https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Vidya1111 2026-08-04T21:41:19Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padmanabhapuram_Assembly_constituency&diff=523640 2026-05-08T07:21:00Z

<p>Vidya1111: adding initial info added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Coord|8|15|2.6|N|77|19|36.2|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> <br /> | name = Padmanabhapuram<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 232<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Padmanabhapuram.svg<br /> | mla = [[R. Chellasamy|R. Chellasamy]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = 235,511 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> }}<br /> '''Padmanabhapuram''' is an assembly constituency located in [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha Constituency]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Travancore-Cochin ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Constituency<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | Kalkulam<br /> | [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[N. A. Noor Mohammad]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Padmanabhapuram<br /> | [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1954]]<br /> | N. A. Noor Mohammad<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[Thompson Dharmaraj Daniel]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[Kunjan Nadar]] (Rayan Nadar)<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[V. George]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | rowspan=2|[[A. Swamidhas]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[P. Mohammad Ismail]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[V. Balachandran (Indian politician)|V. Balachandran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}} (Supported by [[Hindu Munnani]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kanyakumari-will-witness-multi-cornered-contests/article18442709.ece | title=Kanyakumari will witness multi-cornered contests | date=23 April 2006 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=P.S. Suresh | last=Kumar | access-date=3 July 2020 | archive-date=5 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705093538/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kanyakumari-will-witness-multi-cornered-contests/article18442709.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[S. Noor Mohammad]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[K. Lawrence]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[C. Velayudham]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[K. P. Rajendra Prasad]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[T. Theodre Reginald]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[Pushpa Leela Alban|Dr. Pushpa Leela Alban]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Mano Thangaraj]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | [[R. Chellasamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|38.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.57}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.20}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.48}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|31.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.85}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|27.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|37.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|37.27}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|47.81}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|46.47}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|80.15}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1951|1951]]|{{party color|Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress}}|52.33}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chellasamy|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=68,938|percentage=38.18|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna Kumar S|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=53,369|percentage=29.56|change=''New''}} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramesh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=44,293|percentage=24.53|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seelan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=11,288|percentage=6.25|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=615|percentage=0.34|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,569 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=180555|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =234056 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Padmanabhapuram Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a232|access-date= 12 Jun 2022|archive-date= 12 June 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220612061128/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a232/|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mano Thangaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,744 |percentage=51.57 |change=+4.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. John Thankam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,859 |percentage=35.77 |change=+13.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seelan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,899 |percentage=8.17 |change=+7.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Jenkins |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,234 |percentage=1.90 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Latha |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,272 |percentage=0.75 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,036 |percentage=0.61 |change=-0.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jeyaraj |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=981 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,885 |percentage=15.80 |change=-9.52 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=170,156 |percentage=71.18 |change= 2.84 }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=1443|percentage=0.85 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,036 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.37 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mano Thangaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,249 |percentage=47.20 |change=+5.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Rajendra Prasad |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,344 |percentage=21.88 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Su. Sheeba Prasad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,994 |percentage=19.80 |change=-4.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Jeganathan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=13,185 |percentage=8.16 |change=-19.94 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,359 |percentage=0.84 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arul Selestin Raj |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=826 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,905 |percentage=25.32 |change=11.94 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=161,560 |percentage=68.34 |change= -1.60 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 236,398 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.72 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pushpa Leela Alban|Dr. Pushpa Leela Alban]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,882 |percentage=41.48 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Austin (politician)|S. Austin]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=40,561 |percentage=28.10 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sujith Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,491 |percentage=23.89 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Sriraman |party=Independent politician |votes=4,029 |percentage=2.79 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vijayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,803 |percentage=1.25 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Robi |party=Independent politician |votes=871 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. C. Madhesan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=808 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Durai Raj |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=598 |percentage=0.41 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. R. Nisanth |party=Independent politician |votes=431 |percentage=0.30 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vijaya Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=319 |percentage=0.22 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramesh Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage=0.20 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,321 |percentage=13.38 |change=-18.55 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=206,399 |percentage=69.94 |change= 7.57 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,362 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.58 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Theodre Reginald]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,612 |percentage=53.06 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Rajendra Prasad]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,546 |percentage=21.12 |change=-21.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Velayudham]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,777 |percentage=20.33 |change=-19.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Selvin |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,360 |percentage=3.45 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thomas |party=Independent politician |votes=608 |percentage=0.63 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Lal Bensam |party=Independent politician |votes=564 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,066 |percentage=31.94 |change=28.65 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=97,273 |percentage=62.37 |change= 10.75 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,950 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.11 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Rajendra Prasad]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,223 |percentage=42.94 |change=+29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Velayudham]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,449 |percentage=39.66 |change=+7.9 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sundara Balies |party=Independent politician |votes=7,059 |percentage=8.37 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Arulraj |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=5,455 |percentage=6.47 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Reghu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,173 |percentage=1.39 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,774 |percentage=3.29 |change=-1.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=84,349 |percentage=51.62 |change= -8.89 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,430 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 11.18 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Velayudham]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,443 |percentage=31.76 |change=+8.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bala Janathipathy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,903 |percentage=26.51 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Lawrence]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,053 |percentage=13.95 |change=-37.9 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Noor Mohammad]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,746 |percentage=13.59 |change=-10.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. C. Joseph |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=10,942 |percentage=12.66 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,540 |percentage=5.25 |change=-22.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=86,408 |percentage=60.52 |change= 1.16 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,031 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.09 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Lawrence]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,950 |percentage=51.85 |change=+45.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Noor Mohammad]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,657 |percentage=23.73 |change=-3.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Velayudham]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,653 |percentage=23.72 |change=+5.47 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,293 |percentage=28.12 |change=26.45 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=82,838 |percentage=59.35 |change= -4.10 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,018 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 24.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Noor Mohammad]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,489 |percentage=27.24 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. T. C. Joseph |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,175 |percentage=25.57 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Kumaradas]] |party=Independent politician |votes=17,330 |percentage=21.97 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Velayudham]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,404 |percentage=18.26 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,803 |percentage=6.09 |change=-25.96 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,314 |percentage=1.67 |change=-4.06 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=78,891 |percentage=63.45 |change= -8.59 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,883 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Independent politician |swing= -10.54 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Balachandran (Indian politician)|V. Balachandran]] |party=Independent politician |votes=28,465 |percentage=37.77 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vincent |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,148 |percentage=32.05 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. D. S. Mony |party=Janata Party |votes=22,743 |percentage=30.18 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,317 |percentage=5.73 |change=1.35 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=75,356 |percentage=72.04 |change= 19.31 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,266 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= 0.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Mohammad Ismail]] |party=Janata Party |votes=19,758 |percentage=37.27 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Lawrence |party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |votes=17,434 |percentage=32.88 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Pauliah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,618 |percentage=29.46 |change=+21.71 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,324 |percentage=4.38 |change= -12.63 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=53,017 |percentage=52.73 |change= 3.33 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,364 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= -10.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Swamidhas]] |party=Janata Party |votes=22,910 |percentage=47.81 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. V. Kanniyapan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,757 |percentage=30.80 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajappa |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,551 |percentage=11.59 |change=-18.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ratnaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,713 |percentage=7.75 |change=-48.3 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Antrose Mary |party=Independent politician |votes=662 |percentage=1.38 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. C. Ramaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=321 |percentage=0.67 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,153 |percentage=17.02 |change= -9.34 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=47,914 |percentage=49.40 |change= -16.84 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,615 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Swamidhas]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,416 |percentage=56.05 |change=+9.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. C. Michael |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,174 |percentage=29.70 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Ali |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,243 |percentage=14.25 |change=-18.88 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,242 |percentage=26.36 |change= 13.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=57,833 |percentage=66.24 |change= -4.15 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,344 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.99 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. George]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,661 |percentage=46.06 |change=+25.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Ali |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,738 |percentage=33.13 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Nesamony |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,247 |percentage=11.67 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,895 |percentage=9.14 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,923 |percentage=12.93 |change= -10.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=53,541 |percentage=70.39 |change= 9.77 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,992 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -0.41 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kunjan Nadar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=23,747 |percentage=46.47 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Francis |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,572 |percentage=22.65 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thompson Dharmaraj Daniel]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,287 |percentage=20.13 |change=-60.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Nesamony |party=Independent politician |votes=5,492 |percentage=10.75 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,175 |percentage=23.83 |change= -36.48 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=51,098 |percentage=60.63 |change= 13.25 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,999 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -33.68 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thompson Dharmaraj Daniel]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,276 |percentage=80.15 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthukaruppa Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=7,250 |percentage=19.85 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,026 |percentage=60.30 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,526 |percentage=47.37 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,102 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1954===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanabhapuram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127210305/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013| title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954|last =The Legislative Assembly of Travancore Cochin| publisher=Election Commission of India| access-date=2014-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. A. Noor Mohammad]] |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=14,684 |percentage=57.59 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Gregory Rajamony |party=Independent politician |votes=7,600 |percentage=29.81 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohammed Ali |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,213 |percentage=12.60 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,084 |percentage=27.78 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=25,497 |percentage=66.02 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,618 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalkulam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_TRAV-COCH.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127212440/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_TRAV-COCH.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013| title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951|last =The Legislative Assembly of Travancore Cochin| publisher=Election Commission of India| access-date=2014-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. A. Noor Mohammad]] |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=13,860 |percentage=52.33 |change=+52.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Velappan Nair |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=8,686 |percentage=32.79 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ahmed Kannu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,116 |percentage=11.76 |change=+11.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Retnaswami |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=620 |percentage=2.34 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subrahmania Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=0.78 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,174 |percentage=19.53 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=26,488 |percentage=70.53 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,558 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Kanyakumari district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamui_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=505600 2026-05-06T07:40:46Z

<p>Vidya1111: Added a stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | constituency_no = <br /> | name = Jamui<br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | established = 1952–1977; &lt;br&gt; 2008<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Tarapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarapur]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sheikhpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheikhpura]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sikandra (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikandra]] &lt;br&gt; [[Jamui (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamui]] &lt;br&gt; [[Jhajha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhajha]] &lt;br&gt; [[Chakai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakai]]<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | mp = [[Arun Bharti]]<br /> | incumbent_image = Arun-Bharti-MP-Jamui.png<br /> | incumbent_image_size = <br /> | party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}<br /> |alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Chirag Paswan]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Jamui''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. It was in existence between 1952 and 1971. This constituency again came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002. This Lok sabha seats is dominated by Yadav's<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Jamui Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 lead<br /> |-<br /> |164<br /> |[[Tarapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarapur]]<br /> |[[Munger district|Munger]]<br /> |[[Samrat Choudhary]]&lt;br /&gt;(Chief Minister)<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> |169<br /> |[[Sheikhpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheikhpura]]<br /> |[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]<br /> |Randhir Kumar Soni<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br /> |-<br /> |240<br /> |[[Sikandra (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikandra]] (SC)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Jamui district|Jamui]]<br /> |Prafull Manjhi<br /> |{{party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> |241<br /> |[[Jamui (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]<br /> |[[Shreyasi Singh]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |242<br /> |[[Jhajha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhajha]]<br /> |[[Damodar Rawat]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br /> |-<br /> |243<br /> |[[Chakai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakai]]<br /> |[[Savitri Devi (Bihar politician)|Savitri Devi]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> |[[Banarsi Prasad Sinha]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Nayan Tara Das]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |Bhola Manjhi<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |1977-2004: ''Constituency does not exist.''<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Bhudeo Choudhary]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Chirag Paswan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Arun Bharti]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Jamui]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jamui&quot;&gt;{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jamui |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0440.htm|access-date=13 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713122815/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0440.htm |archive-date=13 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|candidate=[[Arun Bharti]]|votes=509,046|percentage=51.98|change=|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Archana Kumari|votes=3,96,564|percentage=40.5|change=|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=26,182|percentage=2.67|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Subhash Paswan|votes=13,875|percentage=1.42|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate= Sakaldeo Das|votes=12,366|percentage=1.26|change=|}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=1,12,482|percentage=11.48|change=|}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=9,79,337|percentage=51.26|change={{decrease}}3.99}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner =Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)<br /> |loser =Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Jamui]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=[[Chirag Paswan]]|votes=5,28,771|percentage=55.76|change=+18.95}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|candidate=Bhudeo Choudhary|votes=2,87,716|percentage=30.34|change=+30.34}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=39,450|percentage=4.16|change=+1.64}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Upendra Ravidas|votes=31,598|percentage=3.33|change=+1.40}}<br /> {{Election box candidate |<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |candidate = Subash Paswan<br /> |votes = 16,701<br /> |percentage = 1.76<br /> |change = +1.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=2,41,049|percentage=25.40|change=+14.32}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=9,49,561|percentage=55.25|change=+5.24}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Lok Janshakti Party <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Jamui]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = [[Chirag Paswan]]<br /> |votes = 2,85,352<br /> |percentage = 36.79<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Sudhansu Kumar Bhaskar<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |votes = 1,99,407<br /> |percentage = 25.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Uday Narayan Choudhary]]<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |votes = 1,98,599<br /> |percentage = 25.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 19,517<br /> |percentage = 2.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Brahmadev Anand Paswan]]<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 15,008<br /> |percentage = 1.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Upendra Ravidas<br /> |party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br /> |votes = 10,748<br /> |percentage = 1.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes =85,947<br /> |percentage =11.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 7,75,650<br /> |percentage = 50.01<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Lok Janshakti Party <br /> |loser = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;ref&gt;Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/002%20Notification%2002.04.2014.pdf Notification 02.04.2014]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Jamui district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/jamui/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Jamui lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{Munger Division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|24.9|86.2|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{Bihar elections}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jamui (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jamui district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Munger district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Sheikhpura district]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937_Sind_Provincial_Assembly_election&diff=481729 2026-05-05T17:50:00Z

<p>Vidya1111: creating new page w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox election<br /> | election_name = 1937 Sind provincial elections<br /> | country = British India<br /> | type = parliamentary<br /> | ongoing = no<br /> | previous_election = 1934 Indian general election<br /> | previous_year = 1934<br /> | next_election = 1946 Indian provincial elections<br /> | next_year = 1946<br /> | election_date = 1937<br /> | registered = {{formatnum:639043}}&lt;ref name=&quot;pk&quot;/&gt;<br /> | seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Sind Legislative Assembly]]<br /> &lt;!-- Congress --&gt;| image1 = Abdullah Haroon.jpg<br /> | image1_size = 150x150px<br /> | leader1 = [[Abdullah Haroon]]<br /> | party1 = Sind United Party<br /> | alliance1 = <br /> | leaders_seat1 = Lyari (defeated)<br /> | seats1 = 22<br /> | seat_change1 = <br /> | popular_vote1 = <br /> | percentage1 = <br /> | swing1 = <br /> | color1 = <br /> | image2 = ABHM flag.svg<br /> | image2_size = x150px<br /> | leader2 = [[Mukhi Gobindram Pritamdas]]<br /> | leaders_seat2 = Upper Sindh<br /> | party2 = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha<br /> | alliance2 = <br /> | seats2 = 11<br /> | seat_change2 = <br /> | popular_vote2 = <br /> | percentage2 = <br /> | swing2 = <br /> | image3 = Flag of Indian National Congress.png<br /> | image3_size = x110px<br /> | leader3 = [[Ghanshyam Jethanand Shivdasani]]<br /> | leaders_seat3 = Hyderabad<br /> | party3 = Indian National Congress<br /> | alliance3 = <br /> | seats3 = 8<br /> | seat_change3 = <br /> | popular_vote3 = <br /> | percentage3 = <br /> | swing3 = <br /> | colour3 = <br /> | title = [[Prime Minister of Sind|Prime Minister]]<br /> | before_election = <br /> | before_party = <br /> | after_election = [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]]<br /> | after_party = [[Sind Muslim Political Party|SMPP]]<br /> | majority_seats = 31<br /> | map = [[File:Indian Provincial Election 1937.svg|300px]]<br /> }}<br /> Elections to the Legislative Assembly of [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]] were held in January and February 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;pk&quot;/&gt; These were the first elections in the province after its creation in 1936. The [[Communal Award]] of 1932 had allocated sixty assembly seats to Sind, based on which it now formed an assembly of its own.&lt;ref name=&quot;ans&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The seats were divided amongst the following electoral colleges; Muslims Rural 31 seats, Muslims Urban 2 seats, Women Muslim Urban 1 seat, General Rural 15 seats, General Urban 3 seats, Women General Urban 1 seat, Europeans 2 seats, Landowners 2 seats, Commerce and Industry 2 seats and Labour 1 seat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ans&quot;&gt;Ansari, Sarah F. D. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jFRzOeF0nvMC Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947]''. Cambridge South Asian studies, 50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. pp. 115-116&lt;/ref&gt; In total, there were 639,043 eligible voters.&lt;ref name=&quot;pk&quot;&gt;Afzal, Nasreen. ''[http://prr.hec.gov.pk/chapters/2114-7.pdf Role of Sir Abdullah Haroon in Politics of Sindh (1872-1942)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304204049/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/chapters/2114-7.pdf |date=2012-03-04 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Sind United Party]] won twenty-two of the Muslim seats, the [[Sind Muslim Political Party]] won four seats 4 whilst the [[Sind Azad Party]] won three seats. The party identity of one Muslim delegate was unclear. [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] candidates won the remaining nine seats from the Muslim constituencies.&lt;ref name=&quot;pk&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the General constituencies, the [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|Sind Hindu Mahasabha]] won eleven seats, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] eight seats, Independent Hindus two seats and [[Independent Labour Party (India)|Independent Labour Party]] one seat. From the European and Commercial and Industry constituencies, non-party candidates were elected.&lt;ref name=&quot;pk&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> However, whilst the Sind United Party had emerged as the winner of the election its two most prominent leaders (Haji Abdullah Haroon and [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]]) had failed to win the seats they contested.&lt;ref name=&quot;ans&quot;/&gt; Haroon had contested the Lyari constituency, in northern [[Karachi]]. The Lyari seat was won by [[Khan Bahadur Allah Buksh Gabol|Sardar Allah Baksh Gabol]]. The [[Larkana]] seat, which Bhutto had contested, was won by Sheikh Abdul Majid Sindhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pk&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After the election the governor of Sind asked the leader of the Sind Muslim Political Party to form a cabinet. Largescale defections took place from the ranks of the Sind United Party and the Sind Azad Party in the assembly.&lt;ref name=&quot;ans&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> United Party senior leader [[Allah Bux Soomro]] later served as [[Premier of Sindh]] from 23 March 1938 – 18 April 1940 until a no-confidence motion was passed against him by the Indian National Congress and Muslim League.&lt;ref name=&quot;malkani_bio&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Sindh Story, Chapter 11: Thrown to the wolves|url=http://www.freesindh.org/sindhstory/Thrown_to_the_Wolves.html|publisher=Allied Publishers|author=K. R. Malkani|authorlink=K. R. Malkani|year=1988|access-date=2018-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621025051/http://www.freesindh.org/sindhstory/Thrown_to_the_Wolves.html|archive-date=2012-06-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was briefly elected back to power and served briefly from 27 March 1942 – 14 October 1942, but was dismissed by the Governor due to his support for the [[Quit India Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;malkani_bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Results ==<br /> Source&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis |last=Taylor |first=David Denis |year=1971 |title=Indian Politics and the Elections of 1937 |url=https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/389306 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of London]] |access-date=26 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Party<br /> !Hindu urban<br /> !Hindu rural<br /> !Hindu women<br /> !Muslim urban<br /> !Muslim rural<br /> !Muslim women<br /> !European<br /> !Commerce<br /> !Landholders<br /> !Labour<br /> !Total<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hindu Mahasabha|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]<br /> |1<br /> |10<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> | -<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sind United Party]] <br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> |16<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |17<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sindh Muslim League|Sind Muslim League]] <br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> |13<br /> |1<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> | -<br /> |16<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sind Azad Party]]<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |Independent Hindus<br /> | -<br /> |2<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |Independent Muslims <br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |Unaligned<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |Total <br /> |3<br /> |15<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |31<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |60<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Members elected ===<br /> Source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sir Stanley Reed |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282213 |title=The Indian Year Book 1936 37 Vol Xxiii}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Reservation<br /> !Constituency <br /> !Member<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;19&quot; |Hindu<br /> |Karachi City North<br /> |Popatlal A. Bhoopatkar<br /> |-<br /> |Karachi City South <br /> |Rustomji Khurshedji Sidwa{{Efn|[[Parsi]]s didn't had their own reservation or separate electorate, thus they stood as candidates for Hindu seats &amp; voted alongside Hindus}}<br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad City<br /> |[[Mukhi Gobindram Pritamdas]]<br /> |-<br /> |Karachi <br /> |Nihchaldas Chatumal Vazirani <br /> |-<br /> |Dadu<br /> |[[Jamshed Nusserwanjee Mehta|Jamshedji Nauserwanji Mehta]]<br /> |-<br /> |Larkana<br /> |Rai Sahib Gokaldas Mewaldas<br /> |-<br /> |Upper Sindh Frontier<br /> |Hemandas Rupchand Wadhwani <br /> |-<br /> |Sukkur West<br /> |Daulatram Mohandas <br /> |-<br /> |Sukkur Central<br /> |[[Bhojsing Gurdinomal Pahalajani|Bhojsingh Gurdinomal Pahlajani]]<br /> |-<br /> |Sukkur East<br /> |Hassaram Sundardas Pamnani<br /> |-<br /> |Nawabshah North<br /> |Newandram Vishindas<br /> |-<br /> |Nawabshah South <br /> |Hotchand Hiranand<br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad suburbs and taluks<br /> |Ghanshyam Jethanand Shivadasani<br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad North<br /> |Ghanumal Tarachand<br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad South<br /> |Diwan Bahadur Hiranand Khemsingh<br /> |-<br /> |Tharparkar West<br /> |Partabrai Khaisukhdas<br /> |-<br /> |Tharparkar North<br /> |Shitaldas Perumal<br /> |-<br /> |Tharparkar South <br /> |Akhiji Ratansingh Sodhi<br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad-cum-Karachi City women <br /> |Miss [[Jethi Sipahimalani|Jethibai Tulsidas Sipahimalani]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;34&quot; |Muslim<br /> |Karachi City North <br /> |Khan Sahib [[Allah Bakhsh Gabol|Allah Baksh Khudadad Khan Gabol]] <br /> |-<br /> |Karachi City South <br /> |[[Muhammad Hashim Gazdar|Muhammad Hashim Faiz Muhammad Gazdar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Karachi North<br /> |Muhammad Usman Muhammad Khan Soomro<br /> |-<br /> |Karachi South <br /> |Muhammad Yusuf Khair Muhammad Khan Chandio<br /> |-<br /> |Karachi East<br /> |Ghulam Hyder Shah Sahibdino Shah Babri<br /> |-<br /> |Dadu North<br /> |Ghulam Muhammad Abdullah Khan Isran <br /> |-<br /> |Dadu Central<br /> |[[Pir Ilahi Bux|Pir Ilahi Baksh Nawaz Ali]] <br /> |-<br /> |Dadu South<br /> |[[G. M. Syed|Syed Ghulam Murtaza Shah Muhammad Shah]] <br /> |-<br /> |Larkana North<br /> |[[Abdul Majid Sindhi|Abdul Majid Lilaram]]<br /> |-<br /> |Larkana East<br /> |Khan Bahadur Muhammad Ayub Shah Muhammad Khan Khuhro<br /> |-<br /> |Larkana South<br /> |Khan Bahadur Haji Amir Ali Khan Tharu Khan Lahori<br /> |-<br /> |Larkana West<br /> |Mir Muhammad Khan Nawab Ghaibi Khan Chandio<br /> |-<br /> |Upper Sindh Frontier East<br /> |Mir Zainuddin Khan Sundar Khan Sundarani<br /> |-<br /> |Upper Sindh Frontier Central<br /> |Khan Sahib Sohrab Khan Sahibdino Khan Sharqi<br /> |-<br /> |Upper Sindh Frontier West <br /> |Khan Sahib Jafar Khan Gul Muhammad Khan Burdi<br /> |-<br /> |Sukkur North-West<br /> |Khan Bahadur [[Allah Bux Soomro|Allah Baksh Muhammad Umar Soomro]] [[Order of the British Empire|O. B. E.]] <br /> |-<br /> |Sukkur South-West<br /> |Shamshuddin Khan Abdul Kabir Khan <br /> |-<br /> |Sukkur South-East<br /> |[[Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman]] <br /> |-<br /> |Sukkur Central<br /> |Khan Sahib Pir Rasul Baksh Shah Mehbub Shah<br /> |-<br /> |Sukkur North-East<br /> |Khan Bahadur Kaiser Khan Ghulam Muhammad Khan <br /> |-<br /> |Nawabshah North<br /> |Syed Muhammad Ali Shah Allahando Shah<br /> |-<br /> |Nawabshah North-West<br /> |Syed Nur Muhammad Shah Murad Ali Shah <br /> |-<br /> |Nawabshah West<br /> |Rasul Baksh Khan Muhammad Khan Uner<br /> |-<br /> |Nawabshah South<br /> |S. B. Jam Jan Muhammad Khan Muhammad Sharif Junejo<br /> |-<br /> |Nawabshah East <br /> |Syed Khair Shah Imam Ali Shah<br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad North<br /> |Makhdum Ghulam Hyder Makhdum Zahiruddin <br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad North-West<br /> |[[Miran Mohammad Shah|Miran Muhammad Shah Zainulabdin Shah]] <br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad South-West<br /> |Mir Ghulam Allah Khan Mir Haji Hussain Baksh Khan Talpur<br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad East<br /> |Mir Bandeh Ali Khan Mir Haji Muhammad Hussain Khan Talpur<br /> |-<br /> |Hyderabad South <br /> |Mir [[Ghulam Ali Talpur|Ghulam Ali Khan Bandeh Ali Khan Talpur]]<br /> |-<br /> |Tharparkar West <br /> |Sardar Bahadur Mir Allahbad Khan Imam Baksh Khan Talpur<br /> |-<br /> |Tharparkar North<br /> |Khan Bahadur Syed Ghulam Nabi Shah Mauj Ali Shah<br /> |-<br /> |Tharparkar South <br /> |Arbab Togachi Mir Muhammad <br /> |-<br /> |Karachi City women <br /> |Mrs Jenubai [[G. Allana|Ghulam Ali Allana]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |European <br /> |Karachi City <br /> |J. J. Flockhart<br /> |-<br /> |Sind rural<br /> |Colonel H. J. Mahon<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Commerce <br /> |[[Karachi Chamber of Commerce &amp; Industry|Karachi Chamber of Commerce]]<br /> |G. H. Raschen<br /> |-<br /> |Indian Commerce<br /> |Ishwardas Varandmal<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Landholders<br /> |Sir [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]]<br /> |-<br /> |Dialmal Daulatram<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Labour <br /> |Narayandas Anandji Bechar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Elections in Sindh]]<br /> [[Category:1937 elections in India]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Sindh]]<br /> [[Category:Provincial Assembly elections in British India|Sind]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenises&diff=549858 2026-05-02T20:15:59Z

<p>Vidya1111: created some post from scratch!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2025}}{{advert|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Zenises<br /> | logo = Zenises_logo.png<br /> | type = <br /> | industry = [[Manufacturing|Distribution]]<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|2014}}<br /> | location = <br /> | location_city = <br /> | location_country = [[Dubai]]&lt;br /&gt;[[United Kingdom]]<br /> | key_people = [[Harjeev S. Kandhari|Harjeev Kandhari]]&lt;br /&gt;([[CEO]])<br /> | products = Tyres<br /> | revenue = <br /> | num_employees = <br /> | parent = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | homepage = {{URL|http://www.zenises.com}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Zenises''' is a multinational tyre company with headquarters in [[Dubai]] and London with four other offices in Germany, [[Italy]], Spain, and Australia.<br /> <br /> Founded in 2014 by CEO [[Harjeev S. Kandhari|Harjeev Kandhari]], a third generation tyre entrepreneur, the company designs and produces its own private label tyre, or &quot;tire&quot; in America, brands in partnership with manufacturing facilities in Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://talkingtyres.com/zenises-shows-how-to-inspire-with-tyres/|title=Zenises Shows How to Inspire with Tyres {{!}} Talking Tyres|website=talkingtyres.com|access-date=2019-09-05|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911142416/http://talkingtyres.com/zenises-shows-how-to-inspire-with-tyres/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The organisation's name combines the words ‘Zen’ and ‘Genesis’ to demonstrate their reflective corporate philosophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, Zenises entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] by presenting the world's most expensive tire at US$600,000 for a set of four tyres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2016/05/zenises-presents-us600000-world-record-tyre/|title=Zenises presents US$600,000 world record tyre|date=2016-05-24|website=Tyrepress|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Zenises donates 10% of all profits to its own charity (the Zenises Foundation) to support, feed, educate underprivileged families and children.<br /> <br /> == Guinness Book of World Records ==<br /> Z Tyre designed a special set of Z1 tyres to be unveiled at Reifen Essen 2016 and entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for producing the world's most expensive set of car tyres, valued at $600,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://itma-europe.com/2016/06/zenises-presents-us600000-world-record-tyre |title=Zenises presents US$600,000 world record tyre &amp;#124; ITMA |access-date=2016-08-30 |archive-date=2016-10-24|df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024162009/http://itma-europe.com/2016/06/zenises-presents-us600000-world-record-tyre/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Z-branded 295/35 ZR21 107Y XL tyres were produced in the Sentury Tire factory in [[Shandong|Quindago, Shandong Province, China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://auto.ndtv.com/news/are-these-the-worlds-most-expensive-set-of-tyres-1419398|title=Are These the World's Most Expensive Set of Tyres? - NDTV CarAndBike|website=CarAndBike|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were designed in [[Dubai]] by Zenises CEO Harjeev Kandhari, decorated with diamonds by artisan jewelers in Italy before being returned to Dubai for the application of 24-karat gold leafing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/harjeev-kandhari-enters-guinness-book-of-world-records-for-designing-the-worlds-most-expensive-car-tyre-583597861.html|title=Harjeev Kandhari Enters Guinness Book of World Records for Designing the 'World's Most Expensive Car Tyre'|last=Zenises|website=www.prnewswire.co.uk|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The tyres were sold to a private buyer and all profits were donated to the Zenises Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World's most expensive tires sold in Dubai|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2016/06/16/worlds-most-expensive-tires-sold-in-dubai/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Autoblog|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Brands ==<br /> Zenises is the proprietor of the European ZTYRE.COM and T tyre brand names and distributes and markets many other tyre brands including:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2016/05/t-time-zenises-showing-new-brands-at-reifen/|title='T' time – Zenises showing new brands at Reifen|date=2016-05-12|website=Tyrepress|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Westlake Tyres|Westlake]]<br /> * Triangle<br /> * iLink<br /> * Kapsen<br /> * Ardent<br /> <br /> Unveiled in 2014, '''Z Tyre''' is the private tyre brand of Zenises. Designed and produced for high performance cars and SUV fitments, Z Tyre now counts a range of over 70 dimensions and also incorporates run-flat technology tyres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pneurama.com/en/rivista_articolo.php/ZENISES?ID=22407|title=ZENISES|website=www.pneurama.com|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914175955/http://www.pneurama.com/en/rivista_articolo.php/ZENISES?ID=22407|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Westlake's tyres''' are produced by the [[Hangzhou Zhongce Rubber Company]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; In April 2015, Zenises announced the launch of its new Westlake distribution in [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|df=dmy-all|url=http://www.westlake-news.com/img/090_WL_Spain_Portugal_Network_OK.PDF |title=Zenises Targets 100 Dealers for Iberian Westlake Retail Network |access-date=2016-08-30 |archive-date=2016-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329122454/http://westlake-news.com/img/090_WL_Spain_Portugal_Network_OK.PDF |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; aiming to ultimately establish 100 Westlake retail outlets.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Harjeev|last=Kandhari|date=2016-05-27|title=One Year On - Zenises Makes a Difference|url=https://www.slideshare.net/harjeevkandhari/one-year-on-zenises-makes-a-difference}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zenises has exclusive distribution agreements for the sale of the Westlake car and truck tyre brand in several European countries.<br /> <br /> Zenises began distributing Triangle truck and bus tyres in Germany at the start of 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2016/01/zenises-begins-distribution-triangle-truck-tyres-in-germany/|title=Zenises begins distribution Triangle truck tyres in Germany|date=2016-01-29|website=Tyrepress|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, Zenies started distributing the Kapsen tyre brand in Spain and Italy and agreed to develop channels for the Ardent car tyre range across Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> iLink is a new truck and bus tyre brand distributed by Zenises.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == New business model ==<br /> In 2016, Zenises announced its Z Tyre Flat Rate program in Germany, with its partner Alzura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://harjeevkandhari.com/zenises-and-the-future-of-the-tyre-industry/|title=Zenises and the future of the tyre industry {{!}} Harjeev Kandhari|website=harjeevkandhari.com|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; A monthly subscription covers all new tyre related costs, and allows customers to fit or upgrade tyres when needed. The service is currently available in Germany through Alzura X and its 600 partner stores nationwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2016/04/z-tyre-launches-flat-rate-tyre-subscription-model-in-germany/|title=Z Tyre launches flat-rate tyre subscription model in Germany|date=2016-04-21|website=Tyrepress|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Zenises Foundation ==<br /> The Zenesis Foundation has three areas of focus:<br /> * '''Z Aspire''' provides support to underprivileged children throughout their education until masters level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Zenises Foundation Supports 'Kirtan for Causes'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QQz0x94ICw|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05|publisher=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also provides three scholarships to Oxford University, as well as an endowment for a university chair at [[St Peter's College, Oxford|St Peter's College]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> * '''T OuTreach''' has been established to identify and support good causes. The initiative works with local and international communities where Zenises operates to support and mentor college students.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ypo.org/blog/|title=Ignite Blog|website=YPO|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Westlake Wishes''' ensures that impoverished families and children get daily nutritious food. The initiative provides nourishing four-course meals to 125,000 people in a single day in India. In South Africa, it provided a daily nutritious breakfast for all the children at the Kiddies' Paradise School in Rosettenville, Johannesburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2015/12/zenises-zc-rubber-give-to-schools/|title=Zenises, ZC Rubber give to schools|date=2015-12-10|website=Tyrepress|df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Zenises Motorsports ==<br /> The Zenises Motorsport team competes in global drifting events. In 2014, lead racer Steve 'Baggsy' Biagioni competed in 24 competition events with the Acorn Zenises Motorsport Nissan S13.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/ricardomanuel24/docs/japanese_performance_-_2015-02_169 |title=Japanese performance 2015 02 169 by RMA - issuu |access-date=2016-08-30 |archive-date=2016-09-20|df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920171759/https://issuu.com/ricardomanuel24/docs/japanese_performance_-_2015-02_169 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In the same year, Baggsy lifted the Kings of the Kings Superfinals trophy at the event in Valletta, Malta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steve 'Baggsy' Biagioni Wins The King of The Kings Superfinals in Malta|url=http://www.motorsportmalta.com/steve-baggsy-biagioni-wins-the-king-of-the-kings-superfinals-in-malta/|website=Motorsport Malta|date=October 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104124925/http://www.motorsportmalta.com/steve-baggsy-biagioni-wins-the-king-of-the-kings-superfinals-in-malta/|archive-date=November 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, the Zenises Motorsport team competes in two racing series — the global [[Drift Allstars]] series and the [[British Drift Championship]]. In January 2016, Steve Biagioni won the inaugural event at [[Yas Marina Circuit]] in Abu Dhabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|df=dmy-all |url=http://westlake-news.com/filepressimage.php?noticia=553 |title=Westlake's Press Room - Press Releases |access-date=2016-08-29 |archive-date=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923154502/http://westlake-news.com/filepressimage.php?noticia=553 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baggsy also won the Drift All Stars Final in Hungary in August.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=maximmag.co.za|url=http://maximmag.co.za/baggsy-bosses-2016-drift-allstars-final-in-hungary|access-date=2021-08-12|website=maximmag.co.za|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Zenises also sponsored a new rally car for 2016, a modified BMW E36 Compact that will race in Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Other drivers in the Acorn Zenises Motorsport team include Michael Marshall.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thebritishdriftchampionship.co.uk/driver/micheal-marshall |title=Michael Marshall - British Drift Championship |access-date=2016-08-30|df=dmy-all |archive-date=2016-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925010540/http://www.thebritishdriftchampionship.co.uk/driver/micheal-marshall/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:British companies established in 2014]]<br /> [[Category:Tyre manufacturers of England]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in London]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Dubai]]<br /> [[Category:Manufacturing companies of the United Arab Emirates]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinod_Scaria&diff=544729 2026-05-02T05:53:43Z

<p>Vidya1111: added some details w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian biochemist}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Dr Vinod Scaria<br /> | caption = Dr. Vinod Scaria<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|03|09}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mbinga]], [[Tanzania]]<br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | alma_mater = [[Kozhikode Medical College]]&lt;br /&gt;[[University of Pune]]<br /> | doctoral_advisor = [[Samir K. Brahmachari]]<br /> | website = {{URL|vinodscaria.rnabiology.org}}<br /> | field = [[Bioinformatics]], [[Computational Biology]]<br /> | work_institution = [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi]],&lt;br /&gt; <br /> [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]]<br /> | awards = {{Plainlist|<br /> <br /> * [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award (2012)<br /> * [[Royal Society of Biology|FRSB]] (2017)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Dr '''Vinod Scaria''' [[Royal Society of Biology|FRSB]], [[Royal Society for Public Health|FRSPH]] (born 9 March 1981) is an Indian biologist, medical researcher pioneering in Precision Medicine and Clinical Genomics in India. He is best known for sequencing the first Indian [[genome]].&lt;ref name=indexp&gt;{{cite news | vauthors = Manoj CG |title=After human genome sequence, the scientist duo look ahead|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/After-human-genome-sequence--scientist-duo-looks-ahead/552214/|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=10 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI&gt;{{cite news |vauthors = Prasanth GN |title=Genome sequencing can be applied in clinical setting|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-10/india/28074037_1_sequencing-gene-mapping-igib|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-10/india/28074037_1_sequencing-gene-mapping-igib|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper = [[The Times of India]] |date=10 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CN&gt;{{cite news |last=Jingjing |first=Han | name-list-style = vanc |title=Scientists decode human genome for the first time in India|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/09/content_12616808.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213044933/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/09/content_12616808.htm|archive-date=13 December 2009|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper=China News|date=9 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also instrumental in the sequencing of The first Sri Lankan Genome, analysis of the first Malaysian Genome&lt;ref name=&quot;Systematic pharmacogenomics analysi&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Salleh MZ, Teh LK, Lee LS, Ismet RI, Patowary A, Joshi K, Pasha A, Ahmed AZ, Janor RM, Hamzah AS, Adam A, Yusoff K, Hoh BP, Hatta FH, Ismail MI, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S | display-authors = 6 | title = Systematic pharmacogenomics analysis of a Malay whole genome: proof of concept for personalized medicine | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 8 | issue = 8 | article-number = e71554 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24009664 | pmc = 3751891 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0071554 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...871554S | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; sequencing and analysis of the Wild-type strain of [[Zebrafish]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23590399&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Patowary A, Purkanti R, Singh M, Chauhan R, Singh AR, Swarnkar M, Singh N, Pandey V, Torroja C, Clark MD, Kocher JP, Clark KJ, Stemple DL, Klee EW, Ekker SC, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S | display-authors = 6 | title = A sequence-based variation map of zebrafish | journal = Zebrafish | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–20 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23590399 | pmc = 3629779 | doi = 10.1089/zeb.2012.0848 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the IndiGen programme on Genomics for Public Health in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Gene Business- Business News|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/technology/the-gene-business/story/396400.html|access-date=2020-06-22|website=businesstoday.in|date=18 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Koshy|first=Jacob|date=2019-10-25|title=CSIR offers free mapping of Indian genomes|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/csir-carries-out-genome-sequencing-to-aid-detection-of-genetic-diseases/article29799164.ece|access-date=2020-06-22|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Genomics for Public Health|url=https://sites.google.com/igib.in/indigen|access-date=2020-06-22|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is presently the Chief Data Officer at [[Karkinos Healthcare]] and an adjunct professor at the [[IIT Kanpur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adjunct Faculty |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/dofa/adjunct-faculty |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.iitk.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was previously a senior scientist at CSIR [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] and an adjunct faculty at [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi|Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]], Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/people/faculty/adjunct-visiting|title=Visiting and Adjunct Faculty at IIIT-D}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He along with his colleague and collaborator Sridhar Sivasuubu are widely regarded as the pioneers in the area of clinical genomics in India. They are also the co-founders of the Genomics for Understanding Rare Diseases India Alliance Network (GUaRDIAN) a large clinical network working in the area of Rare Disease Genomics in India. They were also instrumental in setting up a comprehensive fellowship programme in genomics for clinicians&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://genomicsin.blogspot.com/2020/01/genomics-training-for-clinicians-csir.html|title=Genomics training for clinicians - CSIR-IGIB Sanofi Genzyme fellowship: From labs to patients|website=Genomics training for clinicians - CSIR-IGIB Sanofi Genzyme fellowship|access-date=2020-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His research has also contributed to a number of commercially viable technologies for healthcare and public health applications.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/technology/the-gene-business/story/396400.html|title=The Gene Business- Business News|website=businesstoday.in|date=18 February 2020 |access-date=2020-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes one of the methods for fast and accurate diagnosis and screening of mitochondrial genetic diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Prasad|first=R.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/Screening-for-rare-genetic-disorders-at-a-point-of-click/article14479852.ece|title=Screening for rare genetic disorders at a point-of-click|date=2016-07-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Scaria was born in [[Tanzania]] in 1981. He did his schooling in [[Silver Hills School|Silver Hills Public School]], [[Kozhikode]], India. He studied for pre-degree course in [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri]] and completed his undergraduate studies in medicine and surgery from [[Calicut Medical College]] with gold medals in Biochemistry and Physiology. He worked as a consultant for information technology at the Pain and Palliative Care society in Kozhikode. Later, he joined the CSIR [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]], New Delhi, where he started his career as a researcher.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Vinod Scaria's profile|url=http://igib.res.in/?q=node/47|publisher=Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology|access-date=10 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Research==<br /> Scaria started his research career at [[Kozhikode Medical College]] in the area of medical ethics and health information on Internet. After joining the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] in 2005, he switched to [[computational biology]] and [[genome informatics]]. His notable researches include the identification of human [[micro-RNA]] which can target [[HIV virus]]. In 2009 he and his colleagues at the [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] announced the sequencing of the wild-type strain of [[zebrafish]]&lt;ref name=vscariaaswt&gt;{{cite web|title=Genome of Zebrafish Wild-type Strain (ASWT)|url=http://zebrafish.igib.in/aswt-genome|publisher=IGIB.in|access-date=17 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the sequencing of the first Human Genome from India. He also pioneered the use of social web for genome annotation, through mapping of TB genome.&lt;ref name=ht&gt;{{cite news|title=Detailed map of TB genome to help treatment|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/Detailed-map-of-TB-genome-to-help-treatment/Article1-530102.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411021755/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/Detailed-map-of-TB-genome-to-help-treatment/Article1-530102.aspx|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|date=12 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scaria and colleagues also discovered and designed [[enzyme silencer]]s for [[mRNA]], dubbed antagomirzymes. His group also pioneered the use of social web, cloud computing and students for solving complex drug discovery problems for Neglected Diseases.&lt;ref name=vscaria2c4c&gt;{{cite web|title=Crowd Computing for Cheminformatics|url=http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/crowd-computing-for-cheminformatics-2013|publisher=RNA Biology|access-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112200535/http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/crowd-computing-for-cheminformatics-2013|archive-date=12 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr Scaria has also been involved in popularising personal genomics through meragenome.com&lt;ref name=meragenome&gt;{{cite web|title=meragenome.com: Personal Genomics for All|url=http://www.meragenome.com/|access-date=10 April 2013|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603015613/http://www.meragenome.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and OpenPGx.&lt;ref name=&quot;Open Personal Genomics Consortium&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=OpenPGx|url=http://www.openpgx.org/|access-date=10 April 2013|archive-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218064848/http://www.openpgx.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His research took a shift to Clinical Genomics in 2009 starting with the sequencing of the first Indian Genome in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/After-human-genome-sequence--scientist-duo-looks-ahead/552214|title=After human genome sequence, scientist duo looks ahead - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2020-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over years he with colleague, Sridhar Sivasubbu created a large research network in area of Clinical Genomics with focus on rare genetic diseases and pharmacogenomics. The focus has been to use genomic tools to understand the molecular basis of genetic diseases in India and use this knowledgebase to develop affordable and accessible genetic tests.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/261218/csir-stands-tall-with-10-innovations-in-2018.html|title=CSIR stands tall with 10 innovations in 2018|last=Garari|first=Kaniza|date=2018-12-26|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; This initiative helped uncover the genetic basis of many inherited diseases in India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Koshy|first=Jacob|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-interpretation-of-a-malady/article18027504.ece|title=Interpretation of a malady: how scientists zeroed in on one family's rare and crippling disease|date=2017-04-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His research has also led to know-how which has been successfully licensed to a number of commercial diagnostic entities and available to clinicians across India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Prasad|first=R.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/Screening-for-rare-genetic-disorders-at-a-point-of-click/article14481538.ece|title=Screening for rare genetic disorders at a point-of-click|date=2016-07-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has published over 150 papers in international journals.&lt;ref name=&quot;vscaria&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Publications of Vinod Scaria|url=http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/publications|publisher=RNA Biology|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516135050/https://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/publications}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also the editorial board member of many reputed International Journals including [[PLOS ONE]], [[PeerJ]], International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases and [[Journal of Translational Medicine]]. He was a member of senate of the [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]] (AcSIR).<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> He was conferred the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award for biological sciences for developing computational tools to analyse genomic data, by the Prime Minister of India in September 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;csir&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Young Scientist Awards|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/2012/YoungScientistAwards_2012.pdf|access-date=10 February 2013|publisher=CSIR, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mbctv&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=26 September 2012|title=PM gives away awards to scientists|newspaper=MBCTV|url=http://www.mbctv.co.in/viewnews.php?news_id=13111|access-date=10 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=26 September 2012|title=PM gives Swaroop Bhatnagar award to 11 scientists|newspaper=Outlook.com|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=776370|access-date=10 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is a Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow of the [[US National Academy of Sciences]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/kavli-frontiers-of-science/frontiers-alumni/alumni-directory/vinod-scaria.html|title=Vinod Scaria}}&lt;/ref&gt; an elected [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/VinodScaria|title=Vinod Scaria - Vinod Scaria MBBS, PHD|access-date=2 October 2017|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925135415/http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/VinodScaria}}&lt;/ref&gt; and elected [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Public Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=RSPH|title=Royal Society for Public Health UK|url=https://www.rsph.org.uk/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.rsph.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Precision Medicine and Pharmacogenomics in India==<br /> He specialises in genome-scale data for [[Precision Medicine]] with reference to [[Pharmacogenetics]]. He was one of the pioneers to be able to systematically analyse personal genome data to derive pharmacogenetic maps.&lt;ref name=&quot;Systematic pharmacogenomics analysi&quot;/&gt; His research into population-specific genome scale data has provided one of the initial pharmacoepigenetic maps for [[Malaysia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Why Indians, SE Asian Malays respond differently to some drugs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/why-indians-se-asian-malays-respond-differently-to-some-drugs/article8718323.ece|access-date=10 October 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 June 2016| vauthors = Prasad R }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Qatar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Qatar exome study: An advancement in precision medicine|journal=Nature Middle East|doi=10.1038/nmiddleeast.2016.137|year=2016|last1=Sarant|first1=Louise| name-list-style = vanc }}&lt;/ref&gt; He research also contributed to the first population-scale pharmacogenomic maps for India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sahana |first1=S. |last2=Bhoyar |first2=Rahul C. |last3=Sivadas |first3=Ambily |last4=Jain |first4=Abhinav |last5=Imran |first5=Mohamed |last6=Rophina |first6=Mercy |last7=Senthivel |first7=Vigneshwar |last8=Kumar Diwakar |first8=Mohit |last9=Sharma |first9=Disha |last10=Mishra |first10=Anushree |last11=Sivasubbu |first11=Sridhar |date=April 2022 |title=Pharmacogenomic landscape of Indian population using whole genomes |journal=Clinical and Translational Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=866–877 |doi=10.1111/cts.13153 |issn=1752-8054 |pmc=9010271 |pmid=35338580}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sahana |first1=S |last2=Sivadas |first2=Ambily |last3=Mangla |first3=Mohit |last4=Jain |first4=Abhinav |last5=Bhoyar |first5=Rahul C |last6=Pandhare |first6=Kavita |last7=Mishra |first7=Anushree |last8=Sharma |first8=Disha |last9=Imran |first9=Mohamed |last10=Senthivel |first10=Vigneshwar |last11=Divakar |first11=Mohit Kumar |date=2021-07-01 |title=Pharmacogenomic landscape of COVID-19 therapies from Indian population genomes |journal=Pharmacogenomics |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=603–618 |doi=10.2217/pgs-2021-0028 |issn=1462-2416 |pmc=8216321 |pmid=34142560}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Scaria has been pioneering the application of genomics to diagnose and solve rare genetic diseases in India, including discovering novel variants.&lt;ref name=EBS&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vellarikkal SK, Patowary A, Singh M, Kumari R, Faruq M, Master DC, Sivasubbu S, Scaria V | display-authors = 6 | title = Exome sequencing reveals a novel mutation, p.L325H, in the KRT5 gene associated with autosomal dominant Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Koebner type in a large family from western India | journal = Human Genome Variation | volume = 1 | article-number = 14007 | year = 2014 | pmid = 27081501 | pmc = 4785511 | doi = 10.1038/hgv.2014.7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He, with his colleague [[Sridhar Sivasubbu]] co-founded a national network (GUaRDIAN)&lt;ref name=GUaRDIAN&gt;{{cite web|title=Genomics for Understanding Rare Diseases India Alliance Network|url=http://guardian.meragenome.com/|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516025449/http://guardian.meragenome.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; of clinicians and researchers working on rare disease genomics. He also co-authored a handbook on exome sequencing and analysis for clinicians.&lt;ref name=EsaI&gt;{{cite book|last1=Scaria|first1=Vinod|last2=Sivasubbu|first2=Sridhar | name-list-style = vanc |title=Exome Sequencing, Analysis and Interpretation: Handbook for Clinicians|publisher=Research in Genomics |location=India |page=126 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TNCZBgAAQBAJ|access-date=5 April 2015|date=11 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GUaRDIAN consortium includes over 250 clinicians and researchers from over 70 medical and research centers making it one of the largest clinical genomics research networks in India working in the area of Rare Genetic Diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sivasubbu S, Scaria V | title = Genomics of rare genetic diseases-experiences from India | journal = Human Genomics | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | article-number = 52 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31554517 | pmc = 6760067 | doi = 10.1186/s40246-019-0215-5 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The research network has been quite successful in understanding variants associated with rare genetic diseases and be able to prevent them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Isalkar|first1=Umesh | name-list-style = vanc |title=Research on genes rules out ailment in youngest sibling|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Research-on-genes-rules-out-ailment-in-youngest-sibling/articleshow/54707469.cms|access-date=10 October 2016|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=6 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His lab has also contributed to one of the most comprehensive evidence resources for mutation specific therapies in cancer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mittal|first1=Gauri|last2=R I|first2=Anu|last3=Vatsyayan|first3=Aastha|last4=Pandhare|first4=Kavita|last5=Scaria|first5=Vinod|date=2021-01-01|title=MUSTARD—a comprehensive resource of mutation-specific therapies in cancer|journal=Database|volume=2021|article-number=baab042|doi=10.1093/database/baab042|pmid=34309639|issn=1758-0463|pmc=8312254}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Genomics and other Omics Technologies to enable Medical Decisions (GOMED)'''<br /> Scaria has been involved in creating a unique programme along with his colleague Dr Mohammed Faruq which enable clinicians from across the country to tap into the rich expertise of [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology|CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]] in the area of genomics to enable fast and effective diagnosis of genetic diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://gomed.igib.in|title=Genomics and other omics technologies to enable Medical Decisions}}&lt;/ref&gt; This programme today has been widely utilized by hospitals across the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://gomed.igib.in/statistics|title=Referral statistics of GOMED}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The IndiGen programme&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/igib.in/indigen|title=Genomics for Public Health|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; on population Genomics for public health was initiated in 2019 with an attempt to start understanding the genetic diversity of the country by sequencing over a thousand Indian individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/genome-sequencing-to-map-population-diversity/article26880217.ece|title=Genome sequencing to map population diversity|last=Koshy|first=Jacob|date=2019-04-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;The outcomes of IndiGen will have applications in a number of areas including faster and efficient diagnosis of rare genetic diseases&quot;, said Union Science Minister, [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]], at the press conference announcing the programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/csir-carries-out-genome-sequencing-to-aid-detection-of-genetic-diseases/article29799164.ece|title=CSIR offers free mapping of Indian genomes|last=Koshy|first=Jacob|date=2019-10-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The programme has accelerated the commercial adaptation and application of genomics in India by working closely with various industrial partners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The summary data from the programme is available for researchers and clinicians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://clingen.igib.res.in/indigen/|title=IndiGenomes Resource of Population Genomes from India|website=clingen.igib.res.in|access-date=2020-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Genomics of Arab and Middle Eastern Populations==<br /> Scaria has been pioneering the analysis of genomic data from Arab, Middle Eastern populations. His lab contributed to understanding the genetic landscape of Pharmacogenetics in Qatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sivadas A, Sharma P, Scaria V | title = Landscape of warfarin and clopidogrel pharmacogenetic variants in Qatari population from whole exome datasets | journal = Pharmacogenomics | volume = 17 | issue = 17 | pages = 1891–1901 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27767380 | doi = 10.2217/pgs-2016-0130 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sivadas A, Scaria V | title = Pharmacogenomic survey of Qatari populations using whole-genome and exome sequences | journal = The Pharmacogenomics Journal | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 590–600 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29720721 | doi = 10.1038/s41397-018-0022-8 | s2cid = 24137943 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also pioneered the use of whole genome data to understand the genetic epidemiology of prevalent diseases in the region, including Familial Mediterranean Fever.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Koshy R, Sivadas A, Scaria V | title = Genetic epidemiology of familial Mediterranean fever through integrative analysis of whole genome and exome sequences from Middle East and North Africa | journal = Clinical Genetics | volume = 93 | issue = 1 | pages = 92–102 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28597968 | doi = 10.1111/cge.13070 | s2cid = 27609668 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His lab also created one of the largest and comprehensive allele frequency resource for Arab populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Koshy R, Ranawat A, Scaria V | title = al mena: a comprehensive resource of human genetic variants integrating genomes and exomes from Arab, Middle Eastern and North African populations | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 62 | issue = 10 | pages = 889–894 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28638141 | doi = 10.1038/jhg.2017.67 | s2cid = 36515834 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This database al mena&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=al mena|url=http://clingen.igib.res.in/almena/|website=clingen.igib.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;(alleles for Middle East and North Africa) provides information on over 26 million variants indexing a number of whole genome and exome datasets from the region. He is also pioneering the creation of a comprehensive resource for disease variants in the Arab population, in collaboration with multiple researchers from the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Comprehensive resource of genetic variants associated with diseases in Arabs - Vinod Scaria MBBS, PhD|url=http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/arab-and-middle-eastern-population-genomics/genetic-disease-variants-in-arabs|website=vinodscaria.rnabiology.org|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925132642/http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/arab-and-middle-eastern-population-genomics/genetic-disease-variants-in-arabs}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also pioneered the application of genomics in transfusion medicine with the alnasab database, a comprehensive resource for blood group variants in Arabs&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GME|url=https://clingen.igib.res.in/alnasab/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=clingen.igib.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Open Research, Data and Resources for tracking and understanding Epidemics ==<br /> The COVID-19 Open Research, Data and Resources is an initiative to make relevant Data, Research and Resources&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/covid-19|title=COVID-19 Open - Vinod Scaria MBBS, PhD|website=vinodscaria.rnabiology.org|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328022354/http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/covid-19/}}&lt;/ref&gt; at the Vinod Scaria Lab at the CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) in an open format to ensure that they are widely accessible as well as relevant. The initiative provides ready access to genomic,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India to have own genome data bank to decode COVID-19 virus|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/12/india-to-have-own-genome-data-bank-to-decode-covid-19-virus-2155579.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The New Indian Express |date=12 June 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=INDICOV|url=http://clingen.igib.res.in/indicov/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=clingen.igib.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://clingen.igib.res.in/covid19genomes/|title=COVID-19 Genomepedia, a comprehensive searchable resource of SARS-nCoV-2 genomes {{!}} CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Delhi, India|website=COVID-19 Genomepedia, a comprehensive searchable resource of SARS-nCoV-2 genomes {{!}} CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Delhi, India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; epidemiological data-sets&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/covid-19/genomes|title=Genomes &amp; Genetic Epidemiology of SARS-nCoV-2 - Vinod Scaria MBBS, PhD|website=vinodscaria.rnabiology.org|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810220912/http://vinodscaria.rnabiology.org/covid-19/genomes}}&lt;/ref&gt; and protocols&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Poojary|first1=Mukta|last2=Shantaraman|first2=Anantharaman|last3=Jolly|first3=Bani|last4=Scaria|first4=Vinod|date=2019|title=Computational Protocol for Assembly and Analysis of SARS-nCoV-2 Genomes|url=http://www.companyofscientists.com/index.php/rr/article/view/165|journal=Research Reports|volume=4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; pertaining to the COVID-19 epidemic in India. The research also contributed to the understanding of a new clade (I/A3i) of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Banu|first1=Sofia|last2=Jolly|first2=Bani|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Payel|last4=Singh|first4=Priya|last5=Khan|first5=Shagufta|last6=Zaveri|first6=Lamuk|last7=Shambhavi|first7=Sakshi|last8=Gaur|first8=Namami|last9=Mishra|first9=Rakesh K.|last10=Scaria|first10=Vinod|last11=Sowpati|first11=Divya Tej|title=A Distinct Phylogenetic Cluster of Indian Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Isolates |journal=Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=2020 |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=ofaa434 |doi=10.1093/ofid/ofaa434 |pmid=33200080 |language=en|biorxiv=10.1101/2020.05.31.126136|pmc=7543508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Banu|first1=Sofia|last2=Jolly|first2=Bani|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Payel|last4=Singh|first4=Priya|last5=Khan|first5=Shagufta|last6=Zaveri|first6=Lamuk|last7=Shambhavi|first7=Sakshi|last8=Gaur|first8=Namami|last9=Reddy|first9=Shashikala|last10=Kaveri|first10=K.|last11=Srinivasan|first11=Sivasubramanian|title=A distinct phylogenetic cluster of Indian SARS-CoV-2 isolates|journal=Open Forum Infectious Diseases|year=2020|volume=7|issue=11|article-number=ofaa434|language=en|doi=10.1093/ofid/ofaa434|pmid=33200080|pmc=7543508|s2cid=222209242|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; His group also contributed to uncovering the first reports of COVID-19 reinfection in India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Vivek|last2=Bhoyar|first2=Rahul C.|last3=Jain|first3=Abhinav|last4=Srivastava|first4=Saurabh|last5=Upadhayay|first5=Rashmi|last6=Imran|first6=Mohamed|last7=Jolly|first7=Bani|last8=Divakar|first8=Mohit Kumar|last9=Sharma|first9=Disha|last10=Sehgal|first10=Paras|last11=Ranjan|first11=Gyan|title=Asymptomatic reinfection in two healthcare workers from India with genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|year=2020|volume=73 |issue=9 |pages=e2823–e2825 |language=en|doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1451|pmid=32964927|pmc=7543380}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a comprehensive resource on reinfections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 REINFECTIONS|url=https://sites.google.com/view/covid-19reinfectiontracker|access-date=2020-09-30|website=sites.google.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also pioneered research into the genomic characterization of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Variants of Concern responsible for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections from India |url=https://osf.io/fgd4x/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |date=June 3, 2021 |website=osf.io|doi=10.31219/osf.io/fgd4x |last1=Singh |first1=Urvashi B. |last2=Rophina |first2=Mercy |last3=Chaudhry |first3=Rama|last4=Senthivel|first4=Vigneshwar|last5=Bala|first5=Kiran|last6=Bhoyar|first6=Rahul C.|last7=Jolly|first7=Bani|last8=Jamshed|first8=Nayer|last9=Imran|first9=Mohamed|last10=Gupta|first10=Ritu|last11=Aggarwal|first11=Praveen|last12=Divakar|first12=Mohit Kumar |last13=Sinha |first13=Subrata|last14=v.r|first14=Arvinden|last15=Bajaj|first15=Anjali|last16=Shamnath|first16=Afra|last17=Jain|first17=Abhinav|last18=Group|first18=Covid Cbnaat Core|last19=Scaria|first19=Vinod|last20=Sivasubbu|first20=Sridhar|last21=Guleria|first21=Randeep|s2cid=241703030 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=J|first1=Beena Philomina|last2=Jolly|first2=Bani|last3=John|first3=Neethu|last4=Bhoyar|first4=Rahul C.|last5=Majeed|first5=Nisha|last6=Senthivel|first6=Vigneshwar|last7=P|first7=Fairoz C.|last8=Rophina|first8=Mercy|last9=Vasudevan|first9=Bindhu|last10=Imran|first10=Mohamed|last11=Viswanathan|first11=Prasanth|date=2021-05-24|title=Genomic survey of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in healthcare workers from Kerala, India|url=https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(21)00260-7/abstract|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=83|issue=2|pages=237–279|language=English|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.018|issn=0163-4453|pmid=34044037|pmc=8143909}}&lt;/ref&gt; His research also reviewed the risk of monogenic diseases in COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cotsapas|first1=Chris|last2=Saarela|first2=Janna|last3=Farmer|first3=Jocelyn R.|last4=Scaria|first4=Vinod|last5=Abraham|first5=Roshini S.|date=2021-06-01|title=Do monogenic inborn errors of immunity cause susceptibility to severe COVID-19?|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=131|issue=14|article-number=e149459 |language=en|doi=10.1172/JCI149459|pmid=34061775|pmc=8279660|issn=0021-9738|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also been instrumental in creating a comprehensive genomic surveillance programme for SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Kerala&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GENESCoV2 Kerala|url=https://genescov2.genomes.in/|access-date=2021-06-03|website=genescov2.genomes.in|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bhagat|first=Shalini Venugopal|date=2021-05-23|title=As India Stumbles, One State Charts Its Own Covid Course|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/23/world/asia/coronavirus-kerala.html|access-date=2021-06-03|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; which has been able to provide early insights into variants and influencing policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|author=Milan Sharma |date=May 24, 2021 |title=B.1.617.2 becoming dominant variant in India, finds genome sequencing|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-dominant-variant-india-genome-sequencing-finding-study-1806111-2021-05-24|access-date=2021-06-03|magazine=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His group also pioneered the EpidemicWatch network&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KAISER - EpidemicWatch |url=https://kaiser.genomes.in/epidemicwatch |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=kaiser.genomes.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the first participatory digital infection surveillance system Infectiradar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KAISER - Infectiradar |url=https://kaiser.genomes.in/infectiradar |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=kaiser.genomes.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; in India.<br /> <br /> The recent [[Zika virus]] outbreak&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-07-09|title=Zika virus: India's Kerala state on alert after 14 cases reported|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57759807|access-date=2021-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Kerala has seen [[Open research]] approaches to track and understand the epidemic&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=KAISER - Zika Open Research|url=https://kaiser.genomes.in/zikaopen|access-date=2021-07-14|website=kaiser.genomes.in|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as part of a framework for [[Citizen science]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Scaria, Vinod}}<br /> [[Category:Indian biochemists]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Kozhikode]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical researchers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]<br /> [[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Biology]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society for Public Health]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala academics]]<br /> [[Category:Government Medical College, Kozhikode, alumni]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashok_Masti&diff=487921 2026-04-30T16:01:34Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Playback singer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Ashok Masti<br /> | image = Ashok Masti - 2019.jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Ashok Masti in 2019<br /> | birth_name = Ashok Sachdeva&lt;ref name=Toi&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ankur Batra |title=When singer Ashok Sachdeva became Mastie|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/when-singer-ashok-sachdeva-became-mastie/articleshow/63775358.cms |accessdate=31 October 2019 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date =<br /> | birth_place = [[Gidderbaha]],&lt;ref name=Toi/&gt; Punjab, India<br /> | genre =<br /> | occupation = {{flatlist|<br /> *Singer<br /> *Entertainer <br /> }}<br /> | years_active = 1994 {{ndash}} present<br /> | label =<br /> | associated_acts = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Amann Khuranaa |title=Ashok Masti: Yo Yo Honey Singh had a weird body shape<br /> |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Ashok-Masti-Yo-Yo-Honey-Singh-had-a-weird-body-shape/articleshow/50890810.cms |accessdate=31 October 2019 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Kuwar Virk]], Vaibhav Saxena, [[Millind Gaba]], [[Sachin Ahuja]], [[Jyotica Tangri]],Lalit Sen, [[Sachin Gupta]], Gurmeet Singh, Tejwant Kittu<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.ashokmastie.in}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ashok Masti''' is an Indian [[Playback singer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Ashok-Mastie-Noidas-party-scene-is-better-than-Delhi/articleshow/50077478.cms|title=Ashok Mastie: Noida's party scene is better than Delhi|last1=Abhimanyu Mathur|date=8 December 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Ashok-Masti-I-have-been-praying-for-Yo-Yo-Honey-Singhs-comeback/articleshow/50671875.cms|title=Ashok Masti- I have been-praying for Yo Yo Honey-Singhs comeback|last1=Amann Khuranaa|date=13 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=31 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is best known for his song &quot;Glassy&quot; featuring [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], which was first released in mid 2000s. The song was recreated as &quot;Khadke Glassy&quot;&lt;ref name=bhaskar&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bollywood/news/khadke-glassy-singer-ashok-mastie-interview-after-movie-jabriya-jodi-released-01613695.html|title=khadke glassy singer ashok mastie interview after movie jabriya jodi released|last1=Dainik Bhaskar|date=9 August 2019|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|accessdate=31 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; for the film ''[[Jabariya Jodi]]'' starring [[Parineeti Chopra]] &amp; [[Siddharth Malhotra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/punjabi-hit-thekeya-te-nit-kharke-to-be-remade-for-parineeti-chopra-s-jabariya-jodi-reports/story-sjVEMWXxgPWTZMW0VdfSwN.html|title=Punjabi hit Thekeya Te Nit Kharke to be remade for Parineeti Chopra's Jabariya Jodi: reports|last1=HT Correspondent|date=23 June 2019|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=31 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/check-out-reprised-khadke-glassy-holi-song-from-sidharth-malhotra-parineeti-chopra-starrer-jabariya-jodi-1502774536.html|title=Check out reprised 'Khadke Glassy' Holi song from Sidharth Malhotra, Parineeti Chopra starrer Jabariya Jodi|last1=SNS Web|date=6 July 2019|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|accessdate=31 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> His song &quot;Glassy-2&quot; has been nominated for the Best Punjabi Music Club Song of the Year Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=T8RtyNFhrHE&amp;feature=youtu.be|title=Best Club Song of the Year PTC Punjabi Music Awards 2016 Nominations PTC Punjabi|last=Ptc Punjabi|date=18 May 2016|publisher=|via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/revisiting-ashok-masties-magic-khadke-glassy-featuring-parineeti-chopra-and|title=Revisiting Ashok Mastie's magic with 'Khadke Glassy' featuring Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra|last1=TallyChakkar Team|date=7 August 2019|work=Tally Chakkr|accessdate=31 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ashok Masti is popularly known as Human Dynamo.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Masti hails from Gidderbaha in Sri Muktsar Sahib district, Punjab'''.'''&lt;ref name=Toi/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He started his career by singing on small stages in small towns, then he started doing theatre as well.&lt;ref name=Toi/&gt; He was in Chandigarh for a long time regarding theatre.&lt;ref name=yt&gt;{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/GOwP0cKFZIg|title=Ashok Mastie I Singer Full Official Interview Ptc Punjabi<br /> |last=PTC SUPERSTAR s|date=27 March 2015|publisher=|via=[[PTC Punjabi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then started doing concerts for the north cultural zone. Around the same time, he started doing concerts for Punjabi Academy, New Delhi.&lt;ref name=yt/&gt; From Chandigarh he started waving the audience in New Delhi, which made him settle in New Delhi.&lt;ref name=yt/&gt;<br /> Performing in numerous concerts in India and abroad, Masti has created a niche for himself in the world of music.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-ashok-masti-performs-in-meerut-18750703.html|title=Ashok Masti Performs in Meerut|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]<br /> |access-date=8 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; His song &quot;Nakhra Nawabi&quot; featuring [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] was released in 2015 and became an instant party hit. One of his songs, &quot;Khadke Glassy&quot;, produced by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], which also featured in the 2019 Bollywood movie ''[[Jabariya Jodi]]'', became a mega blockbuster globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nick-jonas-grooves-to-khadke-glassy-parineeti-chopra-says-he-did-better-than-sidharth-malhotra-and-her-1609090-2019-10-14|title=Nick Jonas grooves to Khadke Glassy. Parineeti Chopra says he did better than Sidharth Malhotra and her<br /> |website=[[India Today]]<br /> |date=13 October 2019<br /> |access-date=14 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bhaskar/&gt;<br /> In April 2020, Masti released a song &quot;Hausla Na Chhadin&quot; which featured 31 artists alongside him including [[Mika Singh]], [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Jasbir Jassi]] and [[Gurpreet Ghuggi|Gurpreet Guggi]], who came together on one platform to help motivate the nation in the time of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/ashok-mastie-unites-over-30-artistes-to-spread-message-about-covid-19-2592121.html|title=Ashok Mastie Unites Over 30 Artistes To Spread Message About Covid-19|website=News18|date=25 April 2020 |access-date=2020-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.ashokmastie.in}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Masti, Ashok}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi music]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male playback singers]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandula&diff=543551 2026-04-30T08:01:14Z

<p>Vidya1111: added basic info v1...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Southern Mizo chief (1825-1889)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Vandula<br /> | image = <br /> | title = Chief of Denlung&lt;br /&gt;{{lang|lus|Denlung Lal}}<br /> | caption = <br /> | succession = <br /> | reign = <br /> | coronation = <br /> | cor-type = <br /> | predecessor = Tlutpawrha<br /> | regent = <br /> | reg-type = <br /> | successor = Ropuiliani<br /> | suc-type = <br /> | birth_name = Vanpuiliana<br /> | birth_date = 1825<br /> | birth_place = Diarkhai&lt;br/&gt;Bawngthah<br /> | death_date = 1889<br /> | death_place = Denlung<br /> | spouse = [[Ropuiliani]]<br /> | spouse-type = Spouse<br /> | consort = <br /> | issue = Lalthuama<br /> | issue-link = <br /> | regnal name = <br /> | house = Sailo<br /> | father = Tlutpawrha<br /> | mother = Lalchhingvungi<br /> | religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]<br /> | type = chieftain<br /> | burial_date = <br /> | burial_place = <br /> | signature = <br /> | native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vandula''' (1825-1889; {{langx|en|Vandoolah}}) born '''Vanpuiliana''' was a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] chief of the Haulawng subclan of the Sailos. Vandula waged war with the Chin chief Zahuata and resisted the British during his lifetime.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Vandula was born as Vanpuiliana around 1825 to Chief Tlutpawrha of the Haulong subclan of the Sailos and his wife Lalchhingvungi. He is argued to have been born at Diarkhai or Bawngthah. He was the only son. Due to his reputation for a large belly, he gained the name Vandula. The British termed Vandula's family as the &quot;southern Howlongs&quot; under Tlutpawrha and his uncle's family, Lalrivunga, as the &quot;northern Howlongs&quot;.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=110}}<br /> <br /> His mother Lalchhingvungi died when Vandula was an infant, and he was raised by his stepmother Bawngkhawli.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=110}} Vandula gained four half-brothers, known as Vanhnuaichhana, Seipuia, Lalthangvunga, and Laluauva.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=110}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=168}}<br /> <br /> ==Chieftainship==<br /> Vandula married [[Ropuiliani]] the daughter of Chief [[Lalsavunga]] at [[Aizawl]].{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=111}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=168}} Vandula and Ropuiliani had six sons and two daughters. His sons were Savuta, Hrangphunga, Sangliana, Thanhulha, Dotawna and Lalthuama. His dauthers were Lalropuii and Darpuiliani. Following his marriaged, Tlutpawrha granted Vandula his own village was Chhiphir. Vandula moved his followers to Kawmzawl.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=111}}<br /> <br /> Vandula established a village at Aithur. This village was located close to the {{lang|lus|Pawis}} ([[Lai people|Lai]]). As a result several Daido villages were placed on hill tops led by prominent [[pasalṭha]]s. Vandula however left Aithur as the cultivation was finished quickly and the risk of a {{lang|lus|Pawi}} raids was too high.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=111}} In 1873, Vandula shifted to Hnathial. Vandula's prestige grew without enemies and being surrounded by blood kin chiefs in his vicinity. Vandula appointed Savuta as the ruler of a village, but he died. Hrangphunga was appointed to rule independently. His other sons, Sangliana and Dotawna, were assigned as satellite settlements for {{lang|lus|Pawi}} raids.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=112}}<br /> <br /> Vandula soon made a raid on a {{lang|lus|Lakher}} ([[Mara people|Mara]]) village known as Laki or Vaki on the Arracan border. The raid secured a brass bowl and a earthenware vase. However the articles were gifted to the Vaki chief from the Thlantang Chief Zahuata as a bridal gift for his daughter's marriage. Vandula refused to return the articles and Zahuata attacked a Lushai piquet and declared war against Vandula.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=112}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=7}}<br /> <br /> ==={{lang|lus|Bungkhaw Run}}===<br /> Vandula attacked Bungkhaw for revenge. In 1881, Vandula's men raised a Chin village and burnt it down. The Chins refused to acknowledge the defeat and kept up the fight and killed a notable {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}}. When Vandula's men were returning to the Lushai Hills, they were ambushed by a Chin volley. Some of the warriors survived as the rain washed away tracks of blood to trace them. As a result, Vandula was considered defeated. The war lasted as long as twelve years until peace was made in Darzo.<br /> <br /> ===Anglo-Lushai relations===<br /> In 1863, Sir [[Cecil Beadon]] instructed the British to induce diplomatic relations with the frontier tribes and to settle with their chiefs for peace. Captain Graham, the Superintendent of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, met with several chiefs to create binding peace agreements. Vandula, who represented the Haulawngs, signed the agreement alongside his brothers. Vandula sent an elephant trunk as a token of friendship with the British.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=114}}<br /> <br /> In 1870 the British attempted to lead an expedition to open communication routes to Cachar. Vandula depite his previous agreement refused access.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=114}} Following the final days of the [[Lushai Expedition]] and the recapture of [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)]], Vandula offered to submit to the British and surrender captives to Rothangpuia's village. Vandula however delayed this offer and [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] thus advocated for military retaliation. Lewin reached Seipuia's village with the 4th Gurkhas and the 27th Punjab Infantry and made an oath of friendship. Vandula, however, failed to meet with the British. Sangliana was sent instead and excused Vandula on account of poor health.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=116}} The force agreed to Sangliana submitting on Vandula's behalf and carried out all demands of the British.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=117}}<br /> <br /> In 1889 following the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], Vandula refused to cooperate with [[Charles Stewart Murray]]. In comparison, Seipuia cooperated with the British and ceded land for fortifications. Shakespear described Vandula as the &quot;consistent opponent of the British&quot;.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=169}}<br /> <br /> ==Later life==<br /> Vandula died in 1889 at Denlung. His sons had died before him with the exception of Lalthuama.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=118}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=169}} His wife Ropuiliani became a chieftainess who resisted British rule. Lalthuama was jailed with Ropuiliani. While Ropuiliani died, Lalthuama was released.{{sfn|Zorema|2010|p=118}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=169}}<br /> <br /> ==Genealogy==<br /> {{Rolura family tree}}<br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> *{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&amp;dq=mizo+chief&amp;pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=John| date=1912|title=The Lushei and Kuki Clans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNUKAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA2 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co., Limited}}<br /> *{{cite journal |last1=Zorema |first1=J. |title=Vandula |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |date=2010 |volume=XI |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2010/11/}}<br /> {{Lushai frontier}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1825 births]]<br /> [[Category:1889 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Southern Lushai chiefs]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951_census_of_India&diff=481771 2026-04-29T06:38:30Z

<p>Vidya1111: creating some stub w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox census<br /> | name = 1951 census of India<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | date = &lt;!--{{start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}--&gt;<br /> | population = 361,088,090<br /> | percent_change = 13.32%<br /> | region_type = state<br /> | most_populous = [[Uttar Pradesh]] (60,274,800)<br /> | least_populous = [[Sikkim]] (138,093)<br /> | previous_census = Census in British India<br /> | previous_year = Pre-independence<br /> | next_census = 1961 census of India<br /> | next_year = 1961<br /> }}<br /> The 1951 '''census of India''' was the ninth in a series of [[census of India|censuses]] held in [[India]] every decade since [[Census of India prior to independence|1872]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ancsdaap&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdf |title=Planning for the 2001 Census of India Based on the 1991 Census |author=M. Vijaynunni |work=18th Population Census Conference |date=26–29 August 1998 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii, USA |publisher=Association of National Census and Statistics Directors of America, Asia, and the Pacific |access-date=2013-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119080707/http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also the first census after independence and [[Partition of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu religions&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India's religions by numbers |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 August 2015 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1951 census was also the first census to be conducted under 1948 Census of India Act. The first census of the Indian Republic began on February 10, 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthis-day-feb-10-1951-first-census-in-indian-republic-begins-101644334090460.html|title=HT This Day: Feb 10, 1951 -- First Census In Indian Republic Begins|date=8 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The population of India was counted as 361,088,090 (1000:946 male:female)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/variation.aspx |title=Census of India: Variation in Population since 1901 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2018-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Total population increased by 42,427,510, 13.31% more than the 318,660,580 people counted during the 1941 census.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.isec.ac.in/List%20of%20Census%20Data%20in%20Microfiche%20(6).pdf |title=Census data |website=www.isec.ac.in }}&lt;/ref&gt; No census was done for [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1951 and its figures were interpolated from 1941 and 1961 state census.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Budget data |website=indiabudget.nic.in |access-date=2014-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-19 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[National Register of Citizens for Assam]] (NRC) was prepared soon after the census.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=National Register of Citizens in Assam: Issue of illegal foreigners continues to be a major political one |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 June 2015 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-register-of-citizens-in-assam-issue-of-illegal-foreigners-continues-to-be-a-major-political-one/articleshow/47657561.cms }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Assam: Overhaul of National Register of Citizens sparks controversy |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=30 June 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/assam-overhaul-of-national-register-of-citizens-sparks-controversy/story-O082SAiZUXEc9ZRWfpsvDO.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1951, at the time of the first population census, just 18% of Indians were literate while life expectancy was 32 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Shashi Shekhar |title=Despite stains, democracy has thrived in India |newspaper=livemint |date=13 August 2017 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/k6IhP0F5uWiOqEOerpwIZN/Despite-stains-democracy-has-thrived-in-India.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on 1951 census of displaced persons, 7,226,000 Muslims went to Pakistan (both [[West Pakistan|West]] and [[East Pakistan|East]] Pakistan) from India, while 7,249,000 Hindus and Sikhs moved to India from Pakistan (both [[West Pakistan|West]] and [[East Pakistan|East]] Pakistan).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Vivek Shukla |title=When Muslims left Pakistan for India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2017/aug/14/when-muslims-left-pakistan-for-india-1642817.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=14 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Language demographics==<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of India in 1951&lt;ref name=&quot;langs1951&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Jyotirindra |title=Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India |year=1970 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520015906 |page=47}}&lt;!--|access-date=29 December 2015 --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{nts|149944311}} |value1 = 42.01|color1 = orange<br /> |label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], {{nts|32999916}} |value2 = 9.24 |color2 = purple<br /> |label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], {{nts|27049522}} |value3 = 7.57 |color3 = lightgreen<br /> |label4 = [[Tamil Language|Tamil]], {{nts|26546764}} |value4 = 7.43 |color4 = royalblue<br /> |label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], {{nts|25121674}} |value5 = 7.03 |color5 = orchid<br /> |label6 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], {{nts|16310771}}<br /> |value6 = 4.57 |color6 = deeppink<br /> |label7 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]], {{nts|14471764}} |value7 = 4.05 |color7 = gold<br /> |label8 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], {{nts|13380109}} |value8 = 3.69 |color8 = turquoise<br /> |label9 = [[Odia language|Odia]], {{nts|13153909}} |value9 = 3.21 |color9 = red<br /> |label10 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], {{nts|4988226}}<br /> |value10 = 1.39 |color10 =indigo<br /> | other=on| other-label = others | other-color = ghostwhite<br /> |thumb = right<br /> }}<br /> Separate figures for Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi were not issued, due to the partition 1947 and fact that returns were intentionally recorded incorrectly in states such as [[East Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[PEPSU]], and [[Kahlur|Bilaspur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;langs1951&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Religious demographics==<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Major religious groups in India in 1951<br /> |label1 = [[Hinduism]], {{nts|303675084}} |value1 = 84.1|color1 = orange<br /> |label2 = [[Islam]], {{nts|35386633}} |value2 = 9.8 |color2 = green<br /> |label3 = [[Christianity]], {{nts|8305026}}|value3 = 2.3 |color3 = blue<br /> |label4 = [[Sikhism]], {{nts|6824565}}|value4 = 1.89 |color4 = gold<br /> |label5 = [[Buddhism]], {{nts|2672051}} |value5 = 0.74 |color5 = orchid<br /> |label6 = [[Animism]], others, {{nts|1552678}}|value6 = 0.46|color6 = red<br /> |label7 = [[Jainism]], {{nts|1661005}}|value7 = 0.43|color7 = purple<br /> |thumb = right<br /> }}<br /> In 1951, India had 305 million Hindus (84.1% of the population), 35.4 million Muslims (9.8%), 8.3 million Christians, (2.3%), and 6.86 million Sikhs, (1.9%).<br /> 1951 Indian census showed that there were 8.3 million Christians.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiadawn1951&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news |title=Muslims in Indian army |newspaper=Dawn |date=15 March 2010 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/842925/muslims-in-indian-army}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Hindus had made up about 73% of the population of [[British India]]. Just after independence and the [[partition of India]], the proportion of Hindus rose to around 85%.<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Census of India prior to independence]]<br /> * [[1891 census of India]]<br /> * [[Demographics of India]]<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{citation |last1=Ponnapalli |first1=Krishna Murthy |last2=Ram |first2=Faujdar |title=Religious taxonomy of states |url=http://www.iipsindia.org/pdf/IIPS%20Working%20Paper%20No.2.pdf |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |date=July 2010 |location=Mumbai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004022838/http://www.iipsindia.org/pdf/IIPS%20Working%20Paper%20No.2.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{citation |chapter=Table 1.8: Population of India by Religion |publisher=Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment, Government of India |title=Handbook on Social Welfare Statistics 2007 |chapter-url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/tab18.pdf |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/pub.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080006/http://socialjustice.nic.in/pub.php |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{citation |title=History of Indian Census |publisher=Office of The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, Government of India |date=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Indian_perceptive_link/History_link/censushistory.htm}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/}}<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1951-26575929/ Census Reports – 1951], South Asia Open Archives, JSTOR.<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36936/page/n1/mode/2up Census of India, 1951, Volume 1, Part 1-A – Report], Registrar General, India and ex-officio Census Commissioner for India, via archive.org.<br /> <br /> {{Census of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Political history of India]]<br /> [[Category:Censuses in India]]<br /> [[Category:1951 in India]]<br /> [[Category:1951 censuses|India]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nachom&diff=519738 2026-04-28T23:18:56Z

<p>Vidya1111: Adding new details added tags.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Posy of flowers worn by Meitei women}}<br /> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Nachom or Nachomlei - a traditional small bouquet or posy made of selective flowers, used mainly by women of the Meitei community - in Kangleipak (Manipur).jpg|thumb|Nachom or Nachomlei, a Meitei traditional small bouquet or posy]]<br /> <br /> '''Nachom''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯥꯆꯣꯝ}}||ear sprout}}), also known as ''nachomlei'' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯥꯆꯣꯝꯂꯩ}}) or lei nachom ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯩ ꯅꯥꯆꯣꯝ}}||flower ear sprout}}),&lt;ref&gt;Singh, Moirangthem Kirti (1993). Folk Culture of Manipur. Manas Publications. p. 247. ISBN 978-81-7049-063-0.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;surmangol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=H. Surmangol|year=2006|title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/sharma/|access-date=2025-06-27|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|location=Chicago|language=en, mni|publication-place=USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{r|surmangol|p=102}}{{r|surmangol|p=178}} is a traditional small bouquet or posy worn by [[Meitei community|Meitei]] women in [[Manipur]], a state in [[Northeast India]]. It holds cultural, religious, and romantic significance in [[Meitei civilization]] and continues to be a part of rituals, [[Meitei festivals|festivals]], and traditional attire.&lt;ref&gt;Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (2020-11-25). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, Lamabam Damodar (2000). L. Kamal Singh. Sahitya Akademi. p. 56. ISBN 978-81-260-0856-8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bhubol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nachom Nachomlei flowers used traditionally by Meitei By S Bhubol|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Nachom_Nachomlei_flowers_used_traditionally_by_Meitei_By_S_Bhubol|access-date=2025-06-27|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The Meitei word '''ꯅꯥꯆꯣꯝ (nāchom)''' comes from ''nā'' (ear) and ''chom'' (to sprout or grow), referring to a floral ornament worn near the ear.<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> A ''nachom'' is a small bunch of local flowers, often placed behind the ears, in the braid, or on the tips of the hair by [[Meitei women]]. The tradition is believed to be very old, dating back to the first-century reign of [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]] , the first recorded king of [[Kangleipak]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bhubol&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naresh |first=Huirem |date=2019-07-29 |title=&quot;NACHOM/ NACHOMLEI&quot; (A small posy composed of selective flowers used traditionally by Meitei Community) |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/nachom-nachomlei-a-small-posy-composed-of-selective-flowers-used-traditionally-by-meitei-community/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There is also a mythological connection to Goddess [[Nongthang Leima]], believed to be an incarnation of [[Panthoibi]], a major [[Meitei goddess]]. According to legends, these goddesses wore flowers as adornments, which inspired the Nachom tradition.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhubol&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imp&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While Nachoms are a rich cultural tradition, their use has been declining due to modern influences and lifestyle changes. Still, the tradition continues in festivals, rituals, and among those who strive to preserve Meitei cultural identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;bhubol&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religious and ritual use ==<br /> According to [[Meitei mythology]], nachoms were first used by the seven goddesses (Lai Nurabi Taret) and the nine gods (Laibungdou Mapan) under the guidance of the supreme creator [[Sitapa Mapu]]. These flowers were part of the cosmic dance that led to the creation of plants, animals, and human beings.<br /> This divine origin is still honored in festivals like [[Lai Haraoba]], and in rituals like Ima Taret Laikhuramba, where seven kinds of red flowers are offered to goddesses. Nachoms are worn by [[Maibi]]s (priestesses).&lt;ref name=&quot;bhubol&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imp&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Composition and symbolism ==<br /> {{Further|Language of flowers}}<br /> In traditional activities like ''likon sanaba'' (a board game),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Luhar |first1=Sahdev |title=Folklore Studies in India: Critical Regional Responses |date=25 February 2023 |publisher=N. S. Patel (Autonomous) Arts College, Anand |isbn=978-81-955008-4-0 |page=365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGxEAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nachoms were used by young women to silently communicate their feelings to young men.<br /> <br /> A nachom usually includes 1-5 different flowers, each of which carries a specific meaning. Dropping a specific flower could mean accepting or rejecting a romantic proposal. Some examples include:&lt;ref name=&quot;bhubol&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imp&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Tagetes erecta|Marigold]] ({{langx|mni|sanarei}}){{r|surmangol|p=190}} - acceptance of love; dedication to a man even over family care.<br /> * [[Safflower]] ({{langx|mni|kusumle}})- living under strict family rules; not open to romance.<br /> * [[Rose]] ({{langx|mni|atal gulap}}) - total love and dedication to someone.<br /> * [[Ginger lily]] ({{langx|mni|takhellei}}) - freshness, vitality, and completeness.<br /> * ''[[Dendrobium chrysanthum]]'' ({{langx|mni|khongul melei}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mohen |first1=Naorem |title=Khongum Melei: The Flower of Unity Between Meitei and Shan |url=https://themanipurjournal.com/khongum-melei-the-flower-of-unity-between-meitei-and-shan/ |website=The Manipur Journal |access-date=1 July 2025 |date=30 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; - sharing personal history before starting a relationship.<br /> * [[Globe amaranth]] ({{langx|mni|petruk lei}}) - humble background; asks for care and attention.<br /> * [[Champak]] ({{langx|mni|leihao}}){{r|surmangol|p=179}} - independence; a widow wearing champak signifies loyalty to her late husband.<br /> * [[Ceylon ironwood]] ({{langx|mni|nageshor}}) - strong, single, and self-sustained woman uninterested in romantic affairs.<br /> <br /> [[File:ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯅꯤꯡꯉꯣꯜ.jpg|thumb|A Meitei lady holding a nachom bouquet]]<br /> <br /> There is also symbolic placement:<br /> <br /> * Married women wear nachom on the right ear.<br /> * Unmarried women wear it on the left ear.<br /> * Flowers worn on the ears can be given as gifts to others, but those on the braid or hair are considered personal and are not gifted.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Plants in Meitei culture]]<br /> * [[Lai Haraoba in Bangladesh]]<br /> * [[Lai Haraoba in Myanmar]]<br /> * [[Lai Haraoba in Tripura]]<br /> * [[Kwatha Lai Haraoba]]<br /> * [[Women in Meitei civilisation]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Bangladesh|Feminism|India|Myanmar|Plants|Women}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Meitei mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Meitei folklore]]<br /> [[Category:Flowers in culture]]<br /> [[Category:Flowers in religion]]<br /> [[Category:Sanamahism]]<br /> [[Category:Floristry]]<br /> [[Category:Fashion accessories]]<br /> [[Category:Meitei clothing]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radhabinod_Pal&diff=527931 2026-04-24T19:14:29Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Bangladeshi judge (1886–1967)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{infobox person<br /> | name = Radhabinod Pal<br /> | image = Radhabinod Pal 1947 extracted.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1886|01|27}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kushtia District|Salimpur]], [[Nadia district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]&lt;br/&gt; <br /> (present day in [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], Bangladesh)&lt;ref name=&quot;banglapedia&quot; /&gt;<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1967|01|10|1886|01|27}}<br /> | death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India&lt;ref name=&quot;banglapedia&quot;/&gt;<br /> | resting_place = <br /> | occupation = [[Jurist]]<br /> | known_for = [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East|Tokyo Trial]]<br /> | education = {{ubl| [[Rajshahi College]]|[[Presidency University, Kolkata]]|[[Hazra Law College]], [[University of Calcutta]]}}<br /> | awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]]<br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Nalini Bala Pal|1907}}<br /> | children = 14<br /> | relatives = [[Satyabrata Pal]] (grandson) [[Debi Prasad Pal]] (son-in-law)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Radhabinod Pal''' (27 January 1886 – 10 January 1967) was an Indian jurist who was a member of the [[United Nations]]' [[International Law Commission]] from 1952 to 1966. Pal was one of three Asian judges appointed to the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]], the &quot;Tokyo Trials&quot; of [[Japanese war crime]]s committed during the [[Second World War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Outlines of Bangladeshi Legal and Constitutional History|first=M.P.|last=Jain|year=2006 |edition=6th|publisher=Wadhwa &amp; Co|place=Nagpur|isbn=978-81-8038-264-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among all the judges of the tribunal, he was the only one who submitted a judgement which insisted all defendants were not guilty. The [[Yasukuni Shrine]] and the [[Kyoto Ryozen Gokoku Shrine]] have monuments specially dedicated to Pal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Commentary on the Constitution of India|first=Durga Das|last=Basu|year=2007|edition=8th|publisher=Wadhwa &amp; Co|place=Nagpur|isbn=978-81-8038-479-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=July 2019}}<br /> Radhabinod Pal was born in 1886 in the village of Salimpur, [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], then part of undivided [[Nadia district]] in [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) into a [[Bengali Hindu]] [[Vaishnavite]] family. He passed the Entrance Examination in 1903, and F.A. Examination in 1905 from [[Rajshahi College]] with distinctions. Radhabinod Pal took his BA Honors (1907) and MA (1908) in Mathematics from the [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College]], Calcutta. Pal worked as a clerk at the Allahabad Accountant General Office before he took his BL degree in 1911. Pal later served as a lecturer in Mathematics at the [[Ananda Mohan College, Mymensingh]]. Alongside his teaching, Pal also practised law at the Mymensingh Bar. While in [[Mymensingh]], Pal further stretched his legal qualifications by obtaining the LLM degree (1920) from Calcutta University. He stood First in the First Class. Pal then moved to Calcutta to build a legal career in the High Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;banglapedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pal,_Justice_Radhabinod|title=Pal, Justice Radhabinod |website=Banglapedia|access-date=22 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He studied mathematics and constitutional law at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta (now Kolkata)]], and the [[Department of Law, University of Calcutta|Law College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]].<br /> <br /> Pal was a major contributor to the formulation of the Indian Income Tax Act of 1922.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=C.H. |date=July 1952 |title=International Law in India |journal=The International and Comparative Law Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=289–300 |doi=10.1093/iclqaj/1.Pt3.289 |issn=0020-5893}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[British Raj|British Government of India]] appointed Pal as a legal advisor in 1927. He worked as professor at the Law College of the [[University of Calcutta]] from 1923 till 1936. Pal became a judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]] in 1941 and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta in 1944.<br /> <br /> He was asked to represent British India as a member of the tribunal of judges officiating at the Tokyo Trials in 1946. In deliberations with judges from 10 other countries, Pal was highly critical of the prosecution's use of the legal concept of conspiracy in the context of pre-war decisions by Japanese officials. He also maintained that the tribunal should not retrospectively apply (''[[nulla poena sine lege]]'') the new concept of Class A [[war crime]]s – waging aggressive (also known as [[crimes against peace]]) – and [[crimes against humanity]] (that had already been used ''[[ex post facto]]'' at the [[Nuremberg Trials]]). Hence Pal dissented from the tribunal's verdicts of guilt in the cases of defendants charged with Class A war crimes. His reasoning also influenced the judges representing the Netherlands and France, and all three of these judges issued [[dissenting opinion]]s. However, under the rules of the tribunal, all verdicts and sentences were decided by a [[majority opinion|majority]] of the presiding judges.<br /> [[File:Family tree final May 2025.jpg|thumb|A family tree of Radhabinod Pal. (Source: Madhumita Roy, née Pal, granddaughter of Radhabinod Pal.){{citation needed|date=August 2021}}]]<br /> <br /> ==War crimes trial dissent==<br /> While finding that &quot;the [[evidence]] is still overwhelming that atrocities were perpetrated by the members of the Japanese armed forces against the civilian population of some of the territories occupied by them as also against the prisoners of war&quot;, he produced a judgement questioning the legitimacy of the [[tribunal]] and its rulings. He held the view that the legitimacy of the tribunal was suspect and questionable, because the spirit of retribution, and not impartial justice, was the underlying criterion for passing the judgement.<br /> <br /> He concluded:<br /> {{blockquote|I would hold that each and every one of the accused must be found not guilty of each and every one of the charges in the indictment and should be acquitted on all those charges.&lt;ref&gt;p. 697 PDF http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/65_S4.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Judge Pal never intended to offer a juridical argument on whether a sentence of not guilty would have been a correct one. However, he argued that the United States had clearly provoked the war with Japan and expected Japan to act.&lt;ref&gt;Zinn, Howard (2015). A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present. p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt; He argued that &quot;Even contemporary historians could think that 'as for the present war, the Principality of Monaco, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, would have taken up arms against the United States on receipt of such a note ([[Hull note]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hull Note&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |last=Hull<br /> |first=Cordell |author-link=Cordell Hull<br /> |title=Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement between the United States and Japan<br /> |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/timeline/411126bpw.html<br /> |work=Peace and War, United States Foreign Policy 1931–1941<br /> |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|US Govt. Printing Office]]<br /> |location=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]<br /> |access-date=1 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;) as the State Department sent the Japanese Government on the eve of Pearl Harbor'.&quot; He also noted that &quot;Questions of law are not decided in an intellectual quarantine area in which legal doctrine and the local history of the dispute alone are retained and all else is forcibly excluded. We cannot afford to be ignorant of the world in which disputes arise.&quot;<br /> <br /> In his lone dissent, Judge Pal refers to the trial as a &quot;sham employment of legal process for the satisfaction of a thirst for revenge&quot;. According to [[Norimitsu Onishi]], while he fully acknowledged Japan's war atrocities – including the [[Nanjing massacre]] – he said they were covered in the Class B and Class C trials.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/31/world/asia/31memo.html | work=The New York Times | title=Decades After War Trials, Japan Still Honors a Dissenting Judge | first=Norimitsu | last=Onishi | date=31 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Judge Pal noted, &quot;I might mention in this connection that even the published accounts of Nanking 'rape' could not be accepted by the world without some suspicion of exaggeration...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nankingatrocities.net/Tribunals/imtfe_01.htm |title=International Military Tribunal for the Far East |access-date=22 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163842/http://www.nankingatrocities.net/Tribunals/imtfe_01.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source needed|date=March 2024|reason=Self published blog}}<br /> <br /> Furthermore, he believed that the exclusion of Western colonialism and the use of the [[atom bomb]] by the United States from the list of crimes, as well as the exclusion of judges from the vanquished nations on the bench, signified the &quot;failure of the Tribunal to provide anything other than the opportunity for the victors to retaliate.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking&quot;, by [[Timothy Brook (historian)|Timothy Brook]], ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', August 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Pal wrote that the Tokyo Trials were an exercise in victor's justice and that the Allies were equally culpable in acts such as strategic bombings of civilian targets. Regardless of his personal opinions about Japan, he deemed it appropriate to dissent from the judgement of his &quot;learned brothers&quot; to embody his love for absolute truth and justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;article&quot; /&gt; In this he was not alone among Indian jurists of the time; one prominent Calcutta barrister wrote that the Tribunal was little more than &quot;a sword in a wig&quot;.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} In general, fear of American nuclear power was an international phenomenon following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<br /> <br /> {{quote box<br /> | width = 50%<br /> | align = center<br /> | quote = When time shall have softened passion and prejudice, when Reason shall have stripped the mask from misrepresentation, then Justice, holding evenly her scales, will require much of past censure and praise to change places.<br /> | source = — ''Pal quoting [[Jefferson Davis]] in the conclusion of the dissent''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The American occupation of Japan ended in 1952, after Tokyo signed the [[San Francisco Peace Treaty]] and accepted the Tokyo trials' verdict. The end of the occupation also lifted a ban on the publication of Judge Pal's 1,235-page dissent, which Japanese patriots used as the basis of their argument that the Tokyo trials were biased.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;article&quot;&gt;Timothy Brook, &quot;The Tokyo Judgment and the Rape of Nanking&quot;, ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', Vol. 60, No.3 (Aug 2001), pp. 673–700.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf |title=Researching War Crimes |access-date=20 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190336/http://www.archives.gov/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In academic context, it has since generally been argued that the underlying aim of the trials was to shift blame from Emperor [[Hirohito]] to Prime Minister [[Hideki Tojo]] as the culprit of the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Bix<br /> | first = Herbert<br /> | author-link = Herbert Bix<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | title = Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan<br /> | publisher = Perennial<br /> <br /> | title-link = Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Dower<br /> | first = John<br /> | title = Embracing Defeat<br /> | year = 1999<br /> <br /> | title-link = Embracing Defeat<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kumao Toyoda 豊田隈雄, ''Sensô saiban yoroku''『戦争裁判余録』, Taiseisha Kabushiki Kaisha, 泰生社 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Psychologist and cultural critic [[Ashis Nandy]], as well as other scholars, have argued that Judge Pal's lone dissenting opinion, that the Japanese soldiers were only following orders and that the acts committed by them weren't illegal in an indictable sense, was because of &quot;his long exposure to the traditional laws of India&quot;, combined with a sense of &quot;Asian solidarity&quot; within the &quot;larger Afro-Asian context of nationalism&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;article&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Arghya |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Sneharshi |title=Look East |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/look-east-two-bengalis-and-their-asianist-world-views/cid/2143641 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Significance in Indo-Japanese relations===<br /> [[File:Statues in Kolkata High Court. 11.jpg|thumb|Statue of Radhabinod Pal in Calcutta High Court]]<br /> {{Further|Indo-Japanese relations}}<br /> In 1966, Pal visited Japan and said in a speech that he had admired Japan from an early age for being the only Asian nation that &quot;stood up against the West&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;article&quot; /&gt; The Emperor of Japan conferred upon Pal the First Class of the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]]. Pal is revered by Japanese nationalists and a monument dedicated to him stands on the grounds of the [[Yasukuni Shrine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP23909120070824?pageNumber=2 | title=Embattled Japan PM woos back conservatives | date=24 August 2007 | work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; The monument was erected after Pal's death.<br /> <br /> Judge Pal's dissent is frequently mentioned by Indian diplomats and political leaders in the context of Indo-Japanese friendship and solidarity. For example, on 29 April 2005 Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] referred to it as follows, in his remarks at a banquet in New Delhi in honour of the visiting Japanese Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]]:<br /> {{blockquote|It is a noteworthy fact that though we have gone through various phases in our relationship, in times of difficulty, we have stood by each other. It is important to recall that India refused to attend the [[Treaty of San Francisco|San Francisco Peace Conference]] in 1951 and [[Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India|signed a separate Peace Treaty]] with Japan in 1952&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1952/chap66.htm|title=chapter 66|access-date=22 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;This, [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Nehru]] felt, gave to Japan a proper position of honour and equality among the community of free nations. In that Peace Treaty, India waived all reparation claims against Japan. The dissenting judgement of Judge Radhabinod Pal is well-known to the Japanese people and will always symbolise the affection and regard our people have for your country.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=114 http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=114] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212010734/http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=114 |date=12 December 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> On 14 December 2006, Singh made a speech in the [[Diet of Japan|Japanese Diet]]. He stated:<br /> {{blockquote|The principled judgment of Judge Radhabinod Pal after the War is remembered even today in Japan. Ladies and Gentlemen, these events reflect the depth of our friendship and the fact that we have stood by each other at critical moments in our history.&lt;ref name=&quot;speech&quot;&gt;Embassy of India in Japan; [http://www.embassyofindiajapan.org/word/2006primeminister/Diet_Speech_eng.doc Prime Minister's speech to the Japanese Diet] on 14 December 2006 (Doc file)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> On 23 August 2007, Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]] met with Pal's son, Prasanta, in Kolkata, during his day-long visit to the city. Prasanta Pal, now an octogenarian, presented prime minister Abe with four photographs of his father, of which two photographs were of Radhabinod Pal with Abe's grandfather, former Prime Minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]]. They chatted for half an hour at a city hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-29108320070823?pageNumber=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110184151/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-29108320070823?pageNumber=1 | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 November 2017 | title=Abe risks ire by meeting son of Indian judge | date=23 August 2007 | work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Pal married Smt. Nalini Bala in 1907 and was the father of nine daughters (Shanti Rani, Asha Rani, Leela Rani, Bela Rani, Nilima, Roma Rani, Renu Kana, Lakshmi Rani and Smriti Kana) and five sons (Prasanta Kumar, Pradyot Kumar, Pronab Kumar, Pratip Bijoy and Pratul Kumar). One son, Pronab Kumar Pal, also became a lawyer (a barrister), as did his two sons-in-law, Balai Lal Pal (with whom he co-authored a book&lt;ref&gt;The Law of Income Tax in British India&lt;/ref&gt;) and [[Debi Prasad Pal]] (who also served as a judge of the Calcutta High Court and Indian Minister of State for Finance).<br /> <br /> ==State honours==<br /> *{{flag|India}}:<br /> **[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Padma Vibhushan]]<br /> *{{flag|Japan}}:<br /> **[[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 1Class BAR.svg|50px]] [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]] 1st Class<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> <br /> He was portrayed by [[Suresh Oberoi]] in the 1998 Japanese film [[Pride (1998 film)|''Pride'']]. In the 2016 miniseries ''[[Tokyo Trial (miniseries)|Tokyo Trial]]'', Pal is portrayed by Indian actor [[Irrfan Khan]].<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{cite book|title=International Military Tribunal for the Far East: Dissentient Judgment of Justice Pal|publisher=Kokusho|location=Tokyo|date=1999|first=Radhabinod|last=Pal|url=http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/65_S4.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024244/http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/65_S4.pdf|archivedate=16 July 2011}} Reprinted from: {{cite book|chapter=Judgment of the Member from India|first=Radhabinod|last=Pal|author-link=Radhabinod Pal|title=The Tokyo Judgment. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (I.M.T.F.E.), 29 April 1946-12 November 1948, Volume 2|editor-last1=Röling|editor-first1=B. V. A.|editor-link1=Bert Röling|editor-last2=Rüter|editor-first2=C. F.|publisher=University Press Amsterdam|date=1977}}<br /> * Nandy, Ashish. The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves. Delhi; London: OUP, 1995. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1995.<br /> * Pal, Radhabinod. &quot;In Defense of Japan's Case 1 &amp; Case 2&quot;, Kenkyusha Modern English Readers 17, Kenkyusha Syuppan Co., Tokyo, Japan.<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Nakazato(中里)<br /> | first = Nariaki(成章)<br /> | year = 2011<br /> | title = Judge Pal: International Military Tribunal for the Far East and Indian nationalism<br /> | publisher=[[Iwanami Shoten, Publishers]]<br /> | isbn = 9784004312932<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Pal |first1=Radhabinod |last2=Pal |first2=Balai Lal |title=The Law of Income Tax in British India |date=1940 |publisher=Eastern Law House |location=Calcutta |edition=First |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22312 |access-date=5 July 2018}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=David |title=The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal: Law, History, and Jurisprudence |last2=Totani |first2=Yuma |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2018 |doi=10.1017/9781316348659|isbn=978-1-316-34865-9 }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Nakazato |first=Nariaki |title=Neonationalist Mythology in Postwar Japan: Pal's Dissenting Judgment at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |year=2016 |series=AsiaWorld}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Totani |first=Yuma |title=The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2009}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Ushimura |first=Kei |title=Beyond the &quot;Judgment of Civilization&quot;: The Intellectual Legacy of the Japanese War Crimes Trials, 1946–1949 |publisher=International House Japan |year=2003}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK_gJ1AlI2I Justice Radhabinod Pal, Rash behari and Netaji are still respected in Japan: Sushma Swaraj]<br /> * [http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/65_S3.pdf Judge Pal's Profile]<br /> * [http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/65_S4.pdf Complete Dissentient Judgment of Justice Pal]<br /> * [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/31/world/asia/31memo.html?ex=1346299200&amp;en=005794f37666dd1a&amp;ei=5124&amp;partner=permalink&amp;exprod=permalink Decades After War Trials, Japan Still Honors a Dissenting Judge (Japanese Honor Judge Pal)]<br /> * [https://justiceradhabinodp.wixsite.com/justiceradhabinodpal A website with photos, videos and documents on Justice Radhabinod Pal]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}<br /> {{University of Calcutta Vice chancellors}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Japan|Law|Biography}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Radhabinod}}<br /> [[Category:1886 births]]<br /> [[Category:1967 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriates in Japan]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]<br /> [[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta]]<br /> [[Category:Judges of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East]]<br /> [[Category:India–Japan relations]]<br /> [[Category:People from Taragunia]]<br /> [[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]<br /> [[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]<br /> [[Category:Indian judges of international courts and tribunals]]<br /> [[Category:Rajshahi College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Kushtia High School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Lawyers from Kushtia]]<br /> [[Category:Academics from Kushtia]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjeev_Kumar_(politician,_born_1979)&diff=532763 2026-04-23T06:00:47Z

<p>Vidya1111: added the biography initial version...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (Bihar)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Dr Sanjeev Kumar<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = Dr Sanjeev Kumar,Former Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from Parbatta constituency<br /> | birth_name = Sanjeev Kumar<br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Parbatta Assembly constituency]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Parbatta]]<br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | other_party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]&lt;br /&gt;(2005–3 October 2025)<br /> | party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (3 October 2025–present)<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|11|08|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Khagaria]], Bihar, India<br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | occupation = [[Physician|Doctor]], [[Politician]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[MBBS]], [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2020<br /> | term_end1 = 2025<br /> | successor1 = [[Babulal Shorya]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dr Sanjeev Kumar''' (born 8 November 1979) is an Indian politician from Bihar. He was a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=hi:तीसरी बार गिरा गंगा पर बन रहा पूल, सुनिए विधायक संजीव कुमार की जुबानी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur/sultanganj-aguani-bridge-collapsed-for-third-time-mla-dr-sanjeev-kumar-raised-questions-on-principal-secretary-pratyaya-amrit/articleshow/112586189.cms |language=hi |access-date=26 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=hi:JDU MLA Sanjeev Kumar ने Ashok Choudhary को कहा कोई वैल्यू नहीं है, भूमिहारों का ठेका ले लिए है क्या? गुलाम मत समझना |url=https://news4nation.com/news/cm-nitish-s-mla-asked-hey-ashok-chaudhary-who-is-the-person-distributing-tickets-these-are-cheaters-what-will-not-happen-to-congress-what-will-happen-to-our-party-270627 |language=hi |access-date=26 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won from [[Parbatta Assembly constituency]] in [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]] district representing [[Janata Dal (United)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=hi:अमेरिका में सम्मानित किए गए CM नीतीश के विधायक डा. संजीव कुमार, उद्योगपतियों को बिहार आने के लिए किया आमंत्रित |trans-title=CM Nitish Kumar MLA Dr. Sanjeev Kumar honored in America, invited industrialists to come to Bihar |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/khagaria-cm-nitish-kumar-mla-dr-sanjeev-kumar-honored-in-america-23147390.html |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=आम जनता की समस्याओं को समाधान करने को हैं तत्पर: डॉ संजीव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-dr-sanjeev-kumar-inaugurates-new-school-and-road-projects-in-kolwara-khagaria-201749161509034.html |work=Live Hindustan |date=6 June 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=गुणवत्तापूर्ण हो बांध का सुदृढ़ीकरण कार्य: डॉ संजीव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-parbatta-mla-dr-sanjeev-kumar-inspects-flood-preparedness-and-strengthening-works-in-key-dams-201751238758655.html |work=Live Hindustan |date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ruchir |title='Frequent transfers of bureaucrats obstruct development work' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/frequent-transfers-of-bureaucrats-obstruct-development-work-101720552716257.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 July 2025 |access-date=6 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=hi:बिहार चुनाव 2025: 'SIR' को लेकर JDU विधायक संजीव कुमार ने दिया बड़ा बयान |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/jdu-mla-sanjeev-kumar-on-sir-in-bihar-election-2025-bihar-news-brs25072305156 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=ETV Bharat |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=जदयू विधायक डॉ. संजीव कुमार SIR (विशेष मतदाता पुनरीक्षण) के तरीके, खासकर टाइमिंग पर भड़के। |url=https://dainik.bhaskar.com/aoZCE5EEiVb |date=26 July 2025 |language=hi |work=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=26 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bhumihar community to rally in Patna on August 17, demand Bharat Ratna for Sri Krishna Singh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/04/bhumihar-community-to-rally-in-patna-on-august-17-demand-bharat-ratna-for-sri-krishna-singh |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 August 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ईडब्लूएस कैटेगरी को उम्र की छूट मिले : डॉ संजीव |url=https://dainik.bhaskar.com/ecB62T8BDWb |website=दैनिक भास्कर |publisher=DB Corp |date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-09-14<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news<br /> |title=राज्यपाल से मिल विधायक ने गैरमजरूआ खास व टोपोलैंड मुद्दे को उठाया |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/patna/news/xyz-article-id |newspaper=दैनिक भास्कर |date=2025-09-14 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ruling JD(U) MLA joins RJD just ahead of Bihar election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/ruling-jdu-mla-sanjeev-kumar-joins-rjd-in-bihar/article70121791.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=hi:खगड़िया में 29 करोड़ की लागत से बनेगा मॉडर्न अस्पताल: नयागांव शिरोमणी ढाला में क्रिटिकल केयर ब्लॉक का भूमिपूजन संपन्न |url=https://dainik.bhaskar.com/K2GfBejUQYb |work=दैनिक भास्कर |language=hi |access-date=26 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Kumar was born in [[Patna]], Bihar. His father Ramanand Prasad Singh was a five-time MLA from Patbatta and also served as Transport Minister in the [[Nitish Kumar]] government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election 2010 |url=https://khagaria.nic.in/assembly-election-2010/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liquor ban has failed completely in Bihar: JD-U MLA Sanjeev Kumar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/liquor-ban-has-failed-completely-in-bihar-jd-u-mla-sanjeev-kumar-1503138297.html/amp |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=m.rediff.com |date=13 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed his [[MB BS]] at King Edward Memorial Hospital and [[Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]]. He runs a diagnostic center in [[Patna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Sanjiv Kumar(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))):(Local Authorities) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/biharmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=246 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Kumar won as an MLA for the first time [[Parbatta Assembly constituency]] in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |script-title=hi:शिक्षा मंत्री के विवादित बयान से भड़के JDU विधायक:खगड़िया के परबत्ता MLA डॉ. संजीव ने दी इस्लाम धर्म अपनाने की नसीहत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/khagaria/news/jdu-mla-enraged-by-controversial-statement-of-education-minister-khagarias-parbatta-mla-dr-sanjeev-advised-to-convert-to-islam-130801301.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, he inaugurated several projects in Gogri Jamalpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=परबत्ता विधायक डॉ. संजीव कुमार ने गोगरी जमालपुर में नगर परिषद् द्वारा आरएन सिंह अतिथि गृह और कई सड़कों का उद्घाटन किया |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-parbatta-mla-sanjeev-kumar-inaugurates-rn-singh-guest-house-and-new-roads-in-gogari-jamalpur-201728588720610.html |website=Live Hindustan |language=hi |date=13 October 2024 |access-date=13 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also pushed for action against Rodic Limited for failing to fulfill its responsibilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=रोडिक लिमिटेड पर कार्रवाई हो, इसने जिम्मेदारी नहीं निभाई: डॉ. संजीव |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/action-should-be-taken-against-rodic-limited-it-did-not-fulfill-its-responsibility-dr-sanjeev-133822218.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=18 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was vocal about the broken part of the Agwani Ghat-Sultanganj bridge and submitted a memorandum to the CM for reconstruction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=अगुवानी घाट-सुल्तानगंज पुल के टूटे भाग के निर्माण को सीएम को ज्ञापन सौंपा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/a-memorandum-was-submitted-to-the-cm-for-the-construction-of-the-broken-part-of-the-agwani-ghat-sultanganj-bridge-134029805.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also urged the Chief Minister to expedite construction of the Agwani Ghat-Sultanganj bridge, emphasizing its importance for connectivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=जदयू विधायक ने मुख्यमंत्री से अगुवानी घाट-सुल्तानगंज पुल बनवाने का आग्रह किया |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/jdu-mla-urged-the-chief-minister-to-build-agwani-ghat-sultanganj-bridge-134882917.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=April 22, 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; He emphasized naming Bettiah Medical College after Maharani Janaki Kunwar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=बेतिया मेडिकल कॉलेज का नाम महारानी जानकी कुंवर पर हो |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bettiah/news/bettiah-medical-college-should-be-named-after-maharani-janaki-kunwar-134030429.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kumar actively participated in the JDU State Executive meeting, advocating for the return of the Nitish Kumar government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bihar Politics: जेडीयू की राज्य कार्यकारिणी की बैठक में हुआ तय, फिर नीतीश सरकार लानी है: डॉक्टर संजीव कुमार |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/politics/it-was-decided-in-meeting-of-jdu-state-executive-nitish-government-to-be-brought-said-dr-sanjeev-kumar/2460424 |website=Zee News |language=hi |date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also questioned the allocation of prominent posts to those who spoke against Bhumihars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=भूमिहारों के खिलाफ बोलने वाले को जदयू का बड़ा पद देना दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण: डॉ. संजीव |url=https://dainik.bhaskar.com/9mZesAtfsNb |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=6 October 2024 |access-date=6 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=JDU MLA backs Yogi model to tame criminals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-mla-backs-yogi-model-to-tame-criminals/articleshow/119124923.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EWS candidates should get 5 years relaxation in age limit: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar |url=https://news4nation.com/bihar/khagaria/ews-candidates-should-get-5-years-relaxation-in-age-limit-577028 |website=News4Nation |language=en |date=15 March 2025 |access-date=29 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bihar News: खगड़िया पहुंचे नेता प्रतिपक्ष तेजस्वी यादव, जदयू विधायक संजीव कुमार के पिता और पूर्व मंत्री रामानंद प्रसाद सिंह को दी श्रद्धांजलि |url=https://news4nation.com/bihar/khagaria/tejashwi-yadav-paid-tribute-to-former-minister-ramanand-prasad-singh-226415 |website=News4Nation |date=2025-05-22 |access-date=2025-05-23 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sanjeev}}<br /> [[Category:1979 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]<br /> [[Category:People from Khagaria district]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vettuvan_Koil&diff=544205 2026-04-22T10:28:52Z

<p>Vidya1111: added first article initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | image = Vettuvan Kovil (3).jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.2<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|9.1529512|77.7043968|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]<br /> | location = [[Kalugumalai]]<br /> | elevation_m =<br /> | deity = Vettuvan Koil([[Shiva]])<br /> | creator = [[Varagunavarman l]] ( Parantaka Nedumchadaiyan)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last=Chitre<br /> |first=Prakash<br /> |title=Our Intellectual Heritage: There exists a large body of evidence for the width, depth and accuracy of the ancient Indian Knowledge<br /> |year=2024<br /> |page=256<br /> |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=l5C-EQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA256<br /> |publisher=&lt;!-- add publisher if known --&gt;<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | year_completed = 8th century CE<br /> | architecture = [[Tamil architecture]], Rock cut<br /> | website = {{url|kalugumalaitemple.tnhrce.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vettuvan Koil''' in [[Kalugumalai]], a panchayat town in [[Thoothukudi district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is a [[Hindu temple|temple]] dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian Architecture|Pandyan Architecture]] and rock cut architecture, the unfinished temple was built during the 8th century CE by the early [[Pandya]]s. The other portions of Kalugumalai hillock houses the 8th century [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]] and [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]], a [[Murugan]] temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in/Kazhugumalai_tour.html |title=Kazhugumalai –Jain Temple |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045419/http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in/Kazhugumalai_tour.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This rock-cut temple is notable for its architecture and construction method. While the early Pandya rulers helped build numerous cave and stone temples, it is the only known example of a Pandya era monolithic temple that was carved out in three dimensions, in-situ from the top of the hillock.&lt;ref name=Adirai&gt;G. Ezhil Adirai (2016), TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS IN MAKING SCULPTURES, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 77, pp. 84-85, {{JSTOR|26552626}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is maintained and administered by Department of Archaeology of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] as a protected monument.<br /> <br /> ==Location and date==<br /> [[File:S-TN-71 Vettuvan Koil Tuticorin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Side view of Vettuvan Koil|alt=]]<br /> The Vettuvan Koil is in Kalugumalai, about 60 kilometers north of Tirunelveli and 20 kilometers west of [[Kovilpatti]]. It is located in [[Thoothukudi district]] in southern [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple sits on the top of a stone hillock on the eastern side. It opens and overlooks to the east, but shares the entrance and a walk path from the west side of the hillock with the Kalugumalai Jain Beds (Highway 187). The temple was built in the 8th century along with the Kalugumalai Jain Beds under the patronage of Parandhagan Netunjadaiyan of the early Pandyan era.&lt;ref name=Adirai/&gt;&lt;ref name=official&gt;{{cite web|title=Sthala Varalaru|url=http://www.kalugumalaitemple.tnhrce.in/kalakumalai_history.html|publisher= Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2015|access-date=4 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> [[File:Sculpture at the mandapa of vettuvan koil.jpg|thumb|left|Rock-cut carved sculptures on vimanam.]]<br /> <br /> The temple is carved out from a single rock in a rectangular portion measuring {{convert|7.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in depth. The carvings in the temple show the top portion of the temple, with an unfinished bottom. The sculptures and the carvings are indicative of Pandyan art during the period.&lt;ref name=official/&gt; The granite rock looks like a blooming lotus, with hills surrounding it on three sides. The [[vimana]] (ceiling over the sanctum) has niches of Parsavadevatas, the attendant deities of Shiva, like ganas, [[Dakshinamurthy]] depicted playing a [[mridanga]], Siva with his consort [[Uma (goddess)|Uma]], dancers, various niches of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the sacred bull of Shiva) and animals like monkeys and lions. Historian Sivaramamurti states that this is the only site where Dakshinamurthy is depicted playing the Mridanga (a percussion instrument), while in all other places, he is depicted playing [[Veena]]. According to epigrapher V. Vedachalam, there is a spontaneity in the sculptures indicating of natural human movements like in the Shiva and Uma sculpture where they seem to be talking like common folks.&lt;ref name=front&gt;{{cite journal|title=Opulent sculptures|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2521/stories/20081024252107000.htm|publisher=Frontline|volume=22|issue=25|date=24 August 2008|location=Tuticorin|access-date=4 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vettuvan Koil is an unfinished Shiva temple.<br /> <br /> The other portions of Kalugumalai hillock houses the 8th-century-CE Jaina Abode (southwest of Vettuvan Koil) and [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]] to the south end of the hillock.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kazhugumalai deserves universal recognition|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kazhugumalai-deserves-universal-recognition/article3740232.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 August 2012|location=Tuticorin|access-date=4 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=பல்நோக்குப் பார்வையில் முருகத் தத்துவம் II: Proceedings of the International Conference on Murugabhakthi 2014|publisher=Thirumurugan Thiruvakku Thirupeedam|year=2014|editor1-last=Virupa|editor1-first=Kumaresan|page=1047}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Historians have equated the temple with similar temples across [[India]] based on the monolithic classification and being carved in-situ out of a pre-existing rock. Historian K. V. Soundara Rajan believes that the temple is similar in architecture to that of [[Pattadakal#Virupaksha_Temple|Virupaksha Temple]] at [[Pattadakal]] in [[Karnataka]] by [[Vikramaditya II]] during 734–44 CE, [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple]] built by [[Narasimhavarman II]] during 685–705 CE and [[Kailasa temple, Ellora]] by [[Krishna I]] during 756–77 CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Southern connection|url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/southern-connection/article6189615.ece|journal=Frontline|date=25 July 2014|access-date=4 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some historians suggest that the similarities in the architecture are indicative of the political relations between the [[Pallavas]], [[Rashtrakutas]] and [[Chalukyas]]. This view has been disputed by other historians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Observations Upon Ancient Sites in the Neighbourhood of Kalugumalai, Madras Presidency|jstor=2790466|publisher= Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Cammiade|first=L.A.|journal=Man|volume=30|date=October 1930|pages=187–89|doi=10.2307/2790466}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Preservation==<br /> <br /> Vettuvan Koil is maintained and administered by Department of Archaeology of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] as a protected monument.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Protected Monuments under the control of the Department |url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/cons/monument-list.htm#TUTICORIN_DISTRICT-_(4)|publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2011|access-date=4 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalugumalai was chosen in the plan to be included as a rural tourism site in Incredible India campaign by the Tourism Ministry of the [[Government of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=14 more rural tourism sites to be ready|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1486464911.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409234949/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1486464911.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=29 May 2008|access-date=4 November 2015|via=|url-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a part of the campaign the ministry allocated {{INR}}10 million to develop the infrastructure around the region in 2008. The tourist inflow to the town increased to 3,000 persons per month during 2009 from 400 per month during the previous years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tourism shoots up in picturesque Tamil temple town|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1620483881.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018231131/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1620483881.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=1 January 2009|access-date=4 November 2015|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> {{gallery<br /> |File:Vettuvan kovil temple.jpg|Vettuvan Koil rock cut temple<br /> |File:Vettuvan koil sculpture.jpg|Vettuvan Koil sculpture<br /> |File:Vettuvan Kovil (6).jpg<br /> |File:Kalzhugumalai, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India.jpeg<br /> |File:Vettuvankoil (10).jpg<br /> |File:Vettuvankoil (9).jpg<br /> |File:Vettuvan Kovil (2).jpg<br /> |File:Vettuvan Kovil (3).jpg<br /> |File:Vettuvankoil Kazhugumalai TamilNadu 07.jpg<br /> |File:Vettuvan Kovil (5).jpg<br /> |File:Vettuvan kovil 1.jpg<br /> |File:Vettuvankoil Kazhugumalai TamilNadu 03.jpg<br /> |File:Defaced sculptures at vettuvan koil.jpg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Thoothukudi district]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Pandyan architecture]]<br /> [[Category:Unfinished buildings and structures]]<br /> [[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahalla&diff=514730 2026-04-19T03:07:45Z

<p>Vidya1111: Adding basic stub with sources.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Country subdivision or neighbourhood}}<br /> {{Redirect|Mahala}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Sərşəhər məscidi. Ordubad şəhəri 01.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.5|View of Sarshahar Mahallah in [[Ordubad]], [[Azerbaijan]]]]<br /> A '''''mahalla''''' ({{Langx|ar|مَحَلَّة|maḥalla}},{{efn|<br /> * {{langx|ar|محلة|maḥalla}}<br /> * {{langx|bn|মহল্লা|môhollā}}<br /> * {{langx|hi|मोहल्ला}} {{langx|ur|محلہ}} (''mōhallā'')<br /> * {{langx|fa|محله|mahalleh, maḥallä}}<br /> * {{langx|az|Məhəllə}}<br /> * {{langx|sq|mahallë}} or {{lang|sq|mahalla}}, or {{lang|sq|mëhallë}} or {{lang|sq|mëhalla}}<br /> * {{langx|bg|махала|mahala}}<br /> * {{langx|el|μαχαλάς|mahalás}}<br /> * {{langx|mk|маало|maalo}} or {{langx|mk|label=none|маала|maala}}<br /> * {{langx|rmy|mahala}}<br /> * {{langx|ro|mahala}}<br /> * {{langx|rup|mãhãlã}}<br /> * {{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|mahala|махала}}, or {{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|label=none|ma'ala|ма'ала}}, or only {{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|label=none|mala|мала}}<br /> * {{langx|tr|mahalle}}<br /> }} also transliterated as '''''mahallah''''', etc.{{efn|abbreviated: mh. or mah.}}) is an [[Arabic]] word that comes from the [[Semitic root|root]] ''ḥ-l-l'' ({{Lang|ar|ح ل ل}}), and originally denoted a place where one makes a halt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kramers |first=J.H. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam First Edition Online |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4423 |access-date=2025-11-12 |chapter=Maḥalla |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |language=en |doi=10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4423|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been variously translated as [[district]], [[Quarter (country subdivision)|quarter]], [[Ward (country subdivision)|ward]], or [[neighborhood]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iyimi.net/bilgi-deposu/270795-mahallenin-anlami.html#post297052 Mahallenin Anlamı] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207023718/http://www.iyimi.net/bilgi-deposu/270795-mahallenin-anlami.html#post297052 |date=2012-02-07 }} {{in lang|tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; in many parts of the [[Arab world]], the [[Balkans]], [[West Asia|West]] and [[Central Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and nearby nations. In the [[Maghreb]], it referred to a military formation or campaign for tax collection in the service of the [[sultan]] and his [[makhzen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Arnaud |first=Louis |title=Au temps des &quot;mehallas&quot;, ou, Le Maroc de 1860 à 1912 |date=2012 |publisher=Dar al Aman |isbn=978-9954-561-23-2 |series=Mémoire Retrouvée |location=Rabat, Morocco}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Today it is popularly recognised also by non-Muslims as a [[neighbourhood]] in large cities and towns. Mahallas lie at the intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions are performed through mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, life-cycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution. It is an official administrative unit in many [[Middle Eastern]] countries.<br /> <br /> The word was brought to the [[Balkans]] through [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] ''mahalle'', but it originates in [[Arabic]] محلة (''mähallä''), from the root meaning &quot;to settle&quot;, &quot;to occupy&quot;.<br /> <br /> In September 2017, a Turkish-based association referred to the historical mahalle by organizing a festival with the title &quot;Mahalla&quot; in the frame of parallel events of the 15th [[Istanbul Biennial]]. The festival in [[Istanbul]] features cultural initiatives of [[civil society]] and artists from the Middle East, Europe, the Balkans and Turkey. Against the background of the ongoing migration crisis, all participants of the festival focus their work using themes of hospitality, identity formation, homelessness, migration, fluctuation, the changing of an existing order and the dissolution of borders. The second [[Mahalla Festival]] took place 2018 in [[Valletta]], [[Malta]], in the frame of European Capital of Culture&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahalla Festival&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mahalla.inenart.eu/about-us/| title=Mahalla Festival| date=10 July 2016| publisher=InEnArt| access-date=2017-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; under the title &quot;Generating New Narratives&quot;. The third Mahalla Festival took place in 2020 under the title &quot;[http://mahalla.inenart.eu/wandering-tower/ Wandering Towers]&quot; with online and physical events due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] pandemic. The 2021 edition, &quot;[http://mahalla.inenart.eu/murmuration-2/ Murmuration]&quot;, took place in the Istanbul district of [[Kadıköy]] at the Yeldeğirmeni Sanat Merkezi.<br /> <br /> ==Origins==<br /> [[Image:Dubova mahala.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|Dabova Mahala, a mahala-turned-village in [[Montana Province]], [[Bulgaria]] ]]<br /> <br /> The word is used in many languages and countries to mean neighborhood or location and originated in Arabic {{lang|ar|محلة}} (''maḥalla''), from the root meaning 'to settle', 'to occupy', derived from the verb halla (to untie), as in untying a pack horse or camel to make a camp. In ancient cultures, hospitality involved welcoming a stranger at the host location and offering him food, shelter and safety. That demonstration of hospitality centred on the belief that strangers should be assisted and protected while they travel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahalla Festival&quot;/&gt; A mahala was a relatively-independent quarter of a larger village or a town, usually with its own [[school]], religious building or buildings, mayor's representative etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Чолева-Димитрова| first=Анна М.| title=Селищни имена от Югозападна България: Изследване. Речник| publisher=Пенсофт| location=София| year=2002| isbn=978-954-642-168-5| oclc=57603720| language=bg| pages=20–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahalas are often named after the first settler or, when ethnically separate, according to the dominant ethnicity.<br /> <br /> In the Ottoman Empire, the &quot;mahalle&quot; was the smallest administrative entity. The mahalle was generally perceived to play an important role in [[identity formation]], with the local mosque and the local coffee house as the main social gathering institutions.<br /> <br /> Mahalle lay at the intersection of private family life and the public sphere. Important community-level management functions were performed by mahalle solidarity, such as religious ceremonies, lifecycle rituals, resource management and conflict resolution.&lt;ref name=vbulletin&gt;[http://www.uludagsozluk.com/k/mahalle/uludağ sözlük (vbulletin dictionary){{in lang|tr}}]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Today, the mahalle is represented in the municipality and government by its [[mukhtar|muhtar]]. The muhtarlık, the office of the muhtar, has been designed as the smallest administrative office, with representative and enforcement powers at the local level. In some cases, however, the muhtar acts as not only the representative of the government towards the community but also the head of the community toward the government and subverts official government policies by intricate face-to-face mahalle-level relationships.&lt;ref name=vbulletin/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Use of the term==<br /> ===Bangladesh===<br /> A ''mahalla'' ({{small|pronounced}} ''mo-hol-la''), is an Islamic congregation or parish. Typically, a mahalla supports a single mosque. An imam is seen as the spiritual head of a mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to a [[city]] or [[town]], especially an electoral district, for ritual and representative purposes. Unlike a [[Wards of Bangladesh|ward]], it is an optional and non-elective unit of a [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh|city corporation]] or [[List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh|municipal corporation]]. ''Mahalla'' also means an urban neighbourhood.<br /> <br /> ===Bulgaria===<br /> In [[Bulgaria]], ''mahalas'' were historically considered a separate type of settlement administration on some occasions. In rural mountainous areas, villages were often scattered and consisted of relatively separate mahalas with badly developed [[infrastructure]]. Today, settlements are divided into towns or villages, and the official division of towns is into quarters. It is used today almost exclusively to refer to the [[Romani people in Bulgaria|Roma]] neighbourhoods of towns such as [[Arman Mahala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawson2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=James Dawson|title=Cultures of Democracy in Serbia and Bulgaria: How Ideas Shape Publics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxQpDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA147|date=13 May 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-15571-3|pages=147}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Greece===<br /> In [[Greece]], ''mahalas'' ({{Langx|el|μαχαλάς}}) is considered a neighborhood, usually a worker neighborhood near a factory. Sometimes it is considered a distinct quarter of a small town or a [[gypsy]] neighborhood.<br /> <br /> ===Hungary===<br /> The township of [[Szentendre]] lost most of its population during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] era, and was repopulated by various migrant groups from the [[Balkans]] - [[Serb]]s, [[Dalmatian (language)|Dalmatians]], [[Bosniak]]s and the like. They built their own churches and created their own neighborhoods around them. They called them ''mahala'' or ''mehala'', using the Ottoman nomenclature, and the word is still in use to describe these small quarters of the town today.<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> In India, the word ''mohalla'' is used in [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] to refer to a &quot;neighbourhood&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pletcher |first1=Kenneth |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |date=15 August 2010 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-142-3 |page=118 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Malayalam]]-speaking [[Kerala]] state, the word ''mahal'' is traditionally used by [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila Muslims]] to denote their village units. A typical ''mahal'' involves a central [[Mosque|masjid]] coordinating the activities of religious establishments and Mappila Muslim families living in its geographical jurisdiction.<br /> <br /> ===Iran===<br /> The &quot;mahalle&quot; is the smallest urban administrative division in [[Iran]]. Each city is divided into a few ''Mantaqe''s, ({{langx|fa|منطقه}}), which is then divided into ''Nahiye''s ({{langx|fa|ناحیه}}), further subdivided to ''Mahalle'' ({{langx|fa|محله}}), usually having a ''Mahalle council'' ({{langx|fa|شورای محله}}), a quarter mosque, and a small parkette.<br /> <br /> ===Maghreb===<br /> In [[Maghreb|the Maghreb]], ''maḥalla'' referred to a military formation or campaign for tax collection in the service of the [[sultan]] and his [[makhzen]].<br /> <br /> ===North Macedonia===<br /> A ''maalo'' (sometimes ''maale''), plural ''maala'' ({{langx|mk|маало / маале, маала}}) is a synonym for ''neighborhood'' in colloquial speech, but can also appear as part of a neighborhood name, such as Skopje's &quot;Debar maalo&quot;, and Bitola's &quot;Jeni maale&quot;, &quot;Madzar maala&quot;.<br /> <br /> ===Romania===<br /> In Romanian, the word ''mahala'' has come to have the strictly negative or pejorative connotations of a [[slum]] or [[ghetto]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.dictionare.com/dictionaries/dictionary.htm| title=Free Online English&lt;&gt;Romanian Dictionary&amp;nbsp;— Dictionar Englez Roman| publisher=Industrial Soft| access-date=2008-10-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831120500/http://www.dictionare.com/dictionaries/dictionary.htm| archive-date=2006-08-31| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; that are not present (or not as strongly implied) in other languages.<br /> <br /> ===Russia and the former Soviet Union===<br /> A mahalla is an Islamic congregation or parish in Russia and a number of countries, once part of the [[Soviet Union]]. Typically, mahallas support a single mosque. An [[imam]] is seen as the spiritual head of the mahalla. Mahallas are directly subordinate to a [[muhtasib]] and a territorial [[muhtasibat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=udUR_uKyE1kC&amp;pg=PA68 | title = Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia | isbn = 978-90-04-11975-8 | author1 = Allen J. Frank | year = 2001 | publisher = BRILL | page = 68}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan===<br /> They were urban divisions in central Asian communities which today exist in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Tajikistan]]. Historically, mahallas were autonomous social institutions built around familial ties and Islamic rituals. Before the establishment of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule in central Asia, mahallas fulfilled local self-government functions connecting the private sphere with the public sphere. Religious rituals, life-cycle crisis ceremonies, resource management, conflict resolution, and many other community activities were performed at the mahalla, in other words, on the neighbourhood level. An informal council of elders, called ''oqsoqol'' (or &quot;''aksakal''&quot;) provided leadership.&lt;ref&gt;Robert D. McChesney; ''Central Asia: Foundations of Change''; Darwin Publishers; 1997; {{ISBN|0-87850-077-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After their inclusion in the Soviet Union, informal mahalla organizations were placed under the state control and served as local extensions of the Soviet government. Mahallas were thought to be &quot;eyes&quot; and &quot;ears&quot; of the Soviet government; mahalla became a control mechanism of the state. Mahalla leaders were then appointed by the government. Mahalla level state-society relationships were more complex, however, as their leaders could serve as henchmen as well as act as buffers between the local community and the state. Due to intimate, face-to face relationships dominant at the mahalla level, mahalla organizations could often shield the community from the incursions of the state.<br /> <br /> Since 1993, the Uzbek government reorganized mahalla councils as bearers of &quot;Uzbek nationhood&quot; and &quot;morality,&quot; effectively reproducing Soviet style state domination over the society. Thus, they are formal structures run by committees and once again regulated by the government.<br /> <br /> Mahallas are a common unit not only in Uzbekistan, but in Tajikistani cities like [[Khujand]] and Kyrgyzstani cities like [[Osh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/interview-anthropologist-says-osh-uzbeks-model-for-life-kyrgyzstan-destroyed/24739957.html| title=Interview: Anthropologist Says Uzbeks' Model For Life In Kyrgyzstan Destroyed|date=2012-11-12| access-date=2012-11-11| publisher=Radio Free Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turkey===<br /> In Turkey, ''mahalle'', which may be translated as 'neighborhood', was traditionally a kind of sub-village settlement, one that could be found in both rural settings and in towns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tümertekin, Mansur &amp; Benedict&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tümertekin |first1=Erol |last2=Mansur |first2=Fatma |last3=Benedict |first3=Peter |title=Turkey Geographic and Social Perspectives |date=1974 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004038899 |page=56 |edition=Hardcover |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZMWx4CtF3MC&amp;dq=Mahalle+Turkey&amp;pg=PA56 |access-date=4 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> *''[[Mahallada duv-duv gap]]'', a 1960 [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] comedy movie<br /> *&quot;[[Viva Mahalla]]&quot;, a 2020 single by the [[Slovenia]]n singer [[Senidah]]<br /> *''[[Mohalla Assi]]'', (transl. &quot;The [[Assi Ghat]] Neighborhood&quot;; Hindi pronunciation: [moːɦəllaː əssiː]) is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language satirical drama film<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Mellah]]<br /> * [[Corjova, Dubăsari]]<br /> <br /> ===Notable incorporated mahallahs===<br /> * [[Mohalla Sadiqabad]], Pakistan<br /> * [[Shahi Mohalla]], Pakistan<br /> * [[Mahala, Podgorica]]<br /> * [[El Mahalla El Kubra]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/uzbekistan0903/index.htm Abuses by Mahalla Committees, by Human Rights Watch]<br /> *Timur Dadabaev, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707120246/http://ricas.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pdf/nl015.pdf &quot;Changing Nature of the Mahalla&quot;], in ''[[RICAS]] Newsletter'', [[University of Tokyo]], 2006, no. 15,<br /> <br /> {{Arabic terms for country subdivisions}}<br /> {{Turkish terms for country subdivisions}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government of the Ottoman Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Types of administrative division]]<br /> [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]<br /> [[Category:Administrative divisions in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayni_Air_Force_Base&diff=488529 2026-04-19T02:07:57Z

<p>Vidya1111: creating some entry first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Military airfield in Tajikistan}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Farkhor Air Base|Ayni Airport}}<br /> {{Infobox military installation<br /> |name = Ayni Air Force Base<br /> |location = Rudaki, [[Tajikistan]]<br /> |map_type = Tajikistan<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|38.5142|68.6755|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br /> |map_size = 220<br /> |type = Air force base<br /> |materials = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br /> |controlledby = {{ubl|[[Tajik Air Force]]}}<br /> |occupants = {{ubl|[[Tajik Air Force]]}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ayni Air Force Base''', also known as '''Gissar Air Base''', is located in [[Tajikistan]], {{cvt|10|km}} west of the capital [[Dushanbe]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&amp;source=s_q&amp;hl=en&amp;geocode=&amp;q=Ayni+air+force+base+Tajikistan&amp;sll=38.512109,68.67249&amp;sspn=0.020014,0.045362&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;hq=&amp;hnear=Ayni+AFB,+Region+of+Republican+Subordination,+Tajikistan&amp;ll=38.512512,68.67249&amp;spn=0.020014,0.045362&amp;z=15 Ayni Air Force Base on Google Maps]. Retrieved on 8 May 2009&lt;/ref&gt; It is operated by [[Tajik Air Force]], which has an independent Helicopter Squadron based here.<br /> <br /> The base was jointly operated by the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Tajik Air Force]] from 2002, until 2022. It was India's second overseas air base after [[Farkhor Air Base]]. Since 2014 India had deployed [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] in limited numbers at this base. It was extensively used by Indian Air Force as a standby base for its aircraft to evacuate Indian Nationals from [[Kabul International Airport|Kabul Airport]] amidst the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Afghan Crisis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Philip&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2021-08-23|title=Gissar Military Aerodrome -- India's first overseas base that came to the rescue in Afghan crisis|url=https://theprint.in/defence/gissar-military-aerodrome-indias-first-overseas-base-that-came-to-the-rescue-in-afghan-crisis/720356/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; India withdrew from the air base after the lease agreement expired in 2022. The withdrawal was completed by October 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India Quietly Exited Military Base in Tajikistan After Lease Lapsed |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/11/india-pulls-out-of-military-base-in-tajikistan/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Reports began circulating in early 2000s that India would establish air bases at Ayni and Farkhor in Tajikistan. Both Indian and Tajik officials issued immediate denials, but they did admit that India had been renovating the bases since 2002. In January 2011, Tajik Foreign Minister, Hamrohan Zarifi, officially launched negotiations with Russia to discuss possible deployment of Russian military at Ayni. Zarifi also ruled out deployment of Indian or [[United States|American]] forces at Ayni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://centralasianewswire.com/Security/Tajiks-likely-to-grant-Russia-access-to-Ayni-air-base-says-analyst/viewstory.aspx?id=3252 |title=Tajiks likely to grant Russia access to Ayni air base, says analyst |access-date=2011-07-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707044711/http://centralasianewswire.com/Security/Tajiks-likely-to-grant-Russia-access-to-Ayni-air-base-says-analyst/viewstory.aspx?id=3252 |archive-date=2012-07-07 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Cold War]] era, Ayni served as a major military base of the [[Soviet Union]] — possibly of the [[Central Asian Military District]].{{cn|date=October 2023}} However, following [[Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan]], the base's infrastructure deteriorated significantly. Between 2002 and 2010, India spent nearly US$70 million to renovate the air base — the runway was extended to 3,200 meters and state-of-the-art navigational and air defense equipment were installed.&lt;ref name=&quot;RF&quot;&gt;[https://www.rferl.org/a/Tajik_Military_Air_Base_Completed_With_Indian_Help/2152731.html Tajik Military Air Base Completed With Indian Help]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AT1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101204121139/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LL01Df02.html India air base grounded in Tajikistan]&lt;/ref&gt; It was speculated by some media outlets that India was keen on establishing a military base in Ayni so as to gain a strategic foothold in [[Central Asia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AT1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018 India renewed its interest in the Ayni airbase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-ayni-airbase-in-tajikistan-russian |title=Will Ayni Airbase in Tajikistan Become India's 1st Overseas Military Base? |date=11 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The scope and scale of India's military detachment in Ayni was a subject of discussion between India, Russia and Tajikistan as Russia patrolled the Tajik skies and had a motorised rifle division deployed in Ayni. Since being admitted to the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) in 2018 and participating in war games with its members, Delhi was enthusiastic to revive the relationship with Tajikistan, now that India-Russian ties were its zenith due to massive defence deals between two nations. Tajikistan was also a member of the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation]] (CSTO), along with Russia, [[Armenia]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], and required a green signal from the CSTO to allow Indian military operations at Ayni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-ayni-airbase-in-tajikistan-russian/|title = Will Ayni Airbase in Tajikistan Become India's 1st Overseas Military Base?|date = 11 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An Indian online newspaper [[ThePrint|The Print]] reported on 23 August 2021 that around 2001–2002 [[Government of India|Indian Government]] came up with the proposal to set up an airbase in Tajikistan as Tajikistan is just about {{cvt|20|km}} from [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan Administered Kashmir]] across the corridor. Having the ability to operate from Tajikistan, IAF fighters could target [[Peshawar]] from Tajikistan, which would put additional pressure on the resources of Pakistan. The IAF appointed the then [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Naseem Akhtar to begin the work on the airbase. Akhtar, who retired as Air Commodore, was followed by another officer. The Indian government also involved the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) team which was led by a Brigadier. At that point in time, there were around 200 Indians working on the project and the airstrip at Gissar was extended to 3,200 metres — long enough for most fixed-wing aircraft to land and take-off. Besides this, the Indian team also developed hangars, overhauling and the refuelling capacity of aircraft. It is estimated that India spent close to $US100 million developing the base. [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]], then a Group Captain-ranked officer, was appointed the first Base Commander of the base around the end of 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;Philip&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In late October 2025, it was reported that the India-Tajikistan bilateral agreement for the rehabilitation and development of aerodromes in the country had lapsed in 2022 and Tajikistan refused to renew the lease of the air base. From 2021 to October 2025, Indian forces gradually pulled back from the air base.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=India withdraws from Ayni airbase: What is it and how does it impact the country? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-ayni-airbase-10353656/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Swasti |date=2025-10-31 |title=India’s exit from Ayni airbase reveals New Delhi’s power projection limits. A key location lost |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/indias-ayni-airbase-new-delhis-power-projection-key-location/2774556/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Geostrategy in Central Asia]]<br /> *[[Farkhor Air Base]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portalbar|Tajikistan|Aviation}}<br /> {{Airports in Tajikistan}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tajik Air Force]]<br /> [[Category:Airports in Tajikistan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Overseas Military bases]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]<br /> [[Category:Districts of Republican Subordination]]<br /> [[Category:Military installations in Tajikistan]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahu,_Jawali&diff=515091 2026-04-08T05:21:17Z

<p>Vidya1111: Adding first biography more to come.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Unreferenced|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Mahu<br /> | native_name_lang = mr<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = View of Mahu<br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.885|73.815|display=inline}} <br /> }} <br /> <br /> '''Mahu''' is a village in [[Jawali Taluka, Maharashtra|Jawali]] [[tehsil]].<br /> Mahu is a village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] located in the [[Satara district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, India. The latitude<br /> 17.8847181 and longitude 73.81543940000009<br /> are the geocoordinate of the Mahu.<br /> <br /> {{expand section|date=December 2014}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Satara district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Satara-geo-stub}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_High_Courts_Act_1911&diff=504065 2026-04-04T21:48:38Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox UK legislation<br /> |short_title= Indian High Courts Act 1911{{efn|Section 5.}}<br /> |type=Act<br /> |parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom<br /> |long_title = An Act to amend the Indian High Courts Act, 1861.<br /> |year = 1911<br /> |citation = [[1 &amp; 2 Geo. 5]]. c. 18<br /> |territorial_extent = [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |royal_assent = 18 August 1911<br /> |commencement = 18 August 1911{{efn|The [[Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793]].}}<br /> |repeal_date = 1 January 1916<br /> |amends = [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]]<br /> |related_legislation = <br /> |repealing_legislation = [[Government of India Act 1915]]<br /> |status = Repealed<br /> |original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/18/contents/enacted<br /> |use_new_UK-LEG = no<br /> |}}<br /> <br /> The '''Indian High Courts Act 1911''' ([[1 &amp; 2 Geo. 5]]. c. 18) was an [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|act]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] to amend the [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]] ([[24 &amp; 25 Vict.]] c. 104). Notable changes to existing legislation include an increase in the number of judges of high court as well as the ability of government to establish additional high courts across [[British Raj|British India]].&lt;ref&gt;Ilbert, Sir Courtenay. ''The Government of India.'' London: Humphrey Milford, M.A. (Publisher to the University of Oxford) and Stevens &amp; Sons, Limited, 1916. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sections ==<br /> <br /> === § 1 - Increased number of Judges of High Court ===<br /> <br /> The maximum number of judges to serve an Indian High Court was increased from sixteen to twenty. Previously enacted regulations, such as those set forth by §2 of the [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]] ([[24 &amp; 25 Vict.]] c. 104), remained in effect.<br /> <br /> === § 2 - Power to establish additional High Courts ===<br /> <br /> The powers granted to His Majesty the King under §16 of the [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]] ([[24 &amp; 25 Vict.]] c. 104) were expanded to allow for the establishment of additional High Courts across British India. Previously, only four courts had been established. Incidental, consequential or supplemental alterations to local or existing jurisdictions were to be made by means of order or [[Letters patent|patent]] so as to ensure the administrative superintendence of the newly established High Courts. Here, too, previously enacted regulations remained in effect.<br /> <br /> === § 3 - Power to appoint Temporary Judges ===<br /> <br /> Subject to the provisions of §2 of the [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]] ([[24 &amp; 25 Vict.]] c. 104), as amended by this act, it was to be lawful for the Governor General in Council to appoint additional judges to High Courts ″as required by necessity or circumstance.″ Whilst appointed for no more than two years, temporary judges were to be granted powers no different from those allowed to the judges appointed by the monarch.<br /> <br /> === § 4 - Salaries ===<br /> <br /> The salaries of any judges or temporary judges appointed under this act were to be paid out of the Revenues of India.<br /> <br /> === § 5 - Short Title ===<br /> <br /> This act was to be cited as the Indian High Courts Act 1911. Together with the acts of 1861 and 1865, this act was to be cited as the Indian High Courts Act, 1861 to 1911.&lt;ref&gt;Indian High Courts Act, 1911 - 1 &amp; 2 Geo. 5 Ch. 18&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Supplemental notes ==<br /> <br /> === Legislation referenced ===<br /> <br /> '''The Indian High Courts Act 1861'''&lt;ref&gt;Indian High Courts Act, 1861 - 24 &amp; 25 Vict. Ch. 104&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> §2 specified the qualifications and salaries of judges serving the High Courts.<br /> <br /> §15 established High Courts' measures of administrative superintendence over the courts subject to their [[appellate jurisdiction]].<br /> <br /> §16 granted His Majesty the King the power to establish an additional High Court at [[Allahabad]].<br /> <br /> == Subsequent developments ==<br /> The whole act was repealed by section 130 of, and the fourth schedule to, the [[Government of India Act 1915]] ([[5 &amp; 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61), which came into force on 1 January 1916.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite legislation UK|act=Government of India Act 1915|type=act|year=Geo5/5-6|chapter=61}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{UK-LEG|asmade=yes}}<br /> <br /> {{UK legislation}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1911]]<br /> [[Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning India]]<br /> [[Category:1911 in British India]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aacharya_(2006_film)&diff=483915 2026-04-04T03:01:09Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Aacharya<br /> | image = <br /> | caption =<br /> | director = Ravi<br /> | producer = S. N. Raja&lt;br/&gt;E. Chitra&lt;br/&gt;V. Uma Maheshwari<br /> | writer = Ravi<br /> | starring = [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]]&lt;br/&gt;Divya<br /> | music = [[Srikanth Deva]]<br /> | cinematography = Rajavel Mohan<br /> | editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br /> | distributor =<br /> | studio = ITA Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|06|23}}<br /> | runtime = 120 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Aacharya''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[gangster film|gangster]] [[drama film]] written and directed by Ravi, an erstwhile assistant of [[Bala (director)|Bala]]. The film stars [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] and newcomer Divya, with [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Ganja Karuppu]], [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] and C. Ezhumalai playing supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]] with cinematography by Rajavel Mohan and editing by [[Suresh Urs]]. The film released on 23 June 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jointscene.com:80/movies/Kollywood/Aacharya_/1746|title=Find Tamil Movie Aacharya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018173554/http://www.jointscene.com/movies/Kollywood/Aacharya_/1746|archive-date=18 October 2011|access-date=18 May 2018|publisher=jointscene.com|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilonline.com/Thendral/article.aspx?aid=387|title='ஆச்சார்யா'வாக விக்னேஷ்!|access-date=18 May 2018|language=Tamil|trans-title=Vignesh as Aacharya|publisher=tamilonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Yadhunandhan was born in a very poor [[Brahmin]] family. He lived in an [[Agraharam]] in [[Mannargudi]] and had to go on a daily [[alms]] round to collect food. His father left the family at an early age, and his mother died shortly after. A kind-hearted [[Muslim]] man took the young Yadhunandhan with him and became his adoptive father.<br /> <br /> Many years later, the pious Yadhunandhan comes to the city [[Madurai]] with his degrees in hand to look for a job. One night, the thief Kokki steals Yadhunandhan's bag, and the police arrest the innocent Yadhunandhan for no reason. Police Inspector Sivanandi has sympathy for Yadhunandhan, so he offers him a temporary job. Yadhunandhan does all the dirty work in the police station. He gets his daily food and sleeps in the station. The situation forces Sivanandi to plead with Yadhunandhan to accept a crime he has not committed. In jail, Yadhunandhan crosses over Kokki, who advises him to stay away from the police and convinces him to meet Mayakka. Upon release from prison, he meets Mayakka, the authoritarian gang leader who lords over the market. Impressed by Yadhunandhan's kind words, Mayakka takes him under her wing and gives him a place to live. Yadhunandhan is now called Saamy. The soft-spoken Yadhunandhan easily befriends Mayakka's gang members, and Yadhunandhan discovers that Mayakka is, in fact, a kindhearted person who joined the underworld for a living after the murder of her rowdy husband.<br /> <br /> Mayakka, along with six others, works for the local bigwig Annavi Thevar, an influential and intimidating figure. Annavi Thevar rules the criminal underworld of the city, and even the police department is afraid of him. In the meantime, Yadhunandhan and Devakosa Mangai fall in love. Yadhunandhan then helps Devakosa Mangai get selected as a police officer thanks to Annavi Thevar's influence. Koorumathi is a gang leader who wants to control Mayakka's market, so he and his henchmen brutally murder Mayakka in broad daylight. Thereafter, [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Thiruvasagam advises Koorumathi to surrender. Yadhunandhan, who is a pacifist and God-fearing man, decides to kill Koorumathi with the help of his friends for murdering Mayakka. On his way to the magistrate's house, Koorumathi is killed by Yadhunandhan in cold blood.<br /> <br /> The murders of Mayakka and Koorumathi trigger a brutal gang war, and the police have been overtaken by the events. The government gives free rein to the police to stop the gang war and to [[encounter killings by police|encounter]] all the rowdies. Yadhunandhan and his friends have no choice but to hide from the police. Yadhunandhan then realizes that Annavi Thevar sold out to the police to save his life. Sivanandi then arrests Yadhunandhan, but instead of encountering him, he sends him to jail because the former felt guilty for sending the latter to jail in the past. Devakosa Mangai becomes a police officer and swears to Yadhunandhan that she will save him at any cost. Thiruvasagam wants Yadhunandhan to disclose the place where the other rowdies are hiding. Yadhunandhan then convinces him not to kill the rowdies but to punish Annavi Thevar, the real culprit of this mess. Yadhunandhan swears that he and the other rowdies will testify against Annavi Thevar.<br /> <br /> At the court, two killers and a mole in the police department, appointed by Annavi Thevar, try to attack Yadhunandhan but fail. In a desperate move to save Annavi Thevar, his faithful henchman Pammathan threatens to shoot if the police do not release Annavi Thevar. Thiruvasagam shoots Pammathan in the leg, and Pammathan then triggers his gun. The bullet hits Devakosa Mangai, and she dies on the spot. The film ends with Yadhunandhan bursting into tears and his adoptive father taking Yadhunandhan with him.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as Yadhunandhan (Saamy)<br /> *Divya as Devakosa Mangai<br /> *[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Annavi Thevar <br /> *[[Charan Raj]] as SP Thiruvasagam<br /> *[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Mayakka<br /> *[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Kokki<br /> *[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] as Koorumathi<br /> *[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]<br /> *C. Ezhumalai as Inspector Sivanandi<br /> *Kadhal Saravanan as Pammathan<br /> *Vichu as Jeevanlal Seth<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Ravi, who entered the cinema field, came from director [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s school of learning. With his first film, Acharya, with actor Vignesh, Ravi is sure of his capabilities and believes in producing a good product. Based on a true-life story, director Ravi said to have chosen an interesting line and is treating it very naturally. That the written permission has been obtained from those whose characters are to be projected (they are all still living) is an interesting aside. Actor Vignesh signed to play the lead role of a Brahmin who tries hard to uphold the rituals and traditions that are fast disappearing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/june-06-02/13-06-06-aachariya.html|title=Will Bala's assistant prove himself in Acharya?|date=13 June 2006|access-date=18 May 2018|website=Behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/aachaarya-awaited/article3218529.ece|title='Aachaarya' awaited|author=Malathi Rangarajan|date=23 June 2006|access-date=18 May 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/from-mentor-to-protege-tamil-news-44857|title=From mentor to protege|date=7 February 2009|access-date=18 May 2018|website=Behindwoods.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album|<br /> | name = Aacharya<br /> | type = [[soundtrack]]<br /> | artist = [[Srikanth Deva]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 2006<br /> | recorded = 2006<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 23:17<br /> | label =<br /> | producer = Srikanth Deva<br /> | prev_title = [[Evandoi Srivaru]]<br /> | prev_year = 2006<br /> | next_title = [[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]<br /> | next_year = 2006<br /> | language = Telgu or Hindi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Srikanth Deva]]. The soundtrack, released in 2006, features 8 tracks with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mio.to/album/Aacharya+(2006)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904043625/http://mio.to/album/Aacharya+%282006%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2014|title=Aacharya (2006)&amp;nbsp;- Srikanth Deva|access-date=18 May 2018|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/aacharya-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1327740056|title=Aacharya (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Srikanth Deva|date=January 2006 |access-date=18 May 2018|publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br /> |-<br /> |1 || &quot;Androru Thai&quot; || [[Sriram Parthasarathy]] || 3:29<br /> |-<br /> |2 || &quot;Nijamai Nijamai&quot; || [[Manikka Vinayagam]] || 3:34<br /> |-<br /> |3 || &quot;Idhu Enna&quot; || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] || 5:23<br /> |-<br /> |4 || &quot;Kathavai Thirandhu&quot; || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 2:36<br /> |-<br /> |5 || &quot;Kannai Katti&quot; || Senthildoss || 2:19<br /> |-<br /> |6 || &quot;Oru Thuli Eru Thuli&quot; || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 5:05<br /> |-<br /> |7 || &quot;Uyirin Uirey&quot; || Senthildoss || 2:51<br /> |-<br /> |8 || &quot;Yar Yaro&quot; || [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], Azhagu Murugan || 1:57<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> P. V. Sathish Kumar wrote, &quot;Even if Ravi steers the narrative towards the inevitable cornball conclusion with little care for subtlety, ''Aacharya'' is still most certainly a movie worth watching&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3125/tamil/acharya/788/review.htm|title=Acharya Review|author=P. V. Sathish Kumar|access-date=18 May 2018|publisher=nowrunning.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' stated, &quot;Vadivukarasi as Mayakka is simply superb and Charanraj as cop is good. For Vignesh, it is a comeback vehicle and he has done his best while Nassar is riveting as the guy with negative shades&quot; and concluded that the film &quot;is one of the better movies in the gangster genre&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aarcharya-review-tamil-pclvX5efejead.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221430/http://www.sify.com/movies/aarcharya-review-tamil-pclvX5efejead.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2018|title=Review : Aacharya (2006)|date=7 July 2006|access-date=18 May 2018|website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Indiaglitz.com'' wrote, &quot;Ravi has proved that he has the fire in him to make offbeat entertainers. A welcome addition to the directors keen on rendering movies on new themes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aacharya-review-tamil-movie-7985|title=Aacharya Review|date=6 July 2006|access-date=18 May 2018|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer from ''tamilcinema.com'' wrote, &quot;Aacharya is somewhat different and more fast-paced than the typical action films, it will be a successful film.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tamilcinema.com/cinenews/review/2006/aacharya.asp|title=ஆச்சார்யா|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823060421/http://tamilcinema.com/cinenews/review/2006/aacharya.asp|archive-date=23 August 2010|access-date=18 May 2018|language=Tamil|trans-title=Aacharya|publisher=tamilcinema.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cinesouth'' wrote &quot;Director Ravi’s screenplay makes one’s heart ache to see the hero has nothing or nobody last for him&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/aacharya0807.shtml|title=Aacharya|website=Cinesouth|access-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018081757/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/aacharya0807.shtml|archive-date=18 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|2856450}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2006 films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]<br /> [[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br /> [[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muttathu_Varkey_Award&diff=519343 2026-03-23T15:21:11Z

<p>Vidya1111: Adding basic page w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Award for contributions to Malayalam literature}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = Muttathu Varkey Award<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | subheader = Award for individual contributions to [[Malayalam literature]]<br /> | awarded_for = Literary award in [[India]] <br /> | sponsor = Muttattu Varkey Foundation<br /> | firstawarded = 1992<br /> | lastawarded = 2019<br /> | reward = {{INR}}50,000, citation, a statuette<br /> | former name = <br /> | holder_label = Most recent winner<br /> | holder = <br /> | award1_type = Total awarded<br /> | award1_winner =22<br /> | award2_type = First winner<br /> | award2_winner = [[O. V. Vijayan]]<br /> | award3_type = Last winner<br /> | award3_winner = [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.muttathuvarkey.com/foundation}}<br /> | previous = <br /> | next = <br /> }}<br /> '''Muttathu Varkey Award''' for contributions to the field of Malayalam literature is instituted by the Muttattu Varkey Foundation in memory of novelist [[Muttathu Varkey]]. The award was instituted in 1992 and as of 2012, it carries a purse of {{INR}}50000, a citation, and a statuette. The awards are usually announced on 28 April (the birth anniversary of Varkey) and presented on 28 May (the death anniversary of Varkey) every year.<br /> <br /> The award was instituted as a recognition of the writer's (particularly novelists) body of work rather than any one title. In 2015, [[K. Satchidanandan]] became the first poet to be selected for the award. The year 2015 was the 75th anniversary of Muttathu Varkey's debut into Malayalam literature with a poem titled ‘‘Aathmanjali’’ and so it was decided to have the award be given to poetry. In 2016 and 2017, the award was given for screenplay writing and notably in recognition for a particular work unlike previous years.<br /> <br /> ==Awardees==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Recipient<br /> ! Remarks<br /> ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1992<br /> |[[O. V. Vijayan]]<br /> | Khasakinte ethihasam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |[[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> |[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1995<br /> |[[Kovilan]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |[[Kakkanadan]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> |[[V. K. N.]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |[[M. Mukundan]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> |[[Punathil Kunjabdulla]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |[[Anand (writer)|Anand]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |[[N. P. Mohammed]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |[[Ponkunnam Varkey]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |[[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2003/05/30/stories/2003053000900300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145645/http://hindu.com/2003/05/30/stories/2003053000900300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2014|title=Theoretical criticism spoils literary pleasure|date=30 May 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |[[C. Radhakrishnan]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr282004/update7.asp|title=C Radhakrishnan gets Muttathu Varkey award |date=28 April 2004|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |[[Paul Zacharia|Zacharia]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/29/stories/2005042912210400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050513071157/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/29/stories/2005042912210400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2005|title=Muttathu Varkey award for Zacharia |date=29 April 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |[[Kamala Surayya]] (Madhavikkutty)<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/29/stories/2006042903110500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102055143/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/29/stories/2006042903110500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2007|title=Muttathu Varkey Award for Kamala Suraiyya |date=29 April 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |[[Thinakkal Padmanabhan|T. Padmanabhan]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/29/stories/2007052902450200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213063914/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/29/stories/2007052902450200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007|title=Muttathu Varkey award presented to Padmanabhan|date=29 May 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |[[M. Sukumaran]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/29/stories/2008042957320400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502040032/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/29/stories/2008042957320400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2008|title=Muttathu Varkey award announced |date=29 April 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |[[N. S. Madhavan]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/29/stories/2009052952620300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602233906/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/29/stories/2009052952620300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2009|title=Muttathu Varkey Award presented |date=29 May 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |[[P. Valsala]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/29/stories/2010042951280200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107121620/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/29/stories/2010042951280200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Muttathu Varkey award for P. Valsala |date=29 April 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |[[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]]<br /> | Paapathara<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/29/stories/2011042951680500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504005708/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/29/stories/2011042951680500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2011|title=Muttathu Varkey award for Sara Joseph |date=29 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |[[N. Prabhakaran]]<br /> | For Overall contribution <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3366370.ece?css=print|title=Award for N. Prabhakaran|date=29 April 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=11 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |[[C. V. Balakrishnan]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/muttathuvarkey-award-to-c-v-balakrishnan.html|title=മുട്ടത്തുവര്ക്കി സാഹിത്യപുരസ്കാരം സി.വി.ബാലകൃഷ്ണന് |trans-title=Muttathu Varkey award to C.V.Balakrishnan |date=29 April 2013|publisher=[[DC Books]]|access-date=27 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |[[Asokan Charuvil]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/muttathu-varkey-award-to-asokan-charuvil.html|title=അശോകന്‍ ചരുവിലിന് മുട്ടത്തുവര്‍ക്കി സാഹിത്യപുരസ്‌കാരം |trans-title=Muttathu Varkey award to Asokan Charuvil |date=26 April 2014|publisher=[[DC Books]]|access-date=18 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> |[[K. Satchidanandan]]<br /> |&quot;Malayalam&quot;(Poem)<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/muttathu-varkey-award-for-sachidanandan/article7152233.ece|title=Muttathu Varkey award for Sachidanandan|date=29 April 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=30 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> |[[K. G. George]]<br /> | Work: ''[[Irakal]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/muttathu-varkey-award/article8662362.ece|title=MUTTATHU VARKEY AWARD|date=29 May 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=30 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> |[[T. V. Chandran]]<br /> | Work: ''[[Ponthan Mada]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/muttathu-varkey-award-for-tv-chandran/article18289268.ece|title=Muttathu Varkey Award for T.V. Chandran|date=29 April 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=30 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> |[[K. R. Meera]]<br /> | Work: ''[[Aarachar]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/muttathu-varkey-award-for-kr-meera/articleshow/63953313.cms |title=Muttathu Varkey Award for KR Meera |author=Jaikrishnan Nair |date=28 April 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=17 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> |[[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]]<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.in/2019/04/27/benyamin-gets-muttathu-varkey-award.html |title=Benyamin gets Muttathu Varkey Award |date=27 April 2019 |website=East Coast Daily |access-date=17 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian literary awards]]<br /> [[Category:Awards established in 1992]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam literary awards]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala awards]]<br /> [[Category:1992 establishments in Kerala]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._L._Shrimali&diff=453148 2026-03-22T16:48:15Z

<p>Vidya1111: corrected layout as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1909–2000)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office2 = [[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[A C Joshi]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Moti Lal Dhar]]<br /> | image = Kl shrimali.jpg<br /> | image_size = 150px<br /> | termend2 = 31 January 1977<br /> | termstart2 = 1 November 1969<br /> | appointer2 = [[V. V. Giri]]<br /> | office = [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]]<br /> | termend = 31 August 1963<br /> | termstart = 22 February 1958<br /> | preceded = [[Maulana Azad]]<br /> | succeeded = [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]<br /> | primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> | birth_date = December 1909<br /> | death_date = 5 January 2000<br /> | awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1976)<br /> | birth_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_place = Udaipur, Rajasthan, [[India]]<br /> | office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | termstart1 = April 1952<br /> | termend1 = April 1962<br /> | constituency1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kalu Lal Shrimali''' (December 1909 – 5 January 2000) was an Indian parliamentarian, educationist, and author, who served as the 2nd [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]] for [[Government of India]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> He was born in December 1909 at [[Udaipur]] and had his education at [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Calcutta University]], and [[Columbia University]].<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He served as Minister of Education in the Union Council of Ministers from May 1955 to August 1963. Shrimali represented the State of [[Rajasthan]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] from April 1952 to April 1956 and from April 1956 to April 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1017.htm |title=Members Bioprofile |website=164.100.47.132 |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208162841/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1017.htm |archive-date=8 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was associated with several educational and various social welfare organizations. Shrimali was editor of ''Jan Shikshan'', a monthly educational magazine, and had several publications to his credit. He was one of the founders of the famous Vidya Bhawan School, located in [[Udaipur]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Vidya Bhawan Journey |url=https://vidyabhawan.in/journey/ |website=Vidya |publisher=Vidya Bhawan |access-date=29 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was established in Baden Powell's Boy Scout Movement. He was awarded [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1976 for his contribution to education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kalu Lal Shrimali %7C People from Udaipur You Should Know About |url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/kalu-lal-shrimali-people-from-udaipur-you-should-know-about.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |agency=Udaipur Blog |publisher=Udaipur Blog |date=21 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He died on 5 January 2000 at the age of 90 in Udaipur, Rajasthan.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shrimali, Kalu Lal}}<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthani people]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature &amp; education]]<br /> [[Category:Columbia University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Udaipur]]<br /> [[Category:1909 births]]<br /> [[Category:2000 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of education of India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bhilwara district]]<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maa_Khadgeshwari_Kali_Mandir&diff=514157 2026-03-21T19:13:25Z

<p>Vidya1111: Adding new biography more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Maa Khadgeshwari Kali Mandir<br /> | image = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Bihar<br /> | map_caption = Location in Bihar<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26|13|N|87|46|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | district = [[Araria district]]<br /> | location = [[Araria]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = [[Kali]]<br /> | festivals = [[Deepawali]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Kali Puja]]<br /> | architecture = <br /> | temple_quantity = 1<br /> | monument_quantity = 2<br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | established = 1884<br /> | groundbreaking = 1987<br /> | year_completed = 2011<br /> | creator = Sarojanand Dixit (Nanu Baba).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=खड़गेश्वरी मंदिर के साधक नानू बाबा का भक्तों ने भव्य तरीके से मनाया जन्मोत्सव |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saharsa-civic-21982856.html |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | temple_board = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Maa Khadgeshwari Kali Mandir''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to Goddess [[Kali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=बिहार: अररिया का प्राचीन माँ खड्गेश्वरी काली मंदिर |url=https://lokraag.com/hindi-news/ancient-maa-khadgeshwari-kali-mandir-araria-bihar/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=LokRag |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a part of [[Hindu]] pilgrimage and located in [[Araria]], in [[Araria district]] of [[Bihar]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-25 |title=मां खड़गेश्वरी काली मंदिर अररिया |url=https://ararianews.com/kali-mandir-araria/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Araria News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is visited by Hindus from [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and neighboring country [[Nepal]] with the hope that Maa Kali will fulfill their wishes.<br /> <br /> Special prayers are held every Tuesday and Saturday wherein &quot;[[Kheer]]&quot; or &quot;[[Khichdi (dish)|Khichdi]]&quot; is offered to Kali maa as [[Prasada|prasad]] by her devotees and is distributed among all.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-26 |title=मां काली की पूजा का अनोखा विधान, कैदियों की बनाई फूलों की माला से शुरू होता है अनुष्ठान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/araria-prisoners-make-garlands-of-flowers-for-kali-puja-in-arariya-bihar-brsst-nodrj-2554258.html |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The height of the temple {{convert|152|ft|m}}, which makes it tallest Kali temple of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=शहर के प्रसिद्ध मां खड़गेश्वरी काली मंदिर में भक्तों की आवाजाही शुरू |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/araria/story-the-movement-of-devotees-started-in-the-famous-maa-kharageshwari-kali-temple-of-the-city-3506963.html |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=काली पूजा पर मां खड्गेश्वरी मंदिर में उमड़ा जनसैलाब, लगा महाभोग |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/araria/1344413 |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The main temple along with Lord [[Shiva]] is situated in the same premises.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In 1884, the idol of the goddess was initially kept in a [[Bothy|Jhopadi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=झोपड़ी में हुई थी मन्दिर की स्थापना, हर शनिवार और मंगलवार को लगता है भोग |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/the-temple-was-built-in-the-cottage-every-saturday-and-tuesday-020543-3134930.html/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Bhaskar News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early days, locals started worshipping by visiting the temple. The present priest and patron of the temple Sarojanand Dixit (Popularly known as Nanu Baba), a former football player, holds the overall management and worshiping work of the temple since the early 1970s. His initiative to build the tallest Kali Temple of Asia at the same place started in 1987. The construction work of the temple completed in 2011 through donations, crowdsource funding, and public charity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=ARIHANT |first=EXPERTS |title=KNOW YOUR STATE BIHAR. |date=2019 |publisher=ARIHANT PUBLISHERS |isbn=978-93-131-9975-5 |location=[S.l.] |pages=268 |language=en |oclc=1245925837}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The temple is considered to be over 200 years old according to local reports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=200 साल पुराना मां खड्गेश्वरी काली मंदिर<br /> |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/araria-200-year-old-kali-temple-araria-local18-ws-l-9741857.html<br /> |website=News18 Hindi<br /> |access-date=2026-03-22<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanmari_FC&diff=462321 2026-03-14T12:01:07Z

<p>Vidya1111: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Association football club in Mizoram, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox football club<br /> | clubname = Chanmari<br /> | image = Chanmari FC.svg<br /> | upright = 1<br /> | fullname = Chanmari Football Club<br /> | nickname = CFC<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|19 June 2011}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chanmari FC Information|url=https://www.facebook.com/ChanmariFC/info?tab=page_info|website=Facebook (Chanmari FC)|accessdate=28 November 2014|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418045511/https://www.facebook.com/ChanmariFC/info?tab=page_info|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]<br /> | capacity = 20,000<br /> | owner = <br /> | chairman = Vanlalruatfamkima<br /> | mgrtitle = Head coach<br /> | manager = Dipankur Sharma<br /> | league = [[I-League|Indian Football League]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Mizoram Premier League]] (reserves)<br /> | season = [[2026 Indian Football League|2026]]<br /> | position = TBA<br /> | current =<br /> | pattern_la1 = _redborder<br /> | pattern_b1 =<br /> | pattern_ra1 = _blueborder<br /> | pattern_sh1 =<br /> | pattern_so1 =<br /> | leftarm1 = FFFFFF<br /> | body1 = FFFFFF<br /> | rightarm1 = FFFFFF<br /> | shorts1 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks1 = FFFFFF<br /> | pattern_la2 =<br /> | pattern_b2 =<br /> | pattern_ra2 =<br /> | pattern_sh2 =<br /> | pattern_so2 =<br /> | leftarm2 = 000000<br /> | body2 = 000000<br /> | rightarm2 = 000000<br /> | shorts2 = 000000<br /> | socks2 = 000000<br /> | pattern_la3 = _whiteborder<br /> | pattern_b3 = <br /> | pattern_ra3 = _whiteborder<br /> | pattern_sh3 =<br /> | pattern_so3 =<br /> | leftarm3 = 00008B<br /> | body3 = 00008B<br /> | rightarm3 = 00008B<br /> | shorts3 = 00008B<br /> | socks3 = 00008B<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chanmari Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nikhil Jitendran|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2015/05/07/11492532/aizawl-fc-become-mizorams-inaugural-representatives-in-the-i|title=Aizawl FC become Mizoram's inaugural representatives in the I-League|date=7 May 2015|access-date=10 May 2015|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922064023/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2015/05/07/11492532/aizawl-fc-become-mizorams-inaugural-representatives-in-the-i|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=John|last=Zothansanga|title=Mizoram celebrated Independence Day with what they know and love best|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-celebrates-independence-day-with-what-they-know-and-love-best-football-5308852/|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=The Indian Express|date=16 August 2017|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816033143/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-celebrates-independence-day-with-what-they-know-and-love-best-football-5308852/}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are currently competing in the [[I-League|Indian Football League]] and the [[Mizoram Premier League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Arunava|title=Mizoram Premier League: Mizoram Police, Dinthar FC and Aizawl FC win|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/mizoram-premier-league-mizoram-police-dinthar-fc-and-aizawl-fc-win|access-date=13 January 2017|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=SportsKeeda|date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118080845/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/mizoram-premier-league-mizoram-police-dinthar-fc-and-aizawl-fc-win|archive-date=18 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=John|last=Zothansanga|title=Mizoram Premier League kicks off for the 2018 season|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-premier-league-gets-a-grand-kick-off-for-the-2018-season/|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 September 2018|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220145208/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-premier-league-gets-a-grand-kick-off-for-the-2018-season/|archive-date=20 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=I-League and Fed Cup Committee Meeting held at Football House|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6064|website=The All India Football Federation|accessdate=28 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404105305/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6064|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Chanmari FC was founded in 2011. In May 2017, they formed a partnership with then [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Pune City]]. As part of the association, Pune City has promised to help the Aizawl-based club build a youth structure by providing them with coaches and training equipment. This partnership would enable Chanmari to set up youth teams and thereby help local Mizoram players to train and benefit in professional environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chanmari Football Club partnership with FC Pune City|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/fc-pune-city-in-alliance-with-mizorams-chanmari-fc/articleshow/58715393.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=17 May 2017|access-date=3 July 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207175943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/fc-pune-city-in-alliance-with-mizorams-chanmari-fc/articleshow/58715393.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The club also takes part in the Mizoram Independence Day Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/lg-independence-cup-launched-in-aizawl|title=Jeje Lalpekhlua lauches LG Independence Cup in Aizawl|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|location=Aizawl|date=27 July 2018|access-date=26 September 2020|first1=C.|last1=Tlanthianghlima|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101121723/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/lg-independence-cup-launched-in-aizawl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Club's youth team competed in the U19 I-League.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=U-19 I-League Focus: Shillong Lajong FC|url=https://i-league.org/u-19-i-league-focus-shillong-lajong-fc/|access-date=26 January 2024|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=2 February 2015|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405133046/https://i-league.org/u-19-i-league-focus-shillong-lajong-fc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;float:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Period<br /> !Kit manufacturer<br /> !Shirt sponsor<br /> |-<br /> |2024–present<br /> |Six5six<br /> |[[Ather Energy]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Stadium==<br /> [[File:Rajiv Gandhi Stadium.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], the home ground of Chanmari]]<br /> <br /> Chanmari FC plays its home matches at the Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, located in Salem Veng, Mualpui, Aizawl.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=tirhkahthawla|title=Mualpui Stadium Design|url=http://www.misual.com/2010/06/18/mualpui-stadium-design/|publisher=misual.com|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-date=27 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527095346/http://www.misual.com/2010/06/18/mualpui-stadium-design/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has [[artificial turf]] and a seating capacity of 20,000 spectators.&lt;ref name=&quot;The All India Football Federation&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Aizawl FC are Mizo Premier League Champions|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6873|access-date=8 January 2017|work=The All India Football Federation|date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412002017/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6873|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rivalries==<br /> ===Mizoram derby===<br /> In the regional championships including the [[Mizoram Premier League]], the club nurtures rivalry with local side [[Aizawl FC]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mpl-aizawl-down-chanmari-in-semifinal-first-leg/articleshow/72360234.cms MPL: Aizawl down Chanmari in semifinal first leg] ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 30 July 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://thefangarage.com/articles/17263-mpl-2019--aizawl-fc-beat-chanmari-fc-in-first-leg-of-semi-finals/amp MPL 2019 -- Aizawl FC beat Chanmari FC in first leg of semi-finals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730165125/https://thefangarage.com/articles/17263-mpl-2019--aizawl-fc-beat-chanmari-fc-in-first-leg-of-semi-finals/amp |date=30 July 2021 }} ''The Fan Garage''. Retrieved 30 July 2021&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> ===First-team squad===<br /> {{updated|July 2025}}<br /> {{Fs start}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Simon Lalthazuala Hmar}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Lalhmangaihsanga}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Lalhmunmawia}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Lalrinchhana Tochhawng|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=JH Remlala}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=J Lalruatsanga}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=RS Lallawmzuala}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=A Vanlalremruata}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Laltluangliana}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=K Lalruatdika}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[K. Lalhmangaihkima|Lalhmangaihkima]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ephraim Lalremtluanga}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Zothanmawia]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Aron Vanlalrinchhana}}<br /> {{Fs mid}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Lalrokima}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Zonunpuia}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Joseph Lalvenhima}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=John Lalrempuia Sailo}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=PC Rosangzuala}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Crespo Vanlalhriatpuia}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Joshua Vanlalrinliana Ngente}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=37|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Michael Lalbiaksanga}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=42|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Joel Lalramengmawia}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=66|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rashid CK}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=71|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sena Ralte]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=KC Malsawmsanga}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=92|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Lalthankima}}<br /> {{Fs end}}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> *'''[[I-League 2]]'''<br /> **Runners-up (1): [[2024–25 I-League 2|2024–25]]<br /> *'''[[I-League 3]]'''<br /> **Runners-up (1): [[2024–25 I-League 3|2024–25]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diamond Harbour win I-League 2 title, Chanmari FC promoted to I-League 2025–26 |url=https://i-league.org/diamond-harbour-win-i-league-2-title-chanmari-fc-promoted-to-i-league-2025-26/ |access-date=20 April 2025 |date=19 April 2025 |work=i-league.org |publisher=All India Football Federation |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420152012/https://i-league.org/diamond-harbour-win-i-league-2-title-chanmari-fc-promoted-to-i-league-2025-26/ |archive-date=20 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''[[Mizoram Premier League]]'''<br /> **Champions (3): 2013–14, [[2016–17 Mizoram Premier League|2016–17]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=MPL 5 Champions Chanmari|url=https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl-5-champions-chanmari-fc|work=www.inkhel.com|date=16 December 2016|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913175158/http://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl-5-champions-chanmari-fc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;, 2025–2026<br /> **Runners-up (1): 2015–16, 2023–24&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bhutani|first1=Rahul|title=Aizawl FC Champions|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2015/aizwal-fc-emerge-champions-kashmir-fc-impress-on-debut-i-league-second-division-review/|date=10 May 2015|access-date=7 May 2016|website=www.thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923163338/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2015/aizwal-fc-emerge-champions-kashmir-fc-impress-on-debut-i-league-second-division-review/|archive-date=23 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''Mizoram Independence Day Cup'''<br /> **Champions (1): 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;MIC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/74572|title=Kum 10 hnuah Mizoram Police an champion — Championship Tawhte|trans-title=Mizoram Police are champions after 10 years — Championship History|website=vanglaini.org|publisher=[[Vanglaini|Vanglaini – Mizo Daily]]|location=Aizawl|date=16 August 2022|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425163646/https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/74572|archive-date=25 April 2023|language=lus}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of football clubs in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/chanmari-fc/22500/ Chanmari FC] at ''Global Sports Archive''<br /> <br /> <br /> {{I-League 2nd Division}}<br /> {{Mizoram Premier League}}<br /> {{Football in Mizoram}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]<br /> [[Category:Association football clubs established in 2011]]<br /> [[Category:Football clubs in Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:2011 establishments in Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Chanmari FC]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochin_International_Airport&diff=447778 2026-03-05T11:38:21Z

<p>Vidya1111: minor update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Airport in Kochi, Kerala, India}}<br /> {{For|the regional airport in Kōchi, Japan|Kōchi Airport}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox airport<br /> | name = Cochin International Airport<br /> | image = Cochin International Airport Logo.png<br /> | image-width = 250<br /> | image2 = Cochin international airport terminal.jpg<br /> | image2-width = 250<br /> | caption2 = Airport main building<br /> | IATA = COK<br /> | ICAO = VOCI<br /> | type = [[Public-private partnership]] (PPP)<br /> | owner-oper = {{bulleted list|<br /> | Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL) {{small|(68.58%)}}<br /> | [[Government of Kerala]] {{small|(32.42%)}}}}<br /> | city-served = [[Kochi]]<br /> | location = [[Nedumbassery]], Kochi, [[Kerala]], India<br /> | opened = {{start date and age|1999|05|25|df=yes}}<br /> | hub = <br /> | focus_city = [[Air India]]<br /> | operating_base = {{ubl|class=nowrap<br /> | [[Air India Express]]<br /> | [[IndiGo]]}}<br /> | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br /> | pushpin_label = '''COK'''/VOCI<br /> | elevation-f = 30<br /> | elevation-m = 9<br /> | metric-elev = yes<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10|09|12.00|N|76|23|17.39|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}<br /> | website = {{URL|www.cial.aero}}<br /> | r1-number = 09/27<br /> | r1-length-m = 3,445<br /> | r1-length-f = 11,302<br /> | r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br /> | metric-rwy = yes<br /> | h1-number = H1<br /> | h1-length-f = 63<br /> | h1-length-m = 19<br /> | h1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br /> | stat1-header = Passengers<br /> | stat1-data = 11,140,778 ({{increase}} 7.5%)<br /> | stat2-header = Aircraft movements<br /> | stat2-data = 72,091<br /> ({{increase}} 6.9%)<br /> | stat3-header = Cargo tonnage<br /> | stat3-data = 61,999 ({{increase}} 3.4%)<br /> | stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025 &lt;!--Do not change or remove the figures, these are strictly as per the sources mentioned below and changing them will cause conflicting with sources.--&gt;<br /> | footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AAI3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Cochin International Airport''' {{airport codes|COK|VOCI}}, also known as '''Kochi International Airport''', is an [[international airport]] serving the city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India. Located at [[Nedumbassery]], about {{cvt|25|km}} northeast of the city center, the airport is the first of its kind to be developed under a [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) model in India. The project was funded by nearly 10,000 [[non-resident Indians]] from 32 countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;LAR&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://irisholidays.com/keralatourism/airports-in-kerala/|title=Airports in Kerala-Helpful guide for tourists visiting Kerala|date=8 November 2019|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407004250/https://irisholidays.com/keralatourism/airports-in-kerala/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the busiest and largest airport in Kerala. {{As of|2024}}, the airport caters to more than 63% of the total air passenger traffic in Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAX&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/apr/08/crore-plus-transit-cial-in-2018-19-domestic-travellers-exceed-intl-1961513.html|title=Crore plus transit CIAL in 2018-19; domestic travellers exceed international|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 April 2019|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406185539/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/apr/08/crore-plus-transit-cial-in-2018-19-domestic-travellers-exceed-intl-1961513.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the fifth-busiest airport in India in terms of international traffic,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/september-will-be-a-watershed-moment-for-bengaluru-airport-kempegowda-international-airport-delhi-mumbai-aviation-11723540963726.html |title=Why September will be a watershed moment for Bengaluru airport |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[List of busiest airports in India|eighth-busiest]] overall.<br /> <br /> In fiscal year 2024–25, the airport handled more than 11&amp;nbsp;million passengers with a total of 67,469 aircraft movements.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAX&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AAI3&quot;/&gt; As of 2025, the airport is served by over 25 airline companies, carrying passengers to over 30 international destinations and over 25 domestic destinations.<br /> <br /> The airport operates three passenger terminals and one cargo terminal with a total area of over {{convert|225000|m2|0}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;T3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/768117/cochin-international-airport-t3-new-terminal-interior-images-kochi-kerala/11/|title=Cochin International Airport new T3: From solar power to world-class facilities, this Kerala airport is special|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=18 July 2017|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407004254/https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/768117/cochin-international-airport-t3-new-terminal-interior-images-kochi-kerala/11/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, the airport became the world's first fully [[solar power|solar-power]]ed airport with the inauguration of a dedicated [[CIAL Solar Power Project|solar plant]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html|title=Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar-powered major airport|access-date=5 March 2021|work=LiveMint|date=18 August 2015|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074258/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Supriya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |access-date=1 December 2016 |work=BBC News |date=9 October 2015 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214353/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For this entrepreneurial vision, the airport won the coveted [[Champions of the Earth|Champion of the Earth]] award in 2018, the highest environmental honour instituted by the [[United Nations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/jul/26/cial-chosen-for-un-environmental-honour-1848990.html|title=CIAL chosen for UN environmental honour|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2018|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407102227/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/jul/26/cial-chosen-for-un-environmental-honour-1848990.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport was awarded The Best Airport in [[Asia–Pacific|Asia-Pacific]] in 2020 (5 to 15 million passengers per year) by [[Airports Council International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2020 - Best Airport by Size and Region |url=https://aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-airport-by-size-and-region/ |website=ACI World |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301172701/https://aci.aero/customer-experience-asq/asq-awards-and-recognition/asq-awards/current-winner-2020/best-airport-by-size-and-region/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Flights previously operated to [[London|London’s]] [[Gatwick]] and [[Heathrow]] airports from the airport by [[Air India]]. As of October 2025, these flights remain suspended.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Cochin airport began as an airstrip on [[Willingdon Island]], built in 1936 by the Kingdom of Cochin, intended for transporting officials involved in the development of the [[Cochin Port]]. The [[Kingdom of Cochin]] allowed the British, who ruled India at the time, to convert the airstrip into a military airport for use by the Indian Navy during [[World War II]]. The Royal Navy chose it as a strategic site for their headquarters in Southern India and as an air station cum landing craft and seaplane base.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-02/html/ch13.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207204637/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-02/html/ch13.htm|date=7 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The military facility hosted naval fighter planes and was intended to thwart possible Japanese air raids.&lt;ref&gt;The origin of INS Venduruthy can be traced to 31 August 1939, when a small naval contingent was positioned in Kochi under Royal Indian Navy Captain L. Wadeson, who assumed the duties of Naval Officer-in-Charge, Cochin. http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/02/stories/2010070250590200.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052604/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/02/stories/2010070250590200.htm |date=21 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A small naval unit set up operations just two days before the outbreak of World War II.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/24/stories/2006062421530300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026103146/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/24/stories/2006062421530300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2012 |title=Kerala / Kochi News : INS Venduruthy celebrates anniversary |date=24 June 2006 |access-date=8 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After India achieved [[Dominion of India|dominion status]] and the merger of the Kingdom of Cochin with India, the Indian Navy operated the airport, [[INS Garuda]], though it permitted civilian aircraft to use the facility. The Gulf [[economic boom]] of the 1980s made it necessary to develop international connections to Kochi in the interests of expatriates working in the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&amp;linkId=51 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |publisher=Cial.aero |date=30 March 1994 |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011082542/http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&amp;linkId=51 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Construction==<br /> [[File:Periyarfromplane.jpg|thumb|The airport was constructed right by the Periyar river, seen from a landing plane.]]<br /> <br /> The original proposal for the airport outlined an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|1|b|lk=r}} and an expected date of commission in 1997. Approval was granted in May 1993. The funding was envisaged to be from interest-free loans from non-resident Indians working abroad, donations from industrial undertakings, exporters, cooperative societies and loans from the state government. A body called the Cochin International Airport Society, under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister of Kerala [[K. Karunakaran]], was registered in July 1993 to execute the project. To better fund mobilisation, as well as an administrative convenience, a public limited company under the name Cochin International Airport Ltd. (CIAL) was registered in March 1994 with an authorised capital of {{INRConvert|900|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB Feature&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Government of India, Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0599/f2205991.html|title=CIAL&amp;nbsp;– A Novel Venture in Indian Civil Aviation|access-date=12 January 2011|archive-date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829032306/http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0599/f2205991.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1996, [[E. K. Nayanar]] took over as chairman of the CIAL project. The construction picked up momentum during this period and Nayanar ensured that the airport project received special attention from the State Government and gave his unstinted support to CIAL. By 1997, substantial land was taken into CIAL possession through negotiated settlements.&lt;ref name=&quot;cial.aero&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=About CIAL A Brief History|url=https://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&amp;linkId=51|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2020|access-date=30 July 2020|work=CIAL|date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215145046/http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&amp;linkId=51}}&lt;/ref&gt; A total of {{convert|1213|acre|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} of land was acquired for the construction of the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CIAL|url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=54&amp;linkId=54|title=CIAL: Corporate Project Details|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928161955/http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=54&amp;linkId=54|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Approximately 2,300 landowners and 872 families were resettled under a rehabilitation package.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=IIM Ahmedabad|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/~graghu/CIAL.IIR.pdf|title=Governance Issues in Airport Development: Learnings From Cochin International Airport LTD|access-date=12 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614150605/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/~graghu/CIAL.IIR.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major electric lines and an irrigation canal had to be diverted. The facility was formally inaugurated by the then President of India, [[K. R. Narayanan]] on 25 May 1999 and the first commercial service began on 10 June 1999. The operations from the old naval airport were moved to CIAL on 1 July 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAL History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CIAL |url=http://cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&amp;linkId=51 |title=A Brief History |access-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215125022/http://cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&amp;linkId=51 |archive-date=15 December 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Expansion===<br /> <br /> ====Phase 1====<br /> The airport had {{convert|18580|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} of floor space at its inauguration. CIAL envisioned four phases of expansion over 20 years, the third phase of which was completed in 2009. The original airport terminal was envisioned to handle just 100 passengers at a time. However, by 2001, the international passenger traffic was growing, making it necessary to redevelop the terminal.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> In 2002, the floor area for the international operations of the original building rose due to the completion of a separate domestic terminal, shifting all domestic operations there.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> ====Phase 2====<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | image1 = Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg<br /> | width1 = 220<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = Airport main entrance<br /> | image2 =<br /> | width2 = 220<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = CIAL Golf and Country Club<br /> | image3 =<br /> | width3 = 220<br /> | alt3 = <br /> | caption3 = CIAL museum<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Tuskerairport.jpg|thumb|A lifelike elephant statue at the arrivals section]]<br /> <br /> With a rising number of airlines operating at the airport, CIAL decided to construct{{when|date=April 2025}} an exclusive terminal for domestic operations, namely Terminal 2, making the international one Terminal 1, increasing the floor space for international operations by {{convert|37161|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br /> <br /> ====Phase 3====<br /> Work on the third phase was intended to accommodate 5 million passenger movements annually and was started in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiainvites.com/oldisgold/tourism_newsletter/JAN07.htm Travel &amp; Tourism Newsletter, hotels, airlines, destination&amp;nbsp;– January 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331012013/http://www.indiainvites.com/oldisgold/tourism_newsletter/JAN07.htm |date=31 March 2010 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.indiainvites.com/oldisgold/tourism_newsletter/JAN07.htm |title=Phase 3 expansion |date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905012110/http://www.indiainvites.com/oldisgold/tourism_newsletter/JAN07.htm |archive-date=5 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The third phase involved the commissioning of a central block, connecting the domestic and international terminals and enlarging the airside area to accommodate more gates and waiting areas along with increased shopping areas. This increased the built-up area by another {{convert|29700|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/22/stories/2008102260630300.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=New international departure terminal to be opened soon |date=22 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108090509/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/22/stories/2008102260630300.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 November 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The airside area of the international arrivals and departures blocks were integrated and glass walls were installed to allow for more natural light. The runway was re-surfaced in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/18/stories/2008031855111900.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Flights to Kochi airport to be rescheduled |date=18 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028195316/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/18/stories/2008031855111900.htm |archive-date=28 October 2008 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The number of parking areas was increased from 15 to 24, including three dedicated for cargo airlines. The third phase also completed the expansion of the cargo village and a second aircraft taxiway to the MRO facility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ciasl.in/Content/viewcontent.aspx?linkId=10&amp;linkLvl1Id=8 |title=Capabilities |publisher=Cochin International Aviation Services |access-date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053947/http://www.ciasl.in/Content/viewcontent.aspx?linkId=10&amp;linkLvl1Id=8 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkid=80 |title=About CIAL Overview |publisher=Cochin International Airport |access-date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054122/http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkid=80 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Phase 4====<br /> The fourth phase of expansion was originally planned to upgrade the domestic terminal, which has remained untouched in the past three phases.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/30/stories/2009013061440300.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Rs. 100 crore for airport expansion |date=30 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108073831/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/30/stories/2009013061440300.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://aera.gov.in/airportdetail.php?loc=cochin |title=Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) - Airport Details |publisher=AERA |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314214051/http://aera.gov.in/airportdetail.php?loc=cochin |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the expansion plans were changed after the new UDF government took over the administration of the state in May 2011.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> As per the revised plans, the international terminal is to face a major renovation before being converted completely into a domestic terminal, while a new state-of-the-art international terminal is coming up. As per the new plans announced by the board of directors in September 2011, the new international terminal would come up on the eastern side of the existing structure. The built-up space of the new terminal would be {{convert|1500000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} having segregated departures and arrivals at different levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/stateoftheart-terminal-at-cial-soon/article4206359.ece|title=State-of-the-art terminal at CIAL soon|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 February 2013|location=Chennai, India|date=16 December 2012|archive-date=21 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121041600/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/stateoftheart-terminal-at-cial-soon/article4206359.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cial-to-have-new-international-terminal-112121600169_1.html |title=CIAL to have new International terminal&amp;nbsp;– Kochi&amp;nbsp;– The Hindu |newspaper=business-standard.com |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=18 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618004429/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cial-to-have-new-international-terminal-112121600169_1.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/new-terminal-at-cial-soon/article4206579.ece |title=New terminal at CIAL soon&amp;nbsp;– Kochi&amp;nbsp;– The Hindu Business Line |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062640/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/new-terminal-at-cial-soon/article4206579.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cm-new-international-terminal-for-kochi-airport/187297-60-122.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927214412/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cm-new-international-terminal-for-kochi-airport/187297-60-122.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2011 |title=CM: New international terminal for Kochi airport&amp;nbsp;— National&amp;nbsp;— news&amp;nbsp;— Business Standard |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=10 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new terminal with an elevation featuring [[Kerala]] temple architecture will have all the latest features of international standards. Construction major Larsen &amp; Toubro is building the facility which will be ready within 30 months. The two-level terminal will have provisions for 112 check-in counters, with in-line baggage screening facilities, 100 immigration counters, {{convert|40000|sqft|0|order=flip}} of [[duty-free shop]]s at departure and arrival lounges, 19 boarding gates, 15 aerobridges, six baggage conveyor belts and fully covered alighting and boarding area.&lt;ref name=&quot;cial.press&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cial.aero/Pressroom/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=314&amp;news_status=F |title=CIAL |publisher=Cial.aero |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011354/http://cial.aero/Pressroom/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=314&amp;news_status=F |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The current domestic terminal would be converted into an &quot;Executive Pavilion&quot; and would handle VIP and private chartered flights and jets. The current international terminal once converted into a domestic terminal, will have 5 [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]] and 10 boarding gates, apart from increased parking bays.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Management==<br /> Cochin International Airport is the first in India to be built by a [[public–private partnership|public-private partnership]] and is owned by a public limited company called Cochin International Airport Limited, better known as CIAL, created by the Government of Kerala in 1994. The [[Government of Kerala]] holds a 33.36% stake, making it the single largest investor in the project.&lt;ref name=&quot;Finace Report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |url=http://www.cag.gov.in/MAAG/Kerala_Fin/kerfin08-09.pdf |title=Finance Accounts 2008–09, Govt of Kerala |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162937/http://www.cag.gov.in/MAAG/Kerala_Fin/kerfin08-09.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[List of public sector undertakings in India|Indian government companies]] like [[Air India]], [[Bharat Petroleum|BPCL]] and [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]] hold an 8.74% stake, while foreign companies like [[Abu Dhabi]] based [[LuLu Group International|Lulu Group International]], the Oman-based Galfar Group, [[UAE]] based Majeed Bukatara Trading holds a 5.42% stake. Indian companies hold 8.57% stake, while scheduled commercial banks like [[Federal Bank]], [[State Bank of India|SBI]] and [[Canara Bank]] hold 5.91%.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/cochin-airport-go-initial-public-offering-470 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209232838/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/cochin-airport-go-initial-public-offering-470 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2016 |title=Cochin airport to go for initial public offering |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=5 May 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nedumudy|first=Vinod|date=12 February 2018|title=M A Yusuffali bags 71 lakh more CIAL shares|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120218/m-a-yusuffali-bags-71-lakh-more-cial-shares.html|access-date=20 August 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021721/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120218/m-a-yusuffali-bags-71-lakh-more-cial-shares.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tatas' Air India Takeover: New Stake in Cochin Airport |url=https://unlistedzone.com/windfall-gain-for-tatas-take-over-of-air-india-brings-a-stake-in-cochin-airport |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=unlistedzone.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The remaining 38.03% stake is held by more than 10,000 personal investors from 29 countries, mostly non-resident Indians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=CIAL |url=http://cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=55&amp;linkId=55 |title=Investor Info |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215124902/http://cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=55&amp;linkId=55 |archive-date=15 December 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company has decided to go for a [[Initial public offering|public offering]] and give 10 million shares to [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation|HUDCO]] as part of a debt settlement, which would to lead HUDCO having a 3.37% stake in the company and a reduction of the stake of other holders.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] is the ex-officio chairman of CIAL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cochin International Airport |url=https://www.cial.aero/Corporate |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=www.cial.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Terminals==<br /> [[File:Kochi airport terminal 1.jpg|thumb|Terminal 1 at CIAL]]<br /> Cochin International Airport has three main terminals: two domestic and one international. There is also a cargo terminal.<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | image1 = CIAL T1 Check In Counter.jpg<br /> | width1 = 220<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = Check-in counters at Terminal 1<br /> | image2 = Check-In area CIAL.jpg<br /> | width2 = 220<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = Check-in counters at the former Terminal 2.<br /> | image3 = Cochin International Airport Terminal 3 departure area, 23 May 2017 (2).jpg<br /> | width3 = 220<br /> | alt3 = <br /> | caption3 = Terminal 3 airside departures area<br /> | image4 = View of elephants inside Cochin International Airport.jpg<br /> | width4 = 220<br /> | alt4 = <br /> | caption4 = Inside the Terminal 3 landside departures area, with statues depicting the famous [[Thrissur Pooram]] festival<br /> | image5 = <br /> | width5 = 220<br /> | alt5 = <br /> | caption5 = Terrace lounge<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Terminal 1 (Domestic)===<br /> Terminal 1 was formerly the international terminal until the operations were shifted to the new international Terminal 3. The terminal underwent a massive upgrade and renovation after that, which took its total handling capacity to 4,000 passengers per hour which is 5 times the previous capacity. The renovated Terminal 1 was opened to travellers on 12 December 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;T1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/dec/06/ethnic-charm-awaits-travellers-at-airport-1907879.html |title=Ethnic charm awaits travellers at Cochin International Airport |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123622/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/dec/06/ethnic-charm-awaits-travellers-at-airport-1907879.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With a total built-up area of {{convert|600000|sqft|0|abbr=on|order=flip}},&lt;ref name=&quot;T1&quot; /&gt; Terminal 1 has 56 check-in counters, 7 aerobridges and a conveyor belt system to transfer baggage from 12 flights at a time. It is also equipped with 6 reserve lounges, an art area, a food court, an executive lounge, and a {{convert|50000|sqft|0|adj=on|order=flip}} shopping area.&lt;ref name=&quot;T1&quot; /&gt; The terminal has a solar carport facility that can generate 2.4 MW&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2.4 MWp, Solar Power Plant Kerala, India - Solar Rooftop Project|url=https://sterlingandwilsonre.com/businesses/project/Solar-Power-Plant-2.4-MWp-Kerala|access-date=16 November 2021|website=Sterling and Wilson Solar|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116103227/https://www.sterlingandwilsonre.com/businesses/project/Solar-Power-Plant-2.4-MWp-Kerala|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; of power and can house 1,400 cars. Together with the solar carport at the International Terminal 3, it can generate 5.1 MW of power which is the largest carport in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carport&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Terminal 2 (Executive)===<br /> Terminal 2 has an area of {{convert|10000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} and is designed to handle up to 400 passengers at peak times. The departure hall has 26 common use terminal equipment (CUTE) enabled check-in counters, including 6 premium check-in counters, 4 self check in counters. It has 6 security gates and a common waiting area that can accommodate 400 passengers at a time. There is also a family lounge and a premium lounge for [[business class]] passengers and a food court is housed in the waiting area, while a restaurant operates in entry lobby. There are 4 remote gates facility available for domestic passengers. The arrivals hall has 2 baggage carousels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=86&amp;linkId=86 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |publisher=Cial.aero |access-date=8 January 2014 |archive-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208052101/http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=86&amp;linkId=86 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This block was converted into an executive terminal on 12 December 2018.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> ===Terminal 3 (International)===<br /> The new international Terminal 3 was opened to travellers in March 2017. The theme of the terminal is inspired by [[Thrissur Pooram]] and is built in traditional Kerala architecture. 15 real-size fibre elephants, adorning traditional costumes welcome the travellers at the departure facility area. The terminal has 5 entry gates, 84 check-in counters and 80 [[immigration]] counters. It is equipped with 10 [[escalators]], 21 [[elevators]], and 3 [[moving walkways]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIALT3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://cial.aero/userfiles/cialwebsite/T3-Details.pdf|title=Cochin International Airport - Terminal 3|work=CIAL|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219160818/http://cial.aero/userfiles/cialwebsite/T3-Details.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The terminal has a solar carport facility with a capacity of generating 2.7 MW power and can provide a parking facility for 1,400 cars. Along with the solar carport at the domestic Terminal 1, it is the largest solar carport in the world with a total capacity of 5.1 MW of power and a parking facility for 2,800 cars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carport&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090218/worlds-largest-carport-in-kochi.html|title=World's largest carport in Kochi|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=9 February 2018|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125333/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090218/worlds-largest-carport-in-kochi.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With a total area of more than {{convert|150000|m2|0|abbr=on}}, the terminal is built over four levels. The ground level handles arrivals. With a total ground area of around {{convert|41156|m2|0|abbr=on}}, it has 10 customs counters, three bank counters, a shopping complex for the passengers and the general public, a VIP lounge, arrival duty-free shops and a baggage claim area.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIALT3&quot; /&gt; The second level (5.5 metres above ground level) also handles arrivals and is equipped with 30 immigration counters, 10 e-T-Visa counters, five health check counters, and two moving walkways.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIALT3&quot; /&gt; The third level (10.5 metres above ground level) is the departure facility area. It has a {{convert|20836|m2|0|abbr=on}} check-in area, three check-in islands having a total of 84 counters, 40 emigration counters, an {{convert|800|m2|0|adj=on}} departure duty-free shop, three VIP reserved lounges, airline offices, two prayer rooms, and a moving walkway. The fourth level (15.5 metres above ground level) is the departure security hold area. With an area of more than {{convert|8674|m2|0|abbr=on}}, it has a food court, restaurant, three airline executive lounges, smoking lounge, bar and reclining area.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIALT3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> With the commissioning of Terminal 3, Cochin International Airport became India's 4th largest airport after [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], and [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], with a total built up area of more than {{convert|2300000|sqft|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} for commercial operations.<br /> <br /> ===Cargo center===<br /> Cochin Airport has a dedicated cargo center on the eastern side of the complex. The cargo center is one of the largest facilities in India with a total floor space of {{convert|120000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} in {{convert|50|acre|0|order=flip}} of land.An extended cargo warehouse was also inaugurated on the airport premises on 1 January 2026, raising the annual goods movement from 75,000 tonnes to 125,000 tonnes per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Kochi |date=2025-12-30 |title=Cochin International Airport opens extended export cargo warehouse |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/cochin-international-airport-opens-extended-export-cargo-warehouse/article70452877.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are three complexes in the cargo village:<br /> <br /> * The Centre for Dry Cargo (CDC), with an area of {{convert|50000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}, has a dedicated warehousing facility and air-customs inspection facility for both import and export.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cargo1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=26&amp;linkId=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701021515/http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=26&amp;linkId=26|url-status=dead|title=Cargo facilities at Cochin Airport|archive-date=1 July 2009|access-date=20 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The Centre for Perishable Cargo (CPC) is the largest dedicated cold storage center for perishable goods in India. It has a floor area of about {{convert|22000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}} and can handle approximately 25,000 tonnes of cargo. It was commissioned in 2008 at a cost of {{INRConvert|380|m}} jointly by CIAL, the [[Government of India]] through the Agricultural and Food Promotion Export Development Authority (APEDA), and the Government of Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Karvi |date=16 December 2023 |title=Cargo Service Center broadens operations in Kerala |url=https://www.logisticsinsider.in/csc-broadens-operations-in-kerala/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Logistics Insider |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=37952 |title=Cochin Airport to have largest perishable cargo centre in India |publisher=Freshplaza.com |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525035143/http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=37952 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Unreliable source?|reason=commercially edited website|date=July 2011}}<br /> * The Transshipment Cargo Complex is a dedicated warehouse allocated for transshipment cargo. The import and export cargo from the customs warehouses in the catchment area, as well as from airports like Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, etc., are handled and stored at this center for export.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cargo1&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Additional facilities to support the three main cargo complexes include two [[X-ray machine]]s and Explosive Trace Detection machines, a dedicated Dangerous Goods room, two [[Cold rooms|Cold Rooms]] maintained between +2&amp;nbsp;°C to +8&amp;nbsp;°C, a Radioactive Cargo room, and a High-value goods room.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition, an exclusive domestic cargo complex has also been constructed for private domestic logistics firms and [[India Post]] services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 April 2023 |title=New cargo terminal at Cial to be inaugurated by September |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/new-cargo-terminal-at-cial-to-be-inaugurated-by-september/articleshow/99394483.cms |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Chief Minister to launch seven CIAL mega projects on October 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/chief-minister-to-launch-seven-cial-mega-projects-on-october-2/article67344311.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=25 September 2023 |access-date=16 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> ===Business Jet Terminal===<br /> According to CIAL, it is now only the fourth airport in [[India]] with a terminal for [[business jet]]s. The terminal is expected to provide customised services to charter and private jets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 March 2024 |title=Cial's business jet terminal handles 1k flights in 14 mnts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/cochin-international-airports-business-jet-terminal-handles-1000-flights-in-just-14-months/articleshow/108507455.cms |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==== 0484 Aero Lounge ====<br /> Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL) unveiled India's largest aero lounge on 1 September 2024. The facility, spanning 50,000 square feet, offers a range of amenities including guest rooms, boardrooms, conference halls, co-working spaces, and a lounge accessible to both passengers and visitors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aero lounge at Kochi airport to be launched on September 1 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/aero-lounge-at-kochi-airport-to-be-launched-on-september-1/article68575750.ece |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=thehindu.com|date=28 August 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the Kerala Aviation Summit was hosted there on 25 and 26 August 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kerala Aviation Summit to be held at Cial on Aug 23 &amp; 24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-aviation-summit-to-be-held-at-cial-on-aug-23-24/articleshow/123417744.cms |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> [[File:Cochin international airport terminal.jpg|thumb|Airport present view from terminal{{clarify|reason=Is this a view of the terminal, or from the terminal? Which Terminal? (Main, No.1,2,3?) |date=February 2025}}]]<br /> <br /> ===Air traffic control===<br /> The [[air traffic control]] (ATC) tower is {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. Cochin ATC controls flights below an altitude of {{convert|25500|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The airport has two [[instrument landing system]]s (ILS) using [[distance measuring equipment]] (DME) which enable flights to land from both sides of the runway even in rough weather conditions. CIAL is the only airport in the country besides the airport in metros to have such a facility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110518/cochin-international-airport-ltd-installs-second-instrument-landing-sy.html |title=Cochin International Airport Ltd installs second Instrument Landing System |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=11 May 2018 |access-date=4 July 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704064220/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110518/cochin-international-airport-ltd-installs-second-instrument-landing-sy.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ATC uses Doppler VHF omni range I and II.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=6&amp;linkid=97 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |publisher=Cial.aero |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050142/http://www.cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=6&amp;linkid=97 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Large-scale upgrades such as the latest AIRCON 2100 air traffic control automation system were also introduced.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBN 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-radar-to-be-commissioned-at-kochi-airport-friday/421589-62-126.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917014956/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-radar-to-be-commissioned-at-kochi-airport-friday/421589-62-126.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2013|title=New radar to be commissioned at Kochi airport Friday|date=12 September 2013|publisher=IBN Live|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=31 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Airport surveillance radar===<br /> The [[Airports Authority of India]] has installed an advanced [[airport surveillance radar]] (ASR) as well as monopulse secondary surveillance radar (MSSR).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/departments/southern_reg_main.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=Aai.aero |date=30 January 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624171120/http://www.aai.aero/departments/southern_reg_main.jsp |archive-date=24 June 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/New-radar-for-Kochi-airport-in-6-months/articleshow/9842622.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907222822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-03/kochi/30109700_1_cochin-airport-airport-runway-new-radar | url-status=live | archive-date=7 September 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=New radar for Kochi airport in 6 months | date=3 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, a surface movement radar was installed for effective monitoring of flights on the runway and in parking bays.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2495816.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=CIAL to install radar at airport | date=29 September 2011 | access-date=5 October 2011 | archive-date=24 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105358/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2495816.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Runway===<br /> [[File:Flights parked at the Cochin International Airport.jpg|thumb|Apron area of Terminal 3 of the airport, with planes from [[SriLankan Airlines]], [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Qatar Airways]] and [[Air India]].]]<br /> Cochin International Airport has one 3,445m long [[runway]] oriented as 27/09, which can handle Code E planes. It has a full-length parallel taxiway of {{convert|3445|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The {{Convert|807|x|125|m|abbr=on}} apron comprising 16 stands can accommodate five wide-bodied and eight-narrow bodied aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=6&amp;linkid=91 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |publisher=Cial.aero |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050152/http://www.cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=6&amp;linkid=91 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/kochi-1556.html |title=Kochi Airport (COK) Details&amp;nbsp;– India |publisher=World-airport-codes.com |access-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217172058/http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/kochi-1556.html |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://theairdb.com/airport/COK.html |title=Kochi (COK) - Airport details |publisher=Theairdb.com |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104095606/http://www.theairdb.com/airport/COK.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The runway is spread over the [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] areas of [[Nedumbassery]], Sreemoolanagaram and Kanjoor.<br /> <br /> Cochin Airport has one helipad for dedicated use of helicopters, meant for air-taxi purposes. Plans for constructing a heliport are underway.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Heli taxi service launched at Kochi airport|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/oct/10/heli-taxi-service-launched-at-kochi-airport-193954.html|access-date=9 February 2022|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209141338/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/oct/10/heli-taxi-service-launched-at-kochi-airport-193954.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === MRO hangar ===<br /> Cochin International Aviation Services ltd (CIASL), a wholly owned subsidiary of CIAL operates Two [[Narrow-body aircraft|Narrow Body]] [[Hangar]]s at Kochi Airport. A new Large MRO facility is planned to be built by June 2026 along with large covered parking areas for planes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Kochi airport's new ₹50 cr hangar will fit Boeing 737 &amp; Airbus A320 at the same time? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/08/30/kochi-airport-hangar-boeing-airbus.html |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Naval Air Enclave===<br /> [[File:Naval Air Enclave at Cochin International Airport operationalised (1).jpg|thumb|Naval Air Enclave at the airport]]<br /> <br /> The Indian Navy has set up a Naval Aircraft Enclave at Cochin International Airport Ltd. (CIAL). The Naval Aircraft Enclave comprises a hangar for bigger aircraft of the Navy, an administrative office, a disbursal center, an apron capable of holding two Boeing-type aircraft (P-8I long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft) and a taxi track. The Naval Aircraft Enclave at Cochin airport is the second such facility of the Navy attached to an international airport, after [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]. It is the first public-private participation model airport to hand over land to the Navy for such a facility.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> Construction began in 2013 on {{convert|10|acre|0|order=flip}} of Navy-owned land at the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Aircraft-enclave-for-Navy-at-Cial/articleshow/19487512.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416082018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/kochi/38462783_1_indian-navy-cochin-international-airport-limited-cial |url-status=live |archive-date=16 April 2013 |title=Aircraft enclave for Navy at Cial|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/cial-to-have-naval-aircraft-enclave/article4602630.ece |title=CIAL to have Naval Aircraft Enclave &amp;#124; Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=8 January 2014 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412194456/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/cial-to-have-naval-aircraft-enclave/article4602630.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Indian Coast Guard Air Enclave===<br /> The [[Indian Coast Guard]] has taken space in CIAL to develop its second air squadron in Kochi after the INS Garuda facility to improve coastal air surveillance and air-related assistance.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> The facility comprises two hangars to accommodate the Chetak helicopter squadron, and the Dornier squadron along with advanced light helicopters are expected to be based here. The Air Enclave would have a 50m taxi link to the runway at CIAL and would consist of aircraft hangars, technical areas and administrative buildings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Chacko Joseph |url=http://brutegorilla.blogspot.in/2010/01/foundation-stone-laying-of-indian-coast.html |title=Brute Gorilla: Foundation Stone Laying of Indian Coast Guard Air Enclave, Kochi |publisher=Brutegorilla.blogspot.in |date=9 January 2010 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017024543/http://brutegorilla.blogspot.in/2010/01/foundation-stone-laying-of-indian-coast.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Airlines and destinations==<br /> <br /> ===Passenger===<br /> &lt;!-- WHEN ADDING A NEW ROUTE, OR ADDING AN END DATE FOR A ROUTE PLEASE ADD AN INDEPENDENT REFERENCE, ALSO ADD THE ROUTE AND LINK ON THE CORRESPONDING AIRPORTS ARTICLE AND THE AIRLINES ARTICLE IF IT IS A NEW DESTINATION, ANYTHING WHICH IS NOT REFERENCED WILL BE REMOVED. ALSO WHEN ADDING A NEW ROUTE, A FIRM DATE IS MANDATORY.--&gt;<br /> {{Airport destination list<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Air Arabia]]}} | [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Air India]]}} |[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]] (ends 28 March 2026), [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Air India Kochi-Mumbai flight slightly veers off while landing, runway damage reported |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-kochi-mumbai-flight-slightly-veers-off-runway-while-landing/articleshow/122809146.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=21 July 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}} | [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Velani |first1=Bhavya |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/11/24/air-india-express-add-new-routes-from-bhubaneshwar/|title=Air India Express to Add Three New Routes from Bhubaneshwar|work=aviationa2z|date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Salalah International Airport|Salalah]] , [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[AirAsia]]}} | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250312-akns25int|title=AirAsia NS25 International Service Reductions|website=AeroRoutes|accessdate=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Akasa Air]]}} |[[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Akasa Air to commence Kochi operations from Aug 13 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/akasa-air-to-commence-kochi-operations-from-aug-13-88fa1909 |website=mathrubhumi |access-date=30 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Akasa Air Schedules Kochi – Jeddah May 2025 Launch |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250409-qpns25cokjed |website=aeroroutes.com |publisher=Aeroroutes |access-date=10 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;QP6E-NMI&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=S |first=Naresh |title=IndiGo, Akasa Air to launch new flight routes from Navi Mumbai on December 25 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indigo-akasa-air-launch-new-flight-routes-from-navi-mumbai-date-10367157/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Flight Network|url=https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/flight-schedule|website=Akasa Air|access-date=15 June 2023|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628063357/https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/flight-schedule|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source needed|independent source needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]}} | [[Agatti Airport|Agatti]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sivapriyan|first=E.T.B.|title=Salem Airport resumes operation with inaugural flight from Bengaluru|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/salem-airport-resumes-operation-with-inaugural-flight-from-bengaluru-2729001|work=Deccan Herald|date=16 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022094232/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/salem-airport-resumes-operation-with-inaugural-flight-from-bengaluru-2729001|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Batik Air Malaysia]]}} | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://aeroroutes.com/eng/220609-od3q22in|title=Batik Air Malaysia 3Q 2022 India restorations|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525111635/https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220609-od3q22in|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt; <br /> |{{nowrap|[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]}} | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldJuly2025Ref|title=Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB|pages=345-351}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.emirates.com/english/destinations/flights-to-kochi.aspx|title=Cochin|publisher=[[Emirates Airlines|Emirates]]|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405155005/https://www.emirates.com/english/destinations/flights-to-kochi.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;https://traveltradejournal.com/emirates-celebrates-20-years-of-service-to-cochin/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Etihad Airways]]}} | [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.etihad.com/en-in/destinations|title=Our network|publisher=[[Etihad Airways]]|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523212700/https://www.etihad.com/en-in/destinations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250721-eynw25|title=Etihad NW25 Operation Changes – 20JUL25|website=AeroRoutes|accessdate=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Flydubai]]}} | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.flydubai.com/en/destinations/indian-subcontinent/india/kochi|title=Welcome to Kochi|publisher=[[Flydubai]]|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529212336/https://www.flydubai.com/en/destinations/indian-subcontinent/india/kochi|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2021/08/06/fly-dubai-uae.htm&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Fly91]]}} | [[Agatti Airport|Agatti]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://traveltradejournal.com/fly91-launches-daily-kochi-agatti-flights-announces-expansion-to-seven-new-regional-stations/|title=FLY91 launches daily Kochi–Agatti flights|website=traveltradejournal|accessdate=19 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Gulf Air]]}} | [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gulfair.com/flights/destination-guide/kochi|title=Kochi|publisher=[[Gulf Air]]|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405155017/https://www.gulfair.com/flights/destination-guide/kochi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/gulf-air-makes-new-changes-for-flights-to-india-for-summer-2025/|title=Gulf Air makes new changes for flights to India|first=Kanchan|last=Nath|date=7 January 2025|accessdate=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}} | [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Agatti Airport|Agatti]],&lt;ref name=&quot;gobook&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Flight Schedule|url=https://www.goindigo.in/bookings/flight-select.html|website=IndiGo|access-date=8 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]],&lt;ref name=&quot;gobook&quot;/&gt; [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]], [[Velana International Airport|Malé]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;QP6E-NMI&quot;/&gt; [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zawya.com/en/business/travel-and-tourism/indigo-to-resume-flights-from-muscat-in-may-ymglyptc|title=Indigo to resume flights from Muscat in May|publisher=[[Zawya]]|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407100728/https://www.zawya.com/en/business/travel-and-tourism/indigo-to-resume-flights-from-muscat-in-may-ymglyptc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pune Airport|Pune]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/indigo-launches-new-flights-between-pune-dehradun-kochi-raipur-also-connected-via-goa/96930623|title=Indigo started flights to Raipur|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324125835/https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/aviation/domestic/indigo-launches-new-flights-between-pune-dehradun-kochi-raipur-also-connected-via-goa/96930623|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport|Ras Al Khaimah]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=IndiGo March 2025 International Network Additions|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250303-6emar25int|website=AeroRoutes|date=3 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> | {{nowrap|[[Jazeera Airways]]}} | [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jazeeraairways.com/en-kw/flights-to-kochi|title=Cheap Flights to Kochi|publisher=[[Jazeera Airways]]|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406093429/https://www.jazeeraairways.com/en-kw/flights-to-kochi|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> | {{nowrap|[[Kuwait Airways]]}} | [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kuwaitairways.com/en/destinations/Pages/Indian-SubContinent.aspx|title=Indian Sub-continent Flights|publisher=[[Kuwait Airways]]|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307121356/https://www.kuwaitairways.com/en/destinations/Pages/Indian-SubContinent.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Malaysia Airlines]]}} | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Malaysia Airlines resumes services from CIAL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/malaysia-airlines-resumes-services-from-cial/article66215422.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231234114/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/malaysia-airlines-resumes-services-from-cial/article66215422.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |[[Maldivian (airline)|Maldivian]] | [[Velana International Airport|Malé]]&lt;br&gt;'''Seasonal:''' [[Hanimaadhoo International Airport|Hanimaadhoo]]<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Oman Air]]}} | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.omanair.com/au/en/oman-air-destinations|title=Our Destinations|publisher=[[Oman Air]]|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=28 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128132618/https://www.omanair.com/au/en/oman-air-destinations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Qatar Airways]]}} | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.qatarairways.com/dapp/discovery/?origin=DOH&amp;destination=COK|title=Kochi, India|publisher=[[Qatar Airways]]|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405155005/https://www.qatarairways.com/dapp/discovery/?origin=DOH&amp;destination=COK|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Saudia]]}} | [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED|pages=597-600}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia RUH|pages=1091-1094}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 December 2021|title=Saudi Arabia's flight ban ends for travelers from India, Egypt, Patan|url=https://arab.news/j3ryq|access-date=9 February 2022|website=Arab News|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407163318/https://arab.news/j3ryq|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Singapore Airlines]]}} | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SIA&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/singapore-airlines-to-resume-operations-from-kochi-on-november-30/article37736394.ece|title=Singapore Airlines to resume operations from Kochi on November 30|date=28 November 2021|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406185546/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/singapore-airlines-to-resume-operations-from-kochi-on-november-30/article37736394.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[SpiceJet]]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/schedules.aspx|title=SpiceJet's Flight Schedule and Information|website=[[SpiceJet]]|access-date=14 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; |[[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kochi-bound Spicejet flight returns, makes emergency landing in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kochi-bound-spicejet-flight-returns-makes-emergency-landing-in-chennai/article68964321.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 December 2024 |access-date=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/01/30/top-20-busiest-routes-of-spicejet-airlines/|title=Top 20 Busiest Routes of SpiceJet Airlines|first=Kashyap|last=Velani|work=Aviation A2Z |date=30 January 2025|accessdate=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]] (ends 28 March 2026) {{citation needed|date=October 2024}} &lt;br&gt; '''Seasonal:''' [[Fujairah International Airport|Fujairah]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SpiceJet Adds Seasonal Fujairah Service From June 2025 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250604-sgjun25fjr |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=4 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[SriLankan Airlines]]}} | [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.srilankan.com/en_uk/plan-and-book/flight-routes|title=Route Map|publisher=[[SriLankan Airlines]]|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608121800/https://www.srilankan.com/en_uk/plan-and-book/flight-routes|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |{{nowrap|[[Thai AirAsia]]}}| [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/airasia-resuming-flights-to-7-countries-on-18-routes-this-april-fly-easy-with-no-quarantine-needed|title=AirAsia Resumes Flights to Seven Countries on 18 Routes this April! Fly Easy with No Quarantine|date=14 March 2022|access-date=26 March 2022|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018065647/https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/airasia-resuming-flights-to-7-countries-on-18-routes-this-april-fly-easy-with-no-quarantine-needed|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Phuket, Thailand HKT|pages=1033-1034}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.airasia.com/news/airasia-further-enhances-phuket-to-india-connectivity-with-latest-route-to-kochi#gsc.tab=0|title=AirAsia further enhances Phuket to India connectivity with latest route to Kochi Visit the Queen of the Arabian Sea city from only 3,690 THB |date=20 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |[[Thai Lion Air]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hello : Bangkok (Don Mueang) to Kochi|url=https://www.lionairthai.com/en/New-Route/Kochi|website=[[Thai Lion Air]]|access-date=5 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |[[VietJet Air]] | [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]&lt;ref&gt;{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam SGN|pages=538-541}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230522-vjaug23cok|title=VietJet Air Expands India Network in August 2023|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=22 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522174249/https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230522-vjaug23cok|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Cargo===<br /> The following cargo airlines fly to the airport:<br /> {{div col |colwidth=18em}}<br /> * [[SpiceJet|SpiceXpress]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> {{Airport-Statistics|iata=COK}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right; width:400px&quot;<br /> |+ Traffic by financial year<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;|Financial year !! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;| Passengers !! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;| Change from previous year !! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;| Aircraft operations !! style=&quot;width:100px&quot;| Cargo tonnage&lt;ref&gt;Total cargo (freight, express, &amp; mail)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !2023-24<br /> |10,365,655 || {{increase}}{{0}}17.6% || 67,469 || 59,974 <br /> |-<br /> !2022-23<br /> |8,812,531 || {{increase}}{{0}}86.8% || 58,278 || 56,773 <br /> |-<br /> !2021-22<br /> |4,717,777 || {{increase}}{{0}}91.9% || 22,929 || 55,484<br /> |-<br /> !2020-21<br /> |2,458,458|| {{decrease}}{{0}}74.5% || 24,912 || N/A<br /> |-<br /> !2019-20<br /> |9,624,334 || {{decrease}}{{0}}4.9% || 66,106 || N/A<br /> |-<br /> !2018-19<br /> |10,201,089 || {{increase}}{{0}}0.75% || 71,057 || N/A<br /> |-<br /> !2017-18<br /> |10,172,839 || {{increase}}{{0}}13.6% || 68,772 || 76,274<br /> |-<br /> !2016-17<br /> |8,955,441 || {{increase}}{{0}}16.4% || 61,688 || 81,485<br /> |-<br /> !2015-16<br /> |7,749,901 || {{increase}}{{0}}21.0% || 56,180|| 79,233<br /> |-<br /> !2014-15<br /> |6,411,711 || {{increase}}{{0}}19.0% || 52,793|| 64,935<br /> |-<br /> !2013-14<br /> |5,390,000 || {{increase}}{{0}}10.0% || 47,072|| 54,440<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Security==<br /> Cochin International Airport is listed among the 12 major airports of India. Its safety and security is handled by the [[Airport security#India|Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]] through the [[Central Industrial Security Force#Airport security|Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF). Cochin was the third international airport and the first private airport in the country to come under the cover of CISF in 2001,{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} after the Government of India decided to hand over airport security to CISF in the wake of the hijacking of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]]. Security was handled by the Kerala Police; Special Branch of [[Kochi City Police|Kochi Police]] before the CISF. The airport company's Aviation Safety Wing (ASW) oversees security facilities and equipment. The ASW is also responsible for fire and emergency services.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> Security management training is provided by CIAL's Aviation Academy and personnel are employed by the company as security agents&amp;nbsp;– deployed in baggage screening rooms, entry gates, the general cargo area and the lounge areas. CIAL ASW employs [[Indian Army|Army]]-trained sniffer dogs to check for explosives in baggage areas, the only Indian airport to have such a facility.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news.php?NewsID=551 Passenger Terminal Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050629/http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news.php?NewsID=551 |date=15 July 2011 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news.php?NewsID=551 |title=Sniffer dogs at airport |date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110715050629/http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news.php?NewsID=551 |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; CIAL has introduced three state-of-the-art ION scanning detectors that can identify small amounts of material, down to nanograms, of explosives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CIAL introduces ION Scan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2008/nov/23/cial-introduces-ion-scan-1713.html|access-date=9 February 2022|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 May 2012 |archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209141338/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2008/nov/23/cial-introduces-ion-scan-1713.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The airport is under the direct protection of the [[Kochi City Police]], who have a station outside the terminal. CISF maintains two armed squadrons and one bomb detection and disposal squad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=KERALA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/bdds-to-enhance-security-at-cochin-airport/article3046163.ece |title=BDDS to enhance security at Cochin airport - KERALA |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310094643/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/bdds-to-enhance-security-at-cochin-airport/article3046163.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; CISF has a command center 250metres outside the terminal, with an intelligence division and mobilisation cell. The air customs division operates a narcotics detection squad in the terminal. The CIAL ASWs are working on installing a fully automated [[Intrusion detection system|perimeter intrusion detection system]] that will detect any possible violation, using sensors that will provide critical time for the security forces to react. Phase one of the intrusion prevention system is in place with barricades, automatic retractable [[Bollard (traffic)|bollards]], surveillance cameras, parking gate management systems and the introduction of biometric ID cards for staff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article82651.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013030250/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article82651.ece |archive-date=13 October 2010 |url-status=dead |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Enhanced security equipment at Cochin airport |date=19 January 2010 |access-date=29 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The immigration department is handled by Kerala Police, Special Branch officials trained by the Bureau of Immigration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article456494.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107155944/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article456494.ece |archive-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=dead |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=S. Anil |last=Radhakrishnan |title=Airport facing lack of immigration officials |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=26 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The airport company also has a high-end robotic security system capable of remote-handling of explosive devices and fire-fighting and hostage situations. The system is operational from September 2014, making CIAL the first in South India to have such a facility. It comprises safety robots developed by Canada-based Pedsco Ltd. and Threat Containment Vessel (TCV) and sophisticated luggage containment vehicle – both developed by Nabco, USA. The main equipment of the system is a threat containment vessel (TCV) carried by robots, which is capable of containing a blast of minimum 8&amp;nbsp;kg of TNT or equivalent quantity of explosive, triggered by suspected luggage including chemicals, radioactive materials and bombs. The container is reusable as it withstands repeated detonations and size of the TCV can be adjusted with the size of the suspected baggage. In addition to TCV, the technology also comprises a remote mobile Investigator (RMI)-9WT, which is a multipurpose six-wheel vehicle with removable tracks for step climbing capability. Using fixed arm extenders, the robot can be configured for different applications such as under car searches and second-store window access.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/robotic-security-for-kochi-airport/article6349289.ece |title=Robotic security for Kochi airport |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 August 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201214440/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/robotic-security-for-kochi-airport/article6349289.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education and training==<br /> Since 2008, CIAL has been the first airport to venture into providing higher education in aviation management and technical areas to overcome the shortage of skilled manpower in the aviation industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Cial-Academy-first-to-be-started-by-an-airport-in-India/articleshow/4246353.cms |work=The Times of India |title=CIAL academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152447/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Cial-Academy-first-to-be-started-by-an-airport-in-India/articleshow/4246353.cms |archive-date=23 July 2018 |url-status=dead |date=9 March 2009 |access-date=18 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; CIAL has teamed up with the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU) to start two schools in aviation education.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br /> <br /> CIAL Aviation Academy provides two-year [[Master of Business Administration|management]] degrees in aviation and airport management, operations, economics, finance and human resources, along with short-term aviation oriented vocational diplomas. The academy also trains technical manpower required for airport operations. [[Air India Express]] has its temporary stewards grooming and training center in the facility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031161560300.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Aviation academy: CIAL ties up with IGNOU |date=11 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108112620/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031161560300.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ciasl.in/html/academy.htm Cochin International Aviation Services Ltd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023191343/http://www.ciasl.in/html/academy.htm |date=23 October 2010 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.ciasl.in/html/academy.htm |title=Cochin International Aviation Services Ltd |date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090708082754/http://www.ciasl.in/html/academy.htm |archive-date=8 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Aviation Security Training Institute&amp;nbsp;– The Aviation Security Training Institute (ASTI), envisioned by the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security has been inaugurated in February 2014. The institute has state-of-the-art facilities like X-ray simulators (21), explosive model room, two classrooms with LCD projectors and other training infrastructures. Explosive model rooms display different types of switch mechanism to trigger explosion. Library consists of CDs, catering to International Civil Aviation With the establishment of ASTI in Kochi, employees and management personnel from Mangalore, Kozhikode, Coimbatore, Trichy, Madurai and Thiruvananthapuram airports can take training here. Employees of the proposed Kannur international airport are also likely to be trained here.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mampilli |first=Joseph |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Aviation-Security-Training-Institute-to-be-Ready-Soon/2014/01/23/article2015033.ece |title=Aviation Security Training Institute to be Ready Soon |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=23 January 2014 |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303101303/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Aviation-Security-Training-Institute-to-be-Ready-Soon/2014/01/23/article2015033.ece |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ground transportation==<br /> CIAL is located between [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]] (NH 544), one of the main highways of South India, and the [[Main Central Road]] (MC Road), one of the main state highways of Kerala. An expressway is planned from erstwhile NH 49 (now part [[National Highway 85 (India)|NH85]]) to the MC Road to facilitate faster transport.&lt;ref name=&quot;cochin-airport.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cochin-airport.in/tender/tenderdetails.aspx?tender_id=156|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201174157/http://www.cochin-airport.in/tender/tenderdetails.aspx?tender_id=156|url-status=dead|title=Expressway to the airport|archive-date=1 December 2021|access-date=20 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though the main railway line is only about 500 meters from the airport, the nearest station is [[Angamaly railway station|Angamaly]] about &amp;nbsp;5&amp;nbsp;km away. A railway station with two platforms each capable of accommodating trains with up to 24 coaches, has been proposed to be built near the Airport at a cost of about ₹19 Crores. From the proposed station, travellers can reach the airport by taking a 1.5-kilometre road that passes beneath the Railway Over Bridge. Cochin International Airport Limited is also willing to operate electric buses connecting the new railway station and the airport. The proposed name for the station is `Cochin Airport'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=New railway station near Cochin International Airport; project set for completion in one year |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2025/02/18/new-railway-station-near-cochin-international-airport-details.html |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=19 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Indian Railways]] gave an internal approval for the project in October 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Centre gives nod for Cochin airport railway station |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/10/29/cochin-airport-railway-station-approved.html |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Construction is schduled to begin in December 2025 following a site inspecion on 18 November 2025.Plans include building a station, a [[Footbridge|foot overbridge]], an air-conditioned waiting hall, a ticket counter and two lifts. The project will be built under [[Pradhan Mantri Gati Shakti|PM Gati Shakthi]] and plans include a 600 metres long platform for [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat services]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=New Nedumbassery railway station gets green light; Construction to begin in December |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/nedumbassery-railway-station-construction-to-begin-wei6wlve |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited|Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL)]] is planning to extend the [[Kochi Metro]] network to the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kochi Metro seeks Centre's help for underground passage to Kochi airport in phase 3 expansion |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/centre-approached-for-funding-as-kochi-metro-plans-underground-link-to-airport-in-phase-3-expansion-01e04836 |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=10 November 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; KMRL currently services feeder buses connecting the airport to the metro network at [[Aluva metro station|Aluva Metro station]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 January 2025 |title=Kochi's 'Metro Connect' feeder e-buses to be launched in a week |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kochis-metro-connect-feeder-e-buses-to-be-launched-in-a-week/article69085528.ece |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Air-taxi services ===<br /> Cochin airport has dedicated air-taxi services for passengers to travel to major pilgrim destinations in Kerala as well as to cities like [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and in northern Kerala like [[Kozhikode]].{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} In association with Bharat Airways, it provides scheduled air-taxi services to [[Sabarimala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Helicopter service launched for pilgrims in Kochi|url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/401920.php|access-date=9 February 2022|website=www.dailyindia.com|archive-date=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314024837/http://www.dailyindia.com/show/401920.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==CIAL Aerotropolis==<br /> One of the main projects for the future of the airport was the CIAL [[Aerotropolis]], or [[Airport city|Airport City]], with a total area of {{convert|500|acre|0|order=flip}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2009 |title=The Hindu : Kerala News : Kochi airport presents 'Aerotropolis' roadmap |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/28/stories/2009022858700300.htm |access-date=9 February 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303231619/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/28/stories/2009022858700300.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cial.aero/Pressroom/eventDetails.aspx?eventId%3D66 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |access-date=25 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106032146/http://cial.aero/Pressroom/eventDetails.aspx?eventId=66 |archive-date=6 January 2012 }} CIAL.AERO&lt;/ref&gt; The Aerotropolis was proposed by its founder, [[V. J. Kurian|V.J. Kurien]], to ensure additional revenue sources for the growth of the company and to increase airport traffic through tourism and allied activities. The Aerotropolis first began in Nedumbassery and nearby villages, aimed to convert into a self-sustainable town, with the airport forming the core element with a residential zone. Work on the Aerotropolis commenced in 2007, and most of the aerotropolis has been completed, as of 2023.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Solar Plant powering the Cochin International Airport.jpg|thumb|Part of the airport's solar power plant]]<br /> <br /> ===Manufacturing and business zone===<br /> The master plan envisages the creation of a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) for aircraft-allied industries, especially spare parts and OEM manufacturing units, an airline research and development center, workshops and service zones. In addition to this an Information Technology Park, with dedicated airline support technology, design and development centers is also proposed. An integrated logistics center and central container freight station are planned at the cargo village.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=cochin-airport.in|url=http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=20&amp;linkid=20|access-date=9 February 2022|website=www.cochin-airport.in|archive-date=12 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052238/http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=20&amp;linkid=20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===CIAL solar power project===<br /> [[File:Cochin International Airport Solar Power Plant DSC 0247.jpg|Solar power plant|thumb|right]]<br /> [[File:Cochin International Airport Gate.jpg|Board at Entrance|thumb|right]]<br /> The [[CIAL Solar Power Project]] is a 15&amp;nbsp;[[megawatt]] (MW) photovoltaic (PV) power station built by CIAL. Cochin International Airport became the first fully solar-powered airport in the world with the commissioning of the plant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? |work=BBC News |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214353/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sciAlertCochinAirport&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencealert.com/india-establishes-world-s-first-100-percent-solar-powered-airport |title=India Establishes World's First 100 Percent Solar-Powered Airport |last=Crew |first=Bec |publisher=scienceAlert |date=20 August 2015 |access-date=24 April 2017 |work=report |archive-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430033958/http://www.sciencealert.com/india-establishes-world-s-first-100-percent-solar-powered-airport |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The plant comprises 46,150 solar panels laid across {{convert|45|acre|abbr=on|order=flip}} near the international cargo complex, and was installed by the [[Germany|German]]-based [[Bosch (company)|Bosch]]. It is capable of generating 50,000 units of electricity daily, and is equipped with a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), through which remote monitoring is carried out. The project components include PV modules of 265&amp;nbsp;[[watt-peak]] (W&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;) capacity manufactured by Renesola, and inverters of 1&amp;nbsp;MW capacity manufactured by [[ABB]] India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/kochi-airport-installs-12mw-solar-plant/article7535059.ece |title=Kochi airport installs 12MW solar plant |publisher=The Hindu business line |access-date=13 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The plant is coupled with a 1.1&amp;nbsp;MW solar plant that was commissioned in 2013, the first megawatt scale installation of a solar PV system in [[Kerala]]. This plant was installed by Emvee Photovoltaic Power Pvt. Ltd., consisting of 4,000 monocrystalline modules of 250&amp;nbsp;W&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt; and 33 string [[Power inverter|inverters]] of 30&amp;nbsp;kW capacity each.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://cial.aero/Pressroom/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=358&amp;news_status=A |title=CIAL all set to become the first solar powered airport in the country |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235700/http://cial.aero/Pressroom/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=358&amp;news_status=A |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> CIAL has doubled solar production to 28.8&amp;nbsp;MW of power production within 2 years as part an ambitious plan to expand solar power, with three major projects under construction. The first came up over a {{convert|3.4|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=mid|-long}} canal close to the airport, the second was through development of India's first solar carport roof utility plan and the third will use ground level panels on open space near the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Cial-places-three-more-solar-bets/articleshow/53073929.cms |title=Cial places three more solar bets |newspaper=Times of India |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816003735/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Cial-places-three-more-solar-bets/articleshow/53073929.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Accidents and incidents==<br /> * On 30 July 1998, [[Indian Airlines Flight 503]], a [[Dornier Do 228]] from [[Agatti Island|Agatti]], crashed into a building after takeoff, killing all six people on board and three more people in the building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident HAL/Dornier 228-201 VT-EJW Cochin Airport (COK)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19980730-0|url-status=live|access-date=17 June 2021|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406190636/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19980730-0|archive-date=6 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * On 25 April 2010, [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] Flight EK 530, a [[Boeing 777-200]] from [[Dubai]], dropped around {{convert|200|ft|m|0|order=flip}} during heavy turbulence as the aircraft entered a thick [[cumulonimbus]] cloud while on its descent. 20 passengers were injured and some internal damage was caused to the plane. The aircraft was on descent into Kochi when the incident occurred. There were 350 passengers and 14 crew on board.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Emirates-pilot-couldnt-avoid-Cumulonimbus-cloud/articleshow/4343790.cms |title='Emirates pilot couldn't avoid Cumulonimbus cloud' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428081723/http://www.timesnow.tv/Emirates-pilot-couldnt-avoid-Cumulonimbus-cloud/articleshow/4343790.cms |archive-date=28 April 2010 |work=Times Now |date=25 April 2010 |access-date=15 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * On 29 August 2011, [[Gulf Air]] Flight GF 270, an [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] from [[Bahrain]], carrying 137 passengers skidded off the runway at 3:55&amp;nbsp;am during its descent. The reason for the crash is suspected to be the heavy rain at the time. The aircraft had been said to have slipped off the runway and landed nose first. The aircraft broke one of its wings while landing and stalled air traffic for hours. Passengers after the crash, in chaos, were reported to have jumped from the aircraft through emergency exit doors even before stairways were brought into place. The crash caused seven minor injuries and two serious injuries due to the chaos that followed.&lt;ref name=&quot;gulfa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kochi: Plane skids off the runway, 7 passengers injured|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kochi-plane-skids-off-the-runway-7-passengers-injured-465827|access-date=9 February 2022|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209141340/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kochi-plane-skids-off-the-runway-7-passengers-injured-465827|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * On 4 September 2017, [[Air India Express]] Flight IX 452, a [[Boeing 737-800]] which arrived from Abu Dhabi, got stuck in the drain canal while taxiing to the international terminal 3 after landing. Passengers and crew were safely evacuated. The incident happened when the pilot took a wrong turn from the parallel taxiway, almost 90 meters before the link taxiway through which the aircraft was supposed to vacate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/air-india-express-aircraft-veers-off-taxiway-at-kochi-airport-all-passengers-safe-4829251/ |title=Air India Express aircraft veers off taxiway at Kochi airport, all passengers safe |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=7 November 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108201343/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/air-india-express-aircraft-veers-off-taxiway-at-kochi-airport-all-passengers-safe-4829251/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2018 Kerala floods===<br /> As a consequence of [[2018 Kerala floods]], the airport was closed 14{{ndash}}29 August 2018. Water in the [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]], which flows {{convert|500|m|0}} away from the airport, rose to {{convert|4.7|ft|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} during these days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-being-shut-15-days-kochi-airport-finally-reopens-87483|title=After being shut for 15 days due to floods, Kochi airport finally reopens|date=30 August 2018|work=The News Minute|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124042850/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-being-shut-15-days-kochi-airport-finally-reopens-87483|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The runway and other facilities were non-functional due to excessive flooding and inclement weather.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-kochi-airport-to-remain-closed-till-august-26-afternoon/articleshow/65424706.cms|title=Kerala floods: Kochi airport to remain closed till August 26 afternoon|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902020800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-floods-kochi-airport-to-remain-closed-till-august-26-afternoon/articleshow/65424706.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flights to Kochi were diverted to and were operating from other airports in the state like [[Trivandrum International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kochi-airport-shut-till-saturday-flights-diverted-to-calicut-and-thiruvananthapuram-1845851.html|title=Kochi Airport Shut Till Saturday, Flights Diverted to Calicut and Thiruvananthapuram|work=News18|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831072052/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kochi-airport-shut-till-saturday-flights-diverted-to-calicut-and-thiruvananthapuram-1845851.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reschedule-kochi-flights-to-trivandrum-and-calicut-centre-tells-airlines/articleshow/65415144.cms|title=Reschedule Kochi flights to Trivandrum and Calicut, Centre tells airlines|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916094338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reschedule-kochi-flights-to-trivandrum-and-calicut-centre-tells-airlines/articleshow/65415144.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kerala-floods-goair-indigo-to-operate-special-flights-to-and-from-trivandrum-airport/articleshow/65453579.cms|title=Kerala floods: GoAir, IndiGo to operate special flights to and from Trivandrum airport|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822154252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kerala-floods-goair-indigo-to-operate-special-flights-to-and-from-trivandrum-airport/articleshow/65453579.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 20 August 2018, [[INS Garuda]] (a naval [[Military air base|airbase]] in Kochi) was used as a civilian airport for small aircraft operations to neighbouring cities like [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], and [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-to-get-much-needed-respite-kochi-naval-base-restarts-operations/articleshow/65468975.cms|title=Naval air base at Kochi opened up for commercial flights|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Anirban|date=21 August 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=31 August 2018|last2=Krishnakumar|first2=P. K.|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831072014/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-to-get-much-needed-respite-kochi-naval-base-restarts-operations/articleshow/65468975.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/alliance-air-to-fly-atr-to-kochi-naval-airbase-from-monday-other-airlines-may-follow-suit/articleshow/65455186.cms|title=Alliance Air to fly ATR to Kochi naval airbase from Monday, other airlines may follow suit|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330045107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/alliance-air-to-fly-atr-to-kochi-naval-airbase-from-monday-other-airlines-may-follow-suit/articleshow/65455186.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/alliance-air-to-operate-flights-from-kochi-naval-base-for-rescue-operations-in-flood-hit-kerala-1902664|title=Alliance Air To Operate Flights From Kochi Naval Base For Rescue Ops|work=NDTV.com|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831071926/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/alliance-air-to-operate-flights-from-kochi-naval-base-for-rescue-operations-in-flood-hit-kerala-1902664|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport reopened on 29 August 2018, 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kochi-airport-reopens-after-15-days-of-closure/article24813784.ece|title=Kochi airport reopens after 15 days of closure|date=30 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 August 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210042632/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kochi-airport-reopens-after-15-days-of-closure/article24813784.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It suffered an estimated loss of {{INRConvert|3|b}} during the closed period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/kerala-floods-kochi-airport-suffers-estimated-loss-of-over-rs-220-crore/articleshow/65487028.cms|title=Kerala floods: Kochi airport suffers estimated loss of over Rs 220 crore|date=21 August 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831072026/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/kerala-floods-kochi-airport-suffers-estimated-loss-of-over-rs-220-crore/articleshow/65487028.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-kochi-airport-reopened-14-days-after-floods-caused-rs-300-cr-worth-loss-87824|title=How Kochi airport reopened in 14 days after floods caused Rs 300 cr-worth loss|date=5 September 2018|work=The News Minute|access-date=22 September 2018|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204131932/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-kochi-airport-reopened-14-days-after-floods-caused-rs-300-cr-worth-loss-87824|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050918/cial-seeks-dutch-help-to-tackle-flood-at-the-airport.html|title=CIAL seeks Dutch help to tackle flood at the airport|date=5 September 2018|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=22 September 2018|language=en|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922065358/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050918/cial-seeks-dutch-help-to-tackle-flood-at-the-airport.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2019 Kerala floods===<br /> As a consequence of [[2019 Kerala floods]], water flooding the runway due to the heavy rains led to temporary suspension of airport operations from 8 August 2019 to 12:00 [[Indian Standard Time]] on 11 August 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/08/09/kerala-rain-flood-disaster-red-alert.html|title=Kerala rain live updates: Cochin airport resumes operations; Army reaches landslide-hit Nilambur|website=OnManorama|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217073931/https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/08/09/kerala-rain-flood-disaster-red-alert.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and accolades==<br /> Cochin International Airport achieved major international recognition in 2015 when it became the first fully solar-powered airport in the world. In 2017, it also became the first airport in the world to implement a solar carport, a parking bay with rooftop solar panels. The airport was selected as &quot;the best non-metro airport in India&quot; in 2016 by the Air Passengers Association of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/300816/national-award-for-cochin-international-airport.html|title=National award for Cochin international airport|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=30 August 2016|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227235056/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/300816/national-award-for-cochin-international-airport.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport has also won numerous awards for energy conservation, productivity and infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkId=174&amp;linkLvl1Id=50|title=About CIAL|publisher=Cochin International Airport|access-date=7 June 2017|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628132034/http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkId=174&amp;linkLvl1Id=50|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In July 2018, the airport was selected for the [[Champions of the Earth|Champion of the Earth]] award, the highest environmental honour instituted by the [[United Nations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/cochin Cochin International Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]] website<br /> * [https://cial.aero Cochin Airport Official Website]<br /> * {{ASN|COK}}<br /> * [https://www.florahospitality.com/india/flora-airport-hotel-convention-centre/ Hotel Near Kochi Airport] Website<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes|list=<br /> {{Kochi (India) topics}}<br /> {{Airports in India}}<br /> {{Tourism in Kerala}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Airports in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:International airports in India]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:Convention centres in India]]<br /> [[Category:1999 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Airports established in 1999]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minmini&diff=475519 2026-03-04T19:13:05Z

<p>Vidya1111: cleanup structure for accuracy and cleaned formatting after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian singer (born 1970)}}<br /> {{other uses}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Minmini<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name = P. J. Rosily<br /> | spouse = joy<br /> | origin = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | occupation = Singer<br /> | years_active = 1988–1995 &lt;br /&gt; 2005–present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Minmini''' (born '''P. J. Rosily'''; 12 August 1970) is a [[South Indian]] film [[playback singer]]. She is best remembered for the song &quot;Chinna Chinna Aasai&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-06-24 |title=Singer Minmini reveals that Ilaiyaraaja refused to work with her after she sang 'Chinna Chinna Aasai' for AR Rahman |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/singer-minmini-reveals-that-after-she-sang-chinna-chinna-aasai-for-ar-rahman-ilaiyaraaja-refused-to-copperate-with-her/articleshow/101238006.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; from ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'', the debut work of film composer [[A. R. Rahman]],&lt;ref name=song&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-12-15 |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Kochi : It happened one day... |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071452210100.htm |access-date=2022-02-16 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215202442/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071452210100.htm |archive-date=15 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was dubbed in Hindi as &quot;Choti Si Asha&quot;. Most of her songs are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], most of them composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and A. R. Rahman. Her Malayalam songs include &quot;Souparnikamritha&quot; from ''Kizhakkunarum Pakshi'', &quot;Oonjal Urangi&quot;, and &quot;Neelaraavi&quot; from ''Kudumbasametham''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2021-08-09 |title=How AR Rahman's first song 'Chinna Chinna Asai' was recorded |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/how-ar-rahman-s-first-song-chinna-chinna-asai-was-recorded-153658 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has lent her voice to songs from films including ''Enga Thambi'' (1993), ''[[Karuththamma]]'' (1994), and ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992). She made a [[Comeback (publicity)|comeback]] in 2015 with the song &quot;Kanmaniye&quot; from ''[[Mili (Malayalam film)|Mili]]''.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Minmini was born at Keezhmedu, Aluva, Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kollywood Playback Singer Minmini Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/playback-singer/minmini |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is the youngest of four girls. Her parents are P. A. Joseph and Treeza. Her name was P. J. Rosily in school. While her elder sisters were part of the choir at the village church, she started her singing career at the age of 5 with Kalabhavan, a local orchestra. She studied at St Francis Girl's High School, Aluva.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Minmini had her film debut with Malayalam film [[Swagatham (1989 film)|Swagatham]] (1989), directed by [[Venu Nagavalli]]. She sang three songs in it, composed by Rajamani. She was introduced to Tamil film industry by [[Ilayaraja]] through Tamil film - ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' (1992).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-01/page/n5/mode/2up|pages=4–5|access-date=13 June 2023|date=1 August 1999|title=மறுபிறவி }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilayaraja christened her Minmini, making her name more appealing to the Tamilians.&lt;ref name=song/&gt; Minmini's first Telugu movie is &quot;''Aathmabandham''&quot; with music by [[Maragathamani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Her big break came in 1992 when she sang &quot;Chinna Chinna Aasai&quot; for the film ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''.&lt;ref name=song/&gt; The number became such a big hit that the location where it was shot, Paana Theertham Falls in Tirunelveli district, attracted huge visitors and the Tamil Nadu government had to ban tourists to protect environment for almost nine years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-09-14 |title=Tamil Nadu: 'Chinna chinna aasai' falls make a comeback |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-chinna-chinna-aasai-falls-make-a-comeback/articleshow/103651307.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Minmini has sung a few [[Kannada]] film songs in 1995 for the movies [[Putnanja]], shelved ''Rama'' and ''Betegara''. ''Rangero holi'' a duet song with [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] from the movie Putnanja for [[Hamsalekha]]. In the same film she rendered humming in the song ''Putamalli puttamalli'' with Mano and Shyamala G. Bhave. ''Thayiya Neneyona'' from the movie ''Rama'' in 1995 for A. R. Rahman. She went on to work with [[Sadhu Kokila]] for the movie Betegara where she sang the song ''Mididiralu saviganasugalu'' with Mano.<br /> <br /> [[Gopi Sundar]] brought her back to the industry with the song &quot;Kanmaniye&quot; for the film ''[[Mili (Malayalam film)|Mili]]'' in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> <br /> Minmini married Joy Mathew&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; in 1995 (Keyboard player of Koratty). The couple have a son and daughter. Minmini lost her voice in 1993 on a stage show in London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-01-16 |title=I never knocked on doors for chances: Minmini |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/i-never-knocked-on-doors-for-chances-minmini/articleshow/45855036.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was unable to even speak for some years. She regained her voice through treatments. Later she made a comeback. Along with her husband, she has also started a music school named Joy's Academy Of Performing Arts at Kakkanad in the then Cochin (now Kochi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Creating a legacy on his own |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/apr/29/creating-a-legacy-on-his-own-1970231.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=29 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Discography ==<br /> List of songs recorded by Minmini<br /> <br /> == Tamil film songs ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Song Title !! Movie !! Composer<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || Methuva Thanthi || Thalattu || <br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || Ennodu Potti Ittu || Thalattu || <br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || Chinna Chinna Aasai || Roja || [[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || Love Na Love'vu Mannena Stove'vu || Meera ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || Amman Koil Vaasaliley || Thirumathi Palanisamy || <br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || Kuthaala Kuyilea || Thirumathi Palanisamy || <br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || Oru Maalai Chandiran || Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren || <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Kurukku Paathaiyile || I Love India || <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Malaiyoram Maankuruvi || Enga Thambi || <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Adi Poonguyile Poonguyile || Aranmanai Kili || <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Amman Kovil Kumbam Inge || Aranmanai Kili || <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Raathiriyil Paadum Paattu || Aranmanai Kili || <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Kanmanikkul Chinna Chinna || Chinna Mappillai || <br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Anbe Vaa Anbe Vaa Unnodu Naan || Ezhai Jathi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Parkathey Parkathey || Gentleman || A. R. Rahman<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Sambo Sambo || Pudhiya Mugam || A. R. Rahman<br /> |-<br /> | 1993 || Ada Aathiram Kollathe || Rakkayi Koyil || <br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || Kothamalli Vaasum (Vaa Munimaa) || Indhu || Deva<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || Pacha Kili Paadum || Karuththamma || A. R. Rahman<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || Chithirai Nilavu || Vandicholai Chinraasu || A. R. Rahman <br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || Chinna Mullu Thottuvida || Vedan || <br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || Thendral Varum Munne || Dharma Seelan || <br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || Thottu Thottu Thukkiputtu || Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen || <br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || Vaadi En Sengamalam || Rasukutty || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=1524253|name=Minmini}}<br /> * {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071215202442/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071452210100.htm Article on The Hindu Newspaper]}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Aluva]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Jahan_III&diff=454979 2026-03-04T06:59:13Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mughal emperor from 1759 to 1760}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Refimprove|date=May 2017}}<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Shah Jahan III&lt;br/&gt; شاه جهان سوم<br /> | title = [[Padishah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan Al-Azam]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mirza (name)|Mirza]]<br /> | image = Muhi-ul-millat.png<br /> | caption = Portrait of Muhi-ul-Millat before his deposition, {{circa|1759}}<br /> | succession = 16th [[Mughal Emperor]]<br /> | reign = 10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760<br /> | coronation = <br /> | full name = Mirza Muhi-ul-Millat Shah Jahan III<br /> | birth_name = Mirza Muhi-ul-Millat<br /> | birth_date = 1711<br /> | birth_place = [[Mughal Empire]]<br /> | death_date = 1772 (aged 60–61)<br /> | death_place = [[Maratha Empire]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Alamgir II]]<br /> | regent = [[Imad-ul-Mulk]]<br /> | reg-type = Vizier<br /> | successor = [[Shah Alam II]]<br /> | issue = {{plainlist|<br /> *Mirza Sa'adat Bakht Bahadur<br /> *Mirza Ikram Bahadur}}<br /> | spouse = <br /> | royal house = <br /> | dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]<br /> | era dates = 18th century<br /> | regnal name = Shah Jahan III ([[Persian language|Persian]]: شاه جهان سوم)<br /> | house = [[Mughal dynasty]]<br /> | father = [[Muhi us-Sunnat]]<br /> | mother = <br /> | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Mughal}}<br /> '''Shah Jahan III''' ({{langx|fa|شاه جهان سوم|rtl=yes}}, {{IPA|fa|ʃɒːh d͡ʒæ.hɒːn}}; 1711–1772), also known as '''Mirza Muhi-ul-Millat''' ({{langx|fa|محی الملّت|rtl=yes}}), was the sixteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], albeit briefly. He was the son of [[Muhi us-Sunnat]], the eldest son of [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]] who was the youngest son of [[Aurangzeb]]. He was placed on the Mughal throne in December 1759 as a result of the intrigues in Delhi with the help of [[Imad-ul-Mulk]]. He was later deposed by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] ministers, acting in the name of the exiled [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&amp;pg=PA140&amp;lpg=PA140 Jaswant Lal Mehta, ''Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813''], p. 140&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{succession box|title=[[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]]|before=[[Alamgir II]]|after=[[Shah Alam II]]|years=10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Mughal Empire}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:1772 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:1711 births]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-royal-stub}}<br /> {{Mughal-stub}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikke_Pe_Ikka&diff=458987 2026-03-03T23:34:11Z

<p>Vidya1111: adjusted page as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1994 film by Raj Sippy}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Ikke Pe Ikka<br /> | image = Ikke Pe Ikka.jpg<br /> | writer =Ajay Kartik,&lt;br&gt;Anand Vardhan (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay=[[Sachin Bhowmick]]<br /> | story=[[Pankaj Dheer]]<br /> | starring = [[Akshay Kumar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chandni (Bollywood actress)|Chandni]]<br /> | director = [[Raj N. Sippy]]<br /> | producer = Satluj Dheer<br /> | music = Mahesh Kishore<br /> | studio=Mudra Arts<br /> | cinematography=S. Pappu<br /> | editing =Mohinder Ashish<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994|10|14}}<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|1 crore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ikke Pe Ikka - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3065 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|9.35 crore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ikke Pe Ikka''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]] [[action film]] directed by [[Raj N. Sippy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/ikke-pe-ikka-1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318162631/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/ikke-pe-ikka-1994 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2019 |title=IKKE PE IKKA :British Board of Film Classification |website=bbfc.co.uk |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=2019-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Anupam Kher]] and [[Chandni (Bollywood actress)|Chandni]] in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ikke Pe Ikka (1994) Cast – Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ikke-pe-ikka-7724/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116121240/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ikke-pe-ikka-7724/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=16 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Ikke Pe Ikka Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/ikke-pe-ikka/movieshow/61318766.cms|access-date=2022-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Three brothers announce their engagement to three sisters, but the boys' father believes that all six are too irresponsible to get married, and subsequently proposes to the girls' mother in order to sabotage their plans.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> Source&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ikke Pe Ikka - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=3065 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Akshay Kumar]] as Rajiv<br /> * [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Kaushalya Devi<br /> * [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]] as Komal<br /> * [[Chandni (Bollywood actress)|Chandni]] as Kavita<br /> * [[Pankaj Dheer]] as Randhir<br /> * Prithvi as Rishi Kumar<br /> * [[Anupam Kher]] as Kailashnath<br /> * [[Shafi Inamdar]] as Iqbal <br /> * [[Tiku Talsania]] as Dr. Topiwala<br /> * [[Guddi Maruti]] as Guddi<br /> * [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Police Inspector Jai<br /> * [[Harish Patel]] as Bajrangi<br /> * [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Kuntiputhri Kuku<br /> * [[Bhushan Jeevan]] as Kuntiputhra Mahender<br /> * [[Shiva Rindani]] as Kunthiputra 2<br /> * [[John Gabriel (Hindi Actor)|John Gabriel]] as Dilawar<br /> * [[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Tuli<br /> * [[Beena Banerjee|Beena]] as Zareena<br /> * [[Hemant Birje]] (Friendly Appearance) as Pehelwan Maijd<br /> <br /> ==Soundtracks==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | &quot;Kab Raat Aye Haaye&quot;<br /> | [[Devaki Pandit]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | &quot;Maine Likh Di Jawani&quot;<br /> | Vipin Sachdeva, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | &quot;Sawan Ki Boodein&quot;<br /> | Vipin Sachdeva, Kavita Krishnamurthy<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | &quot;Sounga Na Sone Doonga&quot;<br /> | [[Kumar Sanu]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | &quot;Tera Dekh Ke Roop&quot;<br /> | Vipin Sachdeva, Kavita Krishnamurthy<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | &quot;Tere Khayal Mein&quot;<br /> | [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Vinod Rathod]], Vipin Sachdeva<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0110105|Ikke Pe Ikka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1994 films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Raj N. Sippy]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chor_Bazaar_(film)&diff=494439 2026-03-03T09:16:08Z

<p>Vidya1111: starting the info needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2022 film by B. Jeevan Reddy}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Chor Bazaar<br /> | image = Chor Bazaar (film) poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[B. Jeevan Reddy]]<br /> | producer = V. S. Raju&lt;br /&gt;Alluri Suresh Varma<br /> | writer = B. Jeevan Reddy<br /> | starring = [[Akash Puri]] &lt;br /&gt; Gehna Sippy &lt;br /&gt;[[Subbaraju]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Sampoornesh Babu]]<br /> | music = Priyadarshan Balasubramanian<br /> | cinematography = Jagadeesh Cheekati<br /> | editing = Anwar Ali&lt;br /&gt;Prabhu Deva<br /> | studio = I. V. Production<br /> | distributor = UV Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|06|24}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Chor Bazaar''''' ({{translation|Thief Market}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action film|action]] film directed by [[B. Jeevan Reddy]], and produced by I V Production. It stars [[Akash Puri]], Gehna Sippy, [[Subbaraju]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] and [[Sampoornesh Babu]]. The music is composed by Suresh Bobbili.<br /> <br /> ''Chor Bazaar'' was theatrically released on 24 June 2022.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Akash Puri]] as Bachchan Saab<br /> *Gehna Sippy as Simran <br /> *[[Subbaraju]]<br /> *[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Home Mister of Telangana<br /> *[[Sampoornesh Babu]]<br /> *[[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Bachchan Saab's guardian<br /> *[[Kancharapalem Raju]] as Simran's father<br /> *[[Venu Yeldandi]]<br /> *[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]<br /> *[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Judge<br /> *Racha Ravi<br /> *Laxman Meesala<br /> *Namrita Malla<br /> *Bhanu Prakash<br /> *Yadam Raju<br /> *Manikanta Varanasi<br /> *Santhosh Singuru<br /> *Manik Reddy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Development===<br /> Following the 2021 film [[Romantic (film)|''Romantic'']], [[Akash Puri]] teamed up with director [[B. Jeevan Reddy]] under the banner I V Production for the film ''Chor Bazaar''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Akash Puri signs 'Chor Bazaar' helmed by Jeevan Reddy |work=Telangana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/akash-puri-signs-chor-bazaar-helmed-by-jeevan-reddy/amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The first look of Aakash Puri from Chor Bazaar is out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-first-look-of-aakash-puri-from-chor-bazaar-is-out/articleshow/84727812.cms |access-date=25 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Filming===<br /> [[Principal photography]] was commenced in February 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=NewsJeevan Reddy to direct Akash Puri in Chor Bazaar |work=Cinema Express |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/18/jeevan-reddy-to-direct-akash-puri-in-chor-bazaar-22909.amp |access-date=18 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Akash Puri's 'Chor Bazaar' with 'George Reddy' director Jeevan Reddy |work=Filmy Focus |url=https://filmyfocus.com/akash-puris-chor-bazaar-with-george-reddy-director-jeevan-reddy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Chor Bazaar<br /> | type = [[Soundtrack]]<br /> | artist = Suresh Bobbili<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 2022<br /> | recorded = 2021–22<br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | label = [[Lahari Music|T-Series]]<br /> | producer = Suresh Bobbili&lt;br /&gt; Priyadarshan Balasubramanian<br /> | prev_title = [[Virata Parvam]]<br /> | prev_year = 2022<br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> | misc = {{Singles <br /> | name = Chor Bazaar<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | single1 = Chor Bazaar Title Song<br /> | single1date = 18 February 2022<br /> | single2 = Jada <br /> | single2date = 2 May 2022<br /> | single3 = Noonugu Meesala<br /> | single3date = 3 June 2022<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music rights of the film are sold to [[Lahari Music|T-Series]].The music of the film is composed by Suresh Bobbili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Akash Puri Thanks Vijay Devarakonda For Unveiling The 'Jada' Song From The 'Chor Bazaar' Movie… |work=The Hans India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/akash-puri-thanks-vijay-devarakonda-for-unveiling-the-jada-song-from-the-chor-bazaar-movie-733170 |access-date=12 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = <br /> | title1 = Chor Bazaar Title Song<br /> | lyrics1 = Asura and Selvin Francis<br /> | extra1 = Sruthi Rajani<br /> | length1 = 3:18<br /> | title2 = Jada<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | lyrics2 = Mittapalli Surendra<br /> | extra2 = [[Ram Miriyala]]<br /> | length2 = 3:34<br /> | title3 = Noonugu Meesala<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]<br /> | extra3 = Lakshmi Meghana<br /> | length3 = 3:04<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> ''Chor Bazaar'' was theatrically released on 24 June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Chor Bazaar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/chor-bazaar/articleshow/92449414.cms |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Calling it a &quot;flop show&quot;, a reviewer from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote: &quot;The routine story and narration, coupled with the lackluster screenplay and direction played the spoilsport.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=hansindia |date=24 June 2022 |title=Chor Bazaar Movie review: Director Jeevan Reddy's flop show |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/chor-bazaar-movie-review-director-jeevan-reddys-flop-show-78812 |access-date= |website=The Hans India }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanju of [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']] also criticized the screenplay and direction while appreciating Puri's performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=బచ్చన్ సాబ్‌గా ఆకాష్ పూరి మెప్పించాడా ?.. 'చోర్‌ బజార్' రివ్యూ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/akash-puri-chor-bazaar-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1465877 |access-date= |website=Sakshi |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ''[[ABP Desam]]''{{'s}} Saketh Reddy Eleti felt that the premise of diamond heist was interesting but the film was let down by poor execution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eleti |first=Saketh Reddy |date=24 June 2022 |title=చోర్ బజార్ సినిమా రివ్యూ: బచ్చన్ సాబ్ మెప్పించాడా? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-chor-bazaar-movie-review-in-telugu-starring-akash-puri-gehna-sippy-38975 |access-date= |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing for ''[[Samayam Telugu]]'', Banda Kalyan also criticized the film for its writing and direction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=చోర్ బజార్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/akash-puri-chor-bazaar-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/92433819.cms |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|15654292}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s romantic action films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian heist films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 romance films]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_River_County,_Florida&diff=477346 2026-03-01T23:52:50Z

<p>Vidya1111: New Place</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|County in Florida, United States}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox U.S. county<br /> | county = Indian River County<br /> | state = Florida<br /> | seal = Seal of Indian River County, Florida.gif<br /> | seal size = 100px<br /> | founded year = 1925<br /> | founded date = May 30<br /> | largest city wl = Sebastian<br /> | seat wl = Vero Beach<br /> | area_total_sq_mi = 617<br /> | area_land_sq_mi = 503<br /> | area_water_sq_mi = 114<br /> | area percentage = 18.5%<br /> | census yr = 2020<br /> | pop = 159788&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/indianrivercountyflorida/PST045217 |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Indian River County, Florida |access-date=September 18, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | pop_est_as_of = 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;Est2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 11, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_est = 169795 {{increase}}<br /> | density_sq_mi = 318<br /> | web = www.ircgov.com/<br /> | ex image = Indian River County (Vero Beach).JPG<br /> | ex image cap = Indian River County Courthouse in [[Vero Beach]]<br /> | district = 8th<br /> | time zone = Eastern<br /> | named for = [[Indian River Lagoon]] }}<br /> <br /> '''Indian River County''' ({{langx|es|Condado de Río Indio|link=}}) is a [[County (United States)|county]] located in the southeastern and east-central portions of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Florida]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population was 159,788.&lt;ref name=&quot;QF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=State &amp; County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/14061.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=February 14, 2014|archive-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021732/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/14061.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its [[county seat|seat]] is [[Vero Beach, Florida|Vero Beach]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GR6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indian River County comprises the [[Sebastian, Florida|Sebastian]]-Vero Beach-[[West Vero Corridor, Florida|West Vero Corridor]], Florida [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]]. The MSA was first defined as the Vero Beach, Florida MSA in 2003. It was renamed Sebastian-Vero Beach, Florida MSA in 2005, and Sebastian-Vero Beach-West Vero Corridor, Florida MSA in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Metro Area History 1950–2020 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2020/historical-delineation-files/metro_area_history_1950_2020.xls |website=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=July 28, 2023 |at=Row 4695}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2023 |title=Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Guidance on the Uses of the Delineations of These Areas |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/OMB-Bulletin-23-01.pdf |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Executive Office of the President |page=72}}&lt;/ref&gt; The MSA is included in the [[Miami]]-[[Port St.&amp;nbsp; Lucie, Florida|Port St. Lucie]]-[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], Florida, [[Miami metropolitan area|Combined Statistical Area]].<br /> <br /> On November 16–17, 2023, northern Indian River County was [[2023 Indian River County floods|severely impacted by flooding]] after 14” of rain fell in less than 24 hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Prior to 1821, the area of Indian River County was part of the Spanish colony of [[East Florida]]. In 1822, this area became part of [[St. Johns County]], and in 1824 it became part of [[Mosquito County]] (original name of [[Orange County, Florida|Orange County]]).<br /> <br /> The [[Second Seminole War]] was fought in 1835 and from 1838 to 1839. Fort Vinton was built for this purpose near the intersection of present-day [[Florida State Road 60]] and 122nd Avenue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | first=Ben | last=Brotemarkle | title=Florida couple documents Seminole Indian Wars | url=http://airynews.com/florida-frontiers-florida-couple-documents-seminole-indian-wars/ | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=5A | date=August 23, 2017 | access-date=August 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831045100/http://airynews.com/florida-frontiers-florida-couple-documents-seminole-indian-wars/ | archive-date=August 31, 2017 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1844, the county's portion of Mosquito County became part of newly created St. Lucia County. In 1855, St. Lucia County was renamed [[Brevard County]]. In 1905, [[St. Lucie County]] was formed from the southern portion of Brevard County; in 1925 Indian River County was formed from the northern portion of St. Lucie County.&lt;ref&gt;According to the Historical Records and State Archives Surveys published by Florida Works Progress Administration (available in the digital historical maps of Florida section of the UF library) and the Indian River County Historian Ruth Stanbridge&lt;/ref&gt; It was named for the [[Indian River (Florida)|Indian River]], which runs through the eastern portion of the county. In 2025, Indian River County celebrated its [[centennial]] for turning 100 years old.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian River County Centennial Celebration |url=https://indianriver.gov/community/irc_centennial_celebration/index.php |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=indianriver.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2023 Floods in North County===<br /> On November 16 and 17, 2023, extreme rainfall struck northern Indian River County, [[2023 North Indian River County floods|causing severe flooding]]. Fourteen inches of rain fell in Fellsmere, and eleven inches of rain fell in Vero Lake Estates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=November 2023&amp;nbsp; Flooding Event - Roads Impassable |url=https://indianriver.gov/news_detail_T23_R127.php |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=indianriver.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Cassandra |date=2023-11-18 |title=Flooding is 'most I've seen,' Indian River County residents says |url=https://www.wflx.com/2023/11/18/flooding-is-most-ive-seen-indian-river-county-residents-says/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.wflx.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Kaila |title=Areas of Indian River County experienced flooding Friday after heavy rain fall |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/picture-gallery/news/2023/11/17/northern-indian-river-county-experiences-flooding-fellsmere-vero-lake-estates/71620512007/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Treasure Coast |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title='Some transparency:' Fellsmere residents still fighting to be heard after November flooding |url=https://www.wptv.com/news/treasure-coast/region-indian-river-county/some-transparency-fellsmere-residents-still-fighting-to-be-heard-after-november-flooding |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=WPTV News Channel 5 West Palm |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Brogan |date=2023-11-17 |title=Severe flooding in Vero Beach |url=https://cbs12.com/news/local/severe-flooding-vero-beach-lake-estates-traffic-alert-101s-avenue-county-road-to-87th-street-indian-river-county-sheriffs-office-florida-november-17-2023 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=WPEC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hodges |first=Andy |date=2023-11-17 |title=Indian River County Battles Severe Floods; Roads Closed, Repairs Underway |url=https://www.sebastiandaily.com/business/indian-river-county-battles-severe-floods-roads-closed-repairs-underway-57521/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Sebastian Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Hurricane history==<br /> Indian River County's location in East [[Central Florida]] makes it a very prone location to impacts from Hurricanes.<br /> <br /> ===2004 Atlantic Hurricane Season===<br /> {{see also|Hurricane Frances|Effects of Hurricane Frances in the Treasure Coast|Hurricane Jeanne|Effects of Hurricane Jeanne in the Treasure Coast}}<br /> Indian River County experienced devastating effects from the [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season|2004 Atlantic Hurricane Season]].<br /> <br /> On September 5, 2004, the county was affected by the category 2 [[Effects of Hurricane Frances in the Treasure Coast|landfall]] of [[Hurricane Frances]]. [https://www.weather.gov/media/mlb/surveys/frances.pdf] There was wide spread power outages, flooding, and high winds.<br /> <br /> Only 21 days later, on September 26, 2004, [[Effects of Hurricane Jeanne in the Treasure Coast|Hurricane Jeanne]] made landfall near Indian River County as a category 3 hurricane with 120&amp;nbsp;mph winds. A special Tornado Warning was issued (precursor to the [[Extreme wind warning|Extreme Wind Warning]]) for Indian River County due to the right eye wall of the storm striking the county. A 122&amp;nbsp;mph wind gust was reported in [[Vero Beach, Florida|Vero Beach]], and 116&amp;nbsp;mph wind gust was reported in [[Sebastian, Florida|Sebastian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Kelly |title=Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne left an indelible mark on the Treasure Coast |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/picture-gallery/news/local/2019/08/29/hurricanes-frances-and-jeanne-left-indelible-mark-treasure-coast/2030467001/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Treasure Coast |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> [[File:FEMA - 11375 - Photograph by Mark Wolfe taken on 09-28-2004 in Florida.jpg |thumb|right|300px| Extreme Beach Erosion in Vero Beach due to Hurricane Jeanne]]“Catastrophic” beach erosion occurred on the beaches of the county after 6–8 feet of [[storm surge]] was caused by Jeanne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Kelly |title=Hurricane Jeanne was part of historic 2004 hurricane season in Florida |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/picture-gallery/news/local/2019/08/29/hurricane-jeanne-part-historic-2004-hurricane-season-florida/2086166001/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Treasure Coast |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Widespread flooding occurred, which resulted in the closure of all barrier island bridges being closed. One fatality was caused when an elderly woman was attempting to evacuate her home in [[Indian River Shores, Florida|Indian River Shores.]] An F1 tornado touched down in [[West Vero Corridor, Florida|West Vero Corridor]] causing $34,000 (2025 USD) in damage.<br /> <br /> A staggering $3.4 billion+ (2025 USD) of damage was inflicted on Indian River County alone, easily making the storm the costliest and most destructive hurricane in Indian River County history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-05-19 |title=NCDC: Event Details |url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~529480 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519233641/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~529480 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-19 |access-date=2025-04-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2022 Atlantic Hurricane Season===<br /> {{see also|Hurricane Nicole (2022)}}<br /> On November 10, 2022, [[Hurricane Nicole (2022)|Hurricane Nicole]] made landfall near Vero Beach as a [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Category 1 hurricane]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Hurricane Nicole - November 2022 |url=https://www.weather.gov/tbw/HurricaneNicole#:~:text=At%203:00AM%20on%20November,the%20east%20central%20Florida%20coast. |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mostly minor damage was reported, however, the iconic Jaycee Beach and Humiston Beach boardwalks sustained significant damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-14 |title=Vero Beach still waiting to repair boardwalks year after Hurricane Nicole |url=https://www.wptv.com/news/region-indian-river-county/vero-beach/vero-beach-still-waiting-to-repair-boardwalks-year-after-hurricane-nicole |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=WPTV News Channel 5 West Palm |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hurricane Milton===<br /> {{see also|Hurricane Milton tornado outbreak}}<br /> [[File:Milton 2024-10-09 1624-1642Z KTBW radar loop.gif|thumb|right|300px| Hurricane Milton spawning tornado outbreak in Florida on October 9]]<br /> On October 9, 2024, as [[Hurricane Milton]] approached Florida, Indian River County was part of a prolific [[Hurricane Milton tornado outbreak|tornado outbreak]] spawned by Milton. <br /> Several strong tornadoes hit the county including the [[Lakewood Park, Florida|Lakewood Park]] - Vero Beach EF3 tornado. Severe damage occurred in the Bethel Creek neighborhood of Vero Beach with homes sustaining heavy damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Hurricane Milton Impacts to East Central Florida |url=https://www.weather.gov/mlb/HurricaneMilton_Impacts |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilt |first=Adam L. Neal and Jacob |title=See damage to Indian River, St. Lucie and Martin counties by tornadoes, Milton |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/indian-river-county/2024/10/10/hurricane-milton-tornado-damange-vero-beach-sebastian-fellsmere-florida/75588766007/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Treasure Coast |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numerous other tornadoes also touched down in the county, with two EF1 tornadoes hitting Downtown Vero Beach within the span of 20 minutes, causing extensive damage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samuel |first=Nick |date=2024-10-18 |title=Meteorologists confirm 6 tornadoes hit Indian River County last week |url=https://veronews.com/2024/10/18/meteorologists-confirm-6-tornadoes-hit-indian-river-county-last-week/#:~:text=The%20tornado%20had%20peak%20winds,and%20during%20the%20storm%20survey.%E2%80%9D |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Vero News |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; An EF2 tornado touched down farther west near [[Blue Cypress Lake]]. In total, six tornadoes struck the county.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Hurricane Milton Impacts to East Central Florida |url=https://www.weather.gov/mlb/HurricaneMilton_Impacts |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Flooding from Hurricane Milton in Vero Beach, Florida.webm|thumb|right|300px| Flash Flooding in Vero Beach]]<br /> <br /> ====Flooding from Hurricane Milton====<br /> Torrential rainfall also occurred from Milton, causing [[flash flood]]ing in the county.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrell |first=Gershon |date=2024-10-09 |title=Downed powerlines, flooding disrupt Indian River County |url=https://cbs12.com/news/local/hurricane-milton-approaches-downed-powerlines-flooded-roads-indian-river-county-florida-october-9-2024 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=WPEC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to preliminary reports, 9.41 inches of rain fell in around 3 hours in Vero Beach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Samuel |first=Nick |date=2024-10-10 |title=No fatalities for IRC after 4 tornadoes touched down Wednesday |url=https://veronews.com/2024/10/10/please-be-prepared-irc-emergency-services-prepped-for-hurricane-milton/#:~:text=Meteorologists%2520said%2520Vero%2520Beach%2520received,in%2520the%2520evening%2520and%2520overnight.%E2%80%9D |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Vero News |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[flash flood warning]] was issued at 7PM EDT for most of eastern Indian River County due to ongoing flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sangalang |first=Jeffrey Meesey, Thomas Bender, Andrew West, Kaila Jones, Rick Neale, Rob Landers, Tim Shortt, Sara Paulson, Malcolm Denemark and Jennifer |title=Hurricane Milton damage photos in Florida, drone images of Tampa, Sarasota, Fort Myers, Vero Beach |url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/2024/10/11/hurricane-milton-damage-aerial-photos-tampa-sarasota-myers-florida/75625970007/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Florida Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|617|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|503|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|114|sqmi}} (18.5%) is water.&lt;ref name=&quot;GR1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian River County is the [[List of counties in Florida|ninth-smallest]] county in Florida by area.<br /> <br /> ===Adjacent counties===<br /> * [[Brevard County, Florida|Brevard County]] - north<br /> * [[St. Lucie County, Florida|St. Lucie County]] - south<br /> * [[Okeechobee County, Florida|Okeechobee County]] - southwest<br /> * [[Osceola County, Florida|Osceola County]] - northwest<br /> <br /> ===National protected areas===<br /> * [[Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge]] (part)<br /> * [[Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge]]<br /> <br /> ===Climate and birds===<br /> Eight bird species in Indian River County are listed as &quot;highly vulnerable&quot; to [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]]:<br /> * [[Red-headed woodpecker]]<br /> * [[Gray kingbird]]<br /> * [[Fish crow]]<br /> * [[Brown thrasher]]<br /> * [[Eastern towhee]]<br /> * [[Boat-tailed grackle]]<br /> * [[Snail kite]] <br /> * [[Yellow-throated warbler]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/indian-river-lagoon/health/2020/01/07/climate-change-threatens-treasure-coast-u-s-birds-new-audubon-site/2831338001/|title=New Audubon site shows bird decline on Treasure Coast, nationally from climate change|last=Waymer|first=Jim|date=January 7, 2020|website=TCPalm|language=en|access-date=February 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215150950/https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/indian-river-lagoon/health/2020/01/07/climate-change-threatens-treasure-coast-u-s-birds-new-audubon-site/2831338001/|archive-date=February 15, 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bodies of Water===<br /> <br /> * [[Blue Cypress Lake]]<br /> * [[Indian River Lagoon]]<br /> * [[St. Sebastian River]]<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{US Census population<br /> |1930= 6724<br /> |1940= 8957<br /> |1950= 11872<br /> |1960= 25309<br /> |1970= 35992<br /> |1980= 59896<br /> |1990= 90208<br /> |2000= 112947<br /> |2010= 138028<br /> |align-fn=center<br /> |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1790-1960&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1900-1990&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/fl190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1990-2000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2010-2019&lt;ref name=&quot;QF&quot; /&gt;<br /> |2020=159788<br /> |estyear=2023<br /> |estimate=169795<br /> |estref=&lt;ref name=&quot;USCensusEst2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 31, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{increase}}<br /> | align = right<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Racial and ethnic composition===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+'''Indian River County racial composition as of 2020'''&lt;br /&gt; (NH = Non-Hispanic){{efn|Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.census.gov/ {{nonspecific|date=August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About the Hispanic Population and its Origin |url=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html |website=www.census.gov |access-date=May 18, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> !Race<br /> !Pop 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0500000US12061&amp;tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2 |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=data.census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Pop 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0500000US12061&amp;tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=data.census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !% 2010<br /> !% 2020<br /> |-<br /> |[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] (NH)<br /> |106,780<br /> |117,422<br /> |77.36%<br /> |73.49%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] (NH)<br /> |12,074<br /> |13,079<br /> |8.75%<br /> |8.19%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] (NH)<br /> |277<br /> |273<br /> |0.2%<br /> |0.17%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Asian Americans|Asian]] (NH)<br /> |1,646<br /> |2,341<br /> |1.19%<br /> |1.47%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] (NH)<br /> |49<br /> |52<br /> |0.04%<br /> |0.03%<br /> |-<br /> |Some Other Race (NH)<br /> |189<br /> |730<br /> |0.14%<br /> |0.46%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed/Multi-Racial]] (NH)<br /> |1,548<br /> |5,059<br /> |1.12%<br /> |3.17%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]<br /> |15,465<br /> |20,832<br /> |11.2%<br /> |13.04%<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''<br /> |'''138,028'''<br /> |'''159,788'''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> [[File:2023_Racial_Demographics_in_Indian_River_by_Census_tract.svg|thumb|A map of the racial demographics of Indian River County, Florida by Census tract{{Collapsible list<br /> | title = Legend|{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}<br /> <br /> '''Non-Hispanic White'''<br /> {{legend|#ed8783|50–60%}}<br /> {{legend|#e55651|60–70%}}<br /> {{legend|#d02923|70–80%}}<br /> {{legend|#b00600|80–90%}}<br /> {{legend|#850400|&gt;90%}}<br /> <br /> '''Hispanic'''<br /> {{legend|#ace1e1|40–50%}}<br /> {{legend|#53bfbf|60–70%}}<br /> <br /> '''Black or African American'''<br /> {{legend|#c0a32f|50–60%}}<br /> {{legend|#907300|70–80%}}<br /> <br /> {{col-end}}<br /> }}]]<br /> <br /> ===2020 census===<br /> <br /> As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], there were 159,788 people, 71,177 households, and 37,647 families residing in the county.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dp?get=NAME,DP1_0021P,DP1_0024P,DP1_0025C,DP1_0049C,DP1_0045C,DP1_0069C,DP1_0073C,DP1_0125P,DP1_0126P,DP1_0129P,DP1_0133P,DP1_0137P,DP1_0138P,DP1_0139P,DP1_0141P,DP1_0142P,DP1_0143P,DP1_0145P,DP1_0146P,DP1_0147C,DP1_0148C,DP1_0149C,DP1_0156C,DP1_0157C,DP1_0158C,DP1_0159P,DP1_0160P&amp;for=county%3A061&amp;in=state%3A12|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2021|access-date=December 26, 2025|df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The racial makeup of the county was 76.7% [[White Americans|White]], 8.4% [[African Americans|Black or African American]], 0.3% [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian and Alaska Native]], 1.5% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], &lt;0.1% [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islander|Pacific Islander]], 4.3% from some other race, and 8.8% from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]]. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] residents of any race comprised 13.0% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020PL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=NAME,P1_001N,P1_003N,P1_004N,P1_005N,P1_006N,P1_007N,P1_008N,P1_009N,P2_001N,P2_002N,H1_001N,H1_002N&amp;for=county%3A061&amp;in=state%3A12|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2021|access-date=December 26, 2025|df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The median age was 55.1 years. 15.9% of residents were under the age of 18, and 34.1% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males, and for every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 90 males aged 18 and over.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> 92.8% of residents lived in urban areas, while 7.2% lived in rural areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DHC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/dhc?get=NAME,P2_002N,P2_003N&amp;for=county%3A061&amp;in=state%3A12|website=United States Census Bureau|year=2023|access-date=December 26, 2025|df=mdy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There were 71,177 households in the county, of which 19.8% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 49.7% were married-couple households, 16.3% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 27.7% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> There were 83,529 housing units, of which 14.8% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 75.8% were owner-occupied and 24.2% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5% and the rental vacancy rate was 9.0%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2020DP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2000 census===<br /> <br /> As of the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]], there were 112,947 people, 49,137 households, and 32,725 families residing in the county.&lt;ref name=&quot;GR8&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=May 14, 2011 |title=U.S. Census website }}&lt;/ref&gt; The population density was {{convert|224|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 57,902 housing units at an average density of {{convert|115|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the county was 87.43% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 8.19% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.25% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.74% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.03% [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islander]], 2.15% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.21% from two or more races. 6.53% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.<br /> <br /> There were 49,137 households, out of which 21.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.50% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.40% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.72.<br /> <br /> In the county, the population was spread out, with 19.20% under the age of 18, 6.00% from 18 to 24, 22.30% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 29.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 93.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianriversites.com/|title=Indian River County Chamber of Commerce {{!}} Business Site Selection|website=www.indianriversites.com|access-date=May 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The median income for a household in the county was $39,635, and the median income for a family was $46,385. Males had a median income of $30,870 versus $23,379 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the county was $27,227. About 6.30% of families and 9.30% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 13.60% of those under age 18 and 5.70% of those age 65 or over.<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> <br /> ===Airports===<br /> * New Hibiscus Airpark&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.airnav.com/airport/X52|title=AirNav: X52 - New Hibiscus Airpark|website=www.airnav.com|access-date=May 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sebastian Municipal Airport]]<br /> * [[Vero Beach Regional Airport]]<br /> <br /> ===Bus systems===<br /> {{main|GoLine}}<br /> [[GoLine]] is Indian River County's main method of public transportation. The program was introduced in 1994 to provide an alternative option to driving. Due to County population increases in the early and mid 2000s, Indian River County devised a series of bus routes from [[Barefoot Bay, Florida|Barefoot Bay]] in southern Brevard County to the south end of [[Vero Beach]]. In 2006, GoLine (formerly known as Indian River Transit) was introduced with more stops along and through the [[Treasure Coast]]. By 2010, the GoLine system had a total of 14 stops with an additional four stops planned for 2011/2012. Riders pay no fare or fee to board the bus. In 2010 the buses operated between 8:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M. weekdays and from 9:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M. on Saturdays. Some routes have extended operating hours depending on location.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.golineirt.com/info.htm |title=Indian River Transit - GoLine Information |publisher=GoLineIRT.com |access-date=December 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406214926/http://www.golineirt.com/info.htm |archive-date=April 6, 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2024 |title=Go Line Guide |url=https://www.golineirt.com/GoLineGuide.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Train===<br /> [[Amtrak]] began planning to add service along the east coast of Florida, including a station in [[Vero Beach]], in 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Walt |date=2003-06-26 |title=Amtrak plan in slow locomotion |url=https://ble-t.org/news/amtrak-plan-in-slow-locomotion/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, Amtrak announced that it hoped to start service over the [[Florida East Coast Railway]] (FEC) line in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2012 |title=Amtrak: Flagler Line Will Happen |url=https://www.metrojacksonville.com/article/2012-jan-amtrak-flagler-line-will-happen |work=Metro Jacksonville}}&lt;/ref&gt; The All Aboard Florida project (now [[Brightline]]) was also announced in 2012, and now operates over part of the FEC track that Amtrak intended to use, but does not stop anywhere in Indian River County.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reisman |first=Laurence |title=Excited by Brightline start, shiny trains, quad gates? After 11 years, here's the letdown. |url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/opinion/columnists/laurence-reisman/2023/09/22/brightline-train-miami-orlando-run-vero-amtrak-wanted/70853541007/ |date=September 22, 2023 |work=TCPalm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Florida East Coast Railway serves a team yard in Vero Beach for off-line customers that don't have direct rail service via spurs. There are two lumber and sheetrock/structural steel customers who receive boxcars, center beam and bulkhead flatcars, and occasionally- gondolas, at the team yard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amtrak/FEC Corridor Project |url=http://www.irmpo.com/Documents/Amtrak.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713060205/http://www.irmpo.com/Documents/Amtrak.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irmpo.com/ |title=Home |publisher=irmpo.com |date=July 1, 2012 |access-date=December 18, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Major roads===<br /> {{Main|List of county roads in Indian River County, Florida}}<br /> * {{jct|state=FL|I|95}}<br /> * {{jct|state=FL|FLTP}}<br /> * {{Jct|state=FL|US|1}}<br /> * {{Jct|state=FL|SR|A1A}}<br /> * {{Jct|state=FL|SR|60}}<br /> * {{Jct|state=FL|SR|510|name1=Wabasso Causeway}}<br /> * {{Jct|state=FL|CR|510|county1=Indian River}}<br /> * {{Jct|state=FL|CR|512|county1=Indian River}}<br /> * {{Jct|state=FL|CR|606|county1=Indian River|name1=Oslo Road}}<br /> * {{Jct|state=FL|SR|656|name1=Alma Lee Loy Bridge}}<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Healthcare, education, government, and retail sales are important employment segments in Indian River County. {{As of|2024}} (some numbers have not been updated since 2019), the largest employers in the county were:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Employer<br /> ! Sector<br /> ! Employees<br /> |-<br /> | School Board of Indian River County<br /> | Education<br /> | 2,234<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cleveland Clinic]] Indian River Hospital<br /> | Healthcare<br /> | 2,027<br /> |-<br /> | Indian River County<br /> | Government (including [[Government of Florida#Local government|constitutional offices]])<br /> | 1,455<br /> |-<br /> | [[Publix]] Super Markets<br /> | Retail<br /> | 1,380<br /> |-<br /> | [[Piper Aircraft]]<br /> | Manufacturing<br /> | 1,100<br /> |-<br /> | [[Walmart]]<br /> | Retail<br /> | 806<br /> |-<br /> | Sebastian River Medical Center<br /> | Healthcare<br /> | 750<br /> |-<br /> | John's Island<br /> | Residential development and resort<br /> | 495<br /> |-<br /> | Indian River Estates<br /> | Retirement community<br /> | 486<br /> |-<br /> | Visiting Nurse Association<br /> | Healthcare<br /> | 500<br /> |-<br /> | City of Vero Beach<br /> | Government<br /> | 328<br /> |-<br /> | [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS Warehouse]]<br /> | Distribution<br /> | 440<br /> |-<br /> | [[Disney's Vero Beach Resort]]<br /> | Resort<br /> | 279<br /> |-<br /> | St. Edward's School<br /> | [[College-preparatory school]]<br /> | 223<br /> |-<br /> | City of Sebastian<br /> | Government<br /> | 188<br /> |-<br /> | Skyborne Airline Academy<br /> | Flight instruction<br /> | 170<br /> |-<br /> | B &amp; W Quality Growers<br /> | Agriculture<br /> | 142<br /> |-<br /> |}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025|title=Top Employers in Indian River County - 2024|url=https://indianrivered.com/community/demographics/major-employers/|access-date=March 10, 2025|website=Indian River County Economic Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Libraries==<br /> {{main|Indian River County Library System}}<br /> * Indian River County Main Library, in [[Vero Beach, FL|Vero Beach]]<br /> * North Indian River County Library, in [[Sebastian, FL|Sebastian]]<br /> * The Brackett Library, at the [[Indian River State College]] Mueller Campus, in [[Vero Beach, FL|Vero Beach]]<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> [[Indian River County School District]] operates the public schools of Indian River County.<br /> <br /> ===Elementary Schools===<br /> * Liberty Magnet Elementary School <br /> * North County Charter School<br /> * Sebastian Elementary School <br /> * Pelican Island Elementary School <br /> * Treasure Coast Elementary School <br /> * Fellsmere Elementary School<br /> * Beachland Elementary School<br /> * Indian River Academy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2014-08-13 |title=Highlands Elementary to become Indian River Academy |url=https://veronews.com/2014/08/12/highlands-elementary-to-become-indian-river-academy/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Vero News |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Glendale Elementary School <br /> * Vero Beach Elementary School<br /> * Rosewood Magnet School <br /> * Osceola Magnet School<br /> * [[Imagine Schools|Imagine School]]<br /> <br /> ===Middle Schools===<br /> * Storm Grove Middle School <br /> * Sebastian River Middle School <br /> * Gifford Middle School <br /> * Oslo Middle School<br /> * Sebastian Charter Junior High School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2013-06-04 |title=Students get sneak peek at new Sebastian Charter Junior High building |url=https://veronews.com/2013/06/04/students-get-sneak-peek-at-new-sebastian-charter-junior-high-building/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Vero News |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Imagine Schools|Imagine School]]<br /> <br /> ===High Schools===<br /> * Freshman Learning Center (VBHS)<br /> * [[Indian River Charter High School]]<br /> * [[Sebastian River High School]]<br /> * [[Vero Beach High School]]<br /> <br /> ===Private schools===<br /> * Glendale Christian School<br /> * Indian River Christian School<br /> * Master's Academy<br /> * [[Saint Edward's School|St. Edwards School]]<br /> * St. Helen Catholic School<br /> * Tabernacle Baptist School<br /> * The Willow School<br /> * SunCoast Primary School<br /> <br /> ===Colleges and universities===<br /> * [[Indian River State College]] Mueller Center<br /> * [[Indian River State College]] [[Sebastian, FL|Sebastian]] Campus<br /> <br /> ==Elections==<br /> Indian River County lies at the northern end of a belt stretching to [[Collier County, Florida|Collier County]] in the southwest that was the first part of Florida to politically distance itself from the &quot;[[Solid South]]&quot;: the last Democrat to win a majority in the county was [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]].&lt;ref&gt;Sullivan, Robert David; [http://www.americamagazine.org/content/unconventional-wisdom/how-red-and-blue-map-evolved-over-past-century ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’]; ''America Magazine'' in ''The National Catholic Review''; June 29, 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Only four Democrats have managed 40 percent or more of the county's vote since then.<br /> <br /> In 1992, indeed, Ross Perot came second, fifteen votes ahead of President-elect [[Bill Clinton]], this being one of only four Florida counties where he did so.<br /> {{PresHead|place=Indian River County, Florida&lt;ref&gt;David Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; [http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=1992&amp;fips=12&amp;f=1&amp;off=0&amp;elect=0 1992 Presidential General Election Data Graphs – Florida by County]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/ContainerHistory.html?ContainerID=212|title=Our Campaigns|access-date=June 22, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;|whig=no}}<br /> &lt;!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP/Whig vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --&gt;<br /> {{PresRow|1928|Republican|847|657|19|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1932|Democratic|446|1,308|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1936|Democratic|532|1,270|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1940|Democratic|904|1,487|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1944|Democratic|759|1,292|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1948|Republican|1,134|1,055|259|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1952|Republican|3,055|1,578|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1956|Republican|4,059|1,699|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1960|Republican|4,656|2,970|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1964|Republican|6,191|5,122|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1968|Republican|6,518|3,179|3,022|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1972|Republican|11,741|3,316|25|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1976|Republican|9,818|8,512|324|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1980|Republican|15,568|7,759|1,390|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1984|Republican|23,716|8,736|0|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1988|Republican|24,630|10,451|252|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1992|Republican|19,140|12,360|12,462|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|1996|Republican|22,714|16,375|4,883|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|2000|Republican|28,639|19,769|1,219|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|2004|Republican|36,938|23,956|520|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|2008|Republican|40,176|29,710|916|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|2012|Republican|43,450|27,492|638|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|2016|Republican|48,620|29,043|3,106|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|2020|Republican|58,872|37,844|1,024|Florida}}<br /> {{PresRow|2024|Republican|62,737|35,654|1,102|Florida}}<br /> {{PresFoot}}<br /> <br /> ===Voter registration===<br /> According to the Secretary of State's office, Republicans are a plurality of registered voters in Indian River County.<br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> ! colspan = 6 | Indian River County Voter Registration &amp; Party Enrollment as of July 31, 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dos.fl.gov/elections/data-statistics/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-reports/voter-registration-by-county-and-party/|title=Voter Registration - By County and Party |website=www.dos.myflorida.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan = 2 | Political Party<br /> ! Total Voters<br /> ! Percentage<br /> |-<br /> | {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}}<br /> | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<br /> | align = center | 57,050<br /> | align = center | 48.24%<br /> |-<br /> | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br /> | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<br /> | align = center | 30,487<br /> | align = center | 25.78%<br /> |-<br /> | {{party color cell|No party (United States)}}<br /> | No party affiliation <br /> | align = center | 28,005<br /> | align = center | 23.68%<br /> |-<br /> | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}}<br /> | Minor parties <br /> | align = center | 2,717<br /> | align = center | 2.30%<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan = 2 | Total<br /> ! align = center | 118,259<br /> ! align = center | 100.00%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Communities==<br /> [[Image:Los Angeles Dodgers spring training at Holman Stadium, Dodgertown, 1994.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vero Beach, Florida|Vero Beach]]]]<br /> <br /> ===Cities===<br /> * [[Fellsmere, Florida|Fellsmere]]<br /> * [[Sebastian, Florida|Sebastian]]<br /> * [[Vero Beach, Florida|Vero Beach]]<br /> <br /> ===Towns===<br /> * [[Indian River Shores, Florida|Indian River Shores]]<br /> * [[Orchid, Florida|Orchid]]<br /> <br /> ===Census-designated places===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * [[Florida Ridge, Florida|Florida Ridge]]<br /> * [[Gifford, Florida|Gifford]]<br /> * [[Roseland, Florida|Roseland]]<br /> * [[South Beach, Florida|South Beach]]<br /> * [[Vero Beach South, Florida|Vero Beach South]]<br /> * [[Vero Lake Estates, Florida|Vero Lake Estates]]<br /> * [[Wabasso, Florida|Wabasso]]<br /> * [[Wabasso Beach, Florida|Wabasso Beach]]<br /> * [[West Vero Corridor, Florida|West Vero Corridor]]<br /> * [[Windsor, Indian River County, Florida|Windsor]] (formerly North Beach)<br /> * [[Winter Beach, Florida|Winter Beach]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Other unincorporated communities===<br /> {{div col}}<br /> * [[Blue Cypress Village, Florida|Blue Cypress Village]]<br /> * [[Citrus Ridge, Indian River County, Florida|Citrus Ridge]]<br /> * [[Cummings, Florida|Cummings]]<br /> * [[Nevins, Florida|Nevins]]<br /> * [[Oslo, Florida|Oslo]]<br /> * [[Riomar, Florida|Riomar]]<br /> * [[Royal Poinciana Park, Florida|Royal Poinciana Park]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Indian River County, Florida]]<br /> * [[North Hutchinson Island, Florida|North Hutchinson Island]]<br /> * [[Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge]]<br /> * [[Vero beach power squadron]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * '''Economic Development and Tourism'''<br /> ** [http://www.indianriverchamber.com/ Indian River County Chamber of Commerce]<br /> ** [http://indianrivered.com/ Indian River County Economic Development]<br /> ** [http://www.indianriversites.com/ Indian River County Property Search and Demographics]<br /> ** [https://visitindianrivercounty.com/ Indian River County Tourism]<br /> <br /> ===Governmental===<br /> * Board of County Commissioners<br /> ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20160523230911/http://www.ircgov.com/ Indian River County Board of County Commissioners]<br /> * Constitutional Officers<br /> ** [http://www.clerk.indian-river.org/ Indian River County Clerk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041213230625/http://clerk.indian-river.org/ |date=December 13, 2004 }}<br /> ** [http://www.voteindianriver.com/ Indian River County Supervisor of Elections]<br /> ** [https://ircpa.org/ Indian River County Property Appraiser]<br /> ** [http://www.ircsheriff.org/ Indian River County Sheriff]<br /> ** [http://www.irctax.com/ Indian River County Tax Collector]<br /> * School District<br /> ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625091027/https://www.indianriverschools.org/ Indian River County School District]<br /> * Multi-county Districts<br /> ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011095331/http://ircc.edu/portal/layout_Default.aspx?PortalPageID=740 Indian River State College]<br /> ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20190930221300/https://www.sjrwmd.com/ St. Johns River Water Management District]<br /> ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20070810022245/http://www.tcrpc.org/ Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council]<br /> * Judicial<br /> ** [http://www.clerk.indian-river.org/ Indian River County Clerk of Courts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041213230625/http://clerk.indian-river.org/ |date=December 13, 2004 }}<br /> ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20041202225415/http://pd19.org/ Public Defender, 19th Judicial Circuit of Florida] * [http://www.martin.fl.us/GOVT/co/jud/ State Attorney, 19th Judicial Circuit of Florida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927023759/http://www.martin.fl.us/GOVT/co/jud/ |date=September 27, 2011 }}<br /> ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20041230094532/http://www.circuit19.org/ Circuit and County Courts for the 19th Judicial Circuit of Florida]<br /> <br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> |Centre = Indian River County, Florida<br /> |North = [[Brevard County, Florida|Brevard County]]<br /> |Northeast =<br /> |East = [[Atlantic Ocean]]<br /> |Southeast =<br /> |South = [[St. Lucie County, Florida|St. Lucie County]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Okeechobee County, Florida|Okeechobee County]]<br /> |West = [[Osceola County, Florida|Osceola County]]<br /> |Northwest = }}<br /> {{Indian River County, Florida}}<br /> {{Geography of Florida}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|27.70|-80.58|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-FL_source:UScensus1990}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian River County, Florida| ]]<br /> [[Category:Florida counties]]<br /> [[Category:1925 establishments in Florida]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places established in 1925]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K_C_Pillai_(politician)&diff=506801 2026-03-01T04:04:54Z

<p>Vidya1111: Added new stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian communist politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = K Chandrasekhara Pillai<br /> | image = Ravi pillai and k.c pillai.png<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | caption = K.C Pillai (left) with Ravi Pillai (right)<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Travancore]] (present-day [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1345645/2011-12-20/kerala | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220133620/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1345645/2011-12-20/kerala | archive-date=2011-12-20 | title=Kerala News - സി.പി.ഐ.നേതാവ് കെ.സി.പിള്ള അന്തരിച്ചു - India, World News - Mathrubhumi Newspaper Edition }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | relatives = [[B. Ravi Pillai]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | death_date = 19 December 2011<br /> }}<br /> '''K Chandrasekhara Pillai''', also known as '''K. C. Pillai''' was a senior member and former Assistant Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) in [[Kerala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-12-20 |title=Kerala News - സി.പി.ഐ.നേതാവ് കെ.സി.പിള്ള അന്തരിച്ചു - India, World News - Mathrubhumi Newspaper Edition |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1345645/2011-12-20/kerala |access-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220133620/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1345645/2011-12-20/kerala |archive-date=2011-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=K C Pillai Passes Away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/Dec/20/k-c-pillai-passes-away-322115.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> K. C. Pillai was born into a [[Nair|Nair family]] to Thevalakkara Puthensangetham Kaarichal Veettil Krishna Pillai and Padmavathy Amma in [[Kollam district|Kollam]], Kerala. He is the uncle of the prominent businessman [[B. Ravi Pillai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=CPI Leader K C Pillai passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/Dec/20/cpi-leader-k-c-pillai-passes-away-322166.html |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=Deepika Latest Malayalam News: സിപിഐ നേതാവ് കെ.സി.പിള്ള അന്തരിച്ചു |url=http://malayalam.deepikaglobal.com/ucod/latestnews.asp?ncode=87094 |access-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122803/http://malayalam.deepikaglobal.com/ucod/latestnews.asp?ncode=87094 |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> K. C. Pillai early education was from Ayyankoikkal Government Upper Primary School and Government High School, Chavara. He ventured into politics at a young age.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> Later, he was appointed as the Assistant Secretary of the Communist Party of India (CPI) State, Chairman of the CPI State Control Commission, Secretary of Kollam District, and convener of the LDF Kollam District.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> He died on 19 December 2011, due to health issues at [[Lakeshore Hospital]] in [[Ernakulam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2011 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Kollam]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_Prasadam&diff=499186 2026-02-21T09:36:34Z

<p>Vidya1111: starting basic article v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Organised event in Hyderabad, India}}<br /> {{Infobox recurring event |<br /> |name= Fish Prasadam<br /> |motto= <br /> |logo= <br /> |image= Ponnam Prabhakar at Batthini's Fish Medicine Program 2025.jpg <br /> |caption= <br /> |location= Exhibition Grounds, [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], [[India]]<br /> |years_active= 1845&amp;ndash;present&lt;ref name=&quot;Fish prasadam cancellation: People from across country head back home disappointed {{!}} Fish prasadam cancellation: People from across country head back home disappointed&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Fish prasadam cancellation: People from across country head back home disappointed {{!}} Fish prasadam cancellation: People from across country head back home disappointed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090622/fish-prasadam-cancellation-people-from-across-country-head-back-home.html |access-date=9 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609170139/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090622/fish-prasadam-cancellation-people-from-across-country-head-back-home.html |archive-date=9 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Asthma patients, now you can swallow this ‘fish prasadam’ to cure the disease&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Asthma patients, now you can swallow this ‘fish prasadam’ to cure the disease |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/fish-prasadam-asthma-patients-bathini-family-5214542/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010222536/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/fish-prasadam-asthma-patients-bathini-family-5214542/ |archive-date=10 October 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |dates= <br /> |genre= <br /> |organiser= Bathini family <br /> |website = [https://bathinifishprasadam.com/]<br /> }}<br /> '''Fish Prasadam''' is organized by Bathini family, has been held every year for over a century on the auspicious day of 'Mrigasira Karthi' marking the onset of the monsoon according to the [[Hindu calendar]]. The ritual involves the administration of a live murrel fish stuffed with a secret herbal paste, believed by many to be a traditional remedy for asthma and respiratory ailments. The Bathini family which has been distributing the fish prasadam for over 177 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet the Telangana family holding the nearly 180-year-old fish 'prasadam' ritual for respiratory ailments&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Meet the Telangana family holding the nearly 180-year-old fish 'prasadam' ritual for respiratory ailments |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/meet-the-telangana-family-holding-the-nearly-180-year-old-fish-prasadam-ritual-for-respiratory-ailments/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The South First |date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609172050/https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/meet-the-telangana-family-holding-the-nearly-180-year-old-fish-prasadam-ritual-for-respiratory-ailments/ |archive-date=9 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> [[File:Batthini's Yellow herbal paste medicine.jpg|thumb|left|Batthini's Yellow herbal paste medicine]]<br /> The 'Fish prasadam' is a traditional remedy administered by the Bathini family of Hyderabad, this ritual takes place every year during the arrival of monsoon. The members of the Bathini family drop a live murrel fish filled with a yellow herbal paste into the throats of patients suffering from respiratory illnesses. If the patient is a vegetarian, the medicine is given with Bellam ([[jaggery]]) instead of fish. The people are advised not to drink water until 30 minutes after the 'prasadam' is consumed. They also prescribe a particular diet and are asked to take the fish prasadam for three consecutive years. <br /> <br /> After taking fish prasadam, one should take the extra quantity of medicine given and make six tablets out of it and dry them in shade. These tablets should be taken thrice over a period of 45 days one on empty stomach in the morning and the other after dinner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyderabad fish prasadam on June 8, 9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Hyderabad fish prasadam on June 8, 9 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-fish-prasadam-on-june-8-9/article4753713.ece |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612051922/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-fish-prasadam-on-june-8-9/article4753713.ece |archive-date=12 June 2018 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Every year, the prasadam will be given free of cost by bathini family.<br /> ==History==<br /> On a stormy Mrigasira Karti night in the year 1845, a wandering soaking-wet holy mendicant from the Himalayas knocked on the door of the Bathini family. He was tired and hungry. The man of the house, Veeranna Goud, a toddy merchant, who always helped people in need, fed him, and gave him dry clothes and shelter for the night. <br /> <br /> The next morning when the sage was leaving the house, he whispered the secret formula of the fish cure for people with respiratory issues to Veeranna Goud. This secret fish recipe has been passed down the ages and currently, Veeranna’s great-grandsons Late Vishwanath Goud and Late Harinath Goud&lt;ref name=&quot;Hyderabad's Famous Fish Prasadam Chief Organiser Bathini Harinath No More {{!}} Hyderabad's Famous Fish Prasadam Chief Organiser Bathini Harinath No More&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Hyderabad's Famous Fish Prasadam Chief Organiser Bathini Harinath No More {{!}} Hyderabad's Famous Fish Prasadam Chief Organiser Bathini Harinath No More |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/240823/fish-prasadams-bathini-harinath-dies-in-hyderabad.html |access-date=9 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609170801/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/240823/fish-prasadams-bathini-harinath-dies-in-hyderabad.html |archive-date=9 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; are honouring the legacy and distributing the fish prasadam.&lt;ref name=&quot;'It's all about faith': Meet the people who turned up for Hyderabad's annual fish prasadam&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title='It's all about faith': Meet the people who turned up for Hyderabad's annual fish prasadam |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/its-all-about-faith-meet-people-who-turned-hyderabads-annual-fish-prasadam-63339 |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609170256/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/its-all-about-faith-meet-people-who-turned-hyderabads-annual-fish-prasadam-63339 |archive-date=9 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> For decades, the Goud family distributed the medicine in Doodh Bowli, Hyderabad but during Chadrababu Naidu regime the family was persuaded to do it on the sprawling Exhibition Grounds for proper crowd management.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thousands from all over India have fish ‘prasadam’ in Hyderabad&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Thousands from all over India have fish ‘prasadam’ in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/all-in-faith-seeking-asthma-cure-1-lakh-queue-up-for-fish-prasadam/articleshow/64515792.cms |access-date=10 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726085231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/all-in-faith-seeking-asthma-cure-1-lakh-queue-up-for-fish-prasadam/articleshow/64515792.cms |archive-date=26 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Live murrel fishes at fish prasadam.jpg|thumb|right| Live murrel fishes at fish prasadam]]<br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Organised events in Hyderabad, India]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanil_Sachar&diff=532668 2026-02-11T07:03:56Z

<p>Vidya1111: added a data and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian poet}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{promotional|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Notability|1=Biographies|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Unreliable sources|date=August 2023}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sanil Sachar<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|06|16}}<br /> | birth_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | occupation = Author, entrepreneur<br /> | years_active = 2013–present<br /> | image = Sanil Sachar 2.jpg<br /> | signature = Sanil sachar signature.svg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sanil Sachar''' is an Indian author and a founding partner of Huddle, a [[venture capital]] firm based in [[Gurgaon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Team |url=https://huddle.work/team/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Huddle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His debut book, ''Summer Promises and Other Poems'', was released in 2013.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Sachar is the son of Sita and Sanjiv Sachar, the grandson of [[Rajinder Sachar]], and the great-grandson of [[Bhim Sen Sachar]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}<br /> <br /> After moving to England at the age of 16 he finished his education at [[Ackworth School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2017-07-13 |title=Taking the mask off |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/taking-the-mask-off/article19268760.ece |access-date=2023-10-21 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Books ==<br /> Sachar's first book, ''Summer Promises and Other Poems'', was published in 2013 by Rupa Publications while he was in his first year of university. The book was publicly launched by lyricist [[Javed Akhtar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch: Javed Akhtar launches book by budding poet Sanil Sachar |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/books/sanil-sachar-book-launch-602769.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, Sachar wrote his second book, ''The Dark Side of Light'', which was well-received.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2016 |title=A poetic journey, a saga of lifetime and an adventurous tale (IANS Books This Weekend) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/a-poetic-journey-a-saga-of-lifetime-and-an-adventurous-tale-ians-books-this-weekend-116040800138_1.html |website=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='The Dark Side of Light' by Sanil Sachar {{!}} Book Review |url=http://indiannerve.com/the-dark-side-of-light-by-sanil-sachar-book-review-21911/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Indian Nerve |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/010716/stick-to-your-individuality-says-sanil-sachar.html|title=Stick to your individuality, says Sanil Sachar|date=July 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His third book, ''Rebound'', is a [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] about a person with [[schizophrenia]] against the backdrop of a love story, and it was a bestseller.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-11 |title=HT-Nielsen Top 10 list: John Green rules children's fiction list for third week |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-nielsen-top-10-list-john-green-rules-children-s-fiction-list-for-third-week/story-eoGSVQjEpRYLjTVcSA4PON.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-14 |title=HT-Nielsen Top 10: Dan Brown's Origin tops bestselling fiction list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-nielsen-top-10-dan-brown-s-origin-tops-bestselling-fiction-list/story-CRNGqv8MEYShsN8eZCI0YI.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===''1. Summer Promises and Other Poems''===<br /> <br /> ''Summer Promises and Other Poems'' is Sachar's first book, which was published by Rupa Publications in April 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTVcTRvmxaEC|title=Summer Promises and Other Poems|first=Sachar|last=Sanil|date=1 March 2013|publisher=Rupa &amp; Company|isbn=9788129123718|access-date=6 August 2016|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===''2. The Dark Side of Light''===<br /> ''The Dark Side of Light'' is a combination of [[Short story|short stories]] and poems in several genres, like romance, comedy, murder, and mystery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/writer-dreams/story-JldhJSid98heRyPQGKOw0H.html|title=Writer dreams|date=16 January 2016|publisher=|access-date=6 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === ''3. Rebound'' ===<br /> <br /> ''Rebound'' follows Abhimanyu, a man with schizophrenia who grows up in a [[circus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thakkar |first=Vidhya |date=2017-10-05 |title=Book review: Rebound by Sanil Sachar |url=https://vidhyathakkar.com/book-review-rebound-by-sanil-sachar/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Vidhya Thakkar |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Producer ==<br /> Sachar is the co-producer of [[Mantra (2016 film)|Mantra]], starring actors [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], and [[Lushin Dubey]], which was generally well-received by audiences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Mantra Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mantra/movie-review/57669452.cms |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-16 |title=A flawed nostalgia: Mantra review by Sarit Ray |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/a-flawed-nostalgia-mantra-review-by-sarit-ray/story-zvnH8olVXZHsQt7GAMsBML.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sachar, Sanil}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:1992 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Henry_Blosset&diff=530674 2026-02-10T12:00:35Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Moresources|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sir Robert Henry Blosset<br /> | image = Robert Henry Blosset Ward.png<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Robert Henry Blosset<br /> | birth_name = Robert Henry Peckwell<br /> | occupation = Lawyer and judge<br /> | birth_date = 26 June 1776&lt;ref&gt;''England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | death_date = {{dda|1823|2|1|1776|6|26|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[London]], England<br /> | death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sir Robert Henry Blosset''' ({{ne}} '''Peckwell'''; 26 June 1776 – 1 February 1823) was an English lawyer who was briefly [[Chief Justice of Bengal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DNB&quot;&gt;{{Cite DNB|wstitle= Peckwell, Henry |volume= 44 |last= Porter |first= Bertha |author-link= Bertha Porter |page= 198 |year= |quote= see final para..&quot;His only son, Sir Robert Henry Peckwell, afterwards Blosset (1776–1823), was born in 1776...|short=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1811, he adopted his mother's surname.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> He was the son of Revd [[Henry Peckwell]] (1747–1787), a Methodist preacher, and his wife, Isabella Blosset (died 1816).&lt;ref name=&quot;DNB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sir Robert Henry Blosset - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw35422/Sir-Robert-Henry-Blosset |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.npg.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> {{Unsourced|section|date=February 2023}}<br /> He was educated at [[Westminster School]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford]], where he earned a BA in 1796 and an MA in 1799. He entered [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1795 to study law, was [[called to the Bar]] in 1801 and made a [[Serjeant-at-Law]] in 1809. He was Deputy Recorder of Cambridge and counsel on the Norfolk circuit.<br /> <br /> In 1821 he was appointed [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William|Supreme Court of Judicature of Bengal]] at [[Fort William, Calcutta]] and received the customary knighthood in 1822. He died in Calcutta (now Kolkata) on 1 February 1823, at the age of 46, within a few months of taking up his judicial duties there.<br /> <br /> He was buried at [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St John's Church, Calcutta]]. He had never married and left his estate to his married sister, Selina Mary Grote.<br /> <br /> He was the author of ''Cases on Controverted Elections in the Second Parliament of the United Kingdom (1805–1806).''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{find a Grave|68598269}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Blosset, Robert Henry}}<br /> [[Category:1776 births]]<br /> [[Category:1823 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]<br /> [[Category:Serjeants-at-law (England)]]<br /> [[Category:British India judges]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Bachelor]]<br /> [[Category:Lawyers awarded knighthoods]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nachiketa_Ghosh&diff=458330 2026-02-08T17:59:54Z

<p>Vidya1111: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film composer and music director (1925–1976)}}<br /> {{No footnotes|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nachiketa Ghosh<br /> | image = Nachiketa Ghosh.jpg<br /> | alt = Nachiketa Ghosh<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|1|28|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Calcutta, India|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|10|12|1925|1|28|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = Calcutta, West Bengal, India<br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]<br /> | occupation = [[Music director]] and [[music composer|composer]]<br /> | children = Suparna Kanti Ghosh<br /> }}<br /> '''Nachiketa Ghosh''' (28 January 1925 – 12 October 1976) was an Indian [[music director]]. He mainly composed [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]] and [[Odia language|Oriya]] songs.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}<br /> <br /> {| Class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=50%<br /> |-<br /> ! Film !! Year<br /> |-<br /> | ''Boudir Bon''|| 1953<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jayadeva|''Joydeb'']]|| 1954<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ardhangini''|| 1955<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bhalobasa''|| 1955<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nishiddha Phal''|| 1955<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pather Sheshey''|| 1955<br /> |-<br /> | ''Jharer Pare''|| 1955<br /> |-<br /> | ''Asamapta''|| 1956<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Trijama]]''|| 1956<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nabajanma''|| 1956<br /> |-<br /> | ''Tapasi''|| 1957<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prithibi Amare Chay]]'' || 1957<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Natun Prabhat]]'' || 1957<br /> |-<br /> | ''Rastar Chhele''|| 1957<br /> |-<br /> | ''Harishchandra''|| 1957<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indrani (film)|''Indrani'']] || 1958<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhanu Pelo Lottery]]'' || 1958<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bandhu''|| 1958<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chaowa Pawa (1959 film)|''Chaowa Pawa'']] || 1958<br /> |-<br /> | ''Rajdhani Theke''|| 1958<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kichhukshan''|| 1959<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nirdharita Silpir Anupastithi Tey''|| 1959<br /> |-<br /> | ''Swapna Puri''|| 1959<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kshudha''|| 1960<br /> |-<br /> | ''Akash-Patal''|| 1960<br /> |-<br /> | ''Biyer Khata''|| 1960<br /> |-<br /> | ''Haat Baralei Bandhu''|| 1960<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chup Chupi Ase''|| 1960<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kanamachi''|| 1961<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kantatar''|| 1964<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chhotto Jignansa''|| 1968<br /> |-<br /> | ''Rakta Rekha''|| 1968<br /> |-<br /> |''Shesh Theke Suru''|| 1968<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chiradiner]] || 1969<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nishi Padma]]'' || 1970<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bilambita Loy]]''|| 1970<br /> |-<br /> | ''Fariyad''|| 1971<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chhinnapatra]]''|| 1971<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dhanyi Meye]]'' || 1971<br /> |-<br /> | ''Natun Diner Alo''|| 1972<br /> |-<br /> | [[Stree (1972 film)|''Stree'']] || 1972<br /> |-<br /> | ''Agnibhramar''|| 1973<br /> |-<br /> | Shabari || 1973<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bonpalashir Padabali]]'' || 1973<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nanigopaler Biye''|| 1973<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nokol Sona]]'' || 1973<br /> |-<br /> | ''Shravan Sandhya''|| 1973<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mouchak]]''|| 1974<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Asati]]''|| 1974<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sujata''|| 1974<br /> |-<br /> | ''Alor Thikana''|| 1974<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chhutir Phande]]'' || 1974<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Priyo Bandhabi]]''|| 1975<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kajallata]]''|| 1975<br /> |-<br /> | [[Swayamsiddha (1975 film)|''Swayamsiddha'']] || 1975<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nagar Darpane''|| 1975<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sanyasi Raja]]''|| 1975<br /> |-<br /> | ''Hotel Snow Fox''|| 1976<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Asadharan]]''|| 1976<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mombati''|| 1976<br /> |-<br /> | [[Anandamela|''Ananda Mela'']]|| 1976<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sei Chokh]]'' || 1976<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Brajabuli]]'' || 1979<br /> |-<br /> | ''Abhishek''|| 1984<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *Nachiketa Ghosh, ''Aajkal'', {{ISBN|978-81-7990-084-0}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name}}<br /> *{{Kinobox.cz en|id=976169|title=Nachiketa Ghosh}} <br /> *[https://www.saregama.com/artist/nachiketa-ghosh_20257 Nachiketa Ghosh] at [[Saregama.com]]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Nachiketa}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:1925 births]]<br /> [[Category:1976 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi film score composers]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahipal&diff=515054 2026-02-08T12:04:20Z

<p>Vidya1111: Adding new page w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{other people}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=February 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Mahipal <br /> | alt = ALT<br /> | caption = Mahipal in film ''[[Navrang]]''<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|11|24|df=y}}&lt;ref name=guard/&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], India&lt;ref name=guard/&gt; <br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|5|15|1919|11|24}}&lt;ref name=guard/&gt;<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | other_names = Mahipal Chand Bhandari<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> |spouse = Akkal Kunwar&lt;ref name=guard/&gt;<br /> |children = Shushila Jain&lt;br /&gt;Nirmala Oswal&lt;ref name=guard/&gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mahipal''' (1919 -2005)&lt;ref name=guard/&gt; was an Indian actor who worked in [[bollywood]] mostly in stunt films like ''Parasmani, Zabak, Cobra Girl, Jantar Mantar, Arabian nights themed movies such as [[Alibaba and 40 Thieves (1954 film)|Alibaba and 40 Thieves]], [[Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag]], Roop Lekha, Sunehari Nagin'', Hindu mythological movies like ''Sampoorna Ramayan, Ganesh Mahima, Veer Bhimsen, Jai Santoshi Maa''. He is known for playing the iconic role of [[Lord Vishnu]], and his two avatars, [[Lord Rama]] and [[Lord Krishna]] in lot of various puranic, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavata Purana based movies, besides playing Tulsidas and Abhimanyu, and is also best known as the lead in [[V. Shantaram]]'s ''[[Navrang]]'' (1959), and the songs &quot;Aadha Hai Chandrama Raat Aadhi&quot;, &quot;Tu Chhupi Hai Kahan Me Tadapta Yahan&quot; and &quot;baazigar me tu jaadugar&quot;. He acted in several well-known films of the 1950s and 1960s including [[V. Shantaram]]'s ''[[Navrang]]'' (1959) and [[Babubhai Mistry]]'s ''[[Parasmani]]'' (1963).&lt;ref name=tri/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> He was born in [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan, where after his schooling, he graduated in literature from Jaswant Government College Jodhpur. Thereafter, he worked in the theatre before migrating to Mumbai in the early 1940s.&lt;ref name=guard/&gt;&lt;ref name=tri/&gt;<br /> <br /> He made his film debut in the 1942 film ''[[Nazrana (1942 film)|Nazrana]]''. However, the film didn't work, thereafter he wrote lyrics for V. Shantaram for four films. He went on to work with directors such as [[Sohrab Modi]] and later with the Wadia Brothers, [[Homi Wadia]] and [[J. B. H. Wadia]], however, it was his work with V. Shantaram that got him lasting acclaim. He worked in several mythological and historical films with actresses such as [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Mala Sinha]] and even [[Meena Kumari]]. He also did a series of fantasy films based on ''[[Arabian Nights]]'', including ''[[Alibaba and 40 Thieves (1954 film)|Alibaba and 40 Thieves]]'' (1954), ''Jennie'' (1953), ''Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag'' (1952) and ''Alibaba ka Beta'' (1955), which gave him popularity even in the Gulf countries. Later in his career, he switched to character roles, and appeared in films such as ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975), a 1970s hit. He died in [[Mumbai]] of [[cardiac arrest]], at the age of 86.&lt;ref name=tri&gt;{{cite news |title=Actor Mahipal dead |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050516/nation.htm#7 |work=The Tribune |date= 16 May 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was survived by his wife Akkal Kunwar and daughters Shushila Jain and Nirmala Oswal.&lt;ref name=guard&gt;{{cite web | title = Obituary: Mahipal Bhandari | work= The Guardian|author=Haresh Pandya|date=4 July 2005| url = https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jul/04/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries1 | accessdate = 2014-09-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected filmography==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=27em}}<br /> * ''[[Nazrana (1942 film)|Nazrana]]'' (1942)<br /> * ''Shankar Parvati'' (1943)<br /> * ''Mali'' (1944)<br /> * ''Andhon Ki Duniya'' (1947) .... Kumar<br /> * ''Banwasi'' (1948)<br /> * ''[[Narasinha Avatar]]'' (1949) .... Narad<br /> * ''[[Dawlat (film)|Dawlat]]'' (1949) .... <br /> * ''[[Shri Ganesh Mahima]]'' (1950) .... Krishna<br /> *''Nandkishore'' (1951)<br /> * ''Lakshmi Narayan'' (1951)<br /> * ''Jai Mahalaxmi'' (1951)<br /> * ''[[Hanuman Patal Vijay]]'' (1951)<br /> * ''Devyani'' (1952)<br /> * ''[[Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag]]'' (1952) .... Aladdin<br /> * ''Dharma Pathni'' (1953) .... Manoharlal<br /> * ''Khoj'' (1953)<br /> * ''Husn Ka Chor'' (1953)<br /> * ''Tulsidas'' (1954) .... Ram Bhola / Anami / Tulsidas<br /> * ''Lal Pari'' (1954)<br /> * ''[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1954 film)|Alibaba Aur 40 Chor]]'' (1954) .... Alibaba<br /> * ''Teen Sardar'' (1955)<br /> * ''Tatar Ka Chor'' (1955)<br /> * ''Son of Ali Baba'' (1955) .... Akhtar<br /> * ''Shah Behram'' (1955)<br /> * ''Madhur Milan'' (1955)<br /> * ''Jai Mahadev'' (1955)<br /> * ''Hatimtai Ki Beti'' (1955) .... Salim<br /> * ''Darbar'' (1955)<br /> * ''Alladin Ka Beta'' (1955)<br /> * ''Shree Krishna Bhakti'' (1955)<br /> * ''Riyasat'' (1955)<br /> * ''Ratna Manjari'' (1955)<br /> * ''Mast Qalandar'' (1955)<br /> * ''Mahasati Savitri'' (1955)<br /> * ''Chirag-e-Cheen'' (1955)<br /> * ''Sultan - E- Alam'' (1956)<br /> * ''Sheikh Chilli'' (1956) .... Shehzada Nissar<br /> * ''Makkhee Choos'' (1956) .... Narayan<br /> * ''Lal E Yaman'' (1956)<br /> * ''Khul Ja Sim Sim'' (1956)<br /> * ''Husn Banu'' (1956)<br /> * ''Sudarshan Chakra'' (1956)<br /> * ''Sati Naag Kanya'' (1956)<br /> * ''Roop Kumari'' (1956)<br /> * ''Raj Rani Meera'' (1956)<br /> * ''Lalkaar'' (1956)<br /> * ''Caravan'' (1956)<br /> * ''Bajrang Bali'' (1956)<br /> * ''Aan Baan'' (1956)<br /> * ''Sher-E-Baghdad'' (1957)<br /> * ''Shahi Bazar'' (1957)<br /> * ''Maya Nagri'' (1957)<br /> * ''Chamak Chandni'' (1957)<br /> * ''Pawan Putra Hanuman'' (1957)<br /> * ''Naag Padmani'' (1957)<br /> * ''Jannat'' (1957)<br /> * ''Janam Janam Ke Phere: Alias Sati Anapurna'' (1957) .... Lord Vishnu<br /> * ''Alladdin Laila'' (1957)<br /> * ''Teerth Yatra'' (1958)<br /> * ''Sim Sim Marjeena'' (1958)<br /> * ''Amar Pyar'' (1958)<br /> * ''Taxi 555'' (1958)<br /> * ''Raj Sinhasan'' (1958)<br /> * ''Maya Bazaar'' (1958) .... Bhagwan Shri Kishan<br /> * ''Circus Sundari'' (1958)<br /> * ''Al Hilal'' (1958)<br /> * ''Akash Pari'' (1958)<br /> * ''Tikadambaaz'' (1959)<br /> * ''[[Navrang]]'' (1959) .... Divakar<br /> * ''Dr. Z'' (1959)<br /> * ''Chandrasena'' (1959)<br /> * ''Rangeela Raja'' (1960)<br /> * ''[[Abdulla (1960 film)|Abdulla]]'' (1960) .... Abdulla<br /> * ''[[Sampoorna Ramayana]]'' (1961) .... Ram<br /> * ''[[Zabak]]'' (1961) .... Zabak / Hajji<br /> * ''Pyar Ki Jeet'' (1962) .... Pundarik<br /> * ''Shree Ganesh'' (1962) .... Bhagwan Shri Krishan 'Gopala' 'Kanhaiya' / Bhagwan Shri Ram<br /> * ''Rooplekha'' (1962)<br /> * ''Naag Devata'' (1962)<br /> * ''Baghdad Ki Raaten'' (1962)<br /> * ''Naag Mohini'' (1963)<br /> * ''Naag Jyoti'' (1963)<br /> * ''Sunheri Nagin'' (1963) as Vijay{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}<br /> * ''[[Parasmani]]'' (1963) .... Paras<br /> * ''Maya Mahal'' (1963)<br /> * ''Kan Kan Men Bhagwan'' (1963) .... Jainath<br /> * ''Dev Kanya'' (1963)<br /> * ''Cobra Girl'' (1963) .... Sagar<br /> * ''Been Ka Jadoo'' (1963)<br /> * ''[[Baba Ramdev (film)|Baba Ramdev]]'' (1963)<br /> * ''Veer Bhimsen'' (1964)<br /> * ''Sati Savitri'' (1964)<br /> * ''Roop Sundari'' (1964)<br /> * ''Mahasati Behula'' (1964)<br /> * ''[[Jantar Mantar (1964 film)|Jantar Mantar]]'' (1964)<br /> * ''Shahi Raqasa'' (1965)<br /> * ''Chor Darwaza'' (1965)<br /> * ''Shree Ram Bharat Milap'' (1965) .... Shree Ram, son of Dashrath<br /> * ''Shankar Sita Ansuya'' (1965) .... Ram<br /> * ''Maharaja Vikram'' (1965)<br /> * ''Jahan Sati Wahan Bhagwan'' (1965) .... Rajkumar Abhikshit<br /> * ''Naag Mandir'' (1966)<br /> * ''Poonam Ka Chand'' (1967)<br /> * ''Amar Jyoti'' (1967)<br /> * ''Hanuman Chalisa'' (1969)<br /> * ''Patthar Ke Khwab'' (1969)<br /> * ''Veer Ghatotkach'' (1970) .... Bhagwan Shri Kishan / Kanhaiya<br /> * ''Sampoorna Teerth Yatra'' (1970) .... Uttam<br /> * ''Shree Krishna Arjun Yudh'' (1971) .... Bhagwan Krishan<br /> * ''Brahma Vishnu Mahesh'' (1971) .... Vishnu<br /> * ''Shri Krishna Arjun Yudh'' (1971) .... Shri Krishna<br /> * ''Mahashivratri'' (1972)<br /> * ''Vishnu Puran'' (1973) .... Bhagwan Sarvashri Vishnu / Ram / Kishan<br /> * ''[[Balak Dhruv]]'' (1974)<br /> * ''Mahapavan Teerth Yatra'' (1975)<br /> * ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975) .... Devrishi Narad<br /> * ''[[Rani Aur Lalpari]]'' (1975)<br /> * ''Jai Mahalaxmi Maa'' (1976) .... Vishnu<br /> * ''[[Do Chehere]]'' (1977)<br /> * ''[[Gopal Krishna (1979 film)|Gopal Krishna]]'' (1979) .... Bhagwan Vishnu<br /> * ''Navaratri'' (1983)<br /> * ''[[Sant Ravidas Ki Amar Kahani]]'' (1983)<br /> * ''Jai Baba Amarnath'' (1983)<br /> * ''Amar Jyoti'' (1984) .... (final film role)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|0536948}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahipal (Actor)}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jodhpur]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthani people]]<br /> [[Category:1919 births]]<br /> [[Category:2005 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhanora,_Seoni&diff=496651 2026-02-06T13:35:51Z

<p>Vidya1111: starting basic data more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tehsil of Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Dhanaura<br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22|30|N|79|48|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:20000|display=inline,title}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dhanora''' is a [[tehsil]] of [[Seoni district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. This administrative division has 3500 inhabitants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/496398-dhanaura-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Dhanaura Village Population - Dhanora - Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in|accessdate=26 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seoni.nic.in/en/tehsil/|title=Tehsil &amp;#124; District Seoni, Government of MadhyaPradesh &amp;#124; India|accessdate=26 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Richhariya Baba Dhanora==<br /> There is a very famous, historical and religious temple of Richaria Baba in Dhanaura, where a huge fair is held for 15 days after Diwali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seoni.nic.in/en/tourist-place/richhariya-baba-dhanora/|title=Richhariya Baba Dhanora &amp;#124; District Seoni, Government of MadhyaPradesh &amp;#124; India|accessdate=26 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Seoni district]]<br /> <br /> {{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi_Shivajiraje_Bhosale_Boltoy!&diff=517539 2026-02-06T12:07:56Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy<br /> | image = Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Santosh Ramdas Manjrekar<br /> | producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Sanjay Chhabria|Ashwami Manjrekar}}<br /> | writer = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Abhijit Deshpande]]|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]}}<br /> | starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]|[[Sachin Khedekar]]|[[Makarand Anaspure]]|[[Suchitra Bandekar]]|[[Siddarth Jadhav]]|[[Priya Bapat]]|Abhijeet Kelkar}}<br /> | music = {{Unbulleted_list|Ajit|Sameer|Atul}}<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Everest Entertainment<br /> | distributor = {{ubl|Everest Entertainment|[[Eros International]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Shivaji Maharaj rules the box office|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 April 2009|access-date=21 November 2022|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shivaji-maharaj-rules-the-boxoffice/446874/}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|04|03}}<br /> | runtime = 120 minutes<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | budget = ₹3 Crore &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-04 |title=Court, Lai Bhaari and more: The rise and rise of Marathi cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/court-lai-bhaari-and-more-the-rise-and-rise-of-marathi-cinema/story-GAJnA7XbF1LdCJ7nxvN1pN.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = ₹25 Crore&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mi Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy''''' ({{Translation}} I'm [[Shivaji|Shivajiraje Bhosale]] Speaking) is a 2009 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language [[vigilante]] [[action drama]] film produced by Sanjay Chhabria along with Ashwami Manjrekar and directed by Santosh Ramdas Manjrekar. The film follows an underdog who fights against the evils in society, to re-instate his identity and keep his pride. Film Won [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]].<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Dinkar Maruti Bhosale is a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] bank clerk who feels his Marathi identity is getting lost in cosmopolitan [[Mumbai]]. Dinkar feels Mumbai is in [[Maharashtra]] but there is no Maharashtra left in Mumbai. He always complains about the lack of respect a Maharashtrian receives in Mumbai and feels he is victimized everywhere because he is a Maharashtrian; little realizing that he has brought this situation upon himself.<br /> <br /> In a state of sheer frustration Dinkar gets up one day cursing himself for being born a Marathi. He feels his ancestors must have committed a heinous crime for him to be born a Marathi.<br /> <br /> These outbursts of Dinkar reach [[Pratapgad]] and the spirit of [[Shivaji I|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] is awakened. Dinkar has to now face a seething Shivaji Maharaj, who is furious at him. Shivaji Maharaj fires Dinkar for his shallow thinking and tells him he has to command respect, not demand it. He blames Dinkar's thinking for the sorry state of Maharashtrians. &quot;Before blaming other communities for your shortcomings, look within and see if you have done anything to keep the Marathi pride intact,&quot; he roars.<br /> <br /> Dinkar realizes his mistake but does Shivaji Maharaj's thought rouse him to rectify his mistakes? The film ends with Bhonsle gladly returning the sword at the shrine of Shivaji I.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Dinkar Maruti Bhosle<br /> * [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]<br /> * [[Suchitra Bandekar]] as Sumitra Dinkar Bhosale<br /> * [[Priya Bapat]] as Shashikala Dinkar Bhosale / B. Kala<br /> * Abhijeet Kelkar as Rahul Dinkar Bhosle<br /> * [[Makarand Anaspure]] as Raiba (Shivaji Maharaj's servant) <br /> * Vidyadhar Joshi as Ramniklal Gosalia (corrupt builder) <br /> * Ganesh Yadav as Nandkumar Chandekar (corrupt politician) <br /> * [[Siddhartha Jadhav|Siddharth Jadhav]] as Usmaan Bhai Parkar (Gosalia's goon)<br /> * [[Pradeep Patwardhan]] as [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]] Head officer<br /> * [[Medha Manjrekar]] as Mrs. Usmaan Bhai Parkar (Usmaan Bhai's wife)<br /> * [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Dubey tenant to Dinkar and Taxi Driver<br /> * [[Kishore Pradhan]] as V. Gopalkrishnan ([[branch manager]] and Dinkar's employer)<br /> * [[Meghana Erande]] as TV journalist<br /> * [[Kamlesh Sawant]] as ACP Rege<br /> * [[Reema Lagoo]] as [[Jijabai]]<br /> * [[Atul Kale]] as Gidwani /Gaikwad (film director)<br /> * Jaywant Wadkar as Gosalia's henchman<br /> * Dhananjay Mandrekar as Kadam (BMC inspection officer)<br /> * Vinay Yedekar as Dr. Chitnis <br /> * Sanjay Khapre as Hiroji Indulkar ([[special appearance]])<br /> * Bharat Dabholkar as [[Afzal Khan (general)|General Afzal Khan]] in [[Powada]] song (special appearance)<br /> * [[Bharat Jadhav]] as Powada presenter (special appearance)<br /> * [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Shashikala's co-actor in song &quot;Masoli&quot; (special appearance)<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The song ''O Raje'' marked the debut of [[Sukhwinder Singh]] in Marathi film industry. He won [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Dance numbers bring out the best in me: Sukhwinder Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/dance-numbers-bring-out-the-best-in-me-sukhwinder-singh/story-6XPVg80pqOvCDHIoKwTRtJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 June 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | extra_column = Artist(s)<br /> | title1 = O Raje<br /> | extra1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]<br /> | length1 = 4:20<br /> | title2 = Masoli<br /> | extra2 = [[Ajit Parab]], [[Bela Shende]]<br /> | length2 = 4:15<br /> | title3 = Maharastra Geet<br /> | extra3 = [[Ajit Parab]]<br /> | length3 = 3:55<br /> | title4 = Maharajanchi Keerti Befaam (Powada)<br /> | extra4 = Nandesh Umap<br /> | length4 = 8:34<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Box office==<br /> ''Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy'' opened on 9 April 2009 and was a huge blockbuster at the box office, becoming popular even among non-Maharashtrians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tsering |first=Lisa |date=2009-05-01 |title=Mi Shivaji Raje Bhosale Boltoy — Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/mi-shivaji-raje-bhosale-boltoy-93107/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film grossed ₹2.70 crore in its opening week.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-04-12 |title=Me Shivajiraje Bhosale...' hits popularity charts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/me-shivajiraje-bhosale-hits-popularity-charts/articleshow/4390159.cms |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; It collected a total of ₹25.5 Crore in its full theatrical run. It held the record of highest-grossing movie for many years until the release of ''[[Duniyadari]]'' which broke its record by collecting ₹30 Crore at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=List of top grossing Marathi movies on box office |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/top-grossing-marathi-movies-267187/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The Indian Wire |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Remake ==<br /> The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Ami Shubhash Bolchi]]'' (2011), directed by the original film's lead actor [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] with [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and Anindya Banerjee. But the film's main character was replaced and slightly changed with environment.<br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Ceremony<br /> !Category<br /> !Result<br /> !{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |[[Maharashtra State Film Award]]<br /> |[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Marathi|Highest grossing Marathi films]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://ondemand.erosentertainment.com/product/movie-trailers-videos.asp?ID=S6576&amp;Movie=Me_Shivajiraje_Bhosale_Boltoy_-_Marathi&amp;Title=Me_Shivajiraje_Bhosale_Boltoy_Dialogue_promo_7&amp;mainpg=Movie&amp;secpg=Movie Official Website (Company Store link)]<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt2321421}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2009 films]]<br /> [[Category:Shivaji]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural depictions of Shivaji]]<br /> [[Category:2000s Marathi-language films]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellary_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=490390 2026-01-30T21:38:37Z

<p>Vidya1111: creating the data from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Karnataka}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bellary<br /> | type = LS<br /> |map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Bellary.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Ballari Lok Sabha Constituency Map<br /> | state =[[Karnataka]]<br /> | established =1952<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hadagali]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Hagaribommanahalli Assembly constituency|Hagaribommanahalli]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency|Vijayanagara]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kampli Assembly constituency|Kampli]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Bellary Rural Assembly constituency|Bellary]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Bellary City Assembly constituency|Bellary City]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sandur Assembly constituency|Sandur]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kudligi Assembly constituency|Kudligi]]<br /> | latest_election_year =[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | reservation =ST <br /> | mp =[[E. Tukaram]]<br /> | party =[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Ballari Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]<br /> <br /> '''Bellary Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (constituencies) in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]] after the delimitation exercise in 2008. Sonia elected from this in 1999 but vacated.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> <br /> Presently, Bellary Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight Legislative Assembly segments<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> !No<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party Leading&lt;br/&gt;(in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])<br /> |-<br /> |88<br /> |[[Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hadagali]] (SC)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]<br /> |[[Krishna Nayaka]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |89 <br /> |[[Hagaribommanahalli Assembly constituency|Hagaribommanahalli]] (SC)<br /> |[[K. Nemiraj Naik]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> |-<br /> |90<br /> |[[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency|Vijayanagara]]<br /> |[[H. R. Gaviyappa]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |91<br /> |[[Kampli Assembly constituency|Kampli]] (ST)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Bellary district|Bellary]]<br /> |[[J. N. Ganesh]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |93<br /> |[[Bellary Rural Assembly constituency|Bellary]] (ST)<br /> |[[B. Nagendra]]<br /> |-<br /> |94<br /> |[[Bellary City Assembly constituency|Bellary City]]<br /> |[[Nara Bharath Reddy]]<br /> |-<br /> |95<br /> |[[Sandur Assembly constituency|Sandur]] (ST)<br /> |[[E. Annapoorna Tukaram]]<br /> |-<br /> |96<br /> |[[Kudligi Assembly constituency|Kudligi]] (ST)<br /> |[[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]<br /> |[[N. T. Srinivas]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Tekur Subramanyam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[V. K. R. V. Rao]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | [[K.S. Veerabhadrappa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | R. Y. Ghorpade<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Basavarajeshwari]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=7}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[K. C. Kondaiah]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> | [[Sonia Gandhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2000^<br /> | [[Kolur Basavanagoud]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> | [[G. Karunakara Reddy|Karunakara Reddy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> | [[J. Shantha]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | [[B. Sriramulu]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018^<br /> | [[V. S. Ugrappa]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> | [[Y. Devendrappa]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | [[E. Tukaram]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ^By-Poll<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === General Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bellary]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[E. Tukaram]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=7,30,845|percentage=52.58|change={{up}}5.49}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[B. Sriramulu]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,31,853|percentage=45.46|change={{down}}3.63}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,889|percentage=0.57|change={{down}}0.17}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=98,992|percentage=7.12|change={{up}}5.08}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=13,89,995|percentage=73.76|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress <br /> |loser = BJP<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Bellary]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Y. Devendrappa|votes=6,01,388|percentage=49.22|change=+12.36}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. S. Ugrappa]]|votes=5,75,681|percentage=47.09|change=-12.8}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. Gulappa|votes=9,961|percentage=0.82|change=-0.45}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,024|percentage=0.74|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=25,707|percentage=2.04|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=12,21,985|percentage=69.76|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner =Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |loser =Indian National Congress <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===By election 2018===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=By<br /> -election, 2018: Bellary}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[V. S. Ugrappa]]<br /> |votes = 6,28,365<br /> |percentage = 59.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[J. Shantha]]<br /> |votes = 3,85,204<br /> |percentage = 36.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br /> |candidate = Dr. T. R. Srinivas<br /> |votes = 13,714<br /> |percentage = 1.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br /> |candidate = Y. Pampapathi<br /> |votes = 7,697<br /> |percentage = 0.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 12,413<br /> |percentage = 1.19<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,43,161<br /> |percentage = 23.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,47,619<br /> |percentage = 61.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Lok Sabha election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bellary]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[B. Sriramulu|B. Sreeramulu]]<br /> |votes = 5,34,406<br /> |percentage = 51.09<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[N. Y. Hanumanthappa]]<br /> |votes = 4,49,262<br /> |percentage = 42.95<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Janata Dal (Secular)<br /> |candidate = R. Ravinayaka<br /> |votes = 12,613<br /> |percentage = 1.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 11,320<br /> |percentage = 1.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 85,144<br /> |percentage = 8.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,45,913<br /> |percentage = 70.29<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===By election 2000===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=By Election, 2000: [[Bellary]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/26/stories/0426210g.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327131853/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/26/stories/0426210g.htm |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Cong. records 14th straight win in Bellary| archive-date=2019-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link |party=Indian National Congress |candidate=[[Kolur Basavanagoud]]|votes=2,59,851|percentage=50.6 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate=K. S. Veerbhadrappa |votes=1,63,831 |percentage=31.9}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=96,020|percentage=18.7|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=5,13,164|percentage=42.45|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Lok Sabha election 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 1999]]: [[Bellary]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS109.htm?ac=9|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|accessdate=21 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sonia Gandhi]]|votes=4,14,650|percentage=51.70|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sushma Swaraj]]|votes=3,58,550|percentage=44.70|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=K. Mahalingappa|votes=28,855|percentage=3.60|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=56,100|percentage=7.00|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=8,02,055|percentage=66.12|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bellary district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|15.15|76.91|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bellary Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Ballari district]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_an_Antique_Land&diff=458360 2026-01-29T07:00:34Z

<p>Vidya1111: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1992 book by Amitav Ghosh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox book | &lt;!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Books]] --&gt;<br /> | name = In An Antique Land<br /> | title_orig = <br /> | translator = <br /> | image = In an Antique Land.jpg&lt;!-- 1st edition preferred --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | author = [[Amitav Ghosh]]<br /> | illustrator = <br /> | cover_artist = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[English language|English]]<br /> | series = <br /> | genre = [[Non-fiction]]<br /> | publisher = Ravi Dayal Publishers<br /> | pub_date = 1992<br /> | english_pub_date =<br /> | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|hardback]])<br /> | pages = <br /> | isbn = 0679727833<br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = [[Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''In an Antique Land''''' is a 1992 book written in [[First-person narrative|first-person]] by Indian writer [[Amitav Ghosh]] recounting his experiences in two [[Egypt]]ian villages attempting to retrace accounts of an unknown Indian slave, as well as a reconstruction of the life of a 12th-century [[Jews|Jewish]] merchant in the area. It describes a variety of characters, going into great detail regarding their lives and Ghosh's interactions with them.<br /> <br /> The book has been noted for its difficulty to categorise in traditional genres and its themes regarding [[postcolonialism]], the possibility of synthesising cultures, and Western knowledge systems, particularly with regards to [[anthropology]]. Reception towards the book is generally positive.<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> The book contains two narratives. The first, an anthropological narrative, revolves around two visits made by Ghosh to two villages in the [[Nile Delta]], while he was writing his doctoral dissertation (1980–81) and again a few years later (1988). In the second narrative, presented parallel to the first one in the book, Ghosh reconstructs the history of a 12th-century Jewish merchant, [[Abraham Ben Yiju]], and his slaves Ashu and Bomma, using documents from the [[Cairo Geniza]].{{sfn|Desai|2004}}<br /> <br /> ''In an Antique Land'' begins in the small Egyptian village of Lataifa in 1980, where the then-graduate student Amitav Ghosh writes his doctoral thesis and begins his investigation into the lives of 12th century Jewish merchant [[Abraham Ben Yiju]] and Ben Yiju's anonymous Indian slave.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|p=83}} Eventually, Ghosh moves to the larger village of Nashawy. He details the numerous people he meets within the town, their lives and relationships, as well as their attempts to convert him to Islam.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|p=83}} [[File:Ben Ezra Synagogue-1.jpg|thumb|211x211px|The [[Ben Ezra Synagogue]], in which the documents Ghosh studied were found]]<br /> <br /> Ghosh leaves Egypt in 1981, spending time during the next several years honing his [[Arabic]] and learning the dialect Ben Yiju uses in his own documents. In 1988, he returns to the two villages. To Ghosh's relief, this dialect is similar to the spoken language within Lataifa and Nashawy.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|p=84}}<br /> <br /> Ghosh recounts the series of events that led to a storehouse of documents – dubbed the [[Cairo Geniza]] – belonging to Ben Yiju's synagogue being preserved for seven centuries, after which it was brought to the attention of the wider world by a variety of interested scholars.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|p=84-86}} As he studies these documents, Ghosh refamiliarizes himself with the people he met during his first visit, noting many that have left to other countries in order to find work. Ghosh also meets several new people.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|p=87}}<br /> <br /> His research leads Ghosh to the belief that Ben Yiju fled to India in order to escape a blood feud, freeing and marrying a slave girl named Ashu, eventually traveling back to his homeland years later, then moving back to Egypt. Ghosh investigates the unnamed slave once more, surmising that his name was Bomma and that he acted as an apprentice to Ben Yiju, eventually taking over the merchant's business.{{sfn|Hawley|2005|p=88-89}}<br /> <br /> == Characters ==<br /> [[File:Fellah and Camel.tif|thumb|A [[fellah]] - the class of farmers that Ghosh spends much of the book interacting with - and a camel.]]<br /> <br /> === 20th Century ===<br /> '''[[Amitav Ghosh]] -''' [[Anthropologist]] researching his doctoral thesis and tracing the journey of Abraham Ben Yiju and his slaves. The narrator of the story.<br /> <br /> '''Abu-'Ali -''' Ghosh's initial landlord; obese, unlikeable, and well-off. The owner of a shop that sells government-subsidized goods.<br /> <br /> '''Shaikh Musa -''' An elderly [[fellah]] who befriends Ghosh during his stay. He is kind and companionable, and a font of knowledge for Ghosh's research. His son dies during one of Ghosh's trips to Cairo.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Amm Taha -''' The caretaker of the second house Ghosh stays in. He is called 'Uncle' by the villagers, and performs many odd jobs - making him knowledgeable about the lives of many of the villagers.<br /> <br /> '''[[Ustad|Ustaz]] Sabry -''' A scholar and a teacher, who is greatly respected amongst the villagers for his learning and many arguments about Islam.<br /> <br /> '''Zagloul -''' A self-admittedly poor weaver, but an excellent storyteller.<br /> <br /> '''Khamees 'the Rat' -''' A childless fellah, of the Jammal lineage, which had its fortunes improved in the redistribution of land from the [[Egyptian revolution of 1952]]. Witty, with a keen sense of humor.<br /> <br /> '''Nabeel -''' A quiet, contemplative young man usually found in the company of Isma'il. He is a Ministry of Agriculture student who, after his draft, goes to Iraq.<br /> <br /> '''Isma'il -''' A loquacious young man, usually found in the company of Nabeel. He is a Ministry of Agriculture student who, after his draft, goes to Iraq.<br /> <br /> === 12th Century ===<br /> '''[[Abraham Ben Yiju]] -''' The Jewish merchant whose life Ghosh attempts to trace. A man with literary leanings who lives a tumultuous life.<br /> <br /> '''Madmun ibn Bundar -''' A wealthy trader who becomes Ben Yiju's mentor.<br /> <br /> ==Major Themes==<br /> <br /> === Postcolonialism ===<br /> Many scholars make note of the [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial]] aspect of ''In an Antique Land''. The book's title is a reference to the opening line of the poem ''[[Ozymandias]]'', which was written by an English poet. This serves to put the postcolonial aspects of the story into focus; a decision that Srivastava sees as ironic, given that most of the narrative revolves around Eastern modes of living.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=46-47}}<br /> <br /> Ghosh's narration often characterizes the inhabitants of Egypt as somewhat innocent, being relatively ignorant of war, violence, and fear, as well as somewhat backwater in their day-to-day household appliances. Smith characterises this as ironic, given that Ghosh, as an Indian, is coming from a postcolonial society. In this characterization, Ghosh bestows upon himself a position of somewhat condescending authority, mimicking the perspective of a colonizer – this operates as a reflection on Ghosh's own position as an interloper within the village.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=453}} Similarly, Ghosh's access to Ben Yiju's story is reliant upon documents extracted by colonial authorities, a fact which makes Ghosh's role as an anthropologist cruelly ironic. His implication within the colonial narrative puts his identity as an anthropologist and an Indian in sharp contrast.{{sfn|Gandhi|2003|p=26-27}}<br /> <br /> Ghosh is frequently disparaged or esteemed based on his country's level of development, and finds himself at several moments arguing vehemently for India's technological superiority - a method of ranking that is fundamentally Western, despite the story taking place geographically outside the West.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=53-54}} Similarly, in asking an Imam about traditional healing techniques, Ghosh finds him ashamed - ashamed due to Western influence, which made him doubt his own techniques and cling to theirs. This points out how, despite being in Egypt, both the Indian and the Imam are trapped in a world that still describes itself in an [[Orientalism#Edward Said|oriental]] fashion.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=21}}<br /> <br /> Gandhi argues that Ghosh's writing of ''In an Antique Land'' runs against the [[Hegelianism#Philosophy of history|Hegelian]] notion of history, in which history is a grand narrative wherein a culture's development is reflected in how European they seem. Hegel's account, she argues, evaluates ultimate freedom as conformity to a [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] ideals, giving Europeans a moral right to colonise. In contrast, Ghosh's account of colonial activities within ''In an Antique Land'' is deeply mournful, describing the taking of historical documents by colonial authorities as “having stolen them from their legitimate cultural inheritors”.{{sfn|Gandhi|2003|p=26}} Majeed points out that the book is ironic, in that while the medieval is usually an escape from the modern world, Ghosh very clearly links the two eras, making it difficult to forget their connection.{{sfn|Majeed|1995|p=48}}<br /> <br /> Dixon notes that in the plethora of endnotes to ''In an Antique Land'', not one of them links to a European theorist - a choice that seems to suggest that Ghosh is attempting to shed Western influence.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=16}} Dixon argues that Ghosh's counterargument to Orientalism - instead of moving towards the idea of an [[Essentialism|essential human nature]] - is that the world is composed of a constant crossing of borders, informed by the differences between every culture.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=4}}<br /> <br /> === Anthropology and Western Academia ===<br /> ''In an Antique Land'' is often described as a means through which traditional Western modes of knowledge are questioned. Scholars argue that the fragmentary nature of the story – jumping back and forth between two distinct and seemingly unrelated narratives – challenges the ‘definitiveness of academic discourses’ and asks to what extent the unique culture of the two Egyptian villages can be generalized to the society as a whole – a traditional [[Ethnography|ethnographical]] method of acquiring knowledge.{{sfn|Chambers|2006|p=1-2}} This is reflected in how the role of researcher and subject is often reversed: “Ghosh is anthropologized by the locals rather than the other way around”; Ghosh becomes the cultural entity being investigated, becoming the ‘[[Other (philosophy)|Other]]’ - an entirely separate, discrete entity - to them.{{sfn|Chambers|2006|p=5}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=449}}{{sfn|Lal|1993|p=97}} Ghosh's objectivity is put to question by him being the subject of investigation and attempted conversions by the Egyptians - it is impossible for him to be a passive observer of their culture.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=53-54}}<br /> <br /> The novelistic style of the book is frequently remarked upon for its eschewal of traditional anthropological writing. Srivastava points out this brings to mind works of fiction, which continually reminds the readers that any anthropological text, however academic its writing, is also a reconstruction marked by all the bias and inexactitude that any mode of communication carries.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=51-52}} It also runs against the framework ethnography typically uses, in that the book avoids using present-tense, like most ethnographical texts - which portrays the object of study as isolated and unchanging.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=18-19}} Instead, Ghosh pushes for an understanding that acknowledges the object of study as constantly changing and engaging with the world.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=59-60}}<br /> <br /> Ghosh's account of the retrieval of the Geniza collection as an unnecessary imperial ploy casts doubt on anthropological authorities at the time.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=20}} Similarly, his ending to the account of Bomma is somewhat mocking, describing the absurdity of Ben Yiju's letters ending up in [[Philadelphia]] - which is entirely unrelated to the letters that it stores.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=22-23}} His tracing of the histories of his own sources subverts usual ethnographic ways and is ironically self-reflexive.{{sfn|Majeed|1995|p=46}}<br /> <br /> Ghosh implicitly idealizes modes of knowledge which, like the fragmentary nature of his story, blur boundaries and defy traditional western binaries – a question visited in his earlier novel ''[[The Shadow Lines]]''.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=469}} Within the book, he esteems cultural beliefs which demarcate connections between [[Apotheosis|deific]] figures.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=453}} This is reflected in Ghosh's fragmentary narrative as well as the two villages.<br /> <br /> === Interaction of different cultures ===<br /> ''In an Antique Land'' goes into great detail regarding the interaction between Ghosh's Indian identity and the culture of the Egyptian villagers. The ancient narrative which parallels the modern-day one depicts a world in which Jews and Muslims constantly interact - an interconnectedness that defies cultural, ethnic, and religious boundaries.{{sfn|Clifford|1994}} The description of the [[Pidgin|pidgin language]] of Arabic-Hebrew in which the ancient letters Ghosh studies are written supports this, as even the language of the ancient world is a synthesis of multiple cultures.{{sfn|Majeed|1995|p=48}} Clifford writes that the dual narratives serve to &quot;make space for a counter-history of modernity&quot;, using a two-pronged demonstration to show the complexity and reciprocity of cultural interactions.{{sfn|Clifford|1994}} For Dixon, the rapidly shifting movements of the villagers reads like an allegory for modernity, one which brings attention to the constant interaction between cultures.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=5}}<br /> <br /> However, there is a pessimistic dimension to this component of the story, as the possibility of reconciliation is questioned. Ghosh is detained for being an Indian in a Jewish tomb - implying a firm cultural boundary between the two identities.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=61}} He runs from a situation which stirs traumatic memories of the [[Partition of India]], which demonstrates that he cannot simply leave his identity and experiences behind.{{sfn|Clifford|1994}} Srivastava writes that this acknowledges the impossibility of smoothing over history.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=62}} In the 12th century, Ben Yiju struggles to reconnect with his family, implying the victory of borders and boundaries.<br /> <br /> == Style ==<br /> <br /> ''In an Antique Land'' is considered as a difficult work to categorized, wherein two reviewers will often place it in entirely different categories. It is considered to be a stylistically curious book. Written after the success of Ghosh's first two books, ''[[The Circle of Reason (novel)|The Circle of Reason]]'' and ''[[The Shadow Lines]]'', and written more than a decade after the dissertation on which the book is based, ''In an Antique Land'' defies easy description and has been called &quot;generically indefinable&quot; and could be labelled as &quot;narrative, travel book, autobiographical piece, historical account&quot;.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001}} Smith writes that the novel has been described as “a traveler’s tale, an (auto)ethnography, an alternative history, a [[polemic]] against modernization, the personal account of an anthropologist’s research, and, perhaps less obviously, a novel”.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=447}} Srivastava calls the book an 'alternate anthropology', and is pushing for a 'more complex literary genre'.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=46-47}} Majeed describes the story as being formed of &quot;triangular relationship between historical reconstruction, ethnography, and literary text&quot;.{{sfn|Majeed|1995|p=45}} The book depicts a factual account of Ghosh's real journey in a subjective manner, reconstructs the ancient Ben Yiju's journey, and contains a wealth of anthropological details unusual in a straightforward novel.{{sfn|Chambers|2006|p=9}}<br /> <br /> However, simultaneously ''In an Antique Land'' snubs traditional [[Ethnography|ethnographical]] traditions by intimately describing the narrator's own fallible nature, such as going into great detail about Ghosh being assisted in [[cartography]] by local children, instead of characterizing himself as the omniscient third-person narrator that is traditional in ethnographies.{{sfn|Chambers|2006|p=14-15}} He also uses ‘Prologue’ and ‘Epilogue’ to title the first and final chapters, instead of ‘Preface’ and ‘Afterword’, which is more traditional in ethnographies.{{sfn|Chambers|2006|p=8}} It contrasts with his doctoral thesis - which is written about rural Egyptian village life - in that it eschews present-tense in favor of narrative past-tense; the former of which pushes readers to view its contents as a constant, unchanging truth.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=51-52, 57}}<br /> <br /> Smith argues that ''In an Antique Land'' is a novel in the sense that it portrays its protagonist's struggle to overcome internal conflicts – in this case Ghosh's feelings regarding colonialism and Ghosh's own role in it.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=448}} Srivastava points out that the opening lines of the book are written in a novelistic style - marking it in the reader's mind as a novel and encouraging them to read and interpret it according to their own understanding of what is a novel.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=47}} However, Kitely argues out that compared to other books, Ghosh goes out of his way to portray characters not as [[Allegory|allegories]] for greater events, but rather as individuals living out their lives.{{sfn|Kitely}}<br /> <br /> ''In an Antique Land'' is also remarked upon for how readily it points out issues in translating from one language to another; in this case, from the villager's Arabic to the English in which the book is written. Ghosh recounts several moments where he cannot effectively communicate what he wants to due to the limits of the Arabic language.{{sfn|Chambers|2006|p=5}} An example scholars touch upon often is a scene in which Ghosh attempts to convey that many Indian men are uncircumcised, which literally means impure in Arabic. Ghosh, without any other means of expressing his thoughts, is forced to admit that many Indian men are ‘impure’.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=449-450}}{{sfn|Chambers|2006|p=5-6}} He is forced to admit many women are impure in similar circumstances.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=450}}<br /> <br /> Dixon writes that much of ''In an Antique Land's'' style is similar to that of other ''[[Subaltern Studies]]'' academics in that it gives various situations that can be interpreted as extended metaphors, which is a clear movement away from traditional Western academic forms of writing.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=16}} His mixing of human [[Essentialism|essentialist]] and [[Post-structuralism|post-structural]] terminology suggests that Ghosh wishes a fusion between traditional academia and the more modern style he's pursuing, or is at least bringing attention to his own role in traditional academia, in a kind of ironically self-aware way.{{sfn|Dixon|1996|p=16-17}}<br /> <br /> The moment-to-moment style of the book is often extremely descriptive, going into great detail about the texture of produce and the mud beneath the narrator's feet.{{sfn|Majeed|1995|p=51}} Majeed points out that the effect this portrays Ghosh's surroundings as a kind of low-culture, &quot;farcical shadowing the grand narratives of history&quot;.{{sfn|Majeed|1995|p=51}}<br /> <br /> Kitely argues that the unique, 'genre busting' style is because of predominately political reasons. A travel book would imply the target audience is someone for whom Egypt would be foreign - alienating potential readers and possibly making its characters overly-exotic, which would seemingly be a colonial move, and a traditional anthropological work would depersonalize what is, to Ghosh, a deeply personal story.{{sfn|Kitely}}<br /> <br /> In an interview, Ghosh describes the narrative structure of ''In an Antique Land'' as similar to a double [[helix]], wherein events in both the 12th and 20th century are presented linearly, despite neither of truly interacting.{{sfn|Ghosh|Aldama|2002|p=90}}<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> <br /> Ghosh's original visit to Egypt in 1980 was to write his doctoral thesis for [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], titled &quot;Kinship in Relation to the Economic and Social Organisation of an Egyptian Village Community&quot;.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=47}} Srivastava remarks upon it for being written in a radically different style to ''In an Antique Land'', with the thesis often making broad, universal claims, the source of these claims often being individual encounters or events that are retold in the book's more temporal style, which forefronts the way in which his own presence alters events.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=57}}<br /> <br /> The events pertaining to Ben Yiju's and his slave are originally reconstructed in Ghosh's historical reconstruction &quot;The Slave of M.S H.6&quot;, which was published in the seventh ''[[Subaltern Studies]]''.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=47}} The study explains the possible historical implications of their relationship.{{sfn|Ghosh|1990}}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> [[File:Amitav Ghosh (33583045295).jpg|thumb|An older Amitav Ghosh at a book signing event.]]<br /> ''In an Antique Land'' received favorable reception upon release. Lal described the book as establishing Ghosh as “one of the most gifted and nuanced writers anywhere in the world today”, characterizing the work as a noble enterprise to give a name to the anonymous, while also being a commentary on how history may swallow individuals arbitrarily.{{sfn|Lal|1993|p=89, 97-98}} Clifford calls it &quot;poignant, tragic, and sometimes hilarious&quot;, and that it &quot;makes space for a counter-history of modernity&quot;, claiming it is a complex, well-written book with the question of cultural coexistence at its core.{{sfn|Clifford|1994}}<br /> <br /> However, Majeed launches a stern critique of Ghosh's political accomplishments in the book, describing it as failing to find solutions to the problems it presents with the modern identity, seemingly failing at reconciling his own identity.{{sfn|Majeed|1995|p=53-54}} He also describes Ghosh's persona in the book as seemingly separate and standoffish from the people he is studying, and argues that the style of the book - which often has extended descriptions where Ghosh's presence is unfelt - only reinforces his separation from his surroundings.{{sfn|Majeed|1995|p=53-54}} Srivastava specifically attacks this description of Ghosh as standoffish, instead claiming that Ghosh is seeking to open a dialogue with the villagers despite their differences.{{sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=46}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> === Notes ===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Chambers |first=Claire |date=2006-07-25 |title=Anthropology as Cultural Translation: Amitav Ghosh's In an Antique Land |url=https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/view/489 |journal=Postcolonial Text |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3}}<br /> * {{Cite news |last=Clifford |first=James |date=1994-03-24 |title=Looking for Bomma |language=en |volume=16 |work=London Review of Books |issue=6 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v16/n06/james-clifford/looking-for-bomma |access-date=2022-05-26 |issn=0260-9592}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Dixon |first=Robert |date=1996 |title=&quot;Travelling in the West&quot;: The Writing of Amitav Ghosh |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002198949603100102 |journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.1177/002198949603100102 |s2cid=161964274 |issn=0021-9894|url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal|title=Old World Orders: Amitav Ghosh and the Writing of Nostalgia|last=Desai|first=Gaurav|journal=Representations|year=2004 |volume=85|issue=Winter 2004|publisher=California University Press|pages=125–148|doi=10.1525/rep.2004.85.1.125 |jstor=10}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Gandhi |first=Leela |date=June 2003 |title='A Choice of Histories': Ghosh vs. Hegel In An Antique Land. [Paper in: Home and Away, Lokuge, Chandani and Probyn, Clive (eds.).] |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/ielapa.200400028 |journal=New Literatures Review |issue=40 |pages=17–32 |language=EN }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Amítav |last2=Aldama |first2=Frederick Luis |date=2002 |title=An Intervíew wíth Amítav Ghosh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40157268 |journal=World Literature Today |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=84–90 |doi=10.2307/40157268 |jstor=40157268 |issn=0196-3570|url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |date=October 1990 |title=The Slave of MS. H.6 |url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/3372 |journal=Subaltern Studies VII: Writings on South Asian History and Society |pages=159–220}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=J. |title=Amitav Ghosh: An Introduction |publisher=Foundation Books |year=2005 |isbn=9788175962590 |pages=83–143}}<br /> * {{Cite web |last=Kitely |first=Brian |date=|accessdate= 27 May 2022 |title=Trapped by Language: On Amitav Ghosh's In an Antique Land |url=http://mysite.du.edu/~bkiteley/ghoshtalk.html |url-status= |website=mysite.du.edu}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=Vinay |date=1993 |editor-last=Ghosh |editor-first=Amitav |title=A Meditation on History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520348 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=21 |issue=7/8 |pages=89–98 |doi=10.2307/3520348 |jstor=3520348 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Majeed |first=Javed |date=June 1995 |title=Amitav Ghosh's In An Antique Land: The Ethnographer- Historian and the Limits of Irony1 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002198949503000205 |journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=45–55 |doi=10.1177/002198949503000205 |s2cid=161937243 |issn=0021-9894|url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Eric D. |date=2007 |title=Caught Straddling a Border&quot;: A Novelistic Reading of Amitav Ghosh's In an Antique Land |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/233888 |journal=Journal of Narrative Theory |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=447–472 |doi=10.1353/jnt.2008.0014 |s2cid=162236968 |issn=1548-9248|url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{Cite journal|title=Amitav Ghosh's Ethnographic Fictions: Intertextual Links between In An Antique Land and His Doctoral Thesis|last=Srivastava|first=Neelam|volume=36|issue=June 2001|publisher=Sage Publications|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|year=2001 |accessdate=11 April 2011|pages=45–64|url=http://jcl.sagepub.com/content/36/2/45.full.pdf|doi=10.1177/002198940103600205|s2cid=162376708 }}<br /> <br /> ===Primary source===<br /> {{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |title=In an antique land |date=1994 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-679-72783-5 |edition=1st Vintage Departures |location=New York |oclc=29428387}}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.amitavghosh.com/antique.html In an Antique Land] on the official website of Amitav Ghosh<br /> <br /> {{Amitav Ghosh}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian literature in English]]<br /> [[Category:2005 Indian novels]]<br /> [[Category:Novels set in Egypt]]<br /> [[Category:Novels set in the 12th century]]<br /> [[Category:Books by Amitav Ghosh]]<br /> [[Category:Novels set in the Middle East]]<br /> [[Category:Jews in the medieval Islamic world]]<br /> [[Category:Jewish novels]]<br /> [[Category:Anthropology books]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudhoji_II_of_Nagpur&diff=518706 2026-01-28T05:27:23Z

<p>Vidya1111: Adding some stub w/ infobox.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|King of Nagpur from 1816 to 1818}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox monarch<br /> | name = Mudhoji II<br /> | title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Nagpur]]<br /> | image = Mudhoji Bhosale II Appasaheb.jpg<br /> | caption = 1934 illustration of Appa Sahib by Yadav Madhav Kale<br /> | succession = 6th [[Raja]] of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]]<br /> | reign = 1816 &amp;ndash; 9 January 1818<br /> | coronation = <br /> | full name = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 1796<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = 15 July 1840<br /> | death_place = [[Jodhpur]]<br /> | burial_date = <br /> | burial_place = <br /> | predecessor = Parsoji<br /> | successor = [[Raghuji III of Nagpur|Raghuji III]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | issue = <br /> | royal house = [[Bhonsles of Nagpur]]<br /> | dynasty = <br /> | father = <br /> | mother = <br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | signature = <br /> }}<br /> '''Mudhoji II''' (1796 &amp;ndash; 15 July 1840), also known as '''Appa Sahib''', of the [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsale]] dynasty, ruled the [[Kingdom of Nagpur]] in central [[India]] from 1816 to 1818. His reign coincided with the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] between the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[British East India Company]], which ended with the defeat of the [[Marathas]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> On the death of [[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II Bhonsale]] in 1816, his son Parsaji was soon supplanted and murdered by Mudhoji II. A treaty of alliance providing for the maintenance of a subsidiary force by the British was signed in this year,&lt;ref name=Naravane&gt;{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=82}}&lt;/ref&gt; a British resident having been appointed to the Nagpur court since 1799. In 1817, on the outbreak of war between the British and the [[Peshwa]], Appa Sahib threw off his cloak of friendship, and accepted an embassy and title from the [[Peshwa]]. His troops attacked the British, and were defeated in the action at [[Sitabuldi Fort|Sitabaldi]], and a second time round Nagpur city. As a result of these battles, the remaining portion of [[Berar Province|Berar]] and the territories in the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] valley were ceded to the British. Appa Sahib was reinstated to the throne, but shortly afterwards was discovered to be again conspiring, and was deposed and forwarded to [[Allahabad]] in custody, while the British placed his successor [[Raghuji Bhonsle III|Raghoji III Bhonsale]], a minor, on the Nagpur throne. On the way, however, he bribed his guards and escaped, first to the [[Mahadeo Hills]] and subsequently to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Raja Mansingh of Jodhpur gave him asylum at Man Mandir in [[Jodhpur]] against the wishes of British. When British sent forces against Man Singh, he stood surety for Appa Saheb. Appa Saheb remained in Jodhpur, where he died on 15 July 1840 at 44 years while in exile.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 17. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.<br /> <br /> {{Start box}}<br /> {{Succession box |<br /> before=[[Parasoji Bhonsle]] |<br /> title=[[Nagpur kingdom|King of Nagpur]] |<br /> years=1816–1818 | after=[[Raghuji Bhonsle III|Raghuji III]]<br /> }}<br /> {{end box}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mudhoji 02 Bhonsle}}<br /> [[Category:Maratha Chiefs in the Maratha Empire]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]<br /> [[Category:1840 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Maharajas of Nagpur]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-royal-stub}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banswara_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=475924 2026-01-24T14:14:26Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Banswara<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Banswara.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Banswara Lok Sabha Constituency<br /> | established = 1952<br /> |reservation= ST<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharat Adivasi Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br /> | mp = [[Rajkumar Roat]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Kanak Mal Katara]]<br /> | incumbent_image = Rajkumar Roat.jpg<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | assembly_cons =[[Dungarpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungarpur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sagwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sagwara]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chorasi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chorasi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ghatol (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ghatol]]&lt;br&gt;[[Garhi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Garhi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Banswara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Banswara]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bagidora (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bagidora]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kushalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kushalgarh]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Banswara Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|bãːs.ʋaːɽaː}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Banswara Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations &amp; Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=16 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |158<br /> |[[Dungarpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungarpur]] (ST)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]]<br /> |[[Ganesh Ghogra]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharat Adivasi Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | 160<br /> |[[Sagwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sagwara]] (ST)<br /> |Shankarlal Decha<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |161<br /> |[[Chorasi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chorasi]] (ST)<br /> | [[Anil Kumar Katara]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharat Adivasi Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharat Adivasi Party|BAP]]<br /> |-<br /> |162<br /> |[[Ghatol (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ghatol]] (ST)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Banswara district|Banswara]]<br /> |Nanalal Ninama<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |-<br /> |163<br /> |[[Garhi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Garhi]] (ST)<br /> |[[Kailash Chandra Meena]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |164<br /> |[[Banswara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Banswara]] (ST)<br /> |[[Arjun Singh Bamniya|Arjun Singh Bamaniya]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharat Adivasi Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |165<br /> |[[Bagidora (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bagidora]] (ST)<br /> |[[Jaikrishn Patel]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharat Adivasi Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharat Adivasi Party|BAP]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharat Adivasi Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |166<br /> |[[Kushalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kushalgarh]] (ST)<br /> |Ramila Khadiya<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> |Bheekha Bhai<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |[[Bhogilal Pandya]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |[[Ratan Lal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |[[Heerji Bhai]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |Hira Lal Doda<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[Heera Bhai]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |Bheekha Bhai<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |Prabhu Lal Rawat<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |[[Heera Bhai]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |Prabhu Lal Rawat<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |[[Tarachand Bhagora]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | [[Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[Tarachand Bhagora]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Dhan Singh Rawat (Rajasthan politician)|Dhan Singh Rawat]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Tarachand Bhagora]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[Manshankar Ninama]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |[[Kanak Mal Katara]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Rajkumar Roat]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharat Adivasi Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Banswara]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharat Adivasi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Rajkumar Roat]]<br /> |votes = 8,20,831<br /> |percentage = 50.15<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= [[Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya]]<br /> |party= Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |votes= 5,73,777<br /> |percentage=35.05<br /> |change={{decrease}}14.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Rajkumar<br /> |party= Independent politician<br /> |votes= 74,598<br /> |percentage=4.56<br /> |change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate <br /> |color={{party color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (Rebel)<br /> | candidate = Arvind Sita Damor<br /> | votes = 61,211<br /> | percentage = 3.74<br /> | change = {{decrease}}24.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Rajkumar<br /> |party= Independent politician<br /> |votes= 41,790<br /> |percentage=2.55<br /> |change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 20,970<br /> |percentage = 1.28<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.80<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Banshilal Ahari<br /> |party= Independent politician<br /> |votes= 17,896<br /> |percentage=1.08<br /> |change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Shankarlal Bamaniya<br /> |party= Indian Peoples Green Party<br /> |votes= 17,188<br /> |percentage=1.05<br /> |change=''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Dileep Kumar Meena<br /> |party= Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes= 8,591<br /> |percentage=0.52<br /> |change={{decrease}}1.30<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes =2,47,054<br /> |percentage =15.09<br /> |change ={{decrease}}6.13<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes =16,36,852 <br /> |percentage =74.39<br /> |change ={{increase}}1.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharat Adivasi Party<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Banswara]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Kanak Mal Katara]]<br /> | votes = {{formatnum:7,11,709}}<br /> | percentage = 49.44<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Tarachand Bhagora]]<br /> | votes = {{formatnum:4,06,245}}<br /> | percentage = 28.22<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Tribal Party<br /> | candidate = Kantilal Roat<br /> | votes = {{formatnum:2,50,761}}<br /> | percentage = 17.42<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=29,962|percentage=2.08|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Bapulal<br /> | votes = 26,172<br /> | percentage = 1.82<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = {{formatnum:3,05,464}}<br /> | percentage = 21.22<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = {{formatnum:14,40,109}}<br /> | percentage = 72.90<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Banswara]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Manshankar Ninama]]<br /> | votes = 5,77,433<br /> | percentage = 49.30<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Resham Malviya<br /> | votes = 4,85,517<br /> | percentage = 41.46<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=34,404|percentage=2.94|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Vijay Pal<br /> | votes = 27,886<br /> | percentage = 2.38<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 91,916<br /> | percentage = 7.85<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 11,71,488<br /> | percentage = 68.98<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | loser=Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Banswara]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Tarachand Bhagora]]<br /> | votes = 4,13,169<br /> | percentage = 53.67<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Hakaru Maida<br /> | votes = 2,13,751<br /> | percentage = 27.76<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> | candidate = Prabhulal Rawat<br /> | votes = 71,543<br /> | percentage = 9.29<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Loktantrik Samajwadi Party<br /> | candidate = Prof Mohanlal Damor<br /> | votes = 30,197<br /> | percentage = 3.92<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 1,99,418<br /> | percentage = 25.94<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 7,69,712<br /> | percentage = 52.79<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | winner =Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Banswara]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Dhan Singh Rawat (Rajasthan politician)|Dhan Singh Rawat]]<br /> | votes = 2,69,239<br /> | percentage = 40.42<br /> | change = {{increase}}40.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Prabhu Lal Rawat<br /> | votes = 2,47,556<br /> | percentage = 37.17<br /> | change = -21.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Janata Dal<br /> | candidate = [[Jeetmal Khant]]<br /> | votes = 78,556<br /> | percentage = 11.79<br /> | change = -29.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Suryalal Khant<br /> | votes = 31,132<br /> | percentage = 4.67<br /> | change = +4.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> | candidate = Sunder Lal Parmar<br /> | votes = 17,841<br /> | percentage = 2.70<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Independent (politician)<br /> | candidate = Nanuram Khant<br /> | votes = 11,084<br /> | percentage = 1.66<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Samajwadi Party<br /> | candidate = Bahadur Singh<br /> | votes = 10,688<br /> | percentage = 1.60<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 21,683<br /> | percentage = 3.25<br /> | change = +62.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 6,66,098<br /> | percentage = 48.51<br /> | change = -7.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = +40.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Banswara district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.55|74.44|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Banswara (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Banswara district]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Hindi_Cinema&diff=446787 2026-01-24T12:01:37Z

<p>Vidya1111: content fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema<br /> | image = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | border = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Book cover<br /> | editor = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Gulzar]]<br /> * [[Govind Nihalani]]<br /> * [[Saibal Chatterjee]]<br /> }}<br /> | cover_artist = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English<br /> | series = <br /> | release_number = <br /> | subject = [[Hindi cinema]]<br /> | genre = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Encyclopedia<br /> * Film criticism<br /> }}<br /> | set_in = <br /> | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]<br /> | publisher2 = [[Popular Prakashan]]<br /> | published = 26 February 2003<br /> | media_type = Print<br /> | pages = 659&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gulzar |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |author-link1=Gulzar |author-link2=Govind Nihalani |author-link3=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |date=2003 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | awards = <br /> | isbn = 978-81-79910-66-5<br /> | isbn_note = <br /> | oclc = <br /> | dewey = <br /> | congress = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = <br /> | native_wikisource = <br /> | wikisource = <br /> | notes = <br /> | exclude_cover = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> The '''''Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema''''' is a 2003 film encyclopedia and criticism book that was edited by [[Gulzar]], [[Saibal Chatterjee]], and [[Govind Nihalani]], detailing the history of [[Bollywood]] from silent era to sound era.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09504120410513393/full/html |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |date=2004 |journal=[[Reference Services Review]] |last=Harrison |first=David |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=46–47 |doi=10.1108/09504120410513393 |issn=0950-4125 |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503062054/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09504120410513393/full/html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; The book was contributed by the former two along with [[Allan Amin]], Salim Arif, [[Shoma Chatterji]], Susmita Dasgupta, [[Veeru Devgan]], [[Bhaskar Ghose]], [[Arun Kaul]], [[Amir Ullah Khan]], [[Amit Khanna]], Lata Khubchandani, [[Akash Khurana]], [[Amita Malik]], Ramesh Meer, Suresh Naik, [[Anjum Rajabali]], K. S. Ramesh, [[Maithili Rao]], Firoze Rangoonwala, [[Sharmishta Roy]], [[Ratnottama Sengupta]], [[Bhawana Somaaya]], [[Vijay Tendulkar]], and [[Anil Zankar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:xv–xx&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> <br /> Dubbed as the first encyclopedia on Bollywood, the book was announced by [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] in July 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putting&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/putting-reel-in-verse-really/article28402450.ece |title=Putting reel in verse, really! |date=17 March 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Siddiqui |first=Rana A. |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503062100/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/putting-reel-in-verse-really/article28402450.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/quality-textbooks-planned-for-school-students/article27860885.ece |title=Quality textbooks planned for school students |date=30 July 2002 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503062054/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/quality-textbooks-planned-for-school-students/article27860885.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the managing director Aalok Wadhwa, the purpose of the book was &quot;to create exclusively Indian content that is not only informative and scholarly but also entertaining&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putting&quot; /&gt; The ''Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema'', which was printed in [[Noida]], was subsequently released by the company in association with [[Popular Prakashan]] on 26 February 2003 in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;book&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:ii&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030227/nation.htm |title=Nation |date=27 February 2003 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Chandigarh, India |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213092530/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030227/nation.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' described it as an &quot;insightful study of Bollywood&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/bollywood-calling/article28407493.ece |title=Bollywood calling |date=5 May 2003 |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503062053/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/bollywood-calling/article28407493.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Suresh Kohli from ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' called it a &quot;wonderfully produced, expensive [[Coffee table book|coffee-table book]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030622/spectrum/book8.htm |title=Telling cinematic (un)truths |date=22 June 2003 |work=The Tribune |last=Kohli |first=Suresh |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112025200/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030622/spectrum/book8.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Encyclopaedia_of_Hindi_Cinema.html?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&amp;redir_esc=y ''Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema''] on [[Google Books]]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2003 non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:Indian encyclopedias]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biographies]]<br /> [[Category:Books about film]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi cinema]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aamchyasarkhe_Aamhich&diff=484010 2026-01-19T12:05:21Z

<p>Vidya1111: creating initial page added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1990 film by Sachin Pilgaonkar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich<br /> | image = Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]<br /> | producer = Prakash Patil<br /> | writer = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]<br /> | screenplay = [[Vasant Sabnis]]<br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Ashok Saraf]]<br /> *[[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]<br /> *[[Nivedita Joshi Saraf]]<br /> *[[Varsha Usgaonkar]]<br /> *Rekha Rao<br /> *[[Sudhir Joshi]]<br /> *[[Jairam Kulkarni]]<br /> *[[Viju Khote]]<br /> *Mangala Sanzgiri<br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Arun Paudwal]]<br /> | cinematography = Charudatta Dukhande<br /> | editing = Avinash Thakur&lt;br&gt;Chintu Dhavale<br /> | studio = Shree Tirupati Balaji Chitra<br /> | distributor = Murlidhar Rao Patil<br /> | released = {{Film date|1990|11|01|[[Maharashtra]]|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 138 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Marathi<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich''''' ([[translation]]: ''We Are Incomparable'') is a [[List of Marathi films of 1990|1990]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] and produced by Prakash Patil. The film was released in [[Maharashtra]] on 1 November 1990 and stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] (both portraying [[Dual role|double roles]]), [[Nivedita Joshi Saraf]], [[Varsha Usgaonkar]], Rekha Rao, [[Sudhir Joshi]], [[Jairam Kulkarni]], [[Viju Khote]] and Mangala Sanzgiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=M. M. W. |date=2015-01-01 |title=Aamachya Sarkhe Aamhich ( आमच्यासारखे आम्हीच ) |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/amachyasarkhe-amhich.php |access-date=2023-11-30 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Birthday Special! Ashok Saraf: 'Dhum Dhadaka' to 'Amchya Sarkhe Amhich'; FIVE evergreen comedy movies of the veteran star |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/birthday-special-ashok-saraf-dhum-dhadaka-to-amchya-sarkhe-amhich-five-evergreen-comedy-movies-of-the-veteran-star/photostory/83216447.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-10 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-18 |title=10 evergreen Marathi comedy films you can watch online |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/10-evergreen-marathi-comedy-films-you-can-watch-online-6367912/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=Why Marathi Actor Ashok Saraf Always Kept First Two Buttons On Shirt Open |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/why-marathi-actor-ashok-saraf-always-kept-first-two-buttons-on-shirt-open-6845317.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Nirbhay ([[Ashok Saraf]]) and Abhay ([[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]) are both [[orphan]]ed brothers and [[heir]]s to the wealthy Inamdar family, who win a [[Legal case|court case]] involving their luxurious [[mansion]] against their [[Family estrangement|estranged]] stepuncle, Chandrakant ([[Sudhir Joshi]]). In a fit of rage, Chandrakant storms into the Inamdar family's mansion at [[Gangapur, Maharashtra|Gangapur]], [[Maharashtra]] and threatens to seek revenge from Nirbhay and Abhay within two months. Therefore, the elderly, [[widow]]ed Maai (Mangala Sanzgiri), Nirbhay and Abhay's grandmother and Chandrakant's stepmother, expresses her concern about her grandsons to Nirbhay and Abhay's loyal [[personal assistant]], Diwanji ([[Jairam Kulkarni]]), who takes care of all the legal matters in the family. As fate would have it, Diwanji encounters Bhupal (also [[Ashok Saraf]]) and Kailas (also [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]), two [[Homelessness|homeless]] friends, who make their living by acting as [[Scam|conmen]] with the help of Bhupal's girlfriend, Champa ([[Nivedita Joshi Saraf]]), and are exact [[lookalike]]s of Nirbhay and Abhay, respectively. Exploiting this situation, Diwanji, Nirbhay and Abhay mysteriously instruct Bhupal and Kailas to assume Nirbhay and Abhay's identities and live in the Inamdar family's mansion at Gangapur for two months in exchange of [[Indian rupee|₹]]2 [[lakh]].<br /> <br /> Not wishing to leave such a chance in finally being able to acquire riches, Bhupal and Kailas agree to the instruction and are dressed as Nirbhay and Abhay by Diwanji. The duo then bids farewell to Champa and is taken by Diwanji to Gangapur to begin the task, while the real Nirbhay and Abhay temporarily reside in their another mansion in [[Mumbai]]. Unlike Nirbhay and Abhay, Bhupal and Kailas are bold and savage by nature, who learn how to live like rich people and enjoy their newfound lifestyle. During the pretence, Bhupal finds his life miserable by the return of Nirbhay's ex-wife, Pramila (Rekha Rao), while Kailas falls in love with Nandini ([[Varsha Usgaonkar]]), the daughter of a retired [[Captain]] ([[Viju Khote]]), who has been engaged to Abhay. Later, however, Bhupal and Kailas are shocked to learn that Nirbhay and Abhay have interchanged their lives with them for their own security purposes, since the plan of them and Diwanji is that the revenge-seeking Chandrakant will kill Bhupal and Kailas, believing them both to be Nirbhay and Abhay, and the police will arrest him for the [[crime]] accordingly, allowing the real Nirbhay and Abhay to remain safe and protected. Bhupal and Kailas swear to teach Nirbhay and Abhay a lesson and also fight against Chandrakant to gain victory for the Inamdar family. Will Nirbhay and Abhay realise their wrongdoings?<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Ashok Saraf]] in a [[Dual role|double role]] as <br /> ** Bhupal <br /> ** Nirbhay Dinanath Inamdar <br /> * [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] in a [[Dual role|double role]] as <br /> ** Kailas <br /> ** Abhay Dinanath Inamdar<br /> * [[Nivedita Joshi Saraf]] as Champa (Bhupal's girlfriend)<br /> * [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Nandini (Abhay's fiancée)<br /> * Rekha Rao as Pramila Nirbhay Inamdar (Nirbhay's wife)<br /> * [[Sudhir Joshi]] as Chandrakant Raghunath Inamdar (Nirbhay and Abhay's estranged uncle) <br /> * [[Jairam Kulkarni]] as Diwanji (Nirbhay and Abhay's [[personal assistant]]) <br /> * [[Viju Khote]] as [[Captain]] Saheb (Nandini's father) <br /> * Mangala Sanjhagiri as Maai Raghunath Inamdar (Nirbhay and Abhay's paternal grandmother)<br /> * [[Bipin Varti]] as Balu Pahelwan (Chandrakant's henchman)<br /> * Suhas Bhalekar as Jyotishi Joshi Bua (Chandrakant's [[astrologer]]) <br /> * Ravindra Berde as Dr. Doke ([[psychiatrist]] who examines Bhupal)<br /> * Madhu Apte as Street Vendor<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Amchyasarkhe Aamhich<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Arun Paudwal]]<br /> | released = 1990<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=21|s=03}}<br /> | language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br /> |{{YouTube|aINGhflgTQE|Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich - Full Album}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> The music is composed by [[Arun Paudwal]] and lyrics penned by Shantaram Nandgaonkar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=AAMCHYA SARKHE AAMHICH - AMACHYA SARKHE AAMICHA (Album) {{!}}{{!}} GAMMAT JAMMAT - T-Series Marathi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djOT8tAqJGc |access-date=2023-11-30 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Tracklist<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer (s)<br /> | title1 = Amchyasarkhe Aamhich<br /> | length1 = 3:28<br /> | extra1 = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]<br /> | title2 = Ratra Aahe Reshmachi<br /> | length2 = 5:07<br /> | extra2 = Anuradha Paudwal<br /> | title3 = Aapla Ghoda Ha Emani<br /> | length3 = 4:49<br /> | extra3 = Sachin, Shailendra Singh, Kavita Paudwal<br /> | title4 = Aala Re Aala Ganpati Aala<br /> | length4 = 7:17<br /> | extra4 = Sachin, Shailendra Singh<br /> | total_length = 21:03<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0267258}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:1990 comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:1990 films]]<br /> [[Category:1990s Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language comedy drama films]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ship_launches_in_1824&diff=466457 2026-01-14T19:20:25Z

<p>Vidya1111: fixed issues</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> The '''list of ship launches in 1824''' includes a chronological list of some [[ship]]s launched in 1824.<br /> __NOTOC__<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Ship<br /> ! Class<br /> ! Builder<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Country<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-----<br /> ! 16 January<br /> | {{SS|Spitfire|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Steamship]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Harwich]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=IJ090124&gt;{{Cite news |title=Harwich, January 9 |newspaper=Ipswich Journal |location=Ipswich |date=9 January 1824 |issue=4473 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 19 January<br /> | {{HMS|Asia|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Canopus|ship of the line}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Bombay Dockyard]]<br /> | [[file:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Company rule in India|India]] <br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! January<br /> | ''Addison'' <br /> | [[snow (ship)|Snow]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For Addison Brown.&lt;ref name=Searlep120&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.searlecanada.org/sunderland/sunderland120.html |title=SHIPS BUILT IN THE 1820s |publisher=Searle |accessdate=25 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Searlep097&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.searlecanada.org/sunderland/sunderland097.html |title=SHIPBUILDERS - PAGE 37 |publisher=Searle |accessdate=25 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Bon Accord''<br /> | [[Brigantine]]<br /> | Richard Bussell<br /> | [[Lyme Regis]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Aberdeen &amp; London Shipping Co.&lt;ref name=BA&gt;{{cite web |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&amp;builder=10514&amp;ref=205561&amp;vessel=BON+ACCORD |title=Bon Accord |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |accessdate=7 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 3 February<br /> | ''Lord Amherst''<br /> | [[Passenger ship]]<br /> | Wigram &amp; Green<br /> | [[Blackwall, London|Blackwall]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=Times020524&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=(advertisement) |date=5 February 1824 |page=1 |issue=12102 |column=A }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Times050224&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=(untitled) |date=5 February 1824 |page=3 |issue=12102 |column=B }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 7 February<br /> | {{HMS|North Star|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Atholl|corvette}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Woolwich Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 16 February<br /> | Unnamed<br /> | [[barge|State barge]]<br /> | Thomas Courthorpe<br /> | [[London]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths]].&lt;ref name=Times180224&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=(untitled) |date=18 February 1824 |page=3 |issue=12113 |column=B }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 17 February<br /> | {{HMS|Meteor|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Lightning|paddle steamer}}<br /> | Oliver Lang<br /> | [[Deptford]] or [[Woolwich]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].&lt;ref name=Meteor&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=21622 |title=British paddle steamer 'Meteor' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ME010785p101-04/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 26 February<br /> | ''Eleanor''<br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | Green<br /> | [[Bristol]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=BM010324&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ship News |newspaper=Bristol Mercury |location=Bristol |date=1 March 1824 |issue=1770 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! February<br /> | ''Brack'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | James Crown<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For John Cropton.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;&lt;ref name=Searlep050&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.searlecanada.org/sunderland/sunderland050.html |title=SHIPBUILDERS - PAGE 10 |publisher=Searle |accessdate=25 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 13 March<br /> | {{ship|French ship|Fauvette|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Iris|schooner}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Bayonne]]<br /> | {{flag|France}} <br /> | For [[French Navy]].&lt;ref name=Fauvette&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=30538 |title=French schooner 'La Fauvette' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 13 March<br /> | {{ship|French ship|Aigrette|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Gazelle|schooner}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Bayonne]]<br /> | {{flag|France}} <br /> | For [[French Navy]].&lt;ref name=Aigrette&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=30562 |title=French schooner 'L'Aigrette' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 16 March<br /> | {{ship|French ship|Turquoise|1824|2}}<br /> | {{Sclass|Iris|schooner}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Bayonne]]<br /> | {{flag|France}} <br /> | For [[French Navy]].&lt;ref name=Turquoise&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=30539 |title=French schooner 'La Turquoise' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 30 March<br /> | {{ship||Marquis of Lansdown|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | John Scott &amp; Co.<br /> | [[Calcutta]]<br /> | [[file:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Company rule in India|India]] <br /> | For private owner.<br /> |-----<br /> ! 30 March<br /> | {{HMS|Unicorn|1824|2}}<br /> | Modified {{sclass|Leda|frigate}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Chatham Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! March<br /> | {{ship||Gilmore|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Barque]]<br /> | Gilmore &amp; Co.<br /> | [[Salkia|Sulkea]]<br /> | [[file:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Company rule in India|India]] <br /> | For Gilmore &amp; Co.<br /> |-----<br /> ! March<br /> | ''Perfection'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | J. Burdon<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For Butcher &amp; Co.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 14 April<br /> | {{ship|French battleship|Formidable|1824|2}}&lt;!--Times290424 confirms launched as Formidable, renamed Trocadéro after launch--&gt;<br /> | {{sclass|Océan|ship of the line}}<br /> | Jean Charles Antoine Barrallier<br /> | [[Toulon]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[French Navy]].&lt;ref name=Times190424&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=London, Monday, April 19, 1824 |date=19 April 1824 |page=2 |issue=12316 |column=C }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Times290424&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=French Papers |date=29 April 1824 |page=2 |issue=12325 |column=C }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Trocadero&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=1925 |title=French First Rate ship of the line 'Le Trocadéro' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 5 May<br /> | {{ship||Carn Brea Castle|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[East Indiaman]]<br /> | Wigram &amp; Green<br /> | [[Blackwall Yard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Messrs. Huddart Brothers.<br /> |-----<br /> ! 14 May<br /> | {{ship|Russian ship|Smirnyi|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Sixth rate]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Saint Petersburg]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} <br /> | For [[Imperial Russian Navy]].&lt;ref name=Smirnyi&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=21236 |title=Russian Sixth Rate ship 'Smirnyi' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 24 May<br /> | {{ship|Egyptian ship|al-Ihsaniyya|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Fourth rate]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Rhodes]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|First Hellenic Republic}} <br /> | For [[Egyptian Navy]].&lt;ref name=Ihsaniyya&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=17640 |title=Egyptian Fourth Rate frigate 'al-Ihsaniyya' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 27 May<br /> | {{ship|Russian ship|Kniaz Vladimir|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Selafail|ship of the line}}<br /> | A. M. Kurochkin<br /> | [[Arkhangelsk]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} <br /> | For [[Imperial Russian Navy]].&lt;ref name=KV&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=10760 |title=Russian Third Rate ship of the line 'Kniaz Vladimir' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 27 May<br /> | {{ship|Russian ship|Konstantin|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Fifth rate]]<br /> | A. M. Kurochkin<br /> | [[Arkhangelsk]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} <br /> | For [[Imperial Russian Navy]].&lt;ref name=Konstantin&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=21180 |title=Russian Fifth Rate frigate 'Konstantin' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 31 May<br /> | {{HMS|Champion|1824|2}}<br /> |{{sclass|Champion|ship-sloop}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Portsmouth Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].&lt;ref name=Champion&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=3546 |title=British sloop 'Champion' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 31 May<br /> | Emma<br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | Farrington &amp; Co.<br /> | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=NC050624&gt;{{Cite news |title=Marine Intelligence |newspaper=Newcastle Courant |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |date=6 June 1824 |issue=7704 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 31 May<br /> | {{HMS|Orestes|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Orestes|ship-sloop}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Portsmouth Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].&lt;ref name=Orestes&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=5631 |title=British sloop 'Orestes' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 31 May<br /> | {{ship|Russian ship|Shtandart|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Fourth rate]]<br /> | A. K. Kaverznev<br /> | [[Kherson]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} <br /> | For [[Imperial Russian Navy]].&lt;ref name=Shtandart&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=21682 |title=Russian Fourth Rate frigate 'Shtandart' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 19 June<br /> | {{ship|French brig|Bordelaise|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Alsacienne|gun-brig}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Cherbourg]]<br /> | {{flag|France}} <br /> | For [[French Navy]].&lt;ref name=Bordelaise&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=30512 |title=French gun-brig 'La Bordelaise' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 19 June<br /> | {{ship|French brig|Champenoise|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Alsacienne|gun-brig}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Cherbourg]]<br /> | {{flag|France}} <br /> | For [[French Navy]].&lt;ref name=Champenoise&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=30513 |title=French gun-brig 'La Champenoise' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 29 June<br /> | {{HMS|Pylades|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Sloop]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Woolwich Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 30 June<br /> | {{PS|Shamrock|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Paddle steamer]]<br /> | Bland &amp; Challoner<br /> | [[Liverpool]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Liverpool &amp; Belfast Steam Packet Co.&lt;ref name=Shamrock&gt;{{cite web |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&amp;builder=11345&amp;ref=223285&amp;vessel=SHAMROCK |title=Shamrock |publisher=Shipping &amp; Shipbuilding Research Trust |accessdate=29 September 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! June<br /> | ''Hellespont''<br /> | [[Brig]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Liverpool]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=LM091127&gt;{{Cite news |title=Advertisements &amp; Notices |newspaper=Liverpool Mercury |location=Liverpool |date=9 November 1827 |issue=859 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! June<br /> | {{ship||Sir Charles Forbes|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Barque]]<br /> | A. Hall &amp; Co.<br /> | [[Aberdeen]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Mr M'Innes.<br /> |-----<br /> ! June<br /> | ''Return'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | John M. &amp; William Gales<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For H. Magee.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;&lt;ref name=Searlep058&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.searlecanada.org/sunderland/sunderland058.html |title=SHIPBUILDERS - PAGE 16 |publisher=Searle |accessdate=25 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 19 July<br /> | {{ship|SS|Queen of the Netherlands|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Steamship]]<br /> | Wigram &amp; Green<br /> | [[Blackwall Yard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Rotterdam Steam Packet Company.&lt;ref name=Times210724&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=(untitled) |date=21 July 1824 |page=2 |issue=12396 |column=E }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 26 July<br /> | {{ship|NRP|Cybele|1824|2}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | [[Lisbon]]<br /> | {{flag|Portugal|1816}}<br /> | For [[Portuguese Navy]].&lt;ref name=Timdes310724&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lisbon |date=31 July 1824 |page=2 |issue=12405 |column=D }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 26 July<br /> | {{ship|French brig|Endymion|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Brig]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Lorient]]<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | For [[French Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 27 July<br /> | {{HMS|Vengeance|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Canopus|ship of the line}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Pembroke Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 28 July<br /> | {{ship||Columbus|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Disposable ship]]<br /> | Charles Wood<br /> | [[Quebec City|Quebec]]<br /> | {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Lower Canada]]<br /> | For private owner.<br /> |-----<br /> ! 29 July<br /> | {{ship|Russian ship|Emmanuil|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Third rate]]<br /> | B. F. Stoke<br /> | [[Saint Petersburg]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} <br /> | For [[Imperial Russian Navy]].&lt;ref name=Emmanuil&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=21167 |title=Russian Third Rate ship of the line 'Emmanuil' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 9 August<br /> | {{ship|French ship|Daphné|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Iris|schooner}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Lorient]]<br /> | {{flag|France}} <br /> | For [[French Navy]].&lt;ref name=Daphne&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=30540 |title=French schooner 'La Daphne' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 25 August<br /> | {{ship|French ship|Duperré|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Téméraire|ship of the line}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Brest, France|Brest]]<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | For [[French Navy]].&lt;ref name=Couronne&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=2047 |title=French Third Rate ship of the line 'La Couronne' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Times240559&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=French Fleet at Toulon |date=24 May 1859 |page=5 |issue=23314 |column=F }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 26 August<br /> | ''The City of Rochester''<br /> | [[East Indiaman]]<br /> | Brindley &amp; Co.<br /> | [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Macqueen and Palmer.&lt;ref name=Times02924&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=(untitled) |date=2 September 1824 |page=2 |issue=12433 |column=C }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MC020924&gt;{{Cite news |title=Launch of an East Indiaman at Rochester |newspaper=Morning Chronicle |location=London |date=2 September 1824 |issue=17278 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 9 September<br /> | {{HMS|Thisbe|1824|2}}<br /> | Modified {{sclass|Leda|frigate}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Pembroke Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 13 September<br /> | {{ship|Russian ship|Astrakhan|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Brig]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Astrakhan]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} <br /> | For [[Imperial Russian Navy]].&lt;ref name=Astrakhan&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=21748 |title=Russian brig 'Astrakhan' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 13 September<br /> | {{ship|Russian ship|Revel|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Sloop]]<br /> | B. F. Stoke<br /> | [[Saint Petersburg]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} <br /> | For [[Imperial Russian Navy]].&lt;ref name=Revel&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=21263 |title=Russian sloop 'Revel' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 16&amp;nbsp;September<br /> | {{HDMS|Dronning Marie||2}}<br /> | [[Ship of the line]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Holmen Naval Base]]<br /> | {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> | For [[Royal Danish Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 9 October<br /> | {{HMS|Talbot|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Atholl|corvette}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Pembroke Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 22 October<br /> | {{HMS|Hearty|1824|2}}<br /> | {{Sclass|Cherokee|brig-sloop}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Chatham Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].&lt;ref name=Hearty&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=4671 |title=British sloop 'Hearty' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! October<br /> | ''Cynthia'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | J. Allison<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For Allison &amp; Co.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 8 November<br /> | {{ship||Surat Castle|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Full-rigged ship]]<br /> | Wigram's &amp; Green<br /> | [[Blackwall, London|Blackwall]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Johnson &amp; Meaburn.<br /> |-----<br /> ! 10 November<br /> | {{HSwMS|Karl XIV Johan|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Ship of the line]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Karlskrona naval base|Karlskrona Naval Shipyard]]<br /> | {{flag|Sweden|1818}}<br /> | For [[Royal Swedish Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 22 November<br /> | {{HMS|Royal Charlotte|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Yacht]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Woolwich]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].&lt;ref name=RC&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=6280 |title=British yacht 'Royal Charlotte' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 30 November<br /> | {{ship|Russian ship|Panteleimon|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Third rate]]<br /> | I. S. Razumov<br /> | [[Nicholaieff]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} <br /> | For [[Imperial Russian Navy]].&lt;ref name=Panteleimon&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=2677 |title=Russian Third Rate ship of the line 'Panteleimon' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! November<br /> | ''Helen''<br /> | [[Sloop]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Arbroath]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=GH140726&gt;{{Cite news |title=Advertisements &amp; Notices |newspaper=Glasgow Herald |location=Glasgow |date=14 July 1826 |issue=2458 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! November<br /> | ''Providence'' <br /> | [[Schooner]]<br /> | George Hudson<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For George Hudson.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;&lt;ref name=Searlep059&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.searlecanada.org/sunderland/sunderland059.html |title=SHIPBUILDERS - PAGE 17 |publisher=Searle |accessdate=25 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! 2 December<br /> | {{ship|Neapolitan ship|Vesuvio||2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Bucentaure|ship of the line}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Castellamare di Stabia]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For [[Royal Sicilian Navy]].<br /> |-----<br /> ! 8 December<br /> | {{HMS|Hope|1824|2}}<br /> | {{sclass|Cherokee|brig-sloop}}<br /> | <br /> | [[Plymouth Dockyard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For [[Royal Navy]].&lt;ref name=Hope&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=4770 |title=British Other Vessels packet 'Hope' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Agenoria'' <br /> | [[Brig]]<br /> | <br /> | [[North Hylton]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{HNLMS|Brak|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Full-rigged ship]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Rotterdam]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} <br /> | For [[Royal Netherlands Navy]].&lt;ref name=Brak&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=1678 |title=Dutch ship 'Brak' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''British Tar'' <br /> | [[Barque]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Hylton Ferry]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For T. Forest.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Cadboro|1824 schooner|2}}<br /> | [[Schooner]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Rye, East Sussex|Rye]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For C. Hicks.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date <br /> | ''Caledonia''<br /> | [[Full-rigged ship]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Bombay]]<br /> | [[file:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Company rule in India|India]] <br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=Wadia&gt;{{cite book|last=Wadia |first=R. A. |orig-year=1957 |year=1986 |title=The Bombay Dockyard and the Wadia Master Builders |publisher=Foudroyant Committee of The Society for Nautical Research |location=Bombay |page=342 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57463/page/n457/mode/2up }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{HSwMS|Carl Johan|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Ship of the Line]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flag|Sweden|1818}}<br /> | For [[Royal Swedish Navy]].&lt;ref name=MC200254&gt;{{Cite news |title=Denmark---Sweden |newspaper=Morning Chronicle |location=London |date=20 February 1854 |issue=27194 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{PS|City of London|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Paddle steamer]]<br /> | T. Brocklebank<br /> | [[Deptford]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For T. Brocklebank.&lt;ref name=CoL&gt;{{cite web |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&amp;builder=11025&amp;ref=220507&amp;vessel=CITY+OF+LONDON |title=City of London |publisher=Shipping &amp; Shipbuilding Research Trust |accessdate=4 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date <br /> | ''Clairmont''<br /> | [[Full-rigged ship]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Bombay]]<br /> | [[file:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Company rule in India|India]] <br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=Wadia/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Columbus'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For G. Wood.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Daphne'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | John M. &amp; William Gales<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For John M. &amp; William Gales.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Darius|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Diana|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | T. Broderick<br /> | [[Whitby]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For John Braithwaite, Robert Braithwaite and J. Frankland.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{HDMS|Dronning Lovisa|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Third rate]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flag|Denmark}} <br /> | For [[Royal Danish Navy]].&lt;ref name=DL&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=17891 |title=Danish Third Rate ship of the line 'Dronning Lovisa' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{PS|Duke of York|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Paddle steamer]]<br /> | Benjamin Wallis<br /> | [[Blackwall, London|Blackwall]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Eliza|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Barque]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Colony of Prince Edward Island]]<br /> | For private owner.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Ellice|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[West Indiaman]]<br /> | Philip Laing<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Ellice &amp; Co.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date <br /> | ''Elphinstone''<br /> | [[Sloop]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Bombay]]<br /> | [[file:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Company rule in India|India]] <br /> | For [[British East India Company]].&lt;ref name=Wadia/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{HSwMS|Försigtigheten|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Man-of-war|Man of war]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flag|Sweden|1818}}<br /> | For [[Royal Swedish Navy]].&lt;ref name=MC200254/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Gratitude'' <br /> | [[snow (ship)|Snow]]<br /> | John M. &amp; William Gales<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For John M. &amp; William Gales.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Grecian|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Brig]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Hendon'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | G. Kirkbride &amp; Co.<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For Mr. Scurfield.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Henry Eckford|steamboat|2}}<br /> | [[Paddle steamer]]<br /> | Lawrence &amp; Sneden<br /> | [[New York City|New York]]<br /> | {{flag|United States|1822}}<br /> | For Mowatt Brothers &amp; Co.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date <br /> | ''Hurrell''<br /> | [[Schooner]]<br /> | William Bonker &amp; James Vivian<br /> | [[Salcombe]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Robert Hurrell and others.&lt;ref name=Hurrell&gt;{{cite web |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&amp;builder=12450&amp;ref=234931&amp;vessel=HURRELL |title=Hurrell |publisher=Shipping &amp; Shipbuilding Research Trust |accessdate=2 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Integrity|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Brig]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Redbridge, Southampton|Redbridge]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Jane'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Jane'' <br /> | [[Merchantmen]]<br /> | J. Hall<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Jane'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | Philip Laing<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For G. Smith.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{HNLMS|Javaan|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Frigate]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} <br /> | For [[Royal Netherlands Navy]].&lt;ref name=Javaan&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=29723 |title=Dutch frigate 'Javaan' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship|HEIC ship|Juliana|1824|2}}<br /> | [[East Indiaman]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For [[British East India Company]].&lt;ref name=Juliana&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=30956 |title=British Merchant east indiaman 'Juliana' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{PS|Liffey|1824|2}} <br /> | [[Paddle steamer]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For City of Dublin Steam Packet Company.&lt;ref name=ME010785p101-04/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Lord Eldon|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Sunderland, County Durham]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For J. Noble.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Mandalena'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | John M. &amp; William Gales<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For Thomas Cockerill.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{PS|Mersey|1824|2}} <br /> | [[Paddle steamer]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For City of Dublin Steam Packet Company.&lt;ref name=ME010785p101-04&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=XwgAAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA101&amp;hl=en_GB |title=The History of Paddle Wheel Steam Navigation |journal=The Marine Engineer |location=London |date=1 July 1885 |pages=101-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Nereus'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | Philip Laing<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For Philip Laing.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Nimrod|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Brig]]<br /> | R. &amp; A. Carsewell<br /> | [[Greenock]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For private owner.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Ocean'' <br /> | [[snow (ship)|Snow]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For Skee &amp; Co.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{HNLMS|Pollux|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Sixth rate]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Rotterdam]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} <br /> | For [[Royal Netherlands Navy]].&lt;ref name=Pollux&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=1542 |title=Dutch Sixth Rate ship 'Pollux' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Osprey'' <br /> | [[snow (ship)|Snow]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For T. B. Simey.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Security|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia|Yarmouth]]<br /> | {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Upper Canada]]<br /> | For Mr. Spencer.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Simon Taylor|ship|2}}<br /> | [[Barque]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Blackwall Yard]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For S. Taylor.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Sisters'' <br /> | [[Barque]]<br /> | John M. &amp; William Gales<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For William Gales.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||Tamerlane|1824 ship|2}}<br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | <br /> | [[St. Martins, New Brunswick|St. Martins]]<br /> | {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Upper Canada]]<br /> | For Stewart &amp; Co.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Triton'' <br /> | [[Merchantman]]<br /> | L. Crown<br /> | [[Sunderland]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}} <br /> | For private owner.&lt;ref name=Searlep120/&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{HNLMS|Valk|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Full-rigged ship]]<br /> | <br /> | [[Rotterdam]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} <br /> | For [[Royal Netherlands Navy]].&lt;ref name=Valk&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=1830 |title=Dutch ship 'Valk' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{HNLMS|Waterloo|1824|2}}<br /> | [[Third rate]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} <br /> | For [[Royal Netherlands Navy]].&lt;ref name=Waterloo&gt;{{cite web |url=https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&amp;id=869 |title=Dutch Third Rate ship of the line 'Waterloo' (1824) |publisher=Threedecks |accessdate=26 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | {{ship||William Salthouse|ship|2}}<br /> | [[Barque]]<br /> | Salthouse &amp; Co.<br /> | [[Liverpool]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For Salthouse &amp; Co.<br /> |-----<br /> ! Unknown date<br /> | ''Zephyr''<br /> | [[Schooner]]<br /> | Frederick Baddeley<br /> | [[Brixham]]<br /> | {{flagcountry|UKGBI}}<br /> | For John C. Baddeley &amp; Frederick Baddeley.&lt;ref name=Zephyr&gt;{{cite web |url=http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&amp;builder=12416&amp;ref=234146&amp;vessel=ZEPHYR |title=Zephyr |publisher=Shipping &amp; Shipbuilding Research Trust |accessdate=26 September 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|20em}}<br /> {{shipevents|1824}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of ship launches|1824]]<br /> [[Category:1824 in transport|Ship launches]]<br /> [[Category:1824 ships| ]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faridi&diff=498908 2026-01-13T21:46:13Z

<p>Vidya1111: starting a data initial version</p> <hr /> <div>Fareedi or Faridi is a clan of the Farooqi tribe named after Farīduddīn Mas'ūd Ganjshakar, a murid of a sheikh who belongs to the Sufi order of Fariduddin Ganjshakar and one of the noble family from Hyderabad known as Paigah family they are also descendant of Fariduddin Ganjshakar. [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki|Hazrat Baba Fariuddin GanjShakar was a murid and spiritual successor of Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.]] Baba Farid was a descendent of second caliph of Islam Umar ibn Khattab (RA). <br /> <br /> __NOTOC__<br /> <br /> ==Surname==<br /> *[[Abdul Haque Faridi]] (1903–1996), Bangladeshi educator and author<br /> *[[Ayesha Faridi]] (born 1979), Indian news anchor<br /> *[[Fazlur Rahman Faridi]] (1932–2011), Indian Islamic studies scholar, economist and writer<br /> *[[Humayun Faridi]] (1952–2012), Bangladeshi actor<br /> *[[Navid Faridi]] (born 1977), Iranian footballer<br /> *[[Sami Faridi]] (born 1983), Saudi Arabian-born cricketer<br /> *[[Shadaab Faridi]], Indian playback singer<br /> *[[Shah Shahidullah Faridi]] (1915–1978), British Muslim convert<br /> <br /> ==Given name==<br /> *[[Faridi Mussa]] (born 1996), Tanzanian footballer<br /> *[[Qamar-ul-Zaman Faridi Chishti]] (1940–2011), Muslim Saint<br /> <br /> ==Fictional==<br /> *[[Ahmad Kamal Faridi]], fictional spy, main character of the Jasoosi Dunya series<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Farid]]<br /> <br /> {{given name|type=both}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesolithic&diff=466961 2026-01-13T00:59:22Z

<p>Vidya1111: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Prehistoric period, second part of the Stone Age}}<br /> {{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{More footnotes needed|date=November 2025}}{{Infobox archaeological culture<br /> |name = Mesolithic<br /> |map = [[File:Hunter gatherer's camp at Irish National Heritage Park - geograph.org.uk - 1252699.jpg|frameless|alt=|upright=1]]<br /> |mapcaption = Reconstruction of a &quot;temporary&quot; Mesolithic house in Ireland; waterside sites offered good food resources.<br /> |mapalt =<br /> |altnames = [[Epipaleolithic]] (for the [[Near East]])<br /> |horizon =<br /> |region = [[Europe]]<br /> |period = Middle of [[Stone Age]]<br /> |dates = 20,000 to 10,000&amp;nbsp;[[Before Present|BP]] (Middle East)&lt;br /&gt;15,000–5,000&amp;nbsp;[[Before Present|BP]] (Europe)<br /> |typesite = <br /> |majorsites = <br /> |extra =<br /> |precededby = [[Upper Paleolithic]]<br /> |followedby = [[Neolithic]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''Mesolithic''' ([[Ancient Greek language|Greek]]: μέσος, ''mesos'' 'middle' + λίθος, ''lithos'' 'stone') is the [[Old World]] [[archaeological period]] between the [[Upper Paleolithic]] and the [[Neolithic]]. The term [[Epipaleolithic]] is often used synonymously, especially for outside northern Europe, and for the corresponding period in [[Epipaleolithic Near East|the Levant]] and [[Epipaleolithic Caucasus|Caucasus]]. The Mesolithic has different time spans in different parts of [[Eurasia]]. It refers to the final period of [[hunter-gatherer]] cultures in Europe and the Middle East, between the end of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the [[Neolithic Revolution]]. In Europe it spans roughly 15,000 to 5,000&amp;nbsp;[[Before Present|BP]]; in the Middle East (the [[Epipalaeolithic Near East]]) roughly 20,000 to 10,000&amp;nbsp;[[Before Present|BP]]. The term is less used of areas farther east, and not at all of those beyond [[Eurasia]] and [[North Africa]].<br /> <br /> The type of culture associated with the Mesolithic varies between areas, but it is associated with a decline in the group hunting of large animals in favour of a broader [[hunter-gatherer]] way of life, and the development of more sophisticated and typically smaller lithic tools and weapons than the heavy-chipped equivalents typical of the Paleolithic. Depending on the region, some use of [[pottery]] and [[History of clothing and textiles#Prehistoric development|textiles]] may be found in sites allocated to the Mesolithic, but generally indications of agriculture are taken as marking [[Neolithic Revolution|transition into the Neolithic]]. The more permanent settlements tend to be close to the sea or inland waters offering a good supply of food. Mesolithic societies are not seen as very complex, and burials are fairly simple; in contrast, grandiose [[Tumulus|burial mounds]] are a mark of the Neolithic.<br /> <br /> == Terminology ==<br /> {{main|Three-age system#Stone Age subdivisions}}<br /> [[File:Evolution of temperature in the Post-Glacial period according to Greenland ice cores.jpg|thumb|upright=2|The Mesolithic begins during the latest [[Pleistocene]], characterized by a progressive rise of temperatures, between the end of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the [[Neolithic Revolution]] during the [[Holocene]]. Evolution of temperature in the Post-Glacial period according to [[Greenland ice cores]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zalloua |first1=Pierre A. |last2=Matisoo-Smith |first2=Elizabeth |title=Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of the middle east |journal=Scientific Reports |date=6 January 2017 |volume=7 |article-number=40338 |doi=10.1038/srep40338 |pmid=28059138 |language=en |issn=2045-2322|pmc=5216412 |bibcode=2017NatSR...740338P }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[File:OpgravingStevoort.jpg|thumb|Mesolithic artifacts]]<br /> <br /> The terms &quot;Paleolithic&quot; and &quot;Neolithic&quot; were introduced by [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|John Lubbock]] in his work ''Pre-historic Times'' in 1865. The additional &quot;Mesolithic&quot; category was added as an intermediate category by Hodder Westropp in 1866. Westropp's suggestion was immediately controversial. A British school led by [[John Evans (archaeologist)|John Evans]] denied any need for an intermediate: the ages blended together like the colors of a rainbow, he said. A European school led by [[Gabriel de Mortillet]] asserted that there was a gap between the earlier and later.<br /> <br /> [[Edouard Piette]] claimed to have filled the gap with his naming of the [[Azilian]] Culture. [[Knut Stjerna]] offered an alternative in the &quot;Epipaleolithic&quot;, suggesting a final phase of the Paleolithic rather than an intermediate age in its own right inserted between the Paleolithic and Neolithic.<br /> <br /> By the time of [[Vere Gordon Childe]]'s work, ''The Dawn of Europe'' (1947), which affirms the Mesolithic, sufficient data had been collected to determine that a transitional period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic was indeed a useful concept.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Linder|first1=F.|title=Social differentiering i mesolitiska jägar-samlarsamhällen|date=1997|publisher=Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet|location=Uppsala.}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the terms &quot;Mesolithic&quot; and &quot;Epipalaeolithic&quot; remain in competition, with varying conventions of usage. In the archaeology of Northern Europe, for example for archaeological sites in Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, Ukraine, and Russia, the term &quot;Mesolithic&quot; is almost always used. In the archaeology of other areas, the term &quot;Epipaleolithic&quot; may be preferred by most authors, or there may be divergences between authors over which term to use or what meaning to assign to each. In the New World, neither term is used (except provisionally in the Arctic).<br /> <br /> &quot;Epipaleolithic&quot; is sometimes also used alongside &quot;Mesolithic&quot; for the final end of the Upper Paleolithic immediately followed by the Mesolithic.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;final Upper Paleolithic industries occurring at the end of the [[Last glacial period|final glaciation]] which appear to merge technologically into the Mesolithic&quot; {{cite book|editor1-last=Bahn|editor1-first=Paul|title=The Penguin archaeology guide|date=2002|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-051448-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/penguinarchaeolo0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt; As &quot;Mesolithic&quot; suggests an intermediate period, followed by the Neolithic, some authors prefer the term &quot;Epipaleolithic&quot; for [[hunter-gatherer]] cultures who are not succeeded by agricultural traditions, reserving &quot;Mesolithic&quot; for cultures who are clearly succeeded by the Neolithic Revolution, such as the [[Natufian culture]]. Other authors use &quot;Mesolithic&quot; as a generic term for hunter-gatherer cultures after the Last Glacial Maximum, whether they are transitional towards agriculture or not. In addition, terminology appears to differ between archaeological sub-disciplines, with &quot;Mesolithic&quot; being widely used in European archaeology, while &quot;Epipalaeolithic&quot; is more common in Near Eastern archaeology.<br /> <br /> ==Europe==<br /> {{further|Prehistoric Europe#Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)}}<br /> [[File:Большой шигирский идол.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Shigir Idol]], from the east of the [[Ural Mountains]].]]<br /> [[File:Sépulture de Teviec Global.jpg|right|thumb|Two skeletons of women aged between 25 and 35 years, dated between 6740 and 5680 BP, both of whom died a violent death. Found at [[Téviec]], France in 1938.]]<br /> <br /> The [[Balkan Mesolithic]] begins around 15,000 years ago. In Western Europe, the Early Mesolithic, or [[Azilian]], begins about 14,000 years ago, in the [[Franco-Cantabrian region]] of northern [[Spain]] and [[Southern France]]. In other parts of Europe, the Mesolithic begins by 11,500 years ago (the beginning of the [[Holocene]]), and it ends with the [[Neolithic Europe|introduction]] of farming, depending on the region between {{circa|8,500}} and 5,500 years ago. Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the [[last glacial period]] ended have a much more apparent Mesolithic era, lasting millennia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Conneller|first1=Chantal|last2=Bayliss|first2=Alex|last3=Milner|first3=Nicky|last4=Taylor|first4=Barry|title=The Resettlement of the British Landscape: Towards a chronology of Early Mesolithic lithic assemblage types|journal=Internet Archaeology|date=2016|volume=42|issue=42|doi=10.11141/ia.42.12|doi-access=free|hdl=10034/621138|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In northern Europe, for example, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands created by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviors that are preserved in the material record, such as the [[Maglemosian]] and [[Azilian]] cultures. Such conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until some 5,500 BP in northern Europe.<br /> <br /> The type of stone toolkit remains one of the most diagnostic features: the Mesolithic used a [[microlithic technology]] – composite devices manufactured with Mode V chipped [[stone tool]]s ([[microliths]]), while the Paleolithic had utilized Modes I–IV. In some areas, however, such as Ireland, parts of Portugal, the Isle of Man and the Tyrrhenian Islands, a macrolithic technology was used in the Mesolithic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland.|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_3.html|publisher=National University of Ireland, Galway}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Neolithic, the microlithic technology was replaced by a macrolithic technology, with an increased use of polished stone tools such as stone axes.<br /> <br /> There is some evidence for the beginning of construction at sites with a ritual or [[Astronomy|astronomical]] significance, including [[Stonehenge]], with a short row of large [[post hole]]s aligned east–west, and a possible &quot;lunar calendar&quot; at [[Warren Field]] in Scotland, with pits of post holes of varying sizes, thought to reflect the [[lunar phase]]s. Both are dated to before {{circa|9,000 BP}} (the 8th millennium BC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue34/gaffney_index.html| title =Time and a Place: A luni-solar 'time-reckoner' from 8th millennium BC Scotland|work=[[Internet Archaeology]] | author=V. Gaffney|access-date = 16 July 2013|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An ancient chewed gum made from the pitch of birch bark revealed that a woman enjoyed a meal of hazelnuts and duck about 5,700 years ago in southern Denmark.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Jensen|first1=Theis Z. T.|last2=Niemann|first2=Jonas|last3=Iversen|first3=Katrine Højholt|last4=Fotakis|first4=Anna K.|last5=Gopalakrishnan|first5=Shyam|last6=Vågene|first6=Åshild J.|last7=Pedersen|first7=Mikkel Winther|last8=Sinding|first8=Mikkel-Holger S.|last9=Ellegaard|first9=Martin R.|last10=Allentoft|first10=Morten E.|last11=Lanigan|first11=Liam T.|date=2019-12-17|title=A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|page=5520|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13549-9 |pmid=31848342 |pmc=6917805 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.5520J |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-19|title=5,700-Year-Old Lola, Her Genome Sequenced from Gum, Joins Other Named Forebears|url=https://dnascience.plos.org/2019/12/19/5700-year-old-lola-her-genome-sequenced-from-gum-joins-other-named-forebears/|access-date=2021-01-05|website=DNA Science|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mesolithic people influenced Europe's forests by bringing favored plants like hazel with them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Paschall|first=Max|date=2020-07-22|title=The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe|url=https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/the-lost-forest-gardens-of-europe|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Shelterwood Forest Farm|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As the &quot;[[Neolithic]] package&quot; (including farming, herding, polished stone axes, [[Neolithic long house|timber longhouses]] and pottery) spread into Europe, the Mesolithic way of life was marginalized and eventually disappeared. Mesolithic adaptations such as sedentism, population size and use of plant foods are cited as evidence of the transition to agriculture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor1-last=Price|editor1-first=Douglas|title=Europe's first farmers|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-66572-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other Mesolithic communities rejected the Neolithic package likely as a result of ideological reluctance, different worldviews and an active rejection of the sedentary-farming lifestyle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Furholt&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Furholt |first1=Martin |title=Mobility and Social Change: Understanding the European Neolithic Period after the Archaeogenetic Revolution |journal=Journal of Archaeological Research |date=2021 |volume=10.1007/s10814-020-09153-x |issue=4 |pages=481–535 |doi=10.1007/s10814-020-09153-x |doi-access=free |hdl=10852/85345 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; In one sample from the [[Blätterhöhle]] in [[Hagen]], it seems that the descendants of Mesolithic people maintained a foraging lifestyle for more than 2000 years after the arrival of farming societies in the area;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bollongino|first1=R.|last2=Nehlich|first2=O.|last3=Richards|first3=M. P.|last4=Orschiedt|first4=J.|last5=Thomas|first5=M. G.|last6=Sell|first6=C.|last7=Fajkosova|first7=Z.|last8=Powell|first8=A.|last9=Burger|first9=J.|title=2000 Years of Parallel Societies in Stone Age Central Europe|journal=Science|date=2013|volume=342|issue=6157|pages=479–81|doi=10.1126/science.1245049|pmid=24114781|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1591/e7a03439c5d75aa20eb76b7ffe572ae19435.pdf|bibcode=2013Sci...342..479B |s2cid=206552000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505015156/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1591/e7a03439c5d75aa20eb76b7ffe572ae19435.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; such societies may be called &quot;[[Subneolithic]]&quot;. For hunter-gatherer communities, long-term close contact and integration in existing farming communities facilitated the adoption of a farming lifestyle. The integration of these hunter-gatherers in farming communities was made possible by their socially open character towards new members.&lt;ref name=&quot;Furholt&quot;/&gt; In north-Eastern Europe, the hunting and fishing lifestyle continued into the [[Medieval]] period in regions less suited to agriculture, and in [[Scandinavia]] no Mesolithic period may be accepted, with the locally preferred &quot;Older Stone Age&quot; moving into the &quot;Younger Stone Age&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Bailey, Geoff and Spikins, Penny, ''Mesolithic Europe'', p. 4, 2008, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0521855039|978-0521855037}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Art===<br /> Compared to the preceding Upper Paleolithic and the following Neolithic, there is rather less surviving art from the Mesolithic. The [[Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin]], which probably spreads across from the Upper Paleolithic, is a widespread phenomenon, much less well known than the cave-paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, with which it makes an interesting contrast. The sites are now mostly cliff faces in the open air, and the subjects are now mostly human rather than animal, with large groups of small figures; there are 45 figures at [[Roca dels Moros]]. Clothing is shown, and scenes of dancing, fighting, hunting and food-gathering. The figures are much smaller than the animals of Paleolithic art, and depicted much more schematically, though often in energetic poses.&lt;ref&gt;Sandars, Nancy K., ''Prehistoric Art in Europe'', Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), pp. 87–96, 1968 (nb 1st edn.)&lt;/ref&gt; A few small engraved [[pendant]]s with suspension holes and simple engraved designs are known, some from northern Europe in [[amber]], and one from [[Star Carr]] in Britain in [[shale]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2016/research/mesolithic-shale-pendant/ &quot;11,000 year old pendant is earliest known Mesolithic art in Britain&quot;], University of York&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Elk's Head of Huittinen]] is a rare Mesolithic animal carving in [[soapstone]] from [[Finland]].<br /> <br /> The rock art in the [[Urals]] appears to show similar changes after the Paleolithic, and the wooden [[Shigir Idol]] is a rare survival of what may well have been a very common material for sculpture. It is a plank of [[larch]] carved with geometric motifs, but topped with a human head. Now in fragments, it would have stood over five metres tall.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/62404-shigir-idol-age-and-new-face.html |title=This Eerie, Human-Like Figure Is Twice As Old As Egypt's Pyramids |last=Geggel |first=Laura |work=[[Live Science]] |date=25 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Ain Sakhri figurine]] from Palestine is a Natufian carving in [[calcite]].<br /> <br /> A total of 33 [[Star Carr Frontlets|antler frontlets]] have been discovered at Star Carr.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Nicky Milner |author2=Chantal Conneller |author3=Barry Taylor |title=STAR CARR Volume 1: a persistent place |publisher=White Rose University Press |date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; These are red deer skulls modified to be worn by humans. Modified frontlets have also been discovered at Bedburg-Königshoven, Hohen Viecheln, Plau, and Berlin-Biesdorf.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Technological aspects of two Mesolithic red deer 'antler frontlets' from the German Rhineland |author1=Martin Street |author2=Markus Wil |editor1=N. Ashton |editor2=C. Harris |title=No Stone Unturned. Papers in Honour of Roger Jacobi |pages=209–219 |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Lovers 9000BC british museum.jpg|The ''[[Ain Sakhri lovers]]''; {{Circa|9000 BCE}} (late [[Epipalaeolithic Near East]]); [[calcite]]; height: 10.2&amp;nbsp;cm, width: 6.3&amp;nbsp;cm; from Ain Sakhri (near [[Bethlehem]], [[Palestine]]); [[British Museum]] (London)<br /> File:Star Carr Engraved Pendant.gif|Animated image showing the sequence of engravings on a pendant excavated from the Mesolithic archaeological site of [[Star Carr]] in 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Morgan | first1 = C. | last2 = Scholma-Mason | first2 = N. | year = 2017 | title = Animated GIFs as Expressive Visual Narratives and Expository Devices in Archaeology | journal = Internet Archaeology | issue = 44| doi = 10.11141/ia.44.11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> File:064 Pintures de la cova dels Moros, exposició al Museu de Gavà.JPG|[[Roca dels Moros]], Spain, ''The Dance of Cogul'', tracing by [[Henri Breuil]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === Weaving ===<br /> Weaving techniques were deployed to create shoes and baskets, the latter being of fine construction and decorated with dyes. Examples have been found in [[Cueva de los Murciélagos]] in Southern Spain that in 2023 were dated to 9,500 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;''Hunter-Gatherers Were Making Baskets 9,500 Years Ago, Researchers Say'' by Rachel Chaundler, The New York Times 30 September 2023 Science, updated 3 October 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Sevilla |first1=Francisco |last2=Herrero-Otal |first2=Maria |last3=Martín-Seijo |first3=María |last4=Santana |first4=Jonathan |last5=Lozano Rodríguez |first5=José A. |last6=Maicas Ramos |first6=Ruth |last7=Cubas |first7=Miriam |last8=Homs |first8=Anna |last9=Martínez Sánchez |first9=Rafael M. |last10=Bertin |first10=Ingrid |last11=Barroso Bermejo |first11=Rosa |last12=Bueno Ramírez |first12=Primitiva |last13=de Balbín Behrmann |first13=Rodrigo |last14=Palomo Pérez |first14=Antoni |last15=Álvarez-Valero |first15=Antonio M. |date=2023-09-27 |title=The earliest basketry in southern Europe: Hunter-gatherer and farmer plant-based technology in Cueva de los Murciélagos (Albuñol) |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=9 |issue=39 |article-number=eadi3055 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adi3055 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10530072 |pmid=37756397|bibcode=2023SciA....9I3055M }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ceramic Mesolithic===<br /> {{See also|Subneolithic}}<br /> In North-Eastern [[Europe]], [[Siberia]], and certain southern European and [[North Africa]]n sites, a &quot;ceramic Mesolithic&quot; can be distinguished between {{circa|9,000}} to 5,850 BP. Russian archaeologists prefer to describe such pottery-making cultures as Neolithic, even though farming is absent. This pottery-making Mesolithic culture can be found peripheral to the sedentary Neolithic cultures. It created a distinctive type of pottery, with point or knob base and flared rims, manufactured by methods not used by the Neolithic farmers. Though each area of Mesolithic ceramic developed an individual style, common features suggest a single point of origin.&lt;ref&gt;De Roevers, pp. 162–63&lt;/ref&gt;{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} The earliest manifestation of this type of pottery may be in the region around [[Lake Baikal]] in Siberia. It appears in the [[Yelshanka culture]] on the [[Volga]] in Russia 9,000 years ago,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Anthony|first1=D.W.|editor1-last=Yanko-Hombach|editor1-first=V.|editor2-last=Gilbert|editor2-first=A.A.|editor3-last=Panin|editor3-first=N.|editor4-last=Dolukhanov|editor4-first=P.M.|title=The Black Sea Flood Question: changes in coastline, climate and human settlement|date=2007|isbn=978-94-024-0465-4|pages=245–370|chapter=Pontic-Caspian Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies at the time of the Black Sea Flood: a small audience and small effects|publisher=Springer }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Anthony|first1=David W.|title=The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-14818-2|title-link=The Horse, The Wheel and Language}}&lt;/ref&gt; and from there spread via the [[Dnieper-Donets culture]] to the [[Narva culture]] of the Eastern Baltic. Spreading westward along the coastline it is found in the [[Ertebølle culture]] of [[Denmark]] and Ellerbek of Northern Germany, and the related [[Swifterbant culture]] of the [[Low Countries]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Gronenborn|first1=Detlef|title=Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe|journal=Proceedings of the British Academy|date=2007|volume=144|pages=73–98}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Detlef Gronenborn, Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe, ''Proceedings of the British Academy'', vol. 144 (2007), pp. 73–98 (87).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:National Museum of China 2014.02.01 14-43-38.jpg|thumb|Pottery with re-construction repairs found in [[Xianrendong]] cave, dating to 20,000–10,000 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Huan |first1=Anthony |title=Ancient China: Neolithic |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonyhuan/32661009357/in/album-72157706522993001/ |website=National Museum of China |date=13 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> A 2012 publication in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' announced that the earliest pottery yet known anywhere in the world was found in Xianrendong cave in China, dating by radiocarbon to between 20,000 and 19,000 years before present, at the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/06/pottery-found-in-from-china-cave-confirmed-as-worlds-oldest/1#.UDiyGtZlRv0|title=Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest|author=Stanglin, Douglas|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=29 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Xianrendong&gt;{{cite journal|title=Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=29 June 2012|volume=336|issue=6089|pages=1696–1700|doi=10.1126/science.1218643|bibcode = 2012Sci...336.1696W|pmid=22745428|last1=Wu|first1=X|last2=Zhang|first2=C|last3=Goldberg|first3=P|last4=Cohen|first4=D|last5=Pan|first5=Y|last6=Arpin|first6=T|last7=Bar-Yosef|first7=O|s2cid=37666548 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The carbon-14 datation was established by carefully dating surrounding sediments.&lt;ref name=Xianrendong/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Science&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bar-Yosef |first1=Ofer |last2=Arpin |first2=Trina |last3=Pan |first3=Yan |last4=Cohen |first4=David |last5=Goldberg |first5=Paul |last6=Zhang |first6=Chi |last7=Wu |first7=Xiaohong |title=Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China |journal=Science |date=29 June 2012 |volume=336 |issue=6089 |pages=1696–1700 |doi=10.1126/science.1218643 |pmid=22745428 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|bibcode=2012Sci...336.1696W |s2cid=37666548 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the pottery fragments had scorch marks, suggesting that the pottery was used for cooking.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science&quot;/&gt; These early pottery containers were made well before the [[invention of agriculture]] (dated to 10,000 to 8,000 BC), by mobile foragers who hunted and gathered their food during the Late Glacial Maximum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cultures===<br /> {{Human history and prehistory}}<br /> {{Mesolithic|233}}<br /> [[File:Comb Ceramic Culture.jpg|thumb|[[Comb Ceramic culture]] existed from around 4200 BC to around 2000 BC. The bearers of the culture are thought to have still mostly followed the Mesolithic [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyle.]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Geographical range<br /> ! Periodization<br /> ! Culture<br /> ! Temporal range<br /> ! Notable sites<br /> |-<br /> |Southeastern Europe (Greece, Aegean)<br /> | [[Balkan Mesolithic]]<br /> |<br /> | {{sort|15|15,000–7,000 BP}}<br /> | [[Franchthi Cave|Franchthi]], [[Theopetra cave|Theopetra]]&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Gibbens, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180120032446/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/archaeology-agvi-greek-stoneage-facial-reconstruction/ &quot;Face of 9,000-Year-Old Teenager Reconstructed&quot;], ''National Geographic'', 19 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Southeastern Europe]] ([[Romania]]/[[Serbia]])<br /> | [[Balkan Mesolithic]]<br /> | [[Iron Gates culture]]<br /> | {{sort|13|13,000–5,000 BP}}<br /> | [[Lepenski Vir]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first=Dragoslav | last=Srejovic | title=Europe's First Monumental Sculpture: New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir | year=1972 | publisher=Thames and Hudson | isbn=978-0-500-39009-2}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Western Europe]]<br /> | Early Mesolithic<br /> | [[Azilian]]<br /> | {{sort|14|14,000–10,000 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Northern Europe ([[Norway]])<br /> |<br /> | [[Fosna-Hensbacka culture]]<br /> | {{sort|12|12,000–10,500 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Northern Europe ([[Norway]])<br /> | Early Mesolithic<br /> | [[Komsa culture]]<br /> | {{sort|12|12,000–10,000 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Central Asia ([[Ural (region)|Middle Urals]])<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | 12,000–5,000 BP<br /> |[[Shigir Idol]], [[Vtoraya Beregovaya]]&lt;ref&gt;<br /> Central Asia does not enter the Neolithic, but transitions from the Mesolithic to the [[Chalcolithic]] in the fourth millennium BC ([https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/nc.html metmuseum.org]).<br /> The early onset of the Mesolithic in Central Asia and its importance for later European mesolithic cultures was understood only after 2015, with the radiocarbon dating of the Shigor idol to 11,500 years old.<br /> N.E. Zaretskaya et al., &quot;Radiocarbon chronology of the Shigir and Gorbunovo archaeological bog sites, Middle Urals, Russia&quot;, ''Proceedings of the 6th International Radiocarbon and Archaeology Symposium'', (E Boaretto and N R Rebollo Franco eds.), ''RADIOCARBON'' Vol 54, No. 3–4, 2012, 783–94.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Northeastern Europe ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and northwestern [[Russia]])<br /> | Middle Mesolithic<br /> | [[Kunda culture]]<br /> | {{sort|10.5|10,500–7,000 BP}}<br /> | [[Linnuse, Lääne-Viru County|Lammasmägi]], [[Pulli settlement]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Northern Europe]]<br /> |<br /> | [[Maglemosian culture]]<br /> | {{sort|11|11,000–8,000 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Central Europe]]<br /> |<br /> | [[Sauveterrian|Sauveterrian culture]]<br /> | {{sort|10.5|10,500–8,500 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Western Europe (Great Britain)<br /> | [[British Mesolithic]]<br /> |<br /> | {{sort|11|11,000–6000 BP}}<br /> | [[Star Carr]], [[Howick house]], [[Gough's Cave]], [[Cramond]], [[Aveline's Hole]]<br /> |-<br /> | Western Europe (Ireland)<br /> | [[Irish Mesolithic]]<br /> |<br /> | {{sort|11|11,000–5,500 BP}}<br /> | [[Mount Sandel Mesolithic site|Mount Sandel]]<br /> |-<br /> | Western Europe ([[Belgium]] and [[France]])<br /> |<br /> | [[Tardenoisian|Tardenoisian culture]]<br /> | {{sort|10|10,000–5,000 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Central and Eastern Europe ([[Belarus]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]])<br /> | Late Mesolithic<br /> | [[Neman culture]]<br /> | {{sort|09|9,000–5,000 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Northern Europe ([[Scandinavia]])<br /> |<br /> | [[Nøstvet and Lihult cultures]]<br /> | {{sort|08.2|8,200–5,200 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Northern Europe ([[Scandinavia]])<br /> |<br /> | [[Kongemose culture]]<br /> | {{sort|08|8,000–7,200 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Northern Europe ([[Scandinavia]])<br /> | Late Mesolithic<br /> | [[Ertebølle culture|Ertebølle]]<br /> | {{sort|07.3|7,300–5,900 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Western Europe (Netherlands)<br /> | Late Mesolithic<br /> | [[Swifterbant culture|Swifterbant]]<br /> | {{sort|07.3|7,300–5,400 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Western Europe (Portugal)<br /> | Late Mesolithic<br /> |<br /> |{{sort|07.3|7,600–5,500 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Mesolithic outside of Europe==<br /> [[File:Stone Age Stone Mortar &amp; Pestle, Kebaran culture, 22000-18000 BP.jpg|thumb|Mesolithic stone mortar and pestle, [[Kebaran culture]], [[Epipaleolithic Near East]]. 22,000–18,000 BP]]<br /> <br /> While Paleolithic and Neolithic have been found useful terms and concepts in the [[archaeology of China]], and can be mostly regarded as happily naturalized, Mesolithic was introduced later, mostly after 1945, and does not appear to be a necessary or useful term in the context of China. Chinese sites that have been regarded as Mesolithic are better considered as Early Neolithic.&lt;ref&gt;Zhang, Chi, [https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:doc-ON9U3D5U/3841cd9c-4969-4198-8dea-efd7f3b2bf7e/PDF ''The Mesolithic and the Neolithic in China''] (PDF), 1999, ''Documenta Praehistorica. Poročilo o raziskovanju paleolitika, neolotika in eneolitika v Sloveniji. Neolitske študije'' = Neolithic studies, [Zv.] 26 (1999), pp. 1–13 dLib&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[archaeology of India]], the Mesolithic, dated roughly between 12,000 and 8,000 BP, remains a concept in use.&lt;ref&gt;Sailendra Nath Sen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA23 ''Ancient Indian History and Civilization''], p. 23, 1999, New Age International, {{ISBN|8122411983|978-8122411980}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[archaeology of the Americas]], an [[Archaic period (North America)|Archaic]] or Meso-Indian period, following the [[Lithic stage]], somewhat equates to the Mesolithic.<br /> <br /> The [[Saharan rock art|Saharan rock paintings]] found at [[Tassili n'Ajjer]] in central [[Sahara]], and at other locations depict vivid scenes of everyday life in central [[North Africa]]. Some of these paintings were executed by a hunting people who lived in a [[savanna]] region teeming with a water-dependent species like the [[hippopotamus]], animals that no longer exist in the now-desert area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tassili n'Ajjer |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/179/ |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!--<br /> unrelated, just a case for {{distinguish}}<br /> In the archaeology of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], Lower Paleolithic is replaced by &quot;[[Early Stone Age]]&quot;, Middle Paleolithic is replaced by &quot;[[Middle Stone Age]]&quot; and Upper Paleolithic by &quot;[[Later Stone Age]]&quot; (beginning some 50,000 years ago) according to the terminology introduced by John Hilary Goodman and [[Clarence van Riet Lowe]] of South Africa in the early 20th century. Therefore, care must be taken in translating &quot;Mesolithic&quot; as &quot;Middle Stone Age&quot;, as the latter term has an unrelated technical meaning in the context of [[African archaeology]].<br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Geographical range<br /> ! Periodization<br /> ! Culture<br /> ! Temporal range<br /> ! Notable sites<br /> |-<br /> | North Africa ([[Morocco]])<br /> | Late Upper Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic<br /> | [[Iberomaurusian|Iberomaurusian culture]]<br /> | {{sort|24|24,000–10,000 BP}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[North Africa]]<br /> |<br /> | [[Capsian culture]]<br /> | {{sort|12|12,000–8,000 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[East Africa]]<br /> |<br /> |Kenya Mesolithic<br /> |8,200–7,400 BP<br /> |Gamble's cave&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Stone-Age/Africa|title=Africa-Paleolithic|website=Britannica|access-date=28 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Central Asia ([[Ural (region)|Middle Urals]])<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | 12,000–5,000 BP<br /> |[[Shigir Idol]], [[Vtoraya Beregovaya]]&lt;ref&gt;<br /> Central Asia does not enter the Neolithic, but transitions from the Mesolithic to the [[Chalcolithic]] in the fourth millennium BC ([https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/nc.html metmuseum.org]).<br /> The early onset of the Mesolithic in Central Asia and its importance for later European mesolithic cultures was understood only after 2015, with the radiocarbon dating of the Shigor idol to 11,500 years old.<br /> N.E. Zaretskaya et al., &quot;Radiocarbon chronology of the Shigir and Gorbunovo archaeological bog sites, Middle Urals, Russia&quot;, ''Proceedings of the 6th International Radiocarbon and Archaeology Symposium'', (E Boaretto and N R Rebollo Franco eds.), ''RADIOCARBON'' Vol 54, No. 3–4, 2012, 783–794.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | East Asia ([[Japan]])<br /> | [[Jōmon period|Jōmon cultures]]<br /> |<br /> | {{sort|16|16,000–2,350 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | East Asia ([[Korea]])<br /> | [[Jeulmun pottery period]]<br /> |<br /> | {{sort|10|10,000–3,500 BP}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |South Asia (India)<br /> |[[South Asian Stone Age]]<br /> |<br /> |{{sort|12|12,000–4,000 BP}}&lt;ref&gt;The term &quot;Mesolithic&quot; is not a useful term for the periodization of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|tribes]] in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a Mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000–4,000 BP is based on the combination of the ranges given by Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early Neolithic at [[Mehrgarh]]. D.P. Agrawal et al., &quot;Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age&quot;, ''Journal of Human Evolution'', Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37–44: &quot;A total time bracket of c. 6,000–2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor, Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc.&quot; (p. 38). S.N. Sen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA23 ''Ancient Indian History and Civilization''], 1999: &quot;The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C.&quot; (p. 23).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Bhimbetka rock shelters]], [[Chopani Mando]], [[Lekhahia]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Caucasus hunter-gatherer]]<br /> * {{format link|History of archery#Prehistory}}<br /> * [[List of Stone Age art]]<br /> * [[List of Mesolithic settlements]]<br /> * [[Mammoth extinction]]<br /> * [[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer]]<br /> * [[Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer]]<br /> * [[Western Hunter-Gatherer]]<br /> * [[Anatolian hunter-gatherers]]<br /> * [[Younger Dryas]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Mesolithic}}<br /> <br /> {{Prehistoric technology|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mesolithic| ]]<br /> [[Category:Holocene]]<br /> [[Category:1860s neologisms]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subhashni_Giridhar&diff=537766 2026-01-12T04:16:26Z

<p>Vidya1111: added some details and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian classical dancer (born 1965)}}<br /> {{no footnotes|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Subhashni Giridhar<br /> | image = Subhashni Giridhar.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = CA Subhashni Giridhar<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|4|27}}<br /> | birth_place = Chennai, India<br /> | years_active = 1990–present<br /> | spouse = [[Purisai Giridhar]] (1995–present)<br /> | occupation = Indian classical dancer of Bharatanatyam and a Chartered Accountant<br /> | children = 1<br /> | website = [http://www.subhashni.in/ Subhashni.in]<br /> }}<br /> '''Subhashni Giridhar''' (born 27 April 1965) is an Indian classical dancer of Bharatanatyam and a Chartered Accountant.<br /> <br /> == Early life and background ==<br /> Subhashni Giridhar had the passion for dance since childhood and had trained in Thanjavur style of [[Bharata Natyam]] from the well known Gurus - ‘Kalaimamani’ late Guru A.T Govindaraj Pillai and later on from ‘Kalaimamani’ late Guru T.K. Mahalingam Pillai and Guru Vasant kumar of renowned Sri Rajarajeswari Bharatha Natya Kala Mandir, Matunga. Learning from the age of 8, she gave her first stage performance&amp;nbsp;– ‘Arangetram’ on 26 January 1990.<br /> <br /> == Dance career ==<br /> After her ‘[[Arangetram (dance)|Arangetram]]’ in 1990, she has been giving several solo performance.<br /> Being a national level danseuse, her specialization is solo recitals.<br /> She has been giving solo performances since 1990 and has performed in several major sabhas / organizations such as Sri Shanmukhananda Sabha in [[Mumbai]] (1995) and [[New Delhi]] (2016), [[Ministry of Culture (India)]], Mulund Fine Arts Society, twice in [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]] in Little theatre and Godrej Dance Academy, four in [[ISKCON]]&amp;nbsp;– monthly festival and Janmashtami Festival, Mulund Fine Arts Society, Cultural Festivals organized by Governments of [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], ‘Vividha Kala Mahotsav’ organized by Department of Cultural Affairs, Govt of Maharashtra, ‘Pongal festival’ organized by Govt of Tamil Nadu at [[Taj Mahal Palace &amp; Tower]], and Centaur Hotel, festival under the aegis of Department of Tourism, Govt of Andhra Pradesh at [[Shilparamam]], Regional conference of ICSI, SICA at [[Ravindra Bharathi]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], dance festival of Kalasagaram, [[Secunderabad]] and Bombay Andhra Maha Sabha, Mumbai. In the year 2014, Subhashni completed 25 years as a dance exponent. She performed at the [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]] to mark this occasion.<br /> <br /> She also has set up a BharataNatyam Academy by the name - &quot;Suguna Nrityalaya&quot; in the memory of her late sister Smt Suguna, who mentored her to pursue BharataNatyam in the first place.<br /> The money from this academy would be forming the corpus of a Trust. The Trust money would be for imparting education to the underprivileged.<br /> <br /> == Academic career ==<br /> She is a post graduate in commerce from R.A.Podar College of Commerce, and also a Chartered Accountant. She became a FCA&amp;nbsp;– fellow member of [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] from 2003. In 2004, she acquired a post qualification degree DISA&amp;nbsp;– Diploma in Information and Systems Audit from the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]].<br /> She has been conferred the title of ‘SHRINGAR MANI’ and adjudged as best dancer all over India, by SUR SINGAR SAMSAD.<br /> She has been pursuing her academic career with equal dedication and is a practising Chartered Accountant in Mumbai.<br /> <br /> == Choreographies ==<br /> Subhashni has choreographed many of her Dance Recitals<br /> * She choreographed special dance theme &quot;Shri Krishna Kaarunya&quot; and performed it at Sri Janmashtami Festival at [[ISKCON]], Kharghar, [[Navi Mumbai]] and &quot;Shri Krishna Vaibhav&quot; performed at [[ISKCON]], Juhu, Mumbai.<br /> * Her recent concept which she gave shape to was ‘[[Navarasas]] in the life of a student till he / she becomes a Professional / CA’. The concept, choreography and the performance was appreciated by the audience.<br /> &quot;First time in the history of [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]], CA motto and history of CA emblem was shown by me in Abhinaya and [[Mudras]] with English subtitles, on CA Foundation day on 1 July 2011.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Philosophy ==<br /> The reason God made her to pursue her career and her passion ([[Bharathanatyam]]), both with the same zeal and enthusiasm was because God had chosen CA to fulfill the financial needs and Dance for her inner Bliss, she says.<br /> The Supreme satisfaction of the inner self while performing dance is unexplainable.<br /> The main reason that She has never made Dance a source of income after being a performer for more than two decades is that, she has always considered Bharathnatyam Dance as eternal and spiritual. When one could get so much of immense self-satisfaction and pure happiness then what else one could ask for from Dance? Materialistic thing like money?<br /> She has dedicated herself to [[Bharathanatyam]]. She believes in continuing her art all through her life and train as many dancers as possible who will carry on this legacy in to the future generations, without making it a commercial proposition. She says &quot;If Every dance Performance of mine can motivate at least one person to pursue this rich Indian art of [[Bharata Natyam]] that would be my humble contribution to the field of art.&quot;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> *[http://www.subhashni.in Official Website]<br /> *[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/performing-with-passion/article8309584.ece The Hindu Friday Review]<br /> *[https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=GL0586NT3.1&amp;imageview=0 The Hindu Friday Review]<br /> *[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/a-seamless-storyteller/article4576914.ece The Hindu Friday Review]<br /> *[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Of-divinity-and-the-faithful/article16076665.ece The Hindu Friday Review]<br /> *[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Well-knit-abhinaya/article17065558.ece The Hindu Friday Review]<br /> *[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/it-was-a-captivating-tribute-to-saint-andal/articleshow/56564349.cms Times Of India Article]<br /> *[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/a-dance-recital-that-explored-the-bhakti-rasa-in-detail/articleshow/67600120.cms Times Of India Article]<br /> *[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/an-ode-to-the-tanjore-style-of-bharatanatyam/articleshow/65643646.cms Times Of India Article]<br /> *[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/an-enchanting-evening-of-bharatanatyam/articleshow/58577865.cms Times Of India Article]<br /> *[http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTMumbai&amp;dt=28082011&amp;page=582_018&amp;mdl= Article in Hindustan Times]<br /> *[http://westsideplus.mumbaimirror.com/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&amp;action=add&amp;sectid=7&amp;contentid=200806212008061913554789380a8215e&amp;subsite= Westside Plus, Times Of India Article]<br /> *[http://m.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&amp;sectname=CITY%20-%20Briefs&amp;sectid=35&amp;contentid=2011082820110829123012864b001b906 Article in Mumbai Mirror]<br /> *[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/subhashini-giridhar-bharatanatyam-recital-review/article6886778.ece The Hindu Friday Review]<br /> *[https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Womenia/2018-09-04/Salutations-and-Celebrations-Subhashni-Giridhar/409673 Review in Hans India]<br /> *[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2016-10-15/Devotional-fervour/258767 Review in Hans India]<br /> *[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2017-01-16/Dream-of-the-sacred-marriage-rendered-majestically/273918 Review in Hans India]<br /> *[https://telanganatoday.com/ode-to-the-gods Review in Telangana Today]<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Giridhar, Subhashni}}<br /> [[Category:1965 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&diff=453968 2025-12-20T20:34:29Z

<p>Vidya1111: brief improve details based on references further</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Prehistoric ocean between Gondwana and Laurasia}}<br /> [[Image:Laurasia-Gondwana.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|First phase of the Tethys Ocean's forming: the (first) Tethys Sea starts dividing [[Pangaea]] into two supercontinents, [[Laurasia]] and [[Gondwana]].]]<br /> <br /> The '''Tethys Ocean''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|θ|ɪ|s|,_|ˈ|t|ɛ|-}} {{respell|TEETH|iss|,_|TETH|-}}; {{langx|el|Τηθύς}} {{translit|grc|Tēthús}}), also called the '''Tethys Sea''' or the '''Neo-Tethys''', was a prehistoric ocean during much of the [[Mesozoic|Mesozoic Era]] and early-mid [[Cenozoic|Cenozoic Era]]. It was the predecessor to the modern [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and the Eurasian inland marine basins (primarily represented today by the [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bialik |first1=Or M. |last2=Frank |first2=Martin |last3=Betzler |first3=Christian |last4=Zammit |first4=Ray |last5=Waldmann |first5=Nicolas D. |date=2019-06-20 |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8842 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 |pmid=31222018 |pmc=6586870 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.8842B |issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> During the early Mesozoic, as [[Pangaea]] broke up, the designation “Tethys Ocean” refers to the ocean located between the ancient continents of [[Gondwana]] and [[Laurasia]]. After the opening of the Indian and [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] oceans during the [[Cretaceous]] Period and the breakup of these continents over the same period, it refers to the ocean bordered by the continents of Africa, Eurasia, India, and Australasia. During the early-mid Cenozoic, the Indian, African, Australian and Arabian plates moved north and collided with the Eurasian plate, which created new borders to the ocean, a land barrier to the flow of currents between the Indian and Mediterranean basins, and the [[Orogeny|orogenies]] of the [[Alpide belt]] (including the [[Alps]], [[Himalayas]], [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], and [[Caucasus Mountains]]). All of these geological events, in addition to a drop in sea level from Antarctic glaciation, brought an end to the Tethys as it previously existed, fragmenting it into the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the [[Paratethys]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> It was preceded by the [[Paleo-Tethys Ocean]], which lasted between the [[Cambrian]] and the [[Early Triassic]], while the Neotethys formed during the [[Late Triassic]] and lasted in some form up to the [[Oligocene]]–[[Miocene]] boundary (about 24–21 million years ago) when it completely closed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tethys Sea {{!}} Definition, Location, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tethys-Sea|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Torfstein |first1=Adi |last2=Steinberg |first2=Josh |date=2020-08-14 |title=The Oligo–Miocene closure of the Tethys Ocean and evolution of the proto-Mediterranean Sea |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=13817 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-70652-4 |pmid=32796882 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=7427807 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A portion known as the [[Paratethys]] was isolated during the Oligocene (34 million years ago) and lasted up to the [[Pliocene]] (about 5&amp;nbsp;million years ago), when it largely dried out.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Stampfli|first=Gérard|title=155&amp;nbsp;Ma - Late Oxfordian (an. M25)|url=http://www.unil.ch/webdav/site/igp/shared/Research/Geodynamics_-_Stampfli/155.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113060454/http://www.unil.ch/webdav/site/igp/shared/Research/Geodynamics_-_Stampfli/155.pdf|archive-date=2012-01-13|publisher=[[University of Lausanne]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The modern inland seas of Europe and Western Asia, namely the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, are remnants of the Paratethys Sea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The sea is named after [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], who, in ancient Greek mythology, is a water goddess, a sister and consort of [[Oceanus]], mother of the [[Oceanids|Oceanid]] sea nymphs and of the world's great rivers, lakes and fountains.<br /> <br /> ==Terminology and subdivisions==<br /> <br /> The eastern part of the Tethys Ocean is sometimes referred to as Eastern Tethys. The western part of the Tethys Ocean is called Tethys Sea, Western Tethys Ocean, or [[Paratethys]] or Alpine Tethys Ocean. The [[Black Sea|Black]], [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]], and [[Aral Sea|Aral]] seas are thought to be its [[crust (geology)|crustal]] remains, though the Black Sea may, in fact, be a remnant of the older [[Paleo-Tethys Ocean]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Van-der-Voo-1993&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Van der Voo|1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> The Western Tethys was not simply a single open ocean. It covered many small plates, [[Cretaceous]] [[island arc]]s, and [[microcontinent]]s. Many small [[oceanic basin]]s ([[Valais Ocean]], [[Piemont-Liguria Ocean]], [[Meliata Ocean]]) were separated from each other by continental [[terrane]]s on the [[Alboran plate|Alboran]], [[Iberian plate|Iberian]], and [[Apulian plate|Apulian]] plates. The high [[eustasy|sea level]] in the Mesozoic flooded most of these continental domains, forming shallow seas.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} <br /> <br /> During the early Cenozoic, the Tethys Ocean could be divided into three sections: the Mediterranean Tethys (the direct predecessor to the Mediterranean Sea), the Peri-Tethys (a vast inland sea that covered much of eastern Europe and central Asia, and the direct predecessor to the Paratethys Sea), and the Indian Tethys (the direct predecessor to the Indian Ocean).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Palcu |first1=Dan V. |last2=Krijgsman |first2=Wout |date=2023-03-31 |title=The dire straits of Paratethys: gateways to the anoxic giant of Eurasia |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP523-2021-73 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=523 |issue=1 |pages=111–139 |doi=10.1144/SP523-2021-73 |bibcode=2023GSLSP.523...73P |issn=0305-8719}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Turgai Strait]] extended out of the Peri-Tethys, connecting the Tethys with the [[Arctic Ocean]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Akhmetiev |first1=Mikhail A. |last2=Zaporozhets |first2=Nina I. |last3=Benyamovskiy |first3=Vladimir N. |last4=Aleksandrova |first4=Galina N. |last5=Iakovleva |first5=Alina I. |last6=Oreshkina |first6=Tatiana V. |date=2012 |title=The Paleogene History of the Western Siberian Seaway - a Connection of the Peri-Tethys to the Arctic Ocean |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=a9h&amp;AN=93481617&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site |journal=Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=50–67}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As theories have improved, scientists have extended the &quot;Tethys&quot; name to refer to three similar oceans that preceded it, separating the continental terranes: in Asia, the [[Paleo-Tethys]] (Devonian–Triassic), [[Meso-Tethys]] (late [[Cisuralian|Early Permian]]–Late Cretaceous), and [[Ceno-Tethys]] (Late-Triassic–Cenozoic) are recognized.&lt;ref name=metcalfe/&gt; None of the Tethys oceans should be confused with the [[Rheic Ocean]], which existed to the west of them in the Silurian Period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Stampfli|Borel|2002|loc=Figs. 3–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; To the north of the Tethys, the then-land mass is called [[Angaraland]] and to the south of it, it is called [[Gondwanaland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Challenger at Sea: A Ship That Revolutionized Earth Science|last=Hsü|first=Kenneth|pages=199}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Modern theory==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=April 2025}}<br /> From the [[Ediacaran]] (600&amp;nbsp;{{abbr|Mya|million years ago}}) into the [[Devonian]] (360 {{abbr|Mya|million years ago}}), the [[Proto-Tethys Ocean]] existed and was situated between [[Baltica]] and [[Laurentia]] to the north and [[Gondwana]] to the south.<br /> <br /> From the [[Silurian]] (440 {{abbr|Mya|million years ago}}) through the [[Jurassic]] periods, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean existed between the [[Hunic terranes]] and Gondwana. Over a period of 400&amp;nbsp;million years, continental [[terrane]]s intermittently separated from Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere to migrate northward to form Asia in the Northern Hemisphere.&lt;ref name=metcalfe&gt;{{Harvnb|Metcalfe|2013|loc=Introduction, p. 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:249 global.png|thumb|Plate tectonic reconstruction of the Tethys realm at 249&amp;nbsp;{{abbr|Mya|million years ago}}]]<br /> ===Triassic Period===<br /> About 250&amp;nbsp;Mya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Triassic/MidTrias.html |series=Palaeos Mesozoic: Triassic |title=Middle Triassic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030745/http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Triassic/MidTrias.html |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; during the [[Triassic]], a new ocean began forming in the southern end of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. A rift formed along the northern continental shelf of Southern [[Pangaea]] (Gondwana). Over the next 60&amp;nbsp;million years, that piece of shelf, known as [[Cimmerian plate|Cimmeria]], traveled north, pushing the floor of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean under the eastern end of northern [[Pangaea]] (early / proto- [[Laurasia]]). The Neo-Tethys Ocean formed between Cimmeria and Gondwana, directly over where the Paleo-Tethys formerly rested.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}<br /> <br /> ===Jurassic Period===<br /> During the [[Jurassic]] period about 150&amp;nbsp;Mya, Cimmeria finally collided with Laurasia and stalled, so the ocean floor behind it [[subduction|buckled under]], forming the [[Tethys Trench]]. Water levels rose, and the western Tethys shallowly covered significant portions of Europe, forming the first Tethys Sea. Around the same time, Laurasia and Gondwana began [[continental drift|drifting apart]], opening an extension of the Tethys Sea between them, which today is the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[Caribbean]]. As North and South America were still attached to the rest of Laurasia and Gondwana, respectively, the Tethys Ocean in its widest extension was part of a continuous oceanic belt running around the Earth between about [[latitude]] 30°N and the [[Equator]]. Thus, [[ocean current]]s at the time around the [[Early Cretaceous]] ran very differently from the way they do today.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}<br /> <br /> ===Late Cretaceous===<br /> [[File:100 global.png|thumb|Plate tectonic reconstruction of the Tethys realm at 100&amp;nbsp;Mya]]<br /> Between the Jurassic and the [[Late Cretaceous]], which started about 100 Mya, Gondwana began breaking up, pushing Africa and India north across the Tethys and opening up the Indian Ocean. During the Late Cretaceous, the Tethys sea was home to many different animals, including [[marine reptiles]], [[Osteichthyes|bony fish]], [[Chondrichthyes|cartilaginous fish]], and [[Cephalopod|cephalopods]]. The [[Island|islands]] that were located in the northern parts of the Tethys sea ([[Europe]]) created [[Biodiversity|biodiverse]] [[Ecosystem|ecosystems]] that had animals that went through [[insular dwarfism]] and [[Island gigantism|insular gigantism]]. The insular dwarfism process happened mostly to the [[Dinosaur|dinosaurs]] that lived on the islands, like the [[Sauropoda|sauropods]] and the [[Hadrosauromorpha|hadrosaurs]]. [[Telmatosaurus]] is a good representation of the insular dwarfism process. While the insular dwarfism process happened to the dinosaurs, the [[Pterosaur|pterosaurs]] that lived on the islands went through the process known as insular gigantism. [[Hatzegopteryx]] was a huge [[Azhdarchidae|azhdarchid]] pterosaur that lived on the islands of the Tethys Sea. This giant pterosaur would have filled its [[ecological niche]] as an [[apex predator]]. During the [[Maastrichtian]], the Tethys sea had many different large mosasaurs that lived in the same geographical area and would have competed with each other. Europe had large mosasaurs like [[Prognathodon|Prognathodon giganteus]], Prognathodon saturator, Prognathodon sectorius, [[Mosasaurus|Mosasaurus hoffmannii]], and Mosasaurus lemonnieri. [[North Africa]] would have also had large mosasaurs like Prognathodon giganteus, Prognathodon currii, [[Thalassotitan|Thalassotitan atrox]], [[Hainosaurus boubker]], and Mosasaurus beaugei. The competition between many different apex predators is something we don't only see in the Tethys sea, but also in the [[Western Interior Seaway]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Cenozoic===<br /> [[File:Dire Straits FIG 01.jpg|thumb|Vast regions of Europe and west-central Asia were still covered by a contiguous Tethys at the start of the [[Eocene]] (top image), but by the Oligocene, most of this had dried out (bottom image), and the Tethys was almost entirely divided into the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and Paratethys.]]<br /> Throughout the [[Cenozoic]] (66 million to the dawn of the Neogene, 23&amp;nbsp;Mya), the connections between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans across the Tethys were eventually closed off in what is now the Middle East during the [[Miocene]], as a consequence of the northern migration of Africa/Arabia and global sea levels falling due to the concurrent formation of the [[Antarctic ice sheet|Antarctic Ice Sheet]]. This decoupling occurred in two steps, first around 20 Mya and another around 14&amp;nbsp;Mya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The complete closure of the Tethys led to a global reorganization of currents, and is what is thought to have allowed for [[upwelling]] in the [[Arabian Sea]] and led to the establishment of the modern [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asian Monsoon]]. It also caused major modifications to the functioning of the [[Atlantic meridional overturning circulation|AMOC]] and [[Antarctic Circumpolar Current|ACC]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Oligocene]] (33.9 to 23 Mya), large parts of central and eastern Europe were covered by a northern branch of the Tethys Ocean, called the [[Paratethys]]. The Paratethys was separated from the Tethys with the formation of the Alps, [[Carpathians]], [[Dinarides]], [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]], and [[Elburz]] mountains during the [[Alpine orogeny]]. During the late [[Miocene]], the Paratethys gradually disappeared, and became an isolated inland sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal <br /> |last1=Steininger |first1=F.F.<br /> |last2=Wessely|first2=G.<br /> |title= From the Tethyan Ocean to the Paratethys Sea: Oligocene to Neogene stratigraphy, paleogeography and paleobiogeography of the circum-Mediterranean region and the Oligocene to Neogene Basin evolution in Austria<br /> |year = 2000|journal=Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft |volume=92|pages=95–116}}&lt;/ref&gt; Separation from the wider Tethys during the early Miocene initially led to a boost in [[Primary production|primary productivity]] for the Paratethys, but this gave way to a total ecosystem collapse during the late Miocene as a result of rapid dissolution of [[carbonate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical theory==<br /> <br /> In Chapter 13 of his 1845 book,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Murchison |first1=Roderick Impey|last2=de Verneuil |first2=P. E.|last3=von Keyserling |first3=A.|title=On the Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains|url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_He1P7aF0nCYC/page/296/mode/2up |year=1845|publisher=John Murray|location = London|volume = 1|pages = 297–323|display-authors=0}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Roderick Murchison]] described a distinctive formation extending from the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Aral Sea]] in which the creatures differed from those of the purely marine period that preceded them. The [[Miocene]] deposits of [[Crimea]] and Taman (south of the [[Sea of Azov]]) are identical with formations surrounding the present [[Caspian Sea]], in which the [[univalve]]s of freshwater origin are associated with forms of Cardiacae and Mytili that are common to partially saline or brackish waters. This distinctive fauna has been found throughout all the enormously developed Tertiary formations of the southern and south-eastern steppes.<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=... and leads at once to the conviction, that during long periods antecedent, as will be hereafter explained, to the historic æra, a vast region of Europe and Asia was covered by a Mediterranean Sea of brackish water, of which the present Caspian is the diminished type. ... To render the distinction between these accumulations and all others clear and unambiguous, we have adopted the term Aralo-Caspian, first applied in a geographical sense, by our great precursor Humboldt, to this region of the globe. ... Judging from the recital of travellers and from specimens of the rock, we have no doubt that it extended to Khivah and the Aral Sea ; beyond which the low level of the adjacent eastern deserts would lead us to infer, that it spread over wide tracts in Asia now inhabited by the [[Turkmens|Turkoman]]s and [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghis]], and was bounded only by the mountains of the [[Hindu Kush|Hindoo Kusk]] and [[Chinese Tartary]]. ... there can be no sort of doubt, that all the masses of water now separated from each other, from the Aral to the Black Sea inclusive, were formerly united in this vast pre-historical Mediterranean ; which (even if we restrict its limits to the boundaries we already know, and do not extend them eastward, amid low regions untrodden by geologists) must have exceeded in size the present Mediterranean!}}<br /> <br /> On the accompanying map, Murchison shows the Aralo-Caspian Formation extending from close to the Danube delta across Crimea, up the east side of the [[Volga river]] to Samara, then south of the Urals to beyond the Aral Sea. Brackish and upper freshwater components (OSM) of the Miocene are now known to extend through the [[Molasse basin|North Alpine foreland basin]] and onto the [[Swabian Jura]] with thickness of up to {{Convert|250|m|abbr=on}}; these were deposited in the [[Paratethys]] when the Alpine front was still {{cvt|100|km}} farther south.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal <br /> |last1=Steininger |first1=F. F.<br /> |last2=Wessely|first2=G.<br /> |title= From the Tethyan Ocean to the Paratethys Sea: Oligocene to Neogene stratigraphy, paleogeography and paleobiogeography of the circum-Mediterranean region and the Oligocene to Neogene Basin evolution in Austria<br /> |year = 2000|journal=Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft |volume=92|pages=95–116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal <br /> |last1=Kuhlemann |first1=J.<br /> |last2=Kempf|first2=O.<br /> |title=Post-Eocene evolution of the North Alpine Foreland Basin and its response to Alpine tectonics|year = 2002 |journal=Sedimentary Geology |volume=152|issue=1–2<br /> |pages=45–78|doi=10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00285-8<br /> |bibcode=2002SedG..152...45K<br /> }} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Eduard Suess 1869.jpg|thumb|upright|Geologist [[Eduard Suess]] in 1869]]<br /> In 1885, the Austrian palaeontologist [[Melchior Neumayr]] deduced the existence of the Tethys Ocean from Mesozoic marine sediments and their distribution, calling his concept {{lang|de|Zentrales Mittelmeer}} ({{literal translation|Central Mediterranean Sea}}) and described it as a Jurassic seaway, which extended from the Caribbean to the Himalayas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Kollmann|1992}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1893, the Austrian geologist [[Eduard Suess]] proposed the hypothesis that an ancient and extinct [[Inland sea (geology)|inland sea]] had once existed between Laurasia and the continents which formed [[Gondwana]] II. He named it the Tethys Sea after the Greek sea goddess Tethys. He provided evidence for his theory using fossil records from the Alps and Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Suess|1893|p=183}}: &quot;This ocean we designate by the name 'Tethys' after the sister and consort of Oceanus. The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; He proposed the concept of ''Tethys'' in his four-volume work {{lang|de|Das Antlitz der Erde}} (''The Face of the Earth'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Suess|1901|loc=Gondwana-Land und Tethys, p. 25}}: {{lang|de|&quot;Dasselbe wurde von Neumayr das 'centrale Mittelmeer' genannt und wird hier mit dem Namen Tethys bezeichnet werden. Das heutige europäische Mittelmeer ist ein Rest der Tethys.&quot;}} (&quot;It was named by Neumayr the 'central Mediterranean [literally: Middle] Sea' and here it will be designated by the name 'Tethys'. The current European Mediterranean Sea is a remnant of the Tethys.&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the following decades during the 20th century, &quot;[[Continental drift|mobilist]]&quot; geologists such as Uhlig (1911), Diener (1925), and Daque (1926) regarded Tethys as a large trough between two [[supercontinent]]s which lasted from the late Palaeozoic until continental fragments derived from Gondwana obliterated it.<br /> <br /> After [[World War II|World War&amp;nbsp;II]], Tethys was described as a triangular ocean with a wide eastern end.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}<br /> <br /> From 1920s to the 1960s, &quot;fixist&quot; geologists, however, regarded Tethys as a composite trough, which evolved through a series of [[orogenic]] cycles. They used the terms 'Paleotethys', 'Mesotethys', and 'Neotethys' for the [[Caledonian orogeny|Caledonian]], [[Variscan orogeny|Variscan]], and Alpine orogenies, respectively. In the 1970s and 1980s, these terms and 'Proto-Tethys', were used in different senses by various authors, but the concept of a single ocean wedging into Pangea from the east, roughly where Suess first proposed it, remained.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Metcalfe|1999|loc=&quot;How many Tethys Oceans?&quot;, pp. 1–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1960s, the theory of [[plate tectonics]] became established, and Suess's &quot;sea&quot; could clearly be seen to have been an ocean. Plate tectonics provided an explanation for the mechanism by which the former ocean disappeared: [[oceanic crust]] can [[subduction|subduct]] under [[continental crust]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}<br /> <br /> Tethys was considered an oceanic plate by Smith (1971); Dewey, Pitman, Ryan and Bonnin (1973); Laubscher and Bernoulli (1973); and Bijou-Duval, Dercourt and Pichon (1977).{{cn|date=July 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{portal|Oceans}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Hațeg Island}}<br /> * {{annotated link|List of ancient oceans}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Paleo-Tethys Ocean}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Pannonian Sea}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Paratethys}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Piemont-Liguria Ocean}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Ruhpolding Formation}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Tethyan Trench}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> *{{cite journal <br /> |last1=Bialik |first1=Or M.<br /> |last2=Frank |first2=Martin<br /> |last3=Betzler |first3=Christian<br /> |last4=Zammit |first4=Ray<br /> |last5=Waldmann |first5=Nicolas D. <br /> |title=Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean<br /> |year = 2019 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=8842 |pages=8842<br /> |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7 <br /> |pmid=31222018<br /> |pmc=6586870<br /> |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.8842B<br /> }}&lt;!-- {{Harvnb|Bialik|Frank|Betzler|Zammit|Waldmann|2019}} --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite book<br /> | last = Kollmann | first = H. A.<br /> | chapter = Tethys—the Evolution of an Idea | pages = 9–14<br /> | title = New Aspects on Tethyan Cretaceous Fossil Assemblages<br /> | editor1-last = Kollmann | editor1-first = H. A.<br /> | editor2-last = Zapfe | editor2-first = H.<br /> | year = 1992 | publisher = Springer-Verlag reprint ed. 1992<br /> | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=59h9BwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Neumayr+tethys&amp;pg=PT14 | access-date =6 October 2015<br /> | oclc = 27717529 | isbn = 978-0387865553 }}&lt;!-- {{Harvnb|Kollmann|Zapfe|1992}} --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite journal<br /> | last = Metcalfe | first = I.<br /> | title = The ancient Tethys oceans of Asia: How many? How old? How deep? How wide?<br /> | year = 1999 | journal = UNEAC Asia Papers | volume = 1 | pages = 1–9<br /> | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238335467 | access-date =6 October 2015<br /> }}&lt;!-- {{Harvnb|Metcalfe|1999}} --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite journal<br /> | last = Metcalfe | first = I.<br /> | title = Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys<br /> | year = 2013 | journal = Journal of Asian Earth Sciences | volume = 66 | pages = 1–33<br /> | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258794200 | access-date =6 October 2015<br /> | doi = 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.12.020 | bibcode = 2013JAESc..66....1M<br /> }}&lt;!-- {{Harvnb|Metcalfe|2013}} --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite journal<br /> | last1 = Stampfli | first1 = G. M.<br /> | last2 = Borel | first2 = G. D.<br /> | title = A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons<br /> | year = 2002 | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 196 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–33<br /> | doi = 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X | bibcode = 2002E&amp;PSL.196...17S<br /> | doi-access = free }}&lt;!-- {{Harvnb|Stampfli|Borel|2002}} --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite book<br /> | last = Suess | first = E. | chapter = Are ocean depths permanent?<br /> | title = Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress<br /> | year = 1893 | location = London | volume = 2 | pages = 180–187<br /> | chapter-url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40456#page/200/mode/2up | access-date =6 October 2015<br /> }}&lt;!-- {{Harvnb|Suess|1893}} --&gt;<br /> * {{Cite book<br /> | last = Suess | first = E.<br /> | title = Der Antlitz der Erde<br /> | year = 1901 | publisher = Wien F. Tempsky | volume = 3 | language = de<br /> | url = https://archive.org/stream/p1dasantlitzdere03sues#page/24/mode/2up/search/Tethys | access-date =6 October 2015<br /> }}&lt;!-- {{Harvnb|Suess|1901}} --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Van der Voo | first = Rob<br /> | title = Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans<br /> | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993<br /> | isbn = 978-0-521-61209-8<br /> }}&lt;!-- {{Harvnb|Van der Voo|1993}} --&gt;<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{commonscat-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Historical oceans]]<br /> [[Category:Mesozoic paleogeography]]<br /> [[Category:Paleogene paleogeography]]<br /> [[Category:Permian paleogeography]]<br /> [[Category:Plate tectonics]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nameirakpam_Ibemni_Devi&diff=520188 2025-12-17T17:18:10Z

<p>Vidya1111: Adding a biography basic info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian singer of traditional music (1926–2020)|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi<br /> | image = The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi, at an Investiture Ceremony I, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 22, 2012.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = President [[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]] presenting the Padma Shri Award to Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi in 2012<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1926|07|07|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Wangkhei Ningthempukhri Mapal, [[Manipur]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2020|01|24|1926|07|07|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates =<br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Traditional singer<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | spouse = Nameirakpam Achou Singh<br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = Khumanthem Chaoba Singh&lt;br&gt;Kshetrimayum ningol Keina Devi<br /> | website = {{URL||Official web site}}<br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]&lt;br&gt;''Joy Patra''&lt;br&gt;Manipur State Kala Akademi Award&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Manipur]] Certificate of Honour&lt;br&gt;[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]&lt;br&gt;Manipur Sahitya Parishad Award<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Khumanthem Ningol Nameirakpam Ongbi Ibemni Devi''' (7 July 1926 – 24 January 2020) was an Indian singer of traditional music, known for her expertise in the ''Khongjom Praba''&lt;ref name=&quot;The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;q=Khongjom+Parba&amp;pg=PA349 | title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | author=Amaresh Datta | year=2006 | pages=988 | isbn=9788126018031}}&lt;/ref&gt; genre of [[Meitei people|Manipuri]] music.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Padma-awards-announced-posthumous-honour-for-Hazarika-Miranda/articleshow/11633640.cms | title=TOI | publisher=TOI | date=26 January 2012 | access-date=29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Web India&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20120126/1915489.html | title=Web India | publisher=Web India | date=26 January 2012 | access-date=29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of India]] honoured Ibemni Devi in 2012, with the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Shri&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi was born in July 1926 at Wangkhei Ningthempukhri Mapal to Kshetrimayum ningol Keina Devi and Khumanthem Chaoba Singh, a noted exponent of ''Khongjom Parba''.&lt;ref name=&quot;E Pao&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Thingnam_Anjulika.Khumanthem_Ningol_Ibemni | title=E Pao | publisher=E Pao | date=17 December 2007 | access-date=29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She started learning traditional Manipuri music at the age of six under the tutelage of Guru Yumnam Natum Singh, a known singer of ''Nata Sangeet''. Besides Nata Sangeet, she also learnt other genres of Manipuri music.&lt;ref name=&quot;E Pao&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Ibemni Devi, reported to be the first female to play [[Khol]], [[Mridanga]] and [[Dolak]] in Manipuri folk theatre, is credited with the composition of over 150 ballads which have been aired by the [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] and performed at many events.&lt;ref name=&quot;E Pao&quot; /&gt; She is the founder of Khongjom Praba School (1964), and has also established two choir groups, one in 1964 and the other in 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;E Pao&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Ibemni Devi was a recipient of the ''Joy Patra'' of the Manipur Royal Palace in 1964, the Manipur State Kala Akademi Award in 1989 and a Certificate of Honour from the [[Government of Manipur]] in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;E Pao&quot; /&gt; Recognized in 1998, as one of the ten outstanding artistes by the [[All India Radio]], Ibemni Devi was honoured by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 2004, and by the Manipur Sahitya Parishad in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;E Pao&quot; /&gt; The Government of India, in 2011, honored Ibemni Devi with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<br /> <br /> Devi was married to Nameirakpam Achou Singh and the couple had eight children; five sons and three daughters. Her husband predeceased her and she lived in Kwakeithel Soibam Leikai,&lt;ref name=&quot;E Pao&quot; /&gt; until her death on 24 January 2020, at the age of 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shrimati Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi began performing Khongjom Parba at a very early age and became the first woman balladeer in Manipur. She received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2004. |url=https://twitter.com/sangeetnatak/status/1544921158406926336 |website=Sangeet Natak Akademi on Twitter |access-date=31 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{portal|India}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;q=Khongjom+Parba&amp;pg=PA349 | title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | author=Amaresh Datta | year=2006 | pages=988 | isbn=9788126018031}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://manipurone.com/videos/watchvideo.php?t=Khongjom%20Parba%201/2&amp;vid=vBrg2yhH0TU | title=Khongjom Parba 1/2 | publisher=Manipue One | work=Video | date=2014 | access-date=29 November 2014}}<br /> * {{cite web | url=http://www.manipurone.com/musicvideos/watchvideo.php?t=Khongjom%20Parba%201/2&amp;vid=vBrg2yhH0TU | title=Khongjom Parba 2/2 | publisher=Manipue One | work=Video | date=2014 | access-date=29 November 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Nameirakpam Ibemni}}<br /> [[Category:1926 births]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women classical singers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Women artists from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Manipur]]</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devender_Hans&diff=496447 2025-12-14T15:25:35Z

<p>Vidya1111: starting initial article w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Guhla Assembly constituency|Guhla]]<br /> | term_start = 8 October 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor = [[Ishwar Singh (politician, born 1950)|Ishwar Singh]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Devender Hans''' is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Guhla Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Guhla, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Devender Hans with 64611 defeats BJP's Kulwant Ram Bazigar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/guhla-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612792-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Guhla Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/guhla-election-result-2024-live-update-9077301.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2 December 2024 |title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archivedate=4 July 2025 |accessdate=4 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> * [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hans, Devender}}<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagirathi_Mahapatra&diff=445584 2025-12-10T20:19:24Z

<p>Vidya1111: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian politician<br /> | name = Bhagirathi Mohapatra<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | caption =<br /> | image =<br /> | birth_date ={{Birth date|1892|4|24|df=y}}<br /> | residence = <br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | constituency = [[Odisha]]<br /> | term = 1956-1962<br /> | predecessor =<br /> | successor =<br /> | office1 = <br /> | constituency1 = <br /> | term1 =<br /> | predecessor1 = <br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 =<br /> | predecessor2 =<br /> | successor2 =<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | religion = <br /> | otherparty = <br /> | spouse = [[Sarala Devi]]<br /> | children = Amitav Mohapatra<br /> | relatives = [[Nityanand Kanungo]] (brother in law)<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = |<br /> | year = |<br /> | source =<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhagirathi Mohapatra''' was an Indian politician. He was a member of central legislative assembly from (1945–1947).He was a [[member of parliament]], representing [[Odisha]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].Sri Bhagirathi Mohapatra was also the founder secretary of Utkal Pradesh congress Committee (1921-1937) along with UtkalaMani Pandit Gopabandhu Das, who was also the founder president. He was also one of the main trustee of Swaraj Ashram, Odisha (1940).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf| title=Rajya Sabha Members Biographical SKetches 1952–2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/ra_detail.aspx?x=1 | title=List Of Rajyasabha Members | publisher=[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] | accessdate=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sabha1961&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjwEAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 April 2018|year=1961|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat.|page=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;State)1961&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Madras (India : State)|title=Fort Saint George Gazette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmvyAVqdNP8C|accessdate=3 April 2018|year=1961|page=174}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reed1961&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sir Stanley Reed|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgwfAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 April 2018|year=1961|publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company|page=1310}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Mohapatra was born in a [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=bhagirathi+mohapatra+karan |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Bhagirathi}}<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:1892 births]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

Vidya1111 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cartosat-1&diff=446323 2025-12-09T01:38:51Z

<p>Vidya1111: page updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian earth observation satellite}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox spaceflight<br /> | name = Cartosat-1<br /> | names_list = IRS-P5&lt;br/&gt;Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P5<br /> | image = Cartosat1Assembly.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Cartosat-1 satellite<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> <br /> | mission_type = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]<br /> | operator = [[National Technical Research Organisation|NTRO]]<br /> | COSPAR_ID = 2005-017A<br /> | SATCAT = 28649<br /> | website = https://www.isro.gov.in/<br /> | mission_duration = 5 years (planned)&lt;br/&gt;14 years (achieved)<br /> <br /> | spacecraft = IRS-P5<br /> | spacecraft_type = <br /> | spacecraft_bus = [[IRS-1]]&lt;ref name=&quot;gunter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/irs-p5.htm|title=IRS P5 (Cartosat 1)|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=19 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | manufacturer = [[ISRO]]<br /> | launch_mass = {{cvt|1560|kg}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Cart1.site&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/cartosat-1|title=Cartosat-1|publisher=ISRO|date=5 May 2005|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731201845/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/cartosat-1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | dry_mass = <br /> | dimensions = <br /> | power = 1100 [[watt]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;Cart1.site&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> | launch_date = 5 May 2005, 04:44:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trajectory&quot;/&gt;<br /> | launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] ([[PSLV-C6]])&lt;ref name=&quot;C6.brochure&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C6/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|title=PSLV C6/IRS-P5/HAMSAT Mission Brochure|publisher=ISRO|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731194316/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C6/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Second Launch Pad (SLP)]]&lt;ref name=&quot;C6.brochure&quot;/&gt;<br /> | launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]<br /> <br /> | entered_service = August 2005<br /> | disposal_type = <br /> | deactivated = 5 May 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/cartosat_1_irs_p5#inst-pan_cartosat_1|title=Cartosat-1|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=3 January 2020|access-date=12 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | last_contact =<br /> <br /> | orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trajectory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=2005-017A|title=Trajectory: Cartosat-1 2005-017A |publisher=NASA|date=27 April 2021|access-date=10 May 2021}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]<br /> | orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|620|km}}<br /> | orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|622|km}}<br /> | orbit_inclination = 97.87°<br /> | orbit_period = 97.1 minutes<br /> | apsis = gee<br /> <br /> | instruments_list = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments<br /> | acronym1 = PAN<br /> | name1 = Panchromatic Camera<br /> }}<br /> <br /> | programme = [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation satellites series]]<br /> | previous_mission = [[Resourcesat-1]]<br /> | next_mission = [[Cartosat-2]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Cartosat-1''' (formerly '''IRS-P5''') is a stereoscopic [[Earth observation satellite]] in a [[Sun-synchronous orbit]], and the first one of the [[Cartosat]] series of satellites. The eleventh satellite of ISRO in [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|Indian Remote Sensing Satellite]] (IRS) series. The satellite was launched by [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] and is operated by NTRO. Weighing around 1560&amp;nbsp;kg at launch, its applications will mainly be towards [[cartography]] in India.<br /> <br /> == Launch ==<br /> It was launched by [[PSLV-C6]], on 5 May 2005 at 04:44:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] from the newly built [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Second Launch Pad]] at [[Sriharikota]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-05-05/news/27496736_1_pslv-polar-sun-synchronous-orbit-second-launch-pad|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064337/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-05-05/news/27496736_1_pslv-polar-sun-synchronous-orbit-second-launch-pad|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=PSLV-C6 launched from Sriharikota|access-date=18 September 2012|date=5 May 2005|newspaper=The Economic Times|location=India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Images from the satellite will be available from [[GeoEye]] for worldwide distribution. The satellite covers the entire globe in 1867 orbits on a 126-day cycle. Adjacent paths are covered by a separation of eleven days.&lt;ref name=NRSC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nrsc.gov.in/#app=a097&amp;cd0b-selectedIndex=8|title=Cartosat-1|access-date=18 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829044009/http://www.nrsc.gov.in/#app=a097&amp;cd0b-selectedIndex=8|archive-date=29 August 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[Department of Space]] (DoS), [[government of India]], has launched a series of satellites for Earth's resource management and monitoring. These satellites have been very successful in providing data in various scales ranging from 1:1 million to 1:12,500 scale.&lt;ref name=NRSC/&gt; Each of the [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|Indian Remote Sensing satellite]] missions ensured data continuity while introducing improvements in the spatial, spectral and radiometric resolutions. Considering increase demand for large scale and topographic mapping data DoS launched the Cartosat-1 in 2005. Cartosat-1 is dedicated to stereo viewing for large scale mapping and terrain modelling.<br /> <br /> == Specifications ==<br /> === Payload ===<br /> Cartosat-1 carries two state-of-the-art [[panchromatic]] (PAN) cameras that take [[black and white]] stereoscopic pictures of the [[Earth]] in the [[Visible spectrum|visible region]] of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. The swath covered by these high resolution PAN cameras is 30&amp;nbsp;km and their spatial resolution is 2.5 metres. For acquire two images simultaneously, one forward (PAN FORE) looking at +26° and one aft (PAN AFT) of the satellite at -5° for near instantaneous stereo data. The time difference between the acquisitions of the same scene by the two cameras is about 52 seconds.&lt;ref name=NRSC/&gt; The spacecraft body is steerable to compensate the Earth rotation effect and to force both fore and aft cameras to look at the same ground strip when operated in stereo mode. The cameras are mounted on the satellite in such a way that near simultaneous imaging of the same area from two different angles is possible. This facilitates the generation of accurate three-dimensional maps. The cameras are steerable across the direction of the satellite's movement to facilitate the imaging of an area more frequently.<br /> <br /> === Communications ===<br /> The images taken by Cartosat-1 cameras are compressed, encrypted, formatted and transmitted to the ground stations. The images are reconstructed from the data received at the ground stations. The [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] is responsible for acquisition, processing of data relayed by the Cartosat-1. A spherical Phased Array Antenna with steerable beam is used to transmit the data to the required ground station. A solid state recorder with 120 Gb capacity to store about 9 minutes of payload data is available for global operation of the payloads. The stored images can be transmitted when the satellite comes within the visibility zone of a ground station.<br /> <br /> === Optics and detectors ===<br /> Each Panchromatic camera consists of three 3 mirror off-axis all reflective telescope with primary, secondary and tertiary mirrors. These mirrors are made from special zerodur glass blanks and are light weighted to about 60%. These mirrors are polished to an accuracy of l/80 and are coated with enhanced [[aluminium oxide]] (AlO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) coating. In order to meet the high resolution and the swath requirement a 12K, 7&amp;nbsp;μm linear array [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) is used as a detector.&lt;ref name=GIS&gt;[http://www.gisdevelopment.net/technology/rs/techrs023.htm Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Cartosat-1: Technical features and data products]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Imaging capabilities ==<br /> === Spatial resolution ===<br /> * 2.5 m panchromatic band (0.5-0.85&amp;nbsp;μm)&lt;ref name=GIS/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Temporal resolution ===<br /> The revisit rate for Cartosat-1 is five days.&lt;ref name=GIS/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Radiometric resolution ===<br /> The sensor collects data with a 10-bit sensitivity.&lt;ref name=GIS/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Swath ===<br /> 30&amp;nbsp;km (PAN-F) and 25&amp;nbsp;km (PAN-A)&lt;ref name=GIS/&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Spaceflight}}<br /> * [[List of Indian satellites]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/cartosat-1 Cartosat-1 website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731201845/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/cartosat-1 |date=31 July 2017 }}<br /> <br /> {{IRS satellites}}<br /> {{Indian spacecraft}}<br /> {{Indian space programme}}<br /> {{Orbital launches in 2005}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cartosat]]<br /> [[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2005]]<br /> [[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]</div>

Vidya1111