womens-world-cup/history |website=www.icc-cricket.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2007, the governing body of women&#039;s cricket in India the [[Women&#039;s Cricket Association of India]] was merged into the BCCI after the [[International Women&#039;s Cricket Council]] merged into ICC in 2006.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-ignores-women%25E2%2580%2599s-cricket-Nutan-Gavaskar/article11077900.ece/amp/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjAw7D25aD6AhUt8DgGHXrvDjwQFnoECCwQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw2y05r0Qgu8WbpIpOwIES-- | title=BCCI ignores women&#039;s cricket: Nutan Gavaskar | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 October 2014 | access-date=19 October 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121536/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-ignores-women%E2%80%99s-cricket-Nutan-Gavaskar/article11077900.ece | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On 28 October 2022, BCCI secretary Jay Shah announced it would pay equal sums of money to women&#039;s team players as it pays to men&#039;s team&#039;s players. The BCCI pays men {{INR|15 lakh}} for Test matches, {{INR|6 lakh}} for ODIs and {{INR|3 lakh}} for T20I per match.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=BCCI bats for pay parity, same match fees for women &amp;amp; men: &#039;New era of ... |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-pay-equality-for-women-internationals-8232746/lite/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi0k_-C6Zb7AhUxh-YKHcMfDfcQFnoECBIQBQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3nBzCE4mZvxFL4oInPaaaK |website=www.indianexpress.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On 16 January 2023, the BCCI sold the media rights of [[Women&#039;s Indian Premier League|Women Primer League]] (WPL) matches to [[Viacom18]] for {{INR|951 crores}} and its five teams for {{INR|4669.99 crores}} on 25 January 2023. Inspiration to start this league came from the IPL. The [[2023 Women&#039;s Premier League (cricket)|first season]] played in 2023.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=ePaper |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230117_10_4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title=&#039;Let the journey begin&#039;: BCCI garners Rs 4669.99 crore for sale of 5 Women&#039;s Premier League teams |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/let-the-journey-begin-bcci-garners-rs-4669-99-crore-for-sale-of-5-womens-premier-league-teams/articleshow/97310824.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Indian Premier League ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Indian Premier League}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2008, the BCCI launched a [[Twenty20]] franchise cricket league, the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), which has grown to become the world&#039;s most-lucrative cricket league, attracting many of the world&#039;s top players. It is one of the biggest sports leagues in the world.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Board-of-Control-for-Cricket-in-India|title=Board of Control for Cricket in India &amp;amp;#124; Indian cricket organization|website=Britannica.com|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119182936/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Board-of-Control-for-Cricket-in-India|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemeehallwood/2020/09/16/the-worlds-6th-biggest-sports-league-starts-this-weekend-americans-this-is-why-you-should-be-watching-ipl-cricket/?sh=46909f403987|title=The World&#039;s 6th-Biggest Sports League Starts This Weekend: Americans, This is Why You Should be Watching IPL Cricket|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119182936/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemeehallwood/2020/09/16/the-worlds-6th-biggest-sports-league-starts-this-weekend-americans-this-is-why-you-should-be-watching-ipl-cricket/?sh=46909f403987|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The IPL is the BCCI&#039;s major revenue source and is the only league to have a special window in [[ICC Future Tours Programme]] (ICC FTP), meaning very little international cricket is organised during the tournament.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=IPL now has window in ICC Future Tours Programme |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-now-has-window-in-icc-future-tours-programme-1129304 |website=ESPN Cricinfo |date=12 December 2015 |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923082007/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-now-has-window-in-icc-future-tours-programme-1129304 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2023 BCCI sold IPL&#039;s media rights for record breaking [[USD|$]]6.02 bn for the period of 2023–27.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:11&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=IPL media rights sold in record-breaking $6bn deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61793888.amp&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiqlurjov_-AhXgzTgGHWUzC_0QFnoECCcQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3uyoo32Jd7_gnchf8XPBAs |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=[[BBC]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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There are 10 teams in IPL, BCCI organise the tournament annually during summer in March–May in various stadiums in India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:11&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===IPL controversies===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Controversies involving the Indian Premier League # Dispute with other cricket boards|3=India–Pakistan relations|India–Pakistan cricket rivalry}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2008, the BCCI banned Pakistani players from playing in the IPL due to the nation&#039;s involvement in the [[2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=ECB should break the global silence on Pakistan&#039;s sad and strange IPL exile &amp;amp;#124; Jonathan Liew |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=26 October 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2020/oct/26/ecb-global-silence-pakistan-ipl-exile |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010163156/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2020/oct/26/ecb-global-silence-pakistan-ipl-exile |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= IPL team owners not in favour of including Pakistani cricketers in CSA &amp;amp; UAE T20 leagues: Report|date= 7 August 2022|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ipl-team-owners-not-in-favour-of-including-pakistani-cricketers-in-csa-uae-t20-leagues-report-article-93404018|access-date= 10 October 2022|archive-date= 10 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221010163157/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ipl-team-owners-not-in-favour-of-including-pakistani-cricketers-in-csa-uae-t20-leagues-report-article-93404018|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | title=Shuja Pasha admitted ISI&#039;s role in Mumbai attack: Ex-CIA chief | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 February 2016 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Shuja-Pasha-admitted-ISI%25E2%2580%2599s-role-in-Mumbai-attack-ex-CIA-chief/article60512970.ece/amp/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjVx47Nitb6AhW98TgGHbUIChsQFnoECCIQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw2gLssEzy9QMwRTo4gjmgnZ | access-date=19 October 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121509/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Shuja-Pasha-admitted-ISI%E2%80%99s-role-in-Mumbai-attack-ex-CIA-chief/article60512970.ece | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; in which Pakistani trained terrorists slew 166 people and injured 238. This ban was extended four years on, in 2012, due to the BCCI being &#039;wary&#039; of several issues regarding Pakistani participation like off-field misdemeanours and [[spot fixing|spot-fixing]] allegations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= BCCI welcomes Pakistan for series but slams the door on IPL|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/india-pakistan-cricket-bcci-ipl-shahid-afridi-saeed-ajmal-123526-2012-12-05|access-date= 11 October 2022|archive-date= 11 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221011132813/https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/india-pakistan-cricket-bcci-ipl-shahid-afridi-saeed-ajmal-123526-2012-12-05|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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This was accompanied by the body opposing any bilateral series with the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (PCB), restricting India-Pakistan encounters to multinational ICC and [[Asian Cricket Council|ACC]] events. Since that time, it has rebuffed several approaches by the PCB for a resumption of bilateral cricketing tie as, according to the BCCI, India cannot not play against Pakistan without the [[Government of India|Government of India&#039;s]] (which considers Pakistan to be a state-sponsor of terrorism) permission.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/india-at-un-urges-countries-to-call-out-pakistan-for-supporting-terror-outfits-101662032878238-amp.html&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjrlaC-wfn6AhUrRmwGHRa3B7QQFnoECAkQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0YyhW10K7B23nVkfvObdcR|title=India at UN urges countries to call out Pakistan for supporting terror outfits.|&lt;br /&gt;
access-date=4 April 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Pak army offered Rs 30,000 to terrorist to attack Indian Army post| newspaper=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/08/24/pak-army-offered-rs-30000-to-terrorist-to-attack-indian-army-post.amp.html&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiy2ZLrxPn6AhXbcGwGHSu5BUU4ChAWegQIHRAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw39S5zbFBwgta1sdjW-vB-1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-has-given-us-nothing-but-lies-and-deceit-says-donald-trump/article61497918.ece|title=Pakistan has given U.S. nothing but lies and deceit, says Donald Trump|first=Varghese K.|last=George|newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 January 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2017, the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Sports Minister of India]], [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]] said Pakistan should first stop sponsoring terrorists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= &#039;We have our integrity. Why should we run behind India? If they want, they&#039;ll come and play Pakistan&#039;: Ex-PCB chairman|date= 12 May 2022|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-pakistan-cricket-we-have-our-integrity-why-should-we-run-behind-india-if-they-want-they-ll-come-and-play-pakistan-says-ex-pcb-chairman-ehsan-mani-101652335787751.html|access-date= 15 October 2022|archive-date= 15 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221015124611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-pakistan-cricket-we-have-our-integrity-why-should-we-run-behind-india-if-they-want-they-ll-come-and-play-pakistan-says-ex-pcb-chairman-ehsan-mani-101652335787751.html|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= Terrorism and sports can&#039;t go along, says Sports Minister Vijay Goel|date= 3 May 2017|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/terrorism-and-sports-cant-go-along-says-sports-minister-vijay-goel/|access-date= 15 October 2022|archive-date= 15 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221015124610/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/terrorism-and-sports-cant-go-along-says-sports-minister-vijay-goel/|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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BCCI pays 10 percent from the salary of every foreign player to their respective national board. In 2022, the [[Australian Cricketers&#039; Association]] expressed their unhappiness about these payments.&amp;lt;ref name=stars/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Controversies ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Conflicts of interest ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Indian Premier League #Controversies}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[India Cements]]-[[Chennai Super Kings|Chennai Super Kings&#039;]] owner and former president [[N. Srinivasan]] was criticised for his alleged biased behaviour towards some state boards by awarding them ODI, Test and T20 matches while in office, possibly in violation of the board&#039;s rotation policy on venues.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-go-back-to-rotation-policy/lite/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECAQQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3cra9ZL_wTYlwhdXl-jA3w&amp;amp;ampcf=1|title=BCCI to go back to rotation policy|website=Indianexpress.com|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145202/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-go-back-to-rotation-policy/lite/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECAQQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3cra9ZL_wTYlwhdXl-jA3w%26ampcf%3D1/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=stars&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=7 September 2010 |title=Australia stars in contract dispute after Cricket Australia makes IPL cash grab |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/indian-premier-league/australia-stars-in-contract-dispute-after-cricket-australia-makes-ipl-cash-grab/news-story/69aca1333b2bbc3e07df1a9d1192bd0e |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=Fox Sports }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/22863942/venues-decided-rotation-policy-bcci-secretary&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECD0QAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1XYDcaKAJrYXX_5mkz_OI6|title=Venues decided by rotation policy – BCCI secretary|website=Espn.in|date=15 July 2008|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145244/https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/22863942/venues-decided-rotation-policy-bcci-secretary%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECD0QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1XYDcaKAJrYXX_5mkz_OI6|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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During Srinivasan&#039;s tenure as treasur in BCCI before he became the president, the board constitution was amended to facilitate him to buy an IPL franchise, through his company [[India Cements]] during the 2008 IPL team auction (An event held where 8 teams was sold through an open auction).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=How Srinivasan changed BCCI rule book to own Chennai Super Kings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/srinivasan-changed-bcci-rule-book-to-own-chennai-super-kings-164231-2013-05-22 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=India Today |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130658/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/srinivasan-changed-bcci-rule-book-to-own-chennai-super-kings-164231-2013-05-22 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Srinivasan courted further controversy for appointing India national side&#039;s and Chennai Super Kings&#039; (CSK) captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] as a vice-president of India Cements.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Mahendra Singh Dhoni named India Cements vice-president |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahendra-singh-dhoni-named-india-cements-vice-president/articleshow/18289774.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Economic Times }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He also interfered in national team&#039;s selection, in 2012 ex BCCI selector [[Mohinder Amarnath]] reveled that selectors wanted to sack Dhoni from skipper post, after India lost 8 test in a row, including &amp;quot;disastrous series in Australia&amp;quot;, they wanted to replace him, it was a unanimous decision by selectors, but Shrinivasan didn&#039;t allowed to happen it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-12-12 |title=Five selectors wanted to sack MS Dhoni but BCCI chief Srinivasan prevented it: Mohinder Amarnath |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/five-selectors-wanted-to-sack-ms-dhoni-but-bcci-chief-srinivasan-prevented-it-mohinder-amarnath/articleshow/17586651.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-01 |issn=0013-0389}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Srinivasan&#039;s son-in-law [[Gurunath Meiyappan]], who was team principal of CSK, was arrested for involvement in Spot-fixing and betting. Then unrecognised state association by BCCI, the [[Bihar Cricket Association]], filed a petition against it for mismanagement and conflict of interest in its investigation of [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case|2013 IPL corruption scandal]]. In 2013, Mumbai police arrested the Indian cricket team&#039;s regular player [[S. Sreesanth]], other players and IPL team owners of Chennai Super Kings and [[Rajasthan Royals]] for their dealings with the illegal betting industry.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court approves new BCCI constitution, with a couple of key tweaks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |website=ESPN|date=9 August 2018 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2015, the Supreme Court appointed the [[Lodha Committee]] suspended Chennai Super Kings from the IPL for two years, and suspended Meiyappan from cricket activities for life.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Mahendra Singh Dhoni named India Cements vice-president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/csk-rr-suspended-from-ipl-for-2-years-meiyappan-kundra-banned-for-life/articleshow/48067702.cms |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Times of India }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2013, [[Rupa Gurunath]]—N Shrinivasan&#039;s daughter and Gurunath Meiyappan&#039;s wife—who was then president of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]], was found guilty of conflict of interest by the BCCI&#039;s ethics officer Justice [[D. K. Jain|D.K. Jain]]. In 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] barred Srinivasan from the BCCI for contesting elections due to his conflict of interests; the court also struck down the amendments of BCCI constitution that had allowed him to own and operate an IPL team.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} However he still owns the CSK franchise. In January 2015, Supreme court quashed BCCI&#039;S rule, which allowed its administrators to have financial interests in cash rich leagues such as Championship league, IPL etc. The court barred individuals including N Shrinivasan from BCCI election, who have financial interests in events organised by BCCI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=N Srinivasan can&#039;t contest BCCI elections, board functions public and amenable to judicial reviews, says Supreme Court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/gurunath-meiyappan-was-involved-in-betting-bcci-functions-are-public-supreme-court/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI does not allow its contracted, non-contracted, national and domestic players to participate in any cricket leagues abroad. Only players who have retired from all formats of Indian cricket can take part in foreign leagues. Players such as [[Adam Gilchrist]] have questioned this policy. Indian players such as [[Suresh Raina]] and [[Robin Uthappa]] have urged the board to allow non-contracted players like them to participate in foreign leagues.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=CSK can&#039;t use MS Dhoni as mentor in SA T20 League |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/no-indian-player-can-play-or-mentor-any-team-in-overseas-t20-leagues-bcci-8087141/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012144020/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/no-indian-player-can-play-or-mentor-any-team-in-overseas-t20-leagues-bcci-8087141/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Revealed: Why BCCI doesn&#039;t allow its players to participate in foreign leagues |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/revealed-why-bcci-doesnt-allow-its-players-to-participate-in-foreign-leagues/595643 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012152721/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/revealed-why-bcci-doesnt-allow-its-players-to-participate-in-foreign-leagues/595643 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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====Tax evasions ====&lt;br /&gt;
Many times BCCI avoided paying taxes to the government. Once it claimed that it is a &amp;quot;charitable organisation&amp;quot;, to avoid paying taxes and often disguises itself as an Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|title=The Hindu : Sport / Cricket : BCCI not a &#039;charitable organisation&#039;|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220093127/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece |archive-date=20 February 2012 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2014, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of finance]] revealed that, there were as many as 213 cases of tax envisions of BCCI/IPL from 2009–10 to 2014, involving 261.64 Cr rupees.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/213-cases-of-service-tax-evasion-against-bcciipl/article6708377.ece | title=213 cases of service tax evasion against BCCI, IPL | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 December 2014 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the decade of 2010s, almost every year the [[Income Tax Department]] demand the BCCI their &#039;outstanding income tax&#039; (see details - [[#Tax payment]] ). Frequently till 2012, the board got exemptions for tax under the IT Act 1961 (section 11) but later Income tax department declared BCCI&#039;S earnings as commercial and listed them as business incomes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/sports/cricket/bcci-income-tax-evasion-revenue-department | title=BCCI Issued Notice in Tax Evasion Case by Revenue Department | date=19 March 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Whenever ICC organises an international event such as world cup in India, it asks BCCI to get tax exemptions from its government. During 2016 T20 world cup, Modi government gave them 10% exemption.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.india.com/sports/bcci-must-pay-tax-host-t20-world-cup-in-india-ex-treasurer-kishore-rungta-4331934/ | title=BCCI Must Pay Tax &amp;amp; Host T20 World Cup in India: Ex-Treasurer Kishore Rungta }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to &#039;&#039;[[Deccan Herald|Deccan Herald&#039;s]]&#039;&#039; article on 19 December 2021, even though BCCI is one of the world&#039;s richest sports bodies and earns thousands of millions of rupees per year, it shows unwillingness to pay income taxes and finds loopholes in laws to avoid paying taxes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=BCCI must pay tax |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/second-edit/bcci-must-pay-tax-1062630.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Politicians in the board ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Politicians from multiple political parties have held positions within BCCI; [[Sharad Pawar]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Madhavrao Scindia]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Anurag Thakur]] of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) were BCCI presidents, {{as of|2023}}, latter&#039;s brother Arun Singh Dhumal is the IPL chairman. Jay Shah, the son of the Home Minister of India [[Amit Shah]], is BCCI&#039;s secretary. [[Rajiv Shukla]] of the Congress party is its vice-president, he is in BCCI continuously since 2000s and held various top positions, he was IPL president from 2011 to 2017.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI revamp: Rajeev Shukla, for whom grass is always. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajeev-shukla-congress-mp-cricket-administrator-bcci-ipl-bjp-8213504/ |website=[[Indian express]]|date=17 October 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Ashish Shelar]] of BJP is the treasurer.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite magazine |title=State association and long hist of politicians in BCCI |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/state-associations-bcci-and-the-long-history-of-politicians-in-cricket--news-225003/amp&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiVldLm_Ob7AhUiT2wGHYPdDokQFnoECAwQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1sFXmGIdOJfUQqffPdfNK- |magazine=Outlook}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Lodha committee reform ===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI has been criticised for its monopolistic practices, and has suffered from allegations of corruption and cronyism. {{specify|date=October 2022}}{{which|date=October 2022}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/cricket/05iht-cricket05.html|title=No Easy Cure for Indian Cricket|last=Richards|first=Huw|date=4 June 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 March 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103054347/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/cricket/05iht-cricket05.html|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Supreme Court of India]] appointed a committee to make reforms in BCCI, headed by justice [[R. M. Lodha]], the [[Lodha Committee|Lodha committee]] suggested many reforms to the BCCI, but BCCI did not implemented them as a result Supreme court removed officials of the BCCI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court bars N Srinivasan, Niranjan Shah from attending BCCI SGM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/supreme-court-bars-n-srinivasan-niranjan-shah-from-attending-bcci-sgm-4765025/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 30 January 2017, The Supreme Court of India nominated a four-member &#039;Committee of Administrators&#039; (COA) composed of [[Vinod Rai]], [[Ramachandra Guha]], [[Vikram Limaye]] and [[Diana Edulji]] to administer the BCCI to implement Lodha Committee&#039;s reforms.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jan/30/supreme-court-appoints-four-member-panel-to-run-bcci-1565082--1.html |title=Supreme Court appoints four-member panel to run BCCI |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053934/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jan/30/supreme-court-appoints-four-member-panel-to-run-bcci-1565082--1.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Vinod Rai, a retired civil servant and the former [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], led the committee, which administered the board until elections could be conducted.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ready-for-all-possible-scenarios-coa-head-rai-on-ct-future/articleshow/58420345.cms |title=Ready for all possible scenarios: COA head Rai on CT future &amp;amp;#124; Cricket News  |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 April 2017 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428235935/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ready-for-all-possible-scenarios-coa-head-rai-on-ct-future/articleshow/58420345.cms |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html |title=&#039;Stop confronting, start talking&#039; |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103816/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html |archive-date=11 May 2017 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html|title=&#039;Stop confronting, start talking&#039;|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103816/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html|archive-date=11 May 2017|access-date=11 May 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many years BCCI consistently opposed to adhere regulations of the [[National Anti-Doping Agency (India)|National Anti-Doping Agency, India]] (NADA). On 9 August 2019, it agreed to adhere the anti-doping mechanisms governed by the NADA.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=BCCI agrees to come under NADA ambit |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27354021/bcci-agrees-come-nada-ambit |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2019 |date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140135/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27354021/bcci-agrees-come-nada-ambit |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI finally comes under NADA, first step towards becoming National Sports Federation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-finally-comes-under-nada-officially-becomes-national-sports-federation/articleshow/70602918.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809183112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-finally-comes-under-nada-officially-becomes-national-sports-federation/articleshow/70602918.cms |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Rebel league===&lt;br /&gt;
The rebel league the [[Indian Cricket League]] (ICL) was owned and operated by [[Essel Group]]. BCCI banned Indian players who played in the ICL, including [[Hemang Badani]], [[Dinesh Mongia]], [[Rohan Gavaskar]] and [[Ambati Rayudu]], but later gave amnesty to these players and lifted theirs bans after they ended their ties with the ICL.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=BCCI lifts ban on Kapil Dev after he snaps ties with ICL |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/bcci-lifts-ban-on-kapil-dev-after-he-snaps-ties-with-icl-111018-2012-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508070637/https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/bcci-lifts-ban-on-kapil-dev-after-he-snaps-ties-with-icl-111018-2012-07-25 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=India Today }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=3 July 2019 |title=Rayudu&#039;s ICL Ban to WC Snub – A Career That Never Really Took Off |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/ambati-rayudu-career-journey-icl-to-team-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508070637/https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/ambati-rayudu-career-journey-icl-to-team-india |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=TheQuint }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Indian Cricket Board lifts ban on ICL players |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/indian-cricket-board-lifts-ban-on-icl-players-1599146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508071829/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/indian-cricket-board-lifts-ban-on-icl-players-1599146 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=NDTVSports.com }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI blacklisted Essel Group company [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] due to this league, and expelled it from the BCCI in 2021. Zee was prohibited from buying BCCI&#039;s media rights.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=BCCI to rope in KPMG for media rights bid process&lt;br /&gt;
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-rope-in-kpmg-for-media-rights-bid-process-7690532/  |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 December 2021 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2006, the BCCI sold the Indian cricket team&#039;s media rights to Zee for the 2006-11 period but after Essel Group initiated the ICL, the BCCI terminated this deal. Zee fought a long legal battle with the BCCI; on 12 March 2018, a tribunal headed by three judges found BCCI guilty and asked them to pay Zee {{INR|140 crores}} for losses. The tribunal found blacklisting of Zee by BCCI was illegal and said in judgement; &amp;quot;To us it seems that BCCI was exploiting its dominating position in respect of game of cricket in India&amp;quot; and also added Zee and its affiliated companies to the blacklist and banning them from participating in the BCCI bidding process was illegal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=March 12, 2018 |title=Tribunal finds blacklisting of ZEE &#039;illegal&#039;, asks BCCI to pay Rs 140 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tribunal-finds-blacklisting-of-zee-illegal-asks-bcci-to-pay-rs-140-crore/article20529063.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Virat Kohli sacking===&lt;br /&gt;
In 2021 BCCI sacked [[Virat Kohli]] from ODI captaincy, then President Ganguly told media that the BCCI asked him to remain captain but Kohli was not interested. After which Kohli took a press conference and contradicted him (Ganguly), revealing that BCCI did not ask him to remain captain. In February 2023, in a sting operation of [[Zee News]], then chief national selector [[Chetan Sharma]], made shocking revelations, accusing Kohli of lying and in fact president Ganguly had told him to remain as captain, in a meeting in front of all the selectors. According to Sharma, Virat Kohli was considering himself bigger than BCCI and wanted to teach a lesson to the President of the BCCI. He also revealed that after Kohli resigned from T20 captaincy, BCCI decided to sack him from ODI captaincy as well because they did not want two separate captains for limited overs format.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/he-wanted-to-teach-ganguly-a-lesson-chetan-sharma-on-ego-clash-between-virat-kohli-and-ex-bcci-president-article-97942636 | title=&#039;He wanted to teach Ganguly a lesson&#039;: Chetan Sharma on &#039;ego clash&#039; between Virat Kohli and ex-BCCI president | date=15 February 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sharma also alleged that lots of Indian players take injections to expedite their return in national team despite being 80 to 85% fit.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/the-bcci-sting-kohli-vs-ganguly-performance-injections-more-what-chetan-sharma-revealed/2982546/ | title=The BCCI Sting: Kohli vs Ganguly, performance injections and more – What Chetan Sharma revealed &amp;amp;#124; the Financial Express | date=15 February 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After few days he resigned from his post.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Chetan Sharma resigns as India&#039;s chairman of selectors after TV sting operation |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chetan-sharma-resigns-as-indias-chairman-of-selectors-after-sting-operation-1359379 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Criticism of BCCI and National selection committee ===&lt;br /&gt;
BCCI and [[India national cricket team selectors|its selection committee]] are routinely slammed for irregularities in their selection process. Ideally, the national team&#039;s selectors should select players based upon their performance in all forms of domestic cricket but often a higher precedence is alleged to be given to the performance in the IPL, even in the selection of Test squads. This results in the de facto exclusion of players who regularly do well in domestic tournaments like the Ranji Trophy. In 2023 [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Aakash Chopra]], [[Abhinav Mukund]], media and many fans slammed BCCI for doing this, Gavaskar fumed said if you (BCCI-selectors) do not consider and choose best performers from Ranji trophy for India&#039;s Test team then stop organising it (Ranji trophy), then just organise IPL and select players from it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title= Unable to understand these selections: India star shoots explosive tweet slamming BCCI for overlooking Ranji Trophy |date= 24 June 2023|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/unable-to-understand-these-selections-india-star-shoots-explosive-tweet-slamming-bcci-for-overlooking-ranji-trophy-101687545282317.html}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/ind-vs-wi-series-former-indian-captain-and-legendary-opening-batter-sunil-gavaskar-has-slammed-bcci-selectors-for-ignoring-sarfaraz-khan-once-again-a-a593/ |title= IPL च्या कामगिरीवरूनच निवड होणार असेल, तर मग युवकांनी रणजीमध्ये खेळायचंच कशाला?|date= 24 June 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=Sarfaraz Khan breaks silence on India Test snub for West Indies series with blockbuster response to BCCI selectors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sarfaraz-khan-breaks-silence-on-india-test-snub-for-west-indies-series-with-blockbuster-response-to-bcci-selectors-101687614134890.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=&#039;How did he jump the queue?&#039;: After Gavaskar&#039;s rant, ex-India opener blasts BCCI over Gaikwad&#039;s selection |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/how-did-he-jump-queue-sunil-gavaskar-rant-ex-india-opener-wasim-jaffer-blasts-bcci-over-ruturaj-gaikwad-test-selection-101687620585310.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Former India skipper [[Sourav Ganguly]] also has raised questions on selection process, while talking about appointment of [[Ajinkya Rahane]] as Test team&#039;s vice-captain for the 2023 West Indies tour. Rahane was dropped from the Test team for 18 months, then BCCI selected him in the squad for the [[2023 World Test Championship Final|2023 World test championship final]], and after playing just one game they (BCCI) made him vice-captain of the Test team; Ganguly said there should be &amp;quot;consistency and continuity&amp;quot; in selection process, this is &amp;quot;difficult to understand&amp;quot;. Some also claim that BCCI&#039;s selectors use different yard stick for different players, they usually select players by looking their stardom, big name, past performance rather than current.&amp;lt;ref name=K&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/virat-kohli-has-same-average-ex-india-star-questions-cheteshwar-pujaras-exclusion-4149858 | title=&amp;quot;Virat Kohli Has Same Average...&amp;quot;: Ex-India Star Questions Cheteshwar Pujara&#039;s Exclusion &amp;amp;#124; Cricket News }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Difficult to understand Ajinkya Rahane&#039;s elevation to Test vice captaincy, just after comeback: Sourav Ganguly |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/difficult-to-understand-ajinkya-rahanes-elevation-to-test-vice-captaincy-just-after-comeback-sourav-ganguly/articleshow/101361684.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is said that the selectors often choose players for national side by considering their one or two best innings in IPL, it seems awarding Indian cap (place in national team) has became[sic] an everydays affair. The position of the captain is also not fixed in the team, random players getting selected as captain, almost each bilateral series had new captain, it is evident by the fact that as of July 2022, the Indian team had 8 different people as captain in last 1 year, almost everyone who played in last 5 year for the team got opportunity to become national team&#039;s captain.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=With 8 captains in 1 year, the Indian cricket team is a puzzle too complex for BCCI |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/with-8-captains-in-1-year-the-indian-cricket-team-is-a-puzzle-too-complex-for-bcci/articleshow/92588086.cms |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Business Insider}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Venkatesh Prasad]] said &amp;quot;There is no consistency in selection random stuff happening too much.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=MS Dhoni Meant It...: Venkatesh Prasad Slams Dravid, Rohit, Hardik For &#039;Process&#039; Talk After Defeat |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ms-dhoni-meant-it-venkatesh-prasad-slams-dravid-rohit-hardik-for-process-talk-after-defeat-article-102725692 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Since last 2 to 3 years, BCCI consistently doing experiments with the national team (senior men&#039;s team), numerous players got selected, but majority of them never got chance to play consistently, as a result of this, there is uncertainty in the one day team, apart from 3-4 players, its not certain who will get selected and who will not (Specially for world cup 2023). It is said that due to BCCI&#039;s experiments since 2019 world cup, the team yet not settled, even though [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 world cup]] is 2.5 months away. The players are also inconsistent in their performance.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=वर्ल्ड कप जिंकायचा की हरायचा? |trans-title=Win world cup or lose ? |pages=5 (II) |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230827_9_13 |access-date=2023-08-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In July 2023, BCCI has faced heavy criticism on social media for not broadcasting domestic tournaments such [[Deodhar Trophy|Deodhar trophy]], [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep trophy]] etc. on TV.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:12&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=BCCI wakes up finally, to... | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 July 2023 |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-wakes-up-finally-to-live-stream-duleep-trophy-final-and-deodhar-games/articleshow/101646898.cms?_gl=1*5he996*_ga*MTYwMjgwNjU4Ny4xNjg5MDU2MzM3*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY4OTA1NjM0Mi4xLjEuMTY4OTA1NjM1Ni40Ni4wLjA. }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Organisation ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Category: Cricket administration in India|label1=about Cricket administration in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Constitution===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI is governed by its constitution. The board has been prohibited by the [[Supreme Court of India]] from amending its own constitution without its approval.&amp;lt;ref name=C/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Headquarters ===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI&#039;s headquarters is located at the [[Cricket Centre]] within the premises of the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] at [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Churchgate]], Mumbai, where it occupies three floors of a four-floor building.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=Qaiser Mohammad Ali New |date=27 May 2015 |title=BCCI spending more on insurance policies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |access-date=20 May 2022 |newspaper=India Today |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104453/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Legal status===&lt;br /&gt;
According to the BCCI, it is an autonomous body and does not receive any grants or funding from the Indian government. In 2004, in the Supreme Court of India, the BCCI&#039;s lawyers said the Indian cricket team is &amp;quot;the official team of BCCI and not the official team of India&amp;quot;. The lawyers also said the BCCI &amp;quot;do not even fly the national flag&amp;quot; and that it never &amp;quot;uses any national emblem in the activities of the Board&amp;quot;. The BCCI recommends its players for prestigious awards such as the [[Arjuna award]] but says it is not a national sports federation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/yes-team-india-needs-bcci-to-be-a-public-body/|title=Yes, Team India needs BCCI to be a public body|date=19 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210035531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/yes-team-india-needs-bcci-to-be-a-public-body/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; {{Dubious span|text=The BCCI is registered as a society in Tamil Nadu under the societies registration act&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=BCCI Under RTI: World&#039;s Richest Cricket Body Is Now Answerable To The People Of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bcci-under-rti-worlds-richest-cricket-body-is-now-answerable-to-the-people-of-india/317566 |website=www.outlookindia.com |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=9 June 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and it denies coming under Article 12 of Indian constitution.|date=November 2022}} Since its foundation, the BCCI has not been sanctioned by Government of India; without sanction it started as a national governing body of cricket in India and as a sole representative of India in international cricket.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:8&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/pil-to-prohibit-bcci-from-representing-india/articleshow/67203263.cms|title=bcci: PIL to prohibit BCCI from representing India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210034027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/pil-to-prohibit-bcci-from-representing-india/articleshow/67203263.cms|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Logo===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI&#039;s logo is derived from the &#039;&#039;[[Star of India (flag)|Star of India]]&#039;&#039; emblem. According to [[Information Commissioner of India|Information Commissioner]] [[Madabhushi Sridhar|Sridhar Acharyulu]], the logo was designed by the [[British Raj|Government of India]] in 1928. It is 90% similar to the &#039;&#039;Star of India&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Why Team India still uses British-era logo: CIC to PMO|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-cic-to-pmo/articleshow/59202742.cms|access-date=27 November 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127135158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-cic-to-pmo/articleshow/59202742.cms|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Why Team India still uses British-era logo: Central Information Commission to PMO|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-central-information-commission-to-pmo/articleshow/59202287.cms?from=mdr|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127133202/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-central-information-commission-to-pmo/articleshow/59202287.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI was alleged to use old official government emblem without prior permission from Government of India and it is an offence under the [[Emblems and Names (Prevention of improper use) Act 1950|Emblem and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:8&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===National teams===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Rohit Sharma during the India vs Australia 4th Test match at Narendra Modi Stadium.jpg|thumb|140px| [[Rohit Sharma]], India cricket team skipper ]]&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI have &#039;[[India cricket team]] (men), [[India women&#039;s national cricket team|Women national team]], India [[India national under-19 cricket team|men&#039;s]] and women&#039;s U19 teams which represents India in international level cricket while it also govern second-tier or junior teams: [[India A cricket team|India A]], B (men&#039;s), India A Women&#039;s. [[Rohit Sharma]] is the skipper of the India cricket team. It has won the 1983, 2011 ODI, and [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 T20]] world cups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Anti-corruption unit ===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI has a special anti-corruption unit that is responsible for preventing malpractice in cricket within India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/anti-corruption|title=Anti Corruption|website=Bcci.tv|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123161548/https://www.bcci.tv/about/anti-corruption|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/dark-side-of-cricket-future-of-mini-ipls-looks-bleak-as-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-waves-a-red-flag/2188525/lite/|title=Dark side of Cricket! Future of mini-IPLs looks bleak as BCCI anti-corruption unit waves a red flag|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=5 February 2021|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127133644/https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/dark-side-of-cricket-future-of-mini-ipls-looks-bleak-as-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-waves-a-red-flag/2188525/lite/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This unit is responsible for investigating unlawful activities such as betting, spot-fixing, match-fixing and corrupt approaches to players.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2020-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-starts-investigation-after-player-reports-corrupt-approach-1728071-2020-10-03|title=IPL 2020: BCCI Anti-corruption unit starts investigation after player reports corrupt approach|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127134439/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2020-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-starts-investigation-after-player-reports-corrupt-approach-1728071-2020-10-03|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Shabir Hussein]] has been the head of this unit since April 2021 .&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= BCCI appoints former Gujarat DGP Shabir Hussein as its Anti-Corruption Unit chief ahead of IPL 2021|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-appoints-former-gujarat-dgp-shabir-hussein-as-its-anti-corruption-unit-chief-1787286-2021-04-05|access-date= 9 October 2022|archive-date= 9 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221009040833/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-appoints-former-gujarat-dgp-shabir-hussein-as-its-anti-corruption-unit-chief-1787286-2021-04-05|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Ethics officer ====&lt;br /&gt;
Former Indian Supreme Court judge [[Vineet Saran]] is the BCCI&#039;s incumbent ethics officer and ombudsman. He was appointed in June 2022.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/former-sc-judge-vineet-saran-appointed-bcci-ethics-officer/article65659583.ece | title=Former SC judge Vineet Saran appointed BCCI ethics officer | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 July 2022 | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928152648/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/former-sc-judge-vineet-saran-appointed-bcci-ethics-officer/article65659583.ece | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The board created this ethics officer post in 2017 due to increasing complaints of [[conflict of interest]] in the board&#039;s office holders, employees and associated people. The officer reviews complaints of conflict of interest.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI to have ethics officer to look into conflict of interest |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-bcci-to-have-ethics-officer-to-look-into-conflict-of-interest-2470133 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=DNA India |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928153706/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-bcci-to-have-ethics-officer-to-look-into-conflict-of-interest-2470133 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Anti-doping unit====&lt;br /&gt;
Dr. Abhijit Salvi is the head of BCCI&#039;s anti-doping unit. NADA sends qualified doctors to collect blood and urine sample of players and later analyse it in lab to find out performance-enhancing drugs or steroids in blood. After that BCCI takes appropriate actions if found doing violations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/news-detail-819625|title=BCCI wants docs to collect dope samples, be involved in testing : The Tribune India|access-date=4 April 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Television production ===&lt;br /&gt;
In 2012, the BCCI established its own [[Producing house|production house]]. The BCCI&#039;s broadcast service produces coverage of international matches of the Indian national cricket team those held in India; and matches of leading domestic tournaments including the IPL. Until 2012, the BCCI paid the production costs to the company who purchased the [[Broadcasting contracts in cricket|media rights]] from them. [[Nimbus Communications]] did production for the BCCI for many years.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-to-now-produce-all-its-matches-110982-2012-07-25|title=BCCI to now produce all its matches|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117114101/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-to-now-produce-all-its-matches-110982-2012-07-25|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI&#039;s production house holds production rights and copyrights of Indian cricket&#039;s content.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-holds-firm-on-broadcaster-fees-588166|title=BCCI holds firm on broadcaster fees|website=Espncricinfo.com|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117114100/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-holds-firm-on-broadcaster-fees-588166|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI broadcasts video highlights of domestic and bilateral cricket series in India on its website.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Power-packed: Hardik Pandya hammers 71*(30) |url=https://www.bcci.tv/videos/5557331/power-packed-hardik-pandya-hammers-7130 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922064216/https://www.bcci.tv/videos/5557331/power-packed-hardik-pandya-hammers-7130 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Starting in July 2023, it will broadcast live, important domestic games form tournaments such as [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]] on its website.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:12&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Affiliated members===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Briefly explain the role of domestic boards that are member of BCCI and their voting rights, how BCCI allocates funding to them though BCCI has little oversight over how domestic boards spend the money and this has led to scope for corruption and nepotistic control of domestic of corrupt politicians over BCCI and domestic board. --&amp;gt;{{Further|BCCI domestic teams|label1=Affiliated domestic teams with BCCI}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Membership of the Board of Control for Cricket in India consists of full members and associate members; only full members have voting rights in annual general meetings (AGMs).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Constitutions of State Associations |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/130576/Constitutions-of-State-Associations |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925102830/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/130576/Constitutions-of-State-Associations |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following the [[Lodha Committee]]&#039;s recommendations in 2015, full membership was restricted to state and union territory associations, and limited to one representative body per state. Subsequently, several state associations became full members and, because the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra each had three members, [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Mumbai]], [[Baroda Cricket Association|Baroda]], [[Saurashtra Cricket Association|Saurashtra]] and [[Vidarbha Cricket Association|Vidharbh]] were relegated to associate membership.&amp;lt;ref name=ND&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/mumbai-lose-permanent-status-all-north-eastern-states-become-bcci-voters-1671166 |title=Mumbai Lose Permanent Status, All North Eastern States Become BCCI Voters |website=NDTV Sports |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922121246/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/mumbai-lose-permanent-status-all-north-eastern-states-become-bcci-voters-1671166 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Neither the [[Cricket Club of India]] of Mumbai nor the [[National Cricket Club]] of Kolkata field teams in major domestic tournaments but as founding members of BCCI, they had full voting rights until the Lodha Committee recommendations were implemented.&amp;lt;ref name=TH&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/why-is-ncc-a-full-member-of-the-bcci/article7440624.ece |title=Why is NCC a full member of the BCCI? |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 July 2015 |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922052923/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/why-is-ncc-a-full-member-of-the-bcci/article7440624.ece |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;supremecourt2022&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Some of the recommendations that were implemented have since been reversed. In 2018, [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]], [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]] and [[Association of Indian Universities|Universities]] regained full membership;&amp;lt;ref name=supremecourt2018&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Supreme Court approves new BCCI constitution, with a couple of key tweaks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173845/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in 2022, the rule restricting states to a single full member was removed, meaning Mumbai, Baroda, Saurashtra and Vidharbh once again became full members.&amp;lt;ref name=supremecourt2022&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Decoded: What does SC verdict on BCCI&#039;s new constitutional amendments mean? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/explained-supreme-court-s-verdict-on-bcci-s-new-constitutional-amendments-122091500971_1.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173955/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/explained-supreme-court-s-verdict-on-bcci-s-new-constitutional-amendments-122091500971_1.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Officials===&lt;br /&gt;
==== President ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{See also|List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
President is an elected position, and is considered the most-powerful position in the BCCI administration. Due to the president&#039;s financial power and the popularity of cricket in India, it is considered as a highly prestigious position. The President of the BCCI presides over the meeting of the apex council and the general body. He signs audited annual accounts and financial statements.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly to head BCCI: What is the role of BCCI President? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=ETV Bharat News |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121510/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly to head BCCI: What is the role of BCCI President? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=ETV Bharat News |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170758/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The full-member state boards can vote in the presidential election. Gujarat and Maharashtra have more than one full member but as per the Lodha Committee, supreme court guidelines state any state can have only one vote in the election at any time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=&amp;lt;!--Not stated--&amp;gt; |date=18 July 2019 |title=Cricket Association of Pondicherry is a Full Member of BCCI |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |access-date=19 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920190913/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Former India-and-[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] cricketer, national selector, India under-19 teams&#039; coach and President of the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] [[Roger Binny]] is the incumbent President of the BCCI. He succeeded [[Sourav Ganguly]]. Binny is a member of India&#039;s [[1983 Cricket World Cup]]-winning team. He took charge in October 2022.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Devendra |title=Sourav Ganguly out of BCCI after declining IPL chairman post; BCCI won&#039;t back him for ICC chairman&#039;s post |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sourav-ganguly-bcci-president-icc-chairman-8203174/ |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011163510/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sourav-ganguly-bcci-president-icc-chairman-8203174/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-bcci-president-roger-binny-a-successful-cricketer-coach-and-polite-yet-assertive-administrator-1340659|title=A man of many hats, new BCCI president Roger Binny braces for new innings|website=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Secretary====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;BCCI secretary&#039; is the second most powerful and important post after president. Secretary signs all the contracts and carries correspondence on behalf of BCCI. [[Jay Shah]] is the incumbent secretary. The secretary have power to take action or defend office bearers, employees of the BCCI.&amp;lt;ref name=C&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-cricket-what-the-supreme-court-judgment-means-for-the-bcci-sourav-ganguly-and-jay-shah-1335253|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920021157/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-cricket-what-the-supreme-court-judgment-means-for-the-bcci-sourav-ganguly-and-jay-shah-1335253?platform=amp|title=Reform rollback - What the Supreme Court judgment means for the BCCI|archive-date=20 September 2022|website=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/india/jay-shah-likely-to-become-bcci-secretary-here-are-the-responsibilities-of-secretary | title=Jay Shah likely to become BCCI secretary; here are the responsibilities of Secretary | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171035/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/india/jay-shah-likely-to-become-bcci-secretary-here-are-the-responsibilities-of-secretary | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Shah is also the present president of [[Asian Cricket Council]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Jay Shah takes over as Asian Cricket Council President |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/jay-shah-appointed-president-of-asian-cricket-council/amp_articleshow/80603164.cms&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiz-qGLu_X-AhV3XWwGHUtHCZkQFnoECDEQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3F2AfEf-DruITM7XeIqIR8 |website=Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====CEO====&lt;br /&gt;
As per the eligibility criteria, the person who has at least 10 years of working experience in a {{INR|100 crore}}-or-more annual turnover company on management position can be a chief executive officer (CEO) of the BCCI. Hemang Amin is the incumbent CEO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-to-have-new-ceo-interim-ceo-hemang-amin-in-fray-too-4035416.html | title=BCCI to Have New CEO; Interim CEO Hemang Amin in Fray Too | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172111/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-to-have-new-ceo-interim-ceo-hemang-amin-in-fray-too-4035416.html | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rahul Johari became the first CEO; the post was created after the recommendation of the Lodha Committee. The CEO of the BCCI handles its management duties and reports to the BCCI secretary.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/bcci-gets-its-first-ceo-but-will-anything-change-225511 | title=BCCI gets its first CEO, but will anything change? | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121510/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/bcci-gets-its-first-ceo-but-will-anything-change-225511 | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== National selectors ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|India national cricket team selectors}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
National selectors are responsible for selecting national men&#039;s senior team. It also select male junior teams [[India A]] and [[India B cricket team|India B]], which represent India in second-and-third tiers of international cricket. The selection committee is composed of five former cricketers from five different zones of the country, [[Shiv Sunder Das|Shivasundar Das]], [[Sridharan Sharath]], [[Salil Ankola]] and [[Subroto Banerjee]] are its present members. Chief selector&#039;s position is vacant as of 22 May 2023&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:6&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/sports/cricket/cricket-news/bcci-announces-new-selection-committee-chetan-sharma-back-as-chairman/articleshow/96816051.cms|title=New Selection Committee: नव्या निवड समितीची घोषणा करताना BCCIने दिला मोठा धक्का, चार नवे चेहरे|website=Maharashtra Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; BCCI&#039;s junior national selection committee selects players for junior teams such as India U19 and U15 men. Sharath Sridharan is its chairman since 17 September 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-appointment-of-junior-selection-committee-members-7515183/|title=BCCI announces appointment of Junior Selection Committee members|date=17 September 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
BCCI gives chief national selector 1.25 Cr rupees per year for his job.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=चेतन शर्मा यांच्या वक्तव्यामुळे बीसीसीआय मध्ये भूकंप! |trans-title=Due to Chetan Sharma&#039;s statement, BCCI suffering earthquake! |pages=8 |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230216_16_6 |access-date=16 February 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[All India women&#039;s selection committee]] selects players for Indian female cricket team. It consists of five female former players from five zones of the nation, who have represented India at international level. {{As of|2020}}, former left-arm spinner [[Neetu David]] is the head of this committee since her appointment on 26 September 2020. The committee consists of Neetu David (head), [[Arati Vaidya|Aarti Vaidya]], [[Renu Margrate]], [[Mithu Mukherjee (cricketer)|Mithu Mukharjee]], [[Venkatacher Kalpana|Venkatechar Kalpana.]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Former India cricketer Neetu David appointed as the head of BCCI&#039;s All-India Women&#039;s Selection Committee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-cricket-india-women-national-selection-committee-head-neetu-david-1725727-2020-09-26 |newspaper=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Cricket Advisory Committee====&lt;br /&gt;
This committee has three members. CAC is responsible for selecting head coach for men&#039;s and women&#039;s national senior team.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/perks-of-bccis-honorary-job-first-class-travel-suite-room-and-usd-1000-per-day-on-foreign-trips-7511029.html | title=Perks of BCCI&#039;s Honorary Job: First Class Travel, Suite Room and USD 1000 per Day on Foreign Trips }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Domestic tournaments ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Category: Indian domestic cricket competitions|label1=List of domestic cricket competitions in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI organise following national-level tournaments :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Men&#039;s domestic cricket ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ranji Trophy]] {{efn|[[First-class cricket]] tournament, held since 1935}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]{{efn|Annual [[One day cricket]]  tournament}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Duleep Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Deodhar Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Irani Cup]]{{efn|Annually organised before cricket season start, in between Winner of Ranji trophy versus [[Rest of India cricket team]], comprising best player of last Ranji season of all the teams}} &lt;br /&gt;
* [[CK Nayudu Trophy]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.inningsbreak.com/apex-council-meeting-bcci-to-decide-on-resumption-of-ck-nayudu-trophy-loc-formation-for-2023-world-cup/ | title=BCCI to decide on resumption of CK Nayudu Trophy in Apex Virtual Meeting | access-date=10 October 2022 | archive-date=10 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010154808/https://www.inningsbreak.com/apex-council-meeting-bcci-to-decide-on-resumption-of-ck-nayudu-trophy-loc-formation-for-2023-world-cup/ | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Under 25 State A Trophy ([[One-Day cricket|One Day]] format)&amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Women&#039;s domestic cricket ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Women&#039;s Senior One Day Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Women&#039;s Senior T20 Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Women&#039;s IPL|Women&#039;s Premier League]] (WPL)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:4&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Senior Women&#039;s Challenger Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Senior Women&#039;s T20 Challenger Cup]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Senior Women&#039;s Inter zonal tournament (T20 format)&amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
*  Senior Women&#039;s Inter-zonal One Day&amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Women&#039;s junior tournaments====&lt;br /&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Women&#039;s Under 19 T20 Challenger Trophy&amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt;  (India A, B, C and D teams participate)&lt;br /&gt;
* Women&#039;s under 19 T20 trophy&amp;lt;ref name=W/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Women&#039;s under 19 One Day Trophy &amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* U-16 one day tournament &amp;lt;ref name=W&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wisden.com/stories/india-domestic-cricket-schedule-for-2022-23-full-list-of-mens-womens-tournaments/amp | title=India Domestic Cricket Schedule for 2022/23: Full List of Men&#039;s &amp;amp; Women&#039;s Tournaments | date=8 August 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Women&#039;s under 15 One Day Trophy&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BCCIT&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=SERIES AND TOURNAMENTS |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/series-and-tournaments |website=www.bcci.tv}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Men&#039;s Junior cricket tournaments====&lt;br /&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cooch Behar Trophy]] (U-19, 4 day format) &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vinoo Mankad Trophy]] (U-19, One Day format) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralacricketassociation.com/2021/08/probables-for-the-vinoo-mankad-trophy/|title=Probables for the Vinoo Mankad Trophy|access-date=4 April 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vijay Merchant Trophy]] (U-16) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=THE BOARD OF CONTROL FOR CRICKET IN INDIA |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/247/vijay-merchant-trophy|access-date=3 October 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vizzy Trophy]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Hardik Varma selected in West Zone cricket team for Vizzy Trophy|url=&lt;br /&gt;
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/74599984.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=&lt;br /&gt;
12 March 2020 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ([[List A cricket|List-A]] format)&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Finance==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Earning ===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI is a private entity; it does not depend on the Government of India for its finances.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bcci-income-surplus-decline-in-200809/509551/|title=Decline in BCCI income during 2008-09s|access-date=19 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325160616/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bcci-income-surplus-decline-in-200809/509551|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2020, with US$405 million out of US$1,534 million, India had 26% share in the ICC FTP income disbursed to 10 Test playing nations, while the England and Wales Cricket Board received US$139 million as the second-highest earner.&amp;lt;ref name=savior1/&amp;gt; In the same year, to refinance other boards after the global economic decline and the significantly reduced income of most boards due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the ICC changed its FTP schedule to organise more international matches with India.&amp;lt;ref name=savior1/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ICC will share 38.5% of its total annual income with BCCI from 2023 to 2027, the board could earn [[USD|$]]1.15 bn plus in this cycle. BCCI will receive biggest share of ICC&#039;s income than any other board.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=&#039;बीसीसीआय&#039;ला मिळणार अब्जावधीचा हिस्सा |trans-title=BCCI will receive share of billions |url=https://www.loksatta.com/krida/bcci-will-get-revenue-share-from-international-cricket-council-zws-70-3648397/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDt8fgyvH-AhW_U2wGHcHcBiQQu7wFegQILRAG&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0E-GmjcN2Il7nQkFJt0irQ |website=[[Loksatta]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
===Income===&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Financial year#India|financial year]] (FY) 2019–2020, the BCCI&#039;s total annual income was estimated to be over {{INR|3,730 crore}} (US$535 million), including {{INR|2,500 crore}} (US$345 million) from the IPL, {{INR|950 crore}} (US$139 million) from bilateral cricket with other nations, and {{INR|380 crore}} (US$51 million per year or total US$405 million for eight years) from India&#039;s share of ICC revenue.&amp;lt;ref name=savior1&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bailout-plan-play-more-matches-with-india/story-VRqndyDqK1aBAy0bT21qoO.html |title=BCCI bailout plan: Play more matches with India |website=Hindustantimes.com |date=26 April 2020 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426040601/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bailout-plan-play-more-matches-with-india/story-VRqndyDqK1aBAy0bT21qoO.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
In financial year 2021-2022 the BCCI earned ₹4542 Cr, in FY 2022-2023 earned ₹6558 Cr.&amp;lt;ref name=V&amp;gt;https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/board-of-control-for-cricket-in-india-bcci-paid-rs-1159-crore-income-tax-in-2021-22-37-higher-than-last-year-a-a593/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref name=HK/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== ICC income share ====&lt;br /&gt;
In 2020, as per the present eight-year Future Tours Program (FTP), India receives US$405 million from the ICC, as contrasted with US$139 million to the England and Wales Cricket Board, while US$128 million for each of Cricket Australia, Cricket South Africa, Pakistan Cricket Board, New Zealand Cricket, Sri Lanka Cricket, Cricket West Indies and Bangladesh Cricket Board, and US$94 million for Zimbabwe.&amp;lt;ref name=savior1/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In FY 2023–2027, ICC going to share 38.5% of its annual revenue with the BCCI.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Media rights ====&lt;br /&gt;
On 16 January 2023, the board sold the [[Women&#039;s Premier League (cricket)|Women&#039;s Premier League&#039;s]] [[media rights]] in {{INRConvert|951|c|year=2023}} for the period of 2023-2027 to [[Viacom18]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-17 |title=Women&#039;s IPL agrees £95m broadcast rights deal before a ball is bowled |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jan/16/womens-indian-premier-league-agrees-95m-broadcast-rights-deal-cricket&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjq74XbpfeAAxX4zjgGHdtiBf4QFnoECC4QAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw07x88JhCNl7pg7Rs9CjrgR |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 31 August 2023, [[Viacom18]] has acquired the media rights of &amp;quot;India cricket&amp;quot; as a result Viacom18 has exclusive rights to broadcast all the bilateral matches of India national women&#039;s-men&#039;s cricket team&#039;s which will take place in India and right to air all the domestic tournaments such as [[Ranji]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare trophy]], [[Irani Cup]], [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep trophy]] and many more. The {{INR|5,963 crores}} deal will last from Sept 2023 to March 2028. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces the successful bidder for acquiring the Media Rights for the BCCI International Matches and Domestic Matches for September 2023 – March 2028 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556034/bcci-announces-the-successful-bidder-for-acquiring-the-media-rights-for-the-bcci-international-matches-and-domestic-matches-for-september-2023-march-2028 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[IPL]] is the BCCI&#039;s largest source of income by medium of media rights. From 2018 to 2022, global rights were awarded to [[STAR India|Star India]] for ₹16,347.5 crore (US$2.0 billion). In 2022, BCCI sold IPL media rights for a staggering ₹48,390 crore (equivalent to ₹510 billion or US$6.4 billion in 2023), comprising television rights of ₹23,575 crore and digital rights of ₹20,500 crore, which were won by Disney and Viacom18 respectively. This deal includes 410 matches from 2023 to 2027. Viacom 18 won the exclusive digital rights for the Indian subcontinent and for streaming to the UK, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa; while Times Internet won global streaming rights in the Middle East, North Africa and the United States. Due to this deal, the IPL became the second-richest league in the world behind [[National Football League]] (NFL).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:15&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039; History of BCCI&#039;s media rights-&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2018, satellite broadcaster [[STAR India|Star India]] won the BCCI&#039;s exclusive media rights for the years 2018–2023. Star India won the rights to broadcast Indian cricket team&#039;s matches on their television channels, and rights to broadcast on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] for {{INR|6138.10 crore}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On average, Star Sports pays {{INR|60.1 crore}} per match to the BCCI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=STAR India wins BCCI media rights for Rs 6138.10 crore from 2018 to 2023|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/star-india-wins-bcci-media-rights-for-rs-6138-10-crore-from-2018-to-2023-1205396-2018-04-05|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117123033/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/star-india-wins-bcci-media-rights-for-rs-6138-10-crore-from-2018-to-2023-1205396-2018-04-05|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The deal also include rights to broadcast men&#039;s domestic tournaments such as the Vijay Hazare trophy, Ranji trophy, [[Irani Cup]], [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep trophy]] and [[Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]; and women&#039;s international cricket matches in India on Star Sport and Disney+ Hotstar.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Sponsorship rights ====&lt;br /&gt;
[[Viacom18|Viacom18&#039;s]] [[Sports18]] TV channel and its [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT]] platform [[JioCinema]] is the current (2023-2027) official broadcaster of thr BCCI. Adidas is kit sponsor (since June 2023), September 2023 onwards [[IDFC First Bank]] is title sponsor for all the bilateral series in India and for all the domestic tournaments, excluding the IPL and [[Women&#039;s Premier League (cricket)|Women&#039;s Premier League]] because their title sponsor is TATA for 2022-23 season.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=IDFC First acquires title sponsorship rights for all BCCI international and domestic home matches |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556033/idfc-first-acquires-title-sponsorship-rights-for-all-bcci-international-and-domestic-home-matches |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Tata gr. replaces Vivo... |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/tata-group-replaces-vivo-as-ipls-title-sponsor/amp_articleshow/88830192.cms&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiT_JuakMqBAxUZe_UHHfbnC8kQFnoECCAQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw21Xq465MNaGHwuO09nygOz |website=Economic times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Dream11|Dream 11]], [[Ambuja Cements|Ambuja]] and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] are official partners.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/history|url-status=live|website=Bcci.tv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017174201/https://www.bcci.tv/about/history |archive-date=17 October 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Ticketing rights ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
BCCI sold [[IPL 2022]] ticket-selling rights to &#039;&#039;[[Book My Show]]&#039;&#039;. The deal includes management of spectator entry on stadum gates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BookMyShow &amp;amp;#124; IPL 2022 Tickets: BookMyShow bags exclusive ticketing rights for IPL 2022 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/bookmyshow-bags-exclusive-ticketing-rights-for-ipl-2022/articleshow/90391205.cms |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018210207/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/bookmyshow-bags-exclusive-ticketing-rights-for-ipl-2022/articleshow/90391205.cms |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Paytm|Paytm insider]] app also often sells bilateral series&#039;s tickets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Expenditure===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cricketing infrastructure development ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{Update section|date=September 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
On 12 September 2006, the BCCI announced it would spend {{INR|1,600 crore}} over the next year to upgrade cricket stadiums in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/259270.html |title=BCCI to invest $347 million on domestic facilities &amp;amp;#124; Cricket News &amp;amp;#124; Global &amp;amp;#124; Cricinfo.com |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207092441/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/259270.html |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Update inline|date=September 2022|reason=This info is very old, should move in hist section.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the early 2000s, it established the [[National Cricket Academy]] at Bangalore to train future cricketers. On 17 February 2022, the BCCI president Sourav Ganguly founded a new NCA facility at Bangalore, which occupies {{cvt|40|acre}} of land near an airport. On completion, it will have three cricket grounds, 40 practice pitches, residential rooms, a swimming pool and a gymnasium. Construction will cost {{INR|200 crore}}.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI plans NCA contracts for fresh bowling talent, both men and women  |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 February 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-plans-nca-contracts-for-fresh-bowling-talent-both-men-and-women/articleshow/89605892.cms }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Stadium security====&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI hires police for security and crowd control in arenas during IPL, bilateral and ICC tournaments, unlike Australian or English cricket boards who hire private security agencies. In Maharashtra from June 2023 onwards they have to pay ₹35, ₹50, ₹60 lakhs for Test, ODI and T20 per game respectively to the [[Maharashtra government]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=क्रिकेट आयोजकांवर राज्य... |trans-title=State gov on cricket administrators... |pages=8 |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230627_8_2 |access-date=27 June 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Efn|In India state police forces comes under their state governments.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Donations====&lt;br /&gt;
In March 2020, BCCI President [[Sourav Ganguly]] announced a donation of {{INR|51 crore}} to the [[PM CARES Fund]] to combat the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI donates Rs 51 crore to Prime Minister&#039;s Relief Fund |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/mar/28/covid-19-bcci-donates-rs-51-crore-to-prime-ministers-relief-fund-2122788.html |access-date=16 April 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330162559/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/mar/28/covid-19-bcci-donates-rs-51-crore-to-prime-ministers-relief-fund-2122788.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In May 2021, the media reported that the BCCI would donate 2,000 {{convert|10|litre|adj=on}} [[Oxygen concentrator]]s to help India fight COVID.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI to donate 2000 oxygen concentrators of 10-litre capacity each to help India fight COVID-19 |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/bcci-to-donate-2000-oxygen-concentrators-of-10-litre-capacity-each-to-help-india-fight-covid-19/ |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=SportsTiger |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524090425/https://www.sportstiger.com/bcci-to-donate-2000-oxygen-concentrators-of-10-litre-capacity-each-to-help-india-fight-covid-19/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI to donate 10-Litre 2000 Oxygen concentrators |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/bcci-to-donate-10-litre-2000-oxygen-concentrators/articleshow/82905501.cms |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524090954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/bcci-to-donate-10-litre-2000-oxygen-concentrators/articleshow/82905501.cms |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Update inline|date=September 2022|reason=Does they donated or not?}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2021, the BCCI announced, it will donate ₹10 Cr to Olympic bound Indian contingent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI to support Olympic-bound Indian contingent with Rs 10 crore donation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/bcci-to-support-olympic-bound-indian-contingent-with-rs-10-crore-donation-271497 |website=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August 2023, it paid {{INRConvert|2.25|c|lk=crore|year=2023}} to the Constitution Club of India based in New Delhi, to buy gym equipments. The club is an exclusive club for members of parliament of India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=BCCI donated Rs 2.25 crores to club for Parliamentarians |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-donated-rs-2-25-crores-to-club-for-parliamentarians/amp_articleshow/102495223.cms |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Encouragement to other sports ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|India at the 2020 Summer Olympics}} It announced reward to the Indian olympians who won medal at [[Tokyo Olympics 2020|Tokyo Olympics]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|author=&amp;lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&amp;gt;|date=7 August 2021|title=BCCI announces cash rewards for Olympic medallists, Neeraj Chopra to get Rs 1 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/bcci-announces-cash-rewards-for-olympic-medallists-neeraj-chopra-to-get-rs-1-crore/articleshow/85131646.cms|department=Sports|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212031545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/bcci-announces-cash-rewards-for-olympic-medallists-neeraj-chopra-to-get-rs-1-crore/articleshow/85131646.cms|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Players&#039; contracts and welfare====&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Describe how the quantum of annual amount spent, describe the types of players contracts, as well as the pension and welfare activities undertaken for the former players. --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Contracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI created four grades for contracted male players—A+, A, B andC; and three grades for contracted female players—A, B and C. Male players who are in A+ grade get {{INR|7 crore}} a year. Players of A-grade get {{INR|5 crore}}, B-grade&#039;s players get {{INR|3 crore}} and C-grade players receive {{INR|1 crore}} per year. Female players who are in A grade get {{INR|50 lakh}} a year, B-grade players get {{INR|30 lakh}} a year and C-grade players get {{INR|10 lakh}} a year.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=भारत में रिटायर्ड क्रिकेट खिलाडियों को कितनी पेंशन मिलती है?|trans-title=Who much pension the retired cricketers got in India ?|work=Jagaran josh|url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amp/pension-to-retired-cricket-players-in-india-in-hindi-1539600031-2|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120101803/https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amp/pension-to-retired-cricket-players-in-india-in-hindi-1539600031-2|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Pension schemes ====&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI gives pensions to former domestic and international players who played for India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; On 31 December 1993 BCCI decided to give 50,000 rupees pension to the players, who played more than 25 International Test match for the nation. The board gives {{INR|15,000}} pensions to the players who played in the Ranji Trophy before the 1957-to-1958 season.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; In 2013, the BCCI gave one-time benefits to domestic players who played in more than 75 first-class matches.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=BCCI proposes big raise in pension|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-proposes-big-raise-in-pension/amp_articleshow/69608298.cms|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209145715/https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-proposes-big-raise-in-pension/amp_articleshow/69608298.cms|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For female cricketers, the board give a {{INR|22,500}}- per-month pension to players who played 10 or more Tests for India; and {{INR|15,000}} per month for those who played between five and nine Tests.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Insurance ====&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI has taken insurance for nearly everything related to them; they covered [[mediclaim]] of their employees, they have insured international and domestic players for loss of fees due to injury, matches, their old office and new office at Wankhede stadium and IPL matches. In case of cancellation of IPL, domestic and international cricket matches due to poor weather, riot, or fire, the BCCI receives payments from insurance companies.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=Qaiser Mohammad Ali |date=27 May 2015 |title=BCCI spending more on insurance policies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |newspaper=India Today |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104453/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI provides {{INR|5 lakh}} insurance to players who played under the board.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Indian Cricketers Association Wants Players Pension, Insurance Doubled|work=[[News 18]]|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/indian-cricketers-association-wants-players-pension-insurance-doubled-2364475.html|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120103305/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/indian-cricketers-association-wants-players-pension-insurance-doubled-2364475.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Tax payment ===&lt;br /&gt;
In 2018, {{INR|472.22 crore}} of tax was outstanding till 1 April 2018;l, this sum was cleared along with interest in September 2018. However the [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]] issued a notice for tax evasion to the BCCI, they also demanded the BCCI for another outstanding income-tax payment of {{INR|1,303 crore}}; according to details submitted by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of finance]] in the Parliament in February 2019.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bcci-issued-notice-in-tax-evasion-case-by-revenue-119031901200_1.html |title=BCCI issued notice in tax evasion case by revenue |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard News |date= 19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913142218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bcci-issued-notice-in-tax-evasion-case-by-revenue-119031901200_1.html |archive-date=13 September 2019 |url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since IPL began [[Income Tax Department]] (IT department) refused to give income tax exemption for IPL, said it is an annual commercial activity. Since financial year 2007-2008 to 2017-2018, BCCI paid [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]3,500 [[Crore|Cr]] to IT department, out of around ₹12000 Cr it earned from the IPL.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-02-09 |title=Since IPL launch, BCCI has paid Rs 3,500cr in tax |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/since-ipl-launch-bcci-has-paid-rs-3500cr-in-tax/articleshow/62845645.cms |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2007–08, although the IT department withdrew this exemption{{Which|date=August 2023}}, BCCI only paid tax amounting to {{INRConvert|41.9|c}} against its tax liability of {{INRConvert|413|c}} in the 2009–2010 financial year&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cricket/news/article322195.ece|title=BCCI owes Rs. 373 crore to Income Tax dept|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 February 2012|access-date=28 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308113947/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cricket/news/article322195.ece|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2012, BCCI paid no income tax, claimed they are a charitable organisation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|title=BCCI not a &#039;charitable organisation&#039;|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 February 2012|access-date=28 February 2012|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222235222/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|archive-date=22 February 2012|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2015, then [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance minister]] [[Jayant Sinha]] said, ministry collected ₹2140.58 Cr from BCCI, 2004–05 onwards, but tax payment still pending, 53 Cr is from assessment year 2008–09, ₹100 Cr from 2010 to 11, ₹100 Cr from 2011 to 12, ₹116.89 Cr of year 2012–13 from BCCI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-05-12 |title=Government collected Rs 2,140 crore as tax from BCCI since 2004-05 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/government-collected-rs-2140-crore-as-tax-from-bcci-since-2004-05/articleshow/47249305.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2014–15, the BCCI paid ₹864.78 Cr income tax by leaving outstanding tax of ₹462.52 Cr, which income tax department want from it, also demanded ₹400 Cr from FY 2015–16.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:14&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-01-19 |title=Outstanding tax demand of BCCI may go up to over Rs 860 crore: RTI reply |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/outstanding-tax-demand-of-bcci-may-go-up-to-over-rs-860-crore-rti-reply/articleshow/62571140.cms |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The following table contains the information of BCCI&#039;s tax payment :&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AT&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=10 August 2023 |title=बीसीसीआयने किती कर भरला? |script-title= |language=mr |trans-title=Tax payment of BCCI? |pages=17 |website=Lokmat |location=[[Mumbai]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230810_12_10 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|class= wikitable&lt;br /&gt;
!FY &lt;br /&gt;
! Amount&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2013–14&lt;br /&gt;
|₹50&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI paid rs 50 crore as income tax last month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-paid-rs-50-crore-as-income-tax-last-month/article8466905.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or ₹100 Cr&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:13&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2014–15&lt;br /&gt;
|₹864.78 Cr&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:14&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2017–18&lt;br /&gt;
|₹596.21 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2018–19&lt;br /&gt;
| ₹815.08 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2019–20&lt;br /&gt;
|₹882.29 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2020–21&lt;br /&gt;
|₹844.92 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2021–22&lt;br /&gt;
|₹1159 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|2022–23&lt;br /&gt;
|₹4000 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== In popular culture ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The BCCI was featured in the &#039;&#039;[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]&#039;&#039;, a 2019 [[Telugu language]] film in which the main protagonist Arjun ([[Nani (actor)|Nani]]) aspires to play for the [[India national cricket team]] and in the [[Ranji Trophy]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Nani-starrer &#039;Jersey&#039;, garners praise from cricket buffs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gowtam-tinnanuris-jersey-starring-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-has-been-garnering-praise-from-film-and-cricket-buffs/article26910841.ece/amp/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjV6evo_bn7AhXSmeYKHU7IBjMQFnoECDoQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0QEfBukWErXcBRXXnH8KlG |newspaper=The Hindu| date=22 April 2019 | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* This organisation was mentioned in &#039;&#039;[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]&#039;&#039; (2016) [[Bollywood]] film.&lt;br /&gt;
* The BCCI was a major talking point in comedian [[Hasan Minhaj]]&#039;s &amp;quot;Cricket Corruption&amp;quot; episode on the &#039;&#039;[[Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj]]&#039;&#039;. In &amp;quot;Cricket Corruption&amp;quot;, Minhaj claims that the growth of Indian cricket is suppressing cricket&#039;s inclusivity and accessibility to fledgling nations (these are referred to as &amp;quot;Associate Members&amp;quot; by the ICC). He even opines that the financial successes of the IPL have launched the BCCI to a position where they now transcend the ICC in global cricketing power and influence.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Celik |first=Ipek A. |date=2019 |title=A New Era of American Comedy: Hasan Minhaj, Patriot Act and Politics in the Age of Trump |journal=Journal of American Studies of Turkey |via=JSTOR}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* The BCCI was featured in Kabir Khan&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[83 (film)|83]]&#039;&#039; (2021), which is a Hindi-language sports drama film that chronicles India&#039;s against-all-odds victory in the 1983 Cricket World Cup. Albeit not by any means the central focus of the film, the BCCI are presented as an important organization in Indian cricket in supporting and promoting the game across the nation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cricket in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BCCI Awards]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sport in India]] – Overview of sport in India&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Sports governing bodies in India|List of national level sport governing bodies in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Explanatory notes ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|group=details}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Notelist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bcci.tv/ Official Website]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Cricket in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Sports governing bodies in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{BCCI Members}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Asian Cricket Council}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Cricket administration in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Cricket]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1928]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India&amp;diff=432977</id>
		<title>Board of Control for Cricket in India</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India&amp;diff=432977"/>
		<updated>2023-10-05T21:32:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: v2.05 - Fix errors for CW project (HTML text style element &amp;lt;b&amp;gt; (bold) - Spelling and typography)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Short description|National governing body of cricket in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{for|the bank|Bank of Credit and Commerce International}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox sport governing body&lt;br /&gt;
|name         = Board of Control for Cricket in India&lt;br /&gt;
|native name  = &lt;br /&gt;
|abbrev       = BCCI&lt;br /&gt;
|logo         = Cricket India Crest.svg&lt;br /&gt;
|sport        = [[Cricket]]&lt;br /&gt;
|category     =&lt;br /&gt;
|image        =&lt;br /&gt;
|jurisdiction = India&lt;br /&gt;
|founded      = {{Start date and age|December 1928}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14|title=Foundation BCCI|website=www.icc-cricket.com|access-date=17 February 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|aff          = [[International Cricket Council]]&lt;br /&gt;
|affdate      = {{Start date|31 May 1926}}&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;icc-cricket.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Full member Board of Control for Cricket in India. |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|region       = [[Asian Cricket Council]]&lt;br /&gt;
|regionyear   = 19 September 1983&lt;br /&gt;
|headquarters = Cricket centre, [[Mumbai]]&amp;lt;ref name=ICC&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 | title=International Cricket Council | access-date=4 October 2022 | archive-date=4 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|location     = [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]&amp;lt;ref name= ICC/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us|title=THE BOARD OF CONTROL FOR CRICKET IN INDIA|website=www.bcci.tv|access-date=17 May 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517071725/https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|president    = [[Roger Binny]]&amp;lt;ref name=agm22&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Roger Binny elected 36th BCCI president |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/roger-binny-elected-36th-bcci-president-101666074122652.html |access-date=18 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018073154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/roger-binny-elected-36th-bcci-president-101666074122652.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|vicepresident = [[Rajeev Shukla]]&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|secretary    =  [[Jay Shah]]&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|coach        =  [[Rahul Dravid]]&lt;br /&gt;
|womenscoach  =  &#039;&#039;Vacant&#039;&#039; &amp;lt;ref name=AA&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-jay-shah-india-womens-team-head-coach-full-fledged-staff-2358500-2023-04-11 | title=India women&#039;s team will get full-fledged coaching staff, says BCCI secretary Jay Shah }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|prevfounded  = &lt;br /&gt;
|operating income =[[Indian rupee sign|₹]] 6558 [[Crore]] (FY 2022-23)&amp;lt;ref name=HK&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-agm-guest-players-only-to-get-match-fee-no-extra-sum-8955545/|website=Indian express|title=BCCI AGM...}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|year closed =&lt;br /&gt;
|more = &lt;br /&gt;
|membership =[[List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|41]]&lt;br /&gt;
|url = https://www.bcci.tv&lt;br /&gt;
|chiefexec = Hemang Amin&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.inningsbreak.com/hemang-amin-appointed-as-interim-ceo-by-bcci/ | title=Hemang Amin appointed as interim CEO by BCCI | access-date=10 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010154803/https://www.inningsbreak.com/hemang-amin-appointed-as-interim-ceo-by-bcci/ | archive-date=10 October 2022 | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|key staff = [[Ajit Agarkar]] (chief national selector)&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Ashish Shelar]] (treasurer)&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Devajit Saikia (joint-secretary)&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; [[Abey Kuruvilla]] (general manager)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/abey-kuruvilla-former-india-pacer-appointed-as-bccis-new-general-manager-1646296198-1|title=Abey Kuruvilla, former India pacer, appointed as BCCI&#039;s new General Manager|date=3 March 2022|website=Jagranjosh.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Vineet Saran]] (Ethics officer) &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Dr Abhijit Salvi (head, Anti-doping unit)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/nada-to-start-testing-players-during-duleep-trophy-games-bcci-wants-only-doctors-as-dcos/articleshow/70722728.cms | title=NADA to start testing players during Duleep Trophy games, BCCI wants only doctors as DCOs | newspaper=The Times of India | date=18 August 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Shabir Hussein (head, anti-corruption unit)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-former-gujarat-dgp-shabir-hussein-appointed-new-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-chief/379309|title=Former Gujarat DGP Shabir Hussein Appointed New BCCI Anti-corruption Unit Chief|date=12 January 2022|website=Outlook India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Arun Dhumal (chairman, IPL)&amp;lt;ref name=agm22/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|countryflag=India&lt;br /&gt;
|caption=Official Crest of the BCCI&lt;br /&gt;
|sponsor=[[Dream11]], [[Adidas]], [[IDFC First Bank]], [[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]], [[Ambuja Cements]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues|title=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|website=Bcci.tv|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119181159/https://www.bcci.tv/venues|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The &#039;&#039;&#039;Board of Control for Cricket in India&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;&#039;BCCI&#039;&#039;&#039;)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Jaspirt Bumrah: …तर जसप्रीत बुमराहचं करिअर धोक्यात, दुखापतीबाबत मोठा खुलासा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/krida/ipl/jasprit-bumrah-rohit-sharma-dravid-wont-even-be-told-about-bumrah-surprising-news-avw-92-3544332/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Loksatta |date=25 March 2023 |language=mr}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; is the national governing body of [[Cricket in India]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24861269/bcci-covered-india-right-information-rti-act-rules-top-appellate-body|title=BCCI covered under Australia&#039;s Right to Information Act, rules top appellate body|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002152001/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24861269/bcci-covered-india-right-information-rti-act-rules-top-appellate-body|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Its headquarters is situated at the Cricket centre in [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=THE BOARD OF CONTROL FOR CRICKET IN INDIA |url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517071725/https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI is the wealthiest [[governing body]] of [[cricket]] in the world.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Explained: ... board set to earn per ICC revenue ... |url=https://wisden.com/stories/news-stories/icc-revenue-share-model-2024-27-each-board-bcci-ecb-ca-pcb/amp&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiZ37Tu9KT_AhUpzTgGHZKECTwQFnoECCkQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1qiCenmCvI1ZYD_nZGK-hz |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[Wisden]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI spearheading Covid-hit world? Listing revenues of top 10 richest cricket boards in 2021. |work=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/bcci-spearheading-covid-hit-world-listing-revenues-of-top-10-richest-cricket-boards-in/763329 |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120112022/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/bcci-spearheading-covid-hit-world-listing-revenues-of-top-10-richest-cricket-boards-in/763329 |archive-date=20 November 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI among the richest sporting bodies, boasts 5,300 crore revenue |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bcci-among-richest-sporting-bodies-boasts-of-rs5300-crore-revenue/1012016/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjJi-iw6Kb0AhVqwTgGHVYICCAQFnoECBYQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3xVKgKOJZn9BIpB_kOUEc5 |access-date=29 May 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The BCCI was formed in December 1928 and is a consortium of [[List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|state cricket associations]] that select their own representatives who elect the BCCI president. [[R. E. Grant Govan|Grant Govan]] was the first BCCI president and [[Anthony De Mello]] was its first secretary.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/about/2019/history|title=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330171615/http://www.bcci.tv/about/2019/history|archive-date=30 March 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; {{As of|February 2023}}, [[Roger Binny]] is the incumbent BCCI president and [[Jay Shah]] is secretary.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; The board joined the [[International Cricket Council|Imperial Cricket Conference]] in 1926.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;icc-cricket.com&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; The BCCI is an autonomous, private organisation that does not fall under the purview of the National Sports Federation of India and the [[Government of India]] has minimal regulation on it. It does not receive any grants or funds from the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. The BCCI is influential in international cricket.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Life changing... |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/life-changing-womens-premier-league-teams-sold-for-806-million-ahead-of-inaugural-tournament/news-story/f6fe3556d127bd40ae68046f47ff0711 |website=Fox sports Australia|date=25 January 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;auto&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |last=Krishna B |first=Venkata |title=BCCI comes under NADA code, but not National Sports Federation yet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/aug/10/bcci-comes-under-nada-code-but-not-national-sports-federation-yet-2016906.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129075418/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/aug/10/bcci-comes-under-nada-code-but-not-national-sports-federation-yet-2016906.html |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:10&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI monopoly... |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 January 2015 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/BCCI-monopoly-and-judicial-review/article62119580.ece/amp/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001072439/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/BCCI-monopoly-and-judicial-review/article62119580.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The International Cricket Council shares the largest part of its revenue with the BCCI. Its [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] is one of the wealthiest sports league in the world.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Explained {{!}} The IPL business model and how it compares to sports leagues globally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/explained-the-ipl-business-model-and-how-it-compares-to-sports-leagues-globally/article65547025.ece |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=The Hindu|date=24 June 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In financial year 2022-2023 BCCI earned {{INR convert|6558|c|lk=c|to=USD}}. In 2023, the board sold India cricket&#039;s [[media rights]] to [[Viacom18]] for more than {{INRConvert|6000|c}},{{Efn|By this deal [[Viacom18]] got brodcasting rights of all the bilateral matches that will take place in India and right to telecast BCCI&#039;s all domestic tournaments such as Ranji trophy, Vijay Hazare trophy etc. from year 2023 to 2027.}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=BCCI AGM: Guest players only to get match fee, no extra sum |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-agm-guest-players-only-to-get-match-fee-no-extra-sum-8955545/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Women&#039;s Premier League (cricket)|WPL]] media rights was sold for {{INR|951 crores|year=2023}} to Viacom18 in 2023 and in 2022 IPL media rights was sold to Viacom18–[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star sports]] for {{INRConvert|48390|c}}. All the media rights are awarded for 5 years.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI Media Rights ... |url=https://www.esakal.com/krida/viacom18-seal-both-tv-digital-rights-in-bcci-media-rights-auction-for-five-years-aas86 |website=[[Sakal]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Viacom18 bags broadcasting rights for Women&#039;s IPL 2023-27 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/viacom18-bags-broadcasting-rights-for-womens-ipl-2023-27/article66382461.ece/amp/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjqxp-064aBAxWoRmwGHZP9Dn4QFnoECBQQBQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0USeH1WqbBqItkpIROeCxl |website=The Hindu}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:15&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=15 June 2022 |title=IPL Media Rights: It&#039;s a deal! – Everything you need to know about final IPL media rights figures |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-a-deal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-final-ipl-media-rights-figures/articleshow/92222684.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921023514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-a-deal-everything-you-need-to-know-about-final-ipl-media-rights-figures/articleshow/92222684.cms |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;The BCCI pays hundreds of crores rupees in the form of tax to the government of India, paid {{INRConvert|4000|c|lk=crores|year=2023}} in financial year 2022-23.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AT&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;{{refn|group=details|For detail information see [[#Tax payment]].}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The BCCI has hosted multiple [[ICC World Cup]]s,{{Efn|It hosted [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 ODI world cup]] and [[2016 Twenty20 cricket World Cup|2016 T20 World cup]]. It also hosted [[2013 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup]].}} and will host the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]], the [[ICC World Twenty20|2026 ICC T20 World cup]], the [[2031 Cricket World Cup|2031 ICC ODI Cricket World Cup]],{{Efn|the 2031 ICC World Cup is scheduled to take place in India but Bangladesh will serve as co-host.&amp;lt;ref name=C2/&amp;gt;}} and the [[2025 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=...2024-31 men&#039;s tournament hosts confirmed. |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=icc-cricket}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Efn|Sri Lanka will co-host the 2026 T20 world cup with India.&amp;lt;ref name=C2/&amp;gt;}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The BCCI manages four squads that represent India in international cricket; the [[India national cricket team|men&#039;s national cricket team]], the [[India women&#039;s national cricket team|women&#039;s national cricket team]], the [[India national under-19 cricket team|men&#039;s national under-19 cricket team]] and [[India women&#039;s national under-19 cricket team|women&#039;s national under-19 cricket team]]. It also governs developmental [[India A cricket team|India A]], [[India B cricket team|India B]] and [[India A Women&#039;s cricket team in Australia in 2019|India A women&#039;s]] teams.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.jagran.com/lite/cricket/bcci-names-shweta-sehrawat-as-captain-of-india-a-squad-for-acc-emerging-womens-asia-cup2023-10080802&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi2vNnmg6X_AhWNslYBHUi4AQsQ0PADKAB6BAgSEAE&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw33w8hhkXGgFzGW7JEIS5uZ|title=India A squad for...}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Its national selection committee, which is led by chief national selector, selects players for these teams.{{Efn|Senior national selection committee lead by &#039;chief national selector&#039; select players and skipper for India men&#039;s national cricket team, India A, B and president&#039;s XI teams, while Junior national selection committee of men&#039;s and women&#039;s selects players and skipper for &#039;India U19 team&#039;, India women&#039;s U19 team respectively.}} As part of its duties, the BCCI organises and schedules matches to be played by each of these teams, and schedules, sanctions and organises domestic cricket in India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=T20 World Cup: &#039;High time BCCI looks into their scheduling&#039; – Ex-Indian captain backs Kohli and co. after loss to NZ|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/high-time-bcci-looks-into-their-scheduling-ex-indian-captain-backs-team-india-players-after-loss-to-nz-in-t20-world-cup-101635765456000.html|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120102946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/high-time-bcci-looks-into-their-scheduling-ex-indian-captain-backs-team-india-players-after-loss-to-nz-in-t20-world-cup-101635765456000.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/bcci-announces-schedule-for-indias-2022-23-domestic-cricket-season/1074333/|title=BCCI announces schedule for India&#039;s 2022-23 domestic cricket season|date=8 August 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |last=Kadam |first=Sandip |script-title=mr:विश्लेषण: क्रिकेट निवड समिती अध्यक्षपदी पुन्हा चेतन शर्मा यांची नियुक्ती कशी? त्यांच्याकडून कोणत्या अपेक्षा असतील? |trans-title=How Chetan Sharma got appointed as chief-selector again? What we should expect from him? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/explained/know-all-about-announcement-of-chetan-sharma-as-president-of-bcci-selection-committee-print-exp-pbs-91-3385670/ |newspaper=Loksatta |date=9 January 2023 |language=mr}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== History ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Expand section|date=September 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Cricket in India|Sport in India|label1=Overview of cricket in India|label2=Overview of sports in India|History of cricket in India to 1918|History of cricket in India from 1918–19 to 1945}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{See also|Category:Cricket in India by decade|label 1=History of cricket in India by decades|History of the Indian cricket team | Cricket in India # History | India national cricket team # History}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The first game of cricket was played in India by European sailors, who played the sport as a recreational activity in the first half of the 18th century. These sailors played cricket near their coastal settlements. The first recorded match in India was played between the British army and British settlers in 1751. The world&#039;s second-oldest cricket club, [[Calcutta Cricket Club]], was founded in 1792 in present-day Kolkata. The [[Parsis]] were the first civilian community to accept cricket as a sport and play it in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.buzztribe.news/the-oldest-cricket-clubs-in-the-world/|title=The oldest Cricket Clubs in the world {{!}} The pride of sport and the spirit are still alive|date=5 August 2022|access-date=19 October 2022|website=Buzztribe News|first=Nirtika|last=Pandita|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123309/https://www.buzztribe.news/the-oldest-cricket-clubs-in-the-world/|archive-date=19 October 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 1848, they set up the [[Oriental Cricket Club]] in present-day Mumbai. In 1850, they founded the Young Zoroastrian Cricket Club. In 1886, Hindus founded the [[Hindu Gymkhana, Mumbai|Hindu Gymkhana]] sports club.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title= The Board of Control for Cricket in India|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi0hsfz6Kf6AhVU7TgGHeNyDncQFnoECC0QAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1LsDuX6lwoANGd0nCZePwC |website=www.bcci.tv }}{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1912, an all-India cricket team visited England for the first time, and were sponsored and captained by the [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Maharaja of Patiala]]. In 1926, two representatives of Calcutta Cricket Club travelled to London to attend meetings of the [[Imperial Cricket Conference]], the predecessor of the current [[International Cricket Council]]. Although technically not an official representative of Indian cricket, they were allowed to attend by [[Lord Harris]], chairman of the conference. The outcome of the meeting was the MCC&#039;s decision to send a team that was led by [[Arthur Gilligan]], who had captained England in [[The Ashes]], to India.{{citation needed span|text=|date=May 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Founding and early years===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:CK Nayudu 1930s scan.jpg|thumb|[[CK Nayudu]] (in the 1930s), former Indian cricketer, Indian cricket team&#039;s first captain in Test cricket|263x263px]]&lt;br /&gt;
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In a meeting with the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] and others, Gilligan promised to press for its inclusion in the ICC if all of the game&#039;s promoters in the country united to establish a single controlling body. An assurance was given{{By whom|date=October 2022}} and on 21 November 1927 a meeting was held in [[Delhi]], which was attended by delegates from [[Patiala]], Delhi, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[Rajputana]], [[Alwar]], [[Bhopal]], [[Gwalior]], [[Baroda]], [[Kathiawar]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]]. The delegates agreed to create a board for control of cricket in India. On 10 December 1927, a unanimous decision to form a provisional board of control was taken, and the BCCI was formed in December 1928. [[R. E. Grant Govan]] was elected as its first president and Anthony de Mello was secretary.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;maharaja&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Dass|first=Jarmani|title=Maharaja; lives and loves and intrigues of Indian princes: Volume 56 of Orient paperbacks|year=1969|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=342|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhVuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092910/https://books.google.com/books?id=zhVuAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=live}}Page 44&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1926, the BCCI joined the Imperial Cricket Council, then the governing body for international cricket. In 1936, the BCCI started India&#039;s premier first-class cricket championship the [[Ranji Trophy]], which was named after the first Indian person who played international cricket, the King of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar state]] [[K.S. Ranjitsinhji]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |script-title=mr:भारतीय क्रिकेटमधील मैलाचा दगड |trans-title=The milestone in Indian cricket. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/indian-cricket-ranji-trophy-ranjit-singh-golden-jubilee-amy-95-3121584 |newspaper=[[Loksatta]] |date=11 September 2022 |language=mr}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; who played for England in international cricket. The [[Mumbai cricket team]] is the most-successful team, winning 41 titles.&lt;br /&gt;
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In [[Indian cricket team in England in 1932|1932]], India played its maiden Test match under the captaincy of [[C. K. Nayudu]] against England at [[Lord&#039;s cricket ground]] in London. During [[English cricket team in India in 1933-34|England&#039;s 1933-34 tour of India]], on 17 December 1933, [[Lala Amarnath]] became the first Indian batsman to score a test century, scoring 118 on his debut, at [[Bombay Gymkhana]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= भारताचे पहिले कसोटी शतकवीर कोण, तुम्हाला माहित आहेत का?|date= 11 September 2018|url= https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/do-you-know-who-was-indias-first-test-centurion/|access-date= 4 October 2022|archive-date= 4 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221004135732/https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/do-you-know-who-was-indias-first-test-centurion/|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1967–68|1967–68]], India won its first-ever Test cricket series outside Asia. Previously it had defeated Pakistan, New Zealand and England, and won series in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Full member ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130227/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/asia/full/14 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===1945–1987===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1945–46 to 1960|History of cricket in India from 1960–61 to 1970|History of cricket in India from 1970–71 to 1985}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1952, the England team [[English cricket team in India, Pakistan and Ceylon in 1951–52|toured India]]; it was their first tour of India after its [[Partition of India|Independence]]. [[Nigel Howard]] was the captain of touring team.&amp;lt;ref name=T&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/the-rise-of-the-bcci-since-indian-independence/ | title=The rise of the BCCI since Indian independence | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=6 August 2017 | access-date=24 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924113720/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/the-rise-of-the-bcci-since-indian-independence/ | url-status=live | last1=Times | first1=Economic }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The former India captain Vijaya Ananda Gajapathi Raju, also known as [[Vizzy]], was the BCCI president in the 1960s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-sir-vizzy-ganguly-2nd-indian-capt-to-be-bcci-prez/articleshow/71728355.cms | title=After Sir Vizzy, Ganguly 2nd Indian capt to be BCCI prez | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 October 2019 | access-date=4 October 2022 | archive-date=4 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004182739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-sir-vizzy-ganguly-2nd-indian-capt-to-be-bcci-prez/articleshow/71728355.cms | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1975, the BCCI paid {{INR|2500}} per match to the test cricketers. Banks, Indian railways and private enterprises would recruit players.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/mar/23/todays-indian-cricketers-earn-600-times-more-than-players-of-1970s-1584946.html | title=Today&#039;s Indian cricketers earn 600 times more than players of 1970s | access-date=24 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924113721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/mar/23/todays-indian-cricketers-earn-600-times-more-than-players-of-1970s-1584946.html | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The board appointed [[Ajit Wadekar]] captain [[Indian cricket team in England in 1971|in 1971]], the Indian team won their first test series against England on English soil, and against [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 1970–71|the West Indies]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]] made his test debut in latter series.&lt;br /&gt;
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India won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], defeating the defending champions the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] by 43 runs in the [[1983 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] at Lord&#039;s. India also won the [[World Championship of Cricket]] in 1985, defeating Pakistan by eight wickets in the [[1985 World Championship of Cricket Final|final]] at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. The BCCI hosted the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 World Cup]]; it was the first time the event was organised outside England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=History|website=Bcci.tv |url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/www.bcci.tv/about/history|access-date=9 December 2021}} {{Dead link |date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===1987–2000===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1985–86 to 2000}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Through the 1980s and early 1990s, BCCI paid {{INR|5 [[lakh]]}} per match to terrestrial television network [[Doordarshan]] to broadcast the Indian cricket team&#039;s matches.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=4 September 2017 |title=How a cash-strapped BCCI in the early 90s became the world&#039;s wealthiest board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Economic Times Blog |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922080835/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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It hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup competitions in [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]].&amp;lt;ref name=C2 /&amp;gt;{{Efn|Sri Lanka–Pakistan co-hosted 1996 ODI ICC Cricket world cup with India.}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1991, BCCI proposed South Africa&#039;s readmission to international cricket at the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Viswanath |first1=G. |title=Dalmiya enriched Indian cricket: Bacher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-chief-Jagmohan-Dalmiya-enriched-Indian-cricket-says-Ali-Bacher/article60204103.ece |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 September 2015 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After the proposal succeeded, the BCCI sold television broadcast rights for the first time; [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] purchased the rights to broadcast the [[South African cricket team in India in 1991–92|South African cricket tour of India]], South Africa&#039;s first official international tour after the [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era|21-year boycott]] from international cricket.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.m.economictimes.com/definition/bcci/amp |title=What is BCCI? |website=Economic Times |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172421/https://m.economictimes.com/definition/bcci/amp |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; During this time, South Africa joined the &amp;quot;Asian bloc&amp;quot; of the BCCI and its South-Asian neighbours.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1993, the BCCI signed a deal with &#039;&#039;TransWorld International&#039;&#039; (TWI), which would pay the BCCI to televise [[English cricket team in India in 1992–93|England&#039;s tour of India]] on satellite television and Doordarshan would pay TWI for the rights to televise the matches in India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;auto1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=1993: BCCI puts a price on telecast of its cricket matches |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/20030818-1993-bcci-puts-a-price-on-telecast-of-its-cricket-matches-792084-2003-08-17 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=India Today }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=How a cash-strapped BCCI in the early 90s became the world&#039;s wealthiest board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/how-a-cash-strapped-bcci-in-the-early-90s-became-the-worlds-wealthiest-board/ |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Economic Times Blog |date=4 September 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The [[1993 Hero Cup]] was broadcast on [[STAR (India)|Star TV]], which made it the first cricket series to be broadcast on satellite television in India and broke the monopoly of Doordarshan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Doordarshan&#039;s intransigent attitude sends the Hero Cup for a six |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19931130-doordarshan-intransigent-attitude-sends-the-hero-cup-for-a-six-811887-1993-11-29 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=India Today }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;auto1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; A lengthy legal battle between Doordarshan and the BCCI—which was led by [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]] and president [[I. S. Bindra]]—ensued. In February 1995, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled the television rights of India&#039;s matches were a commodity belonging to the BCCI, for which the broadcaster must pay BCCI and not the other way around.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;icon&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Cricket&#039;s canny iconoclast |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jagmohan-dalmiya-cricket-s-canny-iconoclast-922183 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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BCCI, in a joint bid with Pakistan and Sri Lanka, won the rights to host the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]], defeating the England-and-Australia bloc. The tournament was a commercial success,&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gorilla&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; yielding the ICC a profit of $50 million.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;icon&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1997, Dalmiya became the [[List of International Cricket Council presidents|president of the ICC]].&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;gorilla&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Ananth |first1=Venkat |title=How BCCI became the 800-pound gorilla of cricket |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pVdCJRSBBid7eVxuCwfqcK/How-India-became-the-800-pound-gorilla-of-cricket.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Mint |date=8 December 2014 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; With Dalmiya at the head of the ICC, the BCCI led a successful proposal to grant [[Test status]] to [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] in 1999–2000.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=How Indian power play helped Bangladesh rise |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/060217/how-indian-power-play-helped-bangladesh-rise.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 February 2017 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===21st century===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 2000–01}}&lt;br /&gt;
Since 2000, the BCCI has hosted and organised multiple ICC cricket World Cups competitions that is men&#039;s [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 ODI world cup]],{{Efn|Bangladesh and Sri Lanka served as Co-host with India.}}, the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 ODI world cup]], the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016 T20 world cup]], the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]] and [[2021 ICC Men&#039;s T20 World Cup|2021 T20 world cups]];{{Efn|2021 ICC T20 world cup was scheduled to take place in India but it was moved to [[UAE]] due to [[COVID-19]] outbreak in India but hosting rights and commercial benefits remained with India&#039;s BCCI.&amp;lt;ref name=C2&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2180451 |title=ICC Men&#039;s T20 World Cup 2021 to move to UAE and Oman|website=www.icc-cricket.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} [[2013 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|2013]], [[2016 ICC Women&#039;s World Twenty20|2016]] Women&#039;s Cricket world cups.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2007, the BCCI established the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), an annual, franchise-based, [[Twenty20 cricket]] league. In 2008, the BCCI sold the ownership rights of eight city-based franchises to corporate groups and Bollywood celebrities in a closed auction for a total of {{USD}}723.49 million;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193 |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; it also sold the tournament&#039;s global media rights for 10 years to [[World Sport Group]] for {{USD}}1.03 billion. The media deal was re-negotiated the following year to $1.6 billion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Mehra |first1=Priyanka |last2=Shukla |first2=Archna |title=The curious case of Indian cricket |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/vcpLvHXohDpOcco98G7WuO/The-curious-case-of-Indian-cricket.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=Mint |date=6 April 2009 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2010, the BCCI expanded the league to 10 teams, selling two new franchises for a total of {{USD}}703 million.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=For $703 million, Pune &amp;amp; Kochi join IPL season 4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/for-703-million-pune-kochi-join-ipl-season-4/articleshow/5710112.cms |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Due to the IPL&#039;s commercial success, similarly styled Twenty20 leagues appeared around the world, as did franchise-based leagues in other sports in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol |title=How did IPL become a success story? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/how-did-ipl-become-a-success-story/article24001697.ece |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=26 May 2018 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=Bhanu |title=IPL impact: 5 new sports leagues come up in 18 months, non-cricket sports have no dearth of sponsors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/ipl-impact-5-new-sports-leagues-come-up-in-18-months-non-cricket-sports-have-no-dearth-of-sponsors/articleshow/12225965.cms |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2014, the BCCI, Cricket Australia and the England and Wales Cricket Board seized control of several of the ICC&#039;s key committees to form the &amp;quot;Big Three&amp;quot;. The foundation of the &amp;quot;Big Three&amp;quot; would result in a complete remodelling of world cricket, with India, England, and Australia now commanding most of cricket&#039;s revenue for the foreseeable future.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramani |first=Srinivasan |date=2008 |title=Cricket, Excesses and Market Mania |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=13–15 |via=JSTOR}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{ISBN missing|date=May 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2019, the BCCI recognised retired players&#039; union the [[Indian cricketers association|Indian Cricketers&#039; Association]] (ICA), which was formed after the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] appointed [[Lodha Committee|Lodha committee]]&#039;s recommendation to form an independent organisation for welfare of nation&#039;s players. The board also includes this union&#039;s one person as &amp;quot;ICA representative&amp;quot; in BCCI and IPL&#039;s apex governing council.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCI approves Indian cricketers association |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bci-approves-indian-cricketers-association/amp_articleshow/70352373.cms |website=Times of India}}{{dead link|date=February 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On 14 February 2022, it laid foundation stone for new [[National Cricket Academy]] (NCA) at [[Bangalore]], which will replace old NCA located near [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], Banglore.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last=PTI |first=Press Trust Of India |date=14 February 2022 |title=Work begins on new NCA in Bengaluru, foundation stone laid by BCCI brass |work=The Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/work-begins-on-new-nca-in-bengaluru-foundation-stone-laid-by-bcci-brass/articleshow/89566659.cms |access-date=28 October 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Women&#039;s cricket ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further |India women&#039;s national cricket team #History}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Multiple image|total_width = 322&lt;br /&gt;
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| caption1 = Former cricketer [[Mithali Raj]], she was national team captain, is the leading run scorer in the world at women&#039;s ODIs.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;M&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2641627|title=Mithali Raj: The record breaker|website=www.icc-cricket.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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| caption2        =   [[Jhulan Goswami]] (in 2009), former cricketer. She holds the record of highest wicket taker in the world in women&#039;s ODIs.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[India women&#039;s national cricket team]] represents India in [[Women&#039;s international cricket]]. It played its first [[Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup]] in [[1978 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|1978]], when it was first held in India. [[Diana Edulji]] was the first captain of the Indian women&#039;s cricket team in [[One Day International]]s (ODIs). The team finished as runner-up in the [[2005 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|2005]] and [[2017 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|2017]] World Cup, held in South Africa and England, respectively.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; The [[India women&#039;s national under-19 cricket team|India women&#039;s U19 team]] won the [[2023 Under-19 Women&#039;s T20 World Cup|inaugural edition]] of women&#039;s U19 T20 world cup on 30 January 2023. It defeated [[England women&#039;s under-19 cricket team|England]] in [[2023 ICC Under-19 Women&#039;s T20 World Cup#Final|the final]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=U19... |url=https://www.esakal.com/amp/krida/u19-t20-world-cup-shafali-verma-created-history-india-beat-england-team-india-winning-moment-celebration-video-viral-ind-vs-eng-cricket-kgm00&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjbwt-Xvu38AhVU9jgGHdusALgQFnoECA0QAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw2Kc-05xJxTpHzaHpwnUbe4 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=ESakal}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup tournaments in [[1978 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|1978]], [[1997 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|1997]] and [[2013 Women&#039;s Cricket World Cup|2013]] were held in India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=ICC Women&#039;s World Cup History |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/womens-world-cup/history |website=www.icc-cricket.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2007, the governing body of women&#039;s cricket in India the [[Women&#039;s Cricket Association of India]] was merged into the BCCI after the [[International Women&#039;s Cricket Council]] merged into ICC in 2006.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-ignores-women%25E2%2580%2599s-cricket-Nutan-Gavaskar/article11077900.ece/amp/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjAw7D25aD6AhUt8DgGHXrvDjwQFnoECCwQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw2y05r0Qgu8WbpIpOwIES-- | title=BCCI ignores women&#039;s cricket: Nutan Gavaskar | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 October 2014 | access-date=19 October 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121536/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/BCCI-ignores-women%E2%80%99s-cricket-Nutan-Gavaskar/article11077900.ece | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On 28 October 2022, BCCI secretary Jay Shah announced it would pay equal sums of money to women&#039;s team players as it pays to men&#039;s team&#039;s players. The BCCI pays men {{INR|15 lakh}} for Test matches, {{INR|6 lakh}} for ODIs and {{INR|3 lakh}} for T20I per match.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=BCCI bats for pay parity, same match fees for women &amp;amp; men: &#039;New era of ... |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-pay-equality-for-women-internationals-8232746/lite/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwi0k_-C6Zb7AhUxh-YKHcMfDfcQFnoECBIQBQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3nBzCE4mZvxFL4oInPaaaK |website=www.indianexpress.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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On 16 January 2023, the BCCI sold the media rights of [[Women&#039;s Indian Premier League|Women Primer League]] (WPL) matches to [[Viacom18]] for {{INR|951 crores}} and its five teams for {{INR|4669.99 crores}} on 25 January 2023. Inspiration to start this league came from the IPL. The [[2023 Women&#039;s Premier League (cricket)|first season]] played in 2023.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=ePaper |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230117_10_4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title=&#039;Let the journey begin&#039;: BCCI garners Rs 4669.99 crore for sale of 5 Women&#039;s Premier League teams |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/let-the-journey-begin-bcci-garners-rs-4669-99-crore-for-sale-of-5-womens-premier-league-teams/articleshow/97310824.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Indian Premier League ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Indian Premier League}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2008, the BCCI launched a [[Twenty20]] franchise cricket league, the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), which has grown to become the world&#039;s most-lucrative cricket league, attracting many of the world&#039;s top players. It is one of the biggest sports leagues in the world.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Board-of-Control-for-Cricket-in-India|title=Board of Control for Cricket in India &amp;amp;#124; Indian cricket organization|website=Britannica.com|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119182936/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Board-of-Control-for-Cricket-in-India|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemeehallwood/2020/09/16/the-worlds-6th-biggest-sports-league-starts-this-weekend-americans-this-is-why-you-should-be-watching-ipl-cricket/?sh=46909f403987|title=The World&#039;s 6th-Biggest Sports League Starts This Weekend: Americans, This is Why You Should be Watching IPL Cricket|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119182936/https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemeehallwood/2020/09/16/the-worlds-6th-biggest-sports-league-starts-this-weekend-americans-this-is-why-you-should-be-watching-ipl-cricket/?sh=46909f403987|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The IPL is the BCCI&#039;s major revenue source and is the only league to have a special window in [[ICC Future Tours Programme]] (ICC FTP), meaning very little international cricket is organised during the tournament.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=IPL now has window in ICC Future Tours Programme |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-now-has-window-in-icc-future-tours-programme-1129304 |website=ESPN Cricinfo |date=12 December 2015 |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923082007/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-now-has-window-in-icc-future-tours-programme-1129304 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In 2023 BCCI sold IPL&#039;s media rights for record breaking [[USD|$]]6.02 bn for the period of 2023–27.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:11&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=IPL media rights sold in record-breaking $6bn deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61793888.amp&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiqlurjov_-AhXgzTgGHWUzC_0QFnoECCcQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3uyoo32Jd7_gnchf8XPBAs |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=[[BBC]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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There are 10 teams in IPL, BCCI organise the tournament annually during summer in March–May in various stadiums in India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:11&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===IPL controversies===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Controversies involving the Indian Premier League # Dispute with other cricket boards|3=India–Pakistan relations|India–Pakistan cricket rivalry}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2008, the BCCI banned Pakistani players from playing in the IPL due to the nation&#039;s involvement in the [[2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=ECB should break the global silence on Pakistan&#039;s sad and strange IPL exile &amp;amp;#124; Jonathan Liew |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=26 October 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2020/oct/26/ecb-global-silence-pakistan-ipl-exile |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010163156/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2020/oct/26/ecb-global-silence-pakistan-ipl-exile |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= IPL team owners not in favour of including Pakistani cricketers in CSA &amp;amp; UAE T20 leagues: Report|date= 7 August 2022|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ipl-team-owners-not-in-favour-of-including-pakistani-cricketers-in-csa-uae-t20-leagues-report-article-93404018|access-date= 10 October 2022|archive-date= 10 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221010163157/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ipl-team-owners-not-in-favour-of-including-pakistani-cricketers-in-csa-uae-t20-leagues-report-article-93404018|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | title=Shuja Pasha admitted ISI&#039;s role in Mumbai attack: Ex-CIA chief | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 February 2016 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Shuja-Pasha-admitted-ISI%25E2%2580%2599s-role-in-Mumbai-attack-ex-CIA-chief/article60512970.ece/amp/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjVx47Nitb6AhW98TgGHbUIChsQFnoECCIQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw2gLssEzy9QMwRTo4gjmgnZ | access-date=19 October 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121509/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Shuja-Pasha-admitted-ISI%E2%80%99s-role-in-Mumbai-attack-ex-CIA-chief/article60512970.ece | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; in which Pakistani trained terrorists slew 166 people and injured 238. This ban was extended four years on, in 2012, due to the BCCI being &#039;wary&#039; of several issues regarding Pakistani participation like off-field misdemeanours and [[spot fixing|spot-fixing]] allegations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= BCCI welcomes Pakistan for series but slams the door on IPL|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/india-pakistan-cricket-bcci-ipl-shahid-afridi-saeed-ajmal-123526-2012-12-05|access-date= 11 October 2022|archive-date= 11 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221011132813/https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/india-pakistan-cricket-bcci-ipl-shahid-afridi-saeed-ajmal-123526-2012-12-05|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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This was accompanied by the body opposing any bilateral series with the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (PCB), restricting India-Pakistan encounters to multinational ICC and [[Asian Cricket Council|ACC]] events. Since that time, it has rebuffed several approaches by the PCB for a resumption of bilateral cricketing tie as, according to the BCCI, India cannot not play against Pakistan without the [[Government of India|Government of India&#039;s]] (which considers Pakistan to be a state-sponsor of terrorism) permission.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/india-at-un-urges-countries-to-call-out-pakistan-for-supporting-terror-outfits-101662032878238-amp.html&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjrlaC-wfn6AhUrRmwGHRa3B7QQFnoECAkQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0YyhW10K7B23nVkfvObdcR|title=India at UN urges countries to call out Pakistan for supporting terror outfits.|&lt;br /&gt;
access-date=4 April 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Pak army offered Rs 30,000 to terrorist to attack Indian Army post| newspaper=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/08/24/pak-army-offered-rs-30000-to-terrorist-to-attack-indian-army-post.amp.html&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiy2ZLrxPn6AhXbcGwGHSu5BUU4ChAWegQIHRAB&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw39S5zbFBwgta1sdjW-vB-1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-has-given-us-nothing-but-lies-and-deceit-says-donald-trump/article61497918.ece|title=Pakistan has given U.S. nothing but lies and deceit, says Donald Trump|first=Varghese K.|last=George|newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 January 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2017, the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Sports Minister of India]], [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]] said Pakistan should first stop sponsoring terrorists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= &#039;We have our integrity. Why should we run behind India? If they want, they&#039;ll come and play Pakistan&#039;: Ex-PCB chairman|date= 12 May 2022|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-pakistan-cricket-we-have-our-integrity-why-should-we-run-behind-india-if-they-want-they-ll-come-and-play-pakistan-says-ex-pcb-chairman-ehsan-mani-101652335787751.html|access-date= 15 October 2022|archive-date= 15 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221015124611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-pakistan-cricket-we-have-our-integrity-why-should-we-run-behind-india-if-they-want-they-ll-come-and-play-pakistan-says-ex-pcb-chairman-ehsan-mani-101652335787751.html|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= Terrorism and sports can&#039;t go along, says Sports Minister Vijay Goel|date= 3 May 2017|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/terrorism-and-sports-cant-go-along-says-sports-minister-vijay-goel/|access-date= 15 October 2022|archive-date= 15 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221015124610/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/terrorism-and-sports-cant-go-along-says-sports-minister-vijay-goel/|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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BCCI pays 10 percent from the salary of every foreign player to their respective national board. In 2022, the [[Australian Cricketers&#039; Association]] expressed their unhappiness about these payments.&amp;lt;ref name=stars/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Controversies ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Conflicts of interest ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Indian Premier League #Controversies}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[India Cements]]-[[Chennai Super Kings|Chennai Super Kings&#039;]] owner and former president [[N. Srinivasan]] was criticised for his alleged biased behaviour towards some state boards by awarding them ODI, Test and T20 matches while in office, possibly in violation of the board&#039;s rotation policy on venues.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-go-back-to-rotation-policy/lite/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECAQQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3cra9ZL_wTYlwhdXl-jA3w&amp;amp;ampcf=1|title=BCCI to go back to rotation policy|website=Indianexpress.com|date=29 April 2015|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145202/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-go-back-to-rotation-policy/lite/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECAQQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3cra9ZL_wTYlwhdXl-jA3w%26ampcf%3D1/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=stars&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=7 September 2010 |title=Australia stars in contract dispute after Cricket Australia makes IPL cash grab |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/indian-premier-league/australia-stars-in-contract-dispute-after-cricket-australia-makes-ipl-cash-grab/news-story/69aca1333b2bbc3e07df1a9d1192bd0e |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=Fox Sports }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/22863942/venues-decided-rotation-policy-bcci-secretary&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECD0QAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1XYDcaKAJrYXX_5mkz_OI6|title=Venues decided by rotation policy – BCCI secretary|website=Espn.in|date=15 July 2008|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145244/https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/22863942/venues-decided-rotation-policy-bcci-secretary%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjMu-790aT0AhUGkNgFHROeDicQFnoECD0QAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1XYDcaKAJrYXX_5mkz_OI6|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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During Srinivasan&#039;s tenure as treasur in BCCI before he became the president, the board constitution was amended to facilitate him to buy an IPL franchise, through his company [[India Cements]] during the 2008 IPL team auction (An event held where 8 teams was sold through an open auction).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=How Srinivasan changed BCCI rule book to own Chennai Super Kings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/srinivasan-changed-bcci-rule-book-to-own-chennai-super-kings-164231-2013-05-22 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=India Today |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130658/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/srinivasan-changed-bcci-rule-book-to-own-chennai-super-kings-164231-2013-05-22 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Srinivasan courted further controversy for appointing India national side&#039;s and Chennai Super Kings&#039; (CSK) captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] as a vice-president of India Cements.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Mahendra Singh Dhoni named India Cements vice-president |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahendra-singh-dhoni-named-india-cements-vice-president/articleshow/18289774.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Economic Times }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He also interfered in national team&#039;s selection, in 2012 ex BCCI selector [[Mohinder Amarnath]] reveled that selectors wanted to sack Dhoni from skipper post, after India lost 8 test in a row, including &amp;quot;disastrous series in Australia&amp;quot;, they wanted to replace him, it was a unanimous decision by selectors, but Shrinivasan didn&#039;t allowed to happen it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-12-12 |title=Five selectors wanted to sack MS Dhoni but BCCI chief Srinivasan prevented it: Mohinder Amarnath |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/five-selectors-wanted-to-sack-ms-dhoni-but-bcci-chief-srinivasan-prevented-it-mohinder-amarnath/articleshow/17586651.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-01 |issn=0013-0389}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Srinivasan&#039;s son-in-law [[Gurunath Meiyappan]], who was team principal of CSK, was arrested for involvement in Spot-fixing and betting. Then unrecognised state association by BCCI, the [[Bihar Cricket Association]], filed a petition against it for mismanagement and conflict of interest in its investigation of [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case|2013 IPL corruption scandal]]. In 2013, Mumbai police arrested the Indian cricket team&#039;s regular player [[S. Sreesanth]], other players and IPL team owners of Chennai Super Kings and [[Rajasthan Royals]] for their dealings with the illegal betting industry.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court approves new BCCI constitution, with a couple of key tweaks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |website=ESPN|date=9 August 2018 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2015, the Supreme Court appointed the [[Lodha Committee]] suspended Chennai Super Kings from the IPL for two years, and suspended Meiyappan from cricket activities for life.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Mahendra Singh Dhoni named India Cements vice-president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/csk-rr-suspended-from-ipl-for-2-years-meiyappan-kundra-banned-for-life/articleshow/48067702.cms |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=Times of India }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2013, [[Rupa Gurunath]]—N Shrinivasan&#039;s daughter and Gurunath Meiyappan&#039;s wife—who was then president of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]], was found guilty of conflict of interest by the BCCI&#039;s ethics officer Justice [[D. K. Jain|D.K. Jain]]. In 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] barred Srinivasan from the BCCI for contesting elections due to his conflict of interests; the court also struck down the amendments of BCCI constitution that had allowed him to own and operate an IPL team.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} However he still owns the CSK franchise. In January 2015, Supreme court quashed BCCI&#039;S rule, which allowed its administrators to have financial interests in cash rich leagues such as Championship league, IPL etc. The court barred individuals including N Shrinivasan from BCCI election, who have financial interests in events organised by BCCI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=N Srinivasan can&#039;t contest BCCI elections, board functions public and amenable to judicial reviews, says Supreme Court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/gurunath-meiyappan-was-involved-in-betting-bcci-functions-are-public-supreme-court/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The BCCI does not allow its contracted, non-contracted, national and domestic players to participate in any cricket leagues abroad. Only players who have retired from all formats of Indian cricket can take part in foreign leagues. Players such as [[Adam Gilchrist]] have questioned this policy. Indian players such as [[Suresh Raina]] and [[Robin Uthappa]] have urged the board to allow non-contracted players like them to participate in foreign leagues.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=CSK can&#039;t use MS Dhoni as mentor in SA T20 League |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/no-indian-player-can-play-or-mentor-any-team-in-overseas-t20-leagues-bcci-8087141/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012144020/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/no-indian-player-can-play-or-mentor-any-team-in-overseas-t20-leagues-bcci-8087141/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Revealed: Why BCCI doesn&#039;t allow its players to participate in foreign leagues |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/revealed-why-bcci-doesnt-allow-its-players-to-participate-in-foreign-leagues/595643 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012152721/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/revealed-why-bcci-doesnt-allow-its-players-to-participate-in-foreign-leagues/595643 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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====Tax evasions ====&lt;br /&gt;
Many times BCCI avoided paying taxes to the government. Once it claimed that it is a &amp;quot;charitable organisation&amp;quot;, to avoid paying taxes and often disguises itself as an Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|title=The Hindu : Sport / Cricket : BCCI not a &#039;charitable organisation&#039;|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220093127/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece |archive-date=20 February 2012 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2014, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of finance]] revealed that, there were as many as 213 cases of tax envisions of BCCI/IPL from 2009–10 to 2014, involving 261.64 Cr rupees.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/213-cases-of-service-tax-evasion-against-bcciipl/article6708377.ece | title=213 cases of service tax evasion against BCCI, IPL | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 December 2014 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the decade of 2010s, almost every year the [[Income Tax Department]] demand the BCCI their &#039;outstanding income tax&#039; (see details - [[#Tax payment]] ). Frequently till 2012, the board got exemptions for tax under the IT Act 1961 (section 11) but later Income tax department declared BCCI&#039;S earnings as commercial and listed them as business incomes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/sports/cricket/bcci-income-tax-evasion-revenue-department | title=BCCI Issued Notice in Tax Evasion Case by Revenue Department | date=19 March 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Whenever ICC organises an international event such as world cup in India, it asks BCCI to get tax exemptions from its government. During 2016 T20 world cup, Modi government gave them 10% exemption.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.india.com/sports/bcci-must-pay-tax-host-t20-world-cup-in-india-ex-treasurer-kishore-rungta-4331934/ | title=BCCI Must Pay Tax &amp;amp; Host T20 World Cup in India: Ex-Treasurer Kishore Rungta }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; According to &#039;&#039;[[Deccan Herald|Deccan Herald&#039;s]]&#039;&#039; article on 19 December 2021, even though BCCI is one of the world&#039;s richest sports bodies and earns thousands of millions of rupees per year, it shows unwillingness to pay income taxes and finds loopholes in laws to avoid paying taxes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=BCCI must pay tax |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/second-edit/bcci-must-pay-tax-1062630.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Politicians in the board ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Politicians from multiple political parties have held positions within BCCI; [[Sharad Pawar]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Madhavrao Scindia]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Anurag Thakur]] of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) were BCCI presidents, {{as of|2023}}, latter&#039;s brother Arun Singh Dhumal is the IPL chairman. Jay Shah, the son of the Home Minister of India [[Amit Shah]], is BCCI&#039;s secretary. [[Rajiv Shukla]] of the Congress party is its vice-president, he is in BCCI continuously since 2000s and held various top positions, he was IPL president from 2011 to 2017.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI revamp: Rajeev Shukla, for whom grass is always. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajeev-shukla-congress-mp-cricket-administrator-bcci-ipl-bjp-8213504/ |website=[[Indian express]]|date=17 October 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Ashish Shelar]] of BJP is the treasurer.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite magazine |title=State association and long hist of politicians in BCCI |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/state-associations-bcci-and-the-long-history-of-politicians-in-cricket--news-225003/amp&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiVldLm_Ob7AhUiT2wGHYPdDokQFnoECAwQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw1sFXmGIdOJfUQqffPdfNK- |magazine=Outlook}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Lodha committee reform ===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI has been criticised for its monopolistic practices, and has suffered from allegations of corruption and cronyism. {{specify|date=October 2022}}{{which|date=October 2022}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/cricket/05iht-cricket05.html|title=No Easy Cure for Indian Cricket|last=Richards|first=Huw|date=4 June 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 March 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103054347/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/cricket/05iht-cricket05.html|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Supreme Court of India]] appointed a committee to make reforms in BCCI, headed by justice [[R. M. Lodha]], the [[Lodha Committee|Lodha committee]] suggested many reforms to the BCCI, but BCCI did not implemented them as a result Supreme court removed officials of the BCCI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court bars N Srinivasan, Niranjan Shah from attending BCCI SGM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/supreme-court-bars-n-srinivasan-niranjan-shah-from-attending-bcci-sgm-4765025/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 30 January 2017, The Supreme Court of India nominated a four-member &#039;Committee of Administrators&#039; (COA) composed of [[Vinod Rai]], [[Ramachandra Guha]], [[Vikram Limaye]] and [[Diana Edulji]] to administer the BCCI to implement Lodha Committee&#039;s reforms.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jan/30/supreme-court-appoints-four-member-panel-to-run-bcci-1565082--1.html |title=Supreme Court appoints four-member panel to run BCCI |access-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053934/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jan/30/supreme-court-appoints-four-member-panel-to-run-bcci-1565082--1.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Vinod Rai, a retired civil servant and the former [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], led the committee, which administered the board until elections could be conducted.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ready-for-all-possible-scenarios-coa-head-rai-on-ct-future/articleshow/58420345.cms |title=Ready for all possible scenarios: COA head Rai on CT future &amp;amp;#124; Cricket News  |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 April 2017 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428235935/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ready-for-all-possible-scenarios-coa-head-rai-on-ct-future/articleshow/58420345.cms |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html |title=&#039;Stop confronting, start talking&#039; |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103816/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html |archive-date=11 May 2017 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html|title=&#039;Stop confronting, start talking&#039;|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103816/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1097252.html|archive-date=11 May 2017|access-date=11 May 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many years BCCI consistently opposed to adhere regulations of the [[National Anti-Doping Agency (India)|National Anti-Doping Agency, India]] (NADA). On 9 August 2019, it agreed to adhere the anti-doping mechanisms governed by the NADA.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=BCCI agrees to come under NADA ambit |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27354021/bcci-agrees-come-nada-ambit |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2019 |date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140135/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27354021/bcci-agrees-come-nada-ambit |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI finally comes under NADA, first step towards becoming National Sports Federation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-finally-comes-under-nada-officially-becomes-national-sports-federation/articleshow/70602918.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809183112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-finally-comes-under-nada-officially-becomes-national-sports-federation/articleshow/70602918.cms |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Rebel league===&lt;br /&gt;
The rebel league the [[Indian Cricket League]] (ICL) was owned and operated by [[Essel Group]]. BCCI banned Indian players who played in the ICL, including [[Hemang Badani]], [[Dinesh Mongia]], [[Rohan Gavaskar]] and [[Ambati Rayudu]], but later gave amnesty to these players and lifted theirs bans after they ended their ties with the ICL.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=BCCI lifts ban on Kapil Dev after he snaps ties with ICL |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/bcci-lifts-ban-on-kapil-dev-after-he-snaps-ties-with-icl-111018-2012-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508070637/https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket/story/bcci-lifts-ban-on-kapil-dev-after-he-snaps-ties-with-icl-111018-2012-07-25 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=India Today }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=3 July 2019 |title=Rayudu&#039;s ICL Ban to WC Snub – A Career That Never Really Took Off |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/ambati-rayudu-career-journey-icl-to-team-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508070637/https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/ambati-rayudu-career-journey-icl-to-team-india |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=TheQuint }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Indian Cricket Board lifts ban on ICL players |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/indian-cricket-board-lifts-ban-on-icl-players-1599146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508071829/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/indian-cricket-board-lifts-ban-on-icl-players-1599146 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=NDTVSports.com }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI blacklisted Essel Group company [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] due to this league, and expelled it from the BCCI in 2021. Zee was prohibited from buying BCCI&#039;s media rights.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=BCCI to rope in KPMG for media rights bid process&lt;br /&gt;
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-to-rope-in-kpmg-for-media-rights-bid-process-7690532/  |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 December 2021 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2006, the BCCI sold the Indian cricket team&#039;s media rights to Zee for the 2006-11 period but after Essel Group initiated the ICL, the BCCI terminated this deal. Zee fought a long legal battle with the BCCI; on 12 March 2018, a tribunal headed by three judges found BCCI guilty and asked them to pay Zee {{INR|140 crores}} for losses. The tribunal found blacklisting of Zee by BCCI was illegal and said in judgement; &amp;quot;To us it seems that BCCI was exploiting its dominating position in respect of game of cricket in India&amp;quot; and also added Zee and its affiliated companies to the blacklist and banning them from participating in the BCCI bidding process was illegal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=March 12, 2018 |title=Tribunal finds blacklisting of ZEE &#039;illegal&#039;, asks BCCI to pay Rs 140 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tribunal-finds-blacklisting-of-zee-illegal-asks-bcci-to-pay-rs-140-crore/article20529063.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Virat Kohli sacking===&lt;br /&gt;
In 2021 BCCI sacked [[Virat Kohli]] from ODI captaincy, then President Ganguly told media that the BCCI asked him to remain captain but Kohli was not interested. After which Kohli took a press conference and contradicted him (Ganguly), revealing that BCCI did not ask him to remain captain. In February 2023, in a sting operation of [[Zee News]], then chief national selector [[Chetan Sharma]], made shocking revelations, accusing Kohli of lying and in fact president Ganguly had told him to remain as captain, in a meeting in front of all the selectors. According to Sharma, Virat Kohli was considering himself bigger than BCCI and wanted to teach a lesson to the President of the BCCI. He also revealed that after Kohli resigned from T20 captaincy, BCCI decided to sack him from ODI captaincy as well because they did not want two separate captains for limited overs format.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/he-wanted-to-teach-ganguly-a-lesson-chetan-sharma-on-ego-clash-between-virat-kohli-and-ex-bcci-president-article-97942636 | title=&#039;He wanted to teach Ganguly a lesson&#039;: Chetan Sharma on &#039;ego clash&#039; between Virat Kohli and ex-BCCI president | date=15 February 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sharma also alleged that lots of Indian players take injections to expedite their return in national team despite being 80 to 85% fit.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/the-bcci-sting-kohli-vs-ganguly-performance-injections-more-what-chetan-sharma-revealed/2982546/ | title=The BCCI Sting: Kohli vs Ganguly, performance injections and more – What Chetan Sharma revealed &amp;amp;#124; the Financial Express | date=15 February 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After few days he resigned from his post.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Chetan Sharma resigns as India&#039;s chairman of selectors after TV sting operation |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chetan-sharma-resigns-as-indias-chairman-of-selectors-after-sting-operation-1359379 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Criticism of BCCI and National selection committee ===&lt;br /&gt;
BCCI and [[India national cricket team selectors|its selection committee]] are routinely slammed for irregularities in their selection process. Ideally, the national team&#039;s selectors should select players based upon their performance in all forms of domestic cricket but often a higher precedence is alleged to be given to the performance in the IPL, even in the selection of Test squads. This results in the de facto exclusion of players who regularly do well in domestic tournaments like the Ranji Trophy. In 2023 [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Aakash Chopra]], [[Abhinav Mukund]], media and many fans slammed BCCI for doing this, Gavaskar fumed said if you (BCCI-selectors) do not consider and choose best performers from Ranji trophy for India&#039;s Test team then stop organising it (Ranji trophy), then just organise IPL and select players from it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title= Unable to understand these selections: India star shoots explosive tweet slamming BCCI for overlooking Ranji Trophy |date= 24 June 2023|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/unable-to-understand-these-selections-india-star-shoots-explosive-tweet-slamming-bcci-for-overlooking-ranji-trophy-101687545282317.html}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/ind-vs-wi-series-former-indian-captain-and-legendary-opening-batter-sunil-gavaskar-has-slammed-bcci-selectors-for-ignoring-sarfaraz-khan-once-again-a-a593/ |title= IPL च्या कामगिरीवरूनच निवड होणार असेल, तर मग युवकांनी रणजीमध्ये खेळायचंच कशाला?|date= 24 June 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=Sarfaraz Khan breaks silence on India Test snub for West Indies series with blockbuster response to BCCI selectors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sarfaraz-khan-breaks-silence-on-india-test-snub-for-west-indies-series-with-blockbuster-response-to-bcci-selectors-101687614134890.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=&#039;How did he jump the queue?&#039;: After Gavaskar&#039;s rant, ex-India opener blasts BCCI over Gaikwad&#039;s selection |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/how-did-he-jump-queue-sunil-gavaskar-rant-ex-india-opener-wasim-jaffer-blasts-bcci-over-ruturaj-gaikwad-test-selection-101687620585310.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Former India skipper [[Sourav Ganguly]] also has raised questions on selection process, while talking about appointment of [[Ajinkya Rahane]] as Test team&#039;s vice-captain for the 2023 West Indies tour. Rahane was dropped from the Test team for 18 months, then BCCI selected him in the squad for the [[2023 World Test Championship Final|2023 World test championship final]], and after playing just one game they (BCCI) made him vice-captain of the Test team; Ganguly said there should be &amp;quot;consistency and continuity&amp;quot; in selection process, this is &amp;quot;difficult to understand&amp;quot;. Some also claim that BCCI&#039;s selectors use different yard stick for different players, they usually select players by looking their stardom, big name, past performance rather than current.&amp;lt;ref name=K&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/virat-kohli-has-same-average-ex-india-star-questions-cheteshwar-pujaras-exclusion-4149858 | title=&amp;quot;Virat Kohli Has Same Average...&amp;quot;: Ex-India Star Questions Cheteshwar Pujara&#039;s Exclusion &amp;amp;#124; Cricket News }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Difficult to understand Ajinkya Rahane&#039;s elevation to Test vice captaincy, just after comeback: Sourav Ganguly |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/difficult-to-understand-ajinkya-rahanes-elevation-to-test-vice-captaincy-just-after-comeback-sourav-ganguly/articleshow/101361684.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is said that the selectors often choose players for national side by considering their one or two best innings in IPL, it seems awarding Indian cap (place in national team) has became[sic] an everydays affair. The position of the captain is also not fixed in the team, random players getting selected as captain, almost each bilateral series had new captain, it is evident by the fact that as of July 2022, the Indian team had 8 different people as captain in last 1 year, almost everyone who played in last 5 year for the team got opportunity to become national team&#039;s captain.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=With 8 captains in 1 year, the Indian cricket team is a puzzle too complex for BCCI |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/with-8-captains-in-1-year-the-indian-cricket-team-is-a-puzzle-too-complex-for-bcci/articleshow/92588086.cms |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Business Insider}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Venkatesh Prasad]] said &amp;quot;There is no consistency in selection random stuff happening too much.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=MS Dhoni Meant It...: Venkatesh Prasad Slams Dravid, Rohit, Hardik For &#039;Process&#039; Talk After Defeat |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ms-dhoni-meant-it-venkatesh-prasad-slams-dravid-rohit-hardik-for-process-talk-after-defeat-article-102725692 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Since last 2 to 3 years, BCCI consistently doing experiments with the national team (senior men&#039;s team), numerous players got selected, but majority of them never got chance to play consistently, as a result of this, there is uncertainty in the one day team, apart from 3-4 players, its not certain who will get selected and who will not (Specially for world cup 2023). It is said that due to BCCI&#039;s experiments since 2019 world cup, the team yet not settled, even though [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 world cup]] is 2.5 months away. The players are also inconsistent in their performance.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-27 |title=वर्ल्ड कप जिंकायचा की हरायचा? |trans-title=Win world cup or lose ? |pages=5 (II) |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230827_9_13 |access-date=2023-08-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In July 2023, BCCI has faced heavy criticism on social media for not broadcasting domestic tournaments such [[Deodhar Trophy|Deodhar trophy]], [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep trophy]] etc. on TV.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:12&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=BCCI wakes up finally, to... | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 July 2023 |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-wakes-up-finally-to-live-stream-duleep-trophy-final-and-deodhar-games/articleshow/101646898.cms?_gl=1*5he996*_ga*MTYwMjgwNjU4Ny4xNjg5MDU2MzM3*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY4OTA1NjM0Mi4xLjEuMTY4OTA1NjM1Ni40Ni4wLjA. }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Organisation ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Category: Cricket administration in India|label1=about Cricket administration in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Constitution===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI is governed by its constitution. The board has been prohibited by the [[Supreme Court of India]] from amending its own constitution without its approval.&amp;lt;ref name=C/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Headquarters ===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI&#039;s headquarters is located at the [[Cricket Centre]] within the premises of the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] at [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Churchgate]], Mumbai, where it occupies three floors of a four-floor building.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=Qaiser Mohammad Ali New |date=27 May 2015 |title=BCCI spending more on insurance policies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |access-date=20 May 2022 |newspaper=India Today |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104453/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Legal status===&lt;br /&gt;
According to the BCCI, it is an autonomous body and does not receive any grants or funding from the Indian government. In 2004, in the Supreme Court of India, the BCCI&#039;s lawyers said the Indian cricket team is &amp;quot;the official team of BCCI and not the official team of India&amp;quot;. The lawyers also said the BCCI &amp;quot;do not even fly the national flag&amp;quot; and that it never &amp;quot;uses any national emblem in the activities of the Board&amp;quot;. The BCCI recommends its players for prestigious awards such as the [[Arjuna award]] but says it is not a national sports federation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/yes-team-india-needs-bcci-to-be-a-public-body/|title=Yes, Team India needs BCCI to be a public body|date=19 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210035531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/yes-team-india-needs-bcci-to-be-a-public-body/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; {{Dubious span|text=The BCCI is registered as a society in Tamil Nadu under the societies registration act&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=BCCI Under RTI: World&#039;s Richest Cricket Body Is Now Answerable To The People Of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bcci-under-rti-worlds-richest-cricket-body-is-now-answerable-to-the-people-of-india/317566 |website=www.outlookindia.com |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=9 June 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and it denies coming under Article 12 of Indian constitution.|date=November 2022}} Since its foundation, the BCCI has not been sanctioned by Government of India; without sanction it started as a national governing body of cricket in India and as a sole representative of India in international cricket.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:8&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/pil-to-prohibit-bcci-from-representing-india/articleshow/67203263.cms|title=bcci: PIL to prohibit BCCI from representing India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210034027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/pil-to-prohibit-bcci-from-representing-india/articleshow/67203263.cms|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Logo===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI&#039;s logo is derived from the &#039;&#039;[[Star of India (flag)|Star of India]]&#039;&#039; emblem. According to [[Information Commissioner of India|Information Commissioner]] [[Madabhushi Sridhar|Sridhar Acharyulu]], the logo was designed by the [[British Raj|Government of India]] in 1928. It is 90% similar to the &#039;&#039;Star of India&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Why Team India still uses British-era logo: CIC to PMO|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-cic-to-pmo/articleshow/59202742.cms|access-date=27 November 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127135158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-cic-to-pmo/articleshow/59202742.cms|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Why Team India still uses British-era logo: Central Information Commission to PMO|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-central-information-commission-to-pmo/articleshow/59202287.cms?from=mdr|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127133202/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/why-team-india-still-uses-british-era-logo-central-information-commission-to-pmo/articleshow/59202287.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI was alleged to use old official government emblem without prior permission from Government of India and it is an offence under the [[Emblems and Names (Prevention of improper use) Act 1950|Emblem and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.]]&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:8&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===National teams===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Rohit Sharma during the India vs Australia 4th Test match at Narendra Modi Stadium.jpg|thumb|140px| [[Rohit Sharma]], India cricket team skipper ]]&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI have &#039;[[India cricket team]] (men), [[India women&#039;s national cricket team|Women national team]], India [[India national under-19 cricket team|men&#039;s]] and women&#039;s U19 teams which represents India in international level cricket while it also govern second-tier or junior teams: [[India A cricket team|India A]], B (men&#039;s), India A Women&#039;s. [[Rohit Sharma]] is the skipper of the India cricket team. It has won the 1983, 2011 ODI, and [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 T20]] world cups.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Anti-corruption unit ===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI has a special anti-corruption unit that is responsible for preventing malpractice in cricket within India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/anti-corruption|title=Anti Corruption|website=Bcci.tv|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123161548/https://www.bcci.tv/about/anti-corruption|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/dark-side-of-cricket-future-of-mini-ipls-looks-bleak-as-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-waves-a-red-flag/2188525/lite/|title=Dark side of Cricket! Future of mini-IPLs looks bleak as BCCI anti-corruption unit waves a red flag|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=5 February 2021|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127133644/https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/dark-side-of-cricket-future-of-mini-ipls-looks-bleak-as-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-waves-a-red-flag/2188525/lite/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This unit is responsible for investigating unlawful activities such as betting, spot-fixing, match-fixing and corrupt approaches to players.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2020-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-starts-investigation-after-player-reports-corrupt-approach-1728071-2020-10-03|title=IPL 2020: BCCI Anti-corruption unit starts investigation after player reports corrupt approach|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127134439/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2020-bcci-anti-corruption-unit-starts-investigation-after-player-reports-corrupt-approach-1728071-2020-10-03|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Shabir Hussein]] has been the head of this unit since April 2021 .&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title= BCCI appoints former Gujarat DGP Shabir Hussein as its Anti-Corruption Unit chief ahead of IPL 2021|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-appoints-former-gujarat-dgp-shabir-hussein-as-its-anti-corruption-unit-chief-1787286-2021-04-05|access-date= 9 October 2022|archive-date= 9 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221009040833/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-appoints-former-gujarat-dgp-shabir-hussein-as-its-anti-corruption-unit-chief-1787286-2021-04-05|url-status= live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Ethics officer ====&lt;br /&gt;
Former Indian Supreme Court judge [[Vineet Saran]] is the BCCI&#039;s incumbent ethics officer and ombudsman. He was appointed in June 2022.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/former-sc-judge-vineet-saran-appointed-bcci-ethics-officer/article65659583.ece | title=Former SC judge Vineet Saran appointed BCCI ethics officer | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 July 2022 | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928152648/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/former-sc-judge-vineet-saran-appointed-bcci-ethics-officer/article65659583.ece | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The board created this ethics officer post in 2017 due to increasing complaints of [[conflict of interest]] in the board&#039;s office holders, employees and associated people. The officer reviews complaints of conflict of interest.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI to have ethics officer to look into conflict of interest |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-bcci-to-have-ethics-officer-to-look-into-conflict-of-interest-2470133 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=DNA India |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928153706/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-bcci-to-have-ethics-officer-to-look-into-conflict-of-interest-2470133 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Anti-doping unit====&lt;br /&gt;
Dr. Abhijit Salvi is the head of BCCI&#039;s anti-doping unit. NADA sends qualified doctors to collect blood and urine sample of players and later analyse it in lab to find out performance-enhancing drugs or steroids in blood. After that BCCI takes appropriate actions if found doing violations.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/news-detail-819625|title=BCCI wants docs to collect dope samples, be involved in testing : The Tribune India|access-date=4 April 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Television production ===&lt;br /&gt;
In 2012, the BCCI established its own [[Producing house|production house]]. The BCCI&#039;s broadcast service produces coverage of international matches of the Indian national cricket team those held in India; and matches of leading domestic tournaments including the IPL. Until 2012, the BCCI paid the production costs to the company who purchased the [[Broadcasting contracts in cricket|media rights]] from them. [[Nimbus Communications]] did production for the BCCI for many years.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-to-now-produce-all-its-matches-110982-2012-07-25|title=BCCI to now produce all its matches|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117114101/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-to-now-produce-all-its-matches-110982-2012-07-25|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI&#039;s production house holds production rights and copyrights of Indian cricket&#039;s content.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-holds-firm-on-broadcaster-fees-588166|title=BCCI holds firm on broadcaster fees|website=Espncricinfo.com|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117114100/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-holds-firm-on-broadcaster-fees-588166|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI broadcasts video highlights of domestic and bilateral cricket series in India on its website.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Power-packed: Hardik Pandya hammers 71*(30) |url=https://www.bcci.tv/videos/5557331/power-packed-hardik-pandya-hammers-7130 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922064216/https://www.bcci.tv/videos/5557331/power-packed-hardik-pandya-hammers-7130 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Starting in July 2023, it will broadcast live, important domestic games form tournaments such as [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]] on its website.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:12&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Affiliated members===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Briefly explain the role of domestic boards that are member of BCCI and their voting rights, how BCCI allocates funding to them though BCCI has little oversight over how domestic boards spend the money and this has led to scope for corruption and nepotistic control of domestic of corrupt politicians over BCCI and domestic board. --&amp;gt;{{Further|BCCI domestic teams|label1=Affiliated domestic teams with BCCI}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Membership of the Board of Control for Cricket in India consists of full members and associate members; only full members have voting rights in annual general meetings (AGMs).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Constitutions of State Associations |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/130576/Constitutions-of-State-Associations |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925102830/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/130576/Constitutions-of-State-Associations |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following the [[Lodha Committee]]&#039;s recommendations in 2015, full membership was restricted to state and union territory associations, and limited to one representative body per state. Subsequently, several state associations became full members and, because the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra each had three members, [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Mumbai]], [[Baroda Cricket Association|Baroda]], [[Saurashtra Cricket Association|Saurashtra]] and [[Vidarbha Cricket Association|Vidharbh]] were relegated to associate membership.&amp;lt;ref name=ND&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/mumbai-lose-permanent-status-all-north-eastern-states-become-bcci-voters-1671166 |title=Mumbai Lose Permanent Status, All North Eastern States Become BCCI Voters |website=NDTV Sports |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922121246/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/mumbai-lose-permanent-status-all-north-eastern-states-become-bcci-voters-1671166 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Neither the [[Cricket Club of India]] of Mumbai nor the [[National Cricket Club]] of Kolkata field teams in major domestic tournaments but as founding members of BCCI, they had full voting rights until the Lodha Committee recommendations were implemented.&amp;lt;ref name=TH&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/why-is-ncc-a-full-member-of-the-bcci/article7440624.ece |title=Why is NCC a full member of the BCCI? |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 July 2015 |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922052923/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/why-is-ncc-a-full-member-of-the-bcci/article7440624.ece |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;supremecourt2022&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Some of the recommendations that were implemented have since been reversed. In 2018, [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]], [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]] and [[Association of Indian Universities|Universities]] regained full membership;&amp;lt;ref name=supremecourt2018&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Supreme Court approves new BCCI constitution, with a couple of key tweaks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173845/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and in 2022, the rule restricting states to a single full member was removed, meaning Mumbai, Baroda, Saurashtra and Vidharbh once again became full members.&amp;lt;ref name=supremecourt2022&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Decoded: What does SC verdict on BCCI&#039;s new constitutional amendments mean? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/explained-supreme-court-s-verdict-on-bcci-s-new-constitutional-amendments-122091500971_1.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173955/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/explained-supreme-court-s-verdict-on-bcci-s-new-constitutional-amendments-122091500971_1.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Officials===&lt;br /&gt;
==== President ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{See also|List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
President is an elected position, and is considered the most-powerful position in the BCCI administration. Due to the president&#039;s financial power and the popularity of cricket in India, it is considered as a highly prestigious position. The President of the BCCI presides over the meeting of the apex council and the general body. He signs audited annual accounts and financial statements.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly to head BCCI: What is the role of BCCI President? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=ETV Bharat News |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121510/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly to head BCCI: What is the role of BCCI President? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=ETV Bharat News |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170758/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sports/cricket/cricket-top-news/sourav-ganguly-to-head-bcci-what-is-the-role-of-bcci-president/na20191017203622870 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The full-member state boards can vote in the presidential election. Gujarat and Maharashtra have more than one full member but as per the Lodha Committee, supreme court guidelines state any state can have only one vote in the election at any time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=&amp;lt;!--Not stated--&amp;gt; |date=18 July 2019 |title=Cricket Association of Pondicherry is a Full Member of BCCI |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |access-date=19 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920190913/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Former India-and-[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] cricketer, national selector, India under-19 teams&#039; coach and President of the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] [[Roger Binny]] is the incumbent President of the BCCI. He succeeded [[Sourav Ganguly]]. Binny is a member of India&#039;s [[1983 Cricket World Cup]]-winning team. He took charge in October 2022.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Devendra |title=Sourav Ganguly out of BCCI after declining IPL chairman post; BCCI won&#039;t back him for ICC chairman&#039;s post |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sourav-ganguly-bcci-president-icc-chairman-8203174/ |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011163510/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sourav-ganguly-bcci-president-icc-chairman-8203174/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-bcci-president-roger-binny-a-successful-cricketer-coach-and-polite-yet-assertive-administrator-1340659|title=A man of many hats, new BCCI president Roger Binny braces for new innings|website=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Secretary====&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;BCCI secretary&#039; is the second most powerful and important post after president. Secretary signs all the contracts and carries correspondence on behalf of BCCI. [[Jay Shah]] is the incumbent secretary. The secretary have power to take action or defend office bearers, employees of the BCCI.&amp;lt;ref name=C&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-cricket-what-the-supreme-court-judgment-means-for-the-bcci-sourav-ganguly-and-jay-shah-1335253|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920021157/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/indian-cricket-what-the-supreme-court-judgment-means-for-the-bcci-sourav-ganguly-and-jay-shah-1335253?platform=amp|title=Reform rollback - What the Supreme Court judgment means for the BCCI|archive-date=20 September 2022|website=ESPNcricinfo}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/india/jay-shah-likely-to-become-bcci-secretary-here-are-the-responsibilities-of-secretary | title=Jay Shah likely to become BCCI secretary; here are the responsibilities of Secretary | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171035/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/india/jay-shah-likely-to-become-bcci-secretary-here-are-the-responsibilities-of-secretary | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Shah is also the present president of [[Asian Cricket Council]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Jay Shah takes over as Asian Cricket Council President |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/jay-shah-appointed-president-of-asian-cricket-council/amp_articleshow/80603164.cms&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiz-qGLu_X-AhV3XWwGHUtHCZkQFnoECDEQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw3F2AfEf-DruITM7XeIqIR8 |website=Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====CEO====&lt;br /&gt;
As per the eligibility criteria, the person who has at least 10 years of working experience in a {{INR|100 crore}}-or-more annual turnover company on management position can be a chief executive officer (CEO) of the BCCI. Hemang Amin is the incumbent CEO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-to-have-new-ceo-interim-ceo-hemang-amin-in-fray-too-4035416.html | title=BCCI to Have New CEO; Interim CEO Hemang Amin in Fray Too | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172111/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-to-have-new-ceo-interim-ceo-hemang-amin-in-fray-too-4035416.html | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Rahul Johari became the first CEO; the post was created after the recommendation of the Lodha Committee. The CEO of the BCCI handles its management duties and reports to the BCCI secretary.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/bcci-gets-its-first-ceo-but-will-anything-change-225511 | title=BCCI gets its first CEO, but will anything change? | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=19 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019121510/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/bcci-gets-its-first-ceo-but-will-anything-change-225511 | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== National selectors ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{Main|India national cricket team selectors}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
National selectors are responsible for selecting national men&#039;s senior team. It also select male junior teams [[India A]] and [[India B cricket team|India B]], which represent India in second-and-third tiers of international cricket. The selection committee is composed of five former cricketers from five different zones of the country, [[Shiv Sunder Das|Shivasundar Das]], [[Sridharan Sharath]], [[Salil Ankola]] and [[Subroto Banerjee]] are its present members. Chief selector&#039;s position is vacant as of 22 May 2023&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:6&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/sports/cricket/cricket-news/bcci-announces-new-selection-committee-chetan-sharma-back-as-chairman/articleshow/96816051.cms|title=New Selection Committee: नव्या निवड समितीची घोषणा करताना BCCIने दिला मोठा धक्का, चार नवे चेहरे|website=Maharashtra Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; BCCI&#039;s junior national selection committee selects players for junior teams such as India U19 and U15 men. Sharath Sridharan is its chairman since 17 September 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-appointment-of-junior-selection-committee-members-7515183/|title=BCCI announces appointment of Junior Selection Committee members|date=17 September 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
BCCI gives chief national selector 1.25 Cr rupees per year for his job.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=चेतन शर्मा यांच्या वक्तव्यामुळे बीसीसीआय मध्ये भूकंप! |trans-title=Due to Chetan Sharma&#039;s statement, BCCI suffering earthquake! |pages=8 |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230216_16_6 |access-date=16 February 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[All India women&#039;s selection committee]] selects players for Indian female cricket team. It consists of five female former players from five zones of the nation, who have represented India at international level. {{As of|2020}}, former left-arm spinner [[Neetu David]] is the head of this committee since her appointment on 26 September 2020. The committee consists of Neetu David (head), [[Arati Vaidya|Aarti Vaidya]], [[Renu Margrate]], [[Mithu Mukherjee (cricketer)|Mithu Mukharjee]], [[Venkatacher Kalpana|Venkatechar Kalpana.]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Former India cricketer Neetu David appointed as the head of BCCI&#039;s All-India Women&#039;s Selection Committee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-cricket-india-women-national-selection-committee-head-neetu-david-1725727-2020-09-26 |newspaper=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Cricket Advisory Committee====&lt;br /&gt;
This committee has three members. CAC is responsible for selecting head coach for men&#039;s and women&#039;s national senior team.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/perks-of-bccis-honorary-job-first-class-travel-suite-room-and-usd-1000-per-day-on-foreign-trips-7511029.html | title=Perks of BCCI&#039;s Honorary Job: First Class Travel, Suite Room and USD 1000 per Day on Foreign Trips }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Domestic tournaments ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|Category: Indian domestic cricket competitions|label1=List of domestic cricket competitions in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI organise following national-level tournaments :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Men&#039;s domestic cricket ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ranji Trophy]] {{efn|[[First-class cricket]] tournament, held since 1935}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]{{efn|Annual [[One day cricket]]  tournament}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL)&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Duleep Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Deodhar Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Irani Cup]]{{efn|Annually organised before cricket season start, in between Winner of Ranji trophy versus [[Rest of India cricket team]], comprising best player of last Ranji season of all the teams}} &lt;br /&gt;
* [[CK Nayudu Trophy]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.inningsbreak.com/apex-council-meeting-bcci-to-decide-on-resumption-of-ck-nayudu-trophy-loc-formation-for-2023-world-cup/ | title=BCCI to decide on resumption of CK Nayudu Trophy in Apex Virtual Meeting | access-date=10 October 2022 | archive-date=10 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010154808/https://www.inningsbreak.com/apex-council-meeting-bcci-to-decide-on-resumption-of-ck-nayudu-trophy-loc-formation-for-2023-world-cup/ | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Under 25 State A Trophy ([[One-Day cricket|One Day]] format)&amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Women&#039;s domestic cricket ===&lt;br /&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Women&#039;s Senior One Day Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Women&#039;s Senior T20 Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Women&#039;s IPL|Women&#039;s Premier League]] (WPL)&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:4&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Senior Women&#039;s Challenger Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Senior Women&#039;s T20 Challenger Cup]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Senior Women&#039;s Inter zonal tournament (T20 format)&amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
*  Senior Women&#039;s Inter-zonal One Day&amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Women&#039;s junior tournaments====&lt;br /&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Women&#039;s Under 19 T20 Challenger Trophy&amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt;  (India A, B, C and D teams participate)&lt;br /&gt;
* Women&#039;s under 19 T20 trophy&amp;lt;ref name=W/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Women&#039;s under 19 One Day Trophy &amp;lt;ref name=BCCIT/&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* U-16 one day tournament &amp;lt;ref name=W&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wisden.com/stories/india-domestic-cricket-schedule-for-2022-23-full-list-of-mens-womens-tournaments/amp | title=India Domestic Cricket Schedule for 2022/23: Full List of Men&#039;s &amp;amp; Women&#039;s Tournaments | date=8 August 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Women&#039;s under 15 One Day Trophy&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BCCIT&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=SERIES AND TOURNAMENTS |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/series-and-tournaments |website=www.bcci.tv}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Men&#039;s Junior cricket tournaments====&lt;br /&gt;
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cooch Behar Trophy]] (U-19, 4 day format) &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vinoo Mankad Trophy]] (U-19, One Day format) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralacricketassociation.com/2021/08/probables-for-the-vinoo-mankad-trophy/|title=Probables for the Vinoo Mankad Trophy|access-date=4 April 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vijay Merchant Trophy]] (U-16) &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=THE BOARD OF CONTROL FOR CRICKET IN INDIA |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/247/vijay-merchant-trophy|access-date=3 October 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vizzy Trophy]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Hardik Varma selected in West Zone cricket team for Vizzy Trophy|url=&lt;br /&gt;
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/74599984.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=&lt;br /&gt;
12 March 2020 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ([[List A cricket|List-A]] format)&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Finance==&lt;br /&gt;
=== Earning ===&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI is a private entity; it does not depend on the Government of India for its finances.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bcci-income-surplus-decline-in-200809/509551/|title=Decline in BCCI income during 2008-09s|access-date=19 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325160616/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bcci-income-surplus-decline-in-200809/509551|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2020, with US$405 million out of US$1,534 million, India had 26% share in the ICC FTP income disbursed to 10 Test playing nations, while the England and Wales Cricket Board received US$139 million as the second-highest earner.&amp;lt;ref name=savior1/&amp;gt; In the same year, to refinance other boards after the global economic decline and the significantly reduced income of most boards due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the ICC changed its FTP schedule to organise more international matches with India.&amp;lt;ref name=savior1/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ICC will share 38.5% of its total annual income with BCCI from 2023 to 2027, the board could earn [[USD|$]]1.15 bn plus in this cycle. BCCI will receive biggest share of ICC&#039;s income than any other board.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=&#039;बीसीसीआय&#039;ला मिळणार अब्जावधीचा हिस्सा |trans-title=BCCI will receive share of billions |url=https://www.loksatta.com/krida/bcci-will-get-revenue-share-from-international-cricket-council-zws-70-3648397/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjDt8fgyvH-AhW_U2wGHcHcBiQQu7wFegQILRAG&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0E-GmjcN2Il7nQkFJt0irQ |website=[[Loksatta]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
===Income===&lt;br /&gt;
In [[Financial year#India|financial year]] (FY) 2019–2020, the BCCI&#039;s total annual income was estimated to be over {{INR|3,730 crore}} (US$535 million), including {{INR|2,500 crore}} (US$345 million) from the IPL, {{INR|950 crore}} (US$139 million) from bilateral cricket with other nations, and {{INR|380 crore}} (US$51 million per year or total US$405 million for eight years) from India&#039;s share of ICC revenue.&amp;lt;ref name=savior1&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bailout-plan-play-more-matches-with-india/story-VRqndyDqK1aBAy0bT21qoO.html |title=BCCI bailout plan: Play more matches with India |website=Hindustantimes.com |date=26 April 2020 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426040601/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bailout-plan-play-more-matches-with-india/story-VRqndyDqK1aBAy0bT21qoO.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
In financial year 2021-2022 the BCCI earned ₹4542 Cr, in FY 2022-2023 earned ₹6558 Cr.&amp;lt;ref name=V&amp;gt;https://www.lokmat.com/cricket/news/board-of-control-for-cricket-in-india-bcci-paid-rs-1159-crore-income-tax-in-2021-22-37-higher-than-last-year-a-a593/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &amp;lt;ref name=HK/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== ICC income share ====&lt;br /&gt;
In 2020, as per the present eight-year Future Tours Program (FTP), India receives US$405 million from the ICC, as contrasted with US$139 million to the England and Wales Cricket Board, while US$128 million for each of Cricket Australia, Cricket South Africa, Pakistan Cricket Board, New Zealand Cricket, Sri Lanka Cricket, Cricket West Indies and Bangladesh Cricket Board, and US$94 million for Zimbabwe.&amp;lt;ref name=savior1/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In FY 2023–2027, ICC going to share 38.5% of its annual revenue with the BCCI.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:9&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Media rights ====&lt;br /&gt;
On 16 January 2023, the board sold the [[Women&#039;s Premier League (cricket)|Women&#039;s Premier League&#039;s]] [[media rights]] in {{INRConvert|951|c|year=2023}} for the period of 2023-2027 to [[Viacom18]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-17 |title=Women&#039;s IPL agrees £95m broadcast rights deal before a ball is bowled |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jan/16/womens-indian-premier-league-agrees-95m-broadcast-rights-deal-cricket&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjq74XbpfeAAxX4zjgGHdtiBf4QFnoECC4QAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw07x88JhCNl7pg7Rs9CjrgR |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 31 August 2023, [[Viacom18]] has acquired the media rights of &amp;quot;India cricket&amp;quot; as a result Viacom18 has exclusive rights to broadcast all the bilateral matches of India national women&#039;s-men&#039;s cricket team&#039;s which will take place in India and right to air all the domestic tournaments such as [[Ranji]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare trophy]], [[Irani Cup]], [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep trophy]] and many more. The {{INR|5,963 crores}} deal will last from Sept 2023 to March 2028. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces the successful bidder for acquiring the Media Rights for the BCCI International Matches and Domestic Matches for September 2023 – March 2028 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556034/bcci-announces-the-successful-bidder-for-acquiring-the-media-rights-for-the-bcci-international-matches-and-domestic-matches-for-september-2023-march-2028 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[IPL]] is the BCCI&#039;s largest source of income by medium of media rights. From 2018 to 2022, global rights were awarded to [[STAR India|Star India]] for ₹16,347.5 crore (US$2.0 billion). In 2022, BCCI sold IPL media rights for a staggering ₹48,390 crore (equivalent to ₹510 billion or US$6.4 billion in 2023), comprising television rights of ₹23,575 crore and digital rights of ₹20,500 crore, which were won by Disney and Viacom18 respectively. This deal includes 410 matches from 2023 to 2027. Viacom 18 won the exclusive digital rights for the Indian subcontinent and for streaming to the UK, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa; while Times Internet won global streaming rights in the Middle East, North Africa and the United States. Due to this deal, the IPL became the second-richest league in the world behind [[National Football League]] (NFL).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:15&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039; History of BCCI&#039;s media rights-&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2018, satellite broadcaster [[STAR India|Star India]] won the BCCI&#039;s exclusive media rights for the years 2018–2023. Star India won the rights to broadcast Indian cricket team&#039;s matches on their television channels, and rights to broadcast on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] for {{INR|6138.10 crore}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On average, Star Sports pays {{INR|60.1 crore}} per match to the BCCI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=STAR India wins BCCI media rights for Rs 6138.10 crore from 2018 to 2023|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/star-india-wins-bcci-media-rights-for-rs-6138-10-crore-from-2018-to-2023-1205396-2018-04-05|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117123033/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/star-india-wins-bcci-media-rights-for-rs-6138-10-crore-from-2018-to-2023-1205396-2018-04-05|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The deal also include rights to broadcast men&#039;s domestic tournaments such as the Vijay Hazare trophy, Ranji trophy, [[Irani Cup]], [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep trophy]] and [[Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]; and women&#039;s international cricket matches in India on Star Sport and Disney+ Hotstar.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Sponsorship rights ====&lt;br /&gt;
[[Viacom18|Viacom18&#039;s]] [[Sports18]] TV channel and its [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT]] platform [[JioCinema]] is the current (2023-2027) official broadcaster of thr BCCI. Adidas is kit sponsor (since June 2023), September 2023 onwards [[IDFC First Bank]] is title sponsor for all the bilateral series in India and for all the domestic tournaments, excluding the IPL and [[Women&#039;s Premier League (cricket)|Women&#039;s Premier League]] because their title sponsor is TATA for 2022-23 season.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=IDFC First acquires title sponsorship rights for all BCCI international and domestic home matches |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556033/idfc-first-acquires-title-sponsorship-rights-for-all-bcci-international-and-domestic-home-matches |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Tata gr. replaces Vivo... |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/tata-group-replaces-vivo-as-ipls-title-sponsor/amp_articleshow/88830192.cms&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwiT_JuakMqBAxUZe_UHHfbnC8kQFnoECCAQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw21Xq465MNaGHwuO09nygOz |website=Economic times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Dream11|Dream 11]], [[Ambuja Cements|Ambuja]] and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] are official partners.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/history|url-status=live|website=Bcci.tv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017174201/https://www.bcci.tv/about/history |archive-date=17 October 2019 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Ticketing rights ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
BCCI sold [[IPL 2022]] ticket-selling rights to &#039;&#039;[[Book My Show]]&#039;&#039;. The deal includes management of spectator entry on stadum gates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BookMyShow &amp;amp;#124; IPL 2022 Tickets: BookMyShow bags exclusive ticketing rights for IPL 2022 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/bookmyshow-bags-exclusive-ticketing-rights-for-ipl-2022/articleshow/90391205.cms |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018210207/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/bookmyshow-bags-exclusive-ticketing-rights-for-ipl-2022/articleshow/90391205.cms |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Paytm|Paytm insider]] app also often sells bilateral series&#039;s tickets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Expenditure===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Cricketing infrastructure development ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{Update section|date=September 2022}}&lt;br /&gt;
On 12 September 2006, the BCCI announced it would spend {{INR|1,600 crore}} over the next year to upgrade cricket stadiums in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/259270.html |title=BCCI to invest $347 million on domestic facilities &amp;amp;#124; Cricket News &amp;amp;#124; Global &amp;amp;#124; Cricinfo.com |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207092441/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/259270.html |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Update inline|date=September 2022|reason=This info is very old, should move in hist section.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the early 2000s, it established the [[National Cricket Academy]] at Bangalore to train future cricketers. On 17 February 2022, the BCCI president Sourav Ganguly founded a new NCA facility at Bangalore, which occupies {{cvt|40|acre}} of land near an airport. On completion, it will have three cricket grounds, 40 practice pitches, residential rooms, a swimming pool and a gymnasium. Construction will cost {{INR|200 crore}}.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI plans NCA contracts for fresh bowling talent, both men and women  |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 February 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-plans-nca-contracts-for-fresh-bowling-talent-both-men-and-women/articleshow/89605892.cms }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Stadium security====&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI hires police for security and crowd control in arenas during IPL, bilateral and ICC tournaments, unlike Australian or English cricket boards who hire private security agencies. In Maharashtra from June 2023 onwards they have to pay ₹35, ₹50, ₹60 lakhs for Test, ODI and T20 per game respectively to the [[Maharashtra government]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=क्रिकेट आयोजकांवर राज्य... |trans-title=State gov on cricket administrators... |pages=8 |work=[[Lokmat]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230627_8_2 |access-date=27 June 2023}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Efn|In India state police forces comes under their state governments.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Donations====&lt;br /&gt;
In March 2020, BCCI President [[Sourav Ganguly]] announced a donation of {{INR|51 crore}} to the [[PM CARES Fund]] to combat the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI donates Rs 51 crore to Prime Minister&#039;s Relief Fund |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/mar/28/covid-19-bcci-donates-rs-51-crore-to-prime-ministers-relief-fund-2122788.html |access-date=16 April 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330162559/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/mar/28/covid-19-bcci-donates-rs-51-crore-to-prime-ministers-relief-fund-2122788.html |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In May 2021, the media reported that the BCCI would donate 2,000 {{convert|10|litre|adj=on}} [[Oxygen concentrator]]s to help India fight COVID.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI to donate 2000 oxygen concentrators of 10-litre capacity each to help India fight COVID-19 |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/bcci-to-donate-2000-oxygen-concentrators-of-10-litre-capacity-each-to-help-india-fight-covid-19/ |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=SportsTiger |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524090425/https://www.sportstiger.com/bcci-to-donate-2000-oxygen-concentrators-of-10-litre-capacity-each-to-help-india-fight-covid-19/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=BCCI to donate 10-Litre 2000 Oxygen concentrators |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/bcci-to-donate-10-litre-2000-oxygen-concentrators/articleshow/82905501.cms |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524090954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/bcci-to-donate-10-litre-2000-oxygen-concentrators/articleshow/82905501.cms |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Update inline|date=September 2022|reason=Does they donated or not?}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2021, the BCCI announced, it will donate ₹10 Cr to Olympic bound Indian contingent.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI to support Olympic-bound Indian contingent with Rs 10 crore donation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/bcci-to-support-olympic-bound-indian-contingent-with-rs-10-crore-donation-271497 |website=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In August 2023, it paid {{INRConvert|2.25|c|lk=crore|year=2023}} to the Constitution Club of India based in New Delhi, to buy gym equipments. The club is an exclusive club for members of parliament of India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=BCCI donated Rs 2.25 crores to club for Parliamentarians |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-donated-rs-2-25-crores-to-club-for-parliamentarians/amp_articleshow/102495223.cms |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Encouragement to other sports ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{Further|India at the 2020 Summer Olympics}} It announced reward to the Indian olympians who won medal at [[Tokyo Olympics 2020|Tokyo Olympics]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|author=&amp;lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&amp;gt;|date=7 August 2021|title=BCCI announces cash rewards for Olympic medallists, Neeraj Chopra to get Rs 1 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/bcci-announces-cash-rewards-for-olympic-medallists-neeraj-chopra-to-get-rs-1-crore/articleshow/85131646.cms|department=Sports|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212031545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/bcci-announces-cash-rewards-for-olympic-medallists-neeraj-chopra-to-get-rs-1-crore/articleshow/85131646.cms|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Players&#039; contracts and welfare====&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Describe how the quantum of annual amount spent, describe the types of players contracts, as well as the pension and welfare activities undertaken for the former players. --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Contracts ====&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI created four grades for contracted male players—A+, A, B andC; and three grades for contracted female players—A, B and C. Male players who are in A+ grade get {{INR|7 crore}} a year. Players of A-grade get {{INR|5 crore}}, B-grade&#039;s players get {{INR|3 crore}} and C-grade players receive {{INR|1 crore}} per year. Female players who are in A grade get {{INR|50 lakh}} a year, B-grade players get {{INR|30 lakh}} a year and C-grade players get {{INR|10 lakh}} a year.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=भारत में रिटायर्ड क्रिकेट खिलाडियों को कितनी पेंशन मिलती है?|trans-title=Who much pension the retired cricketers got in India ?|work=Jagaran josh|url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amp/pension-to-retired-cricket-players-in-india-in-hindi-1539600031-2|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120101803/https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amp/pension-to-retired-cricket-players-in-india-in-hindi-1539600031-2|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Pension schemes ====&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI gives pensions to former domestic and international players who played for India.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; On 31 December 1993 BCCI decided to give 50,000 rupees pension to the players, who played more than 25 International Test match for the nation. The board gives {{INR|15,000}} pensions to the players who played in the Ranji Trophy before the 1957-to-1958 season.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; In 2013, the BCCI gave one-time benefits to domestic players who played in more than 75 first-class matches.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=BCCI proposes big raise in pension|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-proposes-big-raise-in-pension/amp_articleshow/69608298.cms|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209145715/https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-proposes-big-raise-in-pension/amp_articleshow/69608298.cms|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For female cricketers, the board give a {{INR|22,500}}- per-month pension to players who played 10 or more Tests for India; and {{INR|15,000}} per month for those who played between five and nine Tests.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Insurance ====&lt;br /&gt;
The BCCI has taken insurance for nearly everything related to them; they covered [[mediclaim]] of their employees, they have insured international and domestic players for loss of fees due to injury, matches, their old office and new office at Wankhede stadium and IPL matches. In case of cancellation of IPL, domestic and international cricket matches due to poor weather, riot, or fire, the BCCI receives payments from insurance companies.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=Qaiser Mohammad Ali |date=27 May 2015 |title=BCCI spending more on insurance policies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |newspaper=India Today |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104453/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/bcci-insurance-policies-for-players-254865-2015-05-27 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The BCCI provides {{INR|5 lakh}} insurance to players who played under the board.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Indian Cricketers Association Wants Players Pension, Insurance Doubled|work=[[News 18]]|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/indian-cricketers-association-wants-players-pension-insurance-doubled-2364475.html|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120103305/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/indian-cricketers-association-wants-players-pension-insurance-doubled-2364475.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Tax payment ===&lt;br /&gt;
In 2018, {{INR|472.22 crore}} of tax was outstanding till 1 April 2018;l, this sum was cleared along with interest in September 2018. However the [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]] issued a notice for tax evasion to the BCCI, they also demanded the BCCI for another outstanding income-tax payment of {{INR|1,303 crore}}; according to details submitted by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of finance]] in the Parliament in February 2019.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bcci-issued-notice-in-tax-evasion-case-by-revenue-119031901200_1.html |title=BCCI issued notice in tax evasion case by revenue |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard News |date= 19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913142218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bcci-issued-notice-in-tax-evasion-case-by-revenue-119031901200_1.html |archive-date=13 September 2019 |url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since IPL began [[Income Tax Department]] (IT department) refused to give income tax exemption for IPL, said it is an annual commercial activity. Since financial year 2007-2008 to 2017-2018, BCCI paid [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]3,500 [[Crore|Cr]] to IT department, out of around ₹12000 Cr it earned from the IPL.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:13&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-02-09 |title=Since IPL launch, BCCI has paid Rs 3,500cr in tax |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/since-ipl-launch-bcci-has-paid-rs-3500cr-in-tax/articleshow/62845645.cms |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2007–08, although the IT department withdrew this exemption{{Which|date=August 2023}}, BCCI only paid tax amounting to {{INRConvert|41.9|c}} against its tax liability of {{INRConvert|413|c}} in the 2009–2010 financial year&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cricket/news/article322195.ece|title=BCCI owes Rs. 373 crore to Income Tax dept|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 February 2012|access-date=28 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308113947/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cricket/news/article322195.ece|archive-date=8 March 2014|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2012, BCCI paid no income tax, claimed they are a charitable organisation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|title=BCCI not a &#039;charitable organisation&#039;|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 February 2012|access-date=28 February 2012|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222235222/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/article2910033.ece|archive-date=22 February 2012|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2015, then [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance minister]] [[Jayant Sinha]] said, ministry collected ₹2140.58 Cr from BCCI, 2004–05 onwards, but tax payment still pending, 53 Cr is from assessment year 2008–09, ₹100 Cr from 2010 to 11, ₹100 Cr from 2011 to 12, ₹116.89 Cr of year 2012–13 from BCCI.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-05-12 |title=Government collected Rs 2,140 crore as tax from BCCI since 2004-05 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/government-collected-rs-2140-crore-as-tax-from-bcci-since-2004-05/articleshow/47249305.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2014–15, the BCCI paid ₹864.78 Cr income tax by leaving outstanding tax of ₹462.52 Cr, which income tax department want from it, also demanded ₹400 Cr from FY 2015–16.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:14&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-01-19 |title=Outstanding tax demand of BCCI may go up to over Rs 860 crore: RTI reply |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/outstanding-tax-demand-of-bcci-may-go-up-to-over-rs-860-crore-rti-reply/articleshow/62571140.cms |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The following table contains the information of BCCI&#039;s tax payment :&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;AT&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=10 August 2023 |title=बीसीसीआयने किती कर भरला? |script-title= |language=mr |trans-title=Tax payment of BCCI? |pages=17 |website=Lokmat |location=[[Mumbai]] |url=http://epaper.lokmat.com/articlepage.php?articleid=LOK_JLLK_20230810_12_10 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|class= wikitable&lt;br /&gt;
!FY &lt;br /&gt;
! Amount&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2013–14&lt;br /&gt;
|₹50&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=BCCI paid rs 50 crore as income tax last month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-paid-rs-50-crore-as-income-tax-last-month/article8466905.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; or ₹100 Cr&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:13&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2014–15&lt;br /&gt;
|₹864.78 Cr&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:14&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2017–18&lt;br /&gt;
|₹596.21 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2018–19&lt;br /&gt;
| ₹815.08 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2019–20&lt;br /&gt;
|₹882.29 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2020–21&lt;br /&gt;
|₹844.92 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2021–22&lt;br /&gt;
|₹1159 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|- &lt;br /&gt;
|2022–23&lt;br /&gt;
|₹4000 Cr&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== In popular culture ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The BCCI was featured in the &#039;&#039;[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]&#039;&#039;, a 2019 [[Telugu language]] film in which the main protagonist Arjun ([[Nani (actor)|Nani]]) aspires to play for the [[India national cricket team]] and in the [[Ranji Trophy]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Nani-starrer &#039;Jersey&#039;, garners praise from cricket buffs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gowtam-tinnanuris-jersey-starring-nani-and-shraddha-srinath-has-been-garnering-praise-from-film-and-cricket-buffs/article26910841.ece/amp/&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwjV6evo_bn7AhXSmeYKHU7IBjMQFnoECDoQAQ&amp;amp;usg=AOvVaw0QEfBukWErXcBRXXnH8KlG |newspaper=The Hindu| date=22 April 2019 | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* This organisation was mentioned in &#039;&#039;[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]&#039;&#039; (2016) [[Bollywood]] film.&lt;br /&gt;
* The BCCI was a major talking point in comedian [[Hasan Minhaj]]&#039;s &amp;quot;Cricket Corruption&amp;quot; episode on the &#039;&#039;[[Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj]]&#039;&#039;. In &amp;quot;Cricket Corruption&amp;quot;, Minhaj claims that the growth of Indian cricket is suppressing cricket&#039;s inclusivity and accessibility to fledgling nations (these are referred to as &amp;quot;Associate Members&amp;quot; by the ICC). He even opines that the financial successes of the IPL have launched the BCCI to a position where they now transcend the ICC in global cricketing power and influence.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Celik |first=Ipek A. |date=2019 |title=A New Era of American Comedy: Hasan Minhaj, Patriot Act and Politics in the Age of Trump |journal=Journal of American Studies of Turkey |via=JSTOR}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* The BCCI was featured in Kabir Khan&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[83 (film)|83]]&#039;&#039; (2021), which is a Hindi-language sports drama film that chronicles India&#039;s against-all-odds victory in the 1983 Cricket World Cup. Albeit not by any means the central focus of the film, the BCCI are presented as an important organization in Indian cricket in supporting and promoting the game across the nation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cricket in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[BCCI Awards]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sport in India]] – Overview of sport in India&lt;br /&gt;
* [[:Category:Sports governing bodies in India|List of national level sport governing bodies in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Explanatory notes ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|group=details}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Notelist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bcci.tv/ Official Website]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Cricket in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Sports governing bodies in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{BCCI Members}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Asian Cricket Council}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Cricket administration in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Cricket]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1928]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kural&amp;diff=432378</id>
		<title>Kural</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kural&amp;diff=432378"/>
		<updated>2023-09-26T10:04:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: Correcting tag&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{short description|Ancient Tamil composition on personal ethics and morality}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{other uses}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox book&lt;br /&gt;
| name              = Tirukkuṟaḷ&lt;br /&gt;
| image             = திருக்குறள் தெளிவு.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
| image_size        = &lt;br /&gt;
| alt               = &lt;br /&gt;
| caption           = A typical published original Tamil version of the work&lt;br /&gt;
| author            = [[Valluvar]]&lt;br /&gt;
| title_orig        = திருக்குறள்&lt;br /&gt;
| orig_lang_code    = ta&lt;br /&gt;
| title_working     = Kural&lt;br /&gt;
| translator        = See [[Tirukkural translations|list of translations]]&lt;br /&gt;
| country           = India&lt;br /&gt;
| language          = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]&lt;br /&gt;
| series            = [[Eighteen Lesser Texts]]&lt;br /&gt;
| subject           = {{flatlist|&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ethics]] and cosmic order&lt;br /&gt;
* society&lt;br /&gt;
* politics&lt;br /&gt;
* economics and statecraft&lt;br /&gt;
* love and pleasure{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=7–16}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=156–168}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
| genre             = [[Poetry]]&lt;br /&gt;
| set_in            = Probably Post-[[Sangam era]] (c. 500 CE or earlier)&lt;br /&gt;
| pub_date          = 1812 (first known printed edition, older palm-leaf manuscripts exist){{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=115}}&lt;br /&gt;
| english_pub_date  = 1794&lt;br /&gt;
| native_wikisource = திருக்குறள்&lt;br /&gt;
| wikisource        = The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Sangam literature|collapsed}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{lang-ta|திருக்குறள்|lit=sacred verses}}), or shortly &#039;&#039;&#039;the&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Kural&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{lang-ta|குறள்}}), is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or [[Kural (poetic form)|kural]]s, of seven words each.{{sfn|Pillai, 1994}} The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue ([[Aram (Kural book)|&#039;&#039;aram&#039;&#039;]]), wealth ([[Porul (Kural book)|&#039;&#039;porul&#039;&#039;]]) and love ([[Inbam (Kural book)|&#039;&#039;inbam&#039;&#039;]]), respectively.{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=7–16}}{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=449–482}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=157–158}} Considered one of the greatest works ever written on [[ethics]] and [[morality]], it is widely acknowledged for its universality and [[secularity|secular]] nature.{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334, 4341}}{{sfn|Holmström, Krishnaswamy, and Srilata, 2009|p=5}} Its authorship is traditionally attributed to [[Thiruvalluvar|Valluvar]], also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third [[Sangam literature|Sangam]], but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE and that it was composed after the Sangam period.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=124}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural text is among the earliest systems of Indian epistemology and metaphysics. The work is traditionally praised with epithets and alternative titles, including &amp;quot;the Tamil Veda&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;the Divine Book.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}}{{sfn|Cutler, 1992}} Written on the ideas of &#039;&#039;[[ahimsa]]&#039;&#039;,{{sfn|Chakravarthy Nainar, 1953}}{{sfn|Krishna, 2017}}{{sfn|Thani Nayagam, 1971|p=252}}{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 2006|p=84}}{{sfn|Krishnamoorthy, 2004|pp=206–208}} it emphasizes [[ahimsa|non-violence]] and [[moral vegetarianism]] as virtues for an individual.{{sfn|Dharani|2018|p=101}}{{sfn|Das|1997|pp=11–12}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=156–171}}{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|p=13}}{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|pp=127–129}}{{Ref label|A|a|none}} In addition, it highlights virtues such as truthfulness, self-restraint, gratitude, hospitality, kindness, goodness of wife, duty, giving, and so forth,{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=160–163}} besides covering a wide range of social and political topics such as king, ministers, taxes, justice, forts, war, greatness of army and soldier&#039;s honor, death sentence for the wicked, agriculture, education, abstinence from alcohol and intoxicants.{{sfn|Hikosaka|Samuel|1990|p=200}}{{sfn|Ananthanathan, 1994|pp=151–154}}{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=151–154}} It also includes chapters on friendship, love, sexual unions, and domestic life.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=160–163}}{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}} The text effectively denounced previously held misbeliefs that were common during the [[Sangam period|Sangam era]] and permanently redefined the cultural values of the [[Tamilakam|Tamil land]].{{sfn|Thamizhannal, 2004|p=146}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural has influenced scholars and leaders across the ethical, social, political, economic, religious, philosophical, and spiritual spheres over its history.{{sfn|Sundaramurthi, 2000|p=624}} These include [[Ilango Adigal]], [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]], [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], [[Ramalinga Swamigal]], [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], [[Karl Graul]], [[George Uglow Pope]], [[Alexander Piatigorsky]], and [[Yu Hsi]]. The work remains the most translated, the most cited, and the most citable of Tamil literary works.{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=19}} The text has been translated into at least 40 Indian and non-Indian languages, making it one of the [[List of literary works by number of translations|most translated ancient works]]. Ever since it came to print for the first time in 1812, the Kural text has never been out of print.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=29}} The Kural is considered a masterpiece and one of the most important texts of the [[Tamil literature]].{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=24}} Its author is venerated for his selection of virtues found in the known literature and presenting them in a manner that is common and acceptable to all.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=119}} The Tamil people and the government of [[Tamil Nadu]] have long celebrated and upheld the text with reverence.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=156–171}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Etymology and nomenclature==&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Glossary of names for the Tirukkural}}&lt;br /&gt;
The term {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Tirukkuṟaḷ}} is a compound word made of two individual terms, {{transliteration|ta|ISO|tiru}} and {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kuṟaḷ}}. {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Tiru}} is an honorific Tamil term that corresponds to the universally Indian, Sanskrit term {{transliteration|sa|ISO|sri}} meaning &amp;quot;holy, sacred, excellent, honorable, and beautiful.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Sundaram|1987|pp=7–16}} The term {{transliteration|ta|ISO|tiru}} has as many as 19 different meanings in Tamil.{{sfn|Nedunchezhiyan, 1991|p=vii}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Kuṟaḷ}} means something that is &amp;quot;short, concise, and abridged.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=7–16}} Etymologically, {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kuṟaḷ}} is the shortened form of {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kuṟaḷ pāttu}}, which is derived from {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kuruvenpāttu}}, one of the two Tamil poetic forms explained by the [[Tolkappiyam]], the other one being {{transliteration|ta|ISO|neduvenpāttu}}.{{sfn|Kowmareeshwari, 2012a|pp=iv–vi}} According to [[Miron Winslow]], {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kuṟaḷ}} is used as a literary term to indicate &amp;quot;a metrical line of 2 feet, or a distich or couplet of short lines, the first of 4 and the second of 3 feet.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Winslow, 1862}} Thus, &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; literally comes to mean &amp;quot;sacred couplets.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=7–16}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The work is highly cherished in the Tamil culture, as reflected by its twelve traditional titles: &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; (the sacred kural), &#039;&#039;Uttaravedam&#039;&#039; (the ultimate [[Veda]]), &#039;&#039;Tiruvalluvar&#039;&#039; (eponymous with the author), &#039;&#039;Poyyamoli&#039;&#039; (the falseless word), &#039;&#039;Vayurai valttu&#039;&#039; (truthful praise), &#039;&#039;Teyvanul&#039;&#039; (the divine book), &#039;&#039;Potumarai&#039;&#039; (the common Veda), &#039;&#039;Valluva Maalai&#039;&#039; (garland made by the author), &#039;&#039;Tamil Manunool&#039;&#039; (Tamil ethical treatise), &#039;&#039;Tiruvalluva Payan&#039;&#039; (fruit of the author), &#039;&#039;Muppal&#039;&#039; (the three-fold path), and &#039;&#039;Tamilmarai&#039;&#039; (the Tamil Veda).{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}}{{sfn|Takahashi, 1999|pp=53–54}} The work is traditionally grouped under the [[Eighteen Lesser Texts]] series of the [[Sangam literature|late Sangam works]], known in Tamil as &#039;&#039;Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Kowmareeshwari, 2012a|pp=iv–vi}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Date ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{main| Dating the Tirukkural}}&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. According to traditional accounts, it was the last work of the third [[Tamil Sangams|Sangam]] and was subjected to a divine test, which it passed. The scholars who believe this tradition, such as [[Somasundara Bharathiar]] and M. Rajamanickam, date the text to as early as 300 BCE. Historian [[K. K. Pillay]] assigned it to the early 1st century CE.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=124}} According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], a [[Czechs|Czech]] scholar of Tamil literature, these early dates such as 300 BCE to 1 BCE are unacceptable and not supported by evidence within the text. The diction and grammar of the Kural, and Valluvar&#039;s indebtedness to some earlier Sanskrit sources, suggest that he lived after the &amp;quot;early Tamil bardic poets,&amp;quot; but before Tamil bhakti poets era.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=124 with footnotes}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1959, [[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]] assigned the work to around or after the 6th century CE. His proposal is based on the evidence that the Kural text contains a large proportion of Sanskrit loan words, shows awareness and indebtedness to some Sanskrit texts best dated to the first half of the 1st millennium CE, and the grammatical innovations in the language of the Kural literature.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=124 with footnotes}}{{Ref label|B|b|none}} Pillai published a list of 137 Sanskrit loan words in the Kural text.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=170–171}} Later scholars such as [[Thomas Burrow]] and [[Murray Barnson Emeneau]] show that 35 of these are of [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] origin and not Sanskrit loan words. Zvelebil states that an additional few have uncertain etymology and that future studies may prove those to be Dravidian.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=170–171}} The 102 remaining loan words from Sanskrit are &amp;quot;not negligible&amp;quot;, and some of the teachings in the Kural text, according to Zvelebil, are &amp;quot;undoubtedly&amp;quot; based on the then extant Sanskrit works such as the &#039;&#039;[[Arthashastra]]&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;[[Manusmriti]]&#039;&#039; (also called the &#039;&#039;Manavadharmasastra&#039;&#039;).{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=170–171}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In his treatise of Tamil literary history published in 1974, Zvelebil states that the Kural text does not belong to the [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] period and dates it to somewhere between 450 and 500 CE.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=124}} His estimate is based on the language of the text, its allusions to the earlier works, and its borrowing from some Sanskrit treatises.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}} Zvelebil notes that the text features several grammatical innovations that are absent in the older Sangam literature. The text also features a higher number of [[Sanskrit]] [[loan word]]s compared with these older texts.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=169}} According to Zvelebil, besides being part of the ancient Tamil literary tradition, the author was also a part of the &amp;quot;one great Indian ethical, didactic tradition&amp;quot; as a few of the verses in the Kural text are &amp;quot;undoubtedly&amp;quot; translations of the verses of earlier Indian texts.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=171}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In the 19th century and the early 20th century, European writers and missionaries variously dated the text and its author to between 400 and 1000 CE.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|p=454 with footnote 7}} According to Blackburn, the &amp;quot;current scholarly consensus&amp;quot; dates the text and the author to approximately 500 CE.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|p=454 with footnote 7}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1921, in the face of incessant debate on the precise date, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] officially declared 31 BCE as the year of Valluvar at a conference presided over by [[Maraimalai Adigal]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=124}}{{sfn|Arumugam, 2014|pp=5, 15}}{{sfn|Thamizhannal, 2004|p=141}}{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Hindustan Times&#039;&#039;, 16 January 2020}} On 18 January 1935, the [[Valluvar Year]] was added to the calendar.{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Thiruvalluvar Ninaivu Malar&#039;&#039;, 1935|p=117}}{{Ref label|C|c|none}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Author==&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Thiruvalluvar}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Quote box|bgcolor = #E0E6F8|align=right|quote=&amp;lt;poem&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;The book without a name by an author without a name.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/poem&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|source=—[[E. S. Ariel]], 1848{{sfn|Pope, 1886|p=i (Introduction)}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural text was authored by Thiruvalluvar (&#039;&#039;lit.&#039;&#039; Saint Valluvar).{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=449–482}} He is known by various other names including Poyyil Pulavar, Mudharpavalar, Deivappulavar, Nayanar, Devar, Nanmukanar, Mathanubangi, Sennabbodhakar, and Perunavalar.{{sfn|Tamil Virtual University, n.d.}}{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=83}} There is negligible authentic information available about Valluvar&#039;s life.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=155}} For all practical purposes, neither his actual name nor the original title of his work can be determined with certainty.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=125}} The Kural text itself does not name its author.{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 6 November 2019|p=4}} The name &#039;&#039;Thiruvalluvar&#039;&#039; was first mentioned in the later era [[Shaivite]] [[Hindu]] text known as the &#039;&#039;Tiruvalluva Maalai&#039;&#039;, also of unclear date.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=449–482}} However, the Tiruvalluva Maalai does not mention anything about Valluvar&#039;s birth, family, caste or background. No other authentic pre-colonial texts have been found to support any legends about the life of Valluvar. Starting around early 19th century, numerous inconsistent legends on Valluvar in various Indian languages and English were published.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=456–457}}&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Thiruvalluvar Statue at Kanyakumari 02.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|The statue of Valluvar, the author of the Kural text, on an island in [[Kanyakumari]] facing towards the Tamil Nadu coastline]]&lt;br /&gt;
Various claims have been made regarding Valluvar&#039;s family background and occupation in the colonial era literature, all inferred from selective sections of his text or hagiographies published since the colonial era started in Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=458–464}} One traditional version claims that he was a [[Paraiyar]] weaver.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|pp=124–125}} Another theory is that he must have been from the agricultural caste of [[Vellalar]]s because he extols agriculture in his work.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}} Another states he was an outcaste, born to a Pariah woman and a [[Brahmin]] father.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}}{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=458–464}} [[M. Raghava Iyengar|Mu Raghava Iyengar]] speculated that &amp;quot;valluva&amp;quot; in his name is a variation of &amp;quot;vallabha&amp;quot;, the designation of a royal officer.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}} [[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]] derived his name from &amp;quot;valluvan&amp;quot; (a Paraiyar caste of royal drummers) and theorized that he was &amp;quot;the chief of the proclaiming boys analogous to a trumpet-major of an army&amp;quot;.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}}{{sfn|Pavanar, 2017|pp=24–26}} The traditional biographies not only are inconsistent, but also contain incredulous claims about the author of the Kural text. Along with various versions of his birth circumstances, many state he went to a mountain and met the legendary [[Agastya]] and other sages.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=460–464}} There are also accounts claiming that, during his return journey, Valluvar sat under a tree whose shadow sat still over him and did not move the entire day, he killed a demon, and many more.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=460–464}} Scholars consider these and all associated aspects of these hagiographic stories to be fiction and ahistorical, a feature common to &amp;quot;international and Indian folklore&amp;quot;. The alleged low birth, high birth and being a pariah in the traditional accounts are also doubtful.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=459–464}} Traditionally, Valluvar is believed to have married to [[Vasuki (wife of Valluvar)|Vasuki]]{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} and had a friend and a disciple named [[Elelasingan]].{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=232}}{{sfn| Desikar, 1969|pp=128–130}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In a manner similar to speculations of the author&#039;s biography, there has been much speculation about his religion with no historical evidence. In determining Valluvar&#039;s religion, the crucial test to be applied according to [[M. S. Purnalingam Pillai]] is to analyze what religious philosophy he has not condemned.{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=75}} He also adds that Valluvar has &amp;quot;not said a word against&amp;quot; the [[Saiva Siddhanta]] principles.{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=75}} The Kural text is aphoristic and non-denominational in nature and can be selectively interpreted in many ways. This has led almost every major religious group in India, including [[Christianity]] during the [[British Raj|Colonial era]], to claim the work and its author as one of their own.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=156}} The 19th-century Christian missionary [[George Uglow Pope]], for example, claimed that Valluvar must have lived in the 9th century CE, come in contact with Christian teachers such as [[Pantaenus]] of [[Alexandria]], imbibed Christian ideas and peculiarities of Alexandrian teachers and then wrote the &amp;quot;wonderful Kurral&amp;quot; with an &amp;quot;echo of the &#039;Sermon of the Mount&#039;.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=125}} This theory, however, is ahistorical and discredited.{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=42}} According to Zvelebil, the ethics and ideas in Valluvar&#039;s work are not [[Christian ethics]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=156–171}}{{Ref label|D|d|none}} Albert Schweitzer hints that &amp;quot;the dating of the Kural has suffered, along with so many other literary and historical dates, philosophies and mythologies of India, a severe mauling at the hands of the Christian Missionaries, anxious to post-date all irrefutable examples of religious maturity to the Christian era.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Schweitzer, 2013|pp=200–205 (cited in &#039;&#039;Shakti&#039;&#039;, Volume 5, 1968, p. 29)}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Valluvar is thought to have belonged to either [[Jainism]] or [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=156–171}}{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}}{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=152–154, context: 144–154 (Chapter: Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia)}}{{sfn|Swamiji Iraianban|1997|p=13}}{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=xiii–xvii, Appendix note on verse 1103}}{{sfn|Johnson, 2009}} This can be observed in his treatment of the concept of [[ahimsa]] or [[non-violence]], which is the principal concept of both the religions.{{Ref label|A|a|none}} In the 1819 translation, [[Francis Whyte Ellis]] mentions that the Tamil community debates whether Valluvar was a Jain or Hindu.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=463–464}} According to Zvelebil, Valluvar&#039;s treatment of the chapters on [[moral vegetarianism]] and [[non-killing]] reflects the Jain precepts.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=156–171}}{{Ref label|A|a|none}} Certain epithets for God and ascetic values found in the text are found in Jainism, states Zvelebil. He theorizes that Valluvar was probably &amp;quot;a learned Jain with eclectic leanings&amp;quot;, who was well acquainted with the earlier Tamil literature and also had knowledge of the Sanskrit texts.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=155}} According to A. Chakravarthy Nainar, the Jaina tradition associates the work with [[Kundakunda|Kunda Kunda Acharya]], also known as Elachariyar in the Tamil region, the chief of the Southern Pataliputra Dravidian Sanghaat, who lived around the latter half of the first century BCE and the former half of the first century CE.{{sfn|Chakravarthy, 1953}} Nevertheless, early [[Digambara]] or [[Svetambara]] Jaina texts do not mention Valluvar or the Kural text. The first claim of Valluvar as an authority appears in a 16th-century Jain text.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|p=119 with footnote 10}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{Quote box|bgcolor = #E0E6F8|align=left|quote=&amp;lt;poem&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;It&#039;s the author&#039;s innate nature to select the best virtues&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;found in all the known literature and present them&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;in a manner that is acceptable to all.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/poem&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|source=—[[Parimelalhagar]] about Valluvar, 13th century CE{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|p=384}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Valluvar&#039;s writings, according to scholars, also suggest that he might have belonged to [[Hinduism]]. Hindu teachers have mapped his teachings in the Kural literature to the teachings found in Hindu texts.{{sfn|Swamiji Iraianban|1997|p=13}}{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=xiii–xvii, Appendix note on verse 1103}} The three parts that the Kural is divided into, namely, &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039; (virtue), &#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039; (wealth) and &#039;&#039;inbam&#039;&#039; (love), aiming at attaining &#039;&#039;veedu&#039;&#039; (ultimate salvation), follow, respectively, the four foundations of Hinduism, namely, [[dharma]], [[artha]], [[kama]] and [[moksha]].{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=7–16}}{{sfn|Johnson, 2009}} While the text extols the virtue of non-violence, it also dedicates many of 700 &#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039; couplets to various aspects of statecraft and warfare in a manner similar to the Hindu text &#039;&#039;Arthasastra&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=152–154, context: 144–154 (Chapter: Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia)}} For example, according to the text, an army has a duty to kill in battle, and a king must execute criminals for justice.{{sfn|Ananthanathan, 1994|p=325}}{{Ref label|E|e|none}} Valluvar&#039;s mentioning of God [[Vishnu]] in couplets 610 and 1103 and [[Goddess Lakshmi]] in couplets 167, 408, 519, 565, 568, 616, and 617 suggests the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] beliefs of the author.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=145–148}}{{sfn|Natarajan, 2008|pp=4–5}} P. R. Natarajan lists at least 24 different usage of Hindu origin in 29 different couplets across the Kural text.{{sfn|Natarajan, 2008|pp=4–5}} According to Purnalingam Pillai, who is known for his critique of [[Brahminism]], a rational analysis of the Kural text suggests that Valluvar was a Hindu, and not a Jain.{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=464–465}} [[Matthieu Ricard]] believes Valluvar belonged to the Shaivite tradition of South India.{{sfn|Ricard, 2016|p=27}} According to Thomas Manninezhath – a theology scholar who grew up in South India, the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; is believed by the natives to reflect [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy and teaches an &amp;quot;Advaitic way of life&amp;quot;.{{sfn|Manninezhath, 1993|pp=78–79}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Notwithstanding these debates, Valluvar is praised by scholars for his innate nature to select the virtues found in all the known works and present them in a manner that is common and acceptable to everyone.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=119}} The author is remembered and cherished for his universal secular values, and his treatise has been called &#039;&#039;Ulaga Podhu Marai&#039;&#039; (the universal scripture).{{sfn|Natarajan, 2008|pp=1–6}}{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=22}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=489}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Contents==&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets (or kurals), for a total of 1,330 couplets.{{sfn|Kumar, 1999|pp=91–92}}{{Ref label|F|f|none}} All the couplets are in &#039;&#039;[[Kural (poetic form)|kural venba]]&#039;&#039; [[Poetic metre|metre]], and all the 133 chapters have an ethical theme and are grouped into three parts, or &amp;quot;books&amp;quot;:{{sfn|Kumar, 1999|pp=91–92}}{{sfn|Mukherjee, 1999|pp=392–393}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Pie chart&lt;br /&gt;
 | caption=&#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
 | other =&lt;br /&gt;
 | label1 = Aṟam&lt;br /&gt;
 | value1 = 28.6 | color1 = orange&lt;br /&gt;
 | label2 = Poruḷ&lt;br /&gt;
 | value2 = 52.6 | color2 = #F60&lt;br /&gt;
 | label3 = Inbam&lt;br /&gt;
 | value3 = 18.8 | color3 = #09F&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Book I – &#039;&#039;Aṟam&#039;&#039; ({{lang|ta|அறம்}}): [[Aram (Kural book)|Book of Virtue]] ([[Dharma]]), dealing with moral values of an individual{{sfn|Kumar, 1999|pp=91–92}} and essentials of yoga philosophy{{sfn|Mukherjee, 1999|pp=392–393}} (Chapters 1–38)&lt;br /&gt;
* Book II – &#039;&#039;Poruḷ&#039;&#039; ({{lang|ta|பொருள்}}): [[Porul (Kural book)|Book of Polity]] ([[Artha]]), dealing with socio-economic values,{{sfn|Kumar, 1999|pp=91–92}} polity, society and administration{{sfn|Mukherjee, 1999|pp=392–393}} (Chapters 39–108)&lt;br /&gt;
* Book III – &#039;&#039;Inbam&#039;&#039; ({{lang|ta|இன்பம்}}): [[Inbam (Kural book)|Book of Love]] ([[Kama]]), dealing with psychological values{{sfn|Kumar, 1999|pp=91–92}} and love{{sfn|Mukherjee, 1999|pp=392–393}} (Chapters 109–133)&lt;br /&gt;
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{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote=&amp;quot;Virtue will confer heaven and wealth; what greater source of happiness can man possess?&amp;quot;|salign=right|source=(Kural 31; [[William Henry Drew (missionary)|Drew]], 1840).{{sfn|Drew, 1840}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
The book on &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039; (virtue) contains 380 verses, that of &#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039; (wealth) has 700 and that of &#039;&#039;inbam&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;kāmam&#039;&#039; (love) has 250. Each &#039;&#039;kural&#039;&#039; or couplet contains exactly seven words, known as &#039;&#039;cir&#039;&#039;s, with four &#039;&#039;cir&#039;&#039;s on the first line and three on the second, following the [[Kural (poetic form)|kural]] [[Poetic metre|metre]]. A &#039;&#039;cir&#039;&#039; is a single or a combination of more than one Tamil word. For example, the term &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; is a &#039;&#039;cir&#039;&#039; formed by combining the two words &#039;&#039;tiru&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;kuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Kumar, 1999|pp=91–92}} The Kural text has a total of 9310 &#039;&#039;cir&#039;&#039;s made of 14,000 Tamil words.&lt;br /&gt;
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Of the 1,330 couplets in the text, 40 couplets relate to god, rain, ascetics, and virtue; 340 on fundamental everyday virtues of an individual; 250 on royalty; 100 on ministers of state; 220 on essential requirements of administration; 130 on social morality, both positive and negative; and 250 on human love and passion.{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}}{{sfn|Vanmeegar, 2012|pp=vii–xvi}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Along with the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the Kural is one of the earliest systems of Indian [[epistemology]] and [[metaphysics]].{{sfn|Nagarajan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 14 August 2012}} The work largely reflects the first three of the four ancient Indian aims in life, known as &#039;&#039;[[Puruṣārtha|purushaarthas]]&#039;&#039;, viz., virtue (&#039;&#039;dharma&#039;&#039;), wealth (&#039;&#039;artha&#039;&#039;) and love (&#039;&#039;kama&#039;&#039;).{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=7–16}}{{sfn|Holmström, Krishnaswamy, and Srilata, 2009|p=5}}{{sfn|Johnson, 2009}}{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=123–124}}{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333, 4341}}{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|pp=77–78}} The fourth aim, namely, salvation (&#039;&#039;moksha&#039;&#039;) has been omitted from being dealt with as the fourth book since it does not lend itself to didactic treatment,{{sfn|Srinivasachari|1988|p=15}} but is implicit in the last five chapters of Book I.{{sfn|Pillai, 1972|pp=5–7}}{{Ref label|G|g|none}} The components of &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;inbam&#039;&#039; encompasses both the &#039;&#039;agam&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;puram&#039;&#039; genres of the Tamil literary tradition as explained in the Tolkappiyam.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|p=9}} According to Sharma, &#039;&#039;dharma&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039;) refers to ethical values for the holistic pursuit of life, &#039;&#039;artha&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039;) refers to wealth obtained in ethical manner guided by &#039;&#039;dharma&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;kāma&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;Inbam&#039;&#039;) refers to pleasure and fulfilment of one&#039;s desires, also guided by &#039;&#039;dharma&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Sharma, 2018|pp=119–121}} The corresponding goals of &#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;inbam&#039;&#039; are desirable, yet both need to be regulated by &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039;, according to J. Arunadevi.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=19}} According to Indian philosophical tradition, one must remain unattached to wealth and possessions, which can either be transcended or sought with detachment and awareness, and pleasure needs to be fulfilled consciously and without harming anyone.{{sfn|Sharma, 2018|pp=119–121}} The Indian tradition also holds that there exists an inherent tension between &#039;&#039;artha&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;kama&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Sharma, 2018|pp=119–121}} Thus, wealth and pleasure must be pursued with an &amp;quot;action with renunciation&amp;quot; ([[Nishkama Karma]]), that is, one must act without craving in order to resolve this tension.{{sfn|Sharma, 2018|pp=119–121}}{{sfn|Vijayaraghavan, &#039;&#039;The Economic Times&#039;&#039;, 22 September 2005}}{{Ref label|H|h|none}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{hidden begin&lt;br /&gt;
|title = Outline of the Kural&lt;br /&gt;
|titlestyle = background:lightgreen;width:60%&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
The content of &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;, according to Zvelebil:{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=160–163}}&lt;br /&gt;
;Book I—Book of Virtue (38 chapters)&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 1. In Praise of God ({{lang|ta|கடவுள் வாழ்த்து}} &#039;&#039;kaṭavuḷ vāḻttu&#039;&#039;): Couplets 1–10&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 2. The Excellence of Rain ({{lang|ta|வான் சிறப்பு}} &#039;&#039;vāṉ ciṟappu&#039;&#039;): 11–20&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 3. The Greatness of Those Who Have Renounced ({{lang|ta|நீத்தார் பெருமை}} &#039;&#039;nīttār perumai&#039;&#039;): 21–30&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 4. Assertion of the strength of Virtue ({{lang|ta|அறன் வலியுறுத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;aṟaṉ valiyuṟuttal&#039;&#039;): 31–40&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 5. Domestic Life ({{lang|ta|இல்வாழ்க்கை}} &#039;&#039;ilvāḻkkai&#039;&#039;): 41–50&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 6. The Goodness of Spouse ({{lang|ta|வாழ்க்கைத்துணை நலம்}} &#039;&#039;vāḻkkaittuṇai nalam&#039;&#039;): 51–60&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 7. The Obtaining of Sons ({{lang|ta|புதல்வரைப் பெறுதல்}} &#039;&#039;putalvaraip peṟutal&#039;&#039;): 61–70&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 8. The Possession of Affection ({{lang|ta|அன்புடைமை}} &#039;&#039;aṉpuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 71–80&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 9. Hospitality ({{lang|ta|விருந்தோம்பல்}} &#039;&#039;viruntōmpal&#039;&#039;): 81–90&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 10. Kindly Speech ({{lang|ta|இனியவை கூறல்}} &#039;&#039;iṉiyavai kūṟal&#039;&#039;): 91–100&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 11. Gratitude ({{lang|ta|செய்ந்நன்றி அறிதல்}} &#039;&#039;ceynnaṉṟi aṟital&#039;&#039;): 101–110&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 12. Impartiality ({{lang|ta|நடுவு நிலைமை}} &#039;&#039;naṭuvu nilaimai&#039;&#039;): 111–120&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 13. Self-control ({{lang|ta|அடக்கமுடைமை}} &#039;&#039;aṭakkamuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 121–130&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 14. Decorous Conduct ({{lang|ta|ஒழுக்கமுடைமை}} &#039;&#039;oḻukkamuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 131–140&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 15. Not Coveting Another&#039;s Wife ({{lang|ta|பிறனில் விழையாமை}} &#039;&#039;piṟaṉil viḻaiyāmai&#039;&#039;): 141–150&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 16. Forbearance ({{lang|ta|பொறையுடைமை}} &#039;&#039;poṟaiyuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 151–160&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 17. Absence of Envy ({{lang|ta|அழுக்காறாமை}} &#039;&#039;aḻukkāṟāmai&#039;&#039;): 161–170&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 18. Not Coveting ({{lang|ta|வெஃகாமை}} &#039;&#039;veḵkāmai&#039;&#039;): 171–180&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 19. Not Speaking Evil of the Absent ({{lang|ta|புறங்கூறாமை}} &#039;&#039;puṟaṅkūṟāmai&#039;&#039;): 181–190&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 20. Not Speaking Senseless Words ({{lang|ta|பயனில சொல்லாமை}} &#039;&#039;payaṉila collāmai&#039;&#039;): 191–200&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 21. Dread of Evil Deeds ({{lang|ta|தீவினையச்சம்}} &#039;&#039;tīviṉaiyaccam&#039;&#039;): 201–210&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 22. Recognition of Duty ({{lang|ta|ஒப்புரவறிதல்}} &#039;&#039;oppuravaṟital&#039;&#039;): 211–220&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 23. Giving ({{lang|ta|ஈகை}} &#039;&#039;īkai&#039;&#039;): 221–230&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 24. Fame ({{lang|ta|புகழ்}} &#039;&#039;pukaḻ&#039;&#039;): 231–240&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 25. Possession of Benevolence ({{lang|ta|அருளுடைமை}} &#039;&#039;aruḷuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 241–250&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 26. Abstinence from Flesh (Vegetarianism) ({{lang|ta|புலான் மறுத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;pulāṉmaṟuttal&#039;&#039;): 251–260&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 27. Penance ({{lang|ta|தவம்}} &#039;&#039;tavam&#039;&#039;): 261–270&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 28. Inconsistent Conduct ({{lang|ta|கூடாவொழுக்கம்}} &#039;&#039;kūṭāvoḻukkam&#039;&#039;): 271–280&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 29. Absence of Fraud ({{lang|ta|கள்ளாமை}} &#039;&#039;kaḷḷāmai&#039;&#039;): 281–290&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 30. Truthfulness ({{lang|ta|வாய்மை}} &#039;&#039;vāymai&#039;&#039;): 291–300&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 31. Refraining from Anger ({{lang|ta|வெகுளாமை}} &#039;&#039;vekuḷāmai&#039;&#039;): 301–310&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 32. Inflicting No Pain ({{lang|ta|இன்னா செய்யாமை}} &#039;&#039;iṉṉāceyyāmai&#039;&#039;): 311–320&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 33. Not Killing ({{lang|ta|கொல்லாமை}} &#039;&#039;kollāmai&#039;&#039;): 321–330&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 34. Instability of Earthly Things ({{lang|ta|நிலையாமை}} &#039;&#039;nilaiyāmai&#039;&#039;): 331–340&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 35. Renunciation ({{lang|ta|துறவு}} &#039;&#039;tuṟavu&#039;&#039;): 341–350&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 36. Perception of the Truth ({{lang|ta|மெய்யுணர்தல்}} &#039;&#039;meyyuṇartal&#039;&#039;): 351–360&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 37. Rooting Out Desire ({{lang|ta|அவாவறுத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;avāvaṟuttal&#039;&#039;): 361–370&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 38. Past Deeds ({{lang|ta|ஊழ்}} &#039;&#039;ūḻ&#039;&#039; = &#039;&#039;karma&#039;&#039;): 371–380&lt;br /&gt;
;Book II—Book of Polity (70 chapters)&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 39. The Greatness of a King ({{lang|ta|இறைமாட்சி}} &#039;&#039;iṟaimāṭci&#039;&#039;): 381–390&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 40. Learning ({{lang|ta|கல்வி}} &#039;&#039;kalvi&#039;&#039;): 391–400&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 41. Ignorance ({{lang|ta|கல்லாமை}} &#039;&#039;kallāmai&#039;&#039;): 401–410&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 42. Learning through Listening ({{lang|ta|கேள்வி}} &#039;&#039;kēḷvi&#039;&#039;): 411–420&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 43. Possession of Knowledge ({{lang|ta|அறிவுடைமை}} &#039;&#039;aṟivuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 421–430&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 44. The Correction of Faults ({{lang|ta|குற்றங்கடிதல்}} &#039;&#039;kuṟṟaṅkaṭital&#039;&#039;): 431–440&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 45. Seeking the Help of the Great ({{lang|ta|பெரியாரைத் துணைக்கோடல்}} &#039;&#039;periyārait tuṇaikkōṭal&#039;&#039;): 441–450&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 46. Avoiding Mean Associations ({{lang|ta|சிற்றினஞ்சேராமை}} &#039;&#039;ciṟṟiṉañcērāmai&#039;&#039;): 451–460&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 47. Acting after Right Consideration ({{lang|ta|தெரிந்து செயல்வகை}} &#039;&#039;terintuceyalvakai&#039;&#039;): 461–470&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 48. Recognition of Power ({{lang|ta|வலியறிதல்}} &#039;&#039;valiyaṟital&#039;&#039;): 471–480&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 49. Recognition of Opportunity ({{lang|ta|காலமறிதல்}} &#039;&#039;kālamaṟital&#039;&#039;): 481–490&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 50. Recognition of Place ({{lang|ta|இடனறிதல்}} &#039;&#039;iṭaṉaṟital&#039;&#039;): 491–500&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 51. Selection and Confidence ({{lang|ta|தெரிந்து தெளிதல்}} &#039;&#039;terintuteḷital&#039;&#039;): 501–510&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 52. Selection and Employment ({{lang|ta|தெரிந்து வினையாடல்}} &#039;&#039;terintuviṉaiyāṭal&#039;&#039;): 511–520&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 53. Cherishing One&#039;s Kin ({{lang|ta|சுற்றந்தழால்}} &#039;&#039;cuṟṟantaḻāl&#039;&#039;): 521–530&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 54. Unforgetfulness ({{lang|ta|பொச்சாவாமை}} &#039;&#039;poccāvāmai&#039;&#039;): 531–540&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 55. The Right Sceptre ({{lang|ta|செங்கோன்மை}} &#039;&#039;ceṅkōṉmai&#039;&#039;): 541–550&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 56. The Cruel Sceptre ({{lang|ta|கொடுங்கோன்மை}} &#039;&#039;koṭuṅkōṉmai&#039;&#039;): 551–560&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 57. Absence of Tyranny ({{lang|ta|வெருவந்த செய்யாமை}} &#039;&#039;veruvantaceyyāmai&#039;&#039;): 561–570&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 58. Benignity ({{lang|ta|கண்ணோட்டம்}} &#039;&#039;kaṇṇōṭṭam&#039;&#039;): 571–580&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 59. Spies ({{lang|ta|ஒற்றாடல்}} &#039;&#039;oṟṟāṭal&#039;&#039;): 581–590&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 60. Energy ({{lang|ta|ஊக்கமுடைமை }} &#039;&#039;ūkkamuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 591–600&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 61. Unsluggishness ({{lang|ta|மடியின்மை}} &#039;&#039;maṭiyiṉmai&#039;&#039;): 601–610&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 62. Manly Effort ({{lang|ta|ஆள்வினையுடைமை}} &#039;&#039;āḷviṉaiyuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 611–620&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 63. Not Despairing in Trouble ({{lang|ta|இடுக்கண் அழியாமை}} &#039;&#039;iṭukkaṇ aḻiyāmai&#039;&#039;): 621–630&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 64. Ministry ({{lang|ta|அமைச்சு}} &#039;&#039;amaiccu&#039;&#039;): 631–640&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 65. Power in Speech ({{lang|ta|சொல்வன்மை}} &#039;&#039;colvaṉmai&#039;&#039;): 641–650&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 66. Purity in Action ({{lang|ta|வினைத்தூய்மை}} &#039;&#039;viṉaittūymai&#039;&#039;): 651–660&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 67. Firmness in Deeds ({{lang|ta|வினைத்திட்பம்}} &#039;&#039;viṉaittiṭpam&#039;&#039;): 661–670&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 68. Method of Action ({{lang|ta|வினை செயல்வகை}} &#039;&#039;viṉaiceyalvakai&#039;&#039;): 671–680&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 69. The Envoy ({{lang|ta|தூது}} &#039;&#039;tūtu&#039;&#039;): 681–690&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 70. Conduct in the Presence of King ({{lang|ta|மன்னரைச் சேர்ந்தொழுதல்}} &#039;&#039;maṉṉaraic cērntoḻutal&#039;&#039;): 691–700&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 71. Knowledge of Signs ({{lang|ta|குறிப்பறிதல்}} &#039;&#039;kuṟippaṟital&#039;&#039;): 701–710&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 72. Knowledge in the Council Chamber ({{lang|ta|அவையறிதல்}} &#039;&#039;avaiyaṟital&#039;&#039;): 711–720&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 73. Not to Fear the Council ({{lang|ta|அவையஞ்சாமை}} &#039;&#039;avaiyañcāmai&#039;&#039;): 721–730&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 74. The Land ({{lang|ta|நாடு}} &#039;&#039;nāṭu&#039;&#039;): 731–740&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 75. The Fort ({{lang|ta|அரண்}} &#039;&#039;araṇ&#039;&#039;): 741–750&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 76. Ways of Accumulating Wealth ({{lang|ta|பொருள் செயல்வகை}} &#039;&#039;poruḷceyalvakai&#039;&#039;): 751–760&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 77. Greatness of the Army ({{lang|ta|படைமாட்சி}} &#039;&#039;paṭaimāṭci&#039;&#039;): 761–770&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 78. Military Spirit ({{lang|ta|படைச்செருக்கு}} &#039;&#039;paṭaiccerukku&#039;&#039;): 771–780&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 79. Friendship ({{lang|ta|நட்பு}} &#039;&#039;naṭpu&#039;&#039;): 781–790&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 80. Scrutiny of Friendships ({{lang|ta|நட்பாராய்தல்}} &#039;&#039;naṭpārāytal&#039;&#039;): 791–800&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 81. Familiarity ({{lang|ta|பழைமை}} &#039;&#039;paḻaimai&#039;&#039;): 801–810&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 82. Evil Friendship ({{lang|ta|தீ நட்பு }} &#039;&#039;tī naṭpu&#039;&#039;): 811–820&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 83. Faithless Friendship ({{lang|ta|கூடா நட்பு}} &#039;&#039;kūṭānaṭpu&#039;&#039;): 821–830&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 84. Folly ({{lang|ta|பேதைமை }} &#039;&#039;pētaimai&#039;&#039;): 831–840&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 85. Ignorance ({{lang|ta|புல்லறிவாண்மை}} &#039;&#039;pullaṟivāṇmai&#039;&#039;): 841–850&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 86. Hostility ({{lang|ta|இகல்}} &#039;&#039;ikal&#039;&#039;): 851–860&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 87. The Excellence of Hate ({{lang|ta|பகை மாட்சி}} &#039;&#039;pakaimāṭci&#039;&#039;): 861–870&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 88. Skill in the Conduct of Quarrels ({{lang|ta|பகைத்திறந்தெரிதல்}} &#039;&#039;pakaittiṟanterital&#039;&#039;): 871–880&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 89. Secret Enmity ({{lang|ta|உட்பகை}} &#039;&#039;uṭpakai&#039;&#039;): 881–890&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 90. Not Offending the Great ({{lang|ta|பெரியாரைப் பிழையாமை}} &#039;&#039;periyāraip piḻaiyāmai&#039;&#039;): 891–900&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 91. Being Led by Women ({{lang|ta|பெண்வழிச் சேறல்}} &#039;&#039;peṇvaḻiccēṟal&#039;&#039;): 901–910&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 92. Wanton Women ({{lang|ta|வரைவின் மகளிர்}} &#039;&#039;varaiviṉmakaḷir&#039;&#039;): 911–920&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 93. Abstinence from Liquor ({{lang|ta|கள்ளுண்ணாமை}} &#039;&#039;kaḷḷuṇṇāmai&#039;&#039;): 921–930&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 94. Gambling ({{lang|ta|சூது}} &#039;&#039;cūtu&#039;&#039;): 931–940&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 95. Medicine ({{lang|ta|மருந்து}} &#039;&#039;maruntu&#039;&#039;): 941–950&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 96. Nobility ({{lang|ta|குடிமை}} &#039;&#039;kuṭimai&#039;&#039;): 951–960&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 97. Honour ({{lang|ta|மானம்}} &#039;&#039;māṉam&#039;&#039;): 961–970&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 98. Greatness ({{lang|ta|பெருமை }}&#039;&#039;perumai&#039;&#039;): 971–980&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 99. Perfect Excellence ({{lang|ta|சான்றாண்மை }} &#039;&#039;cāṉṟāṇmai&#039;&#039;): 981–990&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 100. Courtesy ({{lang|ta|பண்புடைமை}} &#039;&#039;paṇpuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 991–1000&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 101. Useless Wealth ({{lang|ta|நன்றியில் செல்வம்}} &#039;&#039;naṉṟiyilcelvam&#039;&#039;): 1001–1010&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 102. Shame ({{lang|ta|நாணுடைமை}} &#039;&#039;nāṇuṭaimai&#039;&#039;): 1011–1020&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 103. On Raising the Family ({{lang|ta|குடிசெயல்வகை}} &#039;&#039;kuṭiceyalvakai&#039;&#039;): 1021–1030&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 104. Agriculture ({{lang|ta|உழவு}} &#039;&#039;uḻavu&#039;&#039;): 1031–1040&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 105. Poverty ({{lang|ta|நல்குரவு}} &#039;&#039;nalkuravu&#039;&#039;): 1041–1050&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 106. Mendicancy ({{lang|ta|இரவு }}&#039;&#039;iravu&#039;&#039;): 1051–1060&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 107. The Dread of Mendicancy ({{lang|ta|இரவச்சம்}} &#039;&#039;iravaccam&#039;&#039;): 1061–1070&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 108. Vileness ({{lang|ta|கயமை}} &#039;&#039;kayamai&#039;&#039;): 1071–1080&lt;br /&gt;
;Book III—Book of Love (25 chapters)&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 109. Mental Disturbance Caused by the Lady&#039;s Beauty ({{lang|ta|தகையணங்குறுத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;takaiyaṇaṅkuṟuttal&#039;&#039;): 1081–1090&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 110. Recognizing the Signs ({{lang|ta|குறிப்பறிதல்}}&#039;&#039;kuṟippaṟital&#039;&#039;): 1091–1100&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 111. Rejoicing in the Sexual Union ({{lang|ta|புணர்ச்சி மகிழ்தல்}} &#039;&#039;puṇarccimakiḻtal&#039;&#039;): 1101–1110&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 112. Praising Her Beauty ({{lang|ta|நலம் புனைந்துரைத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;nalampuṉainturaittal&#039;&#039;): 1111–1120&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 113. Declaration of Love&#039;s Excellence ({{lang|ta|காதற் சிறப்புரைத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;kātaṟciṟappuraittal&#039;&#039;): 1121–1130&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 114. The Abandonment of Reserve ({{lang|ta|நாணுத் துறவுரைத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;nāṇuttuṟavuraittal&#039;&#039;): 1131–1140&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 115. Rumour ({{lang|ta|அலரறிவுறுத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;alaraṟivuṟuttal&#039;&#039;): 1141–1150&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 116. Separation is Unendurable ({{lang|ta|பிரிவாற்றாமை}} &#039;&#039;pirivāṟṟāmai&#039;&#039;): 1151–1160&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 117. Complaining of Absence ({{lang|ta|படர் மெலிந்திரங்கல் }}&#039;&#039;paṭarmelintiraṅkal&#039;&#039;): 1161–1170&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 118. Eyes Concerned with Grief ({{lang|ta|கண்விதுப்பழிதல்}} &#039;&#039;kaṇvituppaḻital&#039;&#039;): 1171–1180&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 119. Grief&#039;s Pallor ({{lang|ta|பசப்பறு பருவரல்}} &#039;&#039;pacappaṟuparuvaral&#039;&#039;): 1181–1190&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 120. The Solitary Anguish ({{lang|ta|தனிப்படர் மிகுதி}} &#039;&#039;taṉippaṭarmikuti&#039;&#039;): 1191–1200&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 121. Sad Memories ({{lang|ta|நினைந்தவர் புலம்பல்}} &#039;&#039;niṉaintavarpulampal&#039;&#039;): 1201–1210&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 122. Visions of Night ({{lang|ta|கனவுநிலையுரைத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;kaṉavunilaiyuraittal&#039;&#039;): 1211–1220&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 123. Lamentations at Evening ({{lang|ta|பொழுதுகண்டிரங்கல்}} &#039;&#039;poḻutukaṇṭiraṅkal&#039;&#039;): 1221–1230&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 124. Wasting Away ({{lang|ta|உறுப்பு நலனழிதல்}} &#039;&#039;uṟuppunalaṉaḻital&#039;&#039;): 1231–1240&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 125. Soliloquies ({{lang|ta|நெஞ்சொடு கிளத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;neñcoṭukiḷattal&#039;&#039;): 1241–1250&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 126. Reserve Destroyed ({{lang|ta|நிறையழிதல்}} &#039;&#039;niṟaiyaḻital&#039;&#039;): 1251–1260&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 127. Longing for the Return ({{lang|ta|அவர்வயின் விதும்பல்}} &#039;&#039;avarvayiṉvitumpal&#039;&#039;): 1261–1270&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 128. Reading of the Signs ({{lang|ta|குறிப்பறிவுறுத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;kuṟippaṟivuṟuttal&#039;&#039;): 1271–1280&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 129. Desire for Reunion ({{lang|ta|புணர்ச்சி விதும்பல்}} &#039;&#039;puṇarccivitumpal&#039;&#039;): 1281–1290&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 130. Arguing with One&#039;s Heart ({{lang|ta|நெஞ்சொடு புலத்தல்}} &#039;&#039;neñcoṭupulattal&#039;&#039;): 1291–1300&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 131. Lover&#039;s Quarrel ({{lang|ta|புலவி}} &#039;&#039;pulavi&#039;&#039;): 1301–1310&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 132. Petty Jealousies ({{lang|ta|புலவி நுணுக்கம்}} &#039;&#039;pulavi nuṇukkam&#039;&#039;): 1311–1320&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapter 133. Pleasures of Temporary Variance ({{lang|ta|ஊடலுவகை}} &#039;&#039;ūṭaluvakai&#039;&#039;): 1321–1330&lt;br /&gt;
{{hidden end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Structure===&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural text is the work of a single author because it has a consistent &amp;quot;language, formal structure and content-structure&amp;quot;, states Zvelebil.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–160}} Neither is the Kural an anthology nor is there any later additions to the text.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–160}} The division into three parts (&#039;&#039;muppāl&#039;&#039;) is probably the author&#039;s work. However, the subdivisions beyond these three, known as &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039;s, as found in some surviving manuscripts and commentaries, are likely later additions because there are variations between these subtitles found in manuscripts and those in historical commentaries.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–163}}{{sfn|Desikar, 1969|p=73}}&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:ValluvarStatue_SanctuaryAtTiruvallur.jpg|200px|thumb| Statue of Valluvar at an animal sanctuary in [[Tiruvallur]]. The plaque describes the Kural&#039;s teachings on ahimsa and non-killing, summing them up with the definition of [[veganism]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
Starting from the medieval era, commentators have multifariously divided the Kural text into different &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039; sub-divisions, grouping the Kural chapters diversely under them.{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|pp=105, 346–348}} The idea of subdividing the Tirukkural into &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039; sub-divisions was first put forth by a [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]] verse attributed to [[Nanpalur Sirumedhaviyar]].{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=32–33}}{{sfn|Anandan, 2018|p=137}} The medieval commentators have variously grouped the chapters of Book I into three and four &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039;s, grouping the original chapters diversely under these divisions and thus changing the order of the chapters widely;{{sfn|Desikar, 1969|p=73}}{{sfn|Kumaravelan|2008|pp=4–17}}{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|p=342}} while Parimelalhagar divided it into three &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039;s, others divided it into four,{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=158}} with some 20th-century commentators going up to six.{{sfn|Kumaravelan|2008|pp=4–17}} Book II has been variously subdivided between three and six &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039;s.{{sfn|Kumaravelan|2008|pp=4–17}}{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|pp=342–343}}{{sfn|Kandasamy|2020|p=16}} The chapters of Book III have been variously grouped between two and five &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039;s.{{sfn|Kumaravelan|2008|pp=4–17}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=158}}{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|pp=344–345}} For example, the following subdivisions or &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039;s are found in [[Parimelalhagar]]&#039;s version, which greatly varies from that of [[Manakkudavar]]:{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|pp=346–348}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 1–4: Introduction&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 5–24: Domestic virtue&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 25–38: Ascetic virtue&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 39–63: Royalty, the qualities of the leader of men&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 64–73: The subject and the ruler&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 74–96: Essential parts of state, shrewdness in public life&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 97–108: Reaching perfection in social life&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 109–115: Concealed love&lt;br /&gt;
* Chapters 116–133: Wedded love&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Modern scholars and publishers chiefly follow Parimelalhagar&#039;s model for couplet numbering, chapter ordering, and grouping the chapters into &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039;s.{{sfn|Vamanan, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 1 November 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Such subdivisions are likely later additions, but the couplets themselves have been preserved in the original form and there is no evidence of later revisions or insertions into the couplets.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–160}}{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|pp=346–348}} Thus, in spite of these later subdivisions by the medieval commentators, both the domestic and ascetic virtues in Book I are addressed to the householder or commoner.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan, 2012|p=144}} As [[Yu Hsi]] puts it, &amp;quot;Valluvar speaks to the duties of the commoner acting in different capacities as son, father, husband, friend, citizen, and so forth.&amp;quot;{{sfn|&#039;&#039;The Hindu (Tamil)&#039;&#039;, 16 January 2014}} According to A. Gopalakrishnan, ascetic virtues in the Kural does not mean renunciation of household life or pursuing of the conventional ascetic life, but only refers to giving up immoderate desires and having self-control that is expected of every individual.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan, 2012|p=144}} According to Joanne Punzo Waghorne, professor of religion and South Asian studies at the [[Syracuse University]], the Kural is &amp;quot;a homily on righteous living for the householder.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Like the three-part division, and unlike the &#039;&#039;iyal&#039;&#039; subdivisions, the grouping of the couplets into chapters is the author&#039;s.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|p=12}} Every topic that Valluvar handles in his work are presented in ten couplets forming a chapter, and the chapter is usually named using a keyword found in the couplets in it.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|p=12}} Exceptions to this convention are found in all the three books of the Kural text as in Chapter 1 in the Book of Aram, Chapter 78 in the Book of Porul, and Chapter 117 in the Book of Inbam, where the words used in title of the chapters are not found anywhere in the chapter&#039;s couplets.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|pp=12–13}} Here again, the titles of all the chapters of the Kural text are given by Valluvar himself.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|pp=12–13}} According to S. N. Kandasamy, the naming of the first chapter of the Kural text is in accord with the conventions used in the &#039;&#039;Tolkappiyam&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|p=13}}&lt;br /&gt;
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According to Zvelebil, the content of the Kural text is &amp;quot;undoubtedly patterned&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;very carefully structured.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=163}} There are no structural gaps in the text, with every couplet indispensable for the structured whole.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–163}} There are two distinct meanings for every couplet, namely, a structural one and a proverbial one.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–163}} In their isolated form, that is, when removed from the context of the 10-couplet chapter, the couplets lose their structural meaning but retain the &amp;quot;wise saying, moral maxim&amp;quot; sense.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–163}} In isolation, a couplet is &amp;quot;a perfect form, possessing, in varying degree, the prosodic and rhetoric qualities of gnomic poetry.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–163}} Within the chapter-structure, the couplets acquire their structural meaning and reveal the more complete teaching of the author.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–163}} This, Zvelebil states, is the higher pattern in the Kural text, and finally, in relation to the entire work, they acquire perfection in the totality of their structure.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=158–163}} In terms of structural flow, the text journeys the reader from &amp;quot;the imperfect, incomplete&amp;quot; state of man implicit in the early chapters to the &amp;quot;physically, morally, intellectually and emotionally perfect&amp;quot; state of man living as a husband and citizen, states Zvelebil.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=159}} In poetic terms, it fuses verse and aphoristic form in diction in a &amp;quot;pithy, vigorous, forceful and terse&amp;quot; manner. Zvelebil calls it an ethics text that expounds a universal, moral and practical approach to life. According to Mahadevan, Valluvar is more considerate about the substance than the linguistic appeal of his writing throughout the work.{{sfn|Mahadevan, 1985|p=187}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Substance===&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural text is marked by [[pragmatic idealism]],{{sfn|Holmström, Krishnaswamy, and Srilata, 2009|p=5}}{{sfn|Lal|1992|p=4333}} focused on &amp;quot;man in the totality of his relationships&amp;quot;.{{sfn|Lal|1992|p=4341}} Despite being a classic, the work has little scope for any poetic excellence.{{sfn|Chatterjee, 2021|p=77}} According to Zvelebil, the text does not feature &amp;quot;true and great poetry&amp;quot; throughout the work, except, notably, in the [[Inbam (Kural book)|third book]], which deals with love and pleasure.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=168}} This emphasis on substance rather than poetry, according to scholars, suggests that Valluvar&#039;s main aim was not to produce a work of art, but rather an instructive text focused on wisdom, justice, and ethics.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=168}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural text begins with an invocation of God and then praises the rain for being the vitalizer of all life forms on earth.{{sfn|Hajela, 2008|p=895}}{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan, 2012|pp=29–31, 44}} It proceeds to describe the qualities of a righteous person, before concluding the introduction by emphasizing the value of &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039; or virtue.{{sfn|Hajela, 2008|p=895}}{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan, 2012|pp=49, 54}} It continues to treat &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039; in every action in life, supplementing it with a chapter on predestination.{{sfn|Srinivasachari|1988|p=15}} Valluvar extols rain next only to God for it provides food and serves as the basis of a stable economic life by aiding in agriculture, which the author asserts as the most important economic activity later in Book II of the Kural text.{{sfn|Hajela, 2008|p=895}}{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=27}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote=&amp;quot;The greatest virtue of all is non-killing; truthfulness cometh only next.&amp;quot;|salign=right|source=(Kural 323; [[V. V. S. Aiyar|Aiyar]], 1916).{{sfn|Aiyar, 1916|p=69}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
The three books of the Kural base &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039; or [[dharma]] (virtue) as their cornerstone,{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|pp=10–12}}{{sfn|Desikar, 1969|p=42}} resulting in the work being collectively referred to simply as &#039;&#039;Aṟam&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|p=12}}{{sfn|Alathur Kilar|pp=Verse 34}}{{sfn|Kowmareeshwari, 2012b|pp=46–47}}{{sfn|Velusamy and Faraday, 2017|p=55}} Valluvar holds that &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039; is common for all, irrespective of whether the person is a bearer of [[palanquin]] or the rider in it.{{sfn|Valluvar|pp=Verse 37}}{{sfn|Visveswaran, 2016|pp=ix–xi}} According to [[Albert Schweitzer]], the idea that good must be done for its own sake comes from various couplets across the Kural text.{{sfn|Schweitzer, 2013|pp=200–205}} The text is a comprehensive pragmatic work that presents philosophy in the first part, political science in the second and poetics in the third.{{sfn|Kumar, 1999|p=92}}{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124–130}} Of the three books of the Kural literature, the second one on politics and kingdom (&#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039;) is about twice the size of the first, and three times that of the third.{{sfn|Ananthanathan, 1994|p=316}} In the 700 couplets on &#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039; (53 percent of the text), Valluvar mostly discusses statecraft and warfare.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=144–151, 152–154}} While other [[Sangam literature|Sangam texts]] approved of, and even glorified,{{sfn|Sivagnanam, 1974|p=8}} the four immoral deeds of [[Ethics of eating meat|meat-eating]], [[alcohol consumption]], [[polygamy]], and [[prostitution]], the Kural literature strongly condemns these as crimes,{{sfn|Sundaramurthi, 2000|pp=403–408}}{{sfn|Mahadevan, 1985|pp=193–195}} arguably for the first time in the history of the [[Tamilakam|Tamil land]].{{sfn|Thamizhannal, 2004|p=146}}{{sfn|Sivagnanam, 1974|pp=10–11, 96}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=176–181, 328–334}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural is based on the doctrine of &#039;&#039;ahimsa&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Chakravarthy Nainar, 1953}}{{sfn|Krishna, 2017}}{{sfn|Thani Nayagam, 1971|p=252}}{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 2006|p=84}}{{sfn|Krishnamoorthy, 2004|pp=206–208}} According to Schweitzer, the Kural &amp;quot;stands for the commandment not to kill and not to damage.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Schweitzer, 2013|pp=200–205}} Accordingly, Valluvar dictates the householder to renounce the eating of meat &amp;quot;in order that he may become a man of grace.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=86}} While the [[Bible]] and other [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] texts condemns only the taking away of human life, the Kural is cited for unequivocally and exclusively condemning the &amp;quot;literal taking away of life,&amp;quot;{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=42}} regardless of whether it is human or animal.{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=42}}{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=72}}{{sfn|Anandan, 2018|p=319}} The greatest of personal virtues according to the Kural text is [[non-killing]], followed by [[veracity (ethics)|veracity]],{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4341–4342}}{{sfn|Sethupillai, 1956|pp=34–36}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=556}} and the two greatest sins that Valluvar feels very strongly are ingratitude and [[Ethics of eating meat|meat-eating]].{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|p=13}}{{sfn|Sethupillai, 1956|pp=34–36}}{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=162–163}}{{Ref label|I|i|none}} According to J. M. Nallaswamy Pillai, the Kural differs from every other work on morality in that it follows ethics, surprisingly a divine one, even in its Book of Love.{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=26}} In the words of [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]], Valluvar maintains his views on personal morality even in the Book of Love, where one can normally expect greater poetic leniency, by describing the hero as &amp;quot;a one-woman man&amp;quot; without concubines.{{sfn|Parthasarathy, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 12 December 2015}} In a social and political context, the Kural text glorifies valour and victory during war and recommends a death sentence for the wicked only as a means of justice.{{sfn|Das|1997|pp=11–12}}{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=125–127}}{{sfn|Subramaniam|1963|pp=162–174}}&lt;br /&gt;
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According to Kaushik Roy, the Kural text in substance is a classic on realism and pragmatism, and it is not a mystic, purely philosophical document.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=144–151, 152–154}} Valluvar presents his theory of state using six elements: army (&#039;&#039;patai&#039;&#039;), subjects (&#039;&#039;kuti&#039;&#039;), treasure (&#039;&#039;kul&#039;&#039;), ministers (&#039;&#039;amaiccu&#039;&#039;), allies (&#039;&#039;natpu&#039;&#039;), and forts (&#039;&#039;aran&#039;&#039;).{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=144–151, 152–154}} Valluvar also recommends forts and other infrastructure, supplies and food storage in preparation for siege.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=144–151, 152–154}}{{sfn|Sensarma, 1981|pp=40–42}} A king and his army must always be ready for war, and should launch a violent offensive, at the right place and right time, when the situation so demands and particularly against morally weak and corrupt kingdoms. A good and strong kingdom must be protected with forts made of thick, high and impenetrable walls. The text recommends a hierarchical military organization staffed with fearless soldiers who are willing to die in war,{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=126–127}} drawing from the Hindu concepts of non-mystic realism and readiness for war.{{sfn|Pandey, &#039;&#039;Times Now&#039;&#039;, 1 February 2020}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote=&amp;quot;The sceptre of the king is the firm support of the Vedas of the Brahmin, and of all virtues therein described.&amp;quot;|salign=right|source=(Kural 543; [[John Lazarus (Christian missionary)|John Lazarus]] 1885{{sfn|John Lazarus|1885|p=253}} &amp;amp; A. K. Ananthanathan 1994{{sfn|Ananthanathan, 1994|p=321}}).}}&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural text does not recommend democracy; rather it accepts a royalty with ministers bound to a code of ethics and a system of justice.{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124–125}} The king in the text, states K. V. Nagarajan, is assigned the &amp;quot;role of producing, acquiring, conserving, and dispensing wealth&amp;quot;.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=144–151, 152–154}}{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124–125}} The king&#039;s duty is to provide a just rule, be impartial and have courage in protecting his subjects and in meting out justice and punishment. The text supports death penalty for the wicked in the book of &#039;&#039;poruḷ&#039;&#039;, but does so only after emphasizing non-killing as every individual&#039;s personal virtue in the book of &#039;&#039;aṟam&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124–125}} The Kural cautions against tyranny, appeasement and oppression, with the suggestion that such royal behavior causes natural disasters, depletes the state&#039;s wealth and ultimately results in the loss of power and prosperity.{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124–126}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Valluvar remained a generalist rather than a specialist in any particular field.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=489}} He never indulged in specifics but always stressed on the basic principles of morality.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=489}} This can be seen across the Kural text: while Valluvar talks about worshiping God, he refrains from mentioning the way of worshiping; he refers to God as an &amp;quot;ultimate reality&amp;quot; without calling him by any name; he talks about land, village, country, kingdom, and king but never refers them by any name; though he mentions about the value of reading and reciting scriptures, he never names them; he talks about the values of charity without laying down the rules for it; though he repeatedly emphasizes about the importance of learning, he never says what is to be learnt; he recommends taxation in governance but does not suggesting any proportion of collection.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=489}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Similes and pseudo-contradictions===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Tamil Wisdom, by Edward Jewitt Robinson, 1873.jpg|thumb|right|&#039;&#039;Tamil Wisdom&#039;&#039;, by [[Edward Jewitt Robinson]], 1873, with the traditional portrait of Valluvar{{sfn|Robinson|2001}}]]&lt;br /&gt;
Scholars claim that Valluvar seldom shows any concern as to what [[similes]] and [[superlatives]] he used earlier while writing later chapters, purposely allowing for some repetitions and apparent contradictions in ideas one can find in the Kural text.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=167}} Despite knowing its seemingly contradictory nature from a purist point of view, the author is said to employ this method to emphasise the importance of the given code of ethic.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=167}}{{sfn|Desikar, 1969|pp=109–111}} Following are some of the instances where Valluvar is quoted as employing pseudo-contradictions to expound the virtues.{{sfn|Vanmeegar, 2012|pp=vii–xvi}}&lt;br /&gt;
* While in Chapter 93 Valluvar writes on the evils of intoxication,{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=330–331}} in Chapter 109 he uses the same to show the sweetness of love by saying love is sweeter than wine.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=333}}&lt;br /&gt;
* To the question &amp;quot;What is wealth of all wealth?&amp;quot; Valluvar points to two different things, namely, grace (kural 241) and hearing (kural 411).{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=167}}&lt;br /&gt;
* In regard to the virtues one should follow dearly even at the expense of other virtues, Valluvar points to veracity (kural 297), not coveting another&#039;s wife (kural 150), and not being called a slanderer (kural 181). In essence, however, in Chapter 33 he crowns non-killing as the foremost of all virtues, pushing even the virtue of veracity to the second place (kural 323).{{sfn|Sethupillai, 1956|pp=35–36}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Whereas he says that one can eject what is natural or inborn in him (kural 376),{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=269, 325}}{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|p=56}} he indicates that one can overcome the inherent natural flaws by getting rid of laziness (kural 609).{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|p=81}}&lt;br /&gt;
* While in Chapter 7 he asserts that the greatest gain men can obtain is by their learned children (kural 61),{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=307, 452}}{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|p=25}} in Chapter 13 he says that it is that which is obtained by self-control (kural 122).{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|p=31}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The ethical connections between these verses are widely elucidated ever since the medieval commentaries. For example, Parimelalhagar elucidates the ethical connections between couplets 380 and 620, 481 and 1028, 373 and 396, and 383 and 672 in his commentary.{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|pp=384–385}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Commentaries and translations==&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Translations of Tirukkural|List of Tirukkural translations by language|Tirukkural translations into English}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{see also|Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Commentaries===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Tirukkural manuscript.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Palm leaf manuscript of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural is one of the most reviewed of all works in [[Tamil literature]], and almost every notable scholar of Tamil has written [[exegesis]] or commentaries (explanation in prose or verse), known in Tamil as &#039;&#039;urai&#039;&#039;, on it.{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|p=337}}{{Ref label|J|j|none}} Some of the Tamil literature that was composed after the Kural quote or borrow its couplets in their own texts.{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|pp=337–338}} According to Aravindan, these texts may be considered as the early commentaries to the Kural text.{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|p=337}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Dedicated commentaries on the Kural text began to appear about and after the 10th century CE. There were at least ten medieval commentaries of which only six have survived into the modern era. The [[Ten Medieval Commentators|ten medieval commentators]] include [[Manakkudavar]], [[Dharumar]], [[Dhamatthar]], [[Nacchar]], [[Paridhi]]yar, [[Thirumalaiyar]], [[Mallar (poet)|Mallar]], [[Pari Perumal]], [[Kaalingar]], and [[Parimelalhagar]], all of whom lived between the 10th and the 13th centuries CE. Of these, only the works of Manakkudavar, Paridhi, Kaalingar, Pari Perumal, and Parimelalhagar are available today. The works of Dharumar, Dhaamatthar, and Nacchar are only partially available. The commentaries by Thirumalaiyar and Mallar are lost completely. The best known among these are the commentaries by Parimelalhagar, Kaalingar, and Manakkudavar.{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}}{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|p=337}}{{sfn|Natarajan, 2008|p=2}} Among the ten medieval commentaries, scholars have found spelling, homophonic, and other minor textual variations in a total of 900 couplets, including 217 couplets in Book I, 487 couplets in Book II, and 196 couplets in Book III.{{sfn|Perunchithiranar, 1933|p=259}}&lt;br /&gt;
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{{Quote box|width=330px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote=&amp;quot;Valluvar is a cunning technician, who, by prodigious self-restraint and artistic vigilance, super-charges his words with meaning and achieves an incredible terseness and an irreducible density. His commentators have, therefore, to squeeze every word and persuade it to yield its last drop of meaning.&amp;quot;|salign=right|source=— S. Maharajan, 1979.{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=8}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The best known and influential historic commentary on the Kural text is the &#039;&#039;Parimelalhakiyar virutti&#039;&#039;. It was written by [[Parimelalhagar]] – a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] Brahmin, likely based in [[Kanchipuram]], who lived about or before 1272 CE.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=126 with footnotes}} Along with the Kural text, this commentary has been widely published and is in itself a Tamil classic.{{sfn|Cutler, 1992|pp=558–561, 563}} Parimelalhagar&#039;s commentary has survived over the centuries in many folk and scholarly versions. A more scholarly version of this commentary was published by Krisnamachariyar in 1965.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=126 with footnotes}} According to Norman Cutler, Parimelalhagar&#039;s commentary interprets and maneuvers the Kural text within his own context, grounded in the concepts and theological premises of Hinduism. His commentary closely follows the Kural&#039;s teachings, while reflecting both the cultural values and textual values of the 13th- and 14th-century Tamil Nadu. Valluvar&#039;s text can be interpreted and maneuvered in other ways, states Cutler.{{sfn|Cutler, 1992|pp=558–561, 563}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Besides the ten medieval commentaries, there are at least three more commentaries written by unknown medieval authors.{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|p=339}} One of them was published under the title &amp;quot;Palhaiya Urai&amp;quot; (meaning ancient commentary), while the second one was based on Paridhiyar&#039;s commentary.{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|p=339}} The third one was published in 1991 under the title &amp;quot;Jaina Urai&amp;quot; (meaning Jaina commentary) by [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]] in [[Thanjavur]].{{sfn|Balasubramanian, 2016|p=129}} Following these medieval commentaries, there are at least 21 [[venpa]] commentaries to the Kural, including Somesar Mudumoli Venba, Murugesar Muduneri Venba, Sivasiva Venba, Irangesa Venba, Vadamalai Venba, Dhinakara Venba, and Jinendra Venba, all of which are considered commentaries in verse form.{{sfn|Nedunchezhiyan, 1991|p=ix}}{{sfn|Iraikuruvanar, 2009|pp=53–59}}{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|pp=15–16}} The 16th-century commentary by [[Thirumeni Rathna Kavirayar]],{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=123}} and the 19th-century commentary by [[Ramanuja Kavirayar]],{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=123}} are some of the well-known scholarly works before the 20th century.&lt;br /&gt;
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Several modern commentaries started appearing in the 19th and 20th centuries. Of these, the commentaries by [[Kaviraja Pandithar]] and [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]] are considered classic by modern scholars.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=115}} Some of the commentaries of the 20th century include those by [[K. Vadivelu Chettiar]],{{sfn|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 18 October 2015}} Krishnampet K. Kuppusamy Mudaliar,{{sfn|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 2 October 2017}} [[Iyothee Thass]], [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], [[Thiru Vi Ka]], [[Bharathidasan]], [[M. Varadarajan]], [[Namakkal Kavignar]], [[Thirukkuralar V. Munusamy]], [[Devaneya Pavanar]], [[Karunanidhi|M. Karunanithi]], and [[Solomon Pappaiah]], besides several hundred others. The commentary by M. Varadarajan entitled &#039;&#039;Tirukkural Thelivurai&#039;&#039; (lit. Lucid commentary of the Kural), first published in 1949, remains the most published modern commentary, with more than 200 editions by the same publisher.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=469}}&lt;br /&gt;
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According to K. Mohanraj, as of 2013, there were at least 497 Tamil language commentaries written by 382 scholars beginning with Manakkudavar from the Medieval era. Of these at least 277 scholars have written commentaries for the entire work.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=463}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Translations===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:1856 CE Translation 1865 edition, Kural of Thiruvalluvar Tirukkural Graul.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|1856 CE Latin translation of &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; by Karl Graul, with English notes by William Germann. Graul also published the first German translation.{{sfn|Graul, 1856}}]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural has been the most frequently translated ancient Tamil text. By 1975, its translations in at least 20 major languages had been published:{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|pp=126–127 with footnotes}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Indian languages: Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, and Urdu&lt;br /&gt;
* Non-Indian languages: Burmese, Malay, Chinese, Fijian, Latin, French, German, Russian, Polish, Swedish, Thai, and English&lt;br /&gt;
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The text was likely translated into Indian languages by Indian scholars over the centuries, but the palm leaf manuscripts of such translations have been rare. For example, S. R. Ranganathan, a librarian of [[University of Madras]] during the [[British Raj|British rule]], discovered a Malayalam translation copied in year 777 of the Malayalam calendar, a manuscript that Zvelebil dates to late 16th century.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=127 with footnote 99}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The text was translated into several European languages during the colonial era, particularly by the [[Christian missionaries]].{{sfn|Ramasamy|2001|pp=28–47}} The first European language translation was made in [[Latin]] by [[Constanzo Beschi|Constantius Joseph Beschi]] and was published in 1730. However, he translated only the first two books, viz., virtue and wealth, leaving out the book on love because its erotic and sexual nature was deemed by him to be inappropriate for a Christian missionary. The first [[French language|French]] translation was brought about by an unknown author by about 1767 that went unnoticed. The first available French version was by [[E. S. Ariel]] in 1848. Again, he did not translate the whole work but only parts of it. The first [[German language|German]] translation was made by [[Karl Graul]], who published it in 1856 both at [[London]] and [[Leipzig]].{{sfn|Graul, 1856}}{{sfn|Ramasamy|2001|pp=30–31}} Graul additionally translated the work into Latin in 1856.{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=19}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The first, and incomplete, English translations were made by [[N. E. Kindersley]] in 1794 and then by [[Francis Whyte Ellis]] in 1812. While Kindersley translated a selection of the Kural text, Ellis translated 120 couplets in all—69 of them in verse and 51 in prose.{{sfn|Blackburn|2006|pp=92–95}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992}} [[Edward Jewitt Robinson|E. J. Robinson&#039;s]] translations of part of the Kural into English were published in 1873 in his book &#039;&#039;The Tamil Wisdom&#039;&#039; and its 1885 expanded edition titled &#039;&#039;The Tales and Poems of South India&#039;&#039;, ultimately translating the first two books of the Kural text.{{sfn|Robinson|2001|p=4}}{{sfn|Manavalan, 2010|pp=xxi–xxii}} [[William Henry Drew (Christian missionary)|W. H. Drew]] translated the first two books of the Kural text in prose in 1840 and 1852, respectively. It contained the original Tamil text of the Kural, Parimelalhagar&#039;s commentary, [[Ramanuja Kavirayar]]&#039;s amplification of the commentary and Drew&#039;s English prose translation. However, Drew translated only 630 couplets, and the remaining were translated by [[John Lazarus (Christian missionary)|John Lazarus]], a native missionary, providing the first complete translation in English made by two translators. Like Beschi, Drew did not translate the third book on love.{{sfn|Ramasamy|2001|p=31}} The first complete English translation of the Kural by a single author was the one by the Christian missionary [[George Uglow Pope]] in 1886, which introduced the complete Kural to the western world.{{sfn|Ramasamy|2001|p=32}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The translations of the Kural in Southeast Asian and East Asian languages were published in the 20th century. A few of these relied on re-translating the earlier English translations of the work.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|p=127 with footnote 99}}&lt;br /&gt;
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By the end of the 20th century, there were about 24 translations of the Kural in English alone, by both native and non-native scholars, including those by [[V. V. S. Aiyar]], [[K. M. Balasubramaniam]], [[Shuddhananda Bharati]], [[A. Chakravarti]], [[M. S. Purnalingam Pillai]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[P. S. Sundaram]], [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]], [[G. Vanmikanathan]], [[Kasturi Srinivasan]], [[S. N. Sriramadesikan]], and [[K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar]].{{sfn|Ramasamy|2001|p=36}} The work has also been translated into [[Vaagri Booli language|Vaagri Booli]], the language of the [[Narikurava]]s, a tribal community in Tamil Nadu, by Kittu Sironmani.{{sfn|&#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 25 March 2013}} As of {{year}}, the Kural text had been translated into at least 42 languages, with some 100 different translations in English alone. In October 2021, the [[Central Institute of Classical Tamil]] announced its translating the Kural text into 102 world languages.{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Dinamalar&#039;&#039;, 20 October 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Translational difficulties and distortions===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Largest Thirukkural Book.jpg|210px|thumb|right|The largest book of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; on display]]&lt;br /&gt;
With a highly compressed prosodic form, the Kural text employs the intricately complex &#039;&#039;[[Kural (poetic form)|Kural venba]]&#039;&#039; [[Poetic metre|metre]], known for its eminent suitability to gnomic poetry.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=166}} This form, which Zvelebil calls &amp;quot;a marvel of brevity and condensation,&amp;quot; is closely connected with the structural properties of the Tamil language and has historically presented extreme difficulties to its translators.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=167}} Talking about translating the Kural into other languages, [[Herbert Arthur Popley]] observes, &amp;quot;it is impossible in any translation to do justice to the beauty and force of the original.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Popley, 1931|p=x}} After translating a good portion of the Kural text, Karl Graul stated, &amp;quot;No translation can convey any idea of its charming effect. It is truly an apple of gold in a net-work of silver.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=19}} Zvelebil claims that it is impossible to truly appreciate the maxims found in the Kural couplets through a translation but rather that the Kural has to be read and understood in its original Tamil form.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=169}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Besides these inherent difficulties in translating the Kural, some scholars have attempted to either read their own ideas into the Kural couplets or deliberately misinterpret the message to make it conform to their preconceived notions. The Latin translation by the Christian missionary [[Constantius Joseph Beschi|Father Beshi]], for instance, contains several such mistranslations. According to V. Ramasamy, &amp;quot;Beschi is purposely distorting the message of the original when he renders {{lang|ta|பிறவாழி}} as &#039;the sea of miserable life&#039; and the phrase {{lang|ta|பிறவிப்பெருங்கடல்}} as &#039;sea of this birth&#039; which has been translated by others as &#039;the sea of many births&#039;. Beschi means thus &#039;those who swim the vast sea of miseries&#039;. The concept of rebirth or many births for the same soul is contrary to Christian principle and belief.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Ramasamy|2001|p=33}}&lt;br /&gt;
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According to Norman Cutler, both in the past and in the contemporary era, the Kural has been reinterpreted and fit to reflect the textual values in the text as well as the cultural values of the author(s).{{sfn|Cutler, 1992|pp=549–554}} About 1300 CE, the Tamil scholar Parimelalhagar interpreted the text in [[Brahmanical]] premises and terms.{{sfn|Cutler, 1992|pp=549–554}} Just like Christian missionaries during the colonial era cast the work in their own Christian premises, phrases and concepts, some [[Dravidian parties|Dravidianists]] of the contemporary era reinterpret and cast the work to further their own goals and socio-political values. This has produced highly divergent interpretations of the original.{{sfn|Cutler, 1992|pp=549–554}}{{sfn|Blackburn|2000|pp=449–457}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Publication==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Thirukkural Madras 1812.JPG|thumb|150px|First known edition of the Kural, published in Tamil, in 1812.]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; remained largely unknown outside India for over a millennium. As was the practice across the ancient Indian subcontinent, in addition to [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s, the Kural literature had been passed on as [[word of mouth]] from parents to their children and from preceptors to their students for generations within the Tamil-speaking regions of [[South India]].{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=11}} According to Sanjeevi, the first translation of the work appeared in [[Malayalam]] ([[Kerala]]) in 1595.{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 2006|pp=44–49}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The first paper print of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; is traceable to 1812, credited to the efforts of Ñānapirakācar who used wooden blocks embossed from palm-leaf scripts to produce copies of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; along with those of &#039;&#039;Nalatiyar&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=160}} It was only in 1835 that Indians were permitted to establish printing press. The Kural was the first book to be published in Tamil,{{sfn|Madhavan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 21 June 2010}} followed by the [[Naladiyar]].{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=184}} It is said that when [[Francis Whyte Ellis]], a British civil servant in the [[Madras Presidency]] and a scholar of Tamil and Sanskrit who had established a Tamil &#039;&#039;sangam&#039;&#039; (academy) in [[Madras]] in 1825, asked Tamil enthusiasts to &amp;quot;bring to him ancient Tamil manuscripts for publication,&amp;quot;{{sfn|Geetha|Rajadurai|1993|p=2094}} Kandappan, the butler of George Harrington, a European civil servant possibly in the [[Madurai district]], and the grandfather of [[Iyothee Thass]], handed in handwritten palm-leaf manuscripts of the Kural text as well as the &#039;&#039;Tiruvalluva Maalai&#039;&#039; and the &#039;&#039;Naladiyar&#039;&#039;, which he found between 1825 and 1831 in a pile of leaves used for cooking. The books were finally printed in 1831 by Ellis with the help of his manager Muthusamy Pillai and Tamil scholar Tandavaraya Mudaliar.{{sfn|Geetha|Rajadurai|1993|p=2094}} Subsequent editions of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; appeared in 1833, 1838, 1840, and 1842.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=29}} Soon many commentaries followed, including those by Mahalinga Iyer, who published only the first 24 chapters.{{sfn|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 3 October 2018}} The Kural has been continuously in print ever since.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=29}} By 1925, the Kural literature had already appeared in more than 65 editions{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=29}} and by the turn of the 21st century, it had crossed 500 editions.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=313}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The first critical edition of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkaral&#039;&#039; based on manuscripts discovered in Hindu monasteries and private collections was published in 1861 by [[Arumuka Navalar]] – the [[Jaffna]]-born Tamil scholar and [[Shaivism]] activist.{{sfn|R Parthasarathy|1993|pp=347–348}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|pp=153–157 with footnotes}} Navalar, states Zvelebil, was &amp;quot;probably the greatest and most influential among the forerunners&amp;quot; in studying numerous versions and bringing out an edited split-&#039;&#039;sandhi&#039;&#039; version for the scholarship of the Kurral and many other historic Tamil texts in the 19th century.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|pp=153–157 with footnotes}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Parimelalhagar&#039;s commentary on the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; was published for the first time in 1840 and became the most widely published commentary ever since.{{sfn|John Lazarus|1885}} In 1850, the Kural was published with commentaries by [[Vedagiri Mudaliar]], who published a revised version later in 1853.{{sfn|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 3 October 2018}} This is the first time that the entire Kural text was published with commentaries.{{sfn|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 3 October 2018}} In 1917, Manakkudavar&#039;s commentary for the [[Aram (Kural book)|first book of the Kural text]] was published by [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]].{{sfn|Kumaravelan|2008|pp=4–17}}{{sfn|Manakkudavar, 1917}} Manakkudavar commentary for the entire Kural text was first published in 1925 by [[K. Ponnusami Nadar]].{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=76}} As of 2013, Perimelalhagar&#039;s commentary appeared in more than 200 editions by as many as 30 publishers.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=469}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Since the 1970s, the Kural text has been transliterated into ancient Tamil scripts such as the [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script, [[Pallava script]], [[Vatteluttu script]] and others by Gift Siromoney of the [[International Institute of Tamil Studies]] at the [[Madras Christian College]].{{sfn|Siromoney|Chandrashekaran|Chandrasekaran|Govindaraju|1976}}{{sfn|Siromoney|Govindaraju|Chandrashekaran|1980}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Comparison with other ancient literature==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Thiruvalluvar 1960 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|180px|right|A 1960 commemorative stamp of Valluvar]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural text is a part of the ancient Tamil literary tradition, yet it is also a part of the &amp;quot;one great Indian ethical, didactic tradition&amp;quot;, as a few of his verses are &amp;quot;undoubtedly&amp;quot; translations of the verses in Sanskrit classics.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=171}} The themes and ideas in &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; – sometimes with close similarities and sometimes with significant differences – are also found in Manu&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Manusmriti]]&#039;&#039; (also called the &#039;&#039;Manavadharmasastra&#039;&#039;), [[Kautilya]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Arthashastra]]&#039;&#039;, Kamandaka&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Nitisara]]&#039;&#039;, and [[Vatsyayana]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;[[Kamasutra]]&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|pp=7–16}} Some of the teachings in the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;, states Zvelebil, are &amp;quot;undoubtedly&amp;quot; based on the then extant Sanskrit works such as the more ancient &#039;&#039;[[Arthashastra]]&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;[[Manusmriti]]&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=170–171}}&lt;br /&gt;
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According to Zvelebil, the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; borrows &amp;quot;a great number of lines&amp;quot; and phrases from earlier Tamil texts. For example, phrases found in &#039;&#039;Kuruntokai&#039;&#039; (lit. &amp;quot;The Collection of Short [Poems]&amp;quot;) and many lines in &#039;&#039;Narrinai&#039;&#039; (lit. &amp;quot;The Excellent Love Settings&amp;quot;) which starts with an invocation to [[Vishnu]], appear in the later &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|pp=15–16}} Authors who came after the composition of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; similarly extensively quoted and borrowed from the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;. For example, the Prabandhas such as the &#039;&#039;Tiruvalluvamalai&#039;&#039; probably from the 10th century CE are anthologies on &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;, and these extensively quote and embed it verses written in meters ascribed to gods, goddesses, and revered Tamil scholars.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|pp=58–59}} Similarly, the love story &#039;&#039;Perunkatai&#039;&#039; (lit. &amp;quot;The Great Story&amp;quot;) probably composed in the 9th century quotes from the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; and embeds similar teachings and morals.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|pp=135–136}} Verse 22.59–61 of the &#039;&#039;Manimekalai&#039;&#039; – a Buddhist-princess and later nun based love story epic, likely written about the 6th century CE, also quotes the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;. This Buddhist epic ridicules Jainism while embedding morals and ideals similar to those in the Kural.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|pp=140–141 with footnotes}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; teachings are similar to those found in &#039;&#039;Arthasastra&#039;&#039; but differ in some important aspects. In Valluvar&#039;s theory of state, unlike Kautilya, the army (&#039;&#039;patai&#039;&#039;) is the most important element. Valluvar recommends that a well kept and well-trained army (&#039;&#039;patai&#039;&#039;) led by an able commander and ready to go to war is necessary for a state.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=144–151, 152–154}}&lt;br /&gt;
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According to Hajela, the &#039;&#039;Porul&#039;&#039; of the Kural text is based on morality and benevolence as its cornerstones.{{sfn|Hajela, 2008|pp=901–902}} The &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; teaches that the ministers and people who work in public office should lead an ethical and moral life.{{sfn|Kumar, 1999|p=92}} Unlike the &#039;&#039;Manusmriti&#039;&#039;, the Kural does not give women a lowly and dependent position but are rather idealised.{{sfn|Schweitzer, 2013|pp=200–205}} The &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; also does not give importance to castes or any dynasty of rulers and ministers. The text states that one should call anyone with virtue and kindness a [[Brahmin]].{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|p=153}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===World literature===&lt;br /&gt;
Scholars compare the teachings in the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; with those in other ancient thoughts such as the Confucian sayings in [[Lun Yu]], [[Hitopadesa]], [[Panchatantra]], [[Manusmriti]], [[Tirumandiram]], [[Book of Proverbs]] in the Bible, sayings of the [[Buddha]] in [[Dhammapada]], and the ethical works of Persian origin such as [[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]] and [[Bustan (book)|Bustan]], in addition to the holy books of various religions.{{sfn|R. Nagaswamy, &#039;&#039;Dinamalar&#039;&#039;, 23 December 2018}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural text and the [[Confucianism|Confucian sayings]] recorded in the classic [[Analects|Analects of Chinese]] (called &#039;&#039;Lun Yu&#039;&#039;, meaning &amp;quot;Sacred Sayings&amp;quot;) share some similarities. Both Valluvar and [[Confucius]] focused on the behaviors and moral conducts of a common person. Similar to Valluvar, Confucius advocated legal justice embracing human principles, courtesy, and [[filial piety]], besides the virtues of [[wikt:benevolence|benevolence]], [[righteousness]], [[loyalty]] and [[trustworthiness]] as foundations of life.{{sfn|Balasubramanian, 2016|pp=104–111}} While ahimsa or non-violence remains the fundamental virtue of the Valluvarean tradition, [[Zen]] remains the central theme in Confucian tradition.{{sfn|Krishnamoorthy, 2004|pp=206–208}}{{sfn|Meenakshi Sundaram, 1957}} Incidentally, Valluvar differed from Confucius in two respects. Firstly, unlike Confucius, Valluvar was also a poet. Secondly, Confucius did not deal with the subject of [[conjugal love]], for which Valluvar devoted an entire division in his work.{{sfn|Anonymous|1999|p=vii}} Child-rearing is central to the Confucian thought of procreation of humanity and the benevolence of society. The Lun Yu says, &amp;quot;Therefore an enlightened ruler will regulate his people&#039;s livelihood so as to ensure that, above they have enough to serve their parents and below they have enough to support their wives and children.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Anparasu, 2019}}{{Ref label|K|k|none}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Reception==&lt;br /&gt;
{{main|Impact of Tirukkural}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{multiple image&lt;br /&gt;
| align = right&lt;br /&gt;
| image1 =  Thiruvalluvanayanar TraditionalPortrait.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| width1 = 150&lt;br /&gt;
| image2 =  Statue of Tiruvalluvar, School of Oriental and African Studies - geograph.org.uk - 463304.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| width2 = 170&lt;br /&gt;
| footer = Depictions of Valluvar down the ages. &#039;&#039;Left:&#039;&#039; A Shaivite portrait of Valluvar; &#039;&#039;Right:&#039;&#039; Statue of Valluvar within the [[SOAS University of London|SOAS]], [[University of London]] campus.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural text has historically received highly esteemed reception from virtually every section of the society. Many post-Sangam and medieval poets have sung in praise of the Kural text and its author. [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] praised Valluvar as the one who pierced an atom and injected seven seas into it and then compressed it and presented it in the form of his work, emphasizing on the work&#039;s succinctness.{{sfn| Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}}{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii-xxi}}{{sfn| Tamilarasu, 2014|pp=27–46}} The Kural remains the only work that has been honored with an exclusive work of compiled paeans known as the [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]] in the Tamil literary corpus, attributed to 55 different poets, including legendary ones.{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}} All major Indian religions and sects, including [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]], have greatly celebrated the Kural text, many of which incorporated Kural&#039;s teachings in both their religious and non-religious works, including the [[Silappathikaram]], [[Manimekalai]], [[Tirumurai]], [[Periya Puranam]], and [[Kamba Ramayanam]].{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=16–30}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural has been widely acknowledged within and outside India for its universal, non-denominational values.{{sfn|Chatterjee, 2021|p=77}}{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}} The Russian philosopher [[Alexander Piatigorsky]] called it chef d&#039;oeuvre of both Indian and world literature &amp;quot;due not only to the great artistic merits of the work but also to the lofty humane ideas permeating it which are equally precious to the people all over the world, of all periods and countries.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Pyatigorsky, n.d.|p=515}} [[G. U. Pope]] called its author &amp;quot;a bard of universal man&amp;quot; for being a generalist and universal.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=489}}{{sfn|Rajaram, 2015|p=vi}} According to [[Albert Schweitzer]], &amp;quot;there hardly exists in the literature of the world a collection of maxims in which we find so much of lofty wisdom.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}}{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=102}} [[Leo Tolstoy]] called it &amp;quot;the Hindu Kural&amp;quot; and recommended it to [[Mahatma Gandhi]].{{sfn|Tolstoy, 1908}}{{sfn|Parel, 2002|pp=96–112}} Mahatma Gandhi called it &amp;quot;a textbook of indispensable authority on moral life&amp;quot; and went on to say, &amp;quot;The maxims of Valluvar have touched my soul. There is none who has given such a treasure of wisdom like him.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}}&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Keezhadi and Thirukkural 43rd Chennai Book Fair 2020.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Sand sculpture]] of Valluvar at the [[Chennai Book Fair|Chennai Book Fair 2020]]]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Jesuit, Catholic and Protestant missionaries in colonial-era South India have highly praised the text, many of whom went on to translate the text into European languages. The Protestant missionary [[Edward Jewitt Robinson]] said that the Kural contains all things and there is nothing which it does not contain.{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}} The Anglican missionary [[John Lazarus (Christian missionary)|John Lazarus]] said, &amp;quot;No Tamil work can ever approach the purity of the Kural. It is a standing repute to modern Tamil.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}} According to the American Christian missionary [[Emmons E. White]], &amp;quot;Thirukkural is a synthesis of the best moral teachings of the world.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural has also been exalted by leaders of political, spiritual, social, ethical, religious and other domains of the society since ancient times. [[Rajaji]] commented, &amp;quot;It is the gospel of love and a code of soul-luminous life. The whole of human aspiration is epitomized in this immortal book, a book for all ages.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}} According to [[K. M. Munshi]], &amp;quot;Thirukkural is a treatise par excellence on the art of living.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}} The Indian nationalist and Yoga guru [[Sri Aurobindo]] stated, &amp;quot;Thirukkural is gnomic poetry, the greatest in planned conception and force of execution ever written in this kind.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}} [[E. S. Ariel]], who translated and published the third part of the Kural to French in 1848, called it &amp;quot;a masterpiece of Tamil literature, one of the highest and purest expressions of human thought.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Pope, 1886|p=i (Introduction)}} [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]], former [[President of India]], said, &amp;quot;Thirukkural is a treasure house of worldly knowledge, ethical guidance and spiritual wisdom.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Inscriptions and other historical records===&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; remained the chief administrative text of the [[Kongu Nadu]] region of the medieval Tamil land.{{sfn|Polilan et al., 2019|p=779}} Kural inscriptions and other historical records are found across Tamil Nadu. The 15th-century Jain inscriptions in the [[Ponsorimalai]] near [[Mallur, Salem|Mallur]] in [[Salem district]] bear couplet 251 from the &amp;quot;Shunning meat&amp;quot; chapter of the Kural text, indicating that the people of the Kongu Nadu region practiced ahimsa and non-killing as chief virtues.{{sfn|Polilan et al., 2019|pp=774–779, 783}} Other inscriptions include the 1617 CE Poondurai Nattar scroll in Kongu Nadu, the 1798 CE [[Palladam]] Angala Parameshwari Kodai copper inscriptions in [[Naranapuram]] in Kongu Nadu, the 18th-century copper inscriptions found in [[Kapilamalai]] near Kapilakkuricchi town in [[Namakkal district]], Veeramudiyalar mutt copper inscriptions in [[Palani]], Karaiyur copper inscription in Kongu Nadu, Palaiyakottai records, and the 1818 Periya Palayathamman temple inscriptions by [[Francis Whyte Ellis|Francis Ellis]] at [[Royapettah]] in [[Chennai]].{{sfn|Polilan et al., 2019|pp=774–784}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Popular culture===&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Kural in Chennai Metro Train.jpg|thumb|right|A Kural couplet on display inside a [[Chennai Metro]] train]]&lt;br /&gt;
Various portraits of Valluvar have been drawn and used by the [[Shivaite]] and [[Tamil Jain|Jain communities]] of Tamil Nadu since ancient times. These portraits appeared in various poses, with Valluvar&#039;s appearance varying from matted hair to fully shaven head. The portrait of Valluvar with matted hair and a flowing beard, as drawn by artist K. R. Venugopal Sharma in 1960, was accepted by the state and central governments as an official version.{{sfn|Anbarasan, 2019}} It soon became a popular and the most ubiquitous modern portrait of the poet.{{sfn|Parthasarathy, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 12 December 2015}} In 1964, the image was unveiled in the [[Indian Parliament]] by the then President of India [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]. In 1967, the Tamil Nadu government passed an order stating that the image of Valluvar should be present in all government offices across the state of Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Sriram Sharma, 2018|pp=41–42}}{{Ref label|L|l|none}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural does not appear to have been set in music by Valluvar. However, a number of musicians have set it to tune and several singers have rendered it in their concerts. Modern composers who have tuned the Kural couplets include [[Mayuram Viswanatha Sastri]] and [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]. Singers who have performed full-fledged &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; concerts include [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]] and [[Chidambaram C. S. Jayaraman]].{{sfn|Rangan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 19 March 2016}} [[Madurai Somasundaram]] and [[Sanjay Subramanian]] are other people who have given musical rendering of the Kural. Mayuram Vishwanatha Shastri set all the verses to music in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Music Academy Conference lectures, 2017}} In January 2016, [[Chitravina N. Ravikiran]] set the entire 1330 verses to music in a record time of 16 hours.{{sfn|Rangan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 19 March 2016}}{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Deccan Herald&#039;&#039;, 31 March 2018}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1818, the then Collector of Madras [[Francis Whyte Ellis]] issued a gold coin bearing Valluvar&#039;s image.{{sfn|Iraikkuruvanar, 2009|pp=89–90}}{{Ref label|M|m|none}}{{Ref label|N|n|none}} In the late 19th century, the South Indian saint [[Ramalinga Swamigal|&#039;Vallalar&#039; Ramalinga Swamigal]] taught the Kural&#039;s message by conducting regular Kural classes to the masses.{{sfn|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 3 October 2018}} In 1968, the Tamil Nadu government made it mandatory to display a Kural couplet in all government buses. The train running a distance of 2,921&amp;amp;nbsp;kilometers between Kanyakumari and [[New Delhi]] is named by the Indian Railways as the &#039;&#039;[[Thirukural Express]]&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|IndianRailInfo, n.d.}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural is part of Tamil people&#039;s everyday life across the global Tamil diaspora. [[K. Balachander]]&#039;s [[Kavithalayaa Productions]] opened its films with the very first couplet of the Kural sung in the background.{{sfn|Rangan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 19 March 2016}} Kural&#039;s phrases and ideas are found in numerous songs of [[Tamil cinema|Tamil movies]].{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=362–366}} Several &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; conferences were conducted in the twentieth century, such as those by [[Tirukkural V. Munusamy]] in 1941{{sfn|Periyannan, 2013}} and by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] in 1949.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=30}} These were attended by several scholars, celebrities and politicians.{{sfn|Veeramani, 2015|pp=326–348}} The Kural&#039;s couplets and thoughts are also widely employed in visual arts,{{sfn|S. Prasad, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 11 August 2020}}{{sfn|Sruthi Raman, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 14 April 2021}} music,{{sfn|Rangan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 19 March 2016}} dance,{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 26 April 2018}} street shows,{{sfn|Venkataramanan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 22 April 2010}} recitals,{{sfn|Madhavan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 26 August 2016}}{{sfn|Krishnamachari, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 20 November 2014}} activities,{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 4 September 2006}} and puzzles and riddles.{{sfn|Sujatha, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 11 July 2016}} The couplets are frequently quoted by various political leaders even in pan-Indian contexts outside the Tamil diaspora, including [[Ram Nath Kovind]],{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 1 February 2020}} [[P. Chidambaram]],{{sfn|Sivapriyan, &#039;&#039;Deccan Herald&#039;&#039;, 2 February 2020}} and [[Nirmala Sitaraman]].{{sfn|Sivapriyan, &#039;&#039;Deccan Herald&#039;&#039;, 2 February 2020}}{{sfn|PTI, &#039;&#039;Deccan Herald&#039;&#039;, 1 February 2021}} When [[Jallikattu]] aficionados claimed that the sport is only to demonstrate the &amp;quot;Tamil love for the bull&amp;quot;, the then Indian Minister of Women and Child Development [[Maneka Gandhi]] denied the claim citing that the Tirukkural does not sanction [[cruelty to animals]].{{sfn|Gandhi, &#039;&#039;Firstpost&#039;&#039;, 7 March 2017}}{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Business Economics&#039;&#039;, 16 March 2017}} The Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] has quoted the couplets on several occasions, including his recital to the [[Indian armed forces]] in 2020.{{sfn| PTI, &#039;&#039;Business Line&#039;&#039;, 3 July 2020}} The Kural literature is one of the ancient texts from which the [[Economic Survey of India]], the official annual report of the state of India&#039;s economy, draws heavy references.{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Business Today&#039;&#039;, 31 January 2020}}{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Outlook&#039;&#039;, 31 January 2020}}{{sfn|TNN, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 1 February 2020}}&lt;br /&gt;
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===Temples and memorials===&lt;br /&gt;
{{multiple image&lt;br /&gt;
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| image1 = Valluvar Kottam 1.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
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| footer = Valluvar shrines and monuments styled after Hindu temples are found in various parts of Tamil Nadu. The [[Valluvar Kottam]] in Chennai (left) is modeled as a Hindu temple ceremonial chariot, with Valluvar sitting inside.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=124–125}} It is connected to a &#039;&#039;kalyana mandapa&#039;&#039; (wedding hall), and features all 1330 &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; couplets inscribed on perimeter pillar walls (right).{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=124–125}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural text and its author have been highly venerated over the centuries. In the early 16th century, the [[Shaivism|Shaiva Hindu]] community built a temple within the [[Thiruvalluvar Temple|Ekambareeswara-Kamakshi (Shiva-Parvati) temple complex]] in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], in honor of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;&#039;s author, Valluvar.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} The locals believe that this is where Valluvar was born, underneath a tree within the shrine&#039;s complex. A Valluvar statue in yoga position holding a palm leaf manuscript of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; sits under the tree.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} In the shrine dedicated to him, Valluvar&#039;s wife [[Vasuki (wife of Valluvar)|Vasukiamma]] is patterned after the Hindu deity [[Kamakshi]] inside the sanctum. The temple shikhara (spire) above the sanctum shows scenes of Hindu life and deities, along with Valluvar reading his couplets to his wife.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} The &#039;&#039;sthala vriksham&#039;&#039; (holy tree of the temple) at the temple is the [[Madhuca indica|oil-nut]] or &#039;&#039;iluppai&#039;&#039; tree under which Valluvar is believed to have been born.{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 15 November 2019|p=3}} The temple was extensively renovated in the 1970s.{{sfn|Chakravarthy and Ramachandran, 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:ValluvarShrineAtMylaporeTemple.jpg|210px|thumb|left|Shrine of Valluvar at a temple in [[Mylapore]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
Additional Valluvar shrines in South India are found at [[Tiruchuli]],{{sfn|Kannan, &#039;&#039;The New Indian Express&#039;&#039;, 11 March 2013}} [[Periya Kalayamputhur (Dindigul district)|Periya Kalayamputhur]], [[Thondi]], [[Kanjoor|Kanjoor Thattanpady]], [[Senapathy village (Idukki district)|Senapathy]], and [[Vilvarani (Tiruvannamalai district)|Vilvarani]].{{sfn|Vedanayagam, 2017|p=113}} Many of these communities, including those in [[Mylapore]] and [[Tiruchuli]], consider Valluvar as the [[Nayanars|64th Nayanmar]] of the [[Saivite]] tradition and worship him as god and saint.{{sfn|Kannan, &#039;&#039;The New Indian Express&#039;&#039;, 11 March 2013}}{{sfn|Bhatt, 2020}}&lt;br /&gt;
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In 1976, [[Valluvar Kottam]], a monument to honor the Kural literature and its author, was constructed in [[Chennai]].{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=124–125}} The chief element of the monument includes a {{convert|39|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} chariot, a replica of the chariot in the temple town of [[Thiruvarur]], and it contains a life-size statue of Valluvar. Around the chariot&#039;s perimeter are marble plates inscribed with &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; couplets.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=124–125}} All the 1,330 verses of the Kural text are inscribed on bas-relief in the corridors in the main hall.{{sfn|Kabirdoss, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 18 July 2018}}&lt;br /&gt;
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Statues of Valluvar have been erected across the globe, including the ones at [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]], Chennai, [[Bengaluru]], [[Pondicherry]], [[Vishakapatnam]], [[Haridwar]], [[Puttalam]], [[Singapore]], [[London]] and [[Taiwan]].{{sfn|Vedanayagam, 2017|pp=110–111}}{{sfn|Renganathan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 29 July 2017}} The tallest of these is the {{convert|133|ft|adj=on|order=flip}} stone [[Thiruvalluvar Statue|statue of Valluvar]] erected in 2000 atop a small island in the town of Kanyakumari on the southernmost tip of the [[Indian peninsula]], at the confluence of the [[Bay of Bengal]], the [[Arabian Sea]], and the [[Indian Ocean]].{{sfn|&#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 2 January 2000}} This statue is currently India&#039;s 25th tallest. A life-size statue of Valluvar is one among an array of statues installed by the Tamil Nadu government on the stretch of the [[Marina Beach]].{{sfn|Muthiah, 2014|p=172}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Legacy==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Thiruvalluvar Statue Kanyakumari.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Valluvar, along with the Vivekananda memorial, off the coast of Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural remains one of the most influential Tamil texts admired by generations of scholars.{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 2006|pp=44–49}} The work has inspired Tamil culture and people from all walks of life, generating parallels in the literature of various languages within the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 2006|pp=50–55}} Its translations into European languages starting from the early 18th century made the work known globally.{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334, 4341–4342}} Authors influenced by the Kural include [[Ilango Adigal]], [[Seethalai Satthanar]], [[Sekkilar]], [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]], [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], [[Ramalinga Swamigal]], [[E. S. Ariel]], [[Constantius Joseph Beschi]], [[Karl Graul]], [[August Friedrich Caemmerer]], [[Nathaniel Edward Kindersley]], [[Francis Whyte Ellis]], [[Charles E. Gover]], [[George Uglow Pope]], [[Vinoba Bhave]], [[Alexander Piatigorsky]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], and [[Yu Hsi]]. Many of these authors have translated the work into their languages.{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334, 4341–4342}}{{sfn|Subbaraman, 2015|pp=39–42}}&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:KuralDiscourse.jpg|thumb|right|A Kural discourse in Chennai in January 2019.]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Kural is an oft-quoted Tamil work.{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=19}} Classical Tamil works such as the [[Purananuru]], [[Manimekalai]], [[Silappathikaram]], [[Periya Puranam]], and [[Kamba Ramayanam]] all cite the Kural by various names, bestowing numerous titles to the work that was originally untitled by its author.{{sfn|Jagannathan, 2014|pp=16–30}} Kural couplets and thoughts are cited in 32 instances in the Purananuru, 35 in [[Purapporul Venba Maalai]], 1 each in [[Pathittrupatthu]] and the [[Ten Idylls]], 13 in the Silappathikaram, 91 in the Manimekalai, 20 in [[Jivaka Chinthamani]], 12 in Villi Bharatham, 7 in [[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]], and 4 in [[Kanda Puranam]].{{sfn|Perunchithiranar, 1933|p=247}} In Kamba Ramayanam, poet [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] has used Kural ideas in as many as 600 instances.{{sfn|Desikar, 1975}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=369}} The work is commonly quoted in vegetarian conferences, both in India and abroad.{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 2006|pp=10–16}}{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|pp=71–72}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural text was first included in the school syllabus by the colonial-era [[British Raj|British government]].{{sfn|TNN, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 26 July 2017}} However, only select 275 couplets had been taught to the schoolchildren from Standards III through XII.{{sfn|Ashok, &#039;&#039;Live Law.in&#039;&#039;, 1 May 2016}} Attempts to include the Kural literature as a compulsory subject in schools were ineffective in the decades following [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]].{{sfn|Saravanan, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 27 April 2016}} On 26 April 2016, the [[Madras High Court]] directed the Tamil Nadu state government to include all the 108 chapters of the [[Book of Aram|Books of Aram]] and [[Book of Porul|Porul]] of the Kural text in school syllabus for classes VI through XII from the academic year 2017–2018 &amp;quot;to build a nation with moral values.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Saravanan, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 27 April 2016}}{{sfn|&#039;&#039;India Today&#039;&#039;, 27 April 2016}} The court further observed, &amp;quot;No other philosophical or religious work has such moral and intellectual approach to problems of life.&amp;quot;{{sfn|&#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 27 April 2016}}&lt;br /&gt;
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The Kural has inspired many, including Mahatma Gandhi, to pursue the path of ahimsa or non-violence.{{sfn|Murthi, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 14 February 2015}} [[Leo Tolstoy]] was inspired by the concept of [[non-violence]] found in the Kural when he read a [[German language|German]] version of the book, who in turn instilled the concept in [[Mahatma Gandhi]] through his [[A Letter to a Hindu]] when young Gandhi sought his guidance.{{sfn|Rajaram, 2009|pp=xviii–xxi}}{{sfn|Tolstoy, 1908}}{{sfn|Walsh, 2018}} Gandhi then took to studying the Kural in prison, which eventually culminated in his starting the [[Satyagraha|non-violence movement]] to fight against the ruling British government.{{sfn|Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}} The 19th-century poet-saint [[Ramalinga Swamigal|&#039;Vallalar&#039; Ramalinga Swamigal]] was inspired by the Kural at a young age, who then spent his life promoting compassion and non-violence, emphasizing on non-killing and meatless way of life.{{sfn|Subbaraman, 2015|pp=39–42}}{{sfn|Sivagnanam, 1974|p=96}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Eastern philosophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[List of historic Indian texts]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[A Letter to a Hindu]] by [[Leo Tolstoy]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tao Te Ching]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Manu Smriti]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Vedas]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{colend}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{hidden begin&lt;br /&gt;
|title = Philosophy Series Sidebar&lt;br /&gt;
|titlestyle = background:lightgreen;width:30%&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Jain philosophy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Hindu philosophy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Asian philosophy sidebar}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{hidden end}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notes==&lt;br /&gt;
{{refbegin|20em}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;a.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|A|a|none}} The Kural strictly insists on moral vegetarianism,{{sfn|Dharani|2018|p=101}}{{sfn|Meenakshi Sundaram, 1957}} the doctrine that humans are morally obligated to refrain from [[Ethics of eating meat|eating meat]] or [[Animal cruelty|harming]] [[Sentience|sentient beings]],{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|pp=127–129}}{{sfn|Engel, 2000|pp=856–889}} which is equated to veganism of today.{{sfn|Dharani|2018|p=101}}{{sfn|The Vegan Indians, 2021}} The concept of [[ahimsa]] or {{lang|ta|இன்னா செய்யாமை}}, which remains the moral foundation of vegetarianism and veganism, is described in the Kural chapter on [[non-violence]] (Chapter 32).{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|pp=127–129}}{{sfn|Parimelalhagar, 2009|pp=314–324}}{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Business Economics&#039;&#039;, 1 April 2017}} For modern philosophers&#039; take on this, see, for example, [[Mylan Engel|Engel&#039;s]] &amp;quot;The Immorality of Eating Meat&amp;quot; (2000).{{sfn|Engel, 2000|pp=856–889}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;b.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|B|b|none}} For examples of Sanskrit loan words, see Zvelebil&#039;s &#039;&#039;The Smile of Murugan&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|pp=169–171}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;c.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|C|c|none}} The [[Valluvar Year]] is obtained by adding 31 years to the present [[Gregorian year]].{{sfn|&#039;&#039;Thiruvalluvar Ninaivu Malar&#039;&#039;, 1935|p=117}}{{sfn|Iraikkuruvanar, 2009|p=72}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;d.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|D|d|none}} Nallaswamy Pillai declares Pope&#039;s claim as &amp;quot;an absurd literary anachronism&amp;quot; and says that the first two books of the Kural in particular are &amp;quot;a stumbling block which can browbeat the most sublime ideas of Christian morality.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|pp=26–27}} [[John Lazarus (missionary)|John Lazarus]] observes that, in stark contrast to the Bible&#039;s concept of killing, which refers only to the taking away of human life, the Kural&#039;s concept of killing &amp;quot;deals exclusively with the literal taking away of life&amp;quot;{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=42}} and thus applies to both humans and animals.{{sfn|Maharajan, 2017|p=72}}{{sfn|Anandan, 2018|p=319}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;e.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|E|e|none}} Quote: &amp;quot;Non-killing is an absolute virtue (&#039;&#039;aram&#039;&#039;) in the &#039;&#039;Arattuppal&#039;&#039; (the glory of virtue section), but the army&#039;s duty is to kill in battle and the king has to execute a number of criminals in the process of justice. In these cases, the violations of the &#039;&#039;aram&#039;&#039; [in the earlier section] are justified [by Thiruvalluvar] in virtue of the special duties cast on the king and the justification is that &#039;a few wicked must be weeded out to save the general public&#039; (TK 550).&amp;quot;{{sfn|Ananthanathan, 1994|p=325}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;f.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|F|f|none}} The couplets are generally numbered in a linear fashion across the three books, covering all the 1,330 couplets. They can also be denoted by their chapter number and couplet number within the chapter. Thus, the third couplet in Chapter 104 ([[Agriculture]]), for instance, can be numbered either as 1033 or, less commonly, as 104:3. Since the medieval commentators have variously changed the chapter ordering within the books of the Kural text and couplet ordering within the chapters, the present numbering of the chapters and couplets is not the author&#039;s.{{sfn|Aravindan|2018|pp=346–348}}&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;g.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|G|g|none}} [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;Gnanakural&#039;&#039; and [[Umapathi Shivachariyar]]&#039;s &#039;&#039;Tiruvarutpayan&#039;&#039;, both of which appeared centuries later, further the ideas of the Kural&#039;s chapters on &#039;&#039;veedu&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;moksha&#039;&#039; and are considered as &#039;&#039;Veettuppāl&#039;&#039; (Books of Salvation).{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2017|p=6}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;h.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|H|h|none}} The doctrine of &#039;&#039;[[Nishkama Karma|nishkama karma]]&#039;&#039; in Hinduism states that the dharmic householder can achieve the same goals as the renouncing monk through &amp;quot;inner renunciation&amp;quot;, that is &amp;quot;motiveless action.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Flood, 2004|pp=85–89}}{{sfn|Ganeri, 2007|pp=68–70}}{{sfn|Framarin, 2006|pp=604–617}} Cf. Kural 629: &amp;quot;He who never exulted in joy will not be depressed by sorrow.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|p=83}} This is recommended by the [[Bhagavad Gita]] as well, which discusses and synthesizes the three dominant trends in Hinduism, namely, enlightenment-based renunciation, dharma-based householder life, and devotion-based theism, and this synthetic answer of the Gita recommends that one must resist the &amp;quot;either–or&amp;quot; view, and consider a &amp;quot;both–and&amp;quot; view.{{sfn|Zaehner, 1973|pp=187, 200}}{{sfn|Nikam, 1952|pp=254–258}}{{sfn|Edgerton, 1952|pp=91–92}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;i.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|I|i|none}} As observed by [[P. S. Sundaram]] in the introduction to his work, while &amp;quot;all other sins may be redeemed, but never ingratitude,&amp;quot; Valluvar couldn&#039;t understand &amp;quot;how anyone could wish to fatten himself by feeding on the fat of others.&amp;quot;{{sfn|Sundaram|1990|p=13}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;j.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|J|j|none}} &#039;&#039;Commentary&#039;&#039; – sometimes referred to as &#039;&#039;[[bhashya]]&#039;&#039; in the Indian tradition – refers to explanations and interpretations of aphoristic texts. These are written by various scholars to develop, comment on and expound the terse ideas such as a &#039;&#039;kural&#039;&#039; or a &#039;&#039;[[sutra]]&#039;&#039; or any text of significant significance (e.g. Jain, Hindu and Buddhist scriptures).{{sfn|Monier-Williams, 2002|p=755}}{{sfn|Karin Preisendanz, 2005|pp=55–94}}{{sfn|Kane, 2015|p=29}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;k.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|K|k|none}} Compare this with Chapter 7 of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;—the Kural chapter on bearing children.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=307–308, 329–330}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;l.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|L|l|none}} [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], G. O. Ms. 1193, dated 1967.{{sfn|Sriram Sharma, 2018|pp=41–42}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;m.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|M|m|none}} A stone inscription found on the walls of a well at the Periya Palayathamman temple at [[Royapettah|Royapettai]] indicates Ellis&#039; regard for Valluvar. It is one of the 27 wells dug on the orders of Ellis in 1818, when Madras suffered a severe drinking [[water scarcity|water shortage]]. In the long inscription Ellis praises Valluvar and uses a couplet from the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039; to explain his actions during the drought. When he was in charge of the Madras treasury and mint, he also issued a gold coin bearing Valluvar&#039;s image. The Tamil inscription on his grave makes note of his commentary of &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;.{{sfn|Mahadevan, n.d.}}{{sfn|Polilan et al., 2019|pp=776–778}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;n.&#039;&#039;&#039; {{Note label|N|n|none}} The original inscription in Tamil written in the &#039;&#039;asiriyapa&#039;&#039; [[Poetic metre|metre]] and first-person perspective: (The kural couplet he quotes is in italics){{sfn|Polilan et al., 2019|pp=776–778}}{{sfn|Iraikkuruvanar, 2009|pp=90–91}}&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; {{lang|ta|சயங்கொண்ட தொண்டிய சாணுறு நாடெனும்}} | {{lang|ta|ஆழியில் இழைத்த வழகுறு மாமணி}} | {{lang|ta|குணகடன் முதலாக குட கடலளவு}} | {{lang|ta|நெடுநிலம் தாழ நிமிர்ந்திடு சென்னப்}} | {{lang|ta|பட்டணத்து எல்லீசன் என்பவன் யானே}} | {{lang|ta|பண்டாரகாரிய பாரம் சுமக்கையில்}} | {{lang|ta|புலவர்கள் பெருமான் மயிலையம் பதியான்}} | {{lang|ta|தெய்வப் புலமைத் திருவள்ளுவனார்}} | {{lang|ta|திருக்குறள் தன்னில் திருவுளம் பற்றிய்}} | &#039;&#039;{{lang|ta|இருபுனலும் வாய்த்த மலையும் வருபுனலும்}}&#039;&#039; | &#039;&#039;{{lang|ta|வல்லரணும் நாட்டிற் குறுப்பு}}&#039;&#039; | {{lang|ta|என்பதின் பொருளை என்னுள் ஆய்ந்து}} | {{lang|ta|ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ சாலிவாகன சகாப்த வரு}} | {{lang|ta|..றாச் செல்லா நின்ற}} | {{lang|ta|இங்கிலிசு வரு 1818ம் ஆண்டில்}} | {{lang|ta|பிரபவாதி வருக்கு மேற் செல்லா நின்ற}} | {{lang|ta|பஹுதான்ய வரு த்தில் வார திதி}} | {{lang|ta|நக்ஷத்திர யோக கரணம் பார்த்து}} | {{lang|ta|சுப திநத்தி லிதனோ டிருபத்தேழு}} | {{lang|ta|துரவு கண்டு புண்ணியாஹவாசநம்}} | {{lang|ta|பண்ணுவித்தேன்}}.&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Citations ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist|25em}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
===Classical primary sources (Tamil)===&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refbegin|30em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=[[Alathur Kilar]] |title=Kḻuvāi Illai! |postscript=none}}, [[Purananuru|புறநானூறு]] [Puranānuru] (Verse 34), See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l1280-html-l1280ind-127697 Tamil Virtual University].&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite wikisource |author=[[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] |title=ta:திருவள்ளுவமாலை |others=[[Tirutthanigai Saravanaperumal Aiyar]] (commentator)}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ilango Adigal]], &#039;&#039;சிலப்பதிகாரம் [Silappathigāram]&#039;&#039;, See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l3100-html-l3100ind-132364 Tamil Virtual University].&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]], &#039;&#039;கம்பராமாயணம் [Kambarāmāyanam]&#039;&#039;, See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l3700-html-l3700ind-133880 Tamil Virtual University].&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Manakkudavar |title= திருவள்ளுவர் திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவருரை—அறத்துப்பால் [Tiruvalluvar Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary—Book of Aram]. &#039;&#039;V. O. C. Pillai (Ed.)&#039;&#039; |year= 1917 |edition= 1|publisher=V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. 152 pp. | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Manakkudavar, 1917}}|author-link= Manakkudavar }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Manakkudavar |title= திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவர் உரை [Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary]. &#039;&#039;C. Meiyyappan (Ed.)&#039;&#039; |year= 2003 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam. 370 pp. | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Manakkudavar, 2003}}|author-link= Manakkudavar }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Parimelalhagar |title= திருக்குறள் மூலமும் பரிமேலழகர் உரையும் [Tirukkural Original Text and Parimelalhagar Commentary]. &#039;&#039;Compiled by V. M. Gopalakrishnamachariyar&#039;&#039; |year= 2009 |publisher=Uma Padhippagam. 1456 pp. | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Parimelalhagar, 2009}}|author-link= Parimelalhagar }}&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Seethalai Satthanar|Seethalai Sāthanār]], &#039;&#039;மணிமேகலை [Manimekalai]&#039;&#039;, See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l3200-html-l3200ind-133213 Tamil Virtual University.]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sekkizhar|Sekkiḻar]], &#039;&#039;[[Periya Puranam|பெரிய‌ புராண‌ம்]] [Periya Puranam]&#039;&#039;, See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l4100-html-l41C0ind-136182 Tamil Virtual University.]&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite wikisource |author=Valluvar |title=ta:திருக்குறள் |translator=[[George Uglow Pope]]}} See original text in [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0153.pdf Project Madurai].&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modern secondary sources===&lt;br /&gt;
==== Books ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{refbegin|30em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | first = Gavin | last = Flood | title = The Ascetic Self: Subjectivity, Memory and Tradition | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fapXqp-JSL0C | year = 2004 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0521604017 | pages = 85–89 with notes |ref={{sfnRef|Flood, 2004}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Franklin Edgerton| title=The Bhagavad Gita, Part 2| publisher= Harvard University Press|year=1952|pages=91–92|ref={{sfnRef|Edgerton, 1952}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Jonardon Ganeri|title=The Concealed Art of the Soul: Theories of Self and Practices of Truth in Indian Ethics and Epistemology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dITDAAAQBAJ |year= 2007|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199202416|pages=68–70|ref={{sfnRef|Ganeri, 2007}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last1=Adinarayanan | first1=V. | last2=Rekha | first2=V. Smrithi | last3=Sooryanarayan | first3=D. G. | title=Ethical Leadership | chapter=A Multidimensional View of Leadership from an Indian Perspective | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=2016 | isbn=978-1137601933 | doi=10.1057/978-1-137-60194-0_5 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Anonymous|title= Confucius: A Biography (Trans. Lun Yu, in English) |year= 1999 |publisher=Confucius Publishing Co. Ltd. }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= V. V. S. Aiyar |title= The Kural or The Maxims of Tiruvalluvar |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203867/page/n3 |year= 1916 |edition= 1|publisher=Amudha Nilayam | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Aiyar, 1916}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= S. N. Kandasamy |title= திருக்குறள்: ஆய்வுத் தெளிவுரை (அறத்துப்பால்) [Tirukkural: Research commentary: Book of Aram] |year= 2017 |publisher= Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |pages= |ref={{sfnRef|Kandasamy, 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |last= Kandasamy |first=S. N. |title= திருக்குறள்: ஆய்வுத் தெளிவுரை (பெருட்பால், பகுதி 1) [Tirukkural: Research commentary: Book of Porul, Part 1] |year= 2020 |publisher= Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |last= Aravindan |first=M. V.  |title= உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Commentators] |year= 2018 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=R. Mohan and Nellai N. Sokkalingam |title= உரை மரபுகள் [Conventions of Commentaries] |year= 2011 |publisher= Meiyappan Padhippagam |location= Chidambaram|ref={{sfnRef|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=A. Arumugam |title=வள்ளுவம் [Valluvam] |year=2014 |publisher=Periyar E.V.Ramasamy-Nagammai Education and Research Trust | location=Chennai|series=Philosophy Textbooks Series |ref={{sfnRef|Arumugam, 2014}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= K. V. Balasubramanian |title= திருக்குறள் பேரொளி [Tirukkural Beacon] |year= 2016 |edition= 1|publisher= New Century Book House | location= Chennai |isbn = 978-8123430614|ref={{sfnRef|Balasubramanian, 2016}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |editor= Roma Chatterjee | title = India: Society, Religion and Literature in Ancient and Medieval Periods | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting | series = | volume = | edition = 1st| date = 2021 | location = New Delhi| language = |isbn = 978-9354091223 | ref={{sfnRef|Chatterjee, 2021}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= A. Gopalakrishnan|title= Tirukkural: Tiruvalluvar Karutthurai |url= |year= 2012 |location=Chidambaram|publisher=Meiyappan Padhippagam |isbn = |ref={{sfnRef|Gopalakrishnan, 2012}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last = Chakravarthy | first = A. | title = Tirukkural | publisher = The Diocesan Press | date = 1953 | location = Madras | url = https://www.jainsamaj.org/content.php?url=Kural_-_Uttaraveda_-_By | isbn = | ref ={{sfnRef|Chakravarthy, 1953}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last =Blackburn| first =Stuart|title= Print, folklore, and nationalism in colonial South India |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y-BxrNKdwPMC&amp;amp;q=francis+whyte+ellis&amp;amp;pg=PA92|year= 2006 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn = 978-8178241494}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= C. Dhandapani Desikar |title= வள்ளுவரும் கம்பரும் [Valluvar and Kambar] |year= 1975 |publisher=Annamalai University Press | location= Annamalai Nagar |ref={{sfnRef|Desikar, 1975}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= W. J. Johnson|title=A dictionary of Hinduism |url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-2475?rskey=HcmgW0&amp;amp;result=1 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford|access-date= 12 March 2021|series=Oxford Reference|isbn= 978-0198610250 |ref={{sfnRef|Johnson, 2009}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Citation | last = Takahashi | first = Takanobu | title = Kingship in Indian History | place = New Delhi | publisher = Manohar | series = | volume = | year = 1999 | edition = | chapter = The Treatment of King and State in the Tirukkural | pages = 53–54 | language = | chapter-url = | isbn = | ref = {{sfnRef|Takahashi, 1999}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | author1 = Lakshmi Holmström | author2 = Subashree Krishnaswamy |author3 = K. Srilata| title = The Rapids of a Great River: The Penguin Book of Tamil Poetry | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WRKkim1gqrwC&amp;amp;dq=Dating+the+Tirukkural&amp;amp;pg=PT2 | year = 2009 | publisher = Penguin/Viking | isbn = 9788184758191| pages = |ref={{sfnRef| Holmström, Krishnaswamy, and Srilata, 2009}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= William Henry Drew |title= The Cural of Tiruvalluvar |url= https://archive.org/details/b2934721x_0001/page/4 |year= 1840 |edition= 1|publisher=American Mission Press | location= Madurai |ref={{sfnRef|Drew, 1840}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|language=Tamil|isbn= |ref={{sfnRef|Polilan et al., 2019}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | author= T. N. Hajela | title = History of Economic Thought (First edition 1967) | publisher = Ane Books | series = Ane&#039;s Student Edition | edition = 17th | date = 2008 | location = New Delhi | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nBUJYicHCSkC&amp;amp;q=Valluvar+and+arthashastra&amp;amp;pg=PA901 | isbn = 978-8180522208 |ref={{sfnRef|Hajela, 2008}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= C. Dhandapani Desikar|title=திருக்குறள் அழகும் அமைப்பும் [Tirukkural: Beauty and Structure] |year= 1969 |publisher=Tamil Valarcchi Iyakkam | location=Chennai |language=ta|ref={{sfnRef|Desikar, 1969}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|last1=Hikosaka |first1=Shu|last2=Samuel |first2=G. John|title=Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHcOAAAAYAAJ |year=1990|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|oclc = 58586438}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | author= R. Ilankumaran | title = திருக்குறள் வாழ்வியல் விளக்கவுரை [Tirukkural life-skill exegesis] | publisher = Paavendhar Padhippagam | volume = 1| date = 2018 | location = Ariyalur, India | isbn = 978-8193825013 |ref={{sfnRef|Ilankumaran, 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= K. S. Anandan |title= திருக்குறளின் உண்மைப் பொருள் [The true meaning of the Tirukkural] |year= 2018 |edition= 2 |publisher= Thangam Padhippagam| location= Coimbatore|ref={{sfnRef|Anandan, 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=Swamiji Iraianban |title=Ambrosia of Thirukkural |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPmMQoJkXV0C&amp;amp;pg=PA13 |year=1997 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-8170173465 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Ki. Vaa. Jagannathan |title= திருக்குறள், ஆராய்ச்சிப் பதிப்பு [Tirukkural, Research Edition] |year= 2014 |edition=3rd |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Vidhyalayam | location= Coimbatore |ref={{sfnRef|Jagannathan, 2014}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | first = Matthieu | last = Ricard | title = A Plea for the Animals: The Moral, Philosophical, and Evolutionary Imperative to Treat All Beings with Compassion | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bTLuDAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;dq=Tirukkural&amp;amp;pg=PA1 | year = 2016 | publisher = Shambhala | isbn = 978-1611803051 | page = 27 |ref={{sfnRef|Ricard, 2016}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= M. G. Kovaimani and P. V. Nagarajan |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுமாலை [Tirukkural Research Papers] |year= 2013 |edition= 1|publisher=Tamil University | location= Tanjavur |language=ta|isbn = 978-8170904359 |ref={{sfnRef|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |editor= Kowmareeshwari | title = பதினெண்கீழ்கணக்கு நூல்கள் [Eighteen Lesser Texts] | publisher = Saradha Pathippagam | series = Sanga Ilakkiyam| volume = 5| edition = 1st| date = 2012 | location = Chennai| language = ta|ref={{sfnRef|Kowmareeshwari, 2012a}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |editor = Kowmareeshwari | title = அகநானூறு, புறநானூறு [Agananuru, Purananuru] | publisher = Saradha Pathippagam | series = Sanga Ilakkiyam| volume = 3| edition = 1st| date = 2012 | location = Chennai| language = ta|ref={{sfnRef|Kowmareeshwari, 2012b}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Citation | last = Parel | first = Anthony J. | author-link = Anthony Parel | contribution = Gandhi and Tolstoy | editor1=M. P. Mathai|editor2= M. S. John |editor3= Siby K. Joseph | title = Meditations on Gandhi : a Ravindra Varma festschrift | pages = 96–112 | publisher = Concept | place = New Delhi | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kcpDOVk5Gp8C&amp;amp;pg=PA96 |access-date=8 September 2012| isbn = 978-81-7022-961-2 | ref={{sfnRef|Parel, 2002}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author = Thamizhannal | title = உலகத் தமிழிலக்கிய வரலாறு (தொன்மை முதல் கி.பி.500 வரை) [History of World Tamil Literature: Antiquity to 500 CE] | publisher = International Institute of Tamil Studies | series = | volume = | edition = 1st| date = 2004 | location = Chennai| language = ta|ref={{sfnRef|Thamizhannal, 2004}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Ravindra Kumar|title=Morality and Ethics in Public Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nigNndLgqGQC&amp;amp;pg=PA92|access-date=13 December 2010|date=1999|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8170997153|ref={{sfnRef|Kumar, 1999}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |editor-last = Kumaravelan |editor-first=R. | title = திருக்குறள் வ.உ.சிதம்பரனார் உரை [Tirukkural: V. O. Chidhambaram Commentary] | publisher = Pari Nilayam | edition = 1st| date = 2008 | location = Chennai| language = ta }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=Mohan |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&amp;amp;pg=PA4341 |year=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-8126012213 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= M. S. Purnalingam Pillai |title= Tamil Literature |year= 2015 |edition= |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies | location= Chennai |language= |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0018125_Tamil_Literature.pdf|ref={{sfnRef|Pillai, 2015}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Kathir Mahadevan |title= Oppilakkiya Nokkil Sanga Kaalam [Sangam Period from a Comparative Study Perspective] |year=1985 |edition = Third | publisher=Macmillan India Limited |location=Chennai|ref={{sfnRef|Mahadevan, 1985}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= S. Krishnamoorthy |title= இக்கால உலகிற்குத் திருக்குறள் [Tirukkural for Contemporary World] (Volume 3) |year=2004 |edition = First | publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location=Chennai|language = ta|ref={{sfnRef|Krishnamoorthy, 2004}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=S. Maharajan|title=Tiruvalluvar|url= |series=Makers of Indian Literature| year=2017|edition=2nd|publisher= Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi|language= |isbn= 978-8126053216|ref={{sfnRef|Maharajan, 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=A. A. Manavalan |title=Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) |year=2009 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location = Chennai|edition = 1|ref={{sfnRef|Manavalan, 2009}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Sujit Mukherjee|title=A dictionary of Indian literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&amp;amp;pg=PA393|access-date=13 December 2010|year=1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8125014539|ref={{sfnRef|Mukherjee, 1999}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= P. R. Natarajan |title= Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal |year= 2008 |edition=1st |publisher=Uma Padhippagam | location=Chennai |language=ta|ref={{sfnRef|Natarajan, 2008}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= &#039;Navalar&#039; R. Nedunchezhiyan |title= திருக்குறள் நாவலர் தெளிவுரை (Tirukkural Navalar Commentary) |year= 1991 |edition= 1|publisher= Navalar Nedunchezhiyan Kalvi Arakkattalai | location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Nedunchezhiyan, 1991}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last = Iraikuruvanar | title = திருக்குறளின் தனிச்சிறப்புகள் [Unique features of the Tirukkural] | publisher = Iraiyagam | edition = 1 | date = 2009 | location = Chennai | language = ta | ref={{sfnRef|Iraikuruvanar, 2009}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=R Parthasarathy|title=The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEwFjKKFfIC|year=1993|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231078498}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=G. Devaneya Pavanar |title=திருக்குறள் [Tirukkural: Tamil Traditional Commentary] |year=2017 |publisher=Sri Indhu Publications | location=Chennai |edition=4 |language=ta| ref={{sfnRef|Pavanar, 2017}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Pavalareru Perunchithiranar |title= பெருஞ்சித்திரனார் திருக்குறள் மெய்ப்பொருளுரை: உரைச் சுருக்கம் [Perunchithiranar&#039;s Thirukkural A Philosophical Brief Commentary] (Volume 1) |year= 1933 |edition= 1|publisher= Then Mozhi Padippagam | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Perunchithiranar, 1933}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author = M. S. Pillai | title = Tamil literature | publisher = Asian Education Service | date = 1994 | location = New Delhi| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&amp;amp;q=valluvar+Jain&amp;amp;pg=PA1| isbn = 8120609557|ref={{sfnRef|Pillai, 1994}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=G. U. Pope |title=The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43871 |year=1886|publisher=Asian Educational Services | edition = First | location = New Delhi| isbn = 8120600223 |ref={{sfnRef|Pope, 1886}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=Herbert Arthur Popley |title=The Sacred Kural |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73493|year=1931 |location = Calcutta and London|ref={{sfnRef|Popley, 1931}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author = Alexander Pyatigorsky | title = quoted in K. Muragesa Mudaliar&#039;s &amp;quot;Polity in Tirukkural&amp;quot; | publisher = Thirumathi Sornammal Endowment Lectures on Tirukkural | date = n.d. |ref={{sfnRef|Pyatigorsky, n.d.}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= M. Rajaram |title= Thirukkural: Pearls of Inspiration |year= 2009 |edition= 1st|publisher= Rupa Publications| location=New Delhi|ref={{sfnRef|Rajaram, 2009}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=M. Rajaram |title=Glory of Thirukkural |year=2015 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|series = 915|edition=1st|location=Chennai|isbn=978-9385165955 |ref={{sfnRef|Rajaram, 2015}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=C. Rajendiran |title= பாமரருக்கும் பரிமேலழகர் [Parimelazhagar for Laymen] |year=2018 |publisher=Sandhya Publications|edition=1st|location=Chennai|isbn=978-9387499454 |ref={{sfnRef|Rajendiran, 2018}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|last=Das|first= G. N.|year= 1997| title= Readings from Thirukkural | publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 8170173426|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pDZilIimNRIC&amp;amp;pg=PA11 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Aranga Ramalingam |title= Thirukkuralil Siddhar Neri |year= 1994 |publisher=Bharati Puthakalayam | location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Aranga Ramalingam, 1994}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |last=Ramasamy |first=V. |title= On Translating Tirukkural |year= 2001 |edition= 1st|publisher= International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first= Edward Jewitt |title=Tamil Wisdom; Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages, and Selections from their writings |url=https://archive.org/details/tamilwisdomtradi00robiuoft |year=2001 |publisher= Wesleyan Conference Office | location=London |orig-date=1873}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=Iraikkuruvanar |title= திருக்குறளின் தனிச்சிறப்புக்கள் [Tirukkural Specialities] |year= 2009 |publisher= Iraiyagam |location= Chennai|ref={{sfnRef|Iraikkuruvanar, 2009}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= N. Sanjeevi |title= First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers |year= 2006 |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Madras | location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Sanjeevi, 2006}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last = Thani Nayagam | first = Xavier S. | title = Thirumathi Sornammal Endowment Lectures on Tirukkural 1959–60 to 1968–69, Part 1 | publisher = University of Madras | series = | volume = 1 | edition = | date = 1971 | location = Chennai | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | ref= {{sfnRef|Thani Nayagam, 1971}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last = Krishna | first = Nanditha | title = Hinduism and Nature | publisher = Penguin Random House | series = | volume = | edition = | date = 2017 | location = New Delhi | pages = 264 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gp1IDwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;dq=ahimsa+and+Tirukkural&amp;amp;pg=PT131 | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-9387326545 | ref= {{sfnRef|Krishna, 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= R. P. Sethupillai |title= திருவள்ளுவர் நூல்நயம் [Thiruvalluvar Noolnayam] |year= 1956 |edition= 10th|publisher= Kazhaga Veliyeedu| language=ta| location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Sethupillai, 1956}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= M. Shanmukham Pillai |title= திருக்குறள் அமைப்பும் முறையும் [The structure and method of Tirukkural] |year= 1972 |edition= 1|publisher=University of Madras | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Pillai, 1972}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author = Radha R. Sharma | chapter = A value-centric approach to eudaimonia (human flourishing) and sustainability. |editor1=Kerul Kassel|editor2=Isabel Rimanoczy |title=Developing a Sustainability Mindset in Management Education | publisher = Routledge | edition = 1| date = 2018 | location = New York | pages = 113–132| isbn = 978-1783537273 |ref={{sfnRef|Sharma, 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=M. P. Sivagnanam |title=திருக்குறளிலே கலைபற்றிக் கூறாததேன்? [Why does the Tirukkural not speak about art?] |year=1974 |publisher=Poonkodi Padhippagam | location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Sivagnanam, 1974}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Cite book |last=Sundaram |first=P.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPpv2F2RRgcC |title=Kural (Tiruvalluvar) |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1987 |isbn=978-9351180159 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|last=Sundaram |first=P.S. |title=Kural (Tiruvalluvar)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPpv2F2RRgcC|year=1990|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-9351180159 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Robert Charles Zaehner|title=The Bhagavad-gītā|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nY6PRhqdlJsC |year=1973|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195016666| pages=187, 200|ref={{sfnRef|Zaehner, 1973}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Albert Schweitzer |title= Indian Thoughts and Its Development |year= 2013 |edition = | publisher=Read Books |location= Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |language = |isbn=978-1473389007|ref={{sfnRef|Schweitzer, 2013}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |editor = I. Sundaramurthi | title = குறளமுதம் [Kural Ambrosia] | publisher = Tamil Valarcchi Iyakkagam | edition = 1st| date = 2000 | location = Chennai| language = ta|ref={{sfnRef|Sundaramurthi, 2000}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= Rama Vedanayagam |title= திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluvamaalai: Original Text and Lucid Commentary] |year= 2017 |edition= 1st |publisher= Manimekalai Prasuram| language=ta |location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Vedanayagam, 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= K. Veeramani |title= Tirukkural—Valluvar: Collected Works of Thanthai Periyar E. V. Ramasamy |year= 2015 |edition= 1|publisher= The Periyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution | location= Chennai |isbn = 978-9380971919|ref={{sfnRef|Veeramani, 2015}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= H. V. Visveswaran |title= தமிழனின் தத்துவம் திருக்குறள் அறம் [The Tamil&#039;s Philosophy: Tirukkural Virtue] |year= 2016 |edition= 1|publisher= Notion Press | location= Chennai |isbn = 978-9386073747|ref={{sfnRef|Visveswaran, 2016}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA155 |access-date=7 March 2018|year=1973 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden|isbn=9004035915 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC |year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447015820}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Tamil Literature |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&amp;amp;pg=PA124 |access-date=7 March 2018|year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden|isbn=9004041907 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title= Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC |year= 1992 |publisher= E.J. Brill|location=Leiden| isbn = 978-9004093652}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | author= Mylan Engel Jr. |title= &#039;&#039;&amp;quot;The Immorality of Eating Meat,&amp;quot; in&#039;&#039; The Moral Life: An Introductory Reader in Ethics and Literature, &#039;&#039;(Louis P. Pojman, ed.)&#039;&#039; |year= 2000 |publisher= Oxford University Press | location= New York |pages= 856–889|ref={{sfnRef|Engel, 2000}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107017368}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Joanne Punzo Waghorne|title=Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHo8DwAAQBAJ |date= 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0195156638|ref={{sfnRef|Waghorne, 2004}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | author=Vanmeegar|title = Thirukkural: Couplets with English Transliteration and Meaning | publisher = Shree Shenbaga Pathippagam| edition = 1st| date = 2012 | location = Chennai|ref={{sfnRef|Vanmeegar, 2012}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Thomas Manninezhath|title=Harmony of Religions: Vedānta Siddhānta Samarasam of Tāyumānavar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uE4-veDrY7AC&amp;amp;pg=PA78 |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8120810013|pages=78–79|ref={{sfnRef|Manninezhath, 1993}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title= &#039;&#039;Entry &amp;quot;bhasya&amp;quot;, In:&#039;&#039; A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages |year=2002|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|location=New Delhi |pages=755|ref={{sfnRef|Monier-Williams, 2002}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=P. V. Kane|title= History of Sanskrit Poetics |year=2015|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-8120802742 |pages=29|ref={{sfnRef|Kane, 2015}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=P. Sensarma|title=Military Thoughts of Tiruvaḷḷuvar|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5BkPAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Darbari Udjog|location=Calcutta|pages=40–42|ref={{sfnRef|Sensarma, 1981}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author=Karl Graul|title= Der Kural des Tiruvalluver. Ein gnomisches Gedicht über die drei Strebeziele des Menschen (Bibliotheca Tamulica sive Opera Praecipia Tamuliensium, Volume 3) |url= https://archive.org/details/dli.RTa2/page/n7 |year=1856 |publisher=Williams &amp;amp; Norgate|location=London|ref={{sfnRef|Graul, 1856}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author= G. P. Chellammal |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுக் கோவை [Tirukkural Research Compendium] |year= 2015 |edition= 1|publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |language=ta |ref={{sfnRef|Chellammal, 2015}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last = Winslow | first = Miron | title = A comprehensive Tamil and English dictionary of high and low Tamil | publisher = P. R. Hunt| edition = 1| date = 1862| location = Madras| url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/winslow/ |ref={{sfnRef|Winslow, 1862}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | isbn = 978-9384030285|ref={{sfnRef|Muthiah, 2014}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=N. Velusamy and Moses Michael Faraday (Eds.) |title=Why Should Thirukkural Be Declared the National Book of India? |year=2017|publisher=Unique Media Integrators | edition = First | location = Chennai| language = ta, en| isbn = 978-9385471704 |ref={{sfnRef|Velusamy and Faraday, 2017}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book|author= John Lazarus|url = https://archive.org/details/kuraltiruvalluv00parigoog/page/n274| year= 1885|title= Thirukkural (Original in Tamil with English Translation) |isbn= 8120604008|publisher= W.P. Chettiar}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last = Tamilarasu | first = V. | title = Kuralamizhdham | publisher = Arutchudar Anbar Group | edition = 1 | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 27–46 |ref={{sfnRef| Tamilarasu, 2014}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book |author=N. V. Subbaraman |title= வள்ளுவம் வாழ்ந்த வள்ளலார் [Valluvam Vaalndha Vallalar] |url= |year= 2015 |publisher=Unique Media Integrators | location=Chennai |isbn = 978-9383051953 |page= |ref={{sfnRef|Subbaraman, 2015}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | last = Manavalan | first = A. A. | title = A Compendium of &#039;&#039;Tirukkural&#039;&#039; Translations in English | publisher = Central Institute of Classical Tamil | volume = 4 vols. | date = 2010 | location = Chennai | language = English | isbn = 978-8190800020 |ref={{sfnRef|Manavalan, 2010}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book| last = Walsh| first = William| title = Secular Virtue: for surviving, thriving, and fulfillment | publisher = Will Walsh| date = 2018| location = | isbn = 978-0692054185| pages = |ref={{sfnRef|Walsh, 2018}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
{{refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Journals and Magazines ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{refbegin|30em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal|title= Theory and Functions of the State The Concept of aṟam (virtue) in Tirukkural| author= A. K. Ananthanathan| journal= East and West| volume=44 | pages= 315–326| number= 2/4 |year=1994 |jstor= 29757156|ref={{sfnRef|Ananthanathan, 1994}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal|title=Arupathu Moovar – 110 years ago|author=Karthik Bhatt|date=March 16–31, 2020|journal=Madras Musings|volume=XXIX|issue=23|url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-29-no-23/arupathu-moovar-110-years-ago/ |ref={{sfnRef|Bhatt, 2020}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal| last =Blackburn| first =Stuart| title =Corruption and Redemption: The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History| journal =Modern Asian Studies| volume =34| issue =2| pages =449–482| year =2000| url =http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FASS%2FASS34_02%2FS0026749X0000363Xa.pdf&amp;amp;code=3271a95da1f62e5a9a01ec5fab104dcd| doi =10.1017/S0026749X00003632| s2cid =144101632| access-date =20 August 2007| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081003223244/http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FASS%2FASS34_02%2FS0026749X0000363Xa.pdf&amp;amp;code=3271a95da1f62e5a9a01ec5fab104dcd| archive-date =3 October 2008}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal|title= Veganism, a superior way of life|author= |date=1 April 2017 | journal= Business Economics| url=https://businesseconomics.in/veganism-superior-way-life|volume= |pages= | number= |location=Kolkata |doi= |ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Business Economics&#039;&#039;, 1 April 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite SSRN | last=Chendroyaperumal | first=Chendrayan | title=Indian Management Ideas – Part-1: General Management | year=2011 |ssrn=1814582 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal | last = Pradeep Chakravarthy and Ramesh Ramachandran | title = Thiruvalluvar&#039;s shrine | journal = Madras Musings | volume = XIX | issue = 9 | date = 16–31 August 2009 | url = http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%209/thiruvalluvars_shrine.html | access-date = 13 May 2017|ref={{sfnRef|Chakravarthy and Ramachandran, 2009}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal | last =Cutler | first =Norman | title =Interpreting Thirukkural: the role of commentary in the creation of a text | journal =The Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume =112 | issue =4 | pages =549–566 | year =1992 | jstor= 604470 | ref={{sfnRef|Cutler, 1992}}| doi =10.2307/604470 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal| last =Dharani| first =D.| title = Medicine in Thirukkural, The Universal Veda of Tamil Literature | journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | volume = 79 | issue = 2018–19 | pages = 101–108| year =2018 | jstor =26906235}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal|title =The Desire You Are Required to Get Rid of: A Functionalist Analysis of Desire in the Bhagavadgītā| author= Christopher G. Framarin| journal= Philosophy East and West| volume =56| pages= 604–617| number= 4| year= 2006| publisher = University of Hawai&#039;i Press| jstor= 4488055| doi= 10.1353/pew.2006.0051| s2cid= 170907654|ref={{sfnRef|Framarin, 2006}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal |last1=Geetha |first1=V. |first2=S. V. |last2=Rajadurai | title =Dalits and Non-Brahmin Consciousness in Colonial Tamil Nadu | journal =Economic and Political Weekly | volume =28 | issue =39 | pages =2091–2098 | year =1993 | jstor= 4400205  }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal|title=Thiruvalluvar&#039;s Vision: Polity and Economy in Thirukkural|author=K. V. Nagarajan|year=2005| journal= History of Political Economy| volume= 37|pages=123–132| number=1|publisher= Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/00182702-37-1-123}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal | last=Nikam | first=N. A.| title=A Note on the Individual and His Status in Indian Thought | journal=Philosophy East and West | publisher= University of Hawai&#039;i Press| volume=2 | issue=3 | year=1952 | doi=10.2307/1397274 | pages=254–258| jstor=1397274|ref={{sfnRef|Nikam, 1952}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal|title= The Production of Philosophical Literature in South Asia during the Pre-Colonial Period (15th to 18th Centuries): The Case of the Nyāyasūtra Commentarial Tradition | author= Karin Preisendanz| journal= Journal of Indian Philosophy| volume=33 |year=2005 |ref={{sfnRef|Karin Preisendanz, 2005}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal | last =Sharma | first =Sriram | title = வரலாற்றுப் பிழை [A blunder in history]| journal =Tughluq [Tamil] | pages = 41–42| date =29 August 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|Sriram Sharma, 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal | last=Subramaniam | first=V. | title=A Tamil classic on statecraft | journal=Australian Outlook | publisher=Taylor &amp;amp; Francis | volume=17 | issue=2 | year=1963 | issn=0004-9913 | doi=10.1080/10357716308444141 | pages=162–174 }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal| last = Srinivasachari | first = C. S. | title = The Political Ideology of the Kural | journal = The Indian Journal of Political Science| volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 15–23| year =1949| doi = | jstor = 42743392}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal|title = Thiruvalluvar Ninaivu Malar| year=1935| pages = 117|ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Thiruvalluvar Ninaivu Malar&#039;&#039;, 1935}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Newspapers ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{refbegin|30em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Citation | last = India Today Webdesk | title = Madras High Court makes in-depth study of Tirukkural compulsory in schools | newspaper = India Today | date = 27 April 2016 | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/madras-hc-tirukkural-compulsory-320294-2016-04-27 | access-date = 13 February 2019 | ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;India Today&#039;&#039;, 27 April 2016}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Kabirdoss | first = Yogesh | title = Neglect leading Valluvar Kottam to ruin | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Chennai | publisher = The Times Group | date = 18 July 2018 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/neglect-leading-valluvar-kottam-to-ruin/articleshow/65035523.cms | access-date = 12 October 2018 | ref={{sfnRef|Kabirdoss, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 18 July 2018}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Kannan | first = Kaushik | title = Saint poet&#039;s guru pooja at Tiruchuli | newspaper = The New Indian Express | location = Tiruchuli | publisher = Express Publications | date = 11 March 2013 | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/mar/11/saint-poets-guru-pooja-at-tiruchuli-457417.html | access-date = 3 September 2020|ref={{sfnRef|Kannan, &#039;&#039;The New Indian Express&#039;&#039;, 11 March 2013}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Kolappan | first = B. | title = A customs officer and the true import of Kural | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 2 October 2017 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-customs-officer-and-the-true-import-of-kural/article19783808.ece | access-date = 26 April 2020|ref={{sfnRef|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 2 October 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = PTI | first = | title = PM Modi quotes from &#039;Tirukkural&#039; again, now for soldiers in Ladakh | newspaper = Business Line | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 3 July 2020 | url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/pm-modi-quotes-from-tirukkural-again-now-for-soldiers-in-ladakh/article31983847.ece | access-date = 27 May 2021 | ref={{sfnRef|PTI, &#039;&#039;Business Line&#039;&#039;, 3 July 2020}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Kolappan | first = B. | title = First printed Tirukkural to be republished after 168 years | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 3 October 2018 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/first-printed-tirukkural-to-be-republished-after-168-years/article25106575.ece | access-date = 5 October 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 3 October 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Nagarajan| first = M. S. | title = Indian epics vs. Western philosophy | newspaper =The Hindu| location = | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 14 August 2012 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/books/indian-epics-vs-western-philosophy/article3764566.ece | access-date = 21 January 2021|ref={{sfnRef|Nagarajan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 14 August 2012}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = | first = | title = 102 மொழிகளில் திருக்குறள்: செம்மொழி நிறுவனம் முயற்சி | newspaper =Dinamalar| location = Chennai | date = 20 October 2021 | url = https://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=2871182 | access-date = 20 October 2021 | ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Dinamalar&#039;&#039;, 20 October 2021}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Kolappan  | first = B.  | title = From merchant to Tirukkural scholar | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 18 October 2015 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-merchant-to-tirukkural-scholar/article7775746.ece | access-date = 9 July 2017 |ref={{sfnRef|Kolappan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 18 October 2015}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Madhavan | first = D. | title = Divided by language and culture, united by love for Tirukkural | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 26 August 2016 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Divided-by-language-and-culture-united-by-love-for-Tirukkural/article14590178.ece | access-date = 6 September 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Madhavan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 26 August 2016}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Vijayaraghavan| first = K. | title = The benefits of nishkama karma | newspaper =The Economic Times| location = | publisher = Bennett, Coleman | date = 22 September 2005 | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/stock-watch/voltas-shares-drop-0-12-as-sensex-falls/articleshow/89012651.cms | access-date = 21 January 2021|ref={{sfnRef|Vijayaraghavan, &#039;&#039;The Economic Times&#039;&#039;, 22 September 2005}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Pandey | first = Kirti | title = Budget 2020: What is Thirukkural and who was Thiruvalluvar that Nirmala Sitharaman cited in her speech? | newspaper = Times Now | location = New Delhi | pages = | language = | publisher = TimesNowNews.com | date = 1 February 2020 | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/budget-2020-what-is-thirukkural-and-who-was-thiruvalluvar-that-nirmala-sitharaman-cited-in-her-speech/548074 | access-date = 19 June 2021 | ref={{sfnRef|Pandey, &#039;&#039;Times Now&#039;&#039;, 1 February 2020}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Madhavan | first = Karthik | title = Tamil saw its first book in 1578 | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Coimbatore | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 21 June 2010 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article16261303.ece | access-date = 28 May 2017|ref={{sfnRef|Madhavan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 21 June 2010}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = | first = | title = Economic Survey 2020 draws heavy references from Kautilya&#039;s Arthashashtra | newspaper = Business Today | location = New Delhi | pages = | language = | publisher = BusinessToday.in | date = 31 January 2020 | url = https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget-2020/news/economic-survey-2020-draws-heavy-references-kautilya-arthashashtra/story/395050.html | access-date = 19 June 2021| ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Business Today&#039;&#039;, 31 January 2020}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = PTI | first = | title = Union Budget: Nirmala recites once again from Thirukural; Stalin reminds her of another one on kings | newspaper = Deccan Herald | location = Delhi | pages = | language = | date = 1 February 2021 | url = https://www.deccanherald.com/national/union-budget-nirmala-recites-once-again-from-thirukural-stalin-reminds-her-of-another-one-on-kings-946279.html | access-date = 27 May 2021 | ref={{sfnRef|PTI, &#039;&#039;Deccan Herald&#039;&#039;, 1 February 2021}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Muruganandham | first = T. | title = Thirukkural couplets now in Brahmi Tamizhi script | newspaper = The New Indian Express | location = Chennai | publisher = Express Publications | date = 12 December 2012 | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/dec/12/this-is-how-thiruvalluvar-wrote-thirukkural-couplets-1910278.html | access-date = 13 December 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Muruganandham, &#039;&#039;The New Indian Express&#039;&#039;, 12 December 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = | first = | title = When Economic Survey quoted &#039;&#039;Arthashastra&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;Thirukural&#039;&#039; | newspaper = Outlook | location = New Delhi | pages = | language = | publisher = OutlookIndia.com | date = 31 January 2020 | url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/when-economic-survey-quoted-arthashastra-thirukural/1722713 | access-date = 19 June 2021 | ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Outlook&#039;&#039;, 31 January 2020}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Nagaswamy | first = R. | title = திருக்குறளில் இந்து சமயக் கொள்கைகள்! [Hindu philosophies in the Tirukkural] | newspaper = Dinamalar | location = Tiruchi | page = 9 | language = ta | date = 23 December 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|R. Nagaswamy, &#039;&#039;Dinamalar&#039;&#039;, 23 December 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Parthasarathy | first = Indira | title = Couplets for modern times | newspaper =The Hindu| publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 12 December 2015 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/indira-parthasarathy-reviews-gopalkrishna-gandhis-translation-of-tirukkural/article7975168.ece | access-date = 3 September 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Parthasarathy, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 12 December 2015}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Sivapriyan | first = E. T. B. | title = &#039;Thirukkural&#039; makes a comeback | newspaper = Deccan Herald | location = New Delhi | pages = | language = | date = 2 February 2020 | url = https://www.deccanherald.com/business/budget-2020/thirukkural-makes-a-comeback-800714.html | access-date = 27 May 2021 | ref={{sfnRef|Sivapriyan, &#039;&#039;Deccan Herald&#039;&#039;, 2 February 2020}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = Deepa H. | title = An exercise to the tune of Tirukkural | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Pondicherry | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 4 September 2006 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/An-exercise-to-the-tune-of-Tirukkural/article15734330.ece | access-date = 6 September 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Ramakrishnan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 4 September 2006}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = Deepa H. | title = As a war of words rages outside, peace reigns inside this temple | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | page = 3 | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 15 November 2019 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/as-a-war-of-words-rages-outside-peace-reigns-inside-this-temple/article29976407.ece | access-date = 5 January 2020|ref={{sfnRef|Ramakrishnan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 15 November 2019}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Gandhi | first = Maneka | title = Justifying jallikattu by citing Thirukkural is self-defeating: The Tamil text didn&#039;t condone animal cruelty | newspaper = Firstpost | location = New Delhi | date = 7 March 2017 | url = https://www.firstpost.com/india/justify-jallikattu-by-citing-thirukkural-is-self-defeating-the-tamil-text-didnt-condone-animal-cruelty-3319034.html | access-date = 11 February 2022 | ref={{sfnRef|Gandhi, &#039;&#039;Firstpost&#039;&#039;, 7 March 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = | first = | title = Knowing the truth of Thirukkural | newspaper = Business Economics | location = Kolkata | date = 16 March 2017 | url = https://businesseconomics.in/knowing-truth-thirukkural | access-date = 11 February 2022 | ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Business Economics&#039;&#039;, 16 March 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Krishnamachari | first = Suganthy | title = Under the spell of the Kural | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 20 November 2014 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/tirukkural-translations/article6618091.ece | access-date = 11 June 2021|ref={{sfnRef|Krishnamachari, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 20 November 2014}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | title = Giving an artistic touch to Thirukkural | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Puducherry | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 11 August 2020 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/giving-an-artistic-touch-to-thirukkural/article32325553.ece | access-date = 30 April 2021|ref={{sfnRef|S. Prasad, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 11 August 2020}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | title = Giving an artistic touch to Thirukkural | newspaper =The Times of India| location = Puducherry | publisher = The Times Group | date = 14 April 2021 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/giving-an-artistic-touch-to-thirukkural/articleshow/82050833.cms | access-date = 30 April 2021|ref={{sfnRef|Sruthi Raman, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 14 April 2021}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = T. | title = Thiruvalluvar&#039;s religion a subject of scholarly debate | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | pages = 4 | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 6 November 2019 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thiruvalluvars-religion-a-subject-of-scholarly-debate/article29892739.ece | access-date = 28 December 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Ramakrishnan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 6 November 2019}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Rangan | first = Baradwaj | title = A musical bridge across eras | newspaper =The Hindu| publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 19 March 2016 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/baradwaj-rangan-on-how-chitravina-n-ravikiran-is-setting-the-tirukkural-to-tune/article8374601.ece | access-date = 29 July 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Rangan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 19 March 2016}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Renganathan | first = L. | title = A monk&#039;s love for Thirukkural | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Thanjavur | publisher = Kasthuri &amp;amp; Sons | date = 29 July 2017 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-monks-love-for-thirukkural/article19393583.ece | access-date = 6 Aug 2017 | ref={{sfnRef|Renganathan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 29 July 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Saravanan | first = L. | title = Include 108 chapters of &#039;Thirukkural&#039; in school syllabus, HC tells govt | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Madurai | publisher = The Times Group | date = 27 April 2016 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Include-108-chapters-of-Thirukkural-in-school-syllabus-HC-tells-govt/articleshow/52002479.cms | access-date = 6 November 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Saravanan, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 27 April 2016}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Sujatha | first = R. | title = Finding a new pattern in Tirukkural | newspaper =The Hindu| publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 11 July 2016 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Finding-a-new-pattern-in-Tirukkural/article14482101.ece | access-date = 3 September 2018|ref={{sfnRef| Sujatha, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 11 July 2016}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = TNN | title = Teach Thirukkural to next generation: high court judge | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Madurai | publisher = The Times Group | date = 26 July 2017 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/teach-thirukkural-to-next-generation-high-court-judge/articleshow/59763381.cms | access-date = 6 November 2018|ref={{sfnRef|TNN, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 26 July 2017}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = TNN | first = | title = Gita, Veda, Thirukkural, Adam Smith...survey of great thoughts | newspaper = The Times of India | location = New Delhi | pages = | language = | publisher = Times Publications | date = 1 February 2020 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gita-veda-thirukkural-adam-smith-survey-of-great-thoughts/articleshow/73824567.cms | access-date = 19 June 2021|ref={{sfnRef|TNN, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 1 February 2020}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = T. | title  =Economic Survey draws from wealth of ideas in Tirukkural | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 1 February 2020 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/economic-survey-draws-from-wealth-of-ideas-in-tirukkural/article30707050.ece | access-date = 19 June 2021 | ref={{sfnRef|Ramakrishnan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 1 February 2020}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Venkatramanan | first = Geetha | title = Tirukkural – essence of all scriptures | newspaper =The Hindu| publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 12 January 2018 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tirukkural-essence-of-all-scriptures/article22426476.ece | access-date = 3 September 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Venkataramanan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 12 January 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Venkatramanan | first = Geetha | title = Tirukkural as way of life | newspaper =The Hindu| publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 22 April 2010 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Tirukkural-as-way-of-life/article16371972.ece | access-date = 3 September 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Venkataramanan, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 22 April 2010}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Venkatasubramanian | first = V. | title  =Tamil couplets set to dance | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Kanchipuram | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 26 April 2018 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/thirukkural-in-a-dance-format/article23681564.ece | access-date = 5 September 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Venkatasubramanian, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 26 April 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | title = Thiruvalluvar Day 2020: History, significance and all you need to know about the iconic poet | newspaper = Hindustan Times | publisher = HindustanTimes.com | date = 16 January 2020 | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/thiruvalluvar-day-2020-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-poet/story-qmbysM7eb6TZdzsDg7xdsJ.html | access-date = 21 September 2020| ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Hindustan Times&#039;&#039;, 16 January 2020}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | title = There&#039;s no stopping him | newspaper = Deccan Herald | publisher = Daily Hunt | date = 31 March 2018 | url = https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/bangladesh/english/deccan+herald-epaper-deccan/there+s+no+stopping+him-newsid-84770895 | access-date = 29 July 2018|ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Deccan Herald&#039;&#039;, 31 March 2018}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | title = High Court orders in-depth study of Tirukkural compulsory in schools | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Madurai | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 27 April 2016 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/high-court-orders-indepth-study-of-tirukkural-compulsory-in-schools/article8525838.ece | access-date = 6 November 2018|ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 27 April 2016}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | title = பொலிவிழந்து வரும் மயிலாப்பூர் திருவள்ளுவர் கோயில்! | newspaper = Dinamani | location = Chennai | language = ta | publisher = The New Indian Express Group | date = 20 September 2012 | url = https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-chennai/chennai/2009/jul/31/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-49433.html | access-date = 2 March 2019|ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;Dinamani&#039;&#039;, 20 September 2012}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Vamanan | first = | title = Returning to the classic commentary of Thirukkural | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Chennai | publisher = The Times Group | date = 1 November 2021 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/returning-to-the-classic-commentary-of-thirukkural/articleshow/87451992.cms | access-date = 1 November 2021|ref={{sfnRef|Vamanan, &#039;&#039;The Times of India&#039;&#039;, 1 November 2021}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | title = Thirukkural now in Arabic | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | date = 25 March 2013 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/thirukkural-now-in-arabic/article4545807.ece | access-date = 18 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 25 March 2013}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | title = CM unveils Thiruvalluvar statue | location = Kanyakumari | date = 2 January 2000 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/01/02/stories/04022231.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201090516/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/01/02/stories/04022231.htm | archive-date = 1 February 2016 | access-date = 24 December 2016| newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 2 January 2000}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = | first = | title = திருக்குறளில் இல்லாதது எதுவும் இல்லை: திருவள்ளுவர் விருது பெற்ற தைவான் கவிஞர் யூசி பேச்சு | newspaper = The Hindu (Tamil) | location = Chennai | pages = | language = Tamil | publisher = Kasturi &amp;amp; Sons | date = 16 January 2014 | url = https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/194565-.html | access-date = 6 August 2021|ref={{sfnRef|&#039;&#039;The Hindu (Tamil)&#039;&#039;, 16 January 2014}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite news | last = Murthi | first = P. V. V.| title = &#039;Thirukkural inspired Gandhi to adopt non-violence&#039; | newspaper =The Hindu| location = Chennai | date = 14 February 2015 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thirukkural-inspired-gandhi-to-adopt-nonviolence/article6894746.ece | access-date = 18 March 2022|ref={{sfnRef|Murthi, &#039;&#039;The Hindu&#039;&#039;, 14 February 2015}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
{{refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Online ====&lt;br /&gt;
{{refbegin|30em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web|url=https://minnambalam.com/k/2019/01/16/16 |title=30 ஆண்டு தவத்தில் கிடைத்த வள்ளுவர்! [Valluvar obtained after a 30-year penance] |last=Anbarasan|first=Komal|date=16 January 2019|website=Minnambalam|access-date=17 January 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Anbarasan, 2019}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web | url = https://www.jainsamaj.org/content.php?url=Kural_-_Uttaraveda_-_By | title =  Kural – Uttaraveda | last = Chakravarthy Nainar | first = A. | date = 1953 | website = Jain Samaj | publisher = Ahimsa Foundation | access-date = 15 June 2022 | quote = It is a work based on the doctrine of Ahimsa; and throughout, you have the praising of this Ahmisa dharma and the criticism of views opposed to this. (From A. Chakravarthy, Tirukkural, Madras: The Diocesan Press, 1953)|ref={{sfnRef|Chakravarthy Nainar, 1953}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web | url = http://www.tamilvu.org/library/l2100/html/l2102tvp.htm | title = திருவள்ளுவரின் வேறு பெயர்கள் [Other names of Tiruvalluvar] | last = | first = | date = n.d. | website = TamilVU.org | publisher = Tamil Virtual University | access-date = 6 February 2022 | quote = | ref={{sfnRef|Tamil Virtual University, n.d.}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web|url= https://kuralism.com/kural-740-and-confucianism/ |title= Kuralism |last =Anparasu |first= Umapathy|date=23 January 2019|website=Kuralism|access-date=5 March 2019|ref={{sfnRef|Anparasu, 2019}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web | url = https://www.livelaw.in/teach-thirukkural-schools-build-nation-moral-values-madras-hc-tells-govt/ | title = Teach Thirukkural in schools to build a Nation with Moral Values, Madras HC tells Govt | last = Ashok | first = K. M. | date = 1 May 2016 | website = LiveLaw.in | access-date = 6 November 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|Ashok, &#039;&#039;Live Law.in&#039;&#039;, 1 May 2016}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/VattezhuthilThirukkural/page/n1 | title = Vattezhuthil Thirukkural |first1=Gift |last1=Siromoney |first2=M.  |last2=Chandrashekaran |first3=R.  |last3=Chandrasekaran |first4=S.  |last4=Govindaraju | date = 1976 | publisher = Madras Christian College | access-date = 22 April 2020}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/ThirukuralInAncientScriptsByGiftSiromoneyEtAl1980_201503 | title = Tirukkural in Ancient Scripts |first1=Gift |last1=Siromoney |first2=S. |last2=Govindaraju |first3=M. |last3=Chandrashekaran | date = 1980 | publisher = Madras Christian College | access-date = 1 November 2019}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|url=http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=539|work=Varalaaru.com|access-date=25 June 2010|language=ta|title=The Golden coin depicting Thiruvalluvar -2|ref={{sfnRef|Mahadevan, n.d.}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web|last=The Vegan Indians|date=26 June 2021|url=https://www.theveganindians.com/veganism-in-india-and-its-growth-over-the-years-into-a-formidable-movement-in-the-country/ |work=The Vegan Indians |access-date=23 August 2021|title=Veganism in India and its Growth Over the Years Into a Formidable Movement |ref={{sfnRef|The Vegan Indians, 2021}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web|last=The Music Academy|title = Music Academy Conference lectures| year=2017 |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/archives/| website = Musicacademymadras.in | publisher = The Music Academy | access-date= 7 September 2020|ref={{sfnRef|Music Academy Conference lectures, 2017}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web|title= Tirukkural V. Munusamy|last=Periyannan|first=G.|date=5 September 2013|publisher=All India Tamil Writers&#039; Association|location=Chennai|ref={{sfnRef|Periyannan, 2013}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web | url = http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/2733/ | title = A Letter to A Hindu: The Subjection of India—Its Cause and Cure | last = Tolstoy | first = Leo | date = 14 December 1908 | website = The Literature Network | access-date = 12 February 2012 | quote = THE HINDU KURAL|ref={{sfnRef|Tolstoy, 1908}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web|url= https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-thirukkural-sf-express-12641/1627/1010/748 |title= Tirukkural Super Fast Express |date=n.d.|website=Indian Rail Info|access-date=14 October 2018|ref={{sfnRef|IndianRailInfo, n.d.}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite web | url = https://ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/tamil.html | title =  Vegetarianism in Tamil Literature | last = Meenakshi Sundaram | first =  T. P. | date = 1957 | website = 15th World Vegetarian Congress 1957 | publisher = International Vegetarian Union (IVU) | access-date = 17 April 2022 | quote = Ahimsa is the ruling principle of Indian life from the very earliest times. ... This positive spiritual attitude is easily explained to the common man in a negative way as &amp;quot;ahimsa&amp;quot; and hence this way of denoting it. Tiruvalluvar speaks of this as &amp;quot;kollaamai&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;non-killing.&amp;quot;|ref={{sfnRef|Meenakshi Sundaram, 1957}} }}&lt;br /&gt;
{{refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Further reading ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{refbegin|30em}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Stuart Blackburn, &amp;quot;The Legend of Valluvar and Tamil Literary History,&amp;quot; Modern Asian Studies 34, 2 (May, 2000): 459.&lt;br /&gt;
* Diaz, S. M. (2000). &#039;&#039;Tirukkural with English Translation and Explanation.&#039;&#039; (Mahalingam, N., General Editor; 2 volumes), Coimbatore, India: Ramanandha Adigalar Foundation.&lt;br /&gt;
* Gnanasambandan, A. S. (1994). &#039;&#039;Kural Kanda Vaazhvu&#039;&#039;. Chennai: Gangai Puthaga Nilayam.&lt;br /&gt;
* Udaiyar Koil Guna. (n.d.). திருக்குறள் ஒரு தேசிய நூல் [Tirukkural: A National Book] (Pub. No. 772). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Karunanidhi, M. (1996). &#039;&#039;Kuraloviam&#039;&#039;. Chennai: Thirumagal Nilayam.&lt;br /&gt;
* Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. (1971). &#039;&#039;Anti-religious Movement in Modern South India&#039;&#039; (in German). Bonn, Germany: Ludwig Roehrscheid Publication, pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;128–133.&lt;br /&gt;
* Kuppusamy, R. (n.d.). &#039;&#039;Tirukkural: Thatthuva, Yoga, Gnyana Urai&#039;&#039; [Hardbound]. Salem: Leela Padhippagam. 1067 pp. https://vallalars.blogspot.in/2017/05/thirukkural-thathuva-yoga-gnayna-urai.html&lt;br /&gt;
* Nagaswamy, R. &#039;&#039;Tirukkural: An Abridgement of Sastras&#039;&#039;. Mumbai: Giri, {{ISBN|978-8179507872}}.&lt;br /&gt;
* Nehring, Andreas. (2003). &#039;&#039;Orientalism and Mission&#039;&#039; (in German). Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrasowitz Publication.&lt;br /&gt;
* M. S. Purnalingam Pillai. (n.d.). Critical Studies in Kural. Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies.&lt;br /&gt;
* Smith, Jason W. &amp;quot;The Implied Imperative: Poetry as Ethics in the Proverbs of the &#039;&#039;Tirukkuṟaḷ&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;.  &#039;&#039;Journal of Religious Ethics&#039;&#039; 50, no. 1 (2022): 123-145.&lt;br /&gt;
* Subramaniyam, Ka Naa. (1987). &#039;&#039;Tiruvalluvar and his Tirukkural.&#039;&#039;  New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith.&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039; Thirukkural with English Couplets&#039;&#039; L&#039;Auberson, Switzerland: Editions ASSA, {{ISBN|978-2940393176}}.&lt;br /&gt;
* Thirunavukkarasu, K. D. (1973). Tributes to Tirukkural: A compilation. In: &#039;&#039;First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers&#039;&#039;. Madras: University of Madras Press. pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;124.&lt;br /&gt;
* Varadharasan, Mu. (1974). &#039;&#039;Thirukkual Alladhu Vaazhkkai Vilakkam&#039;&#039;. Chennai: Pari Nilayam.&lt;br /&gt;
* Varadharasan, Mu. (1996). &#039;&#039;Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru&#039;&#039;. New Delhi: Sakitya Academy.&lt;br /&gt;
* Viswanathan, R. (2011). &#039;&#039;Thirukkural: Universal Tamil Scripture (Along with the Commentary of Parimelazhagar in English)&#039;&#039; (Including Text in Tamil and Roman). New Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 278 pp. {{ISBN|978-8172764487}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Yogi Shuddhananda Bharati (Trans.). (15 May 1995). &#039;&#039;Thirukkural with English Couplets.&#039;&#039; Chennai: Tamil Chandror Peravai.&amp;lt;!--Tamil Chandror Peravai, 26 Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai - 600 020--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Zvelebil, K. (1962). Foreword. In: &#039;&#039;Tirukkural by Tiruvalluvar&#039;&#039; (Translated by K. M. Balasubramaniam). Madras: Manali Lakshmana Mudaliar Specific Endowments. 327 pages.&lt;br /&gt;
{{refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tirukkural Tirukkural: Work by Tiruvalluvar] from &#039;&#039;[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0153.pdf G. U. Pope&#039;s English Translation of the Tirukkural]&lt;br /&gt;
* {{in lang|ta}} {{librivox book | title=The &#039;Sacred&#039; Kurral of Tiruvalluva-Nayanar}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Tirukkural}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Vegetarianism}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Ethics}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Indian philosophy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Social and political philosophy}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Simple living}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirukkural}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tirukkural| ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sangam literature]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tamil philosophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tamil Jain literature]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Hindu texts]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Jain texts]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophy]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Philosophy books]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Secularism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Veganism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Vegetarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Jain vegetarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Public domain books]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Najashi&amp;diff=432390</id>
		<title>Najashi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Najashi&amp;diff=432390"/>
		<updated>2023-09-25T18:47:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: a start&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Short description|Ethiopian ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{for|the Twelver Shi&#039;ite rijāl scholar (c. 982–1058)|Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox royalty&lt;br /&gt;
| name         = Najashi&lt;br /&gt;
| title        = [[Negus]]&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext    = &lt;br /&gt;
| more         = &lt;br /&gt;
| image        = Armah.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
| image_size   = &lt;br /&gt;
| alt          = &lt;br /&gt;
| caption      = &lt;br /&gt;
| succession   = [[List of kings of Axum|King of Aksum]]&lt;br /&gt;
| moretext     = &lt;br /&gt;
| reign        = 614–630&lt;br /&gt;
| reign-type   = &lt;br /&gt;
| coronation   = &lt;br /&gt;
| cor-type     = &lt;br /&gt;
| predecessor  = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| pre-type     = &lt;br /&gt;
| successor    = unknown&lt;br /&gt;
| suc-type     = Successor&lt;br /&gt;
| regent       = &lt;br /&gt;
| reg-type     = &lt;br /&gt;
| birth_date   = Around 560 [[Common Era|C.E.]]&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_place  = [[Kingdom of Axum]]&lt;br /&gt;
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|631|560|df=yes}}&lt;br /&gt;
| death_place  = [[Negash]], [[Kingdom of Axum]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;{{small|(present-day [[Eritrea]] &amp;amp; [[Ethiopia]])}}&lt;br /&gt;
| birth_name   = Armah&lt;br /&gt;
| occupation   = &lt;br /&gt;
| religion     = [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]]&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Armah&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{lang-gez|አርማህ}}) or &#039;&#039;&#039;Aṣ-ḥamah&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{lang-ar|أَصْحَمَة}}),&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Funeral Prayer&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=al-Bukhari |first1=Imam |author-link=Muhammad al-Bukhari |translator=Muhammad Asad |title=Sahih al-Bukhari: The Early Years of Islam》Chapter:THE BEGINNINGS OF ISLAM; Section:XIV THE DEATH OF THE NEGUS |date=2013 |publisher=[[The Other Press]] |isbn=978-967-506-298-8 |page=179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWyNAQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=Ashamah&amp;amp;pg=PA179 |access-date=21 August 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; commonly known as &#039;&#039;&#039;Najashi&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{lang-ar|ٱلنَّجَاشِيّ|translit=An-Najāshī}}), was the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] who reigned from 614–631 [[Common Era|C.E.]] It is agreed by Muslim scholars that Najashi gave shelter to Muslim emigrants from [[Mecca]], around 615–616 at [[Axum]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |author1=M. Elfasi |author2=Ivan Hrbek |title=Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tw0Q0tg0QLoC&amp;amp;pg=PA560 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |page=560 |isbn=978-9-2310-1709-4 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;sira150&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |author=Ibn Ishāq |title=Sīratu Rasūlillāh |editor-link=Alfred Guillaume |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |pages=150–153 |author-link=Ibn Ishāq}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Reign ==&lt;br /&gt;
Najashi reigned for 18 years from 614–631 C.E. During his reign, [[First Hejira|Muslims migrated]] to Abyssinia and met Najashi. According to a story recorded by the Muslim biographer [[Ibn Ishaq]] ({{circa|704–767}}), [[Muhammad]]&#039;s cousin, [[Ja&#039;far ibn Abi Talib]], told Najashi about the persecution they had faced at the hands of the Arab tribe of [[Quraysh]]. Najashi asked if they had with them anything which had come from God. Ja&#039;far then recited a passage from [[Maryam (surah)|Surat Maryam]] in the [[Quran]], regarding [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus) and [[Mary in Islam|Maryam]] (Mary). When Najashi heard it, he wept and exclaimed:&lt;br /&gt;
{{Quote|text=Verily, this (Quran) and what Isa brought ([[Gospel in Islam|Gospel]]) has come from the same source of light.|author=Najashi}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Ibn Ishaq, Najashi then affirmed that he would never give up the Muslims.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;sira150&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Saifu]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[List of mosques in Africa]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Al Nejashi Mosque|Masjid An-Najashi]] in [[Negash]], Ethiopia&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Mosque of the Companions|Masjid As-Sahabah]] in [[Massawa]], [[Eritrea]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Further reading ==&lt;br /&gt;
* {{cite journal |last1=Atkins |first1=Brian |last2=Juel-Jensen |first2=Bent |title=The Gold Coinage of Aksum: Further Analyses of Specific Gravity, A Contribution to Chronology |journal=[[Numismatic Chronicle]] |year=1988 |issue=148}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Hussein Ahmed, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44259282 &amp;quot;Aksum In Muslim Historical Traditions&amp;quot;], &#039;&#039;Journal of Ethiopian Studies&#039;&#039;, 29 (1996), pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;47-66&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Armah}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Kings of Axum]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:7th-century monarchs in Africa]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christian and Islamic interfaith dialogue]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Hijrah]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:631 deaths]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhananjay&amp;diff=428193</id>
		<title>Dhananjay</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhananjay&amp;diff=428193"/>
		<updated>2023-09-12T16:19:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{wikt|धनंजय}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Dhananjay&#039;&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;&#039;Dhananjaya&#039;&#039;&#039; may refer to:&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dhananjaya]], another name of Arjuna, a hero of the ancient Indian epic &#039;&#039;Ramayana&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
*Dhananjaya, 10th-century Indian drama theorist, writer of the &#039;&#039;[[Dasharupakam]]&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dhananjay (actor)]] (born 1985), Indian actor&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dhananjaya (gotra)]], a sub-caste of the Raju jn India&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dhananjay (film)]], 2017 Indian Bengali-language drama film by Arindam Sil&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Dhananjay Mahadik]] Indian politician&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Dhananjay Mahadik (field hockey)]], Indian field hockey player&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Dhananjayan (disambiguation)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{disambig}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_Maharashtra_political_crisis_and_Government_crisis&amp;diff=394666</id>
		<title>2023 Maharashtra political crisis and Government crisis</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_Maharashtra_political_crisis_and_Government_crisis&amp;diff=394666"/>
		<updated>2023-07-17T20:56:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: Published a well-researched resource.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;#REDIRECT [[2023 Nationalist Congress Party split]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Redirect category shell|&lt;br /&gt;
{{R from move}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exam_Warriors&amp;diff=387885</id>
		<title>Exam Warriors</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exam_Warriors&amp;diff=387885"/>
		<updated>2022-07-28T22:45:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: Just finished drafting a new article.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Short description|Book by Narendra Modi}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox book&lt;br /&gt;
| name              = Exam Warriors&lt;br /&gt;
| title_orig        = &lt;br /&gt;
| translator        = [[Sahitya Panchanan P. K. Narayana Pillai|P. K. Narayana Pillai]]&lt;br /&gt;
| image             = Exam Warriors book cover.jpeg&lt;br /&gt;
| caption           = &lt;br /&gt;
| author            = [[Narendra Modi]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/students-want-free-digital-copies-of-modi-s-exam-warriors/story-9qx7qz3D9ofQ9rv6qvUPTO.html|title=Students want free digital copies of Modi&#039;s &#039;Exam Warriors&#039;|date=January 20, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=January 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122194443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/students-want-free-digital-copies-of-modi-s-exam-warriors/story-9qx7qz3D9ofQ9rv6qvUPTO.html|archive-date=January 22, 2020|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| illustrator       = &lt;br /&gt;
| cover_artist      = &lt;br /&gt;
| country           = India&lt;br /&gt;
| language          = English&lt;br /&gt;
| series            = &lt;br /&gt;
| subject           = &lt;br /&gt;
| genre             = Academic genre&lt;br /&gt;
| publisher         = Penguin&lt;br /&gt;
| release_date      = February 3, 2018&lt;br /&gt;
| english_release_date = &lt;br /&gt;
| media_type        = Print&lt;br /&gt;
| pages             = &lt;br /&gt;
| isbn              = 978-0-14-344323-0&lt;br /&gt;
| isbn_note         = (Hardcover)&lt;br /&gt;
| dewey             = &lt;br /&gt;
| congress          = &lt;br /&gt;
| oclc              = &lt;br /&gt;
| preceded_by       = &lt;br /&gt;
| followed_by       = &lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Exam Warriors&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; is a book by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/pm-modi-seeks-suggestions-for-his-book-exam-warriors/india/news/1744730.html|title=PM Modi seeks suggestions for his book Exam Warriors}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; published in 2018. &#039;&#039;Exam Warriors&#039;&#039; is written for young students to help them deal with the [[Test anxiety|stress of exams]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/pm-narendra-modis-exam-warriors-launched-in-braille/articleshow/73116492.cms|title=PM Narendra Modi&#039;s Exam Warriors launched in Braille - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106144526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/pm-narendra-modis-exam-warriors-launched-in-braille/articleshow/73116492.cms|archive-date=2020-01-06|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-working-on-new-updated-edition-of-his-book-exam-warriors/story-YFhdf0EC7EpiUW2KfV5NDI.html|title=PM Modi working on new, updated edition of his book &#039;Exam Warriors&#039;|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=January 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621002613/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-working-on-new-updated-edition-of-his-book-exam-warriors/story-YFhdf0EC7EpiUW2KfV5NDI.html|archive-date=June 21, 2019|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/urdu-version-of-exam-warriors-launched-pm-modis-book-now-available-in-15-languages-146853|title=Urdu version of &#039;Exam Warriors&#039; launched, PM Modi&#039;s book now available in 15 languages|website=Jagranjosh.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It is available in 13 languages as follows, Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Odia, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, Urdu &amp;amp; Bengali.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1892705#:~:text=Hindi%2C%20English%2C%20Tamil%2C%20Telugu,%2C%20Punjabi%2C%20Urdu%20%26%20Bengali | title=&#039;Exam Warriors&#039; now available in 13 languages }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Translations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Exam warriors&#039;&#039; was translated in Tamil as &#039;&#039;Paridsaikub Payaman&#039;&#039; by V. Insuvai and released by Alliance Publishing on September 05, 2018.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-version-of-modis-exam-warriors-launched/article24869052.ece | title=Tamil version of Modi&#039;s &#039;Exam Warriors&#039; launched | newspaper=The Hindu | date=5 September 2018 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Exam warriors&#039;&#039; is translated into [[Kannada]] by Sahitya Panchanan P. K. Narayana Pillai, Hubballi, and is distributed to all government schools in [[India]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/schools-to-get-copies-of-pms-exam-warriors-796542.html|title=Schools to get copies of PM&#039;s &#039;Exam Warriors&#039;|website=Deccan Herald}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is also published in a [[Braille]] version which was launched by Narendra Modi on [[World Braille Day]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/braille-version-of-exam-warriors-penned-by-pm-narendra-modi-released-before-board-exams-1630001-2019-12-20|title=Braille version of &#039;Exam Warriors&#039; penned by PM Narendra Modi released before board exams|website=India Today|access-date=2020-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119145314/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/braille-version-of-exam-warriors-penned-by-pm-narendra-modi-released-before-board-exams-1630001-2019-12-20|archive-date=2020-01-19|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Self-help books]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:English-language books]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Penguin Books books]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Self-book-stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82668</id>
		<title>Indian Secular Front</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82668"/>
		<updated>2021-05-21T14:27:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{short description|Political party in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox Indian political party&lt;br /&gt;
|party_name        = Indian Secular Front&lt;br /&gt;
|logo              =&lt;br /&gt;
|flag              = ISF flag.svg&lt;br /&gt;
|abbreviation      = ISF&lt;br /&gt;
|colorcode         = {{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}&lt;br /&gt;
|leader            = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|chairman          = [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
|president        =  &lt;br /&gt;
|secretary_general = Srimon Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|ppchairman        = &lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_leader   = &lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_leader = &lt;br /&gt;
|foundation        = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|24}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ideology =[[Secularism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Liberalism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social liberalism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Conservatism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social conservatism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder           = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|headquarters      = [[Kolkata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|publication       = &lt;br /&gt;
|youth             = &lt;br /&gt;
|students          = &lt;br /&gt;
|women             = &lt;br /&gt;
|labour            = &lt;br /&gt;
|peasants          = &lt;br /&gt;
|eci               = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|State Party]]&lt;br /&gt;
|slogan            = &lt;br /&gt;
|colours           = {{colour box|{{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} [[Shades of blue|Blue]]&lt;br /&gt;
|alliance          = [[Sanyukta Morcha]] (2021-present)&lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats_name  = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] &lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats       = {{plainlist|&lt;br /&gt;
*{{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;([[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]])&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*{{composition bar|0|60|hex= {{All India Trinamool Congress/meta/color}}}} &lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
|no_states         = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|website           = &lt;br /&gt;
|symbol            = Envelope&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Indian Secular Front&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{small|abbr.}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ISF&#039;&#039;&#039;)  is an unregistered political party which contested the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election on &amp;quot;Envelope&amp;quot; symbol and name of Bihar based political party [[Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party]] (RSMP) of [[MD Asharul Haque]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=ঘোষ|first=প্রদীপ্তকান্তি|date=16 March 2021|title=ভোটে লড়ছে না &#039;আইএসএফ&#039;, প্রার্থী দেবে &#039;অন্য দল&#039;|url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/indian-secular-front-of-abbas-siddiqui-dont-have-a-own-sign-fighting-with-another-partys-logo-339985.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=TV9Bangla|language=bn}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party was formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district in January 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title=&amp;quot;Want To Be Kingmaker&amp;quot;: Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats&lt;br /&gt;
|date=18 Feb 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a &#039;secular front&#039; against BJP &amp;amp; Trinamool have |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the leader of [[Indian National Congress]] [[Anand Sharma]] slammed the party&#039;s decision and calls it &amp;quot;painful and shameful&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-02|title=West Bengal polls 2021: Congress&#039; Anand Sharma calls tie-up with Indian Secular Front &#039;painful and shameful&#039; - India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-polls-2021-congress-anand-sharma-calls-tie-up-with-indian-secular-front-painful-and-shameful-9362811.html|date=1 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party will be contested in West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 28 seats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|website=telegraphindia.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversies==&lt;br /&gt;
On March 2, 2021, the West Bengal police recovered a shotgun, bombs and bomb-making equipment from the residence of an ISF activist at Situri followed by the arrest of the accused&#039;s father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-03|title=Bombs Recovered From Indian Secular Front Worker&#039;s Residence In West Bengal: Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bombs-recovered-from-isf-workers-residence-in-wb-2382226|website=NDTV.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 12, the party released its first list of 26 constituencies it contested in the assembly elections in West Bengal. The announcement comes amid an ongoing tussle between the ISF and Congress over seat-sharing. The seats the ISF will be contesting are Mahisadal, Canning Purba, Bhangar, Metiabruz, Panchla, Uluberia Purba, Basirhat Uttar, Ashoknagar, Amdanga, Asansol Uttar, Entally, Madhyamgram and Khanakul.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Super|last1=User|accessdate=2021-03-13|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases the first list of 26 seats for Bengal polls|url=https://thefederal.com/west-bengal-elections-20201/abbas-siddiquis-isf-releases-first-list-of-26-seats-for-bengal-polls/|date=13 March 2021|website=The Federal}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 23, Two ISF workers were arrested for attacking the Election Commission convoy during their visit to Haroa to remove objectionable political banners which violate the Moral Code of Conduct (MCC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-03-24|title=EC convoy allegedly attacked in West Bengal&#039;s Haroa, no injuries; two ISF workers arrested|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/ec-convoy-allegedly-attacked-in-west-bengals-haroa-no-injuries-two-isf-workers-arrested.html|website=Republic World}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party borrowed the symbol from the Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) of Bihar and the nomination papers that ISF candidates have submitted to the Election Commission is also in the name of Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) as the Abbas Siddiqui-led ISF has not yet got its symbol from the Commission.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Elections==&lt;br /&gt;
The party won 1 out of 294 assembly seats in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election 2021]] from Bhangar with 109237 votes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-02|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25148.htm?ac=148|website=results.eci.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Election Results===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Year&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Election&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;State&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seats Won&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Total Seats&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2021&lt;br /&gt;
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
|West Bengal&lt;br /&gt;
|1&lt;br /&gt;
|294&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Electoral performance in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Election&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Leader&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Votes&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Seats&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Position&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Resulting government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! ±&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
![[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Md. [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
| 109237&lt;br /&gt;
| 45.1&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Composition bar|1|294|hex=#DB7093}}&lt;br /&gt;
| {{dash}}&lt;br /&gt;
| 4th&lt;br /&gt;
|{{no2|{{nowrap|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] [[majority government|majority]]}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Candidates===&lt;br /&gt;
The party president Simul Soren will contest from Haripal in Hooghly district, while Mohammed Iqbal and Nuruzzaman will be the party&#039;s candidates from Entally and Metiabruz. They are yet to announce the names of candidates from Canning Purba, Jangipara, Bhangar, Madhyamgram, Haroa and Mayureshwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Press Trust of India|last1=KolkataMarch 15|first2=2021UPDATED:|last2=March 15|first3=2021 04:31|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases names of 20 candidates for West Bengal elections|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/abbas-siddiqui-s-isf-releases-names-of-20-candidates-for-west-bengal-elections-1779332-2021-03-15|website=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Constituency No. !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Ref.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 250 || [[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]  || Milan Mandi || rowspan=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/103530761739502/photos/a.103807155045196/119300636829181/|website=www.facebook.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 208 || [[Mahisadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahisadal]]|| Bikram Chatterjee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 232 || [[Chandrakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandrakona]] || Goranga Das&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 133 || [[Kulpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulpi]] || Sirajudin Ghazi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 135 || [[Mandirbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandirbazar]] || Sanchay Sarkar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 183 || [[Jagatballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatballavpur]] || Sk Shabbir Ahmed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 196 || [[Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haripal]] || Simol Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 202 || [[Khanakul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khanakul]] || Faisal Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 157 || [[Metiaburuz (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Metiaburuz]] ||Nuruzzaman&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 175 || [[Panchla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panchla]] || Md Jalil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 176 || [[Uluberia Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Purba]]|| Abbasuddin Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 89 || [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] || Dinesh Chandra Biswas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 90 || [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]] || Anup Mondal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 125 || [[Basirhat Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || Baijid Amin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 123 || [[Sandeshkhali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sandeshkhali]] || Barun Mahato&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 82 || [[Chapra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || Kanchan Maitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 101 || [[Ashoknagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashoknagar]] || Tapas Chakraborty&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 102 || [[Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amdanga]] || Jamal Uddin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 163 || [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]] || Md Mustaqim&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 281 || [[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]] || Md Iqbal Alam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Indian political parties}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82667</id>
		<title>Indian Secular Front</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82667"/>
		<updated>2021-05-21T14:21:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{short description|Political party in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox Indian political party&lt;br /&gt;
|party_name        = Indian Secular Front&lt;br /&gt;
|logo              =&lt;br /&gt;
|flag              = ISF flag.svg&lt;br /&gt;
|abbreviation      = ISF&lt;br /&gt;
|colorcode         = {{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}&lt;br /&gt;
|leader            = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|chairman          = [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
|president        =  &lt;br /&gt;
|secretary_general = Srimon Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|ppchairman        = &lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_leader   = &lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_leader = &lt;br /&gt;
|foundation        = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|24}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ideology =[[Secularism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Liberalism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social liberalism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder           = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|headquarters      = [[Kolkata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|publication       = &lt;br /&gt;
|youth             = &lt;br /&gt;
|students          = &lt;br /&gt;
|women             = &lt;br /&gt;
|labour            = &lt;br /&gt;
|peasants          = &lt;br /&gt;
|eci               = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|State Party]]&lt;br /&gt;
|slogan            = &lt;br /&gt;
|colours           = {{colour box|{{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} [[Shades of blue|Blue]]&lt;br /&gt;
|alliance          = [[Sanyukta Morcha]] (2021-present)&lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats_name  = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] &lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats       = {{plainlist|&lt;br /&gt;
*{{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;([[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]])&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*{{composition bar|0|60|hex= {{All India Trinamool Congress/meta/color}}}} &lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
|no_states         = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|website           = &lt;br /&gt;
|symbol            = Envelope&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Indian Secular Front&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{small|abbr.}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ISF&#039;&#039;&#039;)  is an unregistered political party which contested the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election on &amp;quot;Envelope&amp;quot; symbol and name of Bihar based political party [[Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party]] (RSMP) of [[MD Asharul Haque]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=ঘোষ|first=প্রদীপ্তকান্তি|date=16 March 2021|title=ভোটে লড়ছে না &#039;আইএসএফ&#039;, প্রার্থী দেবে &#039;অন্য দল&#039;|url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/indian-secular-front-of-abbas-siddiqui-dont-have-a-own-sign-fighting-with-another-partys-logo-339985.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=TV9Bangla|language=bn}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party was formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district in January 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title=&amp;quot;Want To Be Kingmaker&amp;quot;: Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats&lt;br /&gt;
|date=18 Feb 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a &#039;secular front&#039; against BJP &amp;amp; Trinamool have |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the leader of [[Indian National Congress]] [[Anand Sharma]] slammed the party&#039;s decision and calls it &amp;quot;painful and shameful&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-02|title=West Bengal polls 2021: Congress&#039; Anand Sharma calls tie-up with Indian Secular Front &#039;painful and shameful&#039; - India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-polls-2021-congress-anand-sharma-calls-tie-up-with-indian-secular-front-painful-and-shameful-9362811.html|date=1 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party will be contested in West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 28 seats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|website=telegraphindia.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversies==&lt;br /&gt;
On March 2, 2021, the West Bengal police recovered a shotgun, bombs and bomb-making equipment from the residence of an ISF activist at Situri followed by the arrest of the accused&#039;s father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-03|title=Bombs Recovered From Indian Secular Front Worker&#039;s Residence In West Bengal: Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bombs-recovered-from-isf-workers-residence-in-wb-2382226|website=NDTV.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 12, the party released its first list of 26 constituencies it contested in the assembly elections in West Bengal. The announcement comes amid an ongoing tussle between the ISF and Congress over seat-sharing. The seats the ISF will be contesting are Mahisadal, Canning Purba, Bhangar, Metiabruz, Panchla, Uluberia Purba, Basirhat Uttar, Ashoknagar, Amdanga, Asansol Uttar, Entally, Madhyamgram and Khanakul.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Super|last1=User|accessdate=2021-03-13|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases the first list of 26 seats for Bengal polls|url=https://thefederal.com/west-bengal-elections-20201/abbas-siddiquis-isf-releases-first-list-of-26-seats-for-bengal-polls/|date=13 March 2021|website=The Federal}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 23, Two ISF workers were arrested for attacking the Election Commission convoy during their visit to Haroa to remove objectionable political banners which violate the Moral Code of Conduct (MCC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-03-24|title=EC convoy allegedly attacked in West Bengal&#039;s Haroa, no injuries; two ISF workers arrested|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/ec-convoy-allegedly-attacked-in-west-bengals-haroa-no-injuries-two-isf-workers-arrested.html|website=Republic World}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party borrowed the symbol from the Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) of Bihar and the nomination papers that ISF candidates have submitted to the Election Commission is also in the name of Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) as the Abbas Siddiqui-led ISF has not yet got its symbol from the Commission.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Elections==&lt;br /&gt;
The party won 1 out of 294 assembly seats in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election 2021]] from Bhangar with 109237 votes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-02|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25148.htm?ac=148|website=results.eci.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Election Results===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Year&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Election&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;State&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seats Won&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Total Seats&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2021&lt;br /&gt;
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
|West Bengal&lt;br /&gt;
|1&lt;br /&gt;
|294&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Electoral performance in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Election&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Leader&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Votes&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Seats&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Position&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Resulting government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! ±&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
![[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Md. [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
| 109237&lt;br /&gt;
| 45.1&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Composition bar|1|294|hex=#DB7093}}&lt;br /&gt;
| {{dash}}&lt;br /&gt;
| 4th&lt;br /&gt;
|{{no2|{{nowrap|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] [[majority government|majority]]}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Candidates===&lt;br /&gt;
The party president Simul Soren will contest from Haripal in Hooghly district, while Mohammed Iqbal and Nuruzzaman will be the party&#039;s candidates from Entally and Metiabruz. They are yet to announce the names of candidates from Canning Purba, Jangipara, Bhangar, Madhyamgram, Haroa and Mayureshwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Press Trust of India|last1=KolkataMarch 15|first2=2021UPDATED:|last2=March 15|first3=2021 04:31|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases names of 20 candidates for West Bengal elections|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/abbas-siddiqui-s-isf-releases-names-of-20-candidates-for-west-bengal-elections-1779332-2021-03-15|website=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Constituency No. !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Ref.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 250 || [[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]  || Milan Mandi || rowspan=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/103530761739502/photos/a.103807155045196/119300636829181/|website=www.facebook.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 208 || [[Mahisadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahisadal]]|| Bikram Chatterjee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 232 || [[Chandrakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandrakona]] || Goranga Das&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 133 || [[Kulpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulpi]] || Sirajudin Ghazi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 135 || [[Mandirbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandirbazar]] || Sanchay Sarkar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 183 || [[Jagatballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatballavpur]] || Sk Shabbir Ahmed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 196 || [[Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haripal]] || Simol Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 202 || [[Khanakul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khanakul]] || Faisal Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 157 || [[Metiaburuz (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Metiaburuz]] ||Nuruzzaman&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 175 || [[Panchla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panchla]] || Md Jalil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 176 || [[Uluberia Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Purba]]|| Abbasuddin Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 89 || [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] || Dinesh Chandra Biswas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 90 || [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]] || Anup Mondal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 125 || [[Basirhat Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || Baijid Amin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 123 || [[Sandeshkhali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sandeshkhali]] || Barun Mahato&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 82 || [[Chapra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || Kanchan Maitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 101 || [[Ashoknagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashoknagar]] || Tapas Chakraborty&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 102 || [[Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amdanga]] || Jamal Uddin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 163 || [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]] || Md Mustaqim&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 281 || [[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]] || Md Iqbal Alam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Indian political parties}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82666</id>
		<title>Indian Secular Front</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82666"/>
		<updated>2021-05-21T14:16:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{short description|Political party in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox Indian political party&lt;br /&gt;
|party_name        = Indian Secular Front&lt;br /&gt;
|logo              =&lt;br /&gt;
|flag              = ISF flag.svg&lt;br /&gt;
|abbreviation      = ISF&lt;br /&gt;
|colorcode         = {{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}&lt;br /&gt;
|leader            = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|chairman          = [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
|president        =  &lt;br /&gt;
|secretary_general = Srimon Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|ppchairman        = &lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_leader   = &lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_leader = &lt;br /&gt;
|foundation        = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|24}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ideology =[[Secularism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Socialism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder           = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|headquarters      = [[Kolkata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|publication       = &lt;br /&gt;
|youth             = &lt;br /&gt;
|students          = &lt;br /&gt;
|women             = &lt;br /&gt;
|labour            = &lt;br /&gt;
|peasants          = &lt;br /&gt;
|eci               = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|State Party]]&lt;br /&gt;
|slogan            = &lt;br /&gt;
|colours           = {{colour box|{{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} [[Shades of blue|Blue]]&lt;br /&gt;
|alliance          = [[Sanyukta Morcha]] (2021-present)&lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats_name  = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] &lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats       = {{plainlist|&lt;br /&gt;
*{{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;([[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]])&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*{{composition bar|0|60|hex= {{All India Trinamool Congress/meta/color}}}} &lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
|no_states         = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|website           = &lt;br /&gt;
|symbol            = Envelope&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Indian Secular Front&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{small|abbr.}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ISF&#039;&#039;&#039;)  is an unregistered political party which contested the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election on &amp;quot;Envelope&amp;quot; symbol and name of Bihar based political party [[Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party]] (RSMP) of [[MD Asharul Haque]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=ঘোষ|first=প্রদীপ্তকান্তি|date=16 March 2021|title=ভোটে লড়ছে না &#039;আইএসএফ&#039;, প্রার্থী দেবে &#039;অন্য দল&#039;|url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/indian-secular-front-of-abbas-siddiqui-dont-have-a-own-sign-fighting-with-another-partys-logo-339985.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=TV9Bangla|language=bn}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party was formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district in January 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title=&amp;quot;Want To Be Kingmaker&amp;quot;: Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats&lt;br /&gt;
|date=18 Feb 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a &#039;secular front&#039; against BJP &amp;amp; Trinamool have |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the leader of [[Indian National Congress]] [[Anand Sharma]] slammed the party&#039;s decision and calls it &amp;quot;painful and shameful&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-02|title=West Bengal polls 2021: Congress&#039; Anand Sharma calls tie-up with Indian Secular Front &#039;painful and shameful&#039; - India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-polls-2021-congress-anand-sharma-calls-tie-up-with-indian-secular-front-painful-and-shameful-9362811.html|date=1 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party will be contested in West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 28 seats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|website=telegraphindia.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversies==&lt;br /&gt;
On March 2, 2021, the West Bengal police recovered a shotgun, bombs and bomb-making equipment from the residence of an ISF activist at Situri followed by the arrest of the accused&#039;s father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-03|title=Bombs Recovered From Indian Secular Front Worker&#039;s Residence In West Bengal: Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bombs-recovered-from-isf-workers-residence-in-wb-2382226|website=NDTV.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 12, the party released its first list of 26 constituencies it contested in the assembly elections in West Bengal. The announcement comes amid an ongoing tussle between the ISF and Congress over seat-sharing. The seats the ISF will be contesting are Mahisadal, Canning Purba, Bhangar, Metiabruz, Panchla, Uluberia Purba, Basirhat Uttar, Ashoknagar, Amdanga, Asansol Uttar, Entally, Madhyamgram and Khanakul.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Super|last1=User|accessdate=2021-03-13|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases the first list of 26 seats for Bengal polls|url=https://thefederal.com/west-bengal-elections-20201/abbas-siddiquis-isf-releases-first-list-of-26-seats-for-bengal-polls/|date=13 March 2021|website=The Federal}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 23, Two ISF workers were arrested for attacking the Election Commission convoy during their visit to Haroa to remove objectionable political banners which violate the Moral Code of Conduct (MCC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-03-24|title=EC convoy allegedly attacked in West Bengal&#039;s Haroa, no injuries; two ISF workers arrested|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/ec-convoy-allegedly-attacked-in-west-bengals-haroa-no-injuries-two-isf-workers-arrested.html|website=Republic World}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party borrowed the symbol from the Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) of Bihar and the nomination papers that ISF candidates have submitted to the Election Commission is also in the name of Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) as the Abbas Siddiqui-led ISF has not yet got its symbol from the Commission.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Elections==&lt;br /&gt;
The party won 1 out of 294 assembly seats in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election 2021]] from Bhangar with 109237 votes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-02|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25148.htm?ac=148|website=results.eci.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Election Results===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Year&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Election&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;State&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seats Won&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Total Seats&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2021&lt;br /&gt;
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
|West Bengal&lt;br /&gt;
|1&lt;br /&gt;
|294&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Electoral performance in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Election&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Leader&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Votes&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Seats&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Position&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Resulting government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! ±&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
![[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Md. [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
| 109237&lt;br /&gt;
| 45.1&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Composition bar|1|294|hex=#DB7093}}&lt;br /&gt;
| {{dash}}&lt;br /&gt;
| 4th&lt;br /&gt;
|{{no2|{{nowrap|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] [[majority government|majority]]}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Candidates===&lt;br /&gt;
The party president Simul Soren will contest from Haripal in Hooghly district, while Mohammed Iqbal and Nuruzzaman will be the party&#039;s candidates from Entally and Metiabruz. They are yet to announce the names of candidates from Canning Purba, Jangipara, Bhangar, Madhyamgram, Haroa and Mayureshwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Press Trust of India|last1=KolkataMarch 15|first2=2021UPDATED:|last2=March 15|first3=2021 04:31|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases names of 20 candidates for West Bengal elections|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/abbas-siddiqui-s-isf-releases-names-of-20-candidates-for-west-bengal-elections-1779332-2021-03-15|website=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Constituency No. !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Ref.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 250 || [[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]  || Milan Mandi || rowspan=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/103530761739502/photos/a.103807155045196/119300636829181/|website=www.facebook.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 208 || [[Mahisadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahisadal]]|| Bikram Chatterjee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 232 || [[Chandrakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandrakona]] || Goranga Das&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 133 || [[Kulpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulpi]] || Sirajudin Ghazi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 135 || [[Mandirbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandirbazar]] || Sanchay Sarkar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 183 || [[Jagatballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatballavpur]] || Sk Shabbir Ahmed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 196 || [[Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haripal]] || Simol Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 202 || [[Khanakul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khanakul]] || Faisal Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 157 || [[Metiaburuz (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Metiaburuz]] ||Nuruzzaman&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 175 || [[Panchla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panchla]] || Md Jalil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 176 || [[Uluberia Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Purba]]|| Abbasuddin Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 89 || [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] || Dinesh Chandra Biswas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 90 || [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]] || Anup Mondal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 125 || [[Basirhat Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || Baijid Amin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 123 || [[Sandeshkhali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sandeshkhali]] || Barun Mahato&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 82 || [[Chapra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || Kanchan Maitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 101 || [[Ashoknagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashoknagar]] || Tapas Chakraborty&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 102 || [[Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amdanga]] || Jamal Uddin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 163 || [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]] || Md Mustaqim&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 281 || [[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]] || Md Iqbal Alam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Indian political parties}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82665</id>
		<title>Indian Secular Front</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82665"/>
		<updated>2021-05-21T14:15:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{short description|Political party in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox Indian political party&lt;br /&gt;
|party_name        = Indian Secular Front&lt;br /&gt;
|logo              =&lt;br /&gt;
|flag              = ISF flag.svg&lt;br /&gt;
|abbreviation      = ISF&lt;br /&gt;
|colorcode         = {{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}&lt;br /&gt;
|leader            = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|chairman          = [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
|president        =  &lt;br /&gt;
|secretary_general = Srimon Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|ppchairman        = &lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_leader   = &lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_leader = &lt;br /&gt;
|foundation        = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|24}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ideology =[[Liberalism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social liberalism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Secularism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social conservatism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder           = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|headquarters      = [[Kolkata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|publication       = &lt;br /&gt;
|youth             = &lt;br /&gt;
|students          = &lt;br /&gt;
|women             = &lt;br /&gt;
|labour            = &lt;br /&gt;
|peasants          = &lt;br /&gt;
|eci               = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|State Party]]&lt;br /&gt;
|slogan            = &lt;br /&gt;
|colours           = {{colour box|{{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} [[Shades of blue|Blue]]&lt;br /&gt;
|alliance          = [[Sanyukta Morcha]] (2021-present)&lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats_name  = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] &lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats       = {{plainlist|&lt;br /&gt;
*{{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;([[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]])&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*{{composition bar|0|60|hex= {{All India Trinamool Congress/meta/color}}}} &lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
|no_states         = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|website           = &lt;br /&gt;
|symbol            = Envelope&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Indian Secular Front&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{small|abbr.}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ISF&#039;&#039;&#039;)  is an unregistered political party which contested the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election on &amp;quot;Envelope&amp;quot; symbol and name of Bihar based political party [[Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party]] (RSMP) of [[MD Asharul Haque]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=ঘোষ|first=প্রদীপ্তকান্তি|date=16 March 2021|title=ভোটে লড়ছে না &#039;আইএসএফ&#039;, প্রার্থী দেবে &#039;অন্য দল&#039;|url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/indian-secular-front-of-abbas-siddiqui-dont-have-a-own-sign-fighting-with-another-partys-logo-339985.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=TV9Bangla|language=bn}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party was formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district in January 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title=&amp;quot;Want To Be Kingmaker&amp;quot;: Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats&lt;br /&gt;
|date=18 Feb 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a &#039;secular front&#039; against BJP &amp;amp; Trinamool have |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the leader of [[Indian National Congress]] [[Anand Sharma]] slammed the party&#039;s decision and calls it &amp;quot;painful and shameful&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-02|title=West Bengal polls 2021: Congress&#039; Anand Sharma calls tie-up with Indian Secular Front &#039;painful and shameful&#039; - India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-polls-2021-congress-anand-sharma-calls-tie-up-with-indian-secular-front-painful-and-shameful-9362811.html|date=1 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party will be contested in West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 28 seats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|website=telegraphindia.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversies==&lt;br /&gt;
On March 2, 2021, the West Bengal police recovered a shotgun, bombs and bomb-making equipment from the residence of an ISF activist at Situri followed by the arrest of the accused&#039;s father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-03|title=Bombs Recovered From Indian Secular Front Worker&#039;s Residence In West Bengal: Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bombs-recovered-from-isf-workers-residence-in-wb-2382226|website=NDTV.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 12, the party released its first list of 26 constituencies it contested in the assembly elections in West Bengal. The announcement comes amid an ongoing tussle between the ISF and Congress over seat-sharing. The seats the ISF will be contesting are Mahisadal, Canning Purba, Bhangar, Metiabruz, Panchla, Uluberia Purba, Basirhat Uttar, Ashoknagar, Amdanga, Asansol Uttar, Entally, Madhyamgram and Khanakul.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Super|last1=User|accessdate=2021-03-13|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases the first list of 26 seats for Bengal polls|url=https://thefederal.com/west-bengal-elections-20201/abbas-siddiquis-isf-releases-first-list-of-26-seats-for-bengal-polls/|date=13 March 2021|website=The Federal}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 23, Two ISF workers were arrested for attacking the Election Commission convoy during their visit to Haroa to remove objectionable political banners which violate the Moral Code of Conduct (MCC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-03-24|title=EC convoy allegedly attacked in West Bengal&#039;s Haroa, no injuries; two ISF workers arrested|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/ec-convoy-allegedly-attacked-in-west-bengals-haroa-no-injuries-two-isf-workers-arrested.html|website=Republic World}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party borrowed the symbol from the Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) of Bihar and the nomination papers that ISF candidates have submitted to the Election Commission is also in the name of Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) as the Abbas Siddiqui-led ISF has not yet got its symbol from the Commission.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Elections==&lt;br /&gt;
The party won 1 out of 294 assembly seats in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election 2021]] from Bhangar with 109237 votes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-02|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25148.htm?ac=148|website=results.eci.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Election Results===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Year&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Election&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;State&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seats Won&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Total Seats&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2021&lt;br /&gt;
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
|West Bengal&lt;br /&gt;
|1&lt;br /&gt;
|294&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Electoral performance in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Election&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Leader&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Votes&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Seats&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Position&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Resulting government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! ±&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
![[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Md. [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
| 109237&lt;br /&gt;
| 45.1&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Composition bar|1|294|hex=#DB7093}}&lt;br /&gt;
| {{dash}}&lt;br /&gt;
| 4th&lt;br /&gt;
|{{no2|{{nowrap|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] [[majority government|majority]]}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Candidates===&lt;br /&gt;
The party president Simul Soren will contest from Haripal in Hooghly district, while Mohammed Iqbal and Nuruzzaman will be the party&#039;s candidates from Entally and Metiabruz. They are yet to announce the names of candidates from Canning Purba, Jangipara, Bhangar, Madhyamgram, Haroa and Mayureshwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Press Trust of India|last1=KolkataMarch 15|first2=2021UPDATED:|last2=March 15|first3=2021 04:31|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases names of 20 candidates for West Bengal elections|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/abbas-siddiqui-s-isf-releases-names-of-20-candidates-for-west-bengal-elections-1779332-2021-03-15|website=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Constituency No. !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Ref.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 250 || [[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]  || Milan Mandi || rowspan=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/103530761739502/photos/a.103807155045196/119300636829181/|website=www.facebook.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 208 || [[Mahisadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahisadal]]|| Bikram Chatterjee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 232 || [[Chandrakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandrakona]] || Goranga Das&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 133 || [[Kulpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulpi]] || Sirajudin Ghazi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 135 || [[Mandirbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandirbazar]] || Sanchay Sarkar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 183 || [[Jagatballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatballavpur]] || Sk Shabbir Ahmed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 196 || [[Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haripal]] || Simol Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 202 || [[Khanakul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khanakul]] || Faisal Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 157 || [[Metiaburuz (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Metiaburuz]] ||Nuruzzaman&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 175 || [[Panchla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panchla]] || Md Jalil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 176 || [[Uluberia Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Purba]]|| Abbasuddin Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 89 || [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] || Dinesh Chandra Biswas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 90 || [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]] || Anup Mondal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 125 || [[Basirhat Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || Baijid Amin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 123 || [[Sandeshkhali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sandeshkhali]] || Barun Mahato&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 82 || [[Chapra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || Kanchan Maitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 101 || [[Ashoknagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashoknagar]] || Tapas Chakraborty&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 102 || [[Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amdanga]] || Jamal Uddin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 163 || [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]] || Md Mustaqim&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 281 || [[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]] || Md Iqbal Alam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Indian political parties}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82664</id>
		<title>Indian Secular Front</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82664"/>
		<updated>2021-05-21T14:15:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{short description|Political party in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox Indian political party&lt;br /&gt;
|party_name        = Indian Secular Front&lt;br /&gt;
|logo              =&lt;br /&gt;
|flag              = ISF flag.svg&lt;br /&gt;
|abbreviation      = ISF&lt;br /&gt;
|colorcode         = {{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}&lt;br /&gt;
|leader            = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|chairman          = [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
|president        =  &lt;br /&gt;
|secretary_general = Srimon Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|ppchairman        = &lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_leader   = &lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_leader = &lt;br /&gt;
|foundation        = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|24}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ideology =[[Liberalism ]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social liberalism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Secularism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social conservatism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder           = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|headquarters      = [[Kolkata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|publication       = &lt;br /&gt;
|youth             = &lt;br /&gt;
|students          = &lt;br /&gt;
|women             = &lt;br /&gt;
|labour            = &lt;br /&gt;
|peasants          = &lt;br /&gt;
|eci               = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|State Party]]&lt;br /&gt;
|slogan            = &lt;br /&gt;
|colours           = {{colour box|{{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} [[Shades of blue|Blue]]&lt;br /&gt;
|alliance          = [[Sanyukta Morcha]] (2021-present)&lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats_name  = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] &lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats       = {{plainlist|&lt;br /&gt;
*{{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;([[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]])&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*{{composition bar|0|60|hex= {{All India Trinamool Congress/meta/color}}}} &lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
|no_states         = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|website           = &lt;br /&gt;
|symbol            = Envelope&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Indian Secular Front&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{small|abbr.}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ISF&#039;&#039;&#039;)  is an unregistered political party which contested the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election on &amp;quot;Envelope&amp;quot; symbol and name of Bihar based political party [[Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party]] (RSMP) of [[MD Asharul Haque]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=ঘোষ|first=প্রদীপ্তকান্তি|date=16 March 2021|title=ভোটে লড়ছে না &#039;আইএসএফ&#039;, প্রার্থী দেবে &#039;অন্য দল&#039;|url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/indian-secular-front-of-abbas-siddiqui-dont-have-a-own-sign-fighting-with-another-partys-logo-339985.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=TV9Bangla|language=bn}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party was formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district in January 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title=&amp;quot;Want To Be Kingmaker&amp;quot;: Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats&lt;br /&gt;
|date=18 Feb 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a &#039;secular front&#039; against BJP &amp;amp; Trinamool have |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the leader of [[Indian National Congress]] [[Anand Sharma]] slammed the party&#039;s decision and calls it &amp;quot;painful and shameful&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-02|title=West Bengal polls 2021: Congress&#039; Anand Sharma calls tie-up with Indian Secular Front &#039;painful and shameful&#039; - India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-polls-2021-congress-anand-sharma-calls-tie-up-with-indian-secular-front-painful-and-shameful-9362811.html|date=1 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party will be contested in West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 28 seats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|website=telegraphindia.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversies==&lt;br /&gt;
On March 2, 2021, the West Bengal police recovered a shotgun, bombs and bomb-making equipment from the residence of an ISF activist at Situri followed by the arrest of the accused&#039;s father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-03|title=Bombs Recovered From Indian Secular Front Worker&#039;s Residence In West Bengal: Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bombs-recovered-from-isf-workers-residence-in-wb-2382226|website=NDTV.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 12, the party released its first list of 26 constituencies it contested in the assembly elections in West Bengal. The announcement comes amid an ongoing tussle between the ISF and Congress over seat-sharing. The seats the ISF will be contesting are Mahisadal, Canning Purba, Bhangar, Metiabruz, Panchla, Uluberia Purba, Basirhat Uttar, Ashoknagar, Amdanga, Asansol Uttar, Entally, Madhyamgram and Khanakul.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Super|last1=User|accessdate=2021-03-13|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases the first list of 26 seats for Bengal polls|url=https://thefederal.com/west-bengal-elections-20201/abbas-siddiquis-isf-releases-first-list-of-26-seats-for-bengal-polls/|date=13 March 2021|website=The Federal}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 23, Two ISF workers were arrested for attacking the Election Commission convoy during their visit to Haroa to remove objectionable political banners which violate the Moral Code of Conduct (MCC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-03-24|title=EC convoy allegedly attacked in West Bengal&#039;s Haroa, no injuries; two ISF workers arrested|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/ec-convoy-allegedly-attacked-in-west-bengals-haroa-no-injuries-two-isf-workers-arrested.html|website=Republic World}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party borrowed the symbol from the Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) of Bihar and the nomination papers that ISF candidates have submitted to the Election Commission is also in the name of Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) as the Abbas Siddiqui-led ISF has not yet got its symbol from the Commission.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Elections==&lt;br /&gt;
The party won 1 out of 294 assembly seats in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election 2021]] from Bhangar with 109237 votes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-02|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25148.htm?ac=148|website=results.eci.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Election Results===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Year&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Election&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;State&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seats Won&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Total Seats&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2021&lt;br /&gt;
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
|West Bengal&lt;br /&gt;
|1&lt;br /&gt;
|294&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Electoral performance in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Election&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Leader&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Votes&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Seats&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Position&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Resulting government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! ±&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
![[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Md. [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
| 109237&lt;br /&gt;
| 45.1&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Composition bar|1|294|hex=#DB7093}}&lt;br /&gt;
| {{dash}}&lt;br /&gt;
| 4th&lt;br /&gt;
|{{no2|{{nowrap|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] [[majority government|majority]]}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Candidates===&lt;br /&gt;
The party president Simul Soren will contest from Haripal in Hooghly district, while Mohammed Iqbal and Nuruzzaman will be the party&#039;s candidates from Entally and Metiabruz. They are yet to announce the names of candidates from Canning Purba, Jangipara, Bhangar, Madhyamgram, Haroa and Mayureshwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Press Trust of India|last1=KolkataMarch 15|first2=2021UPDATED:|last2=March 15|first3=2021 04:31|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases names of 20 candidates for West Bengal elections|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/abbas-siddiqui-s-isf-releases-names-of-20-candidates-for-west-bengal-elections-1779332-2021-03-15|website=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Constituency No. !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Ref.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 250 || [[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]  || Milan Mandi || rowspan=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/103530761739502/photos/a.103807155045196/119300636829181/|website=www.facebook.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 208 || [[Mahisadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahisadal]]|| Bikram Chatterjee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 232 || [[Chandrakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandrakona]] || Goranga Das&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 133 || [[Kulpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulpi]] || Sirajudin Ghazi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 135 || [[Mandirbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandirbazar]] || Sanchay Sarkar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 183 || [[Jagatballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatballavpur]] || Sk Shabbir Ahmed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 196 || [[Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haripal]] || Simol Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 202 || [[Khanakul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khanakul]] || Faisal Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 157 || [[Metiaburuz (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Metiaburuz]] ||Nuruzzaman&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 175 || [[Panchla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panchla]] || Md Jalil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 176 || [[Uluberia Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Purba]]|| Abbasuddin Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 89 || [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] || Dinesh Chandra Biswas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 90 || [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]] || Anup Mondal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 125 || [[Basirhat Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || Baijid Amin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 123 || [[Sandeshkhali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sandeshkhali]] || Barun Mahato&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 82 || [[Chapra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || Kanchan Maitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 101 || [[Ashoknagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashoknagar]] || Tapas Chakraborty&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 102 || [[Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amdanga]] || Jamal Uddin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 163 || [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]] || Md Mustaqim&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 281 || [[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]] || Md Iqbal Alam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Indian political parties}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82663</id>
		<title>Indian Secular Front</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Secular_Front&amp;diff=82663"/>
		<updated>2021-05-21T14:13:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Vif412: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{short description|Political party in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox Indian political party&lt;br /&gt;
|party_name        = Indian Secular Front&lt;br /&gt;
|logo              =&lt;br /&gt;
|flag              = ISF flag.svg&lt;br /&gt;
|abbreviation      = ISF&lt;br /&gt;
|colorcode         = {{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}&lt;br /&gt;
|leader            = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|chairman          = [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
|president        =  &lt;br /&gt;
|secretary_general = Srimon Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|ppchairman        = &lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_leader   = &lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_leader = &lt;br /&gt;
|foundation        = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|2021|2|24}}&lt;br /&gt;
|ideology = [[Liberalism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social liberalism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Secularism]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Social conservatism]]&lt;br /&gt;
|founder           = Abbas Siddiqui&lt;br /&gt;
|headquarters      = [[Kolkata]]&lt;br /&gt;
|publication       = &lt;br /&gt;
|youth             = &lt;br /&gt;
|students          = &lt;br /&gt;
|women             = &lt;br /&gt;
|labour            = &lt;br /&gt;
|peasants          = &lt;br /&gt;
|eci               = [[List of political parties in India#National parties|State Party]]&lt;br /&gt;
|slogan            = &lt;br /&gt;
|colours           = {{colour box|{{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} [[Shades of blue|Blue]]&lt;br /&gt;
|alliance          = [[Sanyukta Morcha]] (2021-present)&lt;br /&gt;
|loksabha_seats    = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|rajyasabha_seats  = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats_name  = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]] &lt;br /&gt;
|state_seats       = {{plainlist|&lt;br /&gt;
*{{Composition bar|1|294|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}} &amp;lt;small&amp;gt;([[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]])&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*{{composition bar|0|60|hex= {{All India Trinamool Congress/meta/color}}}} &lt;br /&gt;
}} &lt;br /&gt;
|no_states         = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{Indian Secular Front/meta/color}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|website           = &lt;br /&gt;
|symbol            = Envelope&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &#039;&#039;&#039;Indian Secular Front&#039;&#039;&#039; ({{small|abbr.}} &#039;&#039;&#039;ISF&#039;&#039;&#039;)  is an unregistered political party which contested the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election on &amp;quot;Envelope&amp;quot; symbol and name of Bihar based political party [[Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party]] (RSMP) of [[MD Asharul Haque]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=ঘোষ|first=প্রদীপ্তকান্তি|date=16 March 2021|title=ভোটে লড়ছে না &#039;আইএসএফ&#039;, প্রার্থী দেবে &#039;অন্য দল&#039;|url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/indian-secular-front-of-abbas-siddiqui-dont-have-a-own-sign-fighting-with-another-partys-logo-339985.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2021|website=TV9Bangla|language=bn}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party was formed in West Bengal by Abbas Siddique, an influential cleric of the shrine of Furfura Sharif in Hooghly district in January 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170|title=&amp;quot;Want To Be Kingmaker&amp;quot;: Muslim Preacher Announces Party For Bengal Polls|date=21 Jan 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This party was formed ahead of the West Bengal state election of 2021&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembky-elections-2021-indian-secular-front-ups-ante-on-seats/cid/1807005|title=Indian Secular Front ups ante on seats&lt;br /&gt;
|date=18 Feb 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and joined the [[Mahajot]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] for the 2021 Assembly polls&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] as a alternative.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=2021-02-05|title=Why talks of a &#039;secular front&#039; against BJP &amp;amp; Trinamool have |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Abhinav|last1=Ranjan|accessdate=2021-02-28|title=Bengal polls 2021: Indian Secular Front&#039;s Abbas Siddique ditches Owaisi, joins Congress-Left alliance|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bengal-polls-2021-abbas-siddique-indian-secular-front-joins-congress-left-alliance-owaisi-bjp-tmc-685501|date=17 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the leader of [[Indian National Congress]] [[Anand Sharma]] slammed the party&#039;s decision and calls it &amp;quot;painful and shameful&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-02|title=West Bengal polls 2021: Congress&#039; Anand Sharma calls tie-up with Indian Secular Front &#039;painful and shameful&#039; - India News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-polls-2021-congress-anand-sharma-calls-tie-up-with-indian-secular-front-painful-and-shameful-9362811.html|date=1 March 2021|website=Firstpost}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party will be contested in West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with 28 seats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-01|title=30-seat deal with Left: ISF cleric Abbas Siddiqui|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-talks-of-a-secular-front-against-bjp-trinamool-have-hit-a-wall-in-bengal/599505/|website=telegraphindia.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Controversies==&lt;br /&gt;
On March 2, 2021, the West Bengal police recovered a shotgun, bombs and bomb-making equipment from the residence of an ISF activist at Situri followed by the arrest of the accused&#039;s father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-03|title=Bombs Recovered From Indian Secular Front Worker&#039;s Residence In West Bengal: Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bombs-recovered-from-isf-workers-residence-in-wb-2382226|website=NDTV.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 12, the party released its first list of 26 constituencies it contested in the assembly elections in West Bengal. The announcement comes amid an ongoing tussle between the ISF and Congress over seat-sharing. The seats the ISF will be contesting are Mahisadal, Canning Purba, Bhangar, Metiabruz, Panchla, Uluberia Purba, Basirhat Uttar, Ashoknagar, Amdanga, Asansol Uttar, Entally, Madhyamgram and Khanakul.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Super|last1=User|accessdate=2021-03-13|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases the first list of 26 seats for Bengal polls|url=https://thefederal.com/west-bengal-elections-20201/abbas-siddiquis-isf-releases-first-list-of-26-seats-for-bengal-polls/|date=13 March 2021|website=The Federal}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On March 23, Two ISF workers were arrested for attacking the Election Commission convoy during their visit to Haroa to remove objectionable political banners which violate the Moral Code of Conduct (MCC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-03-24|title=EC convoy allegedly attacked in West Bengal&#039;s Haroa, no injuries; two ISF workers arrested|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/ec-convoy-allegedly-attacked-in-west-bengals-haroa-no-injuries-two-isf-workers-arrested.html|website=Republic World}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party borrowed the symbol from the Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) of Bihar and the nomination papers that ISF candidates have submitted to the Election Commission is also in the name of Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party (RSMP) as the Abbas Siddiqui-led ISF has not yet got its symbol from the Commission.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Elections==&lt;br /&gt;
The party won 1 out of 294 assembly seats in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election 2021]] from Bhangar with 109237 votes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-02|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25148.htm?ac=148|website=results.eci.gov.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Election Results===&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Year&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Election&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;State&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Seats Won&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|&#039;&#039;&#039;Total Seats&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2021&lt;br /&gt;
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
|West Bengal&lt;br /&gt;
|1&lt;br /&gt;
|294&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ Electoral performance in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Election&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Leader&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Votes&lt;br /&gt;
! colspan=2|Seats&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Position&lt;br /&gt;
! rowspan=2|Resulting government&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
! #&lt;br /&gt;
! ±&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
![[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
| Md. [[Nawsad Siddique]]&lt;br /&gt;
| 109237&lt;br /&gt;
| 45.1&lt;br /&gt;
| {{Composition bar|1|294|hex=#DB7093}}&lt;br /&gt;
| {{dash}}&lt;br /&gt;
| 4th&lt;br /&gt;
|{{no2|{{nowrap|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] [[majority government|majority]]}}}}&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Candidates===&lt;br /&gt;
The party president Simul Soren will contest from Haripal in Hooghly district, while Mohammed Iqbal and Nuruzzaman will be the party&#039;s candidates from Entally and Metiabruz. They are yet to announce the names of candidates from Canning Purba, Jangipara, Bhangar, Madhyamgram, Haroa and Mayureshwar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|first1=Press Trust of India|last1=KolkataMarch 15|first2=2021UPDATED:|last2=March 15|first3=2021 04:31|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Abbas Siddiqui&#039;s ISF releases names of 20 candidates for West Bengal elections|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/abbas-siddiqui-s-isf-releases-names-of-20-candidates-for-west-bengal-elections-1779332-2021-03-15|website=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! Constituency No. !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Ref.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 250 || [[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]  || Milan Mandi || rowspan=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-16|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/103530761739502/photos/a.103807155045196/119300636829181/|website=www.facebook.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 208 || [[Mahisadal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahisadal]]|| Bikram Chatterjee&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 232 || [[Chandrakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandrakona]] || Goranga Das&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 133 || [[Kulpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulpi]] || Sirajudin Ghazi&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 135 || [[Mandirbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandirbazar]] || Sanchay Sarkar&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 183 || [[Jagatballavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatballavpur]] || Sk Shabbir Ahmed&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 196 || [[Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haripal]] || Simol Soren&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 202 || [[Khanakul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khanakul]] || Faisal Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 157 || [[Metiaburuz (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Metiaburuz]] ||Nuruzzaman&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 175 || [[Panchla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panchla]] || Md Jalil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 176 || [[Uluberia Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uluberia Purba]]|| Abbasuddin Khan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 89 || [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]] || Dinesh Chandra Biswas&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 90 || [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]] || Anup Mondal&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 125 || [[Basirhat Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || Baijid Amin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 123 || [[Sandeshkhali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sandeshkhali]] || Barun Mahato&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 82 || [[Chapra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || Kanchan Maitra&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 101 || [[Ashoknagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashoknagar]] || Tapas Chakraborty&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 102 || [[Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amdanga]] || Jamal Uddin&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 163 || [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]] || Md Mustaqim&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| 281 || [[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]] || Md Iqbal Alam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Indian political parties}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties established in 2021]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Vif412</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>