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Sandhya (actress, born 1924)

2026-05-07T20:04:39Z

Victorxsi: done...

{{Short description|Indian actress (1924–1971)}}
{{copy edit|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandhya
| image = Actress Sandhya.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| caption =
| other_names = Veda
| birth_name = N. R. Vedavalli
| birth_date = 1924
| birth_place = [[Srirangam]], [[Trichy district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1971|11|01|1924}}
| death_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1954–1965
| spouse = {{marriage|Jayaram|1935|1950|reason=his death}}
| children = Jayakumar [[Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha Jayaram]]
| parents = N. Rangasamy Iyengar (father) Kamalambal (mother)
| relatives = [[Deepa Jayakumar]] (Granddaughter)
}}

'''Vedavalli''', better known as '''Sandhya''' (1924 – 1 November 1971) was a South Indian film actress, who appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. She adopted the screen name Sandhya for her acting career and was known for portraying character roles, often as the heroine’s sister or mother. Her younger sister, Vidyavathi, was also an actress. She was the mother of former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2016 |title=அன்று சந்தியா... இன்று சசிகலா... ஜெயலலிதா வாழ்க்கையில் பயணித்த மூவர்! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/69513-three-personalities-who-dominated-jayalalithas-life.art |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=கட்டுரை |publisher=ஆனந்த விகடன்}}</ref> She acted in the [[Malaikkallan]] (1954), which starred [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and was written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. She also acted in paired with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] in [[Mayabazar]] (1957), with [[Kalyan Kumar]] and [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in few films like [[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]] (1962).

== Early life and family ==
She was born as ''Vedavalli'' into an [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Iyengar|Iyengar Brahmin]] family in [[Srirangam]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]. Her father, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore from [[Srirangam]] to work with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. She had one brother and two sisters—Ambujavalli and Padmavalli. Sandhya and her siblings along with their grand-parents initially lived in East Chittirai Street in Srirangam, later her father Rangasamy, who was a practicing lawyer based in [[Karur]] during the period from the 1910s to the 1930s, purchased a house from a Diwan in the same street and named it "''Komala Vilas Veda Nilayam''". She is of the same maternal lineage as former Attorney General of India [[K. Parasaran]]. Sandhya’s maternal family roots trace back to Sakkaravala Nallur, near [[Devipattinam]] in Ramanathapuram district. Later at this location, on 4 April 1984, her daughter Jayalalithaa donated ₹1.65 lakh from her personal funds to establish the "''Annai Sandhya Memorial Nutritious Meal Centre''" in memory of her mother, Sandhya.<ref>{{cite news |language=ta|url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/all-editions/edition-madurai/ramanathapuram/2018/Jul/13/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA-2959475.html |title=தமிழகத்தில் முன்னோடி மையமாக தேவிப்பட்டினம் சத்துணவுக் கூடம் தேர்வு: ஜெயலலிதாவின் நிதியுதவியில் கட்டப்பட்டது|work=dinamani|date=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=ta|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/92830-.html |title=தேவிபட்டினத்தில் தாயார் நினைவாக சொந்த செலவில் ஜெயலலிதா அமைத்த சத்துணவுக் கூடம்|work=hindutamil|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Vedavalli was married as second wife to Jayaram, son of Narasimhan Rengachary, who is the native of [[Nangavaram]] and also later a Secretary in [[Mysore Palace]] and a lawyer of the [[Royal family of Mysore]] in 1935 at the age of 11, while she was studying in the sixth grade. The couple Jayaram and Vedvalli had two children: a son, Jayakumar, and a daughter, [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]].<ref name="thehansindia">{{cite news |last1=Chandrakanth |first1=W |title=A never-say-die leader |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-never-say-die-leader/267247 |access-date=11 December 2016 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her husband Jayaram, was a lawyer but never worked and squandered most of the family's wealth.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858 |website=Outlook India |title=The Road To Ammahood |date=21 March 2011 |first=Sugata |last=Srinivasaraju |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2014 |title=ஜெயலலிதாவின் தாயார் சந்தியா மைசூர் கோர்ட்டில் சந்தித்த வழக்கு! |url=http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/india/jaya-mom-share-court-link-211952.html |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=கட்டுரை |publisher=ஒன் இந்தியா}}</ref> Sandhya was trained in various pursuits, including reading, vocal music, veena, violin, swimming, tennis, and cross-country cycling. Following the death of her husband, Jayaram in 1950, The widowed Vedavalli returned to her father's home in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] in 1950 and began working as a secretary in a company at the age of 26. Vedavalli learned shorthand and typewriting to take up a clerical position as a stenotypist in the Directorate of Agriculture under [[Government of Karnataka|Government of Mysore]] to help support the family in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=அம்மாவும்... அம்மாவின் அம்மாவும்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/74287-fond-memories-of-jayalalithaa-and-her-mother-sandhya |access-date=6 December 2016 |publisher=vikatan}}</ref>

==Later career==
Her younger sister Ambujavalli had moved to Madras, working as an air hostess. She also started acting in dramas and films using the screen name Vidyavathy. On the insistence of Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, also relocated to Madras and stayed with her sister from 1952. Vedavalli worked in a commercial firm in Madras and began dabbling in acting from 1953 under the screen name Sandhya. She made her film debut in 1954 tamil movie [[Karkottai]]. Jayalalithaa remained under the care of her mother's sister Padmavalli and maternal grandparents from 1950 to 1958 in Mysore.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref name="thehansindia"/> She made her daughter Jayalalithaa attend [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="TNgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |title=Profile |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She also acted in a few Kannada films. After attaining a modest level of financial stability, she moved into a reasonably comfortable rented house on Fourth Main Road in [[Gandhi Nagar, Chennai|Gandhi Nagar, Adyar]] to grow her children. It was here that the childhood of Jayalalithaa and her brother Jayakumar was spent. Following her growing recognition in cinema, Sandhya later relocated to Sivagnanam Street in [[T. Nagar]]. Sandhya nurtured her daughter Jayalalithaa into a disciplined and accomplished individual, whom she and later co-stars and friends referred as ''Ammu'', training her in dance from the age of three, later teaching her piano, and often taking her along to film shooting locations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Babu |first=Venkatesha |title=Ammu to Amma: The life and times of Jayalalithaa Jayaraman |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ammu-to-amma-the-life-and-times-of-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/story/241781.html |website=Business Today |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> During a visit to Madras, She was accompanied by her daughter Jayalalitha to ''[[Shri Shaila Mahathme]]'' film set, where she was asked to replace an absent child actress. Sandhya initially refused but later consented, and Jayalalithaa agreed to act on the condition that she would not be compelled again.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2017|title=“என் வாழ்வை வழிநடத்தியது விதி... எல்லாம் என் தலையெழுத்து!” - ஜெயலலிதா கடந்த பாதை|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/81817-jayalalithaas-sad-moments-in-her-life |access-date=24 February 2017|publisher=Vikatan}}</ref> In 1964, Sandhya accompanied her daughter Jayalalithaa to the 100th-day celebrations of the film [[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]. During this period, filmmaker [[B. R. Panthulu]] signed Jayalalithaa to play the female lead in his Kannada film ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'', marking her early entry into cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa's early film days set the stage for politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/jayalalithaas-early-film-days-set-the-stage-for-politics/|website=times of india|date=25 February 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> She received further opportunities to act in Kannada films, through which she was introduced as a lead actress by director [[C. V. Sridhar]] in the film ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'',leading Jayalalithaa to forgo her college ambitions after briefly attending Stella Maris College.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா 10... அறிந்ததும் அறியாததும்!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/64072-10-unknown-facts-about-jayalalitha |access-date=13 May 2016 |publisher=vikatan}}</ref> Subsequently, her role opposite [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in [[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]] brought her instant fame. Within a few years, she became one of the leading actresses in South Indian cinema. Thereafter, Sandhya withdrew from acting and largely remained at home, managing her daughter’s film commitments.

In the late 1960s, when her daughter Jayalalithaa was at the peak of her fame, Sandhya developed the ambition of building a grand residence for her daughter’s future and bought a plot on 1 July 1967 at a cost of ₹ 1.32 lakh, measuring around 24,000 sq. feet (10 grounds) with a built-up area of 21,662 sq. feet in Teynampet area of Madras (now Chennai).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veda-nilayam-set-to-become-jayalalithaa-memorial/article31521989.ece |title=Veda Nilayam set to become Jayalalithaa memorial |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaas-assets-double-secret-seems-be-real-estate-30668 |title=Jayalalithaa's assets double – the secret seems to be real estate |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=6 June 2015}}</ref> The design of the house was revised multiple times to suit Jayalalithaa’s preferences before it was finally constructed in its present form. The residence, later known as the Poes Garden house, was thus built with great care and aspiration for her daughter’s future. During the "[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]" (1970) film shoot, Sandhya approached her daughter Jayalalithaa to discuss purchasing sarees for relatives in connection with their house’s ground breaking ceremony. A minor disagreement arose between them, and Jayalalithaa later expressed regret, recalling that she had uttered an inauspicious remark to her mother during the exchange.<ref name="Vikatan">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2017|title=சந்தியா, எம்.ஜி.ஆர், சோ, ஜெயலலிதா... இது போயஸ் கார்டன் வீட்டின் கதை!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/108218-jayalalithaa-memories-with-poes-garden-a-flashback |access-date=19 November 2017|publisher=Vikatan}}</ref>

== Illness, death, and aftermath==

However, Sandhya did not live to witness the housewarming ceremony of the home she had envisioned, which remained a significant personal loss in Jayalalithaa’s life. By mid-1971, the construction of the house had been completed. On 31 October 1971, Sandhya suddenly fell ill after vomiting blood and was admitted to a private hospital in [[Poonamallee]]. She died the following day, on 1 November 1971 at the age of 47, despite medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016|title=இறந்தபின்னும் மகளின் ஆசையை நிறைவேற்றிய சந்தியா; ஜெயலலிதாவினால் மறக்க முடியாத தீபாவளி|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/70742-unforgettable-diwali-of-jayalalithaa |access-date=28 October 2016|publisher=Vikatan}}</ref> As per her will, she bequeathed to [[Jayalalithaa]] her share in the properties of "''Natayakala Niketan''", along with a land and building in Poes Garden, Chennai, a house in [[Hyderabad]], and agricultural lands measuring about 10.2 acres in [[Ranga Reddy district]], including a grape garden, farmhouse, and servants’ quarters purchased in 1968. The will also included an additional 3.5 acres of land in [[Basheerabad]] village, [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-poes-garden-controversy-who-s-residence-is-it-anyway/story-HJVC4MGtz7InYigJmtWYwL.html |title=Tamil Nadu: {{as written|Wh|o's [sic]}} residence is it anyway? Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden lies unoccupied |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

The housewarming ceremony of the Poes Garden residence was held on 15 May 1972. Sandhya, who had envisioned celebrating the occasion with her daughter, had passed away by then and was present only in a photograph displayed in the house. Jayalalithaa named the residence “Veda Nilayam,” after her mother’s given name, Vedavalli (Sandhya). The event was attended by several prominent figures of Tamil Nadu, excepting M. G. Ramachandran, who had attended the ground breaking ceremony. [[Cho Ramaswamy]], a close family friend and one of Jayalalithaa’s companions from her younger years was also not present in the ceremony. Sandhya had traditionally conducted family functions in his presence, and Jayalalithaa reportedly expected him to attend the occasion. Despite being in the city, Cho did not attend the ceremony. When asked about his absence, he later wrote a detailed letter explaining that he felt slighted for not being personally invited, expressing regret for the misunderstanding. After her sudden demise, Sandhya's mother Kamalambal lived along with Jayalalithaa at 'Veda Nilayam' as a support and died in 1973.<ref name="Vikatan"/>

== Filmography ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" |Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1954 || ''[[Karkottai]]'' || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Debut on-screen appearance
|-
|| ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' || Chinni||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''Natashekhara'' || ||[[Kannada]]||
|
|-
|| ''[[Vipra Narayana]]'' || Madhuravani ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Sodari]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1956 || ''[[Tenali Raman (film)|Tenali Raman]]'' || [[Tirumala Devi|Tirumalambal]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]'' || [[Tirumala Devi]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|1957 || ''[[Samaya Sanjeevi]]'' || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|
|-
|| ''[[Mayabazar]]'' || [[Rukmini]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Premada Putri]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]||
|-
|| ''[[Preme Daivam]]'' || ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1958 || ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' ||[[Mandodari]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=ஜெ.ஜெயலலிதா என்னும் நான்... - அம்மாவின் கதை! - 6 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/women/128882-jayalalitha-biography-series |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Pillai Kaniyamudhu]]'' || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Chenchu Lakshmi (1958 film)|Chenchu Lakshmi]]'' || Queen of the Chenchus||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1959 || ''Krishna Leelalu'' || [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|
|-
|| ''[[Minnal Veeran]]'' || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Manimekalai (1959 film)|Manimekalai]]'' || [[Madhavi (Silappatikaram)|Madhavi]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Maragatham]]'' ||Karpagavalli ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Jagajyothi Basveshwara]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]||
|
|-
|| ''[[Mahishasura Mardini]]'' || [[Chamunda|Goddess Chamundeswari]]/[[Tripura Sundari]]||[[Kannada]]|| First major Pan-India film
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1960 || ''[[Baghdad Thirudan]]'' || Gulshad ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|
|-
|| ''[[Padikkadha Medhai]]'' || Thyagu's wife ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]||
|-
|| ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' || [[Saraswati|Goddess Saraswati]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1961 || ''[[Bharya Bhartalu]]'' || Kanakam ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|
|-
|| ''[[Nagarjuna (film)|Nagarjuna]]'' || [[Parvati]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|| ''[[Shri Shaila Mahathme]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]|| Acted along with Jayalalithaa ||
|-
|| ''[[Thayilla Pillai]]'' || Sushila ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Vijayanagarada Veeraputhra]]'' || ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1962|| ''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Sarada]]'' || Sarada's mother ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Swarna Gowri]]'' || [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|| ''[[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' || Kanagam ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Kathiruntha Kangal]]'' || Thilagam ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Kula Gotralu]]'' || Anasuya ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|| ''[[Deivathin Deivam]]'' || Kanmani's mother ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1963|| ''[[Iruvar Ullam (1963 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]'' || Nagammal ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2019 |title=இருவர் உள்ளம்: அப்பவே அப்படி கதை – இருவர் உள்ளம் படத்துக்கு 56 வயது! |trans-title=''Iruvar Ullam'' – Then itself such a story – The film ''Iruvar Ullam'' turns 56! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/157994-56.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Aasai Alaigal]]'' || Bhakyavathi ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Kulamagal Radhai]]'' || Vanaja ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Gowri (1963 film)|Gowri]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]||
|-
|| ''[[Punarjanma (1963 film)|Punarjanma]]'' ||Janaki ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|| ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' ||[[Sudeshna]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1964 || ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' || Kanagan's wife ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]||
|-
|| ''[[Mane Aliya]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]||
|-
|rowspan="2" |1965|| ''[[Poojaikku Vandha Malar]]'' || Ravi and Chitra's mother||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|| ''[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]'' || Santhanam's mother||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|}

== In popular culture ==

In the 2019 [[web series]] ''[[Queen (TV series)|Queen]]'', [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi Shivamani]] and [[Sonia Agarwal]] portrayed Ranganayaki, the fictional adaptation of Sandhya. In the Tamil film ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), Sandhya was portrayed by [[Bhagyashree]].

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0761892|Sandhya (1924-1971)}}

[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Jack Rebello

2026-04-27T02:28:09Z

Victorxsi:

{{Short description|Indian drummer (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=since v1, one of many AI articles by user}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jack Rebello
| image = 125 years of Tiatr Celebrations 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rebello in 2017
| birth_name = Joaquim Lourenço Rebelo
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|2|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Benaulim]], Goa, India
| other_names = Dotor
| years_active = 1983–present
| occupation = Drummer
| father = [[Mastor (musician)|Mastor]]
| relatives = [[Luis Rebello]] (brother)
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/jack.rebello.94}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{hlist|[[Goan music]]|[[indie pop]]|[[Indian pop]]}}
| instruments = [[Drums]]
| origin = Benaulim, [[South Goa]]
| current_member_of = Eka (as of 2017)
| past_member_of = {{hlist|Luis and his Melodians|Seby and the Wings|Black Slades|Bliss|India}}
}}
}}

'''Joaquim Lourenço''' "'''Jack'''" '''Rebello''' ([[né]] '''Rebelo'''; born 24 February 1967) is an Indian drummer who works on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. The son of musician and pioneer of ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'', [[Mastor (musician)|Mastor]], he began his career around the same time as his younger brother [[Luis Rebello|Luis]]. A leading drummer of [[Goa]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-03-24 |title=In the groove – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/03/24/magazines/buzz/in-the-groove/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rebello spent two decades initially playing for [[Goan]] [[cover bands]] in [[Delhi]].

==Early life==
Rebello's musical lineage extended further, with his two uncles, Luis Henrique and João Caetano,<ref name=":4" /> also being musicians referred to as "''[[Mistri|mestris]]''." His father's third sibling was employed at the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company]] in [[Bombay]], rather than pursuing a career in music like the rest of the family. João Rebelo, Rebello's father, was engaged in [[agriculture]] and additionally facilitated the setup of tents and parking arrangements for attendees of drama performances.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, he was involved in musical performances with the band [[List of bands from Goa#Cover band|Luis and his Melodians]].<ref name=":2" />

Rebello's musical talent was passed down to him by his paternal uncle, Luis Henrique. His upbringing in Benaulim, a hub of musical talent and ''[[tiatr]]'' artists, influenced his musical journey. From the age of 9, he displayed an interest in music and actively participated in various musical [[extravaganza]]s.<ref name=":2" /> At the age of 14, while still in the [[ninth grade]], Rebello commenced his drumming career by collaborating with his uncle, Luis.<ref name=":1" /> Although initially offered the opportunity to play drums professionally in a ''tiatr'' production by [[M. Boyer]] in 1982, Rebello chose to prioritize his studies for the [[S.S.C]] examination and declined the offer. Nevertheless, he continued to accompany his father and uncle to village performances, where his drumming skills were showcased. As Rebello's career advanced, he became a sought-after drummer for ''tiatrs'', collaborating with directors like the Mendes Brothers and Bab Peter, among others.<ref name=":3" />

==Career==
Rebello's musical journey commenced as a [[drummer]] under the tutelage of his uncle, Luis Henrique. His early experiences included performances with [[brass band]]s, village feasts, and village ''[[tiatr]]s''. Luis Henrique was recognized for his mastery of the [[double bass]] as a member of the popular [[orchestra]], [[List of bands from Goa#Cover band|Luis and his Melodians]]. In 1983, Rebello received an invitation to join Luis and his Melodians, marking a significant milestone in his career. For a duration of five years, he showcased his drumming skills alongside the orchestra. In 1986, Rebello's aspirations led him to venture to [[Delhi]], where he embarked on a new chapter as a member of the popular band, [[List of bands from Goa#Cover band|Seby and the Wings]], and remained associated with them until the year 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=188–189}}</ref> Rebello's musical trajectory saw a transformative period unfold when Seby and the Wings commenced their performances at Isfahan, the coffee shop situated within [[Taj Hotels|The Taj Palace]], [[New Delhi]]. This professional engagement at the coffee shop not only provided a platform for Rebello to refine his craft but also played a pivotal role in shaping his future musical endeavors. Throughout the week, the band captivated audiences with their performances, reserving Mondays as their designated day off.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-09-10 |title=Know about tiatr and music personality Jack Rebello – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/09/10/magazines/buzz/know-about-tiatr-and-music-personality-jack-rebello/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On Mondays, they catered to private functions hosted by influential [[business magnate]]s, further establishing their reputation. Occasionally, affluent business owners would hire them on Sundays, securing special authorizations from the hotel to engage the band's services. Evidently, Seby and the Wings held considerable popularity during the 1980s. The band, led by the [[band leader]] Seby Fernandes as the lead vocalist, boasted a lineup consisting of Mario Sequeira on bass and Peter Alfonso on [[keyboard (instrument)|keyboards]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Coelho |first=Colin S. |date=28 September 2008 |title=Drumming Blitzkrieg |work=Mirror via [[O Heraldo]]}}</ref> Rebello, despite being a newcomer at the time, swiftly earned a prominent position within the ensemble, showcasing his instrumental prowess. Following a successful eight-year tenure with Seby and the Wings, Rebello sought new musical opportunities and transitioned to the [[List of bands from Goa#Cover band|Black Slades]], another prominent [[Goan music|Goan band]] captivating audiences in Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> Rebello's musical journey exhibited consistency as he continued to grace the Taj Palace coffee shop for two decades, leaving a mark with his drumming prowess and contributing to the band's success.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Fidelis |first=Ron |date=1 August 2011 |title=Music for all: Jack Rebello talks about tiatr music |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Upon his return to [[Goa]], Rebello established his own [[musical ensemble]] called [[List of bands from Goa#Cover band|Bliss]], which remained operational for a span of five years before ceasing its activities.<ref name=":2" /> He also garnered recognition as a member of several popular Indian bands in [[Music of Goa|Goa's music scene]]. In 2005, during his residency in Goa, Rebello joined the band [[List of bands from Goa#Cover band|India]] for two seasons, dedicating a year of his tenure to their musical endeavors while concurrently engaging in the ''[[tiatr]]s'' (traditional [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[musical theatre]]) produced by his close associate, Comedian Agostinho. Rebello initially immersed himself in the ''tiatr'' milieu in 1983, collaborating with Menino de Bandar and contributing his drumming prowess to the productions of ''tiatrs'' such as ''Deudita'' (God Gives), the [[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|non-stop ''tiatr'']] ''Succorina'', and ''Indiechi Maim'' (Mother India). In 2008, Rebello embarked on a collaboration with Comedian Agostinho, participating in the theatrical productions of ''Sir'', ''Police - Part I'', ''Police -Part II'', ''Advogad'' (Advocate), ''Godfather'', and ''Public''. It is worth highlighting that Rebello achieved a distinction by partaking in two ''tiatrs'' that successfully completed 200 consecutive shows: Menino de Bandar's ''Succorina'' and Comedian Agostinho's ''Police - Part I''. He performed in all 400 shows<ref name=":1" /> of these productions, cementing his position as the sole [[drummer]] within the ''tiatr'' realm to be associated with both these double-centuries.<ref name=":3" /> Throughout his career, Rebello has contributed his drumming expertise to over 40 albums, collaborating with ''[[tiatrist]]s'' such as [[Wilson Mazarello|Wilmix]]-[[Sharon Mazarello|Sharon]], [[Lawry Travasso]], Pascoal Rodrigues, Menino de Bandar, [[Hortencio Pereira]], and Justin de Santacruz. Additionally, he has had the privilege of collaborating with [[music director]]s including [[Maestro Josinho]], Joaquim D'Souza, Baltazar Fernandes, Agostinho D'Cruz, and Babush Fernandes.<ref name=":0" />

Rebello's return to Goa was prompted by the death of his brother, [[Luis Rebello|Luis]], in 2015. Since 2017, Rebello has been actively engaged in the music scene, lending his talents to Comedian Agostinho and the Indian [[Indie pop]] band known as Eka, based in [[Delhi]]. Eka specializes in [[Hindi pop]] music and is prominently recognized for their performances at various social gatherings, including weddings and parties in [[Hyderabad]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Dubai]], [[Singapore]], and other locations. Their musical [[repertoire]] has extended to a broad range of events, such as the four-day conference organized by The South Asia Doctors, which hosted a gathering of 1000 delegates in Singapore. Rebello's musical journey has encompassed collaborations beyond his involvement with Eka. He has had the privilege of sharing the stage with artists like Norman Cardozo during live shows featuring the [[Goan]] singer, [[Lorna Cordeiro]]. Furthermore, Rebello has made significant contributions to the [[Goan music|Konkani music]] scene by providing instrumental support for various audio albums alongside musicians such as Maestro Josinho, Agnelo Dias, and Joaquim D'Souza.<ref name=":1" />

Within the realm of ''[[tiatr]]'', Rebello has established himself as a regular and versatile musician. He has lent his skills to several directors, including [[M. Boyer]], who endearingly referred to him as "Dotor" ({{translation|Doctor}}), as well as [[C. Alvares]], Bab Peter, [[H. Britton]], and the Mendes Brothers. His musical abilities have garnered popularity, leading to several engagements and performances. Rebello's proficiency ranges from being a top-tier drummer in [[British dance band|dance band]]s to actively participating in ''tiatr'' productions, even taking on the responsibility of managing the ticket counter at [[Margao]]'s Ravindra Bhavan.<ref name=":1" /> During a critical juncture in his career, Rebello confronted a pivotal choice between the realms of popular entertainment and ''tiatr''. Ultimately, he elected to prioritize his involvement in ''tiatr'', recognizing that live performances have become the predominant avenue for musicians to generate income, given the increasing prevalence of [[drum machine]]s replacing live drummers in [[studio recording]]s.<ref name=":3" />

==Personal life==
Rebello hails from a large family, consisting of eight siblings. Among his brothers are [[Luis Rebello|Luis]], Eduardo, Flavino, Antonio, Agnelo, and Pascoal, while his sister is named Jesuina. Within the realm of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] music, both Luis and Agnelo<ref name=":4" /> have gained recognition as musicians. As of 2018, Rebello has established his residence in the Pequeno, Pulvaddo ward in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]].<ref name=":0" /> He remains unmarried as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vernekar |first=Suraj |date=17 August 2020 |title=In accordance with Section 346(11) of The Goa Succession, Special Notaries and Inventory Proceeding Act, 2012, it is hereby made public that by Deed of Succession dated 10-08-2020 duly recorded under Book No. 1677 at pages 100V to 102 of the office, the following is recorded:- |url=https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2021/2021-28-SIII-OG-0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020202455/https://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/2021/2021-28-SIII-OG-0.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=Goa Printing Press}}</ref> On 10 May 2015, Rebello's brother Luis, died at the age of 44, due to [[cardiac arrest]] in [[Raia, Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-05-11 |title=45-yr-old musician dies of heart attack – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/05/11/goanews/45-yr-old-musician-dies-of-heart-attack/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> An affiliation exists between Rebello and Comedian Agostinho, a ''[[tiatrist]]'', as they have collaborated in more than 200 performances. During his formative years, Rebello found inspiration in Rocky Gomes from [[Navelim]], then-a leading [[drummer]] in Goa.<ref name=":3" />

Rebello has expressed his views on singers who critique musicians openly. He admires [[Lawry Travasso]] for his skill in smoothly masking errors during performances. Rebello believes that victors of singing contests should engage in the Konkani music community, helping to enrich the "''[[Tiatr#Songs|kantaram]]''" performances crucial to the ''[[tiatr]]'' heritage.<ref name=":1" /> Rebello has raised concerns regarding the lack of recognition and respect accorded to musicians in ''tiatr'' productions, despite their extended performances lasting three hours in tight spaces. Beyond his musical interests, Rebello also demonstrates a passion for [[association football|football]].<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebello, Jack}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Dogri

2026-04-20T18:39:26Z

Victorxsi: new basic stub needs work

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Dogri language|Dogri]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web | title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance | website=timesofindia-economictimes | date=2015-11-19 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 June 2016 | access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Author
! Work
!Genre
!class=unsortable|References
|-
| 2011 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''
|-
| 2012 || Yash Raina || ''Do Kandhe'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2013 || Dheeraj Kesar 'Nikka' || ''Rough Copy'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2014 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''
|-
| 2015 || Sandeep 'Sufi' || ''Mustakbil'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2016 || Brham Dutt Magotra || ''Kule Bhav'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2017 || Rajinder Ranjha || ''Tere Hirke Ch'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2018 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award''''' <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Sunil Kumar || ''Sees'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2020 || Ganga Sharma || ''Manne Da Buaal'' || Poetry || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Arun Akash Dev || ''Phang Honsele De'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/|title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021|date= 31 December 2021|publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com |date=2021-12-30 |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |website=staging.theprint.in |date=2021-12-31 |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || Ashu Sharma || ''Kathputali'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023 || Dheeraj Bismil || ''Ahlada'' || Plays ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Heena Choudhary || ''Ik Rang Tere Range Chaa'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award''''' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Dogri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Pithani Satyanarayana

2026-04-20T08:30:42Z

Victorxsi: Creating The Stub Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satyanarayana Pithani
| image = Pithani Satyanarayana i (cropped).jpg
| native_name_lang =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = Peethala Sujatha
| constituency = [[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}
'''Satyanarayana Pithani''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He has been elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Achanta Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Achanta, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Satyanarayana Pithani wins Achanta with 85402 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/achanta-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548246-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704231906/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/achanta-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548246-2024-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Achanta Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/achanta-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916583.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704231906/https://www.news18.com/elections/achanta-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916583.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-27 |title=Pithani finds the going tough in native Achanta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pithani-finds-the-going-tough-in-native-achanta/article5953473.ece |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704231907/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pithani-finds-the-going-tough-in-native-achanta/article5953473.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
Pithani was elected as the MLA for the [[Achanta Assembly constituency]], representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achanta Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Achanta Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/achanta-constituency/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He served as a minister for social welfare, roads and buildings in the [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|Kiran Kumar Reddy cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-04 |title=Kiran Reddy aide quits his new party, joins TDP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kiran-reddy-aide-quits-his-new-party-joins-tdp-114040401182_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615162501/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kiran-reddy-aide-quits-his-new-party-joins-tdp-114040401182_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] in 2014 and was appointed the minister for labour and employment in [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|N. Chandrababu Naidu cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ap-cabinet-naidu-inducts-son-1997917 | title=AP Cabinet: Naidu inducts son, 4 YSRC MLAs who switched sides | access-date=15 June 2024 | archive-date=4 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704231907/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ap-cabinet-naidu-inducts-son-1997917 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, he was re-elected as the MLA for the Achanta constituency.<ref name=":0" />

== Election results ==

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate= Satyanarayana Pithani|votes=54,903|percentage=46.24|change=+2.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Karri Radha Krishna Reddy|votes=39,148|percentage=32.97|change=-16.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Kudupudi Srinivasa Rao|votes=16,770|percentage=14.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,755|percentage=13.27|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=118,745|percentage=83.40|change=+8.42}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate= Satyanarayana Pithani|votes=63,549|percentage=48.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Mudnuri Prasad Raju|votes=59,629|percentage=45.66|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,920|percentage=3.00|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=130,599|percentage=81.82|change=-1.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate= [[Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju]]|votes=66,494|percentage=47.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate= Satyanarayana Pithani|votes=53,608|percentage=38.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jana Sena Party|candidate=Javvadhi Venkata Vijayaram|votes=13,993|percentage=10.09|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=12,886|percentage=9.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138,747|percentage=79.63|change=-2.19}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Satyanarayana Pithani
|votes = 85,402
|percentage = 56.73
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju]]
|votes = 58,848
|percentage = 39.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nekkanti Venkata Satyanarayana
|votes = 1,872
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,673
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,554
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,50,541
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pithani, Satyanarayana}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row

2026-04-19T07:54:27Z

Victorxsi: article

{{Short description|Dispute over the Mullaperiyar Dam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2011}}
[[File:Mullapperiyardam.jpg|thumb|Mullaperiyar Dam]]

{{Cleanup rewrite|Reason for rewrite|article or section|date=April 2017}}
'''Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row''' (alternatively '''India dam row''') is an ongoing row and the long legal battle between the [[India]]n states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] about the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] on the [[Periyar river]]. Although the 127-year-old Mullaperiyar dam is located in Kerala, it is operated by the government of Tamil Nadu which signed a 999-year lease agreement with the former British government to irrigate farmland on its side. The agreement was signed by the Secretary of [[Madras State]] (now Tamil Nadu) under the British Raj and the King of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/the-mullaperiyar-dam-dispute-between-kerala-and-tamil-nadu-is-unnecessary-567858 | title=The Mullaperiyar Dam dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu is unnecessary | date=8 January 2012 | publisher=NDTV | access-date=25 August 2019 }}</ref> From several technical surveys conducted, Kerala states the old [[masonry dam]] built with [[Mortar (masonry)#Lime mortar|lime surkhi mortar]] is structurally getting weaker and costly in leakage and massive cracks - [[Shearing (physics)|shear]] maintenance in [[abutment]]s<ref>{{cite book|title=Safety of Existing Dams: Evaluation and Improvement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA190|date=1 January 1983|publisher=National Academies|pages=190|isbn = 9780309033879|id=NAP:15069}}</ref> above all poses a significant danger to an approximate 3 million people living in the region and that it needs to be rebuilt – a move opposed by Tamil Nadu.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017|reason=danger to 3 million people can't be claimed without citation}} Tamil Nadu maintains that the endangered dam was repaired in 1979 and insists the dam's walls have been strengthened and that it can hold more water than the current level of 136 ft (41 m) and also due to the fact it only takes around 25,000 INR per year payment for an estimated usage of water for 8000 acres per British oppression era lease,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/images/8/8f/124.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201023320/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/images/8/8f/124.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> this does not include how many [[Tmcft|tmc feet]] could be shared which is also a blissful loophole in the [[Mullayar]]-"Periyar Lease Deed of 1886" that the government is unwilling to waive. In a 1998 [[affidavit]], the Tamil Nadu government admitted that it drew around 21 tmc ft or 594636000000 L (Five hundred ninety-four billion, six hundred thirty-six million litres) annually for around 230,000 acres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/tamil-nadu-and-kerala-slug-it-out-over-mullaperiyar-dam-5475|title = Tamil Nadu and Kerala slug it out over Mullaperiyar dam}}</ref> Although the Periyar River has a total catchment area of 5398 km2 with 114 km2 downstream from the dam in Tamil Nadu, the catchment area of Mullaperiyar Dam itself lies entirely in Kerala and thus its water source is not an inter-State river.<ref name="cwrdm">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2783258.ece|title=No part of Mullaperiyaru catchment is in TN: CWRDM Director|year=2012|access-date=26 October 2021|location=India|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Protests, calling for Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to intervene, erupted across Kerala demanding construction of a new dam to replace Mullaperiyar Dam. These new protests were triggered by recent low-intensity earthquakes that prompted scientists to say the dam could not withstand more intensive tremors. The public and scientific consensus over the seismic vulnerability of the Mullaperiyar Dam in Kerala, and Tamil Nadu's resistance in accepting the vulnerability of the dam has strained the inter-state relationship since the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199469123.001.0001/acprof-9780199469123|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199469123.001.0001|title=Contested Knowledge|year=2017|last1=Varughese|first1=Shiju Sam|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-946912-3|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

This was followed by the chief minister of Kerala's meeting with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to try to resolve the damaging row with neighbouring Tamil Nadu. As the row intensified, police in Kerala banned gatherings of more than five people at the dam near the Tamil Nadu border. The move was followed by clashes between people from the two states near the town of Kumali. In the country's capital, Members of Parliament from Kerala and Tamil Nadu clashed in India's [[Rajya Sabha|upper house of parliament]] over the issue. However, the issue is at large in multiple dimensions like water shortage, right to protection, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Rain-dependent-southern-states-spar-over-sharing-water-India-Water-Week-is-currently-being-observed/articleshow/51764291.cms |title=Rain-dependent southern states spar over sharing water (India Water Week is currently being observed) - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610055848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Rain-dependent-southern-states-spar-over-sharing-water-India-Water-Week-is-currently-being-observed/articleshow/51764291.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Thousands of people of Kerala formed a 208 km human wall in the following day{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} to demand a replacement to the dam although Tamil Nadu insists it is safe and that water levels can be raised. The protest was led by the opposition [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF) in which politicians, social activists and families along the way took part.<ref name=hindustantimes0>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kerala/208-km-human-chain-formed-for-new-Kerala-dam/Article1-779624.aspx |title=208-km human chain formed for new Kerala dam |publisher=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209083809/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kerala/208-km-human-chain-formed-for-new-kerala-dam/article1-779624.aspx |archive-date=2011-12-09 }}</ref> The central government has invited senior officials from both states to discuss the issue later in December 2011.

In May 2014, [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that the water level in the dam can be increased from 136 ft to 142 ft. It also struck down Kerala Irrigation Water Conservation Act and constituted a permanent Supervisory Committee to oversee all the issues concerning Mullaperiyar dam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala to file a review petition in Apex Court in Mullaperiyar verdict|url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/kerala-to-file-review-petition-in-apex-court-in-mullaperiyar-verdict/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref>

In a UN report published in 2021, the dam was identified as one among the world's big dams which needs to be decommissioned for being 'situated in a seismically active area with significant structural flaws and poses risk to 3.5 million people in the 100+ years old dam were to fail'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/986601/mullaperiyar-dam-in-kerala-is-a-ticking-time-bomb-waiting-to-explode|title=Kerala's Mullaperiyar dam is a ticking time bomb waiting to explode|website=The Scroll}}</ref>[1]

MULLAPERIYAR DAM ISSUE<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://unu.edu/media-relations/releases/ageing-dams-pose-growing-threat.html|title=Ageing dams pose growing threat|website=United Nations University}}</ref>

== Interstate dispute ==
For Tamil Nadu, Mullaperiyar dam and the diverted Periyar waters act as a source for Theni, Madurai, Dindigul, Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts, providing water for irrigation, drinking and also for the generation of power in Lower Periyar Power Station. Tamil Nadu has insisted on exercising its unfettered rights to control the dam and its waters, based on the 1866 lease agreement.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}Kerala has pointed out the unfairness in the 1886 lease agreement and has challenged the validity of this agreement. However, safety concerns posed by the 116-year-old dam to the safety of the people of Kerala in the event of a dam collapse, have been the focus of disputes from 2009 onward. Kerala's proposal for decommissioning the dam and construction of a new dam on the basis of environmental and life-threatening risk it possesses has been challenged by Tamil Nadu.

Tamil Nadu has insisted on raising the water level in the dam to 142 feet, pointing outcrop failures. One estimate maintains that "the crop losses to Tamil Nadu, because of the reduction in the height of the dam, between 1980 and 2005 is a whopping {{INR}} 40,000 crores. In the process the farmers of the erstwhile rain shadow areas in Tamil Nadu who had started a thrice-yearly cropping pattern had to go back to the bi-annual cropping."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070113213632/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/portal/2006/03/413 The Mullaperiyar imbroglio]. Hard News. April 2006</ref>

The Kerala Government states that this is not true and the objections raised are political than for welfare. During the year 1979–80 the gross area cultivated in Periyar command area was {{convert|171307|acre|km2}}. After the lowering of the level to {{convert|136|ft|m|abbr=on}}, the gross irrigated area increased and in 1994–95 it reached {{convert|229718|acre|km2}}.<ref>[https://expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar.html Kerala Government's arguments]. Expert-eyes.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-25.</ref> The Tamil Nadu government had increased its withdrawal from the reservoir, with additional facilities to cater to the increased demand from newly irrigated areas.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

In 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] by its decision by a three-member [[division bench]], allowed for the storage level to be raised to {{convert|142|ft|m}} pending completion of the proposed strengthening measures, provision of other additional vents and implementation of other suggestions.<ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311211445/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb282006/national2155542006227.asp Mullaperiyar water level can be raised]. Deccan Herald. 28 February 2006</ref>

However, the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] promulgated a new "Dam Safety Act" against increasing the storage level of the dam, which has not been objected by the Supreme Court. Tamil Nadu challenged it on various grounds. The Supreme Court issued notice to Kerala to respond, however did not stay the operation of the Act even as an interim measure. The Court then advised the States to settle the matter amicably, and adjourned hearing in order to enable them to do so. The Supreme Court of India termed the act as not unconstitutional.<ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313155619/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/09/stories/2006090911840400.htm Mullaperiyar: apex court issues notice to Government ]. The Hindu. 9 September 2006. Retrieved on 2011-11-25.</ref> Meanwhile, the Supreme Court constituted a Constitution bench to hear the case considering its wide ramifications.<ref name="MWR">{{cite web
|author = Ministry of Water Resources
|publisher = Govt. of India
|title = Mulla Periyar Dam issue
|url = http://mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=751&langid=1&sslid=733
|access-date = 2011-12-06
|date = 2011-12-02
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110828193337/http://www.mowr.gov.in/index3.asp?subsublinkid=751&langid=1&sslid=733
|archive-date = 2011-08-28
}}</ref>

Kerala did not object giving water to Tamil Nadu. Their main cause of objection is the dam's safety as it is as old as 110 years. Increasing the level would add more pressure to be handled by already leaking dam.<ref name="6decndtv">{{cite news
|title=Mullaperiyar dam row: Clashes at Kerala-Tamil Nadu border post
|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/kerala/mullaperiyar-dam-row-clashes-at-kerala-tamil-nadu-border-post-155641
|access-date=6 December 2011
|newspaper=[[New Delhi Television|NDTV]]
|date=6 December 2011
}}</ref> Tamil Nadu wants the 2006 order of Supreme court be implemented so as to increase the water level to {{convert|142|ft|m}}.

In May 2014, Supreme Court of India declared Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006 as unconstitutional and allowed Tamil Nadu to raise water level from 136 ft to 142 ft and also formed a permanent Supervisory Committee to take care of the issues relating to the dam.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-allows-tn-to-increase-mullaperiyar-water-level/article5985048.ece?homepage=true|title = SC allows TN to increase Mullaperiyar water level|work = The Hindu| date=7 May 2014 |access-date = 2014-05-07| last1=Venkatesan | first1=J. }}</ref>

== Justice A.S. Anand Committee (Empowered Committee) ==

On 18 February 2010, the Supreme Court decided to constitute a five-member empowered committee to study all the issues of Mullaperiyar Dam and seek a report from it within six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article108195.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu |title=Supreme Court constitutes empowered committee to go into Mullaperiyar issues | date=17 February 2010}}</ref> The Bench in its draft order said Tamil Nadu and Kerala would have the option to nominate a member each, who could be either a retired judge or a technical expert. The five-member committee will be headed by former Chief Justice of India [[Adarsh Sein Anand|A. S. Anand]] to go into all issues relating to the dam's safety and the storage level. However, the then ruling party of Tamil Nadu, DMK, passed a resolution that not only opposes the apex court's decision to form the five-member committee but also said that the state government will not nominate any member to it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article110135.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu |title=DMK for keeping away from panel on Mullaperiyar | date=20 February 2010}}</ref>

The then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] said that immediately after the Supreme Court announced its decision to set up a committee, he had written to the Congress Party president asking the Centre to mediate between Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar issue.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-21/india/28133026_1_mullaperiyar-dam-inter-state-river-water-disputes-cauvery-issue
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105155218/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-21/india/28133026_1_mullaperiyar-dam-inter-state-river-water-disputes-cauvery-issue
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=5 November 2013
|work=[[The Times of India]]
| title=DMK against SC panel on the dam
| date=21 February 2010
}}</ref> However, the then Leader of Opposition i.e., the Ex-Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[J. Jayalalithaa]] objected to the TN Government move. She said that this would give an advantage to Kerala in the issue.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article111203.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu |title=Jayalalithaa criticises Karunanidhi over Mullaperiyar issue | date=22 February 2010}}</ref> Meanwhile, Kerala Water Resources Minister [[N. K. Premachandran]] told the state Assembly that the State should have the right of construction, ownership, operation and maintenance of the new dam while giving water to Tamil Nadu on the basis of a clear cut agreement. He also informed the media that Former Supreme Court Judge Mr. K. T. Thomas will represent Kerala on the expert panel constituted by Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/04/stories/2010030461410800.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309145651/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/04/stories/2010030461410800.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=9 March 2010
| location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
| title=K.T. Thomas to be on Mullaperiyar panel
| date=4 March 2010
}}</ref>

On 8 March 2010, Tamil Nadu told the Supreme Court that it was not interested in adjudicating the dispute with Kerala before the special "empowered" committee appointed by the apex court for settling the inter-State issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article221094.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu |title=Tamil Nadu not interested in adjudicating Mullaperiyar before panel | date=8 March 2010}}</ref> However, Supreme Court refused to accept Tamil Nadu's request to scrap the decision to form the empowered committee. The Supreme Court also criticized the Union Government for its reluctance in funding the empowered committee.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/30/stories/2010033055571300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403033545/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/30/stories/2010033055571300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 April 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Tamil Nadu plea dismissed, empowered panel on Mullaperiyar will stay | date=30 March 2010}}</ref>

Implementing directions of the Supreme Court, the Central Government extended the terms of Empowered Committee for a further period of six months, namely till 30 April 2012.<ref name="MWR"/>

In its report submitted to the Supreme Court on 25 April 2012, the committee is understood to have said: "The dam is structurally, hydrologically, and seismically safe." Last year's earth tremors in that region "did not have any impact on the Mullaperiyar dam and the Idukki reservoir and there was no danger to the safety of the two dams." [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/41744252/] [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mullaperiyar-dam-structurally-hydrologically-safe-panel/article3353151.ece]

==Supervisory Committee==

In 2014 the Supreme Court constituted a permanent Supervisory Committee to oversee all the aspects concerning Mullaperiyar dam. The Supervisory Committee consisting of three members one member from the [[Central Water Commission]] of The Water Resource Ministry who will act as the chairman of the Supervisory Committee and two other members from the respective states. The Supervisory Committee will also have a Sub Committee under it consisting of five engineer members headed by engineer from Central Water Commission and two other members from the respective states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

== Construction of a new dam ==
[[File:Padhathi pradesham.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Mullaperiyar reservoir]]
Kerala enacted the ''Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006'' to ensure safety of all 'endangered' dams in the State, listed in the second schedule to the Act. Section 62A of the Act provides for listing in the schedule, "details of the dams which are endangered on account of their age, degeneration, degradation, structural or other impediments as are specified".<ref>[http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/legislation/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Act%202006.pdf Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034254/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/19/stories/2006091916870600.htm "Kerala Justifies Enactment of the Act", the Hindu, Sept 19, 2006]</ref> The second schedule to the Act lists Mullaperiyar (dam) constructed in 1895 and fixes 136 feet as its maximum water level. The Act empowers ''Kerala Dam Safety Authority'' (Authority specified in the Act) to oversee safety of dams in the State and sec 62(e) empowers the Authority to direct the custodian (of a dam) "to suspend the functioning of any dam, to decommission any dam or restrict the functioning of any dam if public safety or threat to human life or property, so require". The Authority can conduct periodical inspection of any dam listed in the schedules.

In pursuance of Kerala's dam safety law declaring Mullaperiyar dam as an endangered dam, in September 2009, the Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of India granted environmental clearance to Kerala for conducting survey for new dam downstream.<ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160117172805/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article153387.ece "The New Indian Express", 17 September 2009]</ref> Tamil Nadu approached Supreme Court for a stay order against the clearance; however, the plea was rejected. Consequently, the survey was started in October, 2009.
Later strengthening the dam's previously fractured areas was inspected. Kerala Govt has communicated with the Central Govt and Tamil Nadu for extension of the project and for preparing and acquiring modern and scientific plans with all possible factors tabulated.<ref name="MWR"/>

In 2014 while passing the final judgement the Supreme Court has laid down criteria for any future construction of new dam downstream the present Mullaperiyar Dam under the "Way Forward - Towards an amicable solution" or a tunnel solution as suggested by the Empowered Committee.

After suggesting the proposals the Supreme Court in its 2014 final verdict stated "we however grant liberty to the parties to apply to the Court if they are able to arrive at some amicable solution on either of the two alternatives suggested by the Empowered Committee"
==In popular culture==
* Malayalam movie [[L2: Empuraan]] shows fictional depiction of [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] and villain trying to sabotage the dam facility by planting bombs. Further it portrayed that the collapse of the dam would result in washing away a significant part of Kerala. The film also criticised about 999 years lease deed of the dam before the independence through which the [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu]] operate the dam which is in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Dam in Empuraan stokes controversy, Tamil farmers stage protest in front of Gokulam Chits branch |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1509168&u=dam-in-empuraan-stokes-controversy-tamil-farmers-stage-protest-in-front-of-gokulam-chits-branch |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amid right-wing groups' attack, 'Empuraan' faces protest in Tamil Nadu over Mullaperiyar dam depiction |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2025/04/01/empuraan-controversy-over-mullaperiyar-in-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title='Nedumpally dam' references cause uproar: Farmers demand cuts in 'Empuraan' over Mullaperiyar link |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/l2-empuraan-mullaperiyar-dam-controversy-1.10473808 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-03-31 |title=Controversy Surrounds Malayalam Film Empuraan Over Mullaperiyar Dam Depiction |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/controversy-surrounds-malayalam-film-empuraan-over-mullaperiyar-dam-depiction-enn25033105328 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15969933 ''BBC News'' Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row intensifies in India]
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15997656 ''BBC News'' Mullaperiyar dam: Kerala leader Chandy meets PM Singh]
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16047880 ''BBC News'' Mullaperiyar dam: Kerala police ban protest meetings]
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16069332 ''BBC News'' India dam row: Kerala and Tamil Nadu MPs clash]
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16083401 ''BBC News'' Indian protesters form human wall to demand new dam]

==See also==
*[[1979 Machchhu dam failure]]
*[[Mullaperiyar dam]]
*[[Kaveri River water dispute]]
*[[Ravi River#Interstate water dispute|Ravi-Beas dispute]]
*[[Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal]]
*[[Narmada River#Early background and dispute|Narmada dispute]]
*[[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]]

[[Category:Dam controversies]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:History of Kerala (1947–present)]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu (1947–present)]]

Chetan Anand (politician)

2026-04-19T02:39:27Z

Victorxsi: put up some details added tags.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Other uses|Chetan Anand (disambiguation){{!}}Chetan Anand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chetan Anand
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|11|20|df=yes}}
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Vijay Kumar Singh (Bihar)|Vijay Kumar Singh]]
| constituency = [[Nabinagar Assembly constituency|Nabinagar]]
| constituency1 = [[Sheohar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]]
| term_start1 = 2020
| term_end1 = 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Sharfuddin (politician)|Sharfuddin]]
| successor =
| party = [[Janta Dal United]] (14 Feb 2024-present) [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (2020–2024) [[Hindustan Awam Morcha]] (2015–2020)
| parents = {{ubl
| [[Anand Mohan Singh]] (father)
| [[Lovely Anand]] (mother)
}}
| image = File:Chetan Anand (cropped).jpg
| successor1 = [[Shweta Gupta]]
}}

'''Chetan Anand''' (born 20 November 1991)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA Date Of Birth |url=https://www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2022}}</ref> is an Indian politician from the state of [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Sheohar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheohar constituency]] representing the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 election]] to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].He was then elected to the [[Nabinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nabinagar constituency]] on a JD(U) ticket in 2025 election by a mere margin of 112 votes.<ref name="Chetan and Ajit carry family legacies into Bihar battle2">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 October 2025 |title=Chetan and Ajit carry family legacies into Bihar battle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/chetan-and-ajit-carry-family-legacies-into-bihar-battle/article70209734.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123170813/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/chetan-and-ajit-carry-family-legacies-into-bihar-battle/article70209734.ece |archivedate=23 November 2025 |accessdate=23 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Alumni of [[Welham Boys' School]]
Chetan Anand is the son of [[Anand Mohan Singh]], a former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) and an MLA, and [[Lovely Anand]], who is also an MP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramashankar |date=12 October 2020 |title=Anand Mohan's son is RJD's Sheohar nominee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/anand-mohans-son-is-rjds-sheohar-nominee/articleshow/78608671.cms |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Anand started his official political career with [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]'s Party [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] as National president of the party's student wing in 2015. He along with his mother Lovely Anand, joined RJD in late September 2020 ahead of [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Bihar elections: Jailed Rajput leader Anand Mohan's wife, son join RJD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-elections-jailed-rajput-leader-anand-mohans-wife-son-join-rjd-6622720/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He contested the [[Sheohar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheohar constituency]] and won the Position of MLA.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-23 |title=17th Bihar Assembly's inaugural session begins with Members taking oath |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/17th-bihar-assemblys-inaugural-session-begins-with-members-taking-oath/article33159374.ece |access-date=2022-04-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has been campaigning for the release of his father, Anand Mohan, who was convicted of abetting murder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=chetan-anand-launched-public-relations-campaign |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/supaul/news/mla-chetan-anand-launched-public-relations-campaign-129676048.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लवली आनंद का ऐलान- 23 अप्रैल को होगी सिंह सिंह गर्जना रैली, आंनद मोहन की रिहाई के लिए सदन से सड़क तक होगा संषर्घ |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-politics-lovely-anand-said-singh-garjana-rally-will-be-held-on-april-23-for-the-release-of-anand-mohan-22408748.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2021-12-03 |title=RJD demands release of politicians who have spent 14 years in jail |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/rjd-demands-release-of-politicians-who-have-spent-14-years-in-jail-121120301485_1.html |access-date=2022-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=बिहार विधानसभा पूर्व सांसद आनंद मोहन की रिहाई का मुद्दा राजद विधायक चेतन आनंद ने उठाया, तेजस्वी यादव ने सरकार पर लगाया आरोप |url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/bihar-assembly-former-mp-anand-mohan-rjd-mla-chetan-anand-raised-issue-release-tejashwi-yadav-b507/ |access-date=2022-04-24}}</ref> There were reports of him pledging his salary for public help during [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-22 |title=RJD MLA Chetan Anand Will Serve Public With His Salary, Said- I Will Take Pocket Money From Mother Lovely Anand In Corona Era Ann {{!}} RJD MLA Chetan Anand will serve public with his salary, said - The Post Reader |url=https://thepostreader.com/rjd-mla-chetan-anand-will-serve-public-with-his-salary-said-i-will-take-pocket-money-from-mother-lovely-anand-in-corona-era-ann-rjd-mla-chetan-anand-will-serve-public-with-his-salary-said/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#LadengeCoronaSe: राजद विधायक चेतन आनंद का एलान, 'वेतन से करूंगा लोगों की मदद' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/rjd-mla-from-sheohar-chetan-anand-announces-to-use-his-salary-to-help-people-in-covid-crisis |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Chetan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:People from Sheohar district]]
[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Vithal Somanna Halagekar

2026-04-13T22:48:50Z

Victorxsi: stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2024}}
{{original research|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vithal Somanna Halagekar
| image = File:Vithalhalagekarkhanapur.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 May 2023
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]] & [[Chairman]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|01|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Topinkatti]], [[Belagavi District]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| constituency = [[Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency]]
| preceded = [[Anjali Nimbalkar]]
| succeeded =
| parents = Somanna Halagekar (father)
| district =
| native_name =
| alma_mater = [[Rani Channamma University, Belagavi]]
}}

'''Vithal Somanna Halagekar''' (born 7 January 1963) is an Indian politician and a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from the Khanapur constituency. He is affiliated with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Halagekar has been a prominent political figure in Karnataka, known for his electoral victories and contributions to his constituency.

In the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, Halagekar contested from the Khanapur constituency but was defeated by [[Anjali Nimbalkar]] of the Indian National Congress (INC).<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Khanapur Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/khanapur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/98939111.cms |website=The Times of India |date=May 24, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref> However, he made a significant comeback in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, where he won the Khanapur seat by a margin of 54,629 votes, defeating the incumbent MLA [[Anjali Nimbalkar]].<ref name="OneIndia">{{cite web |title=Khanapur Election Result 2023 Live |url=https://www.oneindia.com/khanapur-assembly-elections-ka-14/ |website=OneIndia |date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Election result 2023: These new MLAs won by a margin of 50,000 votes or more">{{cite news |last1=Mint |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Election result 2023: These new MLAs won by a margin of 50,000 votes or more |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-these-new-mlas-won-by-a-margin-of-50-000-votes-or-more-11683990021238.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117064700/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-these-new-mlas-won-by-a-margin-of-50-000-votes-or-more-11683990021238.html |archivedate=17 November 2024 |accessdate=17 November 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Halagekar was born on 7 January 1963 in Khanapur, Belagavi district, Karnataka. He completed his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree from GSS College, Belagavi, in 1986-87 and later obtained a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree from Sangolli Rayanna College, Belagavi, in 1987-88.<ref name="IndiaLeader">{{cite web |title=Vitthal Halagekar - India Leader |url=https://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/36841/Vitthal-Halagekar |website=India Leader |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref> Halagekar has been involved in agriculture and service sectors throughout his career.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Vithal Somanna Halagekar (Winner) - Khanapur |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7448 |website=MyNeta |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref> He is also the managing director of Shri Mahalaxmi Group, Khanapur, and Shree Bhagyalaxmi Sugar Factory, Khanapur.<ref name="Mongabay">{{cite web |title=Inside Goa and Karnataka's conflict on Mhadei river water |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2023/07/inside-goa-and-karnatakas-conflict-on-mhadei-river-water/ |website=Mongabay |date=July 7, 2023 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halagekar, Vithal Somanna}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Iddarammayilatho

2026-04-13T06:10:37Z

Victorxsi: Creating new article

{{Short description|2013 film by Puri Jagannadh}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Iddarammayilatho
| image = Iddarammayilatho.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = [[Bandla Ganesh]]
| writer = Puri Jagannadh
| starring = [[Allu Arjun]] [[Amala Paul]] [[Catherine Tresa]] [[Shawar Ali]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| editing = M. S. Rajashekhar Reddy (S. R. Shekhar)
| cinematography = [[Amol Rathod]]
| studio = [[Parameswara Art Productions]]
| distributor = Blue Sky{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|5|31|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Producer Bandla Ganesh announces the release date of his Iddarammayilatho |url=https://twitter.com/ganeshbandla/status/329130097707720704 |access-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}} 33 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2013 |title=Telugu cinema industry loses 300 crores in 2013 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Telugu-cinema-industry-loses-300-crores-in-2013/articleshow/27080566.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Iddarammayilatho''''' ({{translation|'With two girls'}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allu Arjun's interview about Iddarammayilatho |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/alluarjun-iddarammailatho.html |access-date=29 May 2013 |website=Idlebrain.com |quote=I have five genres included in Iddarammailatho – action, music, comedy, romance and drama. If I have to specify two genres that dominate, these are romance and action. One can call it as romantic action entertainer.}}</ref> written and directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. It stars [[Allu Arjun]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Catherine Tresa]] and [[Shawar Ali]], while [[Brahmanandam]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]], [[Subbaraju]], and [[Rao Ramesh]] play supporting roles. The film was entirely shot in [[Spain]] and [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2012 |title=Allu Arjun to romance Amala Paul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-to-romance-Amala-Paul/articleshow/16365265.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-12/news-interviews/33788390_1_amala-paul-allu-arjun-parameswara-arts |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=12 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Bandla Ganesh]] has produced the film under Parameswara Art Productions. The film was simultaneously dubbed and released in [[Malayalam]] as ''Romeo & Juliets''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddarammayilatho releasing in malayalam | allu arjuan Iddarammayilatho releease in malayalam | Iddarammayilatho movie release date | Allu Arjun Romeo Juliets- Timesofap |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/iddarammayilatho-to-release-in-malayalam-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510110713/http://timesofap.com/cinema/iddarammayilatho-to-release-in-malayalam-.html |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=2013-05-10}}</ref> Iddarammayilatho was released in 1,600 theaters worldwide on 31 May 2013.

==Plot==
The [[Union Council of Ministers|Central Minister]] is facing accusations over possessing [[black money]] of {{INRConvert|1|t|year=2013}} and money laundering it into [[Europe]] through his unsuspecting daughter Akanksha, a [[psychology]] student who goes to [[Barcelona]] to pursue higher education. Akanksha finds a [[diary]] in her flat in Barcelona, and out of curiosity, she starts reading it, which unfolds the [[romance (novel)|romantic drama]] between Sanju Reddy and Komali Sankaraabharanam. Akanksha gets engaged in [[Paris]] with her father's henchman Shawar Ali. Incidentally, she runs into Sanju and gets to know him.

Sanju is an [[engineer]]-turned-lead [[guitar]]ist of a music band and makes his living through the stage and [[street performance]]s. As narrated in the diary, Komali comes from an orthodox [[Telugu Brahmin]] family. She is interested in classical music and ends up learning the [[violin]] at a musical school in Barcelona under [[fiddle]] professor, Brahma. In a twist of fate, she falls in love with Sanju and gets approval for their inter-caste marriage from their parents in India. Komali unknowingly gets caught after video footage that she accidentally shot while Shawar kills the Spanish ambassador, in the process of money laundering.

Sanju saves Komali from these henchmen on a couple of occasions; this is where the story in the diary ends abruptly. Out of curiosity, Akanksha starts questioning Sanju about their love story, and, in the process, ends up with disturbing facts. On continuous asking by Akanksha, Sanju tells her that Komali is dead. It is then shown in a flashback that for fixing the marriage of Sanju and Komali, their parents had come to [[Spain]]. It was at that time that Komali is kidnapped by Shawar's brother, and when Sanju comes to save her, Komali is murdered by the brother. In a fit of rage, Sanju stabs the whole gang to death, and Shawar's brother goes into a [[coma]].

On hearing this, Akanksha feels sorry for Sanju and falls in love with him. She also tries to bring him out of the memory of Komali but in vain. Meanwhile, Akanksha spots Komali crossing a street. Akanksha runs to Sanju to tell him about Komali, but at that time, Sanju gets surrounded by Shawar's men. Sanju, while trashing up Shawar's men, tells Akanksha that it was his plan to trap her in his love to avenge the death of his and Komali's parents at the hands of Shawar. It is then shown in a flashback that after beating up Shawar's brother, Sanju had taken Komali's body to the hospital, from where Sanju's father calls up the Central Minister to arrest Shawar in Spain after watching the video footage.

The Central Minister then calls up Shawar to finish off this trouble in order to save himself. Shawar then goes to the hospital, kills Sanju's and Komali's parents, and attacks Sanju and Komali, who are presumed dead. However, Sanju and Komali did not die. It is revealed that Sanju had been waiting all this time to get his revenge; he made Akanksha the pawn in this game; and it was he who faxed their photo in order to make Shawar jealous so that Shawar himself will come to kill Sanju. Sanju and Shawar engage in a battle in the forest, where Sanju kills Shawar and his brother with Akanksha's help. The Central Minister gets arrested, and Sanju and Komali live happily, while Akanksha vows to win back Sanju.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Sanju Reddy Alias “Sanju”, an engineer-turned-guitarist
* [[Amala Paul]] as Komali Sankarabharanam, an orthodox Telugu Brahmin
* [[Catherine Tresa]] as Akanksha, a psychology student
* [[Shawar Ali]] as Shawar Ali, a money launderer and Akanksha's father's henchman
* [[Brahmanandam]] as [[Fiddle]] Brahma
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Gudivada Krishna
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sanju's father
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Sumathi, Sanju's mother
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Shankarabharanam, Komali's father
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Komali's mother
* [[Subbaraju]] as Shawar Ali's brother
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Akanksha's father and the Central Minister
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]] as Akanksha's mother
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Sanju's musical gang member
* [[Khayyum]] as Sanju's musical gang member
* Damien Mavis as the Spanish ambassador
* Steven Dasz as Henchman
* Kaajal Vashisht
* Devshi Khanduri in [[item number]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
In September, [[Amala Paul]] was selected to play one of the female leads. First the makers chose [[Tapsee Pannu]] for another role, which was later received by [[Richa Gangopadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2012 |title=Richa bags role opposite Allu Arjun |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/news-interviews/34583143_1_vaaradhi-allu-arjun-iddarammayilatho |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103155859/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/news-interviews/34583143_1_vaaradhi-allu-arjun-iddarammayilatho |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> But Richa was officially replaced and [[Tapsee Pannu]] was selected as the second female lead in the movie.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Later, [[Catherine Tresa]] replaced her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catherine opposite Allu Arjun in Puri film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/catherine-opposite-allu-arjun-in-puri-film-news-telugu-mlhqNphbaji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131104117/http://www.sify.com/movies/catherine-opposite-allu-arjun-in-puri-film-news-telugu-mlhqNphbaji.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 |access-date=7 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]] was the initial choice for music director but [[Devi Sri Prasad]] was hired later.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The film was officially launched on 18 October 2012 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in Hyderabad.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Filming took place in [[Spain]] in February 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-18 |title='Iddarammayilatho': Shooting of Telugu film in Spain |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/iddarammayilatho-shooting-of-telugu-film-in-spain-591617.html |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=News18}}</ref> First Look of the movie was launched on 10 March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Iddarammayilatho First look details |url=http://www.tollywoodandhra.in/news/movie-news/iddarammayilatho-first-look-details/ |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=tollywoodandhra.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Iddarammayilatho Special page |url=http://www.tollywoodandhra.in/telugu-movies/iddarammayilatho-telugu-movie/ |access-date=3 April 2013 |publisher=tollywoodandhra.in}}</ref> The director winded up films and went to shot digitally using [[Arri Alexa]] cameras with ultra primelenses.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} A theatrical trailer was released on the occasion of [[Allu Arjun]]'s birthday on 8 April 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2013 |title=Iddarammayilatho HD theatrical trailer |url=http://idlebrain.com/movietape/iddarammailatho.html |access-date=9 April 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Iddarammayilatho
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 April 2013
| recorded = 2012–2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:43
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Singam II]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

[[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed the music, collaborating for the sixth time with Allu Arjun and for the first time with Puri Jagannadh. British pop and reggae singer [[Apache Indian (musician)|Apache Indian]] is featured on the track "Run Run", and [[Suraj Jagan]] contributes vocals on "Ganapati Bappa".

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 25:43
| title1 = Run Run
| extra1 = [[Apache Indian (musician)|Apache Indian]], Sharmila, [[Benny Dayal]]
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length1 = 5:03
| title2 = Shankarabharanamto
| lyrics2 = Devi Sri Prasad
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Suchith Suresan]], [[Ranina Reddy]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Violin Song (girl just)
| lyrics3 = Viswa, [[David Simon]]
| extra3 = David, Anitha
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Ganapati Bappa
| extra4 = [[Suraj Jagan]]
| lyrics4 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| length4 = 3:29
| title5 = Top Lechipoddi
| extra5 = [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar
| length5 = 4:18
| title6 = Run Run (Remix)
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra6 = Apache Indian, Devi Sri Prasad, Sharmila
| length6 = 4:00
}}

===Reception===

The audio got a positive response. APHerald.com gave a review stating "Refreshing tracks from Devi Sri Prasad and this time stylish star Allu Arjun got stylish songs too from DSP."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddarammayilatho Music Review, Rating |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/20629/Iddarammayilatho-Music-Review-Rating/ |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=apHerald.com}}</ref> Cineoutlook.com gave a review stating "Very good musical scores. Going to rock in the coming days…"<ref>{{Cite web |title=First on Net: Iddarammayilatho Audio Review |url=http://cineoutlook.com/reviews/allu-arjuns-iddarammayilatho-audio-review.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=Cineoutlook.com}}</ref>

==Release==
The film's overseas rights are owned by Blue Sky for approximately {{INRConvert|30|m|year=2013}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} It released worldwide on 31 May 2013 with a U/A Certificate from the Censor Board.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2013 |title=Iddarammayilatho censored with U/A certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Iddarammayilatho-censored-with-U/A-certificate/articleshow/20243007.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618004557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/news-interviews/39501062_1_u-a-certificate-above-certificate-censor-officials |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The movie released in a record no. of 175+ screens in overseas by Bluesky with Digital Quality on 30 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddarammayilatho 175+ Screens in Overseas |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/iddarammailatho2.html |access-date=28 May 2013 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Jeevi'' of ''idlebrain.com'' gave a rating of 3 on a scale of 5 and opined that the first half is entertaining. "It's a stylish film though emotions didn't work."<ref>{{Cite web |title=jeevi review for Iddarammayilatho |url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/iddarammayilatho.html |access-date=31 May 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> ''Mahesh S Koneru'' of ''123telugu.com'' gave a review stating "'Iddarammayilatho' is a very stylish offering from Puri Jagan. Allu Arjun's performance, Catherine's glamour and the action sequences are assets for the film. The slow pace in the second half and the absence of traditional Puri Jagan elements like heroism and punch dialogues might hamper the overall experience."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive 1st on Net Review : Iddarammayilatho – Puri's stylish offering |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/exclusive-1st-on-net-review-iddarammayilatho-puris-stylish-offering.html |access-date=31 May 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> ''Girija Narayan'' of ''Oneindia Entertainment'' gave a review stating "Iddarammayilatho is definitely a good movie to watch. The movie gets a lot more interesting in the second half. The climax definitely lets the viewers go home happy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2013 |title=Iddarammayilatho – Movie Review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2013/iddarammayilatho-movie-review-111001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607143310/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/reviews/2013/iddarammayilatho-movie-review-111001.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> ''Sasidhar AS'' of ''The Times of India'' gave a review stating, "Iddarammayilatho hits you like fresh air, and you instantly fall for the lead characters, refreshingly flesh-and-blood with their set of quirks, flaws and strengths. The first half does ramble a bit and takes time to build up into a riveting second half."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iddarammayilatho Telugu movie review highlights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Iddarammayilatho-Telugu-movie-review-highlights/articleshow/20361204.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608125836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39654524_1_kecha-khamphakdee-puri-jagannath-movie-review |archive-date=8 June 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''APHerald.com'' gave a review stating "Iddarammayilatho is one time watcher and entire credit goes to Puri Jagannadh."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddarammayilatho Movie Review, Rating |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/22889/Iddarammayilatho-Movie-Review-Rating/ |access-date=31 May 2013 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref> ''SuperGoodMovies'' gave a review stating "'Iddarammayilatho' is a beautiful and stylish movie of Allu Arjun and Puri Jagannath. Definitely, it is a worthy watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddarammayilatho Movie Review |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/56639/tollywood/iddarammayilatho-movie-review-movie-review-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607042720/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/56639/tollywood/iddarammayilatho-movie-review-movie-review-details |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |publisher=SuperGoodMovies}}</ref>

==Box office==
===India===
The film had a good start in A, B and C Centres in its first weekend. The film collected {{INRConvert|195|m|year=2013}} on its opening day at worldwide circuits which is a record for Allu Arjun.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Iddarammayilatho' collects Rs. 19.5 crore on release day in Andhra |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Iddarammayilatho-collects-Rs.-19.5-crore-on-release-day-in-Andhra/2013/06/02/article1616655.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044903/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2013/jun/02/Iddarammayilatho-collects-Rs.-8.01-crore-on-release-day-in-Andhra-482972.html |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=2 June 2013 |publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref> It showed improvement irrespective of mixed reviews, ending up with a collection of {{INRConvert|270|m|year=2013}} in 3 Days at the Indian box office.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The movie collected a total of {{INRConvert|450|m|year=2013}} at the box office at the end of its opening week.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iddarammayilatho first week collections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Iddarammayilatho-first-week-collections/articleshow/20472434.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627025405/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-07/news-interviews/39814364_1_allu-arjun-starrer-iddarammayilatho-collections-tollywood-box-office |archive-date=27 June 2013 |access-date=7 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film continued to gross steady revenues at all areas, receiving much better response at A Centres, when compared to B and C Centres.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The film completed 50 Days in 19 Direct Centers on 19 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddarammayilatho 50 Days Centers List |url=http://cineoutlook.com/movie-news/iddarammayilatho-50-days-centers-list.html |access-date=19 July 2013 |publisher=Cineoutlook.com}}</ref>
In Nizam Area Iddaramyilatho collected a Share of {{INRConvert|125|m|year=2013}} in 70 Days.<ref name="metromasti.com">{{Cite web |title=Iddarammayilatho starring Allu Arjun joins 50 crore club 1st week |url=http://www.metromasti.com/tollywood/gossip/Iddarammayilatho-starring-Allu-Arjun-joins-50-crore-club-1st-week/28316}}</ref>

===Overseas===
The movie collected a total of 9174,000 in just 3 days of release.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} At its opening weekend, the movie collected a total of 17.1 million at the USA Box office.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
''Iddaramyilatho'' was a good grosser at overseas. It collected $1 million in its full run. ''Iddaramyilatho'' earned {{INRConvert|13|m}} through premier shows in the U.S. even before its release.<ref name="metromasti.com" /> Despite mixed reviews the movie collected $7.7 million worldwide and the movie was declared as a average at the box office{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2714622|Iddarammayilatho}}

{{Puri Jagannadh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films shot in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Films about mining]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:2013 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Films about finance]]
[[Category:Films set in Paris]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about musical groups]]
[[Category:Films about guitars and guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films set in Spain]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]

Mohajmata Temple

2026-04-13T00:33:53Z

Victorxsi:

{{infobox temple
| image =0111721 Mohajmata mandir, Terahi Madhya Pradesh 114.jpg
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_type =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_number = N-MP-263
| designation1_date =
}}

'''Mohajmata Temple''' is a temple in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.

The temple is dedicated to a goddess named Mohajmata. This is probably [[Kali]]. It is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].

== History ==
It was conserved by the archaeological department of the [[Gwalior State]] in the 1930s.<ref name=":1" />

==Description==
[[File:0111721_Mohajmata_mandir,_Terahi_Madhya_Pradesh_011.jpg|thumb|The torana with the temple in the background.]]
The temple has a quadrangular shape, with a length of 15 feet 6 inches, and a breadth of 12 feet 3 inches.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Reports of a Tour in Bundelkhand and Rewa in 1883-84; and of A Tour in Rewa, Bundelkhand, Malwa and Gwalior, in 1884-85 |url=https://archive.org/details/reportsoftourinb21cunn/page/176/mode/2up |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Cunningham |year=1885 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing}}</ref> The temple consists of a sanctum and a porch, with its walls decorated with carved figures of goblins.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.09255/page/5/mode/2up |year= 1938 |title= Annual administration report of the archaeological department, Gwalior state for samvat 1991, year 1934-35 |publisher=Alijah Darbar Press |location=Gwalior}}</ref>

A well-preserved [[torana]] stands in front of the temple, at a distance of 18 feet. The torana is 20 feet high.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25.04566|77.94927|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Kali temples]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh]]

Love Station (2016 film)

2026-04-12T00:22:07Z

Victorxsi: new some entry nd citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Station
| image =
| director = [[Ashok Pati]]
| producer = Tarang Cine Productions
| screenplay = Ashok Pati
| music = Abhijit Majumdar
| cinematography = Sitanshu Mohapatra
| starring = [[Babushaan]] [[Elina Samantray]] [[Papu Pom Pom]] [[Mihir Das]]
| studio = [[Tarang Cine Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|06|12}}
| country = India
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Love Station''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Odia language]] drama film directed by [[Ashok Pati]].<ref name="O">{{cite web|url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/love-station-to-hit-silver-screen-tomorrow-150926/|title=Love Station hits silver screen tomorrow|work=odishatv.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001185114/https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/love-station-to-hit-silver-screen-tomorrow-150926/|archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> It stars [[Babushaan|Babushaan Mohanty]] and [[Elina Samantray]] in lead roles while [[Papu Pom Pom]], Om sai panda and [[Mihir Das]] play supporting roles. This movie have a huge success in Odisha Rajo Festival Time. It is a remake of the Telugu movie ''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]'' starring [[Sundeep Kishan]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]].

==Plot==
Rudra Narayan Satapathy, a retired school headmaster, lives with his family in [[Rourkela]]. He is known for his principles and discipline and banishes family members if they make one hundred mistakes. His son, Sanjay 'Sanju' Satapathy already has ninety-nine mistakes to his name. During his ninety-ninth mistake, he comes across a "tattoo bali" (a lady with tattoo) started falling for him. For the marriage of Sanju's elder brother Sandeep, the family has to go [[Puri]]. When they reached Puri, his brother Sandeep notices a bloodstain on Sanju's T-shirt and asks the reason for it. So, Sanju on the instance of his brothers started to tell the story that how he gets back to train.

Due to circumstances, Sanju and Rani, who is also going to [[Puri]] for her own work miss their trains due to a fight. As Sanju was travelling in another coach their family did not realise he is missing. Sanju seeks help from a drunkard Auto-driver Pappu to get back into the train at Jharsuguda station. Pappu, too promises to him to help him to get the train. Coincidentally Rani too comes to him for the same help. As time passes, Jagannath tells Sanju that the train has departed from Jharsuguda and is heading to next station-Sambalpur. So, they get bound to change their target station to [[Sambalpur]] to get back into the train.

Soon, Rani gets a bus to Sambalpur, leaving Sanju alone, which infuriates him. He also orders Jagannath to deliver food to his family. Sanju reaches Sambalpur by a police van but again misses the train. Sanju catches the same bus in which rani was travelling but they are evicted from the bus due to an ensuing fight. Trapped by circumstances, Sanju and Rani together spend times with each other and started liking each other. Finally, when Sanju reaches Anugul station and trying to catch the Tapaswini express with the help of Jagannath, Rani stops him and train leaves. An infuriated Sanju slaps Rani and scolds her for ruining his life as he will never get back to train and ends up making his hundredth mistake and leave the family forever. Rani also says to him that she does not mean anything to him as he leaves her alone in the night at a lonely place and started crying. To pacify her, Sanju says sorry to him and promises not to leave him till the end of the journey. During the meantime when Rani is cleaning her clothes Sanju discovers that Rani is no one except his "tattoo bali" and readily proposed her.

Jagannath informed Sanju that Tapaswini Express is two hours late, so he and Rani reaches [[Cuttack]] station and take breakfast. While drinking coffee, Sanju sees a fight between a group of men and two persons. So he fights the men. Sanju meets and reconciles with his uncle, whom he was banished by his brother i.e. Sanju's father for making one hundred mistakes and take him to Puri station so that he could catch the train and make it look like that he was in the train all time.

During his brother's marriage, Sanju realises that his brother's bride was actually the same woman whom she was chased by those men and allowed her to escape and married her in the same temple. Rani also learns of it and soon the family does too and his mother suffers a breathing problem. The family rushes to the hospital, but as suddenly confronted by the bride's father and his men who demand to know her whereabouts. Sanju fight all of the goons who attacked his father and his brother. The bride's father reveals that Sanju was responsible for making the bride escape. Sanju's father marks it as hundredth mistake and banishes him. His uncle comes and consoles him and tells Sanju's father that family will be broken if he banishes him and others. His father realises and learns a lesson and promises them that he will never ever banish any family member ever again. Sanju reconciles with his father.

In the film epilogue, Pappu brings all their things and later tells to everyone that he feels sad for making mistakes during the film.<ref name="O"/>

==Cast==

* [[Babushaan]] as Sanju/Sanjay Satapathy
* [[Elina Samantray]] as Rani
* [[Papu Pom Pom]] as Auto Driver
* [[Mihir Das]] as Rudra Prasad Satapathy
* Om sai panda as Bunty
* Salil Mitra as Amar
* Jiban Panda as Durga Satpathy
* Pushpa Panda as Parbati
* Jogesh Jojo as servant
* Asit Pati

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5889406}}
{{Ashok Pati}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ashok Pati]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}

Garden Reach

2026-04-11T20:53:33Z

Victorxsi: put up first page and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Garden Reach 
| official_name =
| other_name =
| native_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
| total_type = 
| motto = 
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = transparent
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/2/2
|image1 = BNR HQ 2.jpg
|caption1 = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] Headquarters, BNR
| image2 = Southern Generating Station CESC, Garden Reach.jpg
| caption2 = [[Southern Thermal Power Station|Southern Generating Station]] [[CESC Limited|CESC]]
| image3 = Gate of Sibtainbad Imambara, Metiabruz.jpg
|caption3 = Shahi Imambara of [[Wajid Ali Shah|Nawab Wajid Ali Shah]]
| image4 = GRSE Gate No 1.jpg
| caption4 = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]
|image5 = Garden Reach Flyover.jpg
|caption5 = [[Garden Reach Flyover]]
|image6 = Paharpur Road, Garden Reach.jpg
|caption6 = Paharpur Road
|image7 = Nature Park, Garden Reach (Calcutta).jpg
|caption7 = [[Nature Park of India|Nature Park]]
|image8 = Garden Reach Water Works.jpg
|caption8 = Garden Reach Water Works}}
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
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| mapsize1 =
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| image_dot_map =
| dot_mapsize =
| dot_map_caption =
| dot_x =
| dot_y =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| pushpin_mapsize = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=South 24 Parganas|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas|url=http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=SubDivision}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/kolkata-city-map.htm|title=Map of Kolkata (Calcutta)}}</ref>
|subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
|subdivision_name5 = [[Santoshpur railway station]]
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
| parts_style = 
| parts =[[Ward No. 79, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|79]], [[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]], [[Ward No. 133, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|133]], [[Ward No. 134, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|134]], [[Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|135]], [[Ward No. 136, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|136]], [[Ward No. 137, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|137]], [[Ward No. 138, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|138]], [[Ward No. 139, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|139]], [[Ward No. 140, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|140]], [[Ward No. 141, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|141]] 
| p1 =
| p2 = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = 
| established_date = 
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft = 
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coor_type = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5432|N|88.2942|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700018, 700024, 700043, 700044, 700066, 700088
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]] and [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Port]] and [[Metiaburuz (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Metiaburuz]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Garden Reach''' is a neighbourhood of [[Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It is situated in the south-western part of Kolkata on the eastern banks of the [[Hooghly River]]. Localities within Garden Reach include [[Metiabruz]], [[South Eastern Railway Colony|BNR Colony]], Bandhabartala, [[Bartala]], [[Badartala]], [[Rajabagan]] and [[Santoshpur, Garden Reach|Santoshpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/streetwise-kolkata-garden-reach-home-to-the-portuguese-english-and-the-nawab-of-awadh-that-became-a-great-port-7465484/|title= Garden Reach: Where Calcutta's original elite once built their homes|date= 22 August 2021|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==History==
===Nawab Wajid Ali Shah in Exile===

[[File:BNR Office, Garden Reach.jpg|thumb|South Eastern Railway Headquarters]]

[[File:BNR House.jpg|thumb|BNR House, S.E Railway Colony]]

[[File:Bichali Ghat, Metiabruz.jpg|thumb|Bichali Ghat (Metiabruz Ferry Ghat)]]

This area is connected to the history of Nawab [[Wajid Ali Shah]], eleventh and last [[King of Oudh]], who after being ousted by the [[East India Company]], made Garden Reach his refuge. Accompanied by his close relatives, musicians, cooks and animals from his menagerie, he came ashore at Bichali Ghat near [[Metiabruz]] on 13 May 1856. A year later when the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] spread to [[Lucknow]] and the rebelling ''[[sepoy]]s'' installed one of his sons to the throne of [[Oudh|Awadh]], Wajid Ali Shah was imprisoned in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] by the East India Company along with his Prime Minister, due to the fear that he could become a rallying figure for the rebellion. [[H.E.A. Cotton]] wrote that "on Panic Sunday (June 14, 1857), there was wide spread apprehension among the white inhabitants of Kolkata because he had one, two, three thousand (no one knew) armed men under him". After his release from Fort William, he was "allotted" a building called ''BNR House'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/south-eastern-railway-complex-in-garden-reach-referred-to-as-bnr-headquarters-has-historical-significance/cid/1867006|title=BNR headquarters in Garden Reach: Colonial glory by the Hooghly|publisher=The Telegraph|date=26 May 2024|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> in Garden Reach-[[BNR Colony]] area, now a part of headquarters of [[South Eastern Railway zone|South-Eastern Railway]], Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://double-dolphin.blogspot.com/2017/03/garden-reach-metiabruz-nawab-wajid-ali-shah-calcutta-kolkata.html|title=Garden Reach: The Forgotten Kingdom of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah|date=19 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiaheritage.in/exploring-metiabruz-kolkatas-mini-lucknow/|title=Exploring Metiabruz – Kolkata's mini-Lucknow|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2021/May/23/piya-ka-des-165-years-on-nawab-wajid-ali-shahs-legacy-lives-on-in-kolkata-2306529.html|title='Piya ka des': 165 years on, Nawab Wajid Ali Shah's legacy lives on in Kolkata|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=24 May 2021|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Grave of Wajid Ali Shah.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of [[Wajid Ali Shah]] at Sibtainbad Imambara, Metiabruz]]

Heartbroken after leaving [[Lucknow]], he tried to carve out a miniature of Lucknow in Metiabruz. In his exile in Metiabruz, complete with grand Islamic structures and cultural hubs, he arranged dance and music events and nurtured his love of poetry and the arts. He kept the sweet memories of his Lucknow alive by recreating the musical evenings of his ''Qaisarbagh Baradari''. The king spent his life lavishly out of his income of 12 [[lakhs]] rupees per annum and a ''second Lucknow'' arose in this area. The [[Imambara]]s he created stands at the centre of Metiabruz.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/869214/the-series-of-events-that-began-with-a-king-falling-sick-and-ended-with-a-mini-lucknow-in-calcutta|title=Forgotten history: How the last Nawab of Oudh built a mini Lucknow in Calcutta|date=26 July 2018|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://enrouteindianhistory.com/hauntings-of-metiabruz-urban-legends-from-the-mini-lucknow-of-kolkata/|title=Hauntings of Metiabruz: Urban Legends from The Mini-Lucknow of Kolkata|date=31 October 2022|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> He established a zoo of exotic animals, ''Kabootarbazi'' ([[pigeon flying]]), [[Kite flying]] and brought along secret recipes from royal kitchens to feed the entourage. His royal chefs knew the recipes of the Awadhi Kitchen, which arrived in Kolkata with them. Awadhi cuisine was distinguished by its delicious [[biryani]], a dish of spiced rice and meat that was popular for its aromatic richness and flavour balance. Due to a shortage of funds following the banishment, the cooks started using potatoes and eggs instead of a large quantity of meat to maintain the royalty. These skilled chefs adapted their traditional recipes to suit the local taste buds, resulting in the birth of ''[[Kolkata Biryani]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/the-royal-legacy-of-wajid-ali-shah-and-the-kolkata-biryani-1503311544.html|publisher=The Telegraph|title=The royal legacy of Wajid Ali Shah and the Kolkata Biryani|date=19 June 2024|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/heres-how-wajid-ali-shah-made-the-kolkata-biryani/articleshow/58622647.cms|title=Here's how Wajid Ali Shah made the Kolkata biryani|publisher=The Times of India|date=11 May 2017|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/how-an-exiled-nawab-invented-the-famous-kolkata-biryani|title=How An Exiled Nawab Invented The Famous Kolkata Biryani|date=8 June 2021|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

===Surinaam Ghat===

[[File:Suriname Ghat, Garden Reach.jpg|thumb|Baba & Mai statue at Suriname Ghat]]

Owned by the [[Port Trust Board (India)|Port Trust of India]] this [[Ghat]] is situated at the eastern bank of [[Hooghly River]] near [[Kolkata Port]]. It is named after the South American [[Caribbean]] country [[Suriname]] commemorating the [[Indian indenture system|indentured migration of Indian workers]] from this ghat to that country. A total of 64 sailing ships carried 34,300 workers to the country from 1873 to 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/living-culture/suriname-ghat-tracing-the-journey-of-suriname-indians?srsltid=AfmBOoofVFqq9ly6xOVtW6x46VBPMwbi-zQHB_d_Ss6AQMcKkXVBrPIi|title=Suriname Ghat : Tracing the Journey of Suriname Indians|date=18 January 2023 |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> Suriname ghat is also popularly known as ''Balu Ghat''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/suriname-envoy-at-ghat-from-where-ancestors-set-sail/articleshow/61801563.cms|title=Suriname envoy at Kolkata ghat from where ancestors set sail|work=The Times of India|date=26 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

In the Honour of Indian indentured workers who had migrated to [[Suriname]], an aluminium statue of a plainly-dressed couple carrying a potli which symbolizes the first Indian man and woman to set foot on Suriname was set up as a memorial. It was unveiled by Union External Affairs Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] on 7 October 2015. The statue is a replica of the Baba and Mai monument in [[Paramaribo]], Suriname's capital and is gifted by the government of Suriname.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/in-honour-of-labourers-who-left-for-suriname-a-memorial-to-baba-mai/|title=In honour of labourers who left for Suriname, a memorial to Baba, Mai|date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/finally-a-memorial-for-indentured-labours-at-kolkata-ghat/article20928693.ece|title=Finally, a memorial for indentured labours at Kolkata ghat|work=The Hindu|date=25 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.542918|88.286593}} 
| zoom = 14 
| label = Garden Reach
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.542918|88.286593}}
| label-pos = right
| float = right
}}

Garden Reach, located in the south-western part of the city, is bounded by the [[Kidderpore]] in the east, [[Taratala]] and [[Behala]] in the south and [[Maheshtala]] in the south west.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

[[File:Garden Reach Police Station.jpg|thumb|Garden Reach Police station]]

===Police station===
The area is served by the Garden Reach police, Metiabruz police, West Port police, Nadial Police, Rajabagan police and Rabindranagar police.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkatapolice.gov.in/unit_details/port-division/|title=Port Division|publisher=Kolkata Police|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/midnight-change-of-guard-17-more-police-stations-come-under-lalbazar/cid/1196018|title=Midnight change of guard - 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

===Post office===
Garden Reach is a vast locality with many [[Postal Index Number]]s:

Garden Reach has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700024 in the Kolkata South Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are K.C Mills and T.G Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700024|title=Garden Reach Post office|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

Bartala has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700018 in the Kolkata South Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post office with the same PIN is Rabindra Nagar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700018|title=Bartala Post office|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

South Eastern Railway has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700043 in the Kolkata South Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post office with the same PIN is Sonai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700043|title=South Eastern Railway Post office|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

Rajabagan Dock Yard has a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700044 in the Kolkata South Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post office with the same PIN is Badartala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700044|title=Rajabagan Dock Yard Post office|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

Bidhangarh has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700066 in the Kolkata South Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700066|title=Bidhangarh Post office|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

===Crimes===

* On 11 February 2013 a police officer, Tapas Choudhury, was shot dead as members of the students' wings of [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Trinamool Congress]] violently clashed at [[Harimohan Ghose College]] while filling the nomination papers for the students' union election. Four students were injured in the violence.<ref>[http://indiatoday.in/story/cop-killed-in-firing-as-student-wings-of-congress-trinamool-clash-during-kolkata-college-election/1/249927.html Cop killed in firing as student wings of Congress, Trinamool clash during Kolkata college election] India Today | Kolkata | Soudhriti Bhabani |12 February 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/police-officer-shot-dead-in-violence-at-calcutta-college-over-elections/cid/332408|title=Police officer shot dead in violence at Calcutta college over elections|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
* On 18 March 1984 during a clash between residents, a mob clashed with the police and the police fired several rounds. As a result, a deputy commissioner, Vinod Mehta, and his bodyguard, Mokhtar Ali, were killed by anti-socials.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/i-didnt-want-kolkata-to-forget-vinods-murder-1984-victims-widow/articleshow/18492146.cms|title=I didn't want Kolkata to forget Vinod's murder: 1984 victim|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 February 2013 |publisher=|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/horror-retold-dc-lost-found/cid/1285964|title=Horror retold: DC lost & found|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Industry===
Some of the major industries in the Garden Reach area are:
{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Headquarters.jpg
|caption1= GRSE Headquarters
| image2 = Hindustan Unilever, Garden Reach.jpg
|caption2= Hindustan Unilever
| image3 = Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.jpg
|caption3= Garden Reach Ship Builders & Engineers Main Unit}}

*[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] - the premier warship building company in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grse.in/ship-building/index.php|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://grse.in/index.php|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref name= "dcmsme">{{cite web| url = http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/KOLKATA.pdf|title = Brief Industrial Profile of Kolkata District|work = Some major large scale industries | publisher= Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Development Institute, Kolkata | access-date = 4 April 2018}}</ref>
*[[ITC (company)|ITC Ltd.]], Garden Reach, the Kolkata-based largest cigarette manufacturer in India, which has diversified into [[Fast-moving consumer goods|Fast-Moving Consumer Goods]] (FMCG), hotels etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itcportal.com/|title=ITC Ltd|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref name= "dcmsme"/>
* [[Hindustan Unilever]], Garden Reach, consumer goods company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hul.co.in/|title=Hindustan Unilever|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref name= "dcmsme"/>
* [[Everest Industries|Everest Industries Limited]], Garden Reach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.everestind.com/|title=Everest Industries|publisher=www.everestind.com|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* TIL Limited (formerly known as Tractors India Ltd.), Garden Reach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tilindia.in/|title=TIL Limited|publisher=tilindia.in|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Paharpur Cooling Towers Ltd., Garden Reach, pioneers and leader in cooling towers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paharpur.com/|title=Paharpur Cooling Towers Ltd|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref name= "dcmsme"/>
* General Electricals Co. Ltd., Paharpur, Kolkata.<ref name= "dcmsme"/>
* Marathon Electric Motors India Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/marathon-electric-motors-india-limited/U29120WB2004PLC098278|title=Marathon Electric Motors India Limited|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Britania Biscuit Co. Ltd., Hide Road, Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannia.co.in/|title=Britania|publisher=britannia.co.in|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Balmer Lawrie & Co Ltd., Hide Road, Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.balmerlawrie.com/|title=Balmer Lawrie & Co Ltd|publisher=www.balmerlawrie.com|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Videocon]] Glass and Appliances Factory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.videoconindustriesltd.com/AboutUS.aspx|title=Videocon Industries Limited|publisher=www.videoconindustriesltd.com|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Danieli|Danieli India Limited]], Hari Mohan Ghosh Rd, Garden Reach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.danieli.com/|title=Danieli|publisher=www.danieli.com|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref><ref name= "dcmsme"/>
* Readymade Garments manufacturing at Metiabruz.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mrgcluster.org/about-metiabruz-cluster/|title=About Metiabruz Cluster|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
* The Ananda Bag Tea Co. Ltd.
* Victoria Jute Mill, Garden Reach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.victoriajute.com/|title=Victoria Jute Company|publisher=www.victoriajute.com|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Southern Thermal Power Station|Southern Generating Station]] [[CESC Limited]].
* A bottling plant unit of [[Indian Oil Corporation]].
* A bottling plant unit of [[Hindustan Petroleum]].
* Santoshpur Industrial Estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbsidcl.in/list_ice_wbsidcl|title=List of Industrial Commercial Estates under The WBSIDCL|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
The following institutions are located in the Garden Reach area:

Colleges:
* [[Harimohan Ghose College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://harimohanghosecollegekol24.ac.in/|title=Harimohan Ghose College|publisher=harimohanghosecollegekol24.ac.in|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Matiaburj College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://matiaburjcollege.com/welcome|title=Matiaburj College|publisher=matiaburjcollege.com|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Panchur College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://panchurcollege.ac.in/|title=Panchur College|publisher=panchurcollege.ac.in|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>

Government schools:
* Arya Parishad Vidyalaya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170108316|title=Arya Parishad Vidyalaya|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*A P J Abdul Kalam English Medium School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/edu-minister-mayor-inaugurate-state-run-english-medium-school-at-garden-reach-395350|title=A P J Abdul Kalam English Medium School|publisher=millenniumpost|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Bengali Bazar High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170113803|title=Bengali Bazar High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Bartala Girls High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170114302|title=Bartala Girls High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Badartala High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/our_teachers/19170114312|title=Badartala High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Fatehpur Giribala Girls High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/our_teachers/19170113901|title=Fatehpur Giribala Girls High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Fatepur Hindi Nagari Pracharak Vidyalaya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/contact/19170113606|title=Fatepur Hindi Nagari Pracharak Vidyalaya|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Garden Reach Kesoram Cotton Mills High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170114002|title=Garden Reach Kesoram Cotton Mills High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Garden Reach Maulana Azad Memorial Girls High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/gallery/19170113802|title=Garden Reach Maulana Azad Memorial Girls High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Garden Reach Mudiali Girl's High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/our_teachers/19170113603|title=Garden Reach Mudiali Girl's High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Garden Reach Mudiali High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170113605|title=Garden Reach Mudiali High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Garden Reach Nut Behari Das Boy's High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170113601|title=Garden Reach Nut Behari Das Boy's High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Garden Reach Nut Behari Das Girl's High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170113602|title=Garden Reach Nut Behari Das Girl's High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Garden Reach<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gardenreach.kvs.ac.in/|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Garden Reach|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
* Garden Reach Madhyamik Vidyalaya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170113909|title=Garden Reach Madhyamik Vidyalaya|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Maulana Hasrat Mohani Memorial Girls High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170113707|title=Maulana Hasrat Mohani Memorial Girls High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Girls High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/city-institution-ccu/maulana-mohammad-ali-jauhar-girls-high-school-in-garden-reach-kolkata/|title=Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Girls High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Judge Abdul Bari Girls High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170113902|title=Judge Abdul Bari Girls High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Haji Ratan Multipurpose High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170114203|title=Haji Ratan Multipurpose High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Metiabruz High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170114001|title=Metiabruz High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Metiabruz Girls' High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170114202|title=Metiabruz Girls' High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Nadial High School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170114401|title=Nadial High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Santoshpur Shyama Prasad Vidyalaya For Girls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/new-santoshpur-road-shyamaprasad-balika-vidlaya-bidhangarh-kolkata-west-bengal-700066|title=Pincode of New Santoshpur Road Shyamaprasad Balika Vidyalaya Bidhangarh Kolkata|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>

Private schools:
*Stella Maris Church & School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/city-institution-ccu/stella-maris-church-school-in-garden-reach-kolkata/|title=Stella Maris Church & School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Birla Bharati<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birlabharati.org/|title=Birla Bharati|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Al-Ameen Mission, Panchur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alameenmissionpanchur.org/|title=Al-Ameen Mission, Panchur|publisher=alameenmissionpanchur.org|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* The Garden Reach School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skoolz.in/kolkata/the-garden-reach-school/4271|title=The Garden Reach School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Garden Reach Tiny Tots School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/city-institution-ccu/garden-reach-tiny-tots-school-in-garden-reach-kolkata-2/|title=Garden Reach Tiny Tots School|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
* Guru Nanak Modern School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skoolz.in/kolkata/guru-nanak-modern-school/4268|title=Guru Nanak Modern School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* P.A.J's English Day School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/city-institution-ccu/p-a-js-english-day-school-in-garden-reach-kolkata/|title=P.A.J's English Day School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Little Steps School (Ashoka Hall Group)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegeadmission.in/Pre-Schools/Pre-Schools/West_Bengal/Kolkata/Little_Steps_School.shtml|title=Little Steps School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* St. Annes Day School, Garden Reach<ref>{{cite web|url=https://targetstudy.com/school/42459/st-annes-day-school/|title=St. Annes Day School, Garden Reach|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Mount Litera Zee School, Garden Reach<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mountlitera.com/about-us/legacy/|title=Mount Litera Zee School|access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref>
* J D School, Metiabruz<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharatibiz.com/en/j-d-school-033-2489-5007|title=J D School, Metiabruz|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Dar Al-Arqam International School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/Kolkata/Dar-Al-Arqam-School-Badartala/033PXX33-XX33-170928173301-G6H7_BZDET|title=Dar Al-Arqam International School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* All Saints High School, Kolkata<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stackschools.com/schools/19183400713/all-saints-high-school|title=All Saints High School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* Nalanda English Medium School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nemskolkata.co.in/|title=Nalanda English Medium School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* St. Mathew Convent School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admissiontree.in/schools/st-mathew-convent-school|title=St. Mathew Convent School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* St. Anthony's Day School<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/st-anthony-s-day-school-wp64gw|title=St. Anthony's Day School|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
* The Study Park<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skoolz.in/kolkata/the-study-park/5012|title=The Study Park|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>

==Hospitals==
*Garden Reach State General Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yappe.in/west-bengal/kolkata/garden-reach-state-general-hospital/574721|title=Garden Reach State General Hospital|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Metiabruz Super-Speciality Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yappe.in/west-bengal/kolkata/metiabruz-super-speciality-hospital/488994|title=Metiabruz Super-Speciality Hospital|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*S.E Railway Central Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,2,411,443|title=S.E Railway Central Hospital|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Garden Reach Maternity Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yappe.in/west-bengal/kolkata/garden-reach-maternity-hospital-matchiskal-hospital/489442|title=Garden Reach Maternity Hospital|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Metiabruz Seva Sadan Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.practo.com/kolkata/hospital/metiabruz-seva-sadan-hospital-bartala|title=Metiabruz Seva Sadan Hospital|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Unipon Hospital & Medical Sciences Pvt Ltd<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uniponhospitals.com/|title=Unipon Hospital|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
*Susrut Eye Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://susrut.org/|title=Susrut Eye Foundation|access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Biman Banerjee]] – [[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Arnab Mondal]], footballer

==Transport==

===Road===
[[File:Garden Reach Flyover, Calcutta.jpg|thumb|Garden Reach Flyover, Brooklyn]]

Transport system of Garden Reach has been improved. Although traffic jam occurs at late night after 11pm. [[Garden Reach Flyover]], which connects Garden Reach with Majherhat, helps in smooth transportation of vehicles. The port area is congested primarily because of the trailers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mob-torches-police-bikes-after-accident/articleshow/9474044.cms|title=Mob torches police bikes after accident|publisher=The Times of India|date=4 August 2011|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> However, people of Garden Reach are now using this flyover from brook lane in the Garden Reach area to reach Diamond Harbour Road easily. The foundation stone of the flyover was laid on 1 March 2014, after being approved by Central Government. Its estimated project cost is of Rs 313.27 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/garden-reach-flyover-to-be-thrown-open-tomorrow/articleshow/63210960.cms|title=Garden Reach flyover to be thrown open tomorrow|work=The Times of India|date=8 March 2018 |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> The project was completed in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/cm-inaugurates-44-km-garden-reach-flyover-288743|title=CM inaugurates 4.4 km Garden Reach flyover|date=9 March 2018 |publisher=millenniumpost.in|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/police-suggest-flyover-ramps-for-garden-reach-flyover/cid/1856494|title=Police suggest flyover ramps for Garden Reach flyover|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Garden Reach Rd, 700024.jpg|caption1= Garden Reach Road
| image2 = Bartala Rail line More.jpg|caption2= S.A Farooquie Road
| image3 = Taratala Rd, Garden Reach.jpg|caption3= Taratala Road
| image4 = Karl Marx sarani, Garden Reach.jpg|caption4= Karl Marx Sarani}}

Several buses ply on Garden Reach Road, Paharpur Road, Karl Marx Sarani, S.A Farooquie Road, Santoshpur Road and Taratala Road are:

===Private Bus===

* 227 [[BNR Colony]] - [[Bangur Avenue]]
* 1 Ramnagar - [[Mukundapur, Kolkata|Mukundapur]]
* 1A Ramnagar - [[Mukundapur, Kolkata|Mukundapur]]
* 1B Ramnagar - [[Garia railway station|Garia Station]]
* 12 [[Rajabagan]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]/[[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]]
* 12/1 Ramnagar - [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]]
* 12A [[Rajabagan]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* 12B Kamal Talkies - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* S-161 [[Metiabruz]] - [[Shyambazar]]
* S-123 [[Metiabruz]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* 42A Bichali Ghat - Picnic Garden
* 42B Bichali Ghat - [[Garia railway station|Garia Station]]
* 12AD Akra Phatak - [[Howrah Station]]

===WBTC Bus===

*C-7 [[Harimohan Ghose College]] - [[Howrah Station]]
*14-A [[Harimohan Ghose College]] - [[Bidhannagar|Karunamoyee]]
*S-62 [[Metiabruz]] (Bichali Ghat) - [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]] Bus Depot
*S-46 Rabindra Nagar - [[Bidhannagar|Karunamoyee]] (Salt Lake)

===Ferry===
[[File:Metiabruz Ferry Ghat.jpg|thumb|Metiabruz Ferry Ghat (Bichali Ghat)]]

Metiabruz Ferry Ghat provides ferry service from Garden Reach (Bichali Ghat) to Nazirgunge near [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Botanical Garden]] in [[Howrah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/1021cr-upgrade-for-river-transport/articleshow/103648895.cms|title=Rs 1,021 crore upgrade for river transport|publisher=Times of India|date=14 September 2023|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>

===Railway===
[[Santoshpur railway station]] on the [[Sealdah South lines#Budge Budge Branch line|Budge Budge Branch line]] is situated nearby. Auto services are available from Bandhabartala, [[Bartala]] Rail line more, Haziratan Hati Park to Santoshpur railway station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erail.in/station-live/santoshpur-f-SSP|title=Santoshpur station live status of trains|publisher=erail.in|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Port of Kolkata]]
* [[Nature Park of India]]
* [[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency]]
* [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/South}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Southern fringes}}

{{Neighbourhoods in Kolkata}}


[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir

2026-04-09T14:34:52Z

Victorxsi: Creating pg

{{Short description|Ancient Shiva temple in Mithila, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir|native_name=कल्याणेश्वर महादेव मंदिर|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Lord [[Shiva]]|tradition=[[Sanatan Dharma]]|festivals=[[Mahashivratri]], Narak Niwaran Chaturdashi, Sombari, [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]]|location=Kalna village, Harlakhi, [[Madhubani district]], [[Mithila region]]|district=[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]|state=[[Bihar]], [[Mithila region]]|country=[[India]]|founded_by=[[Janaka]]|established=Treta Yuga|site_area=Ancient|creator=[[Viswakarma]]|architect=[[Viswakarma]]|architecture=[[Hinduism]]|image=Kalaneshwar Dham Temple, Madhubani, Bihar,India.jpg|caption=View of Kalyaneshwar Dham|footnotes=Legendary place related to the epic [[Ramayana]]}}
'''Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: कल्याणेश्वर महादेव मंदिर) was established by King [[Janaka]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. The temple is also the part of [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]] circuit. The temple is situated at Kalna village of [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]] block in [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] district. It is said that King [[Janaka]] established Shivlings in all the four directions from [[Janakpur]]. The Shivling of this temple is one of them. Since the temple is very ancient and historical, so it is very famous in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=कल्याणेश्वर महादेव मंदिर में शिव विवाह महोत्सव का झलक देखने उमड़े श्रद्धालु |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/the-pilgrims-visiting-the-kalyaneshwar-mahadev-temple-to-see-the-glimpse-of-the-shiv-wedding-festival-032601-4053617.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिला बिहारी का फूलों से किया स्वागत |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-mithila-bihari-welcomed-with-flowers-5963214.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

During the month of [[Shravana (month)|Sawan]], millions of pilgrims come to the temple, carrying holy water from the [[Kamala River]] in [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jaynagar]]. Every Monday during the month of Sawan, a huge crowd of devotees flock to the Shivalaya for performing sacred Jalabhisheka on the ''Kalyaneshwar Shivalinga''.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
The temple is located near Indo-Nepal Border area in [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]] block of [[Madhubani district]]. The pilgrims of the historical and the cultural journey [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]] take second night rest at this place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Gajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--55EAAAQBAJ&q=kalyaneshwar+sthan+madhubani |title=VIDEHA |publisher=Videha eLearning |language=hi}}</ref> Since the temple is related to [[Ramayana]] therefore, the Government of [[Bihar]] declared the site as tourist centre. According to the text [[Ramcharitmanas]] of [[Tulsidas|Tulsi Das]], the King [[Janaka]] did penance here devoted to his [[Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)|ishta devta]] Lord [[Shiva]]. Lord [[Shiva]] was pleased with the penance of the King [[Janaka]] and appeared in the form of Kalyaneshwar. Then King [[Janaka]] established a [[Lingam|Shivling]] here in the devotion to Lord [[Shiva]] and God [[Vishvakarma|Viswakarma]] built the temple around the [[Lingam|Shivling]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=हर हर महादेव से गुंज उठा कल्याणेश्वर महादेव मंदिर |url=https://www.mybenipatti.in/2021/02/Mahadev-Ki-Hui-Pooja.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=BNN News}}</ref> The temple is also considered as one of the gates of the ancient capital of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. Similarly according to the present priest ''Pandit Raju Thakur'' of the temple, the place was established by the [[Nimi (king)|King Nimi]] who was the father of the first Janaka known as [[King Mithi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-16 |title=राज्य की रक्षा को लेकर राजा जनक के पिता ने लिया था ये फैसला, अनोखी है कहानी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/madhubani-history-of-this-shiva-temple-very-ancient-mithilanchal-king-janak-father-established-for-protect-kingdom-8413214.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> In the texts [[Puranas]], there are mentions of the King Janaka worshipping here.<ref name=":0" />

== Present architecture ==
The present structure of the temple is around 200 years old. The structure of the temple is dome shaped. The sanctum sanctorum of the ''Shivalaya'' is ten feet below the earth surface, where the Shivalinga is established. The ''Kalyaneshwar Shivalinga'' is rough and has a large diameter. Its base is six feet deep. Apart from the main Shivalaya temple, there are other several temples of the other different deities in Hinduism. There is a sacred pond in premises, which water is used as [[Achhinjal]] for [[Jalabhisheka]] on the Shivalinga of the Shivalaya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=कल्याणेश्वर शिव, कलना - Kalyaneshwar Shiva, Kalna |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-kalyaneshwar-shiva-kalna-19473548.html |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
== Kalna Paramhansa ==
The temple is also very famous for Kalna Baba Ashram. Kalna Baba is also known as Kalna Paramhansa. He was a spiritual leader and philosopher, who stayed at Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir and taught the people coming there about spiritual knowledge. He is also considered as the avatar of Lord Shiva in the Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir. He was very famous for his kindness and spiritual energy. It is said that he cured many people who come to him in the hope of solutions of their problems.

== Kalaneshwar Mahotsav ==
In the year 2026, the [[Government of Bihar]] has initiated one-day grand celebration known as ''Kalaneshwar Mahotsav'' at the premises of the temple to highlights the importance of the temple for Hindu pilgrimage. It was inaugurated on the occasion of the [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]] festival by the tourism minister [[Arun Shankar Prasad]] of the Bihar Government along with some other dignitaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-16 |title=महोत्सव से ऐतिहासिक कल्याणेश्वर स्थान को मिलेगी नई पहचान: मंत्री |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-kalyaneshwar-festival-inaugurated-in-kalna-village-by-bihar-government-201771183608360.html |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Shiva temples|state=[[Mithila region]], Bihar}}

{{coord|26.6019|85.9942|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]

Jinnih Beels

2026-04-07T17:01:46Z

Victorxsi: Creating a details

{{Short description|Belgian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jinnih Beels
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Jinnih beels-1549175542.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]]
| constituency1 = [[Antwerp (Chamber of Representatives constituency)|Antwerp]]
| term_start1 = 9 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|10|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Vooruit (political party)|Vooruit]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[KU Leuven]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jinnih Beels''' (born 8 October 1976) is a [[Belgium|Belgian]] politician and member of the [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]].<ref name="Kamer">{{cite web |title=De Kamerleden: Jinnih Beels |url=https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/showpage.cfm?section=/depute&language=nl&cfm=cvview54.cfm?key=07731 |publisher=[[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]] |access-date=10 September 2024 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> A member of [[Vooruit (political party)|Vooruit]], she has represented [[Antwerp (Chamber of Representatives constituency)|Antwerp]] since June 2024.

==Early life==
Beels was born on 8 October 1976 in [[Calcutta]], India.<ref name="Kamer"/><ref name="KU Leuven">{{cite web |last1=De Munnynck |first1=Barbara |title=Criminologe Jinnih Beels is klaar voor haar politiek avontuur |url=https://nieuws.kuleuven.be/nl/2018/201cik-wil-buiten-de-lijntjes-kunnen-kleuren201d |publisher=[[KU Leuven]] |access-date=12 September 2024 |location=Leuven, Belgium |language=nl |date=19 February 2018}}</ref> Her mother was Indian and her father was [[Flemish people|Flemish]].<ref name="KU Leuven"/> Her mother Amna Khatoon, a Muslim, named Beels after [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].<ref name="DM251217">{{cite news |last1=Van Puymbroeck |first1=Rik |title=Jinnih Beels: "Naïviteit is niet achterlijk" |url=https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/jinnih-beels-naiviteit-is-niet-achterlijk~b1b414ad/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[De Morgen]] |date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031142311/https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/jinnih-beels-naiviteit-is-niet-achterlijk~b1b414ad/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> Her father worked for a shipping company in Calcutta.<ref name="KU Leuven"/><ref name="DM251217"/>

When Beels was three her mother died after being poisoned by someone who was jealous due to her being married to a Westerner and about to move to Belgium.<ref name="KU Leuven"/><ref name="DM251217"/> The culprit was known but never prosecuted.<ref name="KU Leuven"/> Beels was placed in a [[boarding school]] by her father who, after encountering difficulties as she had no [[birth certificate]], eventually brought her to [[Antwerp]] three years later in June 1983.<ref name="KU Leuven"/><ref name="DM251217"/>

Beels was brought up by her father and paternal grandmother in Antwerp and was educated at the [[:nl:Onze-Lieve-Vrouwinstituut Pulhof|Onze-Lieve-Vrouwinstituut Pulhof]] in [[Berchem]].<ref name="KU Leuven"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bernaerts |first1=Nina |title="Rechtvaardigheid is de rode draad in mijn leven" |url=https://www.hln.be/antwerpen/rechtvaardigheid-is-de-rode-draad-in-mijn-leven~a80a7a2d/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Het Laatste Nieuws]] |date=23 June 2018 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> She studied [[criminology]] at [[KU Leuven]] from 1996 to 2000.<ref name="KU Leuven"/> She also studied diversity management at KU Leuven (2010–2011) and intercultural management at [[Lessius Hogeschool]] (2011–2012).<ref name="KU Leuven"/>

==Police career==
Beels trained to be a {{lang|nl|commissaris}} (police commissioner) at the National School for Officers in [[Etterbeek]] from 2000 to 2002.<ref name="KU Leuven"/> After qualifying, she joined the [[Federal Police (Belgium)|Federal Police]] in [[Brussels]] in 2002 as a commissioner.<ref name="KU Leuven"/> Between 2003 and 2016 she held various positions at the {{ill|Local police (Belgium)|lt=Local police|nl|Lokale politie}} in Antwerp: team manager [[Hoboken]] (2003–2006), media [[spokesperson]] (2006–2008), head of the [[Diversity (business)|diversity]] department (2008–2015) and deputy regional manager of the northern division (20015-2016).<ref name="KU Leuven"/> The diversity department was sidelined after the [[right wing]] [[New Flemish Alliance]] took control of Antwerp in 2012.<ref name="KU Leuven"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tom |first1=Pardoen |title=Het jaar van Jinnih Beels: 'De politiek heeft nood aan woelwaters als ik' |url=https://www.humo.be/nieuws/het-jaar-van-jinnih-beels-de-politiek-heeft-nood-aan-woelwaters-als-ik~b4e9eacd/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Humo (magazine)|Humo]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101402/https://www.humo.be/nieuws/het-jaar-van-jinnih-beels-de-politiek-heeft-nood-aan-woelwaters-als-ik~b4e9eacd/ |archive-date=27 October 2021 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> After falling out with police chief Serge Muyters, Beels was transferred to the local police in [[Mechelen]]-[[Willebroek]] where she was [[:nl:Gemeenschapsgerichte politiezorg|Gemeenschapsgerichte politiezorg]] (GGPZ) and diversity officer from 2016 to 2017.<ref name="KU Leuven"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Toeloose |first1=An |title=Jinnih Beels, het wit konijn van "Samen" |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2017/10/13/jinnih-beels--het-wit-konijn-van-antwerpse-kartellijst--samen-/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[VRT (broadcaster)|VRT]] |date=13 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130173605/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2017/10/13/jinnih-beels--het-wit-konijn-van-antwerpse-kartellijst--samen-/ |archive-date=30 November 2020 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref>

In February 2017 an investigation was launched after a racist message, containing a photograph of Beels with the caption {{lang|nl|En waarom zou ik je een hand geven? Jou kleur staat me niet aan}} ("And why should I shake your hand? I don't like your colour"), was shared on [[WhatsApp]] by Mechelen police officers, an episode that mayor [[Bart Somers]] blamed on a few [[bad apple]]s.<ref name="DM240217">{{cite news |last1=Ceulemans |first1=Ewoud |title=Mechels politiecommissaris Jinnih Beels slachtoffer van racisme: "Totaal onaanvaardbaar" |url=https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/mechels-politiecommissaris-jinnih-beels-slachtoffer-van-racisme-totaal-onaanvaardbaar~b08d6bf4/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[De Morgen]] |date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126093726/https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/mechels-politiecommissaris-jinnih-beels-slachtoffer-van-racisme-totaal-onaanvaardbaar~b08d6bf4/ |archive-date=26 November 2022 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jinnih Beels: 'Erg voor familie en collega's' |url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20170225_02751005 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[De Standaard]] |date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607135851/https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20170225_02751005 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> Earlier almost all Moroccan and Turkish origin officers had resigned from the Mechelen police due to racism and bullying.<ref name="DM240217"/> Bert V.L., a 37-year-old chief inspector, was prosecuted for sending the racist message about Beels but was [[acquitted]] in May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jinnih Beels was "intens ongelukkig" na overstap van politie Antwerpen naar Mechelen: "Anderhalf jaar lang met lood in de schoenen gaan werken" |url=https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20220802_92383331 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Humo (magazine)|Humo]] |date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809162621/https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20220802_92383331 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl |via=[[Gazet van Antwerpen]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Indeherberge |first1=Liesbeth |title=Mechelse hoofdinspecteur vrijgesproken voor vermeende racistische uitlatingen tegen Jinnih Beels |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/05/11/mechelse-hoofdinspecteur-krijgt-xxx-maanden-straf-voor-racistisc/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[VRT (broadcaster)|VRT]] |date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925103009/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/05/11/mechelse-hoofdinspecteur-krijgt-xxx-maanden-straf-voor-racistisc/ |archive-date=25 September 2022 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malines: le policier qui a diffusé un montage raciste de Jinnih Beels est acquitté |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/malines-le-policier-qui-a-diffuse-un-montage-raciste-de-jinnih-beels-est-acquitte-9917164 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[RTBF]] |agency=[[Belga (news agency)|Belga]] |date=14 May 2018 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=fr}}</ref> Prosecutors [[appeal]]ed the verdict but in June 2019 the Court of Appeal in Antwerp upheld the acquittal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-politieman die spotprent Jinnih Beels verspreidde vrijgesproken in beroep: 'Misplaatste grap' |url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20190606_04447364 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[De Standaard]] |date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609002632/http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20190606_04447364 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref>

==Politics==
In October 2017 Beels was chosen as an [[Independent politician|independent]] candidate for Samen, an [[electoral alliance]] formed by the [[Socialist Party Different]] (SP.A) and [[Groen (political party)|Groen]] to contest the [[2018 Belgian local elections|2018 local election]] in Antwerp.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vanmarsenille |first1=Kris |title=Wouter Van Besien (Groen), Tom Meeuws (sp.a) en onafhankelijke Jinnih Beels: "We hebben geen plan B" |url=https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20171013_03131529/wouter-van-besien-groen-tom-meeuws-sp-a-en-onafhankelijke-jinnih-beels-we-hebben-geen-plan-b |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Gazet van Antwerpen]] |date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804054503/https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20171013_03131529/wouter-van-besien-groen-tom-meeuws-sp-a-en-onafhankelijke-jinnih-beels-we-hebben-geen-plan-b |archive-date=4 August 2020 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cobbaert |first1=Paul |title=Antwerps schepen Jinnih Beels (SP.A) is scherp voor voormalige kartelpartner Groen: "Uiteengaan was verstandig" |url=https://www.dezondag.be/actua/jinnihbeels/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=De Zondag |date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225094441/https://www.dezondag.be/actua/jinnihbeels/ |archive-date=25 February 2024 |location=Roeselare, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> After the alliance broke up Beels aligned with SP.A in January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jinnih Beels kiest voor sp.a Antwerpen: "Een hartverscheurende keuze" |url=https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20180118_03306979?journeybuilder=nopaywall |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Gazet van Antwerpen]] |date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001142420/https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20180118_03306979/jinnih-beels-kiest-voor-sp-a |archive-date=1 October 2018 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Elections communales 2018: à Anvers, la numéro 2 de l'ex-liste "Samen" figurera comme indépendante sur celle du sp.a |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/elections-communales-2018-a-anvers-la-numero-2-de-l-ex-liste-samen-figurera-comme-independante-sur-celle-du-sp-a-9815336 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[RTBF]] |agency=[[Belga (news agency)|Belga]] |date=18 January 2018 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=fr}}</ref> In June 2018 she started working for the SP.A [[parliamentary group]] as a safety advisor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gyssels |first1=Arnout |title=Geen partijkaart, wel op loonlijst sp.a: Jinnih Beels aan de slag als adviseur Veiligheid bij Kamerfractie |url=https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20180605_03546779 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Gazet van Antwerpen]] |date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506072327/https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20180605_03546779 |archive-date=6 May 2024 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> She was elected to the municipal council at the local election.<ref name="lv18">{{cite web |title=Lokale verkiezingen 2018: Antwerpen (stad) - Verkozen kandidaten |url=https://resultaten2018.vlaanderenkiest.be/#/gemeente/11002/verkozenen |website=Vlaanderen kiest |publisher=[[Flemish Government]] |access-date=12 September 2024 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=De Wever is het grootste stemmenkanon, maar zijn coalitiepartners falen |url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20181014_03835538 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[De Standaard]] |date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528063454/https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20181014_03835538 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> Shortly after the election she joined SP.A.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jinnih Beels heeft nu toch partijkaart van sp.a |url=https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20181028_03886294/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Gazet van Antwerpen]] |date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010084319/https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20181028_03886294/ |archive-date=10 October 2021 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Touriel |first1=Aubry |title=Être indépendant et tirer une liste de parti, un phénomène typiquement flamand |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/etre-independant-et-tirer-une-liste-de-parti-un-phenomene-typiquement-flamand-10122274 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[RTBF]] |date=18 January 2019 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=fr}}</ref> She became [[schepen]] (alderman) for education, youth, civic integration and naturalisation in January 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Antwerps schepen Jinnih Beels (SP.A): "Van mij mag het stoppen met dat klimaatspijbelen" |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190224_04201252 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Het Nieuwsblad]] |date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812131819/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20190224_04201252 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |location=Groot-Bijgaarden, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nuyts |first1=Joppe |title=Jinnih Beels analyseert verlies van SP.A: "Te veel naar de portemonnee gesproken, te weinig naar het hart" |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/06/09/jinnih-beels-sp-a-in-de-zevende-dag/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[VRT (broadcaster)|VRT]] |date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818130107/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/06/09/jinnih-beels-sp-a-in-de-zevende-dag/ |archive-date=18 August 2022 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> In March 2024, after falling out with the local [[Vooruit (political party)|Vooruit]] branch over its support for Tom Meeuws after he made racist comments, Beels announced that she wouldn't be contesting the [[2024 Belgian local elections|2024 local election]] and would be moving back to [[Westerlo]] where her family live.<ref>{{cite news |last1=El Mabrouk |first1=Farid |title="Iek zèn raaazend oep Jinnih": in Antwerpen halen velen opgelucht adem, maar ontslag Beels is ferme domper voor Vooruit |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20240329_93837011 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Het Nieuwsblad]] |date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329121518/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20240329_93837011 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |location=Groot-Bijgaarden, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jinnih Beels wil terug bij haar gezin "in de mooie Kempen" gaan wonen en komt niet op bij gemeenteraadsverkiezingen |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20240331_94183623 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Het Nieuwsblad]] |date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410085219/https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20240331_94183623 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |location=Groot-Bijgaarden, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref>

Beels contested the [[2019 Belgian regional elections|2019 regional election]] as the SP.A's 33rd placed candidate in [[Antwerp (Flemish Parliament constituency)|Antwerp]] but was not elected.<ref name="vk19">{{cite web |title=Resultaat Vlaams Parlement 26 mei 2019 - Kieskring Antwerpen |url=https://verkiezingsresultaten.belgium.be/nl/election-results/vlaams-parlement/2019/kieskring/223021 |website=Verkiezingsuitslagen |publisher=[[Federal Public Service Interior]] |access-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wouter Van Besien, Jinnih Beels en Dirk Van Mechelen niet verkozen |url=https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20190527_04428818 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=[[Gazet van Antwerpen]] |date=26 May 2019 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref> She was elected to the [[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]] at the [[2024 Belgian federal election|2024 federal election]].<ref name="vk24">{{cite web |title=Resultaat Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers 9 juni 2024 - Kieskring Antwerpen |url=https://verkiezingsresultaten.belgium.be/nl/election-results/kamer-van-volksvertegenwoordigers/2024/kieskring/250987 |website=Verkiezingsuitslagen |publisher=[[Federal Public Service Interior]] |access-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901115152/https://verkiezingsresultaten.belgium.be/nl/election-results/kamer-van-volksvertegenwoordigers/2024/kieskring/250987 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |location=Brussels, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gennez op één, wie staat nog in top vijf van voorkeursstemmen? |url=https://www.rtv.be/regionale-politiek/gennez-op-een-wie-staat-nog-top-vijf-van-voorkeursstemmen |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=RTV |date=10 June 2024 |location=Antwerp, Belgium |language=nl}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Beels is married to a police commissioner and has a son and two step-daughters.<ref name="KU Leuven"/>

==Electoral history==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Electoral history of Anja Vanrobaeys
! scope=col|Election
! scope=col|Constituency
! scope=col colspan="2"|Party
! scope=col|Votes
! scope=col|Result
|-
| [[2018 Belgian local elections|2018 local]]<ref name="lv18"/> || [[Antwerp]] || style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party Different}};"| || [[Socialist Party Different]] || align=right|{{Nts|12815}} || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[2019 Belgian regional elections|2019 regional]]<ref name="vk19"/> || [[Antwerp (Flemish Parliament constituency)|Antwerp]] || style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party Different}};"| || [[Socialist Party Different]] || align=right|{{Nts|7843}} || Not elected
|-
| [[2024 Belgian federal election|2024 federal]]<ref name="vk24"/> || [[Antwerp (Chamber of Representatives constituency)|Antwerp]] || style="background:{{party color|Vooruit (political party)}};"| || [[Vooruit (political party)|Vooruit]] || align=right|{{Nts|26666}} || '''Elected'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Navigation Vooruit}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beels, Jinnih}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Belgian women politicians]]
[[Category:Belgian city councillors]]
[[Category:Belgian police officers]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Belgium]]
[[Category:KU Leuven alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 56th Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Antwerp]]
[[Category:Vooruit (political party) politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)]]

Avimanyu Sethi

2026-04-04T03:34:06Z

Victorxsi: Started some info more to come.

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox office holder
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|6|29|df=y}}
| education =
| constituency = [[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]], [[Odisha]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Manjulata Mandal]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| parents = Arjun Charan Sethi, Subhadra
| spouse = Shrabani Priyadarshini
| source = https://dspstg.sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5610?from=members
| image = Avimanyu Sethi MP 2024.jpg
}}

'''Avimanyu Sethi''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]], Odisha. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency]]. He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhadrak, Odisha Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Avimanyu Sethi Emerges Victorious |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/bhadrak-odisha-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547870-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Odisha Lok Sabha Election Result 2024: BJP Won on 20 Seats of Odisha Chunav. Check Stats at results.eci.gov.in |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/odisha-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-check-odisha-chunav-results-at-results-eci-gov-in-latest-updates-here-1717492141-1 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Bhadrak election results 2024 : BJP's Avimanyu Sethi triumphs in Bhadrak Election, Defeats BJD's Manjulata Mandal by 91,544 Votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bhadrak-sc-election-results-2024-odisha-bhadrak-sc-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-avimanyu-sethi-bjp-manjulata-mandal-bjd-ananta-prasad-sethi-cong/articleshow/110669450.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th LS members from Odisha}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethi, Avimanyu}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Bhadrak district]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Putham Pudhu Kaalai

2026-03-28T19:46:32Z

Victorxsi:

{{Short description|2020 Indian Tamil-language anthology film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Putham Pudhu Kaalai film poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = {{plainlist|
*[[Sudha Kongara]]
*[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
*[[Suhasini Mani Ratnam]]
*[[Rajiv Menon]]
*[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Reshma Ghatala
*Rhea Kongara
*K.N.S. Prasad
*Kongara Sankara Rao
*[[Mani Ratnam]]
*Kalyan Subramanian
}}
| writer = {{Ubl
| Francis Thomas
| [[Shruti Ramachandran]]
| Reshma Ghatala
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| Suhasini Mani Ratnam
| Rajiv Menon
| Adhithya KR
| Krishnaswamy Ramkumar
| Karthik Subbaraj
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jayaram]]
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
*[[Kalidas Jayaram]]
*[[Shruti Haasan]]
*[[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]
*[[Andrea Jeremiah]]
*[[Bobby Simha]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
*[[Ritu Varma]]
*[[Suhasini Mani Ratnam]]
*[[Anu Haasan]]
*[[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]
*Komalam Charuhasan
*[[Sikkil Gurucharan|Gurucharan C]]
*[[Leela Samson]]
*Sharath Ravi
*Vettai Muthukumar
}}
| narrator =
| music = {{Ubl
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
| Satish Raghunathan
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
*Niketh Bommi
*[[P. C. Sreeram]]
*[[Selvakumar S. K.]]
*Rajiv Menon
*P.B. Shreyaas Krishna
}}
| editing = {{plainlist|
*E. Sangathamizhan
*[[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
*[[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
*[[T. S. Suresh]]
*[[Vivek Harshan]]
}}
| studio = {{Ubl
| Meenakshi Cinemas
| Lion Tooth Studios
| [[Madras Talkies]]
| Rajiv Menon Productions
| [[Stone Bench]]
}}
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2020|10|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Putham Pudhu Kaalai''''' ({{Translation|A brand new dawn}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[anthology film]], consisting of five short film segments, directed by [[Sudha Kongara]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Rajiv Menon]], and [[Karthik Subbaraj]]. The film features an ensemble cast of [[Jayaram]], [[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Ritu Varma]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Anu Haasan]], [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]], Komalam Charuhasan, [[Sikkil Gurucharan|Gurucharan C]], [[Leela Samson]], Sharath Ravi and Vettai Muthukumar among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2020 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai' trailer: Tamil anthology set and filmed in times of COVID-19 lockdown |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-putham-pudhu-kaalai-trailer-tamil-anthology-set-and-filmed-in-times-of-covid-19-lockdown-2847555 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008040212/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-putham-pudhu-kaalai-trailer-tamil-anthology-set-and-filmed-in-times-of-covid-19-lockdown-2847555 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The film was entirely shot during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] and was set against the backdrop of the country's [[COVID-19 lockdown in India#Phase 1 (24 March – 14 April)|21-day lockdown in March 2020]]. The film was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 16 October 2020.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2020 |title=AR Rahman unveils Putham Pudhu Kaalai trailer; Amazon Original to premiere on 16 October |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-rahman-unveils-putham-pudhu-kaalai-trailer-amazon-original-to-premiere-on-16-october-8880931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008213121/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-rahman-unveils-putham-pudhu-kaalai-trailer-amazon-original-to-premiere-on-16-october-8880931.html |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> A sequel titled ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa]]'' was released in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Praveen Sudevan |date=14 January 2022 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa…' review: Three hits and two misses in this anthology of hope |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-review-nadiya-arjun-das/article38271304.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117203917/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-review-nadiya-arjun-das/article38271304.ece |archive-date=17 January 2022 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== List of short films ==
{| style="background:#ffffff;" class="wikitable"
|-
! Title!! Director !! Writers !! Cinematographer !! Music !! Editor
|-
| ''Ilamai Idho Idho'' || [[Sudha Kongara]] || Francis Thomas, [[Shruti Ramachandran]] || Niketh Bommi || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || E. Sangathamizhan
|-
| ''Avarum Naanum – Avalum Naanum'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || Reshma Ghatala|| [[P. C. Sreeram]] || [[Govind Vasantha]] || [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
|-
| ''Coffee, Anyone?'' || [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] || [[Mani Ratnam]], Suhasini Maniratnam || [[Selvakumar S. K.]] || Satish Raghunathan || [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
|-
| ''Reunion'' || [[Rajiv Menon]] ||Rajiv Menon, Adhithya KR, Krishnaswamy Ramkumar|| Rajiv Menon || [[Nivas K. Prasanna]] || [[T. S. Suresh]]
|-
| ''Miracle'' || [[Karthik Subbaraj]] || Karthik Subbaraj || Shreyaas Krishna || {{En dash}}|| [[Vivek Harshan]]
|}

== Plot ==
The five short films of ''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' talk about hope, love, and new beginnings in the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Torkham |first=Sulabha |date=30 September 2020 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai: Gautham Menon, Sudha Kongara, Suhasini, Rajiv Menon and Karthik come together for an anthology |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/putham-pudhu-kaalai-gautham-menon-sudha-kongara-suhasini-rajiv-menon-and-karthik-come-together-for-an-anthology-1726931-2020-09-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007225048/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/putham-pudhu-kaalai-gautham-menon-sudha-kongara-suhasini-rajiv-menon-and-karthik-come-together-for-an-anthology-1726931-2020-09-30 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref>

=== ''Ilamai Idho Idho'' ===
It's a breezy love between two senior citizens.

Rajeev ([[Jayaram]]), a widower, lives in a big apartment all alone. Just before the government announces a lockdown in India, his girlfriend Lakshmi ([[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]), arrives at his home to spend a few days with him. They catch up and spend more time together when the lockdown is announced. Their respective children, unaware of their relationship, are worried about their safety during the pandemic while they get to know each other better like a young couple ([[Kalidas Jayaram]]/ [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]). One day during a petty argument between the couple, Rajeev's daughter and son-in-law show up unannounced to check up on him. Lakshmi hides in a closet and witnesses Rajeev and his daughter sharing a warm moment together. When Rajeev finally manages to get rid of his daughter and son-in-law, the couple realize that they were both at fault for getting mad over something petty. Their bond grows deeper, and they express concern over how their kids will react to their relationship. The film ends with the couple taking the leap to introduce each other to their children over a video call.

=== ''Avarum Naanum – Avalum Naanum'' ===
It is a building of a bond between an elderly man ([[M. S. Bhaskar]]) and his estranged granddaughter ([[Ritu Varma]]). They get past the differences between them and begin to understand each other.

The grandfather is a retired scientist and living alone. His granddaughter Khanna, who works in the IT industry, comes to take care of her grandfather on the insistence of her father. Initially, Khanna is not happy with her grandfather as he did not accept her mother. Once Khanna starts spending time with her grandfather, she understands the reason for his anger (he wanted her mother to continue her singing as he considered her voice to be divine, but her mother chose to get married and discontinue singing due to her husband's insistence, thus causing the estrangement) and decides to visit her grandfather's house regularly.

=== ''Coffee, Anyone?'' ===

Two daughters, Valli ([[Suhasini Maniratnam]]) and Saras ([[Anu Hasan]]) are visiting their comatose mother Soundara (Komalam Charuhasan). They are upset about their father Mahendran ([[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]) treating her at home and the fact that their younger sister Ramya ([[Shruti Haasan]]) has decided not to come meet their mother over past fights. Yet they overcome their differences and try to emotionally connect with their mother. That is when they realize that she is showing signs of improvement. They want to share all that is happening in their respective lives with her. Finally, they are more than happy to see their mother wake up from the coma.

=== ''Reunion'' ===

Sadhana ([[Andrea Jeremiah]]) and Vikram ([[Sikkil Gurucharan|Gurucharan C]]) are school friends who share a passion for music. In the present day, Vikram is a doctor, while Sadhana follows her childhood passion and has an event management company. Due to the lockdown, Sadhana is forced to spend some time with Vikram and his mother Bhairavi ([[Leela Samson]]) at their house, and she gets especially close to Bhairavi. It is later revealed that Sadhana is struggling from a drug addiction which she believes helps her with creating music. Vikram and his mother help her through this phase, and she later decides to seek help from a professional to deal with her addiction. In the closing scene, Vikram admits that the poetry he wrote back in college was not for his then girlfriend, but for Sadhana.

=== ''Miracle'' ===

A young filmmaker, Michael (Vettai Muthukumar), watches a Guruji (Ezhil Arasan Babaraj) on the television. Two poor thugs, Devan ([[Bobby Simha]]) and Rocky (Sharath Ravi), want to make quick money by believing in the miracle that the Baba talks about. The story of the three comes to a funny climax where the thugs remain poor, Michael finds a lot of money to make his film, and the Guruji loses a few millions.

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Ilamai Idho Idho''
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Avarum Naanum – Avalum Naanum''
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Coffee, Anyone?''
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Reunion''
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Miracle''
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Jayaram]] as Rajiv Padmanabhan
** [[Kalidas Jayaram]] as Younger Rajiv Padmanabhan
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Lakshmi Krishnan
** [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] as Younger Lakshmi Krishnan
* Preethi Nedumaran as Maid
* [[Krishnakumar Balasubramanian]] as Arun Krishnan
* Ananya Ramaprasad as Chitra
* Gladwin Rajkumar as Subbu
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Narrator

| valign="top" |
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Grandfather
* [[Ritu Varma]] as Daughter
** Fiya as Young Daughter
* Krithika Bala as Caretaker
* V. C. Sathanya as Younger Sister

| valign="top" |
* [[Shruti Haasan]] as Ramya
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Valli
* [[Anu Hasan]] as Saras
* [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as Mahendran
* Komalam Charuhasan as Soundara Mahendran

| valign="top" |
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Sadhana
* [[Sikkil Gurucharan|Gurucharan C]] as Vikram
* [[Leela Samson]] as Bhairavi
* G. Ganesh Rao
* P. Kasthuri

| valign="top" |
* [[Bobby Simha]] as Devan
* Sharath Ravi as Rocky
* Vettai Muthukumar as Michael
* Ezhil Arasan Babaraj as Guruji
* Thomas Kurian as Guruji's assistant
* E. Srinivasan
|}

== Production ==
On 30 September 2020, [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime Video India]], had announced the film, which features five segments by five different directors from Tamil film industry.<ref name=":0" /> The title of the film ''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' is based on the song of the same name from ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' (1981),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=12 May 2019 |title=Nostalgia king: How Tamil filmmakers are keeping Ilaiyaraaja's musical legacy alive |url=https://scroll.in/reel/923067/nostalgia-king-how-tamil-filmmakers-are-keeping-ilaiyaraajas-musical-legacy-alive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009121058/https://scroll.in/reel/923067/nostalgia-king-how-tamil-filmmakers-are-keeping-ilaiyaraajas-musical-legacy-alive |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> whereas the titles for the segments ''Ilamai Idho Idho'' and ''Avalum Naanum'' were based on the songs from ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' (1982) and ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016).<ref name="nie">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2020 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai': Amazon Prime Video announces anthology of five Tamil short films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/sep/30/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-announces-anthology-of-five-tamil-short-films-2203973.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103145457/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/sep/30/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-announces-anthology-of-five-tamil-short-films-2203973.html |archive-date=3 November 2020 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film was shot in compliance with rules and regulations set by the [[Film Employees Federation of South India]] (FEFSI) for filming during the "Unlock" phase.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2020 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai': Amazon Prime announces anthology of Tamil short films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-announces-anthology-of-tamil-short-films/article32729317.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006232813/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-announces-anthology-of-tamil-short-films/article32729317.ece |archive-date=6 October 2020 |access-date=9 October 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Putham Pudhu Kaalai
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Govind Vasantha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 7 October 2020
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Original Movie]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 14:45
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Amazon Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Soorarai Pottru]]
| next_year = 2020
| chronology = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Taish]]
| prev_year = 2020
| title = Putham Pudhu Kaalai
| year = 2020
| next_title = [[Oru Pakka Kathai]]
| next_year = 2020
}}
}}

The film's [[background score]] were composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Nivas K. Prasanna]], Satish Raghunathan and [[Govind Vasantha]], whereas the [[soundtrack album]] for the film were composed by Kumar and Vasantha respectively. The title track of the film, sung by G. V. Prakash with lyrics by [[Kaber Vasuki]], was served as the film's lead single. It was launched by actor [[Suriya]],<ref name="surya">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2020 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai title track out: Suriya Sivakumar heaps praise on GV Prakash's latest song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/putham-pudhu-kaalai-title-track-out-suriya-sivakumar-heaps-praise-on-gv-prakash-s-latest-song-1729678-2020-10-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008211206/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/putham-pudhu-kaalai-title-track-out-suriya-sivakumar-heaps-praise-on-gv-prakash-s-latest-song-1729678-2020-10-08 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> on 7 October 2020, along with the film's soundtrack album.<ref name="surya" /> The album features six songs including the title track, with one song composed by Govind Vasantha, and rest of the songs were composed by G. V. Prakash; the lyrics for the songs were written by Kaber Vasuki and [[Madhan Karky]] and the vocals were rendered by Prakash, [[Bhavani Sre]], [[Bombay Jayashri]] and [[S. P. B. Charan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2020 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by G. V. Prakash Kumar & Govind Vasantha |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/putham-pudhu-kaalai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1534977851 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808121410/https://music.apple.com/in/album/putham-pudhu-kaalai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1534977851 |archive-date=8 August 2023 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=iTunes |language=en-gb}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 14:45
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Putham Pudhu Kaalai – Title Track
| extra1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| lyrics1 = Kaber Vasuki
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Kanna Thoodhu Po Da
| extra2 = [[Govind Vasantha]], [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length2 = 3:43
| title3 = Manmadhan Naan Dhaana
| extra3 = G. V. Prakash Kumar, [[S. P. B. Charan]]
| lyrics3 = Kaber Vasuki
| length3 = 1:12
| title4 = Oho Endhan Baby
| extra4 = G. V. Prakash Kumar, S. P. B. Charan, [[Bhavani Sre]], Kaber Vasuki {{small|(Film Version)}}
| lyrics4 = Kaber Vasuki
| length4 = 1:37
| title5 = Kulfi Kuchchi
| extra5 = G. V. Prakash Kumar, Bhavani Sre
| lyrics5 = Kaber Vasuki
| length5 = 1:22
| title6 = Kannam Adhil Vannam
| extra6 = G. V. Prakash Kumar, Bhavani Sre
| lyrics6 = Kaber Vasuki
| length6 = 1:52
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| music6 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| music4 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| music3 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| music2 = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| music1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| all_writing =
| music5 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| title7 =
| length7 =
}}

== Release ==
''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' was released through [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 16 October 2020.<ref name="firstpost.com" /><ref name="nie" />

== Reception ==
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "''Puthum Pudhu Kaalai'' doesn't leave you with the heady feel-goodness of ''[[Sillu Karuppatti]]'', with parts working better than the whole, but still, it is a step in the right direction for anthologies in Tamil cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=Oct 15, 2020 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Review: Putham Pudhu Kaalai is a parts-better-than-whole anthology |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/putham-pudhu-kaalai/ottmoviereview/78572586.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212165327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/putham-pudhu-kaalai/ottmoviereview/78572586.cms |archive-date=12 December 2020 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that, "Amazon Prime has had a few average outings with respect to Tamil cinema in the last few months. However, they now seem to be making all the right noises with ‘Putham Pudhu Kaalai’".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=15 October 2020 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai' movie review: A delightful look at life and relationships during lockdown |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-movie-review-a-delightful-look-at-life-and-relationships-during-lockdown/article32862993.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016103252/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-movie-review-a-delightful-look-at-life-and-relationships-during-lockdown/article32862993.ece |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars for the film, saying, "The films of ''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' are relatable and moving only because the filmmakers stuck to narratives they knew well. But that is all the more reason that we, as an audience, should demand films are made by filmmakers of varied backgrounds".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai movie review: A relatable, yet restrictive, collection of stories of hope in the coronavirus era |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/putham-pudhu-kaalai-movie-review-a-relatable-yet-restrictive-collection-of-stories-of-hope-in-the-coronavirus-era-8919501.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018210757/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/putham-pudhu-kaalai-movie-review-a-relatable-yet-restrictive-collection-of-stories-of-hope-in-the-coronavirus-era-8919501.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated "''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' is easy on the eye and mind but largely devoid of any radical breaks from the tried and tested."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Review: Amazon Prime's Tamil Anthology Is Easy On The Mind And Eye |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-amazon-primes-tamil-anthology-is-easy-on-the-mind-and-eye-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2310917 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109060752/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-amazon-primes-tamil-anthology-is-easy-on-the-mind-and-eye-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2310917 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated "''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' consists of five shorts made by a bunch of well-known directors. The lockdown and its impact has already been seen in many similar efforts by filmmakers around the world. But despite some perky moments here and there, this anthology remains mostly blah."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai review: Amazon anthology fails to deliver |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-amazon-prime-video-tamil-anthology-6755451/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116035752/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-amazon-prime-video-tamil-anthology-6755451/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "The Amazon Prime film is an anthology of five shorts, the unifying factor being the coronavirus lockdown. Each explores a different theme. Except for Subbaraj's Miracle, it is hard to connect with the lockdown effect in any of the stories."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai movie review: A light-hearted anthology set around lockdown |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-movie-review-a-light-hearted-anthology-set-around-lockdown/story-C4sbY3oJDmA2xuHCKK9DGO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205014705/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-movie-review-a-light-hearted-anthology-set-around-lockdown/story-C4sbY3oJDmA2xuHCKK9DGO.html |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated "''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' is a fun weekend watch. Mostly steering away from the cliches of the big screen, this is indeed 'putham pudhu' storytelling for the Tamil audience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai' review: A light anthology film that's fun to watch |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-light-anthology-film-thats-fun-watch-135435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414174815/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-light-anthology-film-thats-fun-watch-135435 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and stated "''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'', unlike last year's Kannada anthology ''[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]'', isn't made up of hugely varying narratives. Nevertheless, it's watchable and pretty enjoyable!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=2020-10-16 |title=Review: 'Putham Pudhu Kaalai' Is A Mixed Sweet-Box |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214005716/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-review |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' gave 3 out of 5, stating, "Putham Pudhu Kaalai is a very average anthology. The main issue is that, having been made by eminent filmmakers, this one is not up to the mark."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai review: A very average anthology |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-is-a-very-average-anthology-review-tamil-ukqg4Shgcejac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016095349/https://www.sify.com/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-is-a-very-average-anthology-review-tamil-ukqg4Shgcejac.html |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated "''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' is a delightful anthology that makes you realise the worth of relationships in your life."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=October 16, 2020 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Movie Review: Fun, relatable and an emotional concoction of stories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/putham-pudhu-kaalai-movie-review-fun-relatable-and-an-emotional-concoction-of-stories-1732243-2020-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021143557/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/putham-pudhu-kaalai-movie-review-fun-relatable-and-an-emotional-concoction-of-stories-1732243-2020-10-16 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Vivek M of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The shorts are enjoyable but the conclusion of four films seems contrived. This is where Karthik Subbaraj's Miracle, the final short film, stands out."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai review: Karthik Subbaraj steals the show |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-karthik-subbaraj-steals-the-show-903248.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022050335/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-karthik-subbaraj-steals-the-show-903248.html |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramanath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated "An epoch-altering epidemic might be raging, but hope, happiness and a new world are round the corner, ''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' suggests, not always convincingly."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=16 October 2020 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai' review: Grin and bear the Covid-19 pandemic with Tamil anthology film |url=https://scroll.in/reel/975818/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-grin-and-bear-the-covid-19-pandemic-with-tamil-anthology-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127105046/https://scroll.in/reel/975818/putham-pudhu-kaalai-review-grin-and-bear-the-covid-19-pandemic-with-tamil-anthology-film |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' wrote "The film falls into the general mood of this anthology: pleasant but generic. A lot of it is very broadly directed, almost like a big musical number. The musical score is even bigger: it “acts” more than the actors."<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai On Amazon Prime Video: Some Sharp Moments In A Mostly Pleasant But Generic Anthology |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/review-putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-some-sharp-moments-in-a-mostly-pleasant-but-generic-anthology-rajiv-menon-sudha-kongara-karthik-subbaraj-suhasini-gautham-menon-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118123453/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/review-putham-pudhu-kaalai-amazon-prime-video-some-sharp-moments-in-a-mostly-pleasant-but-generic-anthology-rajiv-menon-sudha-kongara-karthik-subbaraj-suhasini-gautham-menon-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=FilmCompanion.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13087958}}
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Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant

2026-03-28T13:56:32Z

Victorxsi: brief enhanced structure for accuracy additionally and corrected details

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Science fiction]] [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Sameer Garud Gaurav Sharma Gauri Kodimala [[Kovid Gupta]] Nitin Keswani Rajesh Chawla
| director =
| creative_director = Tanya Mukherjee
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ridhima Pandit (actress)|Ridhima Pandit]]|[[Karan Grover]]}}
| theme_music_composer = Prakash Viraj
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 261
| producer = Sonali Jaffar Amir Jaffar
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography = Hrishikesh Gandhi Manish Sharma
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Full House Media]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2016|2|15}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2017|2|13}}
| related =
| channel = [[Life OK]]
}}

'''''Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant''''' ({{Translation|''Our Daughter-in-Law Rajni Kant''}}) is an Indian [[science fiction]] [[sitcom]] television series, which aired from 15 February 2016 to 13 February 2017 on [[Life OK]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/bahu-hamari-rajnikanth-meet-indias-first-humanoid-daughter-in-law-lifeok-riddhima-pandit-308926-2016-02-16|title=Bahu Humari Rajni_Kant: Meet India's first humanoid daughter-in-law|website=India Today|date=16 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627144612/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/bahu-hamari-rajnikanth-meet-indias-first-humanoid-daughter-in-law-lifeok-riddhima-pandit-308926-2016-02-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/bahu-hamari-rajni-kant-off-air-life-ok-february-ridhima-pandit-raqesh-bapat-lifetv-955454-2017-01-17|title=Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant to go off air in February|date=16 January 2017|website=India Today|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129152625/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/bahu-hamari-rajni-kant-off-air-life-ok-february-ridhima-pandit-raqesh-bapat-lifetv-955454-2017-01-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=September 2016}}Shantanu Kant, a scientist creates a super humanoid robot with the help of his best friend Devendra Bangdu.The robot is named RAJNI, short for "Randomly Accessible Jobs Network Interface", a robot with 10X the power of [[hulk]], a human's body, a pretty face and a brain faster than 100 computers.

The robot was made for saving humans' life. After a few episodes, Shaan made Rajni his wife as he did not want to take burden of wedding along with his dreams and aspirations of becoming a renowned scientist. The Kant's women do not like Rajni as her daughter-in-law due to Rajni's weird behaviour, and also because Surili (Shaan's mom) wanted a classy Bengali girl as her 'bahu' - so, Surili never accepts Rajni as her daughter-in-law by heart. But, the Kant's men always favour Rajni and like her nature.

Many problems arise in the Kant family-some of them come by themselves and some are unintentionally created by Rajni as she does not understand humans accurately. But, Rajni always saves the Kants from all these troubles-sometimes with the help of Shaan and Dev. Later Rajni misinterpreted Shaan's command and changed his face by plastic surgery which creates some problems but later all confusions are cleared by Shaan. In the middle of all this, other confusions arises which made Shaan to dismantle Rajni. Kants have gone bankrupt post. Shaan been in USA, returns with his fiancée Ria. The Kant fix the marriage to get their wealth by Ria's rich family.

It is then revealed that Rajni saved herself from the factory 5 years ago where she had found an infant on the streets and had decided to adopt him but Rajni was not updated with latest technologies. Rajni's adoptive son named as R.A.M, incidentally help Kant's family who were then invited to Kant Nivaas where Ria finds out about Rajni and broke up the alliance. Shaan then decides to divorce Rajni. Meanwhile, the court gives Shaan and Rajni 6 months' time to their marriage.

In these 6 months, Rajni wins everyone's, including Shaan's trust back, but later she was proven to be a human by Surili. Soon it gets revealed that the girl was Rajjo, the duplicate of Rajni.

Soon Shaan and Rajjo start developing mutual feelings for each other. Amrish learns about Rajni's truth, he accepts her, but this reunion is stopped by a robot from other planet who looks exactly as Shaan, and asks Rajini to come with him. She is about to leave when Shaan, R.A.M and Amrish try to stop her, but being given command to leave with Shaan-like robot, she turns away. The robots fly away, leaving the three (Shaan, Amrish, R.A.M) in tears when Shaan finds a small machine on the ground, presumably belonging to the robot from other planet and he believes to bring back Rajni with the device.

==Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Ridhima Pandit (actress)|Ridhima Pandit]] as Rajni "Rajjo" Kant: Humanoid robot; Dev's adopted sister; Shaan's wife; R.A.M's adoptive mother (2016–2017)
* [[Karan Grover]] as Shantanu "Shaan" Kant: Scientist; Surili and Amrish's second son; Gyaan, Dhyaan and Shogota's brother; Samaira's ex-lover; Dev's friend; Rajni's husband; R.A.M's adoptive father (2016)
**[[Raqesh Bapat]] as Shantanu "Shaan" Kant: Bapat replaced Grover in 2016. (2016–2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/its-official-meet-the-new-shaan-of-bahu-humari-rajnikant-actor-replaces-karan-v-grover-in-the-show-815244|title=IT'S OFFICIAL! Meet the NEW Shaan of 'Bahu Humari Rajni_kant'; Actor replaces Karan V. Grover in the show!|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=12 October 2016|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=18 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218073512/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/its-official-meet-the-new-shaan-of-bahu-humari-rajnikant-actor-replaces-karan-v-grover-in-the-show-815244|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Pallavi Pradhan]] as Surili Chattopadhyay Kant: Amartya's sister; Amrish's wife; Gyaan, Shaan, Dhyaan and Shogota's mother; Kuhu's grandmother; R.A.M's adoptive grandmother (2016–2017)
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] as Amrish Kant: Bubbles's brother; Surili's husband; Gyaan, Shaan, Dhyaan and Shogota's father; Kuhu's grandfather; R.A.M's adoptive grandfather (2016–2017)
* [[Aryan Prajapati]] as R.A.M Kant: Rajni and Shaan's adopted son (2016–2017)
* [[Mehul Nisar]] as Gyaan Kant: Surili and Amrish's eldest son; Shaan, Dhyaan and Shogota's brother; Maggie's husband; Kuhu's father (2016–2017)
* [[Vahbbiz Dorabjee]] as Maggie Kant: Balwanth's sister; Gyaan's wife; Kuhu's mother (2016–2017)
* Palak Dey as Kuhu Kant: Gyaan and Maggie's daughter (2016)
* [[Pankit Thakker]] as Dhyaan Kant: Surili and Amrish youngest son; Gyaan, Shaan and Shogota's brother; Sharmila's husband (2016-2017)
* [[Tanvi Thakkar]] as Sharmila Kant: Samaira's cousin; Dhyaan's wife (2016–2017)
* [[Neha Kaul]] as Shogata Kant: Surili and Amrish's daughter; Gyaan, Shaan and Dhyaan's sister; Dev's ex-wife; Matthew's girlfriend; Vikram’s fiancée (2016–2017)
* [[Neel Motwani]] as Devendra "Dev" Bangdu: Shaan's friend; Rajni's adoptive brother; Shogota's ex-husband (2016–2017)
* Sweety Walia as Bubbles Kant Chattopadhyay: Amrish's sister; Amartya's wife (2016)
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]] as TV News Reporter (2016)
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] as Karanvir : Shaan's Classmate (2016)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anita-hassanandani-and-karanvir-bohra-in-bahu-humari-rajni_kant/articleshow/51515201.cms|title=Anita Hassanandani and Karanvir Bohra in 'Bahu Humari Rajni_Kant'|work=The Times of India |date=22 March 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anita-Hassanandani-and-Karanvir-Bohra-in-Bahu-Humari-Rajni_Kant/articleshow/51515201.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Anita Hassanandani Reddy]] as Priya : Shaan's classmate friend (2016)<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Sumit Kaul]] as Amartya Chattopadhyay: Surili's brother; Bubbles's husband (2016)
* [[Aly Goni]] as Virat Batra: Poonam's husband (2016)
* [[Anokhee Anand]] as Aishwarya: Kant family's servant
* [[Shiny Doshi]] as Samaira Ghosh: Sharmila's cousin; Shaan's ex-lover (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bahu-hamari-rajni-kant-shiny-doshi-quits-the-show-lifetv-332773-2016-08-02|title=Unhappy with her role, Shiny Doshi bids adieu to Bahu Hamari Rajni_Kant|website=India Today|date=2 August 2016 |access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107194014/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bahu-hamari-rajni-kant-shiny-doshi-quits-the-show-lifetv-332773-2016-08-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Suhaas Ahuja]] as Matthew Hudson: Shaan's boss; Shogota's boyfriend (2016,2017)
* [[Krishna Bharadwaj (actor)|Krishna Bharadwaj]] as Balwanth: Maggie's brother (2016)
* Abhilash Kumar as Vikram Oberoi: Ria's brother (2016)
* [[Piya Valecha]] as Ria Oberoi: Vikram's sister; Shaan's ex-fiancée (2016)
* Archana Singh Rajput as Debolina Chatoupadhyay
* [[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Dugdugi Baba (2016)

===Guest===
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Himself<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/emraan-hashmi-bahu-hamari-rajni-kant-azhar-television-promote-azharuddin-prachi-desai-377712-2016-05-07|title=When Emraan Hashmi met the stars of Bahu Hamari Rajni_Kant|website=India Today|date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003012932/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/emraan-hashmi-bahu-hamari-rajni-kant-azhar-television-promote-azharuddin-prachi-desai-377712-2016-05-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hina Khan]] as Neha
* [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan|Iqbal Khan]] as Robot

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bahu-humari-rajni-kant/7326 Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]'' on [[Hotstar]]

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:Robots in television]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Rajinikanth]]

Nowrosjee Wadia College

2026-03-27T13:33:37Z

Victorxsi: improved layout based on references and added references

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Nowrosjee Wadia College|timestamp=20260327133337|year=2026|month=March|day=27|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2026}}
'''Nowrosjee Wadia College''' is a college affiliated with the [[University of Pune]]. This college was founded in 1932 and now has 6 other sister institutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CORRESPONDENT |first=ST |date=2017-11-01 |title=SP college and Nowrosjee Wadia college lead in the city with A+ grade in NAAC |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/sp-college-and-nowrosjee-wadia-college-lead-city-grade-naac-8125 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==Foundation and Early history==
While [[Pune]] was known ever since the advent of the British rule as a prominent center of education, the eastern parts of the city were virtually devoid of any educational facilities. Among the important citizens of this part of Pune and the Cantonment who supported the idea of a new college were Sir Manekji Mehta, Prof. D. D. Kapadia, Shri A. B. Sethna, Rao Bahadur, Dr. R. K. Naidu, Dr. A. D'Gama and Sardar Mudaliar. The Nowrosjee Wadia College was established on 21 July 1932 within six months of the establishment of the Modern Education Society on 15 February 1932. Over the years, it has become a popular choice to acquire an all-round quality education for many young men and women all over the country and abroad.

===The Munificent Wadias===
Prin. V. K. Joag, who already knew the late Sir Cusrow Wadia, while he was life member of the [[Deccan Education Society]], approached him about the middle of January 1932 and told him how he and some of his colleagues were free to work outside the Deccan Education Society and were desirous of starting an Arts and Science college in the eastern parts of the city of Poona as early as possible. Sir Cusrow was pleased with the idea and said that he and his brother Sir Ness [[Wadia family|Wadia]] would gladly help in any efforts to establish such a College. Sir Cusrow and Sir Ness also consented to name the planned new College after their illustrious father Shri Nowrosjee N. Wadia. A regular registered educational Society was subsequently founded on 15 February at a meeting of the citizens of Poona and other friends held in the Cowasjee Dinshaw Library Hall.

It was at this meeting that the first Senate of the Society was formed and the newly formed Senate decided on the recommendation of its Finance Council and the Academic Council, to establish, as from June, 1932, a college affiliated to a university in the Poona Suburban Area. The Senate also unanimously resolved that the College should be named after the late Shri. Nowrosjee Wadia and be called "The Nowrosjee Wadia College" as a mark of the Society's gratitude to the Wadia brothers for the encouragement and support they had given to the Society. Sir Cusrow and Sir Ness were unanimously elected as President and Vice-president respectively of the proposed Modern Society. Thus the inception of the Nowrosjee Wadia College is to be traced back to this first meeting of the Senate of the Society held on 15 February 1932.

===Early Efforts===
As one can imagine, the work which had to be completed within a span of about three months was very heavy and but for the fact that among the founder life members of the College were several persons with considerable experience of teaching and administration and had also contacts in educational circles in Bombay and Poona, it would have been impossible to accomplish the task. Chief among these were Principal K. R. Kanitkar, Principal K. M. Khadye and above all, Principal V. K. Joag. They and others worked round the clock, enrolled over a hundred persons as fellows and patrons of the Society. Prin. Joag had already secured a promise from Sir Cusrow that he and his brother Sir Ness would each contribute towards the establishment of the College.

===The Beginning===
An application was accordingly submitted to the University of Bombay for the affiliation of the proposed College for the teaching of the Arts course up to B.A. Pass and Honors examinations, and the Science course up to the Intermediate examination. The Nowrosjee Wadia College thus started as a full grade College, teaching courses up to the B. A. in several subjects and in Science up to the Inter Science Examination. The difficulties to be encountered and surmounted during this initial period were many. The foremost among them was a search for a suitable campus and a commodious building in the eastern parts of the city of Pune or Pune Cantonment. Since, except the distant hoary Deccan College which was largely residential, there were no facilities for higher education in the eastern parts of the City of Poona or in the Poona Cantonment area and students from these parts had to go to the Sir Parshurambhau College or the Ferguson College for collegiate education To start with the Society took on rent on a five years' lease the Connaught House at 12 Connaught Road for temporarily housing the college. In addition, the Society also hired from Mr. E. A. Lalkaka, a portion of the late Sir N. P. Vakil's property situated just in front of the Connaught House, on the other side of the Connaught Road. These rented buildings between them had ample room for temporarily housing the College. Prof. K. M. Khadye was appointed the first Principal and Prof. S.B. Bondale the first Vice-Principal of the College. They were to have a staff of nineteen teachers including the life-members.

===Infrastructure===
The College owes to the [[Wadia family]] for their munificence, especially the Wadia brothers Sir Cusrow Wadia and Sir [[Ness Wadia]] (1873-1952), who donated generously in the name of their father Nowrosjee Wadia.

It was founded in 1932 with just 250 students. By year 1982, the student strength was about 3000. In the year 2003 the student strength reached 6000. The College was initially affiliated to the [[University of Bombay]] but switched affiliation to the University of Pune in 1949.

==Courses offered==

===Undergraduate===
Degrees offered are [[Bachelor of Arts]] at Special Level in Economics, English, Geography, History, Maths, Politics, Psychology, Bachelor of Science at Special Level in Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Zoology, Botany, Geology, Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology, Bachelor of Computer Science, B. Sc. Vocational in Electronics Equipment Maintenance and Industrial Chemistry.

===Postgraduate===
Degrees offered are M.A. (Economics, English, History, Political Science, Psychology), M.Sc. (Botany, Chemistry, [[Physical chemistry|Physical Chemistry]], Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Computer Science, Electronics, Industrial Mathematics with Computer Applications, Petroleum Technology, Physics, Polymer Science, Zoology)., Ma/M.sc in geography.

===Doctoral research===
*Chemistry
*Physics
*Geography
*Geology

==Notable alumni==

*[[Boman Irani]]
*[[Deven Verma]]
*[[Himmatsinhji M. K.]]
*[[Kulpreet Yadav]]
*[[Rajesh Khanna]]
*[[T. Vaiphei]]
*[[Romila Thapar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nesswadiacollege.edu.in/ Ness Wadia College of Commerce]
* [http://nowrosjeewadiacollege.edu.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=81/ Official Website]
*[http://www.facebook.com/WadiansAlumniAssociation Wadians Alumni Association]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1932]]
[[Category:Science colleges in India]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University]]

Maganlal Dresswala

2026-03-25T15:55:01Z

Victorxsi: new new details v1...

{{Short description|Indian costume supplier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Maganlal Dresswala
| logo = Maganlal Dresswala logo.jpg
| caption =
| trading_name = 
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized =
| former type =
| type =
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Costume design]]
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|1926}}
| founder = Maganlal and Harilal
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations = 
| area_served =
| key_people =
| products =
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}}

'''Maganlal Dresswala''' or '''Maganlal Dresswala & Co.''' is a noted costumer and costume designer for [[Bollywood]] productions. Established in 1926 as a small shop in [[Kalbadevi]], Mumbai, it is most known for its period costumes, in ''[[Ram Rajya (1943 film)|Ram Rajya]]'' (1943) ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) and ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1953), and mythological TV series [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' (1987–1988) and [[B.R. Chopra]]'s ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988–1990).

Today, the company is the oldest costume supplier in [[Indian cinema]]<ref name="times">{{Cite web |author=Subhash K. Jha |author-link =Subhash K. Jha | title = No Khit-Pit for Gulzar| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-16/news-interviews/28043758_1_lyricist-gulzar-gulzar-saab-billu| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527200057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-16/news-interviews/28043758_1_lyricist-gulzar-gulzar-saab-billu| url-status = dead| archive-date = 27 May 2013|quote=..Maganlal Dresswala (the oldest provider of costumes for film units).. | date = 16 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date = 12 June 2013 }}</ref> and is mentioned as such in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' 2012 as it was the costumer for first Indian talkie, ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931).<ref>{{cite web |title=Oldest costume suppliers |url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/recorddetails.aspx?recid=61 |publisher=Limca Book of Records |access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref>

== History ==
The company started as a small shop in [[Kalbadevi]], near [[Marine Lines]], [[Mumbai]], where brothers Maganlal and Harilal started selling headgear for [[bridegroom]]s, like [[pagadi]], [[sehra (headdress)|sehra]] and safas. Gradually they shifted to providing [[Wardrobe (clothing)|wardrobe]] and [[costume coordination]] to local [[Ramleela]] theatrical productions. This led to historical and mythological films which were the rage in [[Bollywood]] ([[Hindi cinema]]), working for noted films like [[Vijay Bhatt]]'s ''[[Ram Rajya (1943 film)|Ram Rajya]]'' (1943), [[K. Asif]]'s ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) and ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1953).<ref name=tri>{{cite news |title=Behind the scenes: Dress designers to actors & deities |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/main5.htm |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date= 20 April 2003 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> They also provided costumes for productions of [[Parsi theatre]].<ref name="Mody1998">{{cite book|author=Nawaz B. Mody|title=The Parsis in western India, 1818 to 1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=252|isbn=978-81-7023-894-2}}</ref> Soon they became a leading provider of wardrobe and costumes; they rented out furniture, set decoration items, and costume accessories, and ventured into exports. Over the years, the company has opened several outlets across Mumbai.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Maganlal Dresswala |journal=Business World|year= 1993|volume= 13 |page=146 |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika }}</ref>

By the 1980s, the company started catering to the rising television industry, most notable the epic series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' (1987–1988), directed by [[Ramanand Sagar]], followed by ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988–1990) by [[B.R. Chopra]] and [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' (1988).<ref name=tri/> In 1997, the company organized an auction of costumes, which included costumes from ''Mughal-e-Azam''.<ref>{{cite news |title=All that glitters: Clothing The Present With The Past |newspaper=Indian Express |date=18 July 1997 }}</ref> Today, the company is also famous for supplying annual [[Navratri]] [[Garba (dance)|garba dance]] costumes. People from Gujarat, Bengal and even outside India (mostly NRIs), start coming months in advance.<ref name="exp">{{Cite web | title = Stick together| url = http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/stick-together/225600/ | publisher =Indian EXpress | date =7 October 2007 | access-date = 18 June 2013 }}</ref> The third generation of the family, Sarika Dresswala is the company's head designer.<ref>{{Cite web | title =Backless cholis are Navratri hit| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Backless-cholis-are-Navratri-hit/Article1-612281.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130219061619/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Backless-cholis-are-Navratri-hit/Article1-612281.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 19 February 2013 | publisher =Hindustan Times | date =13 October 2010 | access-date = 18 June 2013 }}</ref>

In 2012, ''Dresswala'', a documentary film directed by Shriya Pilgaonkar, that traces the evolution of Indian cinema through the rise of Maganlal Dresswala, was shown at the 14th [[Mumbai Film Festival]].<ref name="times2">{{Cite news | title = Sachin Pilgaonkar to launch his daughter Shriya | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/Sachin-Pilgaonkar-to-launch-his-daughter-Shriya/articleshow/18793776.cms |newspaper =The Times of India | date = 5 March 2013 | access-date = 13 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name="ibn">{{Cite news| title = 14th Mumbai film festival: List of films to be screened | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/14th-mumbai-film-festival-list-of-films-to-be-screened/300391-8-66.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121017033808/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/14th-mumbai-film-festival-list-of-films-to-be-screened/300391-8-66.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 17 October 2012 | publisher =CNN-IBN | date =14 October 2012 | access-date = 13 June 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|http://maganlaldresswalla.com/test/home.html |Maganlal Dresswala, website}}
* {{IMDb name|1212813}}

[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1926]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film industry in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]

Ahmad Shah Muhamed

2026-03-25T06:50:23Z

Victorxsi: enhanced layout further and fixed typos

{{short description|Malaysian politician}}
{{Malay name|Ahmad Shah|Muhamed}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay titles#State titles|Tuan]]
| name = Ahmad Shah Muhamed
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|SMT|AMT|MLA (Terengganu)}}
| native_name = أحمد شاه بن محمد
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ahmad Shah bin Muhamed
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|06|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Terengganu]], [[Malaysia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =

| office = Deputy Member of the [[Terengganu State Executive Council]]
| monarch = [[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Mizan Zainal Abidin]]
| 1blankname = Menteri Besar
| 1namedata = [[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]]
| 2blankname = Member
| 2namedata = [[Alias Razak]]
| term_start = 10 May 2018 {{small|(Local Government, Housing, Health and Environment)}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor =
| constituency = [[Bandar (state constituency)|Bandar]]

| constituency_AM1 = [[Bandar (state constituency)|Bandar]]
| assembly1 = Terengganu State Legislative
| majority1 = 2,091 ([[2018 Terengganu state election|2018]]) 2,364 ([[2023 Terengganu state election|2023]])
| term_start1 = 9 May 2018
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Azan Ismail]] ([[Pakatan Rakyat|PR]]–[[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
| successor1 =

| office5 = Faction represented in [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]
| subterm5 = 2018–2020
| suboffice5 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]
| subterm6 = 2020–
| suboffice6 = [[Perikatan Nasional]]

| citizenship = [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]]
| party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS)
| otherparty = [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) [[Gagasan Sejahtera]] (GS)
| relations =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ahmad Shah bin Muhamed''' (born 8 June 1968) is a [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] [[politician]] who has served as Deputy Member of the [[Terengganu State Executive Council]] (EXCO) in the [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) state administration under Menteri Besar [[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]] and Member [[Alias Razak]] as well as Member of the [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Bandar (state constituency)|Bandar]] since May 2018. He is a member of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), a component party of the PN coalition.

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=Malay|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2018 Terengganu state election|2018]]
|rowspan=4|'''N14 [[Bandar (state constituency)|Bandar]]'''
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=2|{{nowrap|'''Ahmad Shah Muhamed'''}} ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|rowspan=2 align="right"| '''7,133'''
|rowspan=2| '''44.11%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Toh Seng Cheng ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
|align="right" | 5,042
| 31.18%
|rowspan=2| 16,353
|rowspan=2| 2,091
|rowspan=2| 80.70%
|-
|{{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
|[[Azan Ismail]] ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
|align="right" | 3,996
| 24.71%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2023 Terengganu state election|2023]]
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=2| '''Ahmad Shah Muhamed''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|rowspan=2 align="right"|'''8,438'''
|rowspan=2 |'''56.69%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Armi Irzan Mohd ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right"|6,074
|40.81%
|rowspan=2|15,007
|rowspan=2|2,364
|rowspan=2|68.04%
|-
|bgcolor="black" |
|Luqman Long ([[Malaysian United Democratic Alliance|MUDA]])
|align="right"|372
|align="right"|2.50%
|}

==Honours==
* {{Flag|Terengganu}}
** [[File:MY-TER Order of the Crown of Terengganu - SPMT - SMT - AMT.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Order of the Crown of Terengganu]] (SMT) (2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sukpengurusan.terengganu.gov.my/files/galleri/BINTANG%20DAN%20PINGAT%202025/HEBAHAN%20PENGURNIAAN%20BINTANG-BINTANG%20DARJAH%20KEBESARAN%20NEGERI%20TERENGGANU%20DARUL%20IMAN%20TAHUN%202025%20SEMPENA%20SAMBUTAN%20ULANG%20TAHUN%20KEENAM%20PULUH%20TIGA%20HARI%20KEPUTERAAN%20KEBAWAH%20DULI%20YANG%20MAHA%20MULIA%20SULTAN%20TERENGGANU.pdf|title=HEBAHAN PENGURNIAAN BINTANG-BINTANG DARJAH KEBESARAN NEGERI TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN TAHUN 2025 SEMPENA SAMBUTAN ULANG TAHUN KEENAM PULUH TIGA HARI KEPUTERAAN KEBAWAH DULI YANG MAHA MULIA SULTAN TERENGGANU|website=sukpengurusan.terengganu.gov.my}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
** [[File:MY-TER Order of the Crown of Terengganu - SPMT - SMT - AMT.svg|50px]] Member of the [[Order of the Crown of Terengganu]] (AMT) (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sukpengurusan.terengganu.gov.my/index.php/2016-07-24-02-21-59/berita/813-hebahan-istiadat-pengurniaan-gelaran-dan-bintang-bintang-darjah-kebesaran-negeri-terengganu-darul-iman-sempena-sambutan-ulang-tahun-ke-61-hari-keputeraan-kebawah-duli-yang-maha-mulia-sultan-terengganu|title=HEBAHAN ISTIADAT PENGURNIAAN GELARAN DAN BINTANG-BINTANG DARJAH KEBESARAN NEGERI TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN SEMPENA SAMBUTAN ULANG TAHUN KE–61 HARI KEPUTERAAN KEBAWAH DULI YANG MAHA MULIA SULTAN TERENGGANU|date=19 Jun 2023|website=Pejabat Setiausaha Negeri Terengganu (Khidmat Pengurusan)|access-date=20 Jun 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619225346/https://sukpengurusan.terengganu.gov.my/index.php/2016-07-24-02-21-59/berita/813-hebahan-istiadat-pengurniaan-gelaran-dan-bintang-bintang-darjah-kebesaran-negeri-terengganu-darul-iman-sempena-sambutan-ulang-tahun-ke-61-hari-keputeraan-kebawah-duli-yang-maha-mulia-sultan-terengganu|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Terengganu state executive councillors]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian politicians]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

{{Malaysia-politician-stub}}

Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)

2026-03-24T20:57:05Z

Victorxsi: minor enhance section per standard format and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description| Region administered by India}}
{{About|the region administered by India as a union territory|other uses|Jammu and Kashmir (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jammu and Kashmir
| settlement_type = Region administered by [[India]] as a [[union territory]]<ref name=britannica-2022-j&k/><ref name=ladakh-britannica-current>{{citation|chapter=Ladakh|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=1 March 2021|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=Ladakh, large area of the northern and eastern Kashmir region, northwestern Indian subcontinent. Administratively, Ladakh is divided between Pakistan (northwest), as part of Gilgit-Baltistan, and India (southeast), as part of Ladakh union territory (until October 31, 2019, part of Jammu and Kashmir state); in addition, China administers portions of northeastern Ladakh.|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407153837/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Pahalgam Valley.jpg
| photo2a = Akhnoor Fort - Jammu - Jammu and Kashmir - DSC 0001 JPEG.jpg
| spacing =
| position = centre
| size = 250
| border = 0
| color =
| foot_montage = ''From top to bottom:'' [[Lidder Valley]], [[Akhnoor Fort]]
}}
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_type =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_map = File:Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg
| map_alt = Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China
| map_caption = A map of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region with the two Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir and [[Ladakh]] shown in [[tan (color)|tan]].<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/>
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 4
| mapframe-marker = city
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Administering state]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[India]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| established_date = 16 March 1846
| established_title1 = [[Union territory]]
| established_date1 = 31 October 2019
| seat_type = [[Capital city|Capitals]]
| seat = [[Srinagar]] (May–October) [[Jammu]] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| parts_type = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|20]] (2 divisions)
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| leader_title1 = [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = [[Omar Abdullah]]<ref name="IE_Oct16-2024"/> ([[JKNC]])
| leader_title2 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]<ref name="IE_Oct16-2024"/> ([[JKNC]])
| leader_title3 = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislature]]
| leader_name3 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] (90+5) seats
| leader_title4 = [[17th Lok Sabha|National Parliament]]
| leader_name4 = [[Parliament of India]] : [[Rajya Sabha]] (4) : [[Lok Sabha]] (5)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Britannica|id=300213|title=Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 42,241
| area_rank =
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|title=Saser Kangri|journal=The American Alpine Journal|date=1975|first1=Jogindar|last1=Singh|access-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115923/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live|page=67}} [https://aac-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/aaj/1975/PDF/AAJ_1975_20_1_065.pdf pdf of original pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202850/https://aac-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/aaj/1975/PDF/AAJ_1975_20_1_065.pdf |date=24 June 2021 }}</ref>
| elevation_max_m = 7,135
| elevation_max_point = [[Nun Kun|Nun Peak]]
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_footnotes =
| elevation_min_m = 247
| elevation_min_point =  [[Chenab River]]
| elevation_min_rank =
| population_total = 12,267,013
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=Only J&K will use 2011 Census for delimitation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/only-jk-will-use-2011-census-for-delimitation/article30952006.ece |access-date=6 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=29 February 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201124902/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/only-jk-will-use-2011-census-for-delimitation/article30952006.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_note =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|JK]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-JK]]
| unemployment_rate =
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} 0.760 (High)<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (6th)
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2023)}}
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] {{nobold|(2024)}}
| blank_info_sec2 = 82.0%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6)) |archive-date=11 June 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611105708/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|26th]])
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Gujari language|Gojri]], [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]], [[Sarazi]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Burushaski]], [[Bateri language|Bateri]]{{refn|1=<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan's "Burushaski" Language Finds New Relatives |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/155454736/pakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives |work=National Public Radio |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211220947/https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/155454736/pakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Languages">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |title=The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity |last=Khan |first=N. |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-02958-4 |page=184|access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184947/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bhadrawahi |encyclopedia=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |location=Dallas |publisher=SIL International |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhd |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325040143/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhd |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bateri |encyclopedia=Ethnologue (Free All) |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/btv |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323141203/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/btv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SimonsFenning2017">{{cite book|last1=Simons|first1= Gary F. |last2=Fennig|first2=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition|year=2017|publisher=[[SIL International]]|location= Dallas}}</ref><ref name="Crane1956">{{cite book|last=Crane|first=Robert I.|title=Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State|year=1956|publisher=University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files|page=179|quote=Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.}}</ref><ref name="Dadri">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&pg=PA6 |title=Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement |last1=Aggarwal |first1=J. C. |last2=Agrawal |first2=S. P. |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-557-7|access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001711/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.jk.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| module =
}}

'''Jammu{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː|audio=en-us-Jammu.oga}} {{respell|JAM|oo}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}} {{respell|JUM|oo}}.<ref name="EPD">{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər|audio=en-us-Kashmir.oga}} {{respell|KASH|meer}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}} {{respell|kash|MEER}}.<ref name="EPD"/>}} ({{small|abbr.}} '''J&K''') is a region administered by [[India]] as a [[union territory]]<ref name=britannica-2022-j&k>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|chapter=Jammu and Kashmir|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=22 March 2021|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region|archive-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619220652/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|url-status=live}}</ref> and consists of the southern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a [[Kashmir#Kashmir dispute|dispute]] between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir>The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (e), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied", (see (j) below). 
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|url-status=live}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090308/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin|url-status=live}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–|access-date=7 August 2019|archive-date=29 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229003302/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|url-status=live}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408222659/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|url-status=live}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) {{citation|last=Skutsch|first=Carl|editor-last=Ciment|editor-first=James|title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II|edition=2nd|year=2015|orig-date=2007|isbn=978-0-7656-8005-1|chapter=China: Border War with India, 1962|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|page=573|quote=The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.}} (g) {{citation|last=Clary|first=Christopher|year=2022|title=The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia|publisher=Oxford University Press|location = Oxford and New York|isbn=978-0-19-763840-8|page=109|quote=Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended", and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.}} (h) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408222808/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|url-status=live}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (i) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408222539/https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|url-status=live}} Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (j) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10|access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408222514/https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|url-status=live}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."</ref>

The [[Line of Control]] separates Jammu and Kashmir from the [[Kashmir#Current status and political divisions|Pakistani-administered]] territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] in the west and north respectively. It lies to the north of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and to the west of [[Ladakh]] which is administered by India as a union territory.<ref name=ladakh-britannica-current/> [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] has persisted in protest over autonomy and rights. In 2019, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]] was passed, reconstituting the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories: Ladakh in the east and the residuary Jammu and Kashmir in the west.<ref name="Gazette2"/>

[[Srinagar]] and [[Jammu]] jointly serve as the capital of the region, which is divided into two divisions and 20 [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|districts]]. The area holds substantial mineral deposits, including [[sapphire]], [[borax]], and [[graphite]]. Agriculture and services drive the economy, with major contributors being [[horticulture]], handicrafts, and tourism. Apple cultivation is one of the largest industries, employing 3.5 million people and producing 10% of the [[gross state domestic product]]. Despite these activities, over 10% of the population lives [[Below Poverty Line|below the national poverty line]].

== Terminology ==
Jammu and Kashmir is named after the two regions it encompasses{{ndash}}the [[Jammu region]] and the [[Kashmir Valley]]. India collectively refers to the parts of [[Kashmir]] under Pakistani administration as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" (POK), and considers the region corresponding to [[Azad Kashmir]] as part of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Snedden 2013 p.2-3">{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-5029-898-5 |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|title=The enigma of terminology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016082903/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|archive-date=16 October 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2014}}</ref> Pakistan collectively refers to the Indian-administered territories of Kashmir as "Indian-occupied Kashmir" (IOK) or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK).<ref>{{cite web |first=Ali |last=Zain |url=http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |title=Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global |work=Daily Pakistan Global |publisher=En.dailypakistan.com.pk |date=13 September 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118114311/http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/World/298421-Pakistani-flag-hoisted-once-again-in-Indian-Occupi |title=Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir |website=Dunya News |date=11 September 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013420/http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/World/298421-Pakistani-flag-hoisted-once-again-in-Indian-Occupi |url-status=live }}</ref> Neutral sources use "Indian-administered Kashmir"/"Pakistan-administered Kashmir" and "Indian-controlled Kashmir"/"Pakistan-controlled Kashmir" to demarcate the areas.<ref>South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37</ref>

== History ==
{{For|the history prior to Indian administration|Kashmir#History}}

After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]], three distinct areas of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were under Indian control: Muslim-majority [[Kashmir Valley]], Hindu-majority [[Jammu region]], and Buddhist-dominated [[Ladakh district]].<ref name=BBC6Aug>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49234708 Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20190808171557/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49234708 |date=8 August 2019 }}. BBC (6 August 2019). Retrieved 7 August 2019.</ref> These regions were constituted as [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state and accorded special status by [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]], adopted in 1950. In contrast to other [[states of India]], Jammu and Kashmir established its own constitution, [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir|flag]], and administrative autonomy.<ref>{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808005453/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1954, [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 35A]] was introduced via a [[President of India#Executive powers|Presidential Order]] under Article 370, empowering the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislature]] to define permanent residents and bar Indian citizens from other states from purchasing property.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-and-35a-revoked-how-it-would-change-the-face-of-kashmir/articleshow/70531959.cms|title=Article 370 and 35(A) revoked: How it would change the face of Kashmir|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|access-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805090537/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-and-35a-revoked-how-it-would-change-the-face-of-kashmir/articleshow/70531959.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> From the early 1950s, Jammu and Kashmir used the titles of Prime Minister and ''Sadr-e-Riyasat'' for its executive heads, as permitted under Article 370 and formalised in the [[Delhi Agreement of 1952]].<ref name="noorani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712|title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability|author=[[A. G. Noorani]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=712|date=5 December 2005|isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 }}</ref> The [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Constituent Assembly]], tasked with drafting the constitution and deciding Article 370's future, adopted the [[constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1957 and then dissolved without recommending 370's abrogation, leading to the provision's indefinite continuation.<ref name="BBC6Aug" />

In 1953, [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the first [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]], was dismissed and jailed by the Indian government over [[Kashmir Conspiracy Case|charges of conspiracy]], accused of espousing the creation of an independent country. Over the following decades, Article 370 was steadily diluted through presidential orders that extended various provisions of the Indian constitution to the state without full legislative consent, weakening its autonomy. This deepened political disillusionment, particularly in the Kashmir Valley.<ref name="miller"/> In 1965, through a Presidential Order, the [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]-led Congress government in Jammu and Kashmir amended the constitution to replace the titles of Prime Minister and ''Sadr-e-Riyasat'' with Chief Minister and Governor, aligning them with other Indian states.<ref name="noorani"/> Abdullah was released in 1968 and, following the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord]] of 1975, returned to power as chief minister after a political reconciliation with the central government.<ref name="miller">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwqe_JdLDUYC&pg=PA179|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia|author=Bibhu Prasad Routray|year=2012 |department=Chapter: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir|page=179|editor=Michelle Ann Miller|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789814379977 }}</ref> After his death in 1982, unrest and violence persisted in the Kashmiri Valley and, following a [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|disputed state election in 1987]], an [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]] persisted in protest over autonomy and rights.<ref name="BBC6Aug" /> In the early 1990s, amid the rise of militancy and targeted violence, a mass [[exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] occurred from the Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{cite news|title=219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989 |date=24 March 2010|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|archive-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> Through the 1990s and 2000s, the region witnessed prolonged violence between insurgent groups and Indian security forces.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeelani|first1=Mushtaq A.|title=Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections|url=http://www.mediamonitors.net/jeelani4.html|website=Media Monitors Network|access-date=24 February 2017|date=25 June 2001|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051443/http://www.mediamonitors.net/jeelani4.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

While Article 370 had come to be seen as effectively permanent, it historically faced ideological opposition. In the 1950s, [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]], founder of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS), opposed Article 370 on grounds that it hindered national integration and created unequal constitutional treatment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/syama-prasad-mookerjee-jammu-kashmir-integration-9063688/|title=How Syama Prasad Mookerjee fought for J&K's integration with India|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=12 December 2023|first=Arjun|last=Sengupta|archive-date=4 September 2025|access-date=24 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904004521/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/syama-prasad-mookerjee-jammu-kashmir-integration-9063688/|url-status=live}}</ref> In their [[2019 Indian general election]] manifesto, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (successor to the BJS) pledged its revocation.<ref name=BBC6Aug/> After its victory, the [[Parliament of India]] passed resolutions to [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|repeal Article 370]] in August 2019, and Article 35A was abolished through suspension of the 1954 Presidential Order.<ref>{{cite news |first=Arshi |last=Aggarwal |title=Article 370 powers gone, Lok Sabha passes J&K bifurcation bill: All you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/article-370-jammu-kashmir-ladakh-bifurcation-all-you-need-to-know-1578034-2019-08-07 |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=India Today |date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622112541/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/article-370-jammu-kashmir-ladakh-bifurcation-all-you-need-to-know-1578034-2019-08-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, a [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|reorganisation act]] was also passed to reconstitute the state into two union territories: the new union territory of [[Ladakh]], with the residual state continuing as the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-live-govt-to-move-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-for-passage-in-lok-sabha/article28831274.ece|title=Parliament Live | Lok Sabha passes Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, Ayes: 370, Noes 70|date=6 August 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806081421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-live-govt-to-move-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-for-passage-in-lok-sabha/article28831274.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The reorganisation took effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2">{{citation|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|title=In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.|date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|work=[[The Gazette of India]]|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153916/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the days that followed, nearly 4,000 people, including two former Chief Ministers and hundreds of other politicians, were arrested by the Indian authorities in Kashmir;<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |title=Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 |work=Reuters |date=12 September 2019 |first1=Devjyot |last1=Ghoshal |first2=Alasdair |last2=Pal |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190912122413/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 |url-status=live }}</ref> the state was put under a [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|lockdown]] and communication and internet services were suspended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kashmir in lockdown after autonomy scrapped |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49246434 |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231212023318/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49246434 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, the government notified a domicile law to replace the previous 'permanent residents' scheme. Under the new law, any one that resided in Jammu and Kashmir for 15 years, or studied for seven years and appeared for Class 10 and Class 12 exams, would be deemed to be a 'domicile'. Government officials that served in Jammu and Kashmir for 10 years and their children also become eligible for domicile status.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmad |first1=Mudasir |last2=Sareen |first2=Pallavi |date=1 April 2020 |title=New Domicile Law Opens J&K State Jobs for Outsiders, Lowest Grade Jobs Reserved for Locals |url=https://thewire.in/government/jk-domicile-law-jobs-centre |work=The Wire |access-date=29 April 2025 |archive-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324032438/https://thewire.in/government/jk-domicile-law-jobs-centre |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 11 December 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India]] unanimously upheld the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A, while also directing the union government to restore the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir and hold legislative assembly elections no later than September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Live Updates: Supreme Court Backs Centre On Scrapping Of Jammu & Kashmir Special Status |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-validity-of-scrapping-article-370-in-jammu-and-kashmir-today-4652207 |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=NDTV |date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404222547/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-validity-of-scrapping-article-370-in-jammu-and-kashmir-today-4652207 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Anando |last=Bhakto |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Supreme Court upholds abrogation of Article 370 in landmark decision |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/jammu-kashmir-supreme-court-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-in-landmark-decision/article67627243.ece |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=Frontline |date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212175854/https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/jammu-kashmir-supreme-court-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-in-landmark-decision/article67627243.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|assembly election]] was held from September to October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Baseless accusations: NC on rumours of post-poll alliance with BJP in J-K |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/jammu-kashmir-elections/baseless-accusations-nc-on-rumours-of-post-poll-alliance-with-bjp-in-j-k-124100400502_1.html |access-date=6 October 2024 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=Business Standard |date=4 October 2024}}</ref> The alliance led by [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] formed the first government of the residual union territory<ref>{{cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=8 October 2024 |title=NC-Congress alliance set to form govt. in J&K, BJP wins big in Jammu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results/article68733305.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009015836/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results/article68733305.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Omar Abdullah]] as [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omar Abdullah To Take Oath As Jammu And Kashmir Chief Minister On October 16 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/omar-abdullah-to-take-oath-at-new-jammu-and-kashmir-chief-minister-on-october-16-2806841.html |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113015450/https://zeenews.india.com/india/omar-abdullah-to-take-oath-at-new-jammu-and-kashmir-chief-minister-on-october-16-2806841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==


===Topography===
[[File:Kashmir top.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Topographic map]] of Jammu and Kashmir, with visible altitude for the Kashmir Valley and Jammu region.]]

Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, [[Chenab Valley]], [[Poonch River|Poonch]] Valley, [[Sind Valley]], and [[Lidder Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=5 May 2017|title=Kashmir Is A Prison With Three Walls|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505073150/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|archive-date=5 May 2017|access-date=9 August 2019|work=[[HuffPost]]}} [https://shivamvij.in/2017/05/05/755/ Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127011554/https://shivamvij.in/2017/05/05/755/ |date=27 January 2021 }}</ref> The Kashmir Valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="AA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|title=Indus: The water flow can't be stopped|first=Mohan|last=Guruswamy|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=28 September 2016|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809150759/https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Himalayas]] divide the Kashmir Valley from the [[Tibetan Plateau]] while the [[Pir Panjal]] range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the [[Punjab Plain]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-tryst-of-the-heart-and-history-along-the-karakoram-highway/|title=A Tryst of the Heart and History along the Karakoram Highway|first=Asma|last=Khan|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=26 April 2018|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406204844/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-tryst-of-the-heart-and-history-along-the-karakoram-highway/|url-status=live}}</ref> Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|title=Why India and Pakistan keep fighting over Kashmir – the history of the Kashmir conflict|first=Mihai|last=Andrei|work=GME Science|date=11 March 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809150802/https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|url-status=live}}</ref> This valley has an average height of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level,<ref name="AA1" /> but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|10000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|title=Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries|author1=Vrinda|author2=J. Ramanan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802011319/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jhelum River]] is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jhelum-River|title=Jhelum River|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=15 December 2015|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202125406/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jhelum-River|url-status=live}}</ref> The southern Jammu region is mostly mountainous, with the [[Shivalik Hills|Shivaliks]], the middle and the great Himalayas running parallel to each other in a southeast–northwest direction. A narrow southwestern strip constitutes fertile plains. The [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Tawi River|Tawi]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] are important rivers flowing through the Jammu region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Jul-2019/flooding-alert-issued-as-india-releases-water|title=Flooding alert issued as India releases water|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|author=Agencies|date=29 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013426/https://www.nation.com.pk/29-Jul-2019/flooding-alert-issued-as-india-releases-water|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Banihal Pass, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|thumb|400px|View from the [[Banihal pass]]; the pass connects the [[Vale of Kashmir]] (left) with the mountainous [[Jammu division|Jammu region]] (right)]]

===Climate===

The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies with altitude and across regions. Southern and southwestern areas have a sub-tropical climate, with hot summers and cool winters. This region receives most of its rainfall during the [[monsoon]] season. In the east and north, summers are usually pleasant. The effect of the monsoon diminishes in areas lying to the [[leeward side]] of the [[Pir Panjal]], such as the Kashmir valley, and much of the rainfall happens in the spring season due to [[western disturbances]]. Winters are cold, with temperatures reaching sub-zero levels. [[Snowfall]] is common in the valley and the mountain areas.

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:J,K and L - Indian Union Territories.jpg|thumb|'''''Jammu and Kashmir union territory''''' (J and K) is bordered in carmine colour. '''''Ladakh union territory''''' (L) is bordered in blue colour.]]
{{Main|List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir}}

The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir consists of two [[Divisions of India|divisions]]: [[Jammu Division]] and [[Kashmir Division]], and is further divided into 20 [[Districts of India|districts]].<ref name=MHA>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!| Division
!| Name
!| Headquarters
!| Area (km2)
!| Area (sq miles)
!| Rural Area (km2)
!| Urban Area (km2)
!| Ref
|-
!rowspan=11|[[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
||[[Kathua district]]
|| [[Kathua]]
| {{convert|2502|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2458.84|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.16|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |page=8 |work=Census of India 2011, Part A |title=District Census Handbook Kathua |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120172907/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Jammu district]]
|| [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]]
| {{convert|2342|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2089.87|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|252.13|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 51, 116 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185556/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055111/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Samba district]]
|| [[Samba, Jammu|Samba]]
| {{convert|904|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|865.24|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.76|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=9, 34, 36, 100 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054240/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055129/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Udhampur district]]
|| [[Udhampur]]
| {{convert|2637.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2593.28|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.72|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Udhampur |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055036/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Reasi district]]
|| [[Reasi]]
| {{convert|1719|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1679.99|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|39.01|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 37, 88 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054200/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055054/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Rajouri district]]
|| [[Rajouri]]
| {{convert|2630|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2608.11|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|21.89|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=11, 107 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053915/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=9, 10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054900/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Poonch district]]
|| [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]
| {{convert|1674|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1649.92|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.08|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=9, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053841/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=11, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054835/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Doda district]]
|| [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]
| {{convert|8912.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|8892.25|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|19.75|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |pages=9, 12, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Doda, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054946/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Ramban district]]
|| [[Ramban (Jammu and Kashmir)|Ramban]]
| {{convert|1329.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1313.92|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|15.08|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |pages=10, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ramban, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055000/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kishtwar district]]
|| [[Kishtwar]]
| {{convert|1644.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1643.37|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|0.63|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |pages=9, 10, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kishtwar, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055015/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |url-status=live }} Part B page 9 says the rural area is {{cvt|1643.65|km2}}, while pages 10 and 22 says {{cvt|1643.37|km2}}.</ref>
|-
!colspan=2|Total for division
!26,293
!10,151
!{{round|25794.95|2}}
!colspan=2|{{round|498.05|2}}
|-
!rowspan=11 |[[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]]
||[[Anantnag district]]
|| [[Anantnag]]
| {{convert|3574|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3475.76|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|98.24|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |page=9 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053354/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201021150/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kulgam district]]
|| [[Kulgam]]
| {{convert|410|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|360.20|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.80|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053742/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054749/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }} Part B page 12 says the area of the district is {{cvt|404|km2}}, but page 22 says {{cvt|410|km2}}.</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Pulwama district]]
|| [[Pulwama]]
| {{convert|1086.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1047.45|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.55|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Pulwama, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054654/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Shopian district]]
|| [[Shopian]]
| {{convert|612.87|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|607.43|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|5.44|2}}
||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} Shopian District, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://shopian.nic.in/demography/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part A |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053726/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054712/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Budgam district]]
|| [[Budgam]]
| {{convert|1361|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1311.95|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.05|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=10, 46 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053410/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054333/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }} Part A says the district area is {{cvt|1371|km2}}, Part B says {{cvt|1371|km2}} (page 11) and {{cvt|1361|km2}} (page 12s and 22).</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Srinagar district]]
|| [[Srinagar]]
| {{convert|1978.95|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1684.42|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|294.53|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |pages=11, 48 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Srinagar, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121205634/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |url-status=live }} Part A page 48 says the district area was {{cvt|2228.0|km2}} in 2001 and {{cvt|1978.95|km2}} in 2011.</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Ganderbal district]]
|| [[Ganderbal]]
| {{convert|1049|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|233.60|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|25.40|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |pages=11, 12 and 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ganderbal, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054514/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |url-status=live }} Part B page 11 says the district area is {{cvt|393.04|km2}}, but pages 12 and 22 say {{cvt|259.00|km2}}.</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Bandipora district]]
|| [[Bandipore|Bandipora]]
| {{convert|345|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|295.37|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.63|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=10, 47 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053429/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=11, 20 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054400/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Baramulla district]]
|| [[Baramulla]]
| {{convert|4243|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4179.44|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|63.56|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=11 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053447/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054424/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kupwara district]]
|| [[Kupwara]]
| {{convert|2379|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2331.66|2}}
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|47.34|2}}
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |page=7 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053817/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }} {{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |pages=11, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054812/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!colspan=3|Total for division
!15,948
!6,156
!{{round|15226.41|2}}
!colspan=2|{{round|721.54|2}}
|}

==Transportation==

===Air===
[[File:Lapangan terbang Srinagar.jpg|thumb|[[Srinagar Airport]], [[Srinagar]]]]
Jammu and Kashmir has two major airports at the two capitals of the territory: [[Jammu Airport]] at Jammu and [[Srinagar Airport]] at Srinagar, which is also the only international airport in the territory. These airports have regular flights to Delhi, Mumbai, [[Bangalore]], [[Chandigarh]] and other major cities of the country. In 2025, Jammu Airport began undergoing expansion, including a 45,000 m² terminal with night-landing capabilities.<ref name="JammuAirport">{{cite news |title=Foundation stone of new state-of-the-art terminal of Jammu Airport |author=FE Online |work=The Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-state-of-the-art-terminal-of-jammu-airport-all-you-need-to-knownbsp-3399541/ |date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820202748/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-state-of-the-art-terminal-of-jammu-airport-all-you-need-to-knownbsp-3399541/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Srinagar Airport is also undergoing expansion, with the construction of a 71,500 m² terminal.<ref name="SrinagarAirport">{{cite news |title=RK Exclusive: Srinagar's Rs 1800 cr airport terminal project set to get final nod |author=Abid Bashir |work=Rising Kashmir |url=https://risingkashmir.com/rk-exclusive-srinagars-rs-1800-cr-airport-terminal-project-set-to-get-final-nod/ |date=22 February 2025 |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819163207/https://risingkashmir.com/rk-exclusive-srinagars-rs-1800-cr-airport-terminal-project-set-to-get-final-nod/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, [[Udhampur Air Force Station]] was assessed by a government committee for the feasibility of launching commercial flight operations as an airport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Expert panel to assess Udhampur airport for potential commercial flight operations |author=Adil Akhzer |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/expert-panel-to-assess-udhampur-airport-for-potential-commercial-flight-operations/ |date=24 March 2025 |archive-date=18 August 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818164508/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/expert-panel-to-assess-udhampur-airport-for-potential-commercial-flight-operations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An aerial [[Parvatmala|ropeway]] for [[Shankaracharya Temple]] in Srinagar is planned for completion in 2026 and will cut ascent time from 30 minutes to five minutes.<ref name="Ropeway">{{cite news |title=Ropeways Looking Up: With 8 Projects Expected to be Ready by 2026, What the Future Holds for Cable Cars |author=Nivedita Singh |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/ropeways-looking-up-with-8-projects-expected-to-be-ready-by-2026-what-the-future-holds-for-cable-cars-8794672.html |date=28 February 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815150416/https://www.news18.com/india/ropeways-looking-up-with-8-projects-expected-to-be-ready-by-2026-what-the-future-holds-for-cable-cars-8794672.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Railway===
[[File:Chenab Rail Bridge, Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chenab Rail Bridge]] on the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]]]
The [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] of the [[Northern Railways]] is the only major railway line in Jammu and Kashmir. Its completion integrates the Kashmir Valley into India’s national rail grid and provides a direct rail link from other parts of India to the region.<ref name="JammuRailDivision" /> The line comprises [[Chenab Rail Bridge]], the highest railway bridge in the world, and [[Anji Khad Bridge]], the only cable-stayed railway bridge in India.<ref name=printstat1>[https://theprint.in/india/jk-will-be-given-the-status-of-a-state-by-pm-modi-says-cm-omar-abdullah/2649525/ J&K will be given the status of a state by PM Modi, says CM Omar Abdullah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607173821/https://theprint.in/india/jk-will-be-given-the-status-of-a-state-by-pm-modi-says-cm-omar-abdullah/2649525/ |date=7 June 2025 }}, The Print, 6 June 2025.</ref> The Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link, a 272 km broad-gauge line that connects the Kashmir Valley to mainland India, achieved completion in December 2024 with the [[Reasi]]-[[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] section (17 km), which features the Chenab Rail Bridge.<ref name="ChenabBridge">{{cite news |title=Connecting bridge: On the Chenab Rail Bridge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/connecting-bridge-on-kashmir-india-and-the-chenab-rail-bridge/article69683163.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 June 2025 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612133309/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/connecting-bridge-on-kashmir-india-and-the-chenab-rail-bridge/article69683163.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The Banihal-Baramulla segment (118 km), among others, is electrified.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railways enhancing Jammu and Kashmir's infrastructure: A look at Indian Railways' tunnels and bridges transforming connectivity in J&K |author= |work=The Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-enhancing-jammu-and-kashmirs-infrastructure-a-look-indian-railways-tunnels-and-bridges-transforming-connectivity-in-j-k-3707136/ |date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=18 August 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818003205/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-enhancing-jammu-and-kashmirs-infrastructure-a-look-indian-railways-tunnels-and-bridges-transforming-connectivity-in-j-k-3707136/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Jammu railway division]], established in January 2025, oversees 742 km of operational tracks. It manages routes such as Pathankot-Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla, Bhogpur Sirwal-Pathankot, Batala-Pathankot, and Pathankot-Joginder Nagar.<ref name="JammuRailDivision">{{cite news |title=Rail Division for Jammu and Train to Kashmir – Modi Govt's 2025 Plans |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-rail-division-direct-train-to-kashmir-modi-government-2025-plans-9763281/ |work=The Indian Express |date=7 January 2025 }}</ref> The division oversees the operation of [[Vande Bharat Express]] trains between Jammu and Srinagar.<ref name="JammuRailDivision" /><ref name=printstat1/>

=== Roads ===
[[File:Jammu Srinagar Highway.jpg|thumb|[[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway]]]]
As of August 2022, the total road network in Jammu and Kashmir encompasses 41,141 km.<ref>{{cite news |title=Road construction in Jammu and Kashmir gathers record pace after scrapping of Article 370 |author= |work=[[Daily Excelsior]] |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/road-construction-in-jammu-and-kashmir-gathers-record-pace-after-scrapping-of-article-370/ |date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425181700/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/road-construction-in-jammu-and-kashmir-gathers-record-pace-after-scrapping-of-article-370/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are 11 [[National highways of India|national highways]], together constituting 1,752.16 km.<ref>{{cite report |title=MoRTH Annual Report for the Year 2022-23 |author=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/MoRTH%20Annual%20Report%20for%20the%20Year%202022-23%20in%20English.pdf |page=122 |year=2023 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918110400/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/MoRTH%20Annual%20Report%20for%20the%20Year%202022-23%20in%20English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The responsibility for road maintenance and development is distributed among multiple agencies, with the Roads & Buildings (R&B) department managing 10,461 km in Jammu division and 13,953.9 km in Kashmir division, while [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana|PMGSY]] oversees 6,878 km in Jammu and 3,415.4 km in Kashmir.<ref name="RoadGazette">{{cite report |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Road Gazette 2022 |author=Jammu and Kashmir Public Works (Roads and Buildings) Department |url=https://www.jkpwdrb.nic.in/pdfs/229_2022.pdf |year=2022 |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712000634/https://www.jkpwdrb.nic.in/pdfs/229_2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Border Roads Organisation]], [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]], and [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited|NHIDCL]] collectively manage 4,439.3 km of strategic roads.<ref name="RoadGazette" />

The [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway]], a segment of the [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]], is the main highway in the territory connecting the two capitals by road. National Highways 1, 144, 144A, 444, 501, 701 and 701A are the other NHs in the territory.
The Jammu-Srinagar National Highway is enhanced by structures like the 9 km [[Chenani–Nashri Tunnel]].<ref name="ChenaniTunnel">{{cite news |title=Chenani-Nashri Highway Tunnel: Beginning of a New Era |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/centre/chenani-nashri-highway-tunnel-beginning-of-a-new-era/articleshow/57940918.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816015302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/centre/chenani-nashri-highway-tunnel-beginning-of-a-new-era/articleshow/57940918.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> This tunnel bypasses 41 km of road length and reduces travel time by 2 hours.<ref name="ChenaniTunnel" /> The [[Mughal Road]] provides an alternative 84 km route connecting Shopian district with the Poonch and Rajouri districts.<ref name="MughalRoad">{{cite news |title=Mughal Road Reopens After 3-Month Closure |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/04/15/mughal-road-reopens-for-one-way-traffic-after-three-month-closure/ |work=[[Kashmir Observer]] |date=15 April 2025 }}</ref> This route was originally used by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]] to conquer Kashmir and served as an ancient trade pathway.<ref name=Hasan>{{citation |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |year=1959 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |ref={{sfnref|Hasan, Kashmir under the Sultans|1959}}}}</ref>{{rp|24}} Despite its historical significance and scenic value, the route faces seasonal accessibility challenges due to heavy snowfall and remains closed during winter months.<ref name="MughalRoad" />

=== Water ===
While waterways had historically served as vital routes for transportation and trade, their full potential remains largely untapped.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=Kashmir's inland waterways: A path to economic and touristic transformation |url=https://www.jkpi.org/kashmirs-inland-waterways-a-path-to-economic-and-touristic-transformation/ |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Policy Institute |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815130512/https://www.jkpi.org/kashmirs-inland-waterways-a-path-to-economic-and-touristic-transformation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Inland Waterways Authority operates a regional office in Srinagar.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=IWAI sets up its new office in Srinagar |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128419 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514064903/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128419 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, [[Indus River|Indus]], and Ravi were accorded the status of national waterways.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=4 major rivers in J&K declared 'national waterways': JK govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/4-major-rivers-in-jk-declared-national-waterways-jk-govt/articleshow/62722333.cms |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821000449/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/4-major-rivers-in-jk-declared-national-waterways-jk-govt/articleshow/62722333.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Water transport on the Jhelum, revived in 2021 under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme, introduced 30-seat "Bus Boats" and luxury pontoons, reducing downtown Srinagar commute times.<ref name="BusBoat">{{cite news |title=Luxury bus boat to revive decades-old water transport on river Jhelum |author= |work=Live Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/luxury-bus-boat-to-revive-decades-old-water-transport-on-river-jhelum-see-pics-11626601369685.html |date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826151716/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/luxury-bus-boat-to-revive-decades-old-water-transport-on-river-jhelum-see-pics-11626601369685.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dal Lake in Srinagar is a major tourist attraction, with traditional wooden [[shikara]]s operating daily. In December 2024, [[Uber]] launched a boat-hailing service on Dal Lake, allowing tourists to book shikara rides using their application.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2024 |title=Uber Shikara in Kashmir: Explore Dal Lake with India's first water transport service |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uber-shikara-in-kashmir-explore-dal-lake-with-indias-first-water-transport-service/asias-first-water-transport-service-uber-shikara/slideshow/115963536.cms |work=The Economic Times }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the 2011 census, Jammu and Kashmir has a total population of 12,267,013. The sex ratio is 889 females per 1000 males. Around 924,485 (7.54%) of the population is [[List of Scheduled Castes in Jammu and Kashmir|scheduled caste]] and more than 18.55% of the population belongs to the [[scheduled tribes]].{{efn|This includes 1,275,106 (10.39%) who were granted the [[scheduled tribes]] (ST) status in 1991, mainly [[Gujjar]], [[Bakerwal]], [[Gaddi people|Gaddi]], and Sippi, as well as 8.16% Paharis who were granted the status in 2024. The [[Paddari]]s were also granted ST status in 2024, as were some sub-groups of the Gaddis (Gadda Brahmin) and Sippis (Koli).<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Arun |date=1 August 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-the-paharis-and-paddaris-proposed-for-st-status-in-jk-8870220/lite/ |title=Who are the Paharis and Paddaris, proposed for ST status in J&K? |work=The Indian Express |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612092629/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-the-paharis-and-paddaris-proposed-for-st-status-in-jk-8870220/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Anjali |date=13 September 2024 |url=https://www.swaniti.com/analysis-of-the-constitution-jammu-and-kashmir-scheduled-tribes-order-amendment-bill-2023/ |title=Analysis of The Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill, 2023 |work=Swaniti |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612092629/https://www.swaniti.com/analysis-of-the-constitution-jammu-and-kashmir-scheduled-tribes-order-amendment-bill-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The SCs are mostly concentrated in the Jammu region. The region also has a minority Christian community.

{{pie chart
|caption=Religions in Jammu and Kashmir (2011)<ref name="census2011-C01"/>
|label1=[[Islam]]|color1=green|value1=68.80
|label2=[[Hinduism]]|color2=darkorange|value2=28.80
|label3=[[Sikhism]]|color3=yellow|value3=1.90
|label4=[[Christianity]]|color4=dodgerblue|value4=0.28
|label5=Other|color5=grey|value5=0.21
}}

===Religion===
The majority of the population of Jammu and Kashmir is Muslim and a large minority is Hindu.<ref name="census2011-C01">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Religion: Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11376/download/14489/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=12 September 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013149/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11376/download/14489/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of the [[Kashmir Division]] is predominantly Muslim (96.41%) with small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) communities. In 2022, only 808 [[Kashmiri Hindu]] Pandit families remained in the valley after their [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|forced displacement]] by Islamic militants.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Sajid |last2=Pandey |first2=Tanushree |date=8 June 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/feature/locked-up-like-animals-pandits-want-to-flee-kashmir-hope-its-their-last-exodus/988337/ |title='Locked up like animals' – Pandits want to flee Kashmir, hope it's their last exodus |work=[[The Print]] |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812171422/https://theprint.in/feature/locked-up-like-animals-pandits-want-to-flee-kashmir-hope-its-their-last-exodus/988337/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shias]] are mostly concentrated in the [[Budgam district]], where they form about 30–40% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/are-kashmiri-shias-the-next-pandits/|title=Are Kashmiri Shias The Next Pandits?|date=14 November 2013|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185324/http://www.tehelka.com/are-kashmiri-shias-the-next-pandits/|archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ThePrint-27Sep19>{{Cite news |last1=Iyer-Mitra |first1=Abhijit |date=27 September 2019 |title=After scrapping of Article 370, Shias in Kashmir are in a state of relief and caution |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/after-scrapping-of-article-370-shias-in-kashmir-are-in-a-state-of-relief-and-caution/297510/ |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[ThePrint]] |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022132331/http://theprint.in/opinion/after-scrapping-of-article-370-shias-in-kashmir-are-in-a-state-of-relief-and-caution/297510/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Jammu Division]] is predominantly Hindu (67.5%) with a significant Muslim population (30%). The Muslims form a majority in the [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] (63%), [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] (90%), [[Doda district|Doda]] (54%), [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]] (58%) and [[Ramban district|Ramban]] (71%) districts of Jammu, while the Hindus form a majority in [[Kathua district|Kathua]] (88%), [[Samba District|Samba]] (86%), [[Jammu District|Jammu]] (84%) and [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] (88%) districts. [[Reasi district]] has an almost equal number of Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> The [[Dogra people|Dogras]] and various organisations of Hindu-majority Jammu region have demanded a separate state after bifurcation of the territory, on the basis of cultural, linguistic and religious differences from neighbouring [[Kashmiris]] (who are predominantly [[Muslim]] by faith).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-protests-for-jammu-statehood-the-idea-of-jammu-and-kashmir-trifurcation-and-rss-2002-resolution-news-210475|title=Explained: Protests For Jammu's Statehood, The Idea Of Jammu & Kashmir's Trifurcation, And RSS 2002 Resolution|date=19 July 2022|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225025800/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-protests-for-jammu-statehood-the-idea-of-jammu-and-kashmir-trifurcation-and-rss-2002-resolution-news-210475|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/india/movement-launched-across-jammu-for----separate-state---.html|title=Movement launched across Jammu for 'separate State'|website=The Pioneer|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013027/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/india/movement-launched-across-jammu-for----separate-state---.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jammu/ikkjutt-activists-detained-after-protests-demanding-separate-state-for-jammu-8035521/|title=IkkJutt activists detained after protests demanding separate state for Jammu|date=18 July 2022|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220719055455/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jammu/ikkjutt-activists-detained-after-protests-demanding-separate-state-for-jammu-8035521/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages in Jammu & Kashmir [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
| label1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| value1 = 52.87
| color1 = limegreen
| label2 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| value2 = 20.48
| color2 = red
| label3 = [[Gujari language|Gojri]]
| value3 = 9.25
| color3 = turquoise
| label4 = [[Pahari language|Pahari]]
| value4 = 7.98
| color4 = pink
| label5 = [[Hindi]]
| value5 = 2.28
| color5 = orange
| label6 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value6 = 1.76
| color6 = lightcoral
| label7 = Others
| value7 = 5.38
| color7 = grey
}}
[[File:Language in Jammu and Kashmir (2011).jpg|thumb|Largest language spoken by district In Jammu and Kashmir, 2011 census]]

The most widely spoken language is [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], the mother tongue of {{sigfig|53.27|2}}% of the population according to the 2011 census. Kashmiri is primarily spoken in the Kashmir Valley and in the upper reaches of the Chenab Valley, with a sizeable number of speakers in Jammu City. Other major languages include [[Dogri language|Dogri]] ({{sigfig|20.04|2}}%), [[Gojri language|Gojri]] ({{sigfig|9.05|2}}%), [[Pahari language (Kashmir)|Pahari]] ({{sigfig|7.8|2}}%), [[Hindi]] ({{sigfig|2.43|2}}%), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ({{sigfig|1.75|2}}%),<ref name="census2011-C16"/> [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Bateri language|Bateri]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]], [[Brokskat]], [[Changthang]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Purik language|Purik]], [[Sheikhgal]], [[Spiti Bhoti language|Spiti Bhoti]], and [[Zangskari language|Zangskari]]. [[Dogri language|Dogri]], Pahari, is spoken throughout the plains areas of Jammu division, as well as in parts of the hills. The hill people speak several languages. In the Pir Panjal Range, bordering Pakistan-administered Kashmir, the main language is [[Pahari-Pothwari]], as well as [[Gujari language|Gojri]], the language of the Gujjar tribe. In the eastern hills of Jammu division are spoken various [[Western Pahari|Western Pahari languages]] such as [[Sarazi language|Siraji]] and [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhaderwahi]], which merge with the dialects of western Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10206/download/13318/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=12 September 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013022/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10206/download/13318/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir: [[Bhattiyali language|Bhattiyali]], [[Chambeali language|Chambeali]], [[Churahi language|Churahi]], [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]], [[Hindko]], [[Lahul Lohar language|Lahul Lohar]], [[Pangwali language|Pangwali]], [[Pattani language|Pattani]], [[Sansi language|Sansi]], and [[Shina language|Shina]].<ref>{{Ethnologue21}}</ref>

[[Urdu]] is also widely understood and spoken, particularly in the Kashmir region where it acts as the lingua franca alongside Kashmiri and also serves as a medium of instruction along with [[English language|English]], while [[Hindi]] is taught and understood in the southern areas of Jammu.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Education==
{{main|List of institutions of higher education in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[File:University_Convocation_Complex,_University_of_Kashmir.png|thumb|left|University of Kashmir]]
According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate in Jammu and Kashmir was 67.17%, male literacy was 75%, while female literacy was at 56.43%.

[[University of Kashmir]] located in Srinagar is the main university in the territory. Other universities include [[University of Jammu]], [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir]], [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]], [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]], etc. Major institutions of higher education are [[National Institute of Technology, Srinagar|NIT Srinagar]], [[IIT Jammu]], [[Indian Institute of Management Jammu|IIM Jammu]], [[Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences|NIFT]] Srinagar and [[Institute of Hotel Management|IHM]] Srinagar. Medical colleges include [[Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences|SKIMS]], and the [[Government Medical College, Srinagar|Government Medical College]] in Srinagar and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijaypur, Jammu]].

==Government and politics==
{{main|Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}

The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is administered under the provisions of [[:s:Constitution of India/Part VIII#Article 239|Article 239]] of the [[Constitution of India]]. Article 239A, originally formulated for the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puduchery]], is also applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Indian Express">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805144345/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ |date=5 August 2019 }}, The Indian Express, 5 August 2019.</ref>

===Executive branch===
[[File:Omar Abdullah (Cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Omar Abdullah]] has been [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]] since October 2024.]]
The [[President of India]] appoints a [[List of Governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]] for the union territory.<ref name="Indian Express"/> A [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Council of Ministers]] led by a [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]] is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor from the membership of the legislative assembly. Their role is to advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of functions in matters under the jurisdiction of the legislative assembly. In other matters, the Lieutenant Governor is empowered to act in his own capacity.<ref name="Indian Express"/> [[Omar Abdullah]] has been chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir since October 2024.<ref name="IE_Oct16-2024">{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Bashaarat |date=16 October 2024 |title=As Omar takes oath as J&K CM, here are the ministers in his Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-cm-cabinet-ministers-9622879/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-date=6 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106104921/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-cm-cabinet-ministers-9622879/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Legislative branch===
[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 2024.svg|thumb|Membership by party in the [[13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly]]]]
The legislative branch of government is a unicameral [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]], whose tenure is five years. The legislative assembly may make laws for any of the matters in the [[State List]] of the Constitution of India except "public order" and "police", which will remain the preserve of the central [[Government of India]]. The Lieutenant Governor also has the power to promulgate ordinances which have the same force as the acts of the legislative assembly.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

Elections for the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly were held in [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|September and October 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-in-2021-after-delimitation-ec-sources-2230726.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir assembly election in 2021 after delimitation: EC sources|date=29 August 2019|website=Zee News|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001114237/https://zeenews.india.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-in-2021-after-delimitation-ec-sources-2230726.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Judicial branch===
[[FILE:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158978 - High Court of Jammu - Kashmir.jpeg|thumb|The [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] on postal stamps of India]]
The union territory is under the jurisdiction of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]], which also serves as the high court for [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Indian Express"/> Police services are provided by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]].<ref name="trnscpt">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/salient-features-of-jammu-kashmir-reorganization-bill-146998|title=Salient Features Of Jammu & Kashmir Reorganization Bill [Read Bill]|first1=Devesh|first2=Iti|last1=Ratan|last2=Johri|date=7 August 2019|website=LiveLaw.in: All about law|access-date=7 August 2019|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519084336/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/salient-features-of-jammu-kashmir-reorganization-bill-146998|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Parties===
The main political parties active in the region are the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (leader: [[Omar Abdullah]]) the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (President: [[Mehbooba Mufti]]) the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (State President: [[Sat Paul Sharma]]), the [[Indian National Congress]] (State President: [[Tariq Hameed Karra]]), and the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] (President: [[Sajjad Gani Lone]]). Other parties with a presence in the region include the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]], and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] (President: [[Altaf Bukhari]]).

===Jammu and Kashmir in the Parliament of India===
Jammu and Kashmir sends five members (MPs) to the lower house of the [[Indian parliament]] (the [[Lok Sabha]]) and four members to the upper house (the [[Rajya Sabha]]).

;Lok Sabha constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency No. !! style="width:180px;" |Constituency !! Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
|-
| align="centre" |1||[[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]|| align="centre" |None
|-
| align="centre" |2 ||[[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]|| align="centre" |None
|-
| align="centre" |3 ||[[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]]|| align="centre" |None
|-
| align="centre" |4 ||[[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]|| align="centre" |None
|-
| align="centre" |5 ||[[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]]|| align="centre" |None
|}

== Economy ==
[[file:Kashmiri apple.jpg|thumb|200px|Apples of Kashmir are famous for their taste]]
Jammu and Kashmir's economy is primarily services-based and agriculture-oriented.<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[gross domestic product]] of Jammu and Kashmir was estimated at {{INRConvert|3.15|lc|year=2026}} in 2026–27.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|title=MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|publisher=Government of India|date=15 March 2021|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415164725/http://www.mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|url-status=live}}</ref> In the fiscal year 2023–2024, it is expected that Jammu and Kashmir's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will exceed Rs 2.30 lakh crore, with a growth rate of 10 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akmali |first1=Mukeet |title=J&K's economy projected to grow 10% in 2023-24 |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/jks-economy-projected-to-grow-10-in-2023-24 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003010954/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/front-page/jks-economy-projected-to-grow-10-in-2023-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with [[horticulture]] and [[agriculture]], tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-s-tourism-flourishes-receives-highest-footfall-since-independence-1947-11665122159734.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir's tourism flourishes, receives highest footfall in 75 years|date=7 October 2022|website=mint|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530044641/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-s-tourism-flourishes-receives-highest-footfall-since-independence-1947-11665122159734.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Kashmir Valley is known for its [[sericulture]] and cold-water fisheries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2021/03/16/time-for-skuast-jammu-to-start-horti-dairy-farming-agri-engineering-deptts-lg/|title=Time for SKUAST-Jammu to start Horti, Dairy Farming, Agri Engineering deptts: LG|date=16 March 2021|work=The Kashmir Images|archive-date=18 July 2023|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718012014/https://thekashmirimages.com/2021/03/16/time-for-skuast-jammu-to-start-horti-dairy-farming-agri-engineering-deptts-lg/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/nov/05/jalandhar-bats-with-pakistani-goods-1692212.html|title=Jalandhar bats with Pakistani goods|date=5 November 2017|work=The New Indian Express|archive-date=5 June 2024|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605005404/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/nov/05/jalandhar-bats-with-pakistani-goods-1692212.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Major agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, pears, cherries, plums, saffron and walnuts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/jk-special-report-ready-reckoner-of-top-agri-product-manufacturers-and-industry-bodies-from-jammu--kashmir-1.1609037238326|title=J&K special report: Ready reckoner of top agri-product manufacturers and industry bodies from Jammu & Kashmir|date=27 December 2020|work=[[Gulf News]]|archive-date=18 July 2023|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718012923/https://gulfnews.com/uae/jk-special-report-ready-reckoner-of-top-agri-product-manufacturers-and-industry-bodies-from-jammu--kashmir-1.1609037238326|url-status=live}}</ref> The traditional [[Kashmiri handicrafts]] industry employs a large workforce of around 340 thousand artisans and has potential for producing export goods.<ref name="IBEF"/> Small-scale cottage industries include carpet weaving, silks, shawls, basketry, pottery, copper and [[Silversmith|silverware]], [[Kashmir papier-mâché|papier-mâché]] and [[Kashmir walnut wood carving|walnut wood]].<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[horticulture]] sector is the next biggest source of income in the economy. The temperature of Jammu and Kashmir is also suited to [[floriculture]] and can support various species of flora.<ref name="IBEF"/>
[[File:1700s Boteh Example from - a Dochalla Shawl in the WOVENSOULS collection.jpg|thumb|Boteh from an Antique Kashmiri Dochalla Shawl]]
Over 500 mineral blocks are present in Jammu and Kashmir, 261 of which are in the Kashmir Division alone.<ref name="TKIMin"/> [[Kishtwar]] is known as the 'land of sapphire and saffron'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jammu-todays-paper/kishtwar-couple-globalising-local-produce-promoting-kashmiri-dogra-arts-and-crafts|date=11 July 2021|author=Syed Amjad Shah|work=Greater Kashmir|title=Kishtwar couple globalising local produce; promoting Kashmiri-Dogra arts and crafts|archive-date=17 July 2024|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717113002/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jammu-todays-paper/kishtwar-couple-globalising-local-produce-promoting-kashmiri-dogra-arts-and-crafts/|url-status=live}}</ref> Resources such as timber, herbs and medicinal shrubs, edibles such as mushroom, [[Pinus gerardiana|chilgoza]], [[Nigella sativa|black zeera]], and saffron are available in the forests.<ref name="KishEx"/> The sapphire reserve mines of Machail, [[Paddar]] are a source of mineral wealth.<ref name="KishEx">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kishtwar-ignored-beauty/|date=15 March 2020|title=Kishtwar Ignored Beauty|work=Daily Excelsior|archive-date=18 July 2023|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013418/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kishtwar-ignored-beauty/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir is the only administrative unit in India with a large amount of [[borax]] and sapphire resources.<ref name="TKIMin"/> It possesses 36 per cent of the graphite, 21 per cent marble and 14 per cent of [[gypsum]] present in India.<ref name="TKIMin"/> Coal, limestone and [[magnesite]] are found scattered among the different districts of the union territory.<ref name="TKIMin"/>

Other minerals of significance that occur are [[bauxite]], [[ball clay]] and [[Kaolinite|china clay]] in Udhampur; [[bentonite]] in Jammu; [[diaspore]] in Rajouri and Udhampur; graphite in Baramulla; lignite and marble in Kupwara; quartz and silica sand in Anantnag, Doda and Udhampur; and quartzite in Anantnag district.<ref name="TKIMin"/> In addition, the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Department of Geology and Mining]] has determined the presence of minerals such as [[magnetite]], [[dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], fuel mineral, decorative building stones, slate, and gemstones. All are materials with commercial and industrial uses in many products and factories.<ref name="TKIMin">{{cite news|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2020/09/11/new-mining-policy-in-jk-interests-of-locals-are-paramount-not-revenue/|title=New Mining Policy in J&K: Interests of locals are paramount, not revenue|date=11 September 2020|work=The Kashmir Images|archive-date=18 July 2023|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718012305/https://thekashmirimages.com/2020/09/11/new-mining-policy-in-jk-interests-of-locals-are-paramount-not-revenue/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the fiscal year 2019–20, total exports from Jammu and Kashmir amounted to {{INRConvert|188.18|m|year=2020}}.<ref name="IBEF">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/states/jammu-and-kashmir-presentation|title=Jammu And Kashmir Presentation And Economic Growth Report|date=29 July 2021|publisher=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]]|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522022643/https://www.ibef.org/states/jammu-and-kashmir-presentation|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jammu & Kashmir Bank]], which is listed as a [[NIFTY 500]] conglomerate, is based in the union territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/stock-market-stats/|title=The Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd. - Stock Price|access-date=2 August 2021|work=The Financial Express|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421033835/https://www.financialexpress.com/market/stock-market-stats/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir is one of the largest recipients of grants from the central government annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jakfinance.nic.in/budget/budget2122/8%20Demands%20for%20Grants%202021-22.pdf|title=Demand for Grants of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir 2021-22.|access-date=2 August 2021|publisher=Finance Department Jammu and Kashmir|archive-date=26 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926133408/https://www.jakfinance.nic.in/budget/budget2122/8%20Demands%20for%20Grants%202021-22.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] Index 2021, 10.35 per cent of the population of Jammu and Kashmir live below the national poverty line, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|third-highest among union territories]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/amp/|title=10.35% Population In J&K Living Below Poverty Line: Survey|date=11 June 2021|access-date=11 June 2021|work=Kashmir Observer|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206065329/https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/09/23/real-kashmir-win-1st-futsal-championship-2021/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Apple cultivation===
The apple industry is a significant source of employment in Jammu and Kashmir, generating the highest number of jobs. It provides approximately 400-man-days of work per year per hectare of orchards, supporting a workforce of 3.5 million people. Moreover, it contributes approximately 10 per cent to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). In the year 2020–2021, the apple production in Kashmir was reported to be 1,695,000.00 metric tonnes, while in the Jammu Division, it stood at 24,415.69 metric tonnes. The combined apple production for the entire Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir amounted to 1,719,415.69 metric tonnes. Notably, the Kashmir Valley is the primary contributor to these numbers, accounting for 75 per cent of India's total apple production and exporting around 1.8 million metric tonnes of apples annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haneef |first1=Mohammad |title=Kashmir's Apple: An 800-year-old economical backbone of Kashmir |url=http://risingkashmir.com/kashmirs-apple-an-800-year-old-economical-backbone-of-kashmir |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=[[Rising Kashmir]] |date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711070846/http://risingkashmir.com/kashmirs-apple-an-800-year-old-economical-backbone-of-kashmir |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Media ==
{{main|Media in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[File:Floating Post Office - Dal Lake - Srinagar- Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|200px|Floating Post Office, Dal Lake - Srinagar]]
The [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) regulates all major aspects pertaining to media and telecommunications in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gfeQc1ZBqIC&pg=PA112 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |page=112 |id=GGKEY:BJ6HEPE0NRE}}</ref> In addition, the Jammu and Kashmir administration released their [[media policy]] in 2020 which enabled government officers to sanction journalists and media organisations for disseminating "[[fake news]]", and is valid for the next five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-new-media-policy-press-freedom|title=Why Journalists Are Worried About the New Media Policy in Jammu and Kashmir|date=17 July 2020|website=The Wire|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=5 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905083246/https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-new-media-policy-press-freedom|url-status=live}}</ref> The policy attracted criticism for allegedly reducing people to "passive recipients of the information the government intends to disseminate."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/kashmir-media-policy-accentuating-curbs-freedom-press|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|title=Kashmir Media Policy: Accentuating the Curbs on the Freedom of Press|date=19 August 2020|pages=7–8|archive-date=8 January 2021|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015509/https://www.epw.in/engage/article/kashmir-media-policy-accentuating-curbs-freedom-press|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Press Council of India]] (PCI) expressed concern over the provisions of fake news in the policy, as it "interferes with the free functioning of the press."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/17/press-council-of-india-seeks-jk-govt--reply-on-fake-news-in-its-media-policy-2157594.html|title=Press Council of India seeks J&K govt reply on 'fake news' in its media policy|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 June 2020|archive-date=18 April 2024|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418011142/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/17/press-council-of-india-seeks-jk-govt--reply-on-fake-news-in-its-media-policy-2157594.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major periodicals in Jammu and Kashmir include ''[[Greater Kashmir]]'', ''[[Rising Kashmir]]'', ''Kashmir Times'', ''[[Daily Excelsior]]'', ''Elite Kashmir'' and ''Kashmir Monitor''.<ref name="PDMIB-2016">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPgADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT169|title=Mass Media in India - 2004|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|year=2016|isbn=978-81-230-2338-0}}</ref> [[DD Kashir]] is the state-owned television broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kashmir gets its own version of KBC from today | website=The Tribune | date=29 April 2019 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/kashmir-gets-its-own-version-of-kbc-from-today-765559 | access-date=29 July 2021 | archive-date=1 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801194400/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/kashmir-gets-its-own-version-of-kbc-from-today-765559 | url-status=live }}</ref> Popular private television channels are [[ETV Urdu]] and Gulistan News.<ref>{{cite web | title=Amid Shutdown, a Private News Channel Connects Thousands in J&K | website=The Wire | date=24 September 2019 | url=https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-shutdown-gulistan-news | access-date=29 July 2021 | archive-date=26 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926155419/https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-shutdown-gulistan-news | url-status=live }}</ref> In association with [[All India Radio]], DD Kashir has established high power transmitters along the [[India–Pakistan border]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/16pak2.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT: AIR, DD to counter Pak propaganda along border areas |work=Rediff.com |date=16 December 1999 |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909174741/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/16pak2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Radio Sharda, a worldwide community radio service for [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s, was started by Ramesh Hangloo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-borderline-cases-of-jammu-kashmir-116020501436_1.html|title=The borderline cases of Jammu & Kashmir|last=Mohan|first=Archis|date=6 February 2016|work=Business Standard India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108034459/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-borderline-cases-of-jammu-kashmir-116020501436_1.html|archive-date=8 November 2017}}</ref> FM Tadka 95.0, [[BIG FM 92.7]], [[Radio Mirchi]] and [[Red FM 93.5]] are private FM radio stations.<ref>{{cite web | title=FM radio stations and their audiences bloom in restive Kashmir | website=Asia Times | date=25 September 2018 | url=https://asiatimes.com/2018/09/fm-radio-stations-and-their-audiences-bloom-in-restive-kashmir/ | access-date=29 July 2021 | archive-date=5 May 2021 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20210505040516/https://asiatimes.com/2018/09/fm-radio-stations-and-their-audiences-bloom-in-restive-kashmir/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Internet shutdowns are frequent in Jammu and Kashmir. As of February 2021, the region had 300 internet shutdowns since 2012. In 2020 alone, this number was 115, the highest of any year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: number of internet shutdowns J&K 2021|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1096574/india-number-of-internet-shutdowns-jammu-kashmir/|access-date=29 July 2021|website=Statista|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405093345/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1096574/india-number-of-internet-shutdowns-jammu-kashmir/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[File:First ever Khelo India Winter Games.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the first Khelo India Winter Games]]
Sports tournaments in Jammu and Kashmir are organised by both the Indian army and police, as well as mainstream political parties and the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]].<ref name="Gupta-2020"/> Sportspersons who represent India in tournaments face stigmatisation from separatists.<ref name="Gupta-2020">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Amit|date=16 October 2020|title=Sports in Kashmir: How 5 journalists run a magazine that focuses on local sports|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/to-be-a-sportsman-in-kashmir-in-these-grim-times-cant-be-easy/articleshow/78693513.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924214842/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/to-be-a-sportsman-in-kashmir-in-these-grim-times-cant-be-easy/articleshow/78693513.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jammu and Kashmir has 18 stadiums, 23 training centres, three indoor sports complexes and 42 government-maintained playing fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dteyssjk.nic.in/youth-sports/infra.html|title=Department of Youth Services & Sports|website=Department of Youth Services and Sports|publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129051640/http://dteyssjk.nic.in/youth-sports/infra.html|archive-date=29 November 2019}}</ref> Srinagar is home to the [[Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium]], a stadium where international cricket matches have been played.<ref name=cricinfo>{{cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=559;type=ground | title = Records / Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar / One-Day Internationals | publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813232013/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2%3Bid%3D559%3Btype%3Dground |archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Maulana Azad Stadium]] in Jammu is one of the home venues for the [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team]].<ref name=ca>{{cite web|title=Molana Azad Stadium, Jammu|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1059.html|work=[[CricketArchive]]|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119225729/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1059.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bakshi Stadium]] in Srinagar, named after [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]], hosts football matches.<ref name=bakshitoi>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/JK-stadium-hosts-football-match-after-25-year-gap/articleshow/14972629.cms | title = J&K stadium hosts football match after 25-year gap | work = The Times of India | date = 16 July 2012 | access-date = 1 August 2021 | archive-date = 11 May 2013 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511194756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697338_1_football-clubs-bakshi-stadium-santosh-trophy }}</ref>

Institutions such as the [[Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports]] provides mountaineering, skiing and adventure courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ut-govt-denies-pensionary-benefits-to-retired-employees-of-jimws/|title=UT Govt denies pensionary benefits to retired employees of JIM&WS|website=Daily Excelsior|date=5 July 2021|last1=Excelsior|first1=Daily|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718013149/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ut-govt-denies-pensionary-benefits-to-retired-employees-of-jimws/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar]], located on the banks of [[Dal lake]], is considered one of the best golf courses in India.<ref name=golf>{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|publisher=Robert Trent Jones – Golf Architects|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020422/https://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was also host to the first [[Khelo India Winter Games]], held in 2020 in Gulmarg.<ref name="Ashiq-2020">{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=7 March 2020|title=Khelo India Winter Games kicked off in J&K|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/khelo-india-winter-games-kicked-off-in-jk/article31011206.ece|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 July 2023|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718012400/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/khelo-india-winter-games-kicked-off-in-jk/article31011206.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir came first with the most gold medals at 26, followed by the Indian Army team with 8 gold medals.<ref name="Iveson-2020">{{Cite web|last=Iveson|first=Ali|date=15 March 2020|title=Hosts win 26 gold medals as first-ever Khelo India Winter Games conclude|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219123227/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|archive-date=19 December 2020|website=Inside the Games}}</ref> The second edition of the winter games were also held in Gulmarg in 2021, with Jammu and Kashmir coming first again.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Spectacular Closing Ceremony of 2nd Khelo India National Winter Games organized at Gulmarg|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/spectacular-closing-ceremony-of-2nd-khelo-india-national-winter-games-organized-at-gulmarg-65215|website=Kashmir News Service|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718012151/http://www.knskashmir.com/spectacular-closing-ceremony-of-2nd-khelo-india-national-winter-games-organized-at-gulmarg-65215|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[File:Vaishno.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Vaishno Devi Temple]] in winter]]
Tourism is a significant pillar for Jammu and Kashmir's economy, contributing substantially to employment and the gross domestic product. Estimates suggest that tourism accounts for around 7–15% of Jammu and Kashmir’s GDP, with approximately half of the population engaged directly or indirectly in tourism-related activities.<ref name="Deshpande2021">{{cite web|title=What terror attacks like Pahalgam mean for J&K's economy|date=30 April 2025|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pahalgam-terror-attack-jammu-kashmir-economy-9974315/|access-date=28 May 2025|archive-date=1 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501024446/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pahalgam-terror-attack-jammu-kashmir-economy-9974315/|url-status=live}}</ref> The sector supports a wide range of economic activities, including hospitality, handicrafts, transport, and local services, and is vital for the socio-economic development of the territory.<ref name="Emerald2024"/>

Some major tourist attractions are [[Srinagar]], the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Mughal Gardens]], [[Gulmarg]], [[Pahalgam]], [[Patnitop]], [[Bhaderwah]] and [[Jammu]]. Every year, thousands of Hindu [[pilgrim]]s visit holy shrines of [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Vaishno Devi]] and [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] which has had significant impact on the economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm |work=Online edition of The Hindu |title=Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy |access-date=6 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=13 September 2007 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091413/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm }}</ref><ref name="Emerald2024">{{cite book|chapter=The Role of Tourism in the Economic Development of Jammu and Kashmir Region| doi=10.1108/978-1-83608-326-920241012 |chapter-url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-83608-326-920241012/full/pdf?title=the-role-of-tourism-in-the-economic-development-of-jammu-and-kashmir-region|access-date=28 May 2025 | title=Sustainable Tourism, Part B | date=2024 | last1=Kumar | first1=Raushan | last2=Pathak | first2=Niranjan Deo | last3=Jha | first3=Shiv Swaroop | pages=209–221 | isbn=978-1-83608-327-6 }}</ref> The Kashmir valley is one of the top tourist destinations in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu|title=Foreign tourists flock Kashmir|access-date=18 March 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=18 March 2009|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm}}</ref> [[Gulmarg]], one of the most popular [[ski resort]] destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green [[golf course]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119332713217271534?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Fairway to Heaven|author=Cris Prystay|date=26 October 2007|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718012246/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119332713217271534?mod=googlenews_wsj|url-status=live}}</ref>
The government has prioritised the development of tourism infrastructure and the promotion of both traditional and off-beat destinations, aiming to expand the sector and ensure sustainable growth.<ref name="CNBCTV18">{{cite web|title=Over 2.35 crore tourists visited Jammu and Kashmir in 2024|date=14 March 2025|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/destinations/over-2-35-crore-tourists-visited-jammu-and-kashmir-in-2024-govt-is-now-promoting-srinagar-19573656.htm|access-date=28 May 2025|archive-date=24 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424233637/https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/destinations/over-2-35-crore-tourists-visited-jammu-and-kashmir-in-2024-govt-is-now-promoting-srinagar-19573656.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The tourism industry in Jammu and Kashmir has been profoundly affected by periods of insurgency, political instability, and violence. The onset of militancy in the late 1980s led to a dramatic decline in tourist arrivals, especially in the Kashmir Valley. For instance, tourist numbers in the valley fell from over 550,000 in 1989 to fewer than 10,000 in 1996, with both domestic and foreign tourism severely impacted.<ref name="Kumar2021">{{cite web|title=Tourism and Terrorism- A Study of Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1174&context=jti|access-date=28 May 2025|archive-date=1 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401043632/https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1174&context=jti|url-status=live}}</ref> The Jammu region, while less affected, also experienced a reduction in visitors during periods of heightened unrest.<ref name="Kumar2021"/> Episodes of violence and terror attacks have repeatedly disrupted the sector, leading to mass cancellations and long-term damage to the region's image as a safe destination.<ref name="JOHR">{{cite web|title=Insurgency as a stumbling block to the development of tourism industry of Kashmir valley|url=https://www.johronline.com/articles/insurgency-as-a-stumbling-block-to-the-development-of-tourism-industry-of-kashmir-valley.pdf|access-date=28 May 2025|archive-date=14 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241014105209/https://www.johronline.com/articles/insurgency-as-a-stumbling-block-to-the-development-of-tourism-industry-of-kashmir-valley.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Notably, the 2019 advisory from the Government of India, following the abrogation of Article 370, resulted in the abrupt evacuation of tourists and a near-complete shutdown of the industry.<ref name="Kumar2021"/> Terror attacks such as the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], which resulted in significant loss of life, have led to widespread cancellations, a sharp decline in bookings, and the closure of many tourist sites as part of security measures.<ref name="TOI2025">{{cite web|title=Terrorism and tourism can't go hand-in-hand: Tour operators|work=The Times of India|date=26 April 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/terrorism-and-tourism-cant-go-hand-in-hand-tour-operators/articleshow/120605803.cms|access-date=28 May 2025|archive-date=15 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515081927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/terrorism-and-tourism-cant-go-hand-in-hand-tour-operators/articleshow/120605803.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters2025">{{cite web|title=India shuts over half Kashmir tourist spots in security review after attack|work=Reuters |date=29 April 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-shuts-over-half-kashmir-tourist-spots-security-review-2025-04-29/|access-date=28 May 2025 |last1=Bukhari |first1=Fayaz |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam }}</ref>

The immediate aftermath of such incidents typically sees a steep drop in tourist arrivals, with ripple effects on employment and local businesses dependent on tourism.<ref name="TOI2025"/> The sector’s recovery often takes several years, and recurring instability continues to act as a major constraint on its full potential.<ref name="JOHR"/> Despite these challenges, the region has demonstrated resilience, with tourism numbers rebounding during periods of relative calm. Periods of decrease in violence boosts tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071016/http://www.sify.com/news/Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai.html|archive-date=16 July 2011|title=Tourists arrival gives boost to J-K economy|work=Sify}}</ref> In 2024, Jammu and Kashmir recorded over 23 million tourist visits.<ref name="CNBCTV18"/> However, the volatility associated with insurgency is a persistent obstacle to sustainable tourism development.<ref name="JOHR"/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]], for the entity that existed till 1952
* [[Kashmiriyat]]
* [[Kashmiri cinema]]
* [[Literature of Kashmir]]
* [[Music of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet]]
* [[AIR Srinagar]]
* [[Central University of Kashmir]]
* [[Central University of Jammu]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team]]
* [[Real Kashmir F.C.]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir football team]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
* [[Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Mansar-Surinsar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://jk.gov.in/ Government of Jammu and Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614035323/http://jk.gov.in/ |date=14 June 2022 }}
* [https://jkgad.nic.in/ General Administration Department]
* [http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/ Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]
* [https://jammukashmir.s3waas.gov.in/ Jammu and Kashmir district portal]

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{States and Union Territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:North India|*]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Urdu is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Kashmiri is an official language]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in Asia]]
[[Category:Union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

List of Churchill Brothers FC Goa managers

2026-03-17T09:14:16Z

Victorxsi: brief cleanup layout for accuracy further and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|none}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead too short|date=September 2021}}
{{sources needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
This is a '''list of [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers Sporting Club]]'s managers (head coaches)''' and their records, from 2007, when the first professional manager was appointed, to the present day.

==Coaching list==

''Information correct as of 1 October 2012. Only competitive matches are counted. Wins, losses and draws are results at the final whistle; the results of [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-outs]] are not counted.''


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Picture!!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%!!class="unsortable"|Honours
|-
|
|align=left|[[Karim Bencherifa]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Arunava |title=Season ending transfers 2007 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504154723/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2007.html |archive-date=2019-05-04 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=www.indianfootball.de}}</ref>
|{{MAR}}
|align=left|August 2006
|align=left|May 2008
{{WDL|36|18|11|7|for=30|against=23}}
|
|-
|
|align=left|[[Zoran Đorđević (football manager)|Zoran Đorđević]]
|{{SRB}}
|align=left|June 2008
|align=left|May 2009
{{WDL|22|13|7|2|for=53|against=23}}
|align=left style="font-size: 80%"|1 [[I-League]]
|-
|
|align=left|[[Carlos Roberto Pereira]]
|{{BRA}}
|align=left|August 2009
|align=left|May 2010
{{WDL|26|11|10|5|for=50|against=35}}
|align=left style="font-size: 80%"|1 [[Durand Cup]], 1 [[IFA Shield]]
|-
|
|align=left|[[Vincent Subramaniam]]
|{{SIN}}
|align=left|2 July 2010
|align=left|14 March 2011
{{WDL|19|11|6|2|for=42|against=29}}
|align=left style="font-size: 80%"|
|-
|
|align=left|[[Drago Mamić]]
|{{SRB}}
|align=left|14 March 2011
|align=left|1 June 2011
{{WDL|7|3|2|2|for=15|against=12}}
|1 [[IFA Shield]]
|-
|align=center|[[File:Manuel Gomes Football.jpg|60px]]
|align=left|[[Manuel Gomes (football coach)|Manuel Gomes]]
|{{POR}}
|align=left|9 June 2011
|align=left|20 February 2012
{{WDL|19|10|4|5|for=30|against=19}}
|1 [[Durand Cup]]
|-
|
|align=left|[[Carlos Roberto Pereira]]
|{{BRA}}
|align=left|1 March 2012
|align=left|7 May 2012
{{WDL|7|4|2|1|for=17|against=9}}
|
|-
|
|align=left|[[Mariano Dias]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|13 July 2012
|align=left|23 June 2014
{{WDL|59|29|15|15|for=102|against=67}}
|align=left style="font-size: 80%"|1 [[I-League]],1[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
|-
|
|align=left|[[Alfred Fernandes]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|23 July 2014
|align=left|17 February 2017
{{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0}}
|-Derrick Pereira
|
|align=left|[[Derrick Pereira]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|17 February 2017
|align=left|17 May 2017
{{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0}}
|-
|
|align=left|[[Mykola Shevchenko]]
|{{ UKR }}
|align=left|13 July 2017
|align=left|17 December 2017
{{WDL|5|0|0|5|for=0|against=0}}
|-
|
|align=left|[[Petre Gigiu]]
|{{ ROM }}
|align=left|13 August 2018
|align=left|28 May 2019
{{WDL|20|9|7|4|for=35|against=23
}}
|-
|[[File:BernardoTavaresBahrainHidd.jpg|60px]]
|align=left|[[Bernardo Tavares]]
|{{POR}}
|align=left|28 November 2019
|align=left|10 March 2020
{{WDL|15|6|2|7|for=23|against=21
}}
|
|-
|[[File:Fernando Santiago Varela at Sultan Qaboos Stadium in Oman.jpg|60px]]
|align=left|[[Fernando Santiago Varela]]
|{{ESP}}
|align=left|23 September 2020
|align=left|27 March 2021
{{WDL|15|8|5|2|for=22|against=17}}
|-
|
|align=left|[[Petre Gigiu]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-26 |title=I-League: Defending champs Gokulam Kerala begin campaign with solid win |url=https://www.siasat.com/i-league-defending-champs-gokulam-kerala-begin-campaign-with-solid-win-2248470/amp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226163819/https://www.siasat.com/i-league-defending-champs-gokulam-kerala-begin-campaign-with-solid-win-2248470/amp/ |archive-date=2021-12-26 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{ROM}}
|align=left|18 June 2021
|align=left|13 January 2022
{{WDL|1|0|0|1|for=0|against=1
}}
|
|-
|}

;Key
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> Served as [[caretaker manager]].

== References ==
<references />
{{Churchill Brothers S.C.}}

[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC managers| ]]

Dadar railway station

2026-03-15T06:33:04Z

Victorxsi: added references

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dadar
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| image = Mumbai 03-2016 78 Dadar station.jpg
| image_size =
| style = Indian Railways
| image_caption = Mumbai local train arrives on the western side of Dadar railway station
| address = Senapati Bapat Road and Lakhamsi Nappu Road, [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.018335|N|72.843214|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central line]] [[Dadar–Solapur section]] [[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western line]] [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]
| elevation = {{convert|6.610|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 14 (7-Central, 7-Western)
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = Central Line side- August/October 1853 (as Mahim Rd station) Renamed as Dadar- 1 November 1856<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] CR Mumbai Timeline of Suburban Stations|url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/mumbai-cr-suburban-timeline.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = D ([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Suburban]]) DR ([[Central Railway zone|Central zone]]) DDR ([[Western Railway zone|Western zone]])
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]] & [[Western Railways]]
| former =
| passengers = 211,888
| pass_year = 2016–17
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = Daily
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway
|line1=Western|left1=Prabhadevi|right1=Matunga Road
|line2=Central|left2=Parel|right2=Matunga}}
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Dadar
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}{{MSR Western line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Dadar railway station''' is a major interchange railway stations on the Western Line of [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]. It serves the [[Dadar]] area in [[Mumbai]], India.

This railway station lies on both the [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central line]] named as '''Dadar Central''' with station code '''DR''' and [[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western line]] named as '''Dadar Western''' with station code '''DDR'''. It is also a terminal for [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] as well as [[Indian Railways]].<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-dadar-station-to-get-a-touch-of-south-korea/22867285 Mumbai Dadar station to get a touch of South Korea], ''Mid-day'', 1 July 2020, Retrieved 19 October 2020</ref>

Two roads are passes through parallel in the vicinity of Dadar railway station which is Senapati Bapat Marg on the Westside and Lakhamsi Nappu Road on the Eastside.

==History==
The original Dadar railway station of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|GIP Railway]] (today's [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]) was inaugurated sometime between August and October 1853 as Mahim Rd railway station. It was renamed as Dadar on "1 October 1856"<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] CR Mumbai Timeline of Suburban Stations |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/mumbai-cr-suburban-timeline.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAILWAYS OF THE RAJ: History of Railways from Bombay to rest of India |url=https://railwaysofraj.blogspot.com/2010/09/history-of-railways-from-bombay-to-rest_20.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=RAILWAYS OF THE RAJ}}</ref> Regular services to the station began in the same year on the GIPR line. A station named 'Dadur' existed on the first suburban train service of the erstwhile [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|BB&CI Railway]] (today's [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]), when it began the service on 12 April 1867 (between [[Bombay Backbay railway station|Bombay Backbay]] and [[Virar railway station|Viraur]]), suggesting the WR side station was established sometime in the 1860s.

On 1 January 1885, the BB&CIR and the GIPR signed an agreement that allowed the interchange of coaches and goods stock. The agreement provided each railway the privilege to use the others tracks via Dadur. BB&CIR was permitted to send its goods trains to Carnac Bunder on the GIPR side, while GIPR could use the [[Colaba railway station|Colaba Terminus station]]. Further it agreed that in the event of public interest, a local passenger train service should be commenced between GIPR's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Victoria Terminus]], and BB&CIR's [[Bandra railway station|Bandra station]], via the Dadur Junction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=S. M. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96511 |title=The Gazetteer Of Bombay City And Island Vol. 1 |date=1909}}</ref>

The station was among the first (along with Currey Road) to receive colour light signalling in 1920.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aklekar |first=Rajendra B. |title=Halt Station India: The Dramatic Tale of the Nation's First Rail Lines |year=2014 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3497-4 |pages=100 |language=English}}</ref>

The Tilak bridge that spans over both the Western and Central lines was completed in August 1925, after 8 years of construction. It was named so after Independence. It was built to replace an old level crossing situated a quarter mile south of its present location.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=104 |language=English}}</ref>

The Dadar through cabin was converted to colour signalling in February 1936, following similar endeavours around the stations like Mahim, Bandra, among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=113 |language=English}}</ref>

On 10 August 1942, a large crowd gathered outside the station. This happened in the backdrop of the call for [[Quit India]] announced a few days back in Bombay, as well as the arrest of important leaders. The crowds barged into the station platforms, and people began greasing the rail tracks, and placing obstacles on them, to stop rail traffic. A police firing ensued, and several people were injured and killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=119 |language=English}}</ref>

The express train terminus on Central line side was constructed and opened on 1968.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRFCA History Part 4 |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |website=IRFCA}}</ref>

During the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]] a Jawan Canteen was established in the station to serve Indian soldiers. The Canteen was conducted by Wadala Junior Chambers (Founder- Gangaram Joshi), under the guidance of [[Nanik Rupani]], who was the President at that time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=8 April 2017 |title=The long healing of 1971 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-long-healing-of-1971/article17874134.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Taggar |first=Rajinder |date=October 10, 2016 |title=India, Pakistan not telling truth: Dayal Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/India-Pakistan-not-telling-truth-Dayal-Singh/articleshow/54785778.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN}}</ref> Trains began terminating and departing from Dadar from May 1974.

After decades, in 2009, the Midtown terminus of Dadar Western side was inaugurated for increasing more trains on the suburban route and long-distance route for decreasing a load of passengers.<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/railway-minister-to-visit-city-on-november-21/543389/ "Railway Minister to Visit Mumbai on November"], ''Indian Express'', 19 November 2009, Retrieved 18 October 2014</ref> And the side elevated road which is parallel to Midtown Terminus connects to Tilak Bridge for direct taxis' and another vehicles' movement, was inaugurated in 2014. The cost for construction was {{INRConvert|30|c}}.<ref>[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/major-part-of-elevated-dadar-terminus-project-complete/articleshow/42399473.cms Major part of Elevated Dadar Terminus Project Complete], ''Mumbai Mirror'', 14 September 2014, Retrieved 19 October 2020</ref>

==Structure==
Dadar railway station has 14 platforms, In that, 7 platforms consist of the Western side which is two platforms of the slow suburban route, three platforms of the fast suburban route and the last two platforms are the terminus of the Suburban and Long Distance trains which are also known as Dadar Midtown Terminus.<ref>[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/dadar-midtowns-30-cr-makeover-gets-on-track/articleshow/16158591.cms Dadar Midtown's 30 Crore makeover gets on track], ''Mumbai Mirror'', 25 August 2011, Retrieved 18 October 2020</ref><ref>[http://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-mumbai-to-get-ac-local-trains-from-september-this-year-17261 Mumbai to get AC local trains from September this year], ''Zee Biz'', Retrieved 19 October 2020</ref>

The remaining 7 platforms consist of the Central line, which is of two platforms on the slow suburban route, three platforms are on the fast suburban route with middle-fast suburban terminal, and the last two platforms are the terminus of long-distance trains which is also known as Dadar Central Terminus or Dadar Terminus.

This railway station is well connected with multiple walk ways and bridges for easier access of passengers crossing on either side.<ref name="genuineTC">{{cite news| title=Are these TCs on Dadar FOB genuine?|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-are-these-tcs-on-dadar-fob-genuine-2020271|first=Mewati|last=Sitaram|date=21 September 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|location=[[Mumbai]]|access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Station structure layout ===
{{Routemap
| title = Dadar Western track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Western}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = yes
| map1 = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P1''' to {{stnlnk|Matunga Road}}
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P2''' to {{stnlnk|Prabhadevi}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P3''' to {{stnlnk|Bandra}}
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P4''' to {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P5''' to {{stnlnk|Bandra}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P6''' - {{Abbr|Outstation Express Trains|Trains heading towards Vasai Road, Virar, Surat}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P7''' - {{Abbr|Outstation Express Trains|Trains heading towards Vasai Road, Virar, Surat}}
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\
| top = This station layout comes under [[Western Railway zone]]
| bottom = <div style="width:28em;text-align:center">Station with seven tracks <nowiki>|</nowiki> Two Side & Three Island platforms Platforms 1 & 2 - Slow Local trains Platforms 3 to 5 - Fast Local trains
</div>
}}
{{Routemap
| title = Dadar Central track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Western}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = yes
| map1 = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P8''' to {{stnlnk|Matunga}}
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P9''' to {{stnlnk|Parel}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P9A/10''' to {{stnlnk|Kurla}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P11''' to {{stnlnk|Kurla}}
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P12 **''' to {{stnlnk|Byculla}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P13''' - {{Abbr|Outstation Express Trains|Trains heading towards Thane, Kalyan Jn, Pune Jn}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P14''' - {{Abbr|Outstation Express Trains|Trains heading towards Thane, Kalyan Jn, Pune Jn}}
| top = This station layout comes under [[Central Railway zone]]
| bottom = <div style="width:28em;text-align:center">Station with seven tracks <nowiki>|</nowiki> One Side & Four Island platforms Platforms 8 & 9 - Slow Local trains Platforms 9A/10 to 12 - Fast Local trains '''''** Platform 12 is also dedicated as Outstation Express trains towards [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]]'''''</div>
| map =
}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| valign="top" width="30" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="85" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |North Entrance Street level
| valign="top" width="500" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
| rowspan="12" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 4px black;" width="30"|'''P [[Western Railway zone|WR zone]]'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1''' Doors will open on the left
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 1'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Borivali}} / {{stnlnk|Virar}} '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Matunga Road}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 2'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards ← {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} / {{stnlnk|Churchgate}} '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Prabhadevi}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P2 & P3''' Doors will open on the left '''''<nowiki>Platforms 1 & 2 are dedicated for Slow Local trains | Platforms 3-5 are dedicated for Fast Local trains</nowiki>'''''
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 3'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Dahanu Road}} / {{stnlnk|Virar}} '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Bandra}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 4'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards ← {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} / {{stnlnk|Churchgate}} '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P4 & P5''' Doors will open on the left
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 5'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Dahanu Road}} / {{stnlnk|Virar}} '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Bandra}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P5''' Doors will open on the right<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P6''' Doors will open on the left '''''Platforms 6 & 7 are dedicated for Outstation Express trains'''''
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 6'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Dahanu Road}} / {{stnlnk|Virar}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 7'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Dahanu Road}} / {{stnlnk|Virar}}
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 4px black;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P7''' Doors will open on the left
|-
| rowspan="11" valign="center" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''P [[Central Railway zone|CR zone]]'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 8'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Karjat}} / {{stnlnk|Kasara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Matunga}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 9'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards ← [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Parel}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P8''' Doors will open on the right<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P9''' Doors will open on the left '''''<nowiki>Platforms 8 & 9 are dedicated for Slow Local trains | Platforms 9A/10 & 11 are dedicated for Fast Local trains</nowiki>'''''
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 9A/10'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Karjat}} / {{stnlnk|Kasara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Kurla}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P11'''<nowiki> Doors will open on the left | </nowiki>'''P9A/10''' Doors will open on the right
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 11'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Karjat}} / {{stnlnk|Kasara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Kurla}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 12'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards ← [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] '''Next Station:''' {{stnlnk|Byculla}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P13''' Doors will open on the right<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P12''' Doors will open on the left '''''<nowiki>Platforms 11 & 12 are dedicated for Fast Local trains | Platforms 13-14 are dedicated for Outstation trains</nowiki>'''''
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 13'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} / {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P14''' Doors will open on the left
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 14'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} / {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
|-
| valign="top" width="30" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |South Entrance Street level
| valign="top" width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|}
{{gallery
|width=160| height=170
|align=center
|File:Dadar railway station.jpg
|Dadar railway station entrance on the Western line side
|File:Dadar Terminus entrance.jpg
|Dadar railway station entrance on the Central line side
|File:Dadar Station 1.jpg
|Dadar railway station platform board on Central line side
}}

{{gallery
|width=160| height=170
|align=center
|File:Dadar stationboard.jpg
|Dadar railway station board on Central line side
|File:Dadar Station.jpg
|Platforms on the Western side of Dadar railway station
|File:Dadar Terminus.jpg
|''Dadar Terminus'' station board on Central side of Dadar railway station
}}

There are multiple escalators available on both the sides for help in interchanging stations, which were inaugurated on 1 November 2013 on the Western line side by [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/big-picture/photo-new-escalators-at-dadar-station-1912090 New Escalators at Dadar Station], ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', 1 November 2013, Retrieved 15 February 2014</ref> And the remaining escalators were inaugurated on 21 January 2018 on the Central line side by [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]].<ref>[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/citys-1st-down-escalators-to-start-at-dadar-thane-stations/articleshow/62586554.cms City's 1st Escalators to start at Dadar Thane stations], ''Mumbai Mirror'', 21 January 2018, Retrieved 20 October 2020</ref>

{{gallery
|width=160| height=170
|align=center
|File:Escalator @ Dadar Western Railway Station - panoramio.jpg
|Escalator on the Western side of Dadar railway station
|File:Escalator at a railway station in Bombay (Mumbai), 2018.jpg
|Escalator on the Central side of Dadar railway station
}}

==Passengers==
Dadar is the busiest railway station on the Mumbai Suburban Railway network with an average of 211,888 passengers beginning their journey from this station per day contributing {{INRConvert|1059440|}} of average daily revenue.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/its-not-getting-any-better-despite-metro-and-monorail-mumbai-local-trains-getting-more-overcrowded/18155192| title=It's not getting any better! Despite metro and monorail, Mumbai local trains getting more overcrowded| date=12 April 2017| website=Mid-Day.com| first=Shashank| last=Rao}}</ref>

In October 2012, [[Central Railway zone|CR]] announced plans to cease long-distance train services terminating at Dadar on the Central side within 5–6 years. The load would be transferred to [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] (LTT) by upgrading the number of platforms at LTT from five to 12.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Lokmanya-Tilak-Terminus-to-replace-Dadar-as-outstation-hub/articleshow/16845396.cms Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to replace Dadar as outstation hub], ''Times of India'', 17 October 2012, Retrieved 16 July 2013</ref>

==Operations==
Dadar railway station handles a total of 88 long-distance trains. In which 12 trains are on the Western line side in which 3 long-distance trains originate and terminate at '''Midtown Terminus''' and 9 long-distance trains halt at the fast suburban route of Western line.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-train-travel-to-get-smoother-commuters-to-get-76-services-from-dadar-bandra/story-8FxHW1wq0Z7gbBk7QGlVfK.html Mumbai Train travel to get smoother commuters with the increase of 76 services from Dadar, Bandra], ''Hindustan Times'', 10 May 2017, Retrieved 19 October 2018</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/post-march-western-railway-to-run-70-more-15-car-services/articleshow/72571513.cms Post March Western Railway to run 70 more 15 car services], ''Times of India'', 14 December 2019, Retrieved 19 October 2020</ref>

Whereas, 76 trains are on the Central line side in which 11 long-distance trains originate and terminate at '''Central Terminus''' and 65 long-distance trains halt at the fast suburban route of Central line.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-revises-time-table-for-several-central-railway-trains-with-effect-from-today-full-list-here/1624209/ Indian Railways revises Time Table for several Central Railway trains with effect from today], ''Financial Express'', 1 July 2019, Retrieved 19 October 2020</ref>

{{gallery
|width=160| height=170
|align=center
|File:Ajmer Dadar Express with a Vadodara WAP 4 engine.jpg
|[[Dadar–Ajmer Superfast Express|Dadar Ajmer Express]] at the ''Dadar Midtown Terminus'' on Western line side
|File:The Jan Shatabdi Dadar-Goa Express, leaving from Dadar.jpg
|[[Dadar–Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express|Dadar Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express]] at the ''Dadar Terminus'' on Central line side
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/712?&tt=99 Dadar Central] at India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/298?&tt=99 Dadar Western] at India Rail Info
* [https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Heritage/DamaniaCollection/Dadar_Station_Damania_1923.jpg.html?g2_imageViewsIndex=1 Old picture of Dadar Railway station], BB&CIR side: 1923

{{commons category|Dadar railway station}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Western}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1868]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

Mrinal Navell

2026-03-15T02:32:10Z

Victorxsi: new the entry from scratch...

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mrinal Navell
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Mrinal Navell Chandra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|05|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress, Model
| years_active = 2022–present
| known_for = [[Kundali Bhagya]]
| education =
| signature =
}}

'''Mrinal Navell Chandra''' (born 24 May 2001) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in the Hindi television and film industry.

== Early life and education ==
Mrinal Navell was born and brought up in [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Her father is a government officer and mother is a professor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Kundali Bhagya's Mrinal Navell On No Work After Debut Show: I Gave 200 Auditions... |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/kundali-bhagyas-mrinal-navell-on-no-work-after-debut-show-i-gave-200-auditions-article-103859891 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrinal Navell recalls how a casting agent once asked her to 'compromise' for a role in an ad; says 'I lost my calm and bashed him' {{!}} Etimes - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/mrinal-navell-recalls-how-a-casting-agent-once-asked-her-to-compromise-for-a-role-in-an-ad-says-i-lost-my-calm-and-bashed-him/videoshow/104417722.cms |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

She completed her schooling in [[Palampur]] and [[Chandigarh]], and went to [[Delhi]] to complete her graduation from [[Ramjas College]], [[Delhi University]] and post graduation in sociology from [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-10-13 |title=Mrinal Navell: I was asked to compromise by a casting agent to get a role in an ad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/mrinal-navell-i-was-asked-to-compromise-by-a-casting-agent-to-get-a-role-in-an-ad-101697206826559.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-09-17 |title=Kundali Bhagya actress Mrinal Navell on TV shows going off air within months: Some experiments on TV turn out to be successful while some don't work |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-actress-mrinal-navell-on-tv-shows-going-off-air-within-months-some-experiments-on-tv-turn-out-to-be-successful-while-some-dont-work/articleshow/103727894.cms |access-date=2023-11-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar' actress Mrinal Navell says that showbiz demands a lot of patience |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1099814 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2022 she went to [[Mumbai]] and secured a role in the [[Star Plus]] TV serial ''[[Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar]]'', in which she played the role of ''Palki Mathur''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kundali-bhagya-actress-mrinal-navell-talks-about-her-journey-so-far-525772|title=Kundali Bhagya actress Mrinal Navell talks about her journey so far... - The Tribune|accessdate=26 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/yeh-jhuki-jhuki-si-nazar-fame-mrinal-navell-talks-about-surviving-in-showbiz-despite-having-no-work-for-a-year-a-lot-of-people-are-just-ready-to-pounce-upon-you/ |title='Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar' Fame Mrinal Navell Talks About Surviving In Showbiz Despite Having No Work For A Year: "A Lot Of People Are Just Ready To Pounce Upon You" |date=15 July 2023 |work=KoiMoi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=Kundali Bhagya fame Mrinal Navell on balancing studies and acting, says 'Sometimes it's difficult but I manage as per my schedule' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-fame-mrinal-navell-on-balancing-studies-and-acting-says-sometimes-its-difficult-but-i-manage-as-per-my-schedule/articleshow/104219149.cms |access-date=2023-11-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She was also seen in the web series Rakshak – India's Braves, which was released on ''Amazon Mini TV''. In 2023 she appeared as ''Kavya Luthra'' in [[Zee TV]]'s serial ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/mrinal-navell-who-will-be-seen-in-rakshak-indias-braves-talks-about-exploring-bold-roles-on-ott-536860|title=Mrinal Navell, who will be seen in Rakshak: India's Braves, talks about exploring bold roles on OTT - The Tribune|accessdate=26 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Exclusive! "I had to keep this undertone of sadness in me all the time because my mother is missing from the house initially", Kavya Luthra aka Mrinal Navell Of Kundali Bhagya opens up on the audience's reaction, her process of adapting into her character |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-i-had-keep-undertone-of-sadness-me-all-the-time-because-my-mother-missing-the |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |date=2023-08-06 |title=Exclusive - Kundali Bhagya actor Mrinal Navell: This is just the beginning, I have so much to do… want to make the right choices as that matters |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kundali-bhagya-actor-mrinal-navell-this-is-just-the-beginning-i-have-so-much-to-do-want-to-make-the-right-choices-as-that-matters/articleshow/102466333.cms |access-date=2023-11-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar]]''
| Palki Mathur
| rowspan = "2" | Supporting Role
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| Kavya Luthra
| <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Kundali Bhagya Actress Mrinal Navell enjoys Ganesh Chaturthi festivities with friends; See This - Filmibeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2023/kundali-bhagya-actress-mrinal-navell-enjoys-ganesh-chaturthi-festivities-with-friends-see-this-366339.html |accessdate=26 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2025
|''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
|Barkha Kapoor
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navell, Mrinal}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

M. A. Hampiholi

2026-03-14T18:21:57Z

Victorxsi: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian admiral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| name = M A Hampiholi
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| native_name =
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| image = File:FOC-in-C (S).jpg
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| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1 July 1985 - 31 December 2023
| rank = [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-8.svg|20px]] [[File:13-Indian_Navy-VADM.svg|20px]] [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| servicenumber = 02859-Y <ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893742&reg=3&lang=2</ref>
| unit =
| commands = [[Southern Naval Command]] [[Indian Naval Academy]] [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] INS Mandovi [[Military of Mauritius|Mauritius Coast Guard]] {{ship|INS|Talwar|F40}} {{ship|INS|Magar|L20}} {{ship|INS|Nashak|K83}}
| battles =
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| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Nao Sena Medal]]
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}}
[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''Makarand Aravind Hampiholi''', [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] is a former [[flag officer]] in the [[Indian Navy]]. He last served as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Southern Naval Command]].<ref name="snc-chief">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/new-chief-for-southern-naval-command/article37759027.ece|title=New chief for Southern Naval Command|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 November 2021 |publisher=The Hindo|access-date=2021-11-29}}</ref> Previously, he served as the [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]] and served as the [[Director General Naval Operations]] (DGNO) at Naval headquarters.

==Early life==
Hampiholi was born in [[Dharwad]] in [[Karnataka]]. He attended the [[Sainik School, Bijapur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DHARWAD'S REAR ADMIRAL HAMPIHOLI GETS MEDAL FROM PRESIDENT |url=https://www.hubballitimes.com/dharwads-rear-admiral-hampiholi-gets-medal-from-president/ |website=Hubballi Times}}</ref> He graduated from the National Defence Academy in 1983 with the President's gold medal.

== Naval career ==
Hampiholi was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] in the Executive branch on 1 July 1985. He is a specialist in [[Anti-submarine warfare]]. He has completed the staff course at the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC) in [[Wellington Cantonment]] and the higher command course at the [[Naval War College, Goa]]. He has also attended the [[National Defence College, India|National Defence College]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral MA Hampiholi, NM Takes Over as Western Fleet Commander {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-ma-hampiholi-nm-takes-over-western-fleet-commander |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

In the early years of his career, he served as an ASW specialist aboard the [[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|Nilgiri-class]] [[frigate]] {{ship|INS|Himgiri|F34}}, the [[Abhay-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Agray|1991|6}} and the [[Godavari-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Ganga|F22}}.

Hampiholi has commanded the [[Veer-class corvette|Veer-class]] missile vessel {{ship|INS|Nashak|K83}}, the [[Magar-class amphibious warfare vessel]] {{ship|INS|Magar|L20}} and the [[Talwar-class frigate|Talwar-class]] [[guided missile frigate]] {{ship|INS|Talwar|F40}}. He has also served as the [[Second-in-command]] of the [[Khukri-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Khukri|P49}}. During his command of INS Talwar, he was conferred the Nausena Medal (Devotion to Duty).<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral MA Hampiholi, AVSM, NM Assumes Charge as Director General Naval Operations {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-ma-hampiholi-avsm-nm-assumes-charge-director-general-naval-operations |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

He also commanded the [[Military of Mauritius|National Coast Guard of Mauritius]] from 2003 to 2005. From June 2007 to June 2009, Hampiholi served as the Commandant of the Naval Academy and the Commanding Officer of Naval base INS Mandovi.

He has tenanted the instructional appointments of Instructor at the Anti Submarine Warfare School, [[Kochi]] and that of Senior Directing Staff at the [[Naval War College, Goa]]. Hampiholi, in his staff appointments, has served as the Joint Director of Personnel at Naval HQ, Naval Assistant to the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Naval Command]]. He also served as the Principal Director Staff Requirements at Naval HQ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral MA Hampiholi, AVSM, NM assumes charge as Director General Naval Operations (DGNO) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1569593 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

===Flag rank===
On promotion to Flag Rank, Hampiholi took over as the Assistant Chief of Personnel (Human Resource Development) (ACOP HRD). The ACOP is an assistant principal staff officer appointment at naval headquarters. He then assumed the office of [[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST) at [[Kochi]]. As FOST, his charter included the conduct of the operational sea training of all ships of the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard]].

On 22 January 2018, Hampiholi assumed the office of the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral MA Hampiholi, NM Takes Over as Western Fleet Commander {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-ma-hampiholi-nm-takes-over-western-fleet-commander |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> For his command of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]], Hampiholi was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=#DefenceInvestitureCeremony #PresidentKovind @rashtrapatibhvn presenting awards to VAdm P Ajit Kumar FOCinC (West), VAdm S Anand COL, RAdm MA Hampiholi FOCWF, RAdm DK Tripathi FOCEF. and 1/2pic.twitter.com/gLBGPgwCoN |url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/1106152364170506242 |website=@indiannavy |language=en |date=14 March 2019}}</ref> Hampiholi took over as the [[Director General Naval Operations]] on promotion to the rank of [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] on 27 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral MA Hampiholi, AVSM, NM Assumes Charge as Director General Naval Operations |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-ma-hampiholi-avsm-nm-assumes-charge-director-general-naval-operations |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> On 27 July 2020, he assumed office as the [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Reporter |title=New Commandant for Naval Academy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/new-commandant-for-naval-academy/article32207749.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

After an eighteen-month long tenure, Hampiholi was appointed [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and took over on 30 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL MA HAMPIHOLI ASSUMES COMMAND OF SNC |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1776667 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> He superannuated on 31 December 2023 and was succeeded by [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Vennam Srinivas]].<ref name="PTN-051223">{{cite news|url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/nation/major-reshuffle-in-navy-vice-admiral-dinesh-tripathi-to-be-new-vice-chief-735491|title=Major reshuffle in Navy: Vice Admiral Dinesh Tripathi to be new Vice Chief|work=PTC News|date=2023-12-05}}</ref><ref name="HT-051223">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/highlyrated-vice-admiral-dinesh-tripathi-to-become-indias-new-vice-chief-of-navy-staff-101701746008487.html|title=Vice Admiral Dinesh Tripathi to become India's new Vice Chief of Navy Staff|first=Kunal|last=Gaurav|date=2023-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL V SRINIVAS TAKES OVER AS THE FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, SOUTHERN NAVAL COMMAND, KOCHI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1991948 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
Hampiholi was awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] in 2011, the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2019 and the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1893744|title=DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AND GALLANTRY AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL ON REPUBLIC DAY - 2023|publisher=PIB|date=2023-01-25}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Nau Sena Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Vice Admiral Anil Kumar Chawla handing over the charge of SNC to Vice Admiral M A Hampiholi.jpg|Vice Admiral [[Anil Kumar Chawla]] handing over the charge of [[Southern Naval Command]] to Vice Admiral M A Hampiholi.
File:Rear Admiral MA Hampiholi, Flag Officer Commander Western Fleet, at Varuna 2018.jpg|[[Rear admiral (India)|RAdm]] Hampiholi as [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet|FOCWF]] during Ex Varuna 2018
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]
* [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]
* [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=N N Rao}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]]|years=2007 - 2008}}
{{s-aft|after= M P Muralidharan}}
{{s-bef|before=S. K. Grewal}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]]|years=2016 - 2018}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after= [[Sanjay Jasjit Singh]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[R. B. Pandit]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]|years=2018 - 2019}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Satishkumar Namdeo Ghormade]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director General Naval Operations]]|years=2019 - 2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dinesh K Tripathi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dinesh K Tripathi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy|Commandant]], [[Indian Naval Academy]]|years=2020 - 29 November 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Puneet Kumar Bahl]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anil Kumar Chawla]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Southern Naval Command]] | years = 30 November 2021 - 31 December 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vennam Srinivas]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hampiholi, M A}}
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Western Fleet]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Sea Training]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Commandants of the Indian Naval Academy]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nau Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Naval War College, Goa alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Naval War College, Goa]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Directors General Naval Operations]]

Hemadpanti architecture

2026-03-11T19:42:13Z

Victorxsi: added formatting based on references and cleaned formatting

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Hemadpanti architecture
| image = Ratangad temple.jpg
| caption = Amruteshwar temple, Ratangad-an example of Hemadpanti style stone construction
| area = Deccan region, India
| built = 13th century
}}
'''Hemadpanti architecture''' (also spelled '''Hemadpanthi''') is an architectural style that originated in the 13th century in the Deccan region of India, under the patronage of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |date=2021-12-29 |title=Yadava Temples, Before and After |url=https://vimeo.com/660965291 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Vimeo}}</ref> Named after Hemadri Pandit (also known as [[Hemadpant]]), who was the prime minister of the [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahādeva]] and [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]], which ruled the western and southern part of [[India]]. The style is characterized by its use of dry masonry construction, relying on locally sourced black basalt and lime, rather than mortar.<ref name=":0" /> This construction technique, involving the precise interlocking of stones through tenon and mortise joints, provided both durability and seismic resistance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Parikh |first=Shreya |date=2023 |title=Architectural Decoding and Analysis of the Krishnabai Temple in Mahabaleshwar, India: A Comprehensive Documentation Study |url=https://journal.iccaua.com/index.php/jiccaua/article/view/163 |journal=Proceedings of the International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism-ICCAUA |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=710 |doi=10.38027/iccaua2023en0139|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Hemadpanti architecture blends elements from earlier [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyan]] traditions, with local cultural and geographical adaptations. Notable features of this style include star-shaped ground plans, intricate stone carvings, and serrated facades that create patterns of light and shadow. The design also incorporates layered ceiling structures, often with a central lotus motif symbolizing purity and renewal, particularly in temples.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=Exploring Hemadpanthi Style of Architecture: A Glimpse into India's Architectural Heritage – The Cultural Heritage of India |url=https://cultureandheritage.org/2024/02/exploring-hemadpanthi-style-of-architecture-a-glimpse-into-indias-architectural-heritage.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-08 |language=}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} Some noteworthy buildings include the temples in Pandharpur, Aundha Nagnath, and the Vijapur city walls, the Gondeshwar Temple at Sinnar Maharastra and the Daitya Sudan temple (Lunar).

== Definition ==
Emerging in India (present-day Maharashtra) between the 13th and 14th centuries, the Hemadpanthi style represents a distinctive architectural tradition. This concept was first introduced by Hemadri Pandit, a scholar and administrative official during the Yadava dynasty. A defining feature of this style is the use of dry masonry construction, which relies exclusively on locally sourced black stone and lime, omitting any binding agents. Instead, the structural integrity is achieved through precise interlocking techniques involving mortise and tenon joints.<ref name=":0" />

A structure can be identified as Hemadpanthi if it employs this construction method and draws design inspiration from the Purmyka style of Chalukyan temples. Notable examples of this architectural tradition include the Aundha Nagnath Temple and the Amruteshwar Temple, both of which exemplify the application of Hemadpanthi techniques.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==

=== Origin ===
The Hemadpanthi architectural style originated during the Yadava dynasty (1175–1317 CE) and flourished across the Deccan region of India.<ref name=":0" /> As a vassal state of the Chalukya dynasty, the Yadavas were deeply influenced by its architectural traditions. The Chalukyas were renowned for their grand and intricately decorated monumental structures, such as the Virupaksha Temple, which exemplifies the fusion of royal symbolism with religious devotion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Surender |date=2017 |title=A study on the history of Chalukya dynasty |url=https://www.themultidisciplinaryjournal.com/assets/archives/2017/vol2issue5/2-5-133-246.pdf |journal=International Journal of Advanced Educational Research |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=265–266}}</ref> However, while Chalukyan temples were primarily dedicated to Hindu deities and Jain spiritual leaders, this created an opportunity for the Yadavas, who were devoted to Shaivism, to develop a distinct architectural identity. Religion has historically played an important role in India, these places of worship have served as sites for both religious practices and the transmission of spiritual traditions. To safeguard the continuity of their faith, worshippers gradually developed the idea of establishing permanent sacred spaces. In 1187, the Yadava dynasty formally declared independence, freeing itself from Chalukyan rule.<ref name=":0" />

Following their independence, Yadava rulers actively sought to establish a distinct architectural style that would reinforce the symbolic significance of their political and religious authority. Their architects took inspiration from Chalukyan temples in the Malwa and Gujarat regions, adapting the designs innovatively to suit local cultural contexts and geographical conditions. For example, the relief was still existing, but the building area became smaller than that of Chalukyan temples. New small and medium-sized temples were built in many areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagoner |first=Phillip B. |date=2007 |title=Retrieving the Chalukyan past: the politics of architectural reuse in the sixteenth-century Deccan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02666030.2007.9628664 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2007.9628664|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Finally, Minister Hemadri (also known as Hemapant) is credited with combining these elements to form what became known as the Hemadpanthi architectural style.<ref name=":0" />

=== Development ===
[[File:Khandoba_temple_in_Beed_city.jpg|thumb|Khandoba Mandir,
[[Beed]] Example of Hemadpant Architecture.
]]
From the 13th to the early 14th century, when the Yadava dynasty was at its zenith, there was remarkable growth in Hemadpanthi architecture. The rulers in this period actively patronized and funded the development of temples. Stone masonry made buildings more economical and also enhanced their structural strength and earthquake resistance, contributing to its widespread adoption.<ref name=":1" />

The popularity of Hemadpanthi architecture also stemmed from the fact that it was a masterful blending of Chalukyan Bhumija elements with the aesthetic conventions of the time, achieving a harmonious balance between the art of the past and the needs of the present. Characterized by painstakingly designed gateways and star-shaped ground plans, with serrated facades that create patterns of light and shadow, especially in temple architecture, these buildings were not only places of worship but also custodians of the Yadavas' distinctive artistic and architectural genius. These qualities caused Hemadpanthi architecture to be widely used in numerous locations, securing its status as a significant architectural expression of the Yadava era.<ref name=":1" />

=== Decline ===
The Yadava dynasty was taken over by the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century, and there were significant political changes. The war stopped the construction of temples, and most of the Hemadpanti temples were destroyed by invading armies. To avoid making the temples conspicuous and to minimize the risk of further destruction, the builders modified the architecture of the surviving temples, limiting the external decorations as much as possible.<ref name=":1" />

By 1307, the Yadavas had totally disappeared from the region. New rulers arrived and brought about the adoption of Indo Islamic architectural styles. They placed limitations on the construction of Hindu temples. With a decrease in official support, Hemadpanthi architecture began to fade in influence over time. The number of craftsmen skilled in this construction technique was also decreasing, posing challenges for its sustainability. Luckily, Hemadpanthis architectural methods and structural advancements have been maintained in existing monuments continuing to impact subsequent architectural approaches and academic studies.<ref name=":1" />

== Characteristics ==

=== Dry Masonry Technique ===
A defining characteristic of Hemadpanthi architecture is its dry masonry method. Craftsmen worked with the basalt produced locally to meticulously shape each block and stack them without using mortar or contemporary bonding materials.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Costa |first1=Irieix |last2=Llorens |first2=Joan |last3=Chamorro |first3=Miquel Angel |last4=Fontas |first4=Joan |last5=Soler |first5=Jordi |last6=Gifra |first6=Ester |last7=Savalle |first7=Nathanael |date=25 November 2024 |title=Experimental Study of Mechanical Behavior of Dry-Stone Structure Contact |journal=Buildings |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=3744 |doi=10.3390/buildings14123744|doi-access=free }}</ref> Skilled artisans honed their craft through repeated practice. They made close ties between adjacent stones that not even a thin postcard can be inserted between them. And these buildings all had the ability to endure years of exposure to the elements and maintain stability.<ref name=":4" /> It showed that craftsman's deep knowledge of material characteristics and local weather conditions, representing a notable aspect of India's architectural history.

=== Material Selection ===
Hemadpanthi structures primarily use sourced black basalt and lime for their construction materials.The strength and durability of basalt make it ideal for the climatic and geological conditions of the Deccan region. Lime is also a good material to improve the bonding between stones in the absence of adhesives. These specific building materials ultimately endowed the building with a unique texture and vein.<ref name=":2" />

=== Layout ===
The Hemadpanthi style Hindu temples in Maharashtra from the 12th century showcase external and spatial arrangements with star shaped or polygonal layouts, on their facades accompanied by sawtooth patterns that play with light and shadow effectively. The sanctum (Garbhagriha) of a Hemadpanti temple typically adopts a square layout.{{cn|date=June 2025}} Connected to it is the main hall (Sabhamandapa), supported by several finely carved stone columns. These pillars, along with their capitals, are often embellished with reliefs that narrate mythological episodes, reflecting a high level of artistic skill. In some examples, arches are incorporated into the main hall's architecture to improve structural stability and spatial openness. On the southern side, a separate worship space (Bhogamandapa) is often included for ceremonies and celebratory gatherings. The temple’s exterior frequently features zigzagging walls composed of alternating convex and concave profiles, adding a sense of rhythm and depth to the facade. Most Hemadpanti temples face east, with the entrance oriented toward the rising sun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parikh |first1=Shreya |last2=Baghel |first2=Archana |date=June 2023 |title=Architectural Decoding and Analysis of the Krishnabai Temple in Mahabaleshwar, India: A Comprehensive Documentation Study |url=https://journal.iccaua.com/index.php/jiccaua/article/view/163 |journal=Proceedings of the International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism-ICCAUA |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=713–714 |doi=10.38027/iccaua2023en0139|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Decorative Content ===
The interior decoration of the building pays great attention to the expression of religious totems and mythological stories. Their inner sanctum generally enshrines major Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, or the goddess Lakshmi, with this being particularly common in temples dedicated to Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hiray |first=Baliram |date=2016 |title=Shree Dev Laxminarayan Temple, Walawal |url=https://heritageawards.intach.org/pdf/159 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)}}</ref> Surrounding walls are often carved with miniature sculptures of divine figures or guardian deities, arranged in niches according to traditional Hindu temple layout principles. These elements serve both devotional and decorative functions, enhancing the spiritual atmosphere while also offering visual richness. The elaborate design of the temples highlight the significance given to religious symbols and mythological stories. This design showcases the ruling elites focus on religious faith and creativity, representing the connection between political power and religion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Parikh |first1=Shreya |last2=Baghel |first2=Archana |date=June 2023 |title=Architectural Decoding and Analysis of the Krishnabai Temple in Mahabaleshwar, India: A Comprehensive Documentation Study |url=https://journal.iccaua.com/index.php/jiccaua/article/view/163 |journal=Proceedings of the International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism-ICCAUA |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=715–716 |doi=10.38027/iccaua2023en0139|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Ceiling Design ===
[[File:Iconography in the ceiling of colonnaded space, Krishnabai Temple.png|thumb|Iconography in the ceiling of colonnaded space, Krishnabai Temple]]
One unique feature of Hemadpanthi temple architecture is the layered ceiling design seen in shrines and pavilions. There is an arrangement with three distinct sections, in the ceiling. An outer square area, a central rhombus shape and a middle circular part adorned with lotus patterns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sohoni |first=P. |date=2023 |chapter=Squaring a Circle: Design and Construction in the Temple of Anwa |title=Chakshudana or Opening the Eyes |pages=78 |publisher=Routledge India |location=India |isbn=9781003291473}}</ref> The square and rhombus portions were composed of many independent carving components. This approach highlights stone carving craftsmanship and enhances the structural integrity of the ceiling. The main circular portion is typically crafted from a sizable stone and features the lotus motif—a symbol of purity and renewal in Indian culture—adding a profound religious significance to the design. Overview, this design spatial layout presents a visual flow from the periphery towards the middle, enhancing the artistic quality of the structure..<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

=== Cultural Expression ===
The Hemadpanti temple functioned not only as a site for worship but also as a hub for cultural continuity and community life. It carried the dual responsibility of transmitting cultural values and hosting public rituals. This dual role is embodied in the temple’s architectural detailing, from the refined execution of its statuary to the thematic variety of its carvings. Relief panels depict local legends, emotional expressions, seasonal rituals, and daily life, ensuring the preservation of intangible cultural heritage in tangible form. The artistic choices and narrative styles reflect a conscious effort to go beyond local norms, incorporating elements from other regions. Visual traditions from Maharashtra merge seamlessly with influences from South India and beyond, revealing a pattern of cross-regional artistic interaction. This cultural interplay illustrates the inclusive and adaptive nature of Indian temple art, which balances regional identity with broader artistic dialogues.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Case Study ==

=== Markanda Temple complex ===
Temples built in the Hemadpanti style are rarely isolated structures. They often appear in groups, forming visually striking clusters or even small-scale temple towns. In certain cases, multiple Hemadpanti temples were constructed together in previously uninhabited areas, resulting in expansive and unified temple complexes.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |date=2025-05-08 |title=An Iconic "Markanda", Architectural Heritage from Vidarbha: A Case Study |url=https://krishisanskriti.org/vol_image/09Sep201508090008.pdf |page=57 |isbn=978-93-83083-76-3}}</ref>

The Markanda Temple complex, located on the left bank of the Wainganga River, is famous for its Hemandpanthi-style Shiva temple architecture. Architects speculate that the temples were built between the 10th and 11th centuries. At the time of its construction, the Markanda Temple Complex comprised a total of 24 temples, covering an area of 196 x 168 square feet. The interior of the temple is carved with a large number of exquisite reliefs, totaling more than 400. Sculptures include human figures, geese and monkeys, and about half of the sculptures depict various figures of Shiva and Parvati. The main hall of the temple is supported by four ornate columns, and above the temple stands a tall spire. These elements showed that the overall architectural style was very elegant, historian A. C. Ningham once described it as "the most picturesque temple complex".<ref name=":7" />

But as time went by, many temples were broken or even in ruins. The main temple was struck by lightning about 260 years ago, destroying the spire and the roof of the hall. Although it was later restored at the expense of a Gond nobility, the temple could no longer be restored to original state. Until today, only 18 temples remain, and only four are in good condition. In honour of its unique architectural and cultural value, the Archaeological Survey of India has listed this place as an architectural heritage of the Vidabad region.<ref name=":7" />
=== Mankeshwar Temple ===
The Nashik area is often regarded as the birthplace of the Yadava people, where a large number of Hemadpanti style temples have been built, one of the most exquisite temples is the Mankeshwar Temple. This temple was built in the 12th century on Jhatumbya hill near Malegaon. Stones of the temple are taken from the south side of the mountain, reflecting the characteristics of local materials.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Built Heritage {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/built-heritage |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref> The exterior of the building is decorated with spectacular sculptures depicting hunting scenes, dancers, Rambha, Tilottama and Urvashi. One of the palaces inside the temple, sabha bhavan, stands on twelve huge columns, and there are many statues of dancers on the rotunda. The ceiling of the palace, antarala, is carved with a turtle, and the gates are carved with other beasts, hagins, and goddesses such as Gandava. The entrance to garbha griha is carved with a statue of the Elephant-headed god. Another palace, Bhogamandap, had two halls with Windows, which was relatively rare in architecture at the time. With these setting details, the palace can obtain good lighting and ventilation conditions, and large gatherings are sometimes held there.<ref name=":8" /> The interior and exterior of the Mankeshwar Temple are the result of careful design, showing the exquisite craftsmanship of the craftsmen of the time. In particular, the sculptures carved on the building are rare sights in the world.<ref name=":8" />

== Current State of Preservation ==
Hemadpanti temples are more than just architectural artifacts—they represent a vital part of Maharashtra's cultural identity and India’s broader religious and artistic heritage.<ref name=":2" /> These structures exemplify the technical mastery of ancient craftsmen and the depth of spiritual conviction that guided their creation. However, many of these temples are now in alarming states of neglect due to long-term disrepair and the absence of structured conservation. Some are surrounded by modern housing, others repurposed for secular use, and several suffer from structural damage that places them at risk of collapse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parikh |first1=Shreya |last2=Baghel |first2=Archana |date=2023 |title=Architectural Decoding and Analysis of the Krishnabai Temple in Mahabaleshwar, India: AComprehensive Documentation Study |url=https://journal.iccaua.com/index.php/jiccaua/article/view/163 |journal=Proceedings of the International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism-ICCAUA |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=709–721 |doi=10.38027/iccaua2023en0139|doi-access=free }}</ref>

According to a 2012 ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' report, ruins of a 13th-century Hemadpanti-style temple were uncovered in Roha village, Bhandara district, during the “Vainganga Shodh Yatra,” a collaborative expedition by researchers from the Gomukh Trust in Pune, the Bhandara Natural and Cultural Research Council, and the Vidarbha Water Resources Organization. The team discovered statues near a Hanuman temple on the village’s outskirts, including depictions of Shiva and Parvati (Uma-Maheshwar), Ganesh, a serpent deity, and headless figures presumed to be additional Ganesh idols. Other finds included stone fragments such as Amalak rings—typically placed atop temple spires—and further sculptural remnants. These findings strongly suggest the historical presence of a significant Hemadpanti temple at the site.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2012-02-09 |title=Hemadpanthi temple found in Roha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/hemadpanthi-temple-found-in-roha/articleshow/11817689.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Archaeologist Dr. Manohar Naranje has confirmed the temple dates back to the 13th century, when the area was populated by affluent families who commissioned many grand temples. However, like many others, this site has fallen into ruin.<ref name=":6" /> Without coordinated conservation efforts, these structures face the risk of being lost or forgotten. Proactive maintenance and restoration are critical to ensure these temples endure as tangible witnesses to India’s layered cultural and religious history.

== References ==
<references />

==External links ==
{{Architecture of India}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]

Thaai

2026-03-04T04:51:59Z

Victorxsi: brief reworked article for consistency and improved wording

{{Long plot|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thaai poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[D. Yoganand]]
| producer = S. S. Prakash S. Rajan
| screenplay =
| story = M. S. Solaimalai
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = G. Vittal Rao
| editing = R. Vittal
| studio = Babu Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1974|03|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thaai''''' ({{translation|Mother}}) is a 1974 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[D. Yoganand]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], [[Kumari Padmini]] and [[S. Varalakshmi]]. It was released on 7 March 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=161-170 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp17.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227175030/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp17.htm |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=2014-09-11 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Samidurai, a habitual gambler had fled the country to Singapore with a wrong impression that he had accidentally murdered his pregnant wife Karpagam. With the help of his sister Mangalam and her husband, he changes his name to Duraisami and gets an employment. Soon his fortune changes as Duraisami gets lucky to inherit the wealth of his boss.

But, Karpagam had survived and is living in Vadipatti with Anandan, her son and Kaveri, a girl who is believed to be Anandan's sister. Anandan grows up into an unruly youngster, gambling with Minor Arunagiri, picking up quarrels with people and walking out of every job he gets due to one reason or the other. But he remains respectful to his mother and showers affection to his sister Kaveri. He is also in love with Sivakami, daughter of Chinnaiah Pillai, a good Samaritan who keeps helping Karpagam and her children.

Karpagam, with her hard earned savings purchases a piece of land for her son Anandan as he couldn't stick to any job. But, he continues his acquaintance with Minor Arunagiri until the latter in a drunken state attempts to outrage the modesty of Kaveri letting Anandan watch helplessly. In a fit of rage, Anandan breaks Minor Arunagiri's left hand after rescuing his sister from his devilish friend. Anandan repents for his mistakes and promises his mother to behave properly in the future.

In the meanwhile, Duraisami acquires huge plots of land in the village and Anandan is among the ten lessees, thanks to Chinnaiah Pillai. Anandan and Chinnaiah Pillai travel to Chennai to meet Duraisami and the estranged father and son meet for the first time without realizing their actual relationship. Duraisami still lives with his sister Mangalam and her son Kumar. Kumar, being a money-minded person attempts to tarnish the image of Anandan during his stay in Chennai only to get disappointed as Duraisami develops impeccable faith and affection for Anandan.

As harvest season approaches, Duraisami sends Karpagam and Kumar to Vadipatti, assuring to reach the village after a few days. Kumar, after reaching the village joins hands with Minor Arunagiri and plot against Anandan. Kumar conspires to marry Sivakami and convinces Minor Arunagiri to forego his fascination for the girl to which the greedy Minor Arunagiri agrees.

Eventually, Duraisami visits the village and evinces keen interest in the plot of land that Karpagam had bought for Anandan. Anandan politely refuses to sell the land citing sentimental reasons which Duraisami accepts and gives up the idea. However, Karpagam who hadn't seen Duraisami yet, develops a negative impression about Duraisami and vehemently refuses to accept Anandan's explanations.

Anandan learns of Kaveri's love affair with Shanmugam and with the help of Chinnaiah Pillai, arranges for their engagement. Kumar disrupts the groom family's procession and also steals the paddy cultivated from Anandan's land. A ferocious Anandan wishes to hack both Kumar and Minor Arunagiri but gets stopped by his beloved mother. Anandan vows not to hurt anyone anymore. Kumar, however continues his grudge against Anandan and injures him surrounded by Minor Arunagiri and his goons. Duraisami and Chinnaiah Pillai rush to the scene, rescue Anandan and escort him to his house where Karpagam is not present. Duraisami gives some hefty cash to Anandan for his sister's engagement and leaves. Karpagam after returning home is angry with Anandan for accepting cash from a stranger and Anandan decides to return the cash to Duraisami.

In the meanwhile, Duraisami orders Kumar and Mangalam to leave his house. Mangalam gets emotional and screams at her brother for being ungrateful to her for all the help she and her husband did after Duraisami had murdered his own wife. Kumar takes advantage of this secret, blackmails Duraisami and manages to create a rift between him and Anandan.

With Minor Arunagiri's help, Kumar visits Chinnaiah Pillai's house and proposes to marry Sivakami. Anandan disagrees with Sivakami's plan to elope and get married somewhere outside the village. Karpagam assures Sivakami that she would talk to Annapurani and convince her to allow Sivakami to marry Anandan. But, Annapurani stops Karpagam in the entrance as already Duraisamy and Mangalam are seated inside to finalise Kumar-Sivakami marriage. Mangalam watches Karpagam pleading with Annapurani and realizes that Duraisami's wife is still alive. Sivakami argues with Duraisami and explains to him her unwillingness to marry Kumar which the latter appreciates.

Duraisami decides not to succumb to Kumar's pressure anymore. Even though Mangalam explains to Kumar that Duraisami hasn't killed his wife as he believes, Kumar hatches a plan to kill his uncle with the help of Minor Arunagiri.

Anandan suspects that Duraisami is under siege decides to go to his house and seek clarifications. Duraisami shows Anandan a picture of Karpagam whom he still considers to be dead. Anandan explains that Karpagam is alive and she is his mother. Duraisami, briefly glad to know about Karpagam's well-being, raises doubts about Kaveri, because at the time of fleeing, Karpagam had conceived her first child, Anandan. An emotional Anandan reaches home, informs about Duraisami and asks her about Kaveri. With Duraisami overhearing from outside, Karpagam reveals that Kaveri is the daughter of her erstwhile neighbor friend who died in a road accident. Once doubts are clarified, Duraisami enters the house and the family reunites.

Minor Arunagiri kidnaps Sivakami and keeps her in captivity for Kumar. Anandan reaches the spot, rescues her after a fight. Duraisami resumes living with his wife, son and daughter.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Ananthan
*[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Sivakami
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Samidurai / Duraisami (Ananthan's father)
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as Karpagam (Ananthan's mother)
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Kumar (Mangalam's son)
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Chinnaiya Pillai (Sivakami's father)
*[[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Minor Arunagiri
*[[Sukumari]] as Mangalam (Duraisamy's sister)
*[[Kumari Padmini]] as Kaveri (Ananthan's sister)
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Palakadu Pappamma
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Annapoorani (Sivakami mother)
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Mahalingam (Pannaiyar)
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala]] as Gulopjon (Dancer)
}}
==Production==
The song "Naan Paarthalum" was shot at [[AVM Studios]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 1974 |title=சிவாஜி கணேசன் பட்டண அனுபவம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_39/4.jp2/full/5753,/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251211024436/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_39/4.jp2/full/5753,/0/default.jpg |archive-date=11 December 2025 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by MS Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/thaai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ms-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728123635/https://macsendisk.com/product/thaai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ms-viswanathan/ |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaai |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/thaai_120920 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225044345/https://www.saregama.com/album/thaai_120920 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Enga Mamanukkum Mamikkum" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:41
|-
| "Mangalam Kaappaal" || [[S. Varalakshmi]] || 04:32
|-
| "Chinna Kutti Azhaga"|| [[L. R. Eswari]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 4:51
|-
| "Naan Pathalum Pathean"|| T. M. Soundararajan ||5:06
|-
| "Nadala Vantharau"||T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela||4:26
|}

==Reception==
''Navamani'' praised the acting, dialogues, music and also praised Yoganand's direction for directing the old plot in an watchable manner.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 1974 |title=தாய் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_55/4.jp2/375,0,7986,5706/7986,5706/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251211033922/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_55/4.jp2/375,0,7986,5706/7986,5706/0/default.jpg |archive-date=11 December 2025 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{D. Yoganand}}

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1974 drama films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Yoganand]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dinosaurs (film)

2026-03-03T02:32:24Z

Victorxsi: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Infobox film
| name = Dinosaurs
| image = Dinosaurs Tamil poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = M. R. Madhavan
| writer = M. R. Madhavan
| producer = Srinivas Sambandam
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Avishek Karthik|Udhay Karthik]]
* [[Rishi Rithvik]]
* [[Saipriya Deva]]
}}
| cinematography = Jones V. Anand
| editing = R. Kalaivanan
| music = [[Bobo Shashi]]
| studio = Galaxy Pictures
| distributor = Romeo Pictures
| released = {{film date|2023|07|28|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dinosaurs''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language action film written and directed by M. R. Madhavan. The film stars [[Avishek Karthik|Udhay Karthik]], [[Rishi Rithvik]], [[Saipriya Deva]] and Maara in the lead roles. The film was produced by Srinivas Sambandam under the banners of Galaxy Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-20 |title=Dinosaurs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/dinosaurs/articleshow/101980236.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727180312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/dinosaurs/articleshow/101980236.cms |archive-date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Avishek Karthik|Udhay Karthik]] as Mannu
* [[Rishi Rithvik]] as Dhana
* [[Saipriya Deva]] as Deepa
* Maara as Durai
* D. Maneksha as Salaiyar
* Kavin Jay Babu as Kiliyappan
* T. N. Arun Balaji as Thulukanam
* Saipriya Deva as Deepa
* Yamini Chander as Yamini
* Janaki Suresh as Mannu's mother
* Manimaran Srinivasan as Mannu's uncle
* Jothi as Durai's mother
* Tara Krish as Kiliyappan's sister
* C. Sathyaseelan as Kiliyappan's driver
* Uma Rani as Salaiyar's wife
* Sathish as Manoharan
* Purushoth as Assistant Commissioner
* Eswari as Thulukanam's wife
* [[Senthil]] as Bus Conductor (guest appearance)
* [[Ramana (director)|Ramana]] as Arumugam (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Madhavan, who had previously worked as an assistant director to [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] and [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]], began work on the film in early 2020. After narrating the script to over thirty different actors, Madhavan opted to select [[Avishek Karthik]] for the lead role, expressing the importance of having a relatively unknown lead actor to suit the script. He had been recommended to contact Karthik after interacting with filmmaker [[H. Vinoth]]. For the film, Karthik adapted a different stage name of Udhay Karthik. [[Rishi Rithvik]], who had played lead role in the film ''[[Attu (film)|Attu]]'' (2017) was cast in a supporting role.<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2020 |title=Sridevi's nephew plays the lead in this gangster film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sridevis-nephew-plays-the-lead-in-this-gangster-film/articleshow/79695831.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727180321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sridevis-nephew-plays-the-lead-in-this-gangster-film/articleshow/79695831.cms |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

Production on the film began in early 2020 and continued for 30 days, before being paused as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The shoot restarted following the lifting of government restrictions and was mostly complete by the end of 2020. A first look poster was subsequently released by Karthik's cousin, actress [[Jhanvi Kapoor]], in December 2020.<ref name="toi" />

The film garnered attention during its promotional trail in April 2023, owing to remarks made about the director's appearance by [[Mysskin]], who attended a trailer release event as a guest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2023 |title=Director Mysskin Courts Criticism For His Controversial Comment On Chain Smoking |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/director-mysskin-courts-criticism-for-his-controversial-comment-on-chain-smoking-7645459.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728150111/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/director-mysskin-courts-criticism-for-his-controversial-comment-on-chain-smoking-7645459.html |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=News18}}</ref> Prior to the release of the film in July 2023, the production house Romeo Pictures announced plans of collaborating with director Madhavan again for their next venture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romeo Pictures to back Dinosaurs director M R Madhavan's next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/27/romeo-pictures-to-back-dinosaurs-director-m-r-madhavans-next-46026.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728150111/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/27/romeo-pictures-to-back-dinosaurs-director-m-r-madhavans-next-46026.html |archive-date=2023-07-28 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Logesh Balachandra of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "Overall, DieNoSirs delivers an ambitious and engaging gangster-drama experience, offering both highs and lows along the way" and gave 3 stars of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dinosaurs Movie Review : Unique narrative and staging make this gangster drama a noteworthy addition to the genre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dinosaurs/movie-review/102162836.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dinosaurs/movie-review/102162836.cms |archive-date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Nakkheeran]]'' wrote that "If the second half had given the same goosebumps as the first half, the film would have been talked about even more. However, some episodes that are seen here and there in the entire film are well made and make us enjoy the film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=எப்படி இருக்கிறது டைனோசர்ஸ்? - விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/dinosaurs-dienosirs-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727180505/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/dinosaurs-dienosirs-movie-review |archive-date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref> Shameena Parveen of ''[[Samayam]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and stated that "The director has given a different take on the already familiar gangster drama."<ref>{{Cite web |title=டைனோசர்ஸ் விமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/dinosaurs-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/102170742.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727180732/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/dinosaurs-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/102170742.cms |archive-date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[ABP Nadu]]'' critic rated 3 out of 5 and gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=கீர்த்தனா |date=2023-07-26 |title=ஷார்ப் வசனங்கள், கேங் வார்... வட சென்னை 'டைனோசர்ஸ்' திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-dinosaurs-die-no-sirs-movie-direction-m-r-madhavan-udhay-karthik-sai-priya-dheva-starring-2023-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-131191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727180836/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-dinosaurs-die-no-sirs-movie-direction-m-r-madhavan-udhay-karthik-sai-priya-dheva-starring-2023-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-131191 |archive-date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt27598618}}

[[Category:Films scored by Bobo Shashi]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2023 action films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Quli Qutb Shah

2026-03-02T14:00:31Z

Victorxsi: improved citations additionally and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Sultan of Golconda from 1518 to 1543}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Sultan Quli
| title = Qutb-ul-Mulk (Pillar of the Realm)
| image = Portret van Bara Malik hij is eerst vizier geweest van de sultan die over de stad Bidar regeerde later werd hij heerser van Golconda en heeft hij Golconda gesticht, RP-T-00-3186-19A.jpg
| caption = {{circa|1686}} portrait of Sultan Quli
| succession = 1st [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Ruler of Golconda]]
| reign = 7 December 1518<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551|title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |year=1946 |author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani|publisher=Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan |oclc=3971780|page=386}}</ref>
– 2 September 1543<ref>{{Citation|work=A Social History of the Deccan,1300-1761|editor-last1=Eaton|editor-first1=Richard Maxwell|title=From the early sultanate to Aurangzeb|url=https://archive.org/details/iB_in/1-8/page/n166/mode/1up|publisher=Cambridge university press}}</ref>
| coronation =
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]]
| spouse =
| issue = Qutbuddin [[Jamsheed Qutb Shah|Jamsheed]] Abdul Khadir Abdul Karim Husayn [[Ibrahim Qutb Shah|Ibrahim]]
| royal house = [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]]
| father = Uways Quli Beg
| mother = Maryam Khanum
| birth_date = 1485<ref>{{Citation|work=Landmarks of Deccan|year=1927|editor-last1=Bilgrami|editor-first1=Syed Ali Asghar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280768/page/n22/mode/1up|title=Dates of accession of Qutub Shahi Sultans}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hamadan]], [[Aq Qoyunlu]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1543|9|2|1485|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Sultanate of Golconda]]
| burial_place = [[Qutb Shahi tombs]], Hyderabad
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
}}
'''Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk''',<ref>{{cite book|title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4UKJFLZVcEC|page=1|author=Masʻūd Ḥusain K̲h̲ān̲|year=1996| publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=9788126002337 }}</ref> more often though less correctly referred to in [[English language|English]] as '''Quli Qutb Shah'''{{efn|"Sultan" was a part of his name, Sultan Quli (also spelled Sultan-Quli),<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty|author=Haroon Khan Sherwani|year=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoYgAAAAMAAJ|page=52|quote=Although the name Sultan-Quli might suggest royal dignity, the epithet 'Sultan' is only a part of his name}}</ref> the whole of which meaning 'slave of the sultan' or 'slave of the ruler'<ref>{{cite book|title=When Sun Meets Moon: Gender, Eros, and Ecstasy in Urdu Poetry|author=Scott Kugle|year=2016}}</ref> (see other male given names built from Quli at "[[Quli (Turkic)]]"); and he never proclaimed his kingship (the first of his successors to do so was [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty|author=Haroon Khan Sherwani|year=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoYgAAAAMAAJ|page=62|quote=Qutbu'lmulk never proclaimed his kingship, and in all probability the first ruler of Golkonda to do so was Ibrāhīm Qutb Shāh}}</ref>}} (1485 – 2 September 1543), was the founder of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]], which ruled the [[Sultanate of Golconda]] in southern [[India]] from 1518 to 1687.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=118}}</ref> Of [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]]<ref name="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">{{cite book|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|year=1991|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q88AQAAIAAJ|quote=Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda was a Turkoman of Qara Qayunlu (Black Sheep) tribe and Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur, according to Ferishta, was the son of Sultan Murad II of Turkey.}}</ref> origin and born in [[Persia]], he originally served the [[Bahmani sultanate|Bahmani sultan]], and was awarded the title Qutb-ul-Mulk (Pillar of the Realm) as military chief;<ref>{{cite book|title=When Sun Meets Moon: Gender, Eros, and Ecstasy in Urdu Poetry|author=Scott Kugle|year=2016}}</ref> he eventually took control of Golconda.

==Background==
Originally named Sultan Quli, he was a [[Shi'i]] [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]]<ref name="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"/> from the city of [[Hamadan]] in [[Persia]].<ref name="Siddiqi1956">{{cite book|last=Siddiqi|first=Abdul Majeed|title=History of Golcunda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omYgAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Literary Publications|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Cole2011">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=Juan R.I.|authorlink1=Juan Cole|editor1=Nikki R. Keddie|editor-link1=Nikki Keddie|editor2=Rudi Matthee|editor-link2=Rudi Matthee|title=Iranian Culture and South Asia, 1500–1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLlcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|series=Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics|year=2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle and London|isbn=978-0-295-80024-0|page=25}}</ref> He was the son of Uways Quli Beg, of the [[Qara Qoyunlu]] dynasty, and Maryam Khanum, a daughter of the Hamadan noble Malik Saleh. Through his father, he was descended from the Turkoman ruler [[Qara Yusuf]] twice over; his grandparents, Pir Quli Beg and Khadija Begum, were grandchildren of Qara Yusuf's sons [[Qara Iskander]] and [[Jahan Shah]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Minorsky|first=V.|date=1955-01-01|title=The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)|jstor=609229|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=17|issue=1|pages=50–73|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00106342}}</ref><ref>Ramanand Vidya Bhawan, ''The Indian Historical Quarterly, Volume 16, Issues 1–4'', 1985, p.711</ref>

He migrated to [[Delhi]] with some of his relatives and friends, including his uncle Allah Quli Beg, at the beginning of the 16th century. Later, he travelled south to [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and served the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani sultan]].<ref name="Michell">George Michell, Mark Zebrowski, ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]: 1. The Portuguese in India'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 17.</ref> Due to his successful leadership in military conflicts, he received the title "Qutb-ul-Mulk".<ref name="Nayeem2006">{{cite book|last=Nayeem|first=M. A.|title=The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V48MAQAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Hyderabad Publishers|location=Hyderabad|isbn=978-81-85492-23-0|page=3}}</ref>

==Establishing the Qutb Shahi Sultanate==
[[File:Tomb of Sultan Quli Qutb Shah 01.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Sultan Quli Qutb Shah in [[Hyderabad]]]]
After the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate into the five [[Deccan sultanates]], he declared independence and took the title of '''Qutb Shah''', and established the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] of [[Golconda]].<ref name="Rao1988">{{cite book|last=Rao|first=P. Raghunadha|title=History of Modern Andhra Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncxAAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-0878-5|page=18}}</ref> Even though there is ample evidence that he never proclaimed his kingship. The inscription on his grave itself names him as Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk:
[[File:Tomb of Sultan Quli Qutb Shah 02.jpg|thumb|His grave]]{{blockquote|{{lang|ar
|انتقل صاحب هذه الروضة الرضية وهو الملك المغفور

السعيد الشهيد الغازي لوجه الله والمجاهد في سبيل الله الملك سلطان قلي

المخاطب به قطب الملك المشهور به بر ملك انار الله برهانه الى جوار رحمه الله في يوم الاثنين ثاني شهر جمادى الثانية سنة ٩٥٠}}}}

Many historians have misattributed the word 'Sultan' in his name but his whole name just meant 'Servant of the Sultan' just like his Uncle Allah Quli which meant 'Servant of Allah'.<ref>{{Citation|work=Mohammad Qutub Quli Shah,Founder of Hyderabad|editor-last1=Sherwani|year=1967|editor-first1=Haroon Khan|title=Qutub Ul Mulk|publisher=Asian Publishing House|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.46692/page/n21/mode/1up|pages= 4–5}}</ref>

==Extension of the Sultanate==
Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was a contemporary of [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishana Deva Raya]] and his younger brother [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Sultan Quli extended his rule by capturing forts at [[Warangal]], [[Kondapalli]], [[Eluru]], and [[Rajamundry]],{{Cn|date=May 2024|reason=We find these territories (Kondapalli & Rajamundry) being conquered by Krishnadevaraya after defeating Gajapati Empire and the same territories before were under Gajapatis until the invasion led by Raya}} while Krishnadevaraya was fighting the ruler of [[Odisha]]. He defeated [[Shitab Khan|Sitapati Raju]] (known as Shitab Khan), the ruler of [[Khammam]], and captured the fort. He forced [[Jeypore|Jeypore's]] ruler [[Vishwanath Dev Gajapati]] to [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] all the territories between the mouths of [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers.<ref>{{cite book |author=KSB Singh |title=Nandapur A Forsaken Kingdom |year=1939 |publisher=Utkal Sahitya Press |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209240 |page=18}}</ref> In 1513, Krishnadevaraya commanded Vijayanagar forces against [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda Sultan]] Quli Qutb Shah in [[Pangala]]. The Vijayanagar army, however, faced defeat, resulting in the capture of the Pangal fort by Golconda forces. Consequently, Raya retreated from the battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZKHDAAAQBAJ |title=Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan 1850–1948 |date=2007-01-08 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-60344-8 |pages=47 |language=en |quote=Vijayanagar king Krishnadevaraya opted to march against the Qutb Shah leader. He came with 30,000 horses and 3,000 foot soldiers. Quli Qutb responded, and the two armies met at Pangal where the Vijayanagar army had encamped. In battle, the Golconda forces were successful, forcing the retreat of Krishnadevaraya who left behind a small force to defend the fort. The fort occupants held out for nearly two months before capitulating to the besieging Qutb Shah forces.}}</ref>

==Death and succession==
In 1543, while he was offering his prayers, Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was assassinated by his second son, [[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]].<ref name="Michell" /> Jamsheed Quli also blinded Sultan Quli's eldest son and heir, Qutbuddin Quli, and assumed the throne. His sixth son [[Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah]] fled to [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara]]. Jamsheed Quli also killed his brother (the third son of Sultan Quli), Abdul Qadeer, who had revolted after their father's death.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title='''Quli Qutb Shah'''|before=-|after=[[Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah]]|years=7 December 1518 – 2 September 1543}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bahmani Sultanate}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Quli Qutb Shah}}
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1543 deaths]]
[[Category:Sultans of Golconda]]
[[Category:Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:People from Hamadan province]]
[[Category:1485 births]]
[[Category:People from the Bahmani Sultanate]]

Kabir

2026-02-22T11:56:47Z

Victorxsi:

{{short description|15th-16th century Indian poet and sant}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox philosopher
|honorific_prefix = [[Sant (religion)|Sant]]
|image = Kabir004.jpg
|image_size = 196
|alt =
|caption = Painting of Kabir weaving, {{circa|1825}}
|name =
|birth_date = 1398<ref name="Machwe_1968"/>{{Rp|13–14}}
|birth_place = [[Varanasi|Banaras]], [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] (present-day [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
|death_date =
|death_place = [[Maghar, India|Maghar]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
|main_interests = {{hlist|[[Mysticism]]|[[theism]]|[[syncretism]]|[[poetry]]}}
|region=[[South Asia]]
|movement=[[Kabir panth]]
|language= {{hlist|[[Sadhukkadi]]|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]}}
|era = [[Bhakti movement]]
|notable_students= {{hlist|[[Dharamdas]]|Bhagodas}}
|academic_advisors=[[Ramananda]]
}}
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
{{Sufism}}
'''Kabir''' ({{Flourished}} 15th century)<ref name="Machwe_1968"/>{{Rp|14–15}} was a well-known Indian devotional [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[poet]] and [[Saint|saint]]. His writings influenced [[Hinduism]]'s [[Bhakti movement]], and his verses are found in Sikhism's scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the [[:File:SadGranth Sahib.jpg|Satguru Granth Sahib]] of [[Garib Das|Saint Garib Das]],<ref>{{cite book
| last = Keay
| first = F. E.
| author-link =
| title = Kabir and his followers : the religious life of India
| publisher = Association Press
| series =
| volume =
| edition =
| date = 1931
| location = Calcutta
| pages = 164–165
| language =
| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7618/page/n175/mode/2up
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =
| mr =
| zbl =
| jfm = }}</ref> and Kabir Sagar of [[Dharamdas]].<ref name=britannicakabir>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Kabir|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica)) |year=2022 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kabir-Indian-mystic-and-poet|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Tinker|1990|p=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/75 75]–77}}{{sfn|McGregor|1984|p=47}} Today, Kabir is an important figure in [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]] and in [[Sufism in India|Sufism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hess |first=Linda |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199374168.001.0001 |title=Bodies of Song |date=1 August 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-937416-8 |pages="Muslim singers in India and Pakistan still sing Kabir’s verses in Sufi musical styles," p. 8|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199374168.001.0001 }}</ref> He was a disciple of [[Ramananda]], the founder of the [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]].

Born in the city of [[Varanasi]] in what is now [[Uttar Pradesh]], he is known for being critical of organised religions. He questioned what he regarded to be the meaningless and unethical practices of all religions, primarily what he considered to be the wrong practices in Hinduism and Islam.<ref name=britannicakabir/>{{sfn|Henderson Garcia|2002|pp=70–71}} During his lifetime, he was threatened by both Hindus and Muslims for his views.{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|p=4}} When he died, several Hindus and the Muslims he had inspired claimed him as theirs.{{sfn|Tinker|1990|p=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/75 75]–77}}

Kabir suggested that "truth" is with the person who is on the path of righteousness, who considers everything, living and non living, as divine, and who is passively detached from the affairs of the world.{{sfn|Tinker|1990|p=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/75 75]–77}} To know the truth, suggested Kabir, drop the "I", or the ego.{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|p=4}} Kabir's legacy survives and continues through the [[Kabir panth]] ("Path of Kabir"), [[Sant Mat]] sect that recognises Kabir as its founder. Its members are known as ''Kabir panthis''.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1987|pp=281–302}}

==Early life and background==
The years of Kabir's birth and death are uncertain.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1991|pp=12-18}}{{sfn|Dass|1991|p=14}} Some [[historians]] favour 1398–1448 as the period Kabir lived,{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002}}{{sfn|Dass|1991|p=5}} while others favour 1440–1518.<ref name=britannicakabir/><ref name=lorenzen06>{{cite book |last=Lorenzen |first=David N. |title=Who invented Hinduism?: essays on religion in history |year=2006 |publisher=Yoda Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=8190227262 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC}}</ref>{{sfn|Dass|1991|p=106}} Generally, Kabir is believed to have been born in [[iarchive:in.gov.ignca.46892/page/n15|1398 (Samvat 1455)]],<ref name="Machwe_1968">{{cite book
| last = Machwe
| first = Prabhakar
| author-link =
| title = Kabir
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| series =
| volume =
| edition =
| date = 1968
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 14–15
| language =
| url = http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.46892/page/n15/mode/2up
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =
| mr =
| zbl =
| jfm = }}</ref>{{Rp|14–15}} on the [[full moon day]] of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha month]] (according to the historical Hindu calendar [[Vikram Samvat]]) at the time of [[Brahmamuhurtha|Brahmamuharta]]. There is a considerable scholarly debate on the circumstances surrounding Kabir's birth. Many followers of Kabir believe that he came from ''Satloka'' by assuming the body of light, and incarnated on a lotus flower and claim that the rishi Ashtanand was the direct witness of this incident, who himself appeared on a lotus flower in the [[Lahartara Pond]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kabir |first1=15th cent |url=https://archive.org/details/bijakofkabirtran00kabiuoft/page/3/mode/1up |title=The Bijak of Kabir; translated into English |last2=Ahmad Shah |date=1917 |publisher=Hamirpur, U.P |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

A few accounts mention that Kabir, in the form of in infant, was found at Lahartara Lake by a Muslim weaver named Niru and his wife Nima, who raised him as their child.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1991|p=7}}

Kabir is believed to have become one of the many disciples of the Bhakti poet-saint Swami [[Ramananda]] in Varanasi, known for devotional [[Vaishnavism]] with a strong bent to [[monism|monist]] [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] philosophy teaching that God was inside every person and everything.{{sfn|Tinker|1990|p=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/75 75]–77}}{{sfn|Pande|2010|p=77}}{{sfn|McGregor|1984|pp=43–44}} Early texts about his life place him with Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism as well as the Sufi tradition of Islam.{{sfb|Rizvi|1983|p=412|loc= "The author of the ''Dabistan-i Mazahib'' placed Kabir against the background of the legends of the Vaishnavite ''vairagis'' (mendicants) with whom he was identified, but a contemporary of his, Shaikh 'Abdu'r-Rahman Chisti, combined both the ''Bairagi'' and the ''muwwahid'' traditions about Kabir in his ''Mir'atu'l-asrar'' and also made him a Firdaussiya Sufi."}} According to Irfan Habib, the two manuscript versions of the Persian text ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]]'' are the earliest known texts with biographical information about Kabir.<ref name=ihabib>{{cite journal|author = Irfan Habib| title= A Fragmentary Exploration of an Indian Text on Religions and Sects: Notes on the Earlier Version of the Dabistan-i-Mazahib| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=61| year=2001| pages= 479–480| jstor= 44148125}}</ref> The ''Dabestan-e-Mazaheb'' states Kabir is a "Bairagi" (Vaishnava yogi) and states he is a disciple of Ramanand (the text refers to him repeatedly as "Gang").

Kabir's family is believed to have lived in the locality of [[Kabir Chaura]] in [[Varanasi|Varanasi (Banaras)]]. ''Kabīr [[matha|maṭha]]'' ({{lang|sa|कबीरमठ}}), a ''maṭha'' located in the back alleys of Kabir Chaura, celebrates his life.{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=291}} Accompanying the property is a house named ''Nīrūṭīlā'' ({{lang|sa|नीरू टीला}}) which houses Niru and Nima graves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kabirchaura.com/math/math11.htm |title=Jab Mein Tha Tab Hari Nahin' Ab |publisher=Kabirchaura.com |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>

==Poetry==
Kabir's poems were in [[Sadhukkadi]], also known as Panchmel Khichri, borrowing from various [[dialects]] including [[Khadi boli]], [[Braj]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Scudiere|first=Todd|title=Rare Literary Gems: The Works of Kabir and Premchand at hiCRL|url=http://www.crl.edu/focus/article/510|work=South Asian Studies, Spring 2005 Vol. 24, Num. 3|publisher=Center for Research Libraries}}</ref> Kabir also wrote in pure Bhojpuri, for instance his poems like ''mor hīrā herāïl bā kichaṛe me'' is written in pure Bhojpuri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankaj |first=Ashok. K. |title=Dalits, Subalternity and Social Change in India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9780429785184}}</ref> They cover various aspects of life and call for a loving devotion for God.{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|pp=4-6}} Kabir composed his verses with simple words. Most of his work was concerned with devotion, mysticism and discipline.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=24}}

{{Quote
|<poem>
Where spring, the lord of seasons reigneth, there the unstruck music sounds of itself,
There the streams of light flow in all directions, few are the men who can cross to that shore!
There, where millions of [[Krishna]]s stand with hands folded,
Where millions of [[Vishnu]]s bow their heads, where millions of [[Brahma]]s are reading the Vedas,
Where millions of [[Shiva]]s are lost in contemplation, where millions of [[Indra]]s dwell in the sky,
Where the demi-gods and the [[Muni (saint)|munis]] are unnumbered, where millions of [[Saraswati]]s, goddess of music play the vina,
There is my Lord self-revealed, and the scent of sandal and flowers dwells in those deeps.
</poem>
|Kabir, II.57|Translated by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]{{sfn|Kabir|1915|p=[https://archive.org/stream/onehundredpoemso00kabiuoft#page/14/mode/2up 15]|loc=XV}} }}

Kabir and his followers named his verbally composed poems of wisdom as "bāņīs" (utterances). These include songs and couplets, called variously ''[[Doha (poetry)|dohe]]'', ''śalokā'' (Sanskrit: ślokā), or ''sākhī'' (Sanskrit: sākṣī). The latter term means "witness", implying the poems to be evidence of the Truth.{{sfn|Kumar|1984|p=48}}

Literary works with compositions attributed to Kabir include ''Kabir Bijak'', ''Kabir Parachai'', ''Sakhi Granth'', ''Adi Granth'' (Sikh), and ''Kabir Granthawali'' (Rajasthan).{{sfn|Lorenzen|1991|pp=18-19}} However, except for Adi Granth, significantly different versions of these texts exist and it is unclear which one is more original; for example, ''Kabir Bijak'' exists in two major recensions.{{sfn|Classe|2000|p=746}} The most in depth scholarly analysis of various versions and translations are credited to Charlotte Vaudeville, the 20th century French scholar on Kabir.{{sfn|Classe|2000|p=746}}

There are 82 works attributed to Kabir as mentioned in Kabir and the Kabir panth by Westcott.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Westcott |first=G. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/kabirandthekabir020544mbp |title=Kabir and the kabir panth. |date=1907 |publisher=Christ church mission press.- Cawnpore |others=---, ----, Surekha Ingwale}}</ref> Shyamsundar Das himself brought to light two marked manuscripts which he published in 1928. One of these manuscripts carried the date 1504 and the other 1824.{{Cn|date=February 2023}}

Kabir's poems were verbally composed in the 15th century and transmitted ''[[word of mouth|viva voce]]'' through the 17th century. ''Kabir Bijak'' was compiled and written down for the first time in the 17th century.{{sfn|Classe|2000|pp=745–747}} Scholars state that this form of transmission, over geography and across generations bred change, interpolation and corruption of the poems.{{sfn|Classe|2000|pp=745–747}} Furthermore, whole songs were creatively fabricated and new couplets inserted by unknown authors and attributed to Kabir, not because of dishonesty but out of respect for him and the creative exuberance of anonymous oral tradition found in Indian literary works.{{sfn|Classe|2000|pp=745–747}} Scholars have sought to establish poetry that truly came from Kabir and its [[historicity]] value.{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=167-179}}

===Authenticity===
John Stratton Hawley notes that collections of poetry that have survived tend to display quite distinct personalities of Kabir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=John Stratton |title=Songs of the Saints of India |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=269}}</ref> In Western collections (Rajasthaan) Kabir is far more devotional than the Eastern (Punjab) Kabir who seems more like a down to earth householder swayed by love's intensity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hawley |first1=John Stratton |title=Songs of the Saints of India |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=269}}</ref>

More recently, Kabir's poems can be found in a wide variety of publications and websites, but the discussion of authenticity is ongoing.{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|p=6}} It seems certain that minor changes will have occurred through the centuries and it is also possible that poems written by others have been attributed to Kabir.

[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s English translation and compilation, ''[[Songs of Kabir]]'', was first published in 1915 and has been a classic reprinted and circulated particularly in the West.{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=167–169}}{{sfn|Kabir|1915|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} One critic (V.C. Mishra) has gone so far as to suggest that only six{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=173|ps=: The authentic poems are poems 15, 32, 34, 35, 69 and 94.}} of its hundred poems are authentic{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=172}} and also raises the question of whether the translator projected theological perspectives of the early 20th century onto Kabir.{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=168, 178–179}} The same essay adds that the presumed unauthentic poems nevertheless belong to the Bhakti movement in medieval India and may have been composed by admirers of Kabir who lived later.{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=167–169}}

===Philosophy===
[[File:Saint Kabir with Namdeva, Raidas and Pipaji. Jaipur, early 19century, National Museum New Delhi (2).jpg|thumb|Kabir with Namadeva, Raidas and Pipaji. Jaipur, early 19th century]]
According to Linda Hess, "Some modern commentators have tried to present Kabir as a synthesizer of [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]]; but the picture is a false one. While drawing on various traditions as he saw fit, Kabir emphatically declared his independence from both the major religions of his countrymen, vigorously attacked what he considered the follies of these religions, and tried to kindle the fire of a similar autonomy and courage in those who claimed to be his disciples.{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|p=5}} He adopted their terminology and concepts, but vigorously criticised them both.{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|pp=5-6}}{{sfn | Lorenzen | Muñoz | 2012 | pp=27-28}} He questioned the need for any holy book, as stated in Kabir Granthavali as follows:

{{Quote
|<poem>
Reading book after book the whole world died,
and none ever became learned!
But understanding the root matter is what made them gain the knowledge!
</poem>
|Kabir Granthavali, XXXIII.3|Translated by Charlotte Vaudeville{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=23}} }}

Many scholars interpret Kabir's philosophy to be questioning the need for religion, rather than attempting to propose either [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] or an independent synthesis of a new religious tradition.{{sfn | Lorenzen | Muñoz | 2012 | p=35}} Kabir rejected the hypocrisy and misguided rituals evident in various religious practices of his day, including those in Islam and Hinduism.{{sfn | Lorenzen | Muñoz | 2012 | p=35}}

{{Quote
|<poem>
Saints I've seen both ways.
Hindus and Muslims don't want discipline, they want tasty food.
The Hindu keeps the eleventh-day fast, eating chestnuts and milk.
He curbs his grain but not his brain, and breaks his fast with meat.
The Turk [Muslim] prays daily, fasts once a year, and crows "God!, God!" like a cock.
What heaven is reserved for people who kill chickens in the dark?
Instead of kindness and compassion, they've cast out all desire.
One kills with a chop, one lets the blood drop, in both houses burns the same fire.
Turks and Hindus have one way, the guru's made it clear.
Don't say Ram, don't say Khuda [Allah], so says Kabir.
</poem>
|Kabir, Śabda 10|Translated by Linda Hess and Shukdeo Singh{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|p=46}} }}

In ''Bijak'', Kabir mocks the practice of praying to avatars such as Buddha of Buddhism, by asserting "don't call the master Buddha, he didn't put down devils".{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|p=45}}{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=484}} Kabir urged people to look within and consider all human beings as manifestation of God's living forms:

{{Quote
|<poem>
If God be within the mosque, then to whom does this world belong?
If Ram be within the image which you find upon your pilgrimage,
then who is there to know what happens without?
Hari is in the East, Allah is in the West.
Look within your heart, for there you will find both Karim and Ram;
All the men and women of the world are His living forms.
Kabir is the child of Allah and of Ram: He is my Guru, He is my Pir.
</poem>
|Kabir, III.2|Translated by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]{{sfn|Kabir|1915|p=[https://archive.org/stream/onehundredpoemso00kabiuoft#page/72/mode/2up 72]|loc=LXIX}} }}

Charlotte Vaudeville states that the philosophy of Kabir and other [[Sant (religion)|sants]] of the Bhakti movement is the seeking of the Absolute. The notion of this Absolute is ''nirguna'' which, writes Vaudeville, is same as "the [[Upanishad]]ic concept of the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Brahman-Atman]] and the monistic Advaita interpretation of the Vedantic tradition, which denies any distinction between the soul [within a human being] and God, and urges man to recognize within himself his true divine nature".{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=26}} Vaudeville notes that this philosophy of Kabir and other Bhakti sants is self-contradictory, because if God is within, then that would be a call to abolish all external [[bhakti]]. This inconsistency in Kabir's teaching may have been differentiating "union with God" from the concept of "merging into God, or Oneness in all beings". Alternatively, states Vaudeville, the ''saguna'' prema-bhakti (tender devotion) may have been prepositioned as the journey towards self-realization of the ''nirguna'' Brahman, a universality beyond monotheism.{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=27-33|ps= with footnotes}}

[[David Lorenzen|David N. Lorenzen]] and Adrián Muñoz trace these ideas of God in Kabir's philosophy as ''nirguna Brahman'' to those in [[Adi Shankara]]'s theories on [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of Hinduism, albeit with some differences.{{sfn | Lorenzen | Muñoz | 2012 | p=48}}

===Influence of Islam===
Lorenzen in his review of Kabir's philosophy and poetry writes, "the extent to which Kabir borrowed elements from Islam is controversial. Many recent scholars have argued that he simply rejected Islam and took almost all his ideas and beliefs from the Hindu tradition. Contemporary Kabir Panth sadhus make roughly the same argument. Most of the vocabulary used in his songs and verses are borrowed directly from the Hindu tradition.
Some scholars state that the sexual imagery in some of Kabir's poems reflect a mystic Sufi Islam influence, wherein Kabir inverts the traditional Sufi representation of a God-woman and devotee-man longing for a union, and instead uses the imagery of Lord-husband and devotee-bride.{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|pp=177–178|ps= with footnote 26}} Other scholars, in contrast, state that it is unclear if Sufi ideas influenced Bhakti sants like Kabir or it was vice versa, suggesting that they probably co-developed through mutual interaction.{{sfn|Larson|1995|p=116}}

Kabir left Islam, states Ronald McGregor.{{sfn|McGregor|1984|p=47}} Kabir, nevertheless, criticised practices such as killing and eating cows by Muslims, in a manner Hindus criticised those practices:

{{Quote
|<poem>
We have searched the ''turaki Dharam'' ([[Delhi Sultanate|Turk's religion]], Islam), these teachers throw many thunderbolts,
Recklessly they display boundless pride while explaining their own aims, they kill cows.
How can they kill the mother, whose milk they drink like that of a wet nurse?
The young and the old drink milk pudding, but these fools eat the cow's body.
These morons know nothing, they wander about in ignorance,
Without looking into one's heart, how can one reach paradise?
</poem>
|Kabir, Ramaini 1|Translated by [[David Lorenzen]]{{sfn | Lorenzen | Muñoz | 2012 | p=27}} }}

===Persecution and social impact===
Kabir's couplets suggest he was persecuted for his views, while he was alive. He stated, for example,

{{Quote
|<poem>
Saints I see the world is mad.
If I tell the truth they rush to beat me,
if I lie they trust me.
</poem>
|Kabir, Shabad - 4|{{sfn|Hess|Singh|2002|p=4}} }}

Kabir response to persecution and slander was to welcome it. He called the slanderer a friend, expressed gratefulness for the slander, for it brought him closer to his God.{{sfn|Das|1996|p=8}} Winand Callewaert translates a poem attributed to Kabir in the warrior-ascetic ''[[Dadu Dayal|Dadupanthi]]'' tradition within Hinduism, as follows:{{sfn|Callewaert|1978|p=274}}

{{Quote
|<poem>
Keep the slanderer near you, build him a hut in your courtyard —
For, without soap or water, he will scrub your character clean.
</poem>
|Kabir, Sākhī 23.4|{{sfn|Callewaert|1978|p=274}}}}

The legends about Kabir describe him as the underdog who nevertheless is victorious in trials by a [[Sultan]], a [[Brahmin]], a [[Qadi|Qazi]], a [[Bania (caste)|merchant]], a god or a goddess. The ideological messages in the legends appealed to the poor and oppressed. According to David Lorenzen, legends about Kabir reflect a "protest against social discrimination and economic exploitation", they present the perspective of the poor and powerless, not the rich and powerful.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1991|pp=5-6}} However, many scholars doubt that these legends of persecution are authentic, point to the lack of any corroborating evidence, consider it unlikely that a Muslim Sultan would take orders from Hindu Brahmins or Kabir's own mother demanded that the Sultan punish Kabir, and question the historicity of the legends on Kabir.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1991|pp=16-35}}

==Legacy==
[[Image:Kabir-stamp-370x630.jpg|thumbnail|Indian postage stamp portraying Kabir, 1952|130px]]
[[File:Painting of bhagat Kabir with attendants, circa late 17th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of bhagat Kabir with attendants, circa late 17th century]]
Kabir literature legacy was promoted by two of his disciples, Bhāgodās and [[Dharamdas]]. [[Songs of Kabir]] were collected by [[Kshitimohan Sen]] from mendicants across India, these were then translated to English by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].{{sfn|Kabir|2004|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}}

New English translations of Songs of Kabir is done by [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]]. August Kleinzahler writes about this: "It is Mehrotra who has succeeded in capturing the ferocity and improvisational energy of Kabir’s poetry".<ref>{{cite news|title=Rebirth of a Poet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/29/books/review/book-review-songs-of-kabir-by-translated-by-arvind-krishna-mehrotra.html|work=The New York Times|date=27 May 2011|access-date=19 October 2015|last1=Kleinzahler|first1=August}}</ref>

Kabir's legacy continues to be carried forward by the [[Kabir panth]] ("Path of Kabir"), a religious community that recognises him as its founder and is one of the [[Sant Mat]] sects. This community was founded centuries after Kabir died, in various parts of India, over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.{{sfn|Grewal|2010|p=119}} Its members, known as ''Kabir panthis'', are estimated to be around 9.6 million.{{sfn|Friedlander|2010|p={{page?|date=February 2022}}}} They are spread over north and central India, as well as dispersed with the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] across the world, up from 843,171 in the 1901 census.{{sfn|Westcott|2006|p=2}}

There are two temples dedicated to Kabir located in [[Benares]]. One of them is maintained by [[Hindus]], while the other by Muslims. Both the temples practise similar forms of worship where his songs are sung daily. Other rituals of [[aarti]] and distributing prasad are similar to other [[Hindu temple]]s. The followers of Kabir are vegetarians and abstain from alcohol.{{sfn|Sastri|2002|p=33}}

===Kabir, Guru Nanak and the Guru Granth Sahib===
[[File:Nanak and Mardana with Kabir.jpg|left|thumb|Guru Nanak (right) and Bhai Mardana (foreground) with Bhagat Kabir (left). This painting is found in the B-40 [[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]], written and painted in 1733. The painting was made by Alam Chand Raj]]
{{further|Writers of the Guru Granth Sahib}}

Kabir's verses were incorporated into [[Adi Granth]], the scripture of [[Sikhism]], with verses attributed to Kabir constituting the largest non-Sikh contribution.{{sfn|McGregor|1984|p=47}}

Some scholars state Kabir's ideas were one of the many influences{{sfn|McLeod|2003||pp=19–31}}{{sfn|Lorenzen|1981|pp=173–191}} on [[Guru Nanak]], who went on to found Sikhism in the fifteenth century. Other Sikh scholars disagree, stating there are differences between the views and practices of Kabir and Nanak.{{sfn|Grewal|2010|p=119}}{{sfn|Gandhi|2008|pp=174-176}}{{sfn|Kaur Singh|1993|pp=114–116}}

Harpreet Singh, quoting Hew McLeod, states, "In its earliest stage Sikhism was clearly a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak was raised a Hindu and eventually belonged to the [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] tradition of northern India, a movement associated with the noted poet and mystic Kabir."{{sfn|Singh|Fenech|2014|p=205}} Surjit Singh Gandhi disagrees, and writes, "Guru Nanak in his thought pattern as well as in action model was fundamentally different from Kabir and for that matter other radical Bhaktas or saints (saint has been erroneously used for such Bhaktas by McLeod). Hence to consider Kabir as an influence on Guru Nanak is wrong, both historically and theologically".{{sfn|Gandhi|2008|pp=174-176}}

McLeod places Guru Nanak in the Sant tradition that included Kabir and states that their fundamental doctrines were reproduced by Guru Nanak. JS Grewal contests this view and states that McLeod's approach is limiting in its scope because, "McLeod takes into account only concepts, ignores practices altogether, he concentrates on similarities and ignores all differences".{{sfn|Grewal|2010|p=119}}

==In popular culture==
[[File:Indian Independence day celebration 216th flower show 2024, Lalbagh, Bangalore 161.jpg|thumb|right|Bust of sant Kabir in Independence day flower show, [[Lal Bagh]], Bangalore (2024)]]
Neeraj Arya's Kabir Cafe marries Kabir's couplets with contemporary music adding elements of rock, Karnatic, and folk. Popular renderings include 'Halke Gaadi Haanko', Chadariya Jhini and Chor Awega. Kabir Cafe claims that living their lives just as Kabir suggests has led to them experiencing some of these truths and it reflects in their performances.<ref>{{cite web |author1= |date=17 April 2017 |title=Our band's first member is Kabir: Neeraj Arya's Kabir Café |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/our-band-s-first-member-is-kabir-neeraj-arya-s-kabir-cafe/story-MSBwRyh0z9kAPtk1bMvEOL.html |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Noted classical singer, late [[Kumar Gandharva]], is well recognised for his renderings of Kabir's poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Fiza |date=8 April 2020 |title=Kumar Gandharva, the musical prodigy inspired by his battle with tuberculosis & Kabir |url=https://theprint.in/feature/kumar-gandharva-the-musical-prodigy-inspired-by-his-battle-with-tuberculosis-kabir/397238/ |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Documentary filmmaker [[Shabnam Virmani]], from the [[Kabir Project]], has produced a series of documentaries and books tracing Kabir's philosophy, music and poetry in present-day India and Pakistan. The documentaries feature Indian folk singers such as Prahlad Tipanya, [[Mukhtiyar Ali]] and the Pakistani [[Qawwali|Qawwal]] [[Fareed Ayaz]]. Kabir festival was organised in [[Mumbai]], India in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Kabir_Festival/|title=Kabir Festival 2017|website=Festivals of India|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211111454/https://www.festivalsofindia.in/Kabir_Festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/kabir-festival-mumbai-2017 |title=Kabir Festival Mumbai 2017 |website=Sahapedia.org |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712092923/https://www.sahapedia.org/kabir-festival-mumbai-2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The album No Stranger Here by [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Ursula Rucker]] draws heavily from Kabir's poetry. Kabir's poetry has appeared prominently in filmmaker [[Anand Gandhi]]'s films [[Right Here, Right Now (film)|''Right Here Right Now'']] (2003) and Continuum. Pakistani Sufi singer [[Abida Parveen]] has sung Kabir in a full album.{{Cn|date=February 2023}}

A music album titled Kabeera - The Thinker, by Indo-Canadian [[Vandana Vishwas]] features some of the selected Kundaliyaan and rare poems penned by Kabeer Das in a contemporary musical arrangement.

==Criticism==
Kabir has been criticised for his depiction of women. [[Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh]] states, "Kabir's opinion of women is contemptuous and derogatory".{{sfn|Kaur Singh|1993|pp=114–116}} [[Wendy Doniger]] concludes Kabir had a [[Misogyny|misogynist]] bias.{{sfn|Kaur Singh|1993|pp=114–116}} Schomer states that for Kabir, woman is "''kali nagini'' (a black cobra), ''kunda naraka ka'' (the pit of hell), ''juthani jagata ki'' (the refuse of the world)". According to Kabir, a woman prevents man's spiritual progress.{{sfn|Kaur Singh|1993|pp=114–116}}

{{Quote
|<poem>
Woman ruins everything when she comes near man;
Devotion, liberation, and divine knowledge no longer enter his soul.
</poem>
|Kabir|Translated by Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh{{sfn|Kaur Singh|1993|pp=114–116}}}}

In contrast to Singh's interpretation of Kabir's gender views, Dass interprets ''Rag Asa'' section of Adi Granth as Kabir asking a young married woman to stop veiling her face, and not to adopt such social habits.{{sfn|Dass|1991|pp=147-148}} Dass adds that Kabir's poetry can be interpreted in two ways, one literally where the woman refers to human female, another allegorically where woman is symbolism for his own soul and ''[[Names of God in Sikhism|Rama]]'' is the Lord-husband.{{sfn|Dass|1991|pp=322-323}}

== See also ==
*Films about Kabir:
**''[[Bhakta Kabir]]'', a 1942 Indian Hindi-language film
**[[Mahatma Kabir (film)|''Mahatma Kabir'' (film)]], a 1947 Indian Kannada-language film
**''[[Mahathma Kabir]]'', another Indian-Kannada language film released in 1962
**''[[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]]'', a 2016 Indian Kannada-language film
* [[Surdas]]
* [[Andal]]
* [[Kalidasa]]
* [[Tulsidas]]
* [[List of Indian poets]]
* [[Ravidas]]
* [[Namdev]]

==References==
{{Reflist|22em}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Callewaert |first=Winand M. |title=The Sarvāṅgī of the Dādūpanthī Rajab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhhlAAAAMAAJ |series=Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta |volume=4 |year=1978 |publisher=Oriëntalistiek Kathol. Univ. |isbn=978-90-70192-01-3 |pages=274 |oclc=1067271731}}
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English |last=Classe |first=Olive |editor1-first=Olive |editor1-last=Classe |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-82550-1 |volume=A-L |doi=10.4324/9780203825501}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006269083 |title=Mystic songs of Kabir |last=Das |first=G. N. |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173380 |series=Songs.English & Hindi.Selections |location=New Delhi |oclc=36291947}}
* {{cite book |last=Dass |first=Nirmal |title=Songs of Kabir from the Adi Granth |year=1991 |publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=0791405605 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd5R1is-mUUC}}
* {{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=The Hindus: an alternative history |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-959334-7 |oclc=698575971}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=Peter |date=5 July 2010 |title=Ritual and reform in the Kabir Panth |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/30271 |journal=Crises and Opportunities: Past, Present and Future. Proceedings of the 18th Biennial Conference of the ASAA |publisher=Asian Studies Association of Australia |isbn=9780725811365}}
* {{cite book |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469-1606 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |author-link= |year=2008 |location=English |pages=174 to 176 |isbn=978-8126908578}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |editor1-last=Mann |editor1-first=Gurinder S. |title=WH McLeod and Sikh Studies |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |date=2010 |volume=17 |page=119 |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume17/JPS_17_nos_1-2_Grewal.pdf}}
* {{cite book |first1=Carol E. |last1=Henderson Garcia |title=Culture and Customs of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaRVePXX6vEC&pg=PA70 |access-date=12 July 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30513-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hess |first1=Linda |title=The Bijak of Kabir |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-8120802162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcEk-YKwkaoC |last2=Singh |first2=Shukdev}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/onehundredpoemso00kabiuoft |title=One hundred poems of Kabir |translator-last1=Tagore |translator-first1=Rabindranath |translator-last2=Underhill |last1=Kabir |translator-first2=Evelyn |publisher=University of Toronto |year=1915 |oclc=667616699 |author-link=Rabindranath Tagore}}
* {{cite book |title=Songs of Kabir |via=Gutenberg |last1=Kabir |year=2004 |translator-first1=Rabindranath |translator-last1=Tagore |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6519}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kaur Singh |first1=Nikky-Guninder |title=The Feminine Principle in the Sikh Vision of the Transcendent |date=24 September 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43287-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUJICz55HFMC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Sehdev |title=The Vision of Kabir: Love Poems of a 15th Century Weaver-sage |date=1984 |publisher=Alpha & Omega |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTlrwgEACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIOSb97ph3EC&pg=PA116 |title=India's Agony Over Religion |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |date=1995 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=0791424111 |oclc=30544951}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lorenzen |first1=David N. |title=Religious Change and Cultural Domination: XXX International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa |date=1981 |publisher=Colegio de México |isbn=978-968-12-0108-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfEnAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lorenzen |first1=David |editor1-last=Schomer |editor1-first=Karine |editor2-last=McLeod |editor2-first=W. H. |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0277-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lorenzen |first1=David N. |translator1-last=Kumar |translator1-first=Jadgish |translator2-last=Thukral |translator2-first=Uma |title=Kabir Legends and Ananta-Das's Kabir Parachai |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-0461-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpRd0ItngtIC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lorenzen |first1=David N |last2=Muñoz |first2=Adrián |title=Yogi Heroes and Poets: Histories and Legends of the Naths |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4384-3890-0 |oclc=806495567}}
* {{cite book |last1=McGregor |first1=Ronald Stuart |title=Hindi Literature from Its Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century |date=1984 |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-02413-6 |oclc=11445402 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfmAAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=Exploring Sikhism: Aspects of Sikh Identity, Culture and Thought |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565856-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJE5zQEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Pande |first=Rekha |title=Divine Sounds from the Heart-Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4438-2525-2 |oclc=827209160}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=Saiyid Athar Abbas |title=History of Sufism in India. Vol. 2 |date=1983 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=79480628}}
* {{cite book |title=The great authors and poets of India |publisher=Crest Publishing House |location=New Delhi |year=2002 |chapter=Kalidasa |last=Sastri |first=Hari Prasad |isbn=978-8-124-20241-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schomer |first1=Karine |last2=McLeod |first2=William Hewat |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |series=Berkeley Religious Studies Series |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-208-0277-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC |oclc=925707272}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=March 2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |first1=Hugh |last1=Tinker |title=South Asia: A Short History |url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink |url-access=registration |access-date=12 July 2012 |year=1990 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kabir and the Kabir Panth |last=Westcott |first=G. H. |year=2006 |publisher=Read Books |isbn=1-4067-1271-X |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJoX5-hTmVgC}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|url=https://www.searchgurbani.com/guru-granth-sahib/author/bhagat-kabir |title=Bhagat Kabir Hymns in Guru Granth Sahib }}
* {{cite book|title=Love songs of Kabir|publisher=Asia|others=Foreword by K.S. Duggal|year=1992|isbn=978-0-948724-33-6|editor-last=Das|editor-first=G. N.|location=Sittingbourne }}
* Dharwadker, Vinay (2003), ''Kabir: Weaver's Songs.'' Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0143029687}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kabir |translator1-last=Bly |translator1-first=Robert |translator1-link=Robert Bly |title=Kabir: Ecstatic Poems |date=15 April 2007 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-6380-4 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brJKEAAAQBAJ |quote=Bly writes on page xix, "My version is Rabindranath Tagore's translation rephrased into more contemporary language."}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kabir |last2=Masterman |first2=David |translator1-last=Tagore |translator1-first=Rabindranath |translator1-link=Rabindranath Tagore |title=Kabir Says |date=5 June 2020 |publisher=Three Pigeons Publishing |isbn=979-8-6501-4828-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG-TzQEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|first1=Jaroslav |last1=Strnad|title=Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUCLcIKXO4C&pg=PA10 |year=2013|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-25489-3}}
* Vaudeville, Charlotte (1957), Kabîr Granthâvalî : (Doha), {{oclc|459472759}} (French); English: Kabir, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198265269}}, {{oclc|32447240}}
* Vaudeville, Charlotte (1993), ''A Weaver Named Kabir: Selected Verses with a Biographical and Historical Introduction'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195630787}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|Author:Kabir|Kabir}}
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*{{Gutenberg author|id=25970}}{{Prone to spam|date=March 2012}}

*{{Internet Archive author}}
*{{Librivox author |id=917}}
*[https://archive.org/details/bijakofkabirtran00kabiuoft The Bijak of Kabir], Ahmad Shah Translation of the Entire Text (1917)
*[[iarchive:AnuragSagarOfKabir|The Ocean of Love Anurag Sagar of Kabir]]

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Bhiwani Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T03:44:50Z

Victorxsi:

{{Short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency in Haryana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhiwani
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Haryana]]
| established = 1973
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
| electors =
| preceded_by =
}}

'''Bhiwani''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Haryana]] until 2008. Later parts of it came under the newly devised [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Parliament ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Chandrawati|Chandrawati Sheoran]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bansi Lal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress ]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1987^
| Chaudhary Ram Narain Singh
| {{Full party name with colour|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Bansi Lal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| Jangbir Singh
| {{Full party name with colour|Haryana Vikas Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Surender Singh]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Ajay Singh Chautala]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''From 2009 onwards: See [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]]''}}
|}
<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1999">{{Cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election2004">{{Cite web |title=General Election 2004 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bhiwani]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Haryana}}

{{Coord|28.8|76.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhiwani Lok Sabha Constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Raghubir Singh of Maihar

2026-02-19T11:07:02Z

Victorxsi: Creating New Biography W/ Infobox

{{short description|Ruler of Maihar from 1852 to 1908}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Raghubir Singh
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
| reign = {{circa|1852}} – 4 March 1908
| predecessor = [[Mohan Prasad]]
| successor = [[Jadubir Singh]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1843}}
| death_date = 4 March 1908
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Jadubir Singh]]
* [[Randhir Singh (ruler)|Randhir Singh]]
* Brajbir Singh
}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maihar_State.png}} [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
| father = [[Mohan Prasad]]
| module = {{infobox person
| embed = yes
| education = {{plain list|
* [[Agra College]]
}}
}}
}}
'''Raghubir Singh''' was the ruler of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] from 1852 until his death in 1908.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born in 1843 to [[Mohan Prasad]], the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=135}}</ref> He received his education at [[Agra College]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibsVAAAAYAAJ |title=The Asiatic Quarterly Review |date=1886 |publisher=Swan Sonnenshein & Company |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> He married and had three sons: [[Jadubir Singh]], [[Randhir Singh (ruler)|Randhir Singh]], and Brajbir Singh.<ref name=":0" />

== Reign ==
Following his father's death in 1852, he succeeded him as the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref name=":0" /> Owing to his minority, the management of the state was placed under the supervision of a British officer, with a promise that once he reached the age of majority, he would be restored to power.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxiLhPPO9_kC |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: Bundelkhand |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |pages=535–536 |language=en}}</ref> The officer also instructed him in his duties as a ruler.<ref name=":1" /> He was granted full administrative powers on 2 December 1865.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnZDAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> The [[British government of India|British government]] conferred on him the title of [[Raja]] as a hereditary distinction on 2 December 1869.<ref name=":2" /> On 1 January 1877, he was also granted a personal distinction of a nine-gun salute, which was made hereditary in 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icwkAQAAIAAJ |title=Central Indian Agency |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=226–227 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35692/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1921 |date=1922 |pages=17–18}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in [[Varanasi]] on 4 March 1908 and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Jadubir Singh]], as the [[Raja]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1843 deaths]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Central Electricity Regulatory Commission

2026-02-19T11:01:51Z

Victorxsi: put up first location and citations.

{{Short description|Indian electricity sector regulator}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = '''Central Electricity Regulatory Commission''' '''केंद्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग'''
| seal = [[File:CERC Logo.png]]
| seal_width = 80 px
| logo =
| formed = 24 July 1998
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Central government of India]] and Inter-State Transmission
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = [[Jishnu Barua]] IAS
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief3_name = Ramesh Babu V.
| chief3_position = Member
| chief4_name = Harish Dudani
| chief4_position = Member
| chief5_name = Ravinder Singh Dhillon
| chief5_position = Member
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]]
| child1_agency =
| website = https://cercind.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Central Electricity Regulatory Commission''' ('''CERC'''), a key regulator of the [[Electricity sector in India|power sector in India]], is a [[Statutory corporation#India|statutory body]] functioning with [[quasi-judicial]] status under sec – 76 of the [[Electricity Act (2003)|Electricity Act 2003]]. CERC was initially constituted on 24 July 1998 under the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]]'s Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 for rationalization of [[electricity tariff]]s, transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, and for matters connected Electricity Tariff regulation. CERC was instituted primarily to regulate the tariff of [[Power generation|power generating]] companies owned or controlled by the [[Government of India]], and any other generating company which has a composite scheme for [[power generation]] and interstate [[Power transmission|transmission of energy]], including tariffs of generating companies.

==History==
On 2 July 1998, recognizing the needs for reforms in the electricity sector nationwide, the [[Central government of India|Government of India]] moved forward to enact the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act of 1998,<ref name="IE">{{cite web | url= http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980727/20850304.html | title= Power regulatory body formed to fix tariff| author= Indian Express (27 July 1998) | access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref> which mandated the creation of the Central Electricity Regulation Commission with the charge of setting the tariff of centrally owned or controlled generation companies. The [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], India, has published the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998.<ref name="MOPCERC">{{cite web | url= http://www.powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/central_regulatory_preliminary.htm | title= Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act | author= Ministry of Power, Govt of India (2 July 1998) | access-date= 14 July 2010 | url-status= dead | archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090619092535/http%3A//powermin.nic.in/acts_notification/central_regulatory_preliminary.htm | archive-date= 19 June 2009 | df= dmy-all }}</ref> Apart from CERC, the act also introduced a provision for the states to create the State Electricity Regulation Commission [http://www.emt-india.net/banner/StateElectricityUtilities.htm (SERC)] along with the power to set the tariffs without having to enact separate state laws.

Mr.S.L.Rao was the first Chairman of CERC (1998–2001).<ref name="RP">{{cite web | url= http://www.reliancepower.co.in/html/board.html | title= First Chairman of CERC | author= Reliance Power | access-date= 14 July 2010 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090904171334/http://www.reliancepower.co.in/html/board.html | archive-date= 4 September 2009 | df= dmy-all }}</ref>

During March 2004, [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIM-A)]] called for the merger of the Central Electricity Authority [[Central Electricity Authority (India)|(CEA)]] and Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) on the grounds that technical and economic regulatory functions need to be carried out in close coordination.<ref name="IIM">{{cite web | url= http://www.financialexpress.com/news/power-ministry-says-no-to-iima-idea-of-ceacerc-merger/94168/| title=MoU proposal for CERC and FERC | author= Financial Express (5 March 2004) | access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref> Even though the [[The Electricity Act, 2003|Electricity Act, 2003]] envisages separate identity for CERC and CEA, and there is a necessity for separation in the short run, the two regulators should be merged eventually, as there are substantial synergies between them. But Ministry of Power rejected IIM-A's recommendations in this regard and observed that the tariff fixation is in the exclusive domain of electricity regulatory commissions (ERCs), and no other entity or government has any role in this regard.

On 1 September 2009, CERC has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with world-renowned USA's [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]] for Development and regulatory oversight of Power market, Grid Reliability, Energy Efficiency, Transmission and Distribution services in India.<ref name="FERC">{{cite web | url= http://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/mou/mou-india.pdf | title= MoU Between CERC and FERC | author= Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (9 November 2009) | access-date= 14 July 2010 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100606205031/https://www.ferc.gov/legal/maj-ord-reg/mou/mou-india.pdf | archive-date= 6 June 2010 | df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Obligations==
* Formulate an efficient tariff setting mechanism, which ensures speedy and time bound disposal of tariff petitions, promotes competition, economy, and efficiency in the pricing of bulk power and transmission services, and ensures minimal cost investments.
* The regulation of tariffs of central generating stations.
* The regulation of tariffs of electric power generated and sold across states in a composite package.
* The regulation of interstate transmission tariffs, and facilitation of open access in interstate transmission.
* To issue licences to persons to function as transmission licensees and electricity traders with respect to their interstate operations.
* To adjudicate disputes involving generating companies or transmission licensees.
* To Improve the operations and management of the regional transmission systems through [[Indian Electricity Grid Code]] (IEGC), Availability Based Tariff ([[Availability based tariff|ABT]]), etc.
*To specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity, and reliability of service by licensees.
* To promote the development of the power market & fix the trading margin in the interstate trading of electricity, if considered necessary.
*To discharge such other functions as may be assigned under the Act.

===Advisory functions===
* Formulation of [[National Electricity Policy]] and Tariff Policy.
* Promotion of competition, efficiency, and economy in the activities of the electricity industry.
* Promotion of investment in electricity industry.
* Any other matter referred to the Central Commission by the Central Government.

==Chairpersons==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="clear:center"
!No.
!Name
! colspan="2" |Tenure
|-
|1
|Prof. S. L. Rao
|03.08.1998
|21.01.2001
|-
|2
|Mr. A. K. Basu
|04.04.2002
|23.03.2007
|-
|3
|Dr Pramod Deo
|09.06.2008
|08.06.2013
|-
|4
|Mr. Gireesh B. Pradhan
|22.10.2013
|17.12.2017
|-
|5
|Mr. P. K Pujari
|01.02.2018
|11.06.2022
|-
|6
|Mr. [[Jishnu Barua]]
|02.03.2023
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

==Members==
* Mr. A. R. Ramanathan (August, 1988 to December, 2000)
* Mr. D. P. Sinha ( August 1988 to November, 2002)
* Mr. G. S. Rajamani (August, 1998 to July, 2003)
* Mr. K. N. Sinha (May, 2001 to May, 2006)
* Mr Bhanu Bhushan (February, 2004 – February, 2009)
* Mr A. H. Jung (February, 2005 to February, 2007)
* Mr. R. Krishnamoorthy (May, 2007 to January, 2010)
* Mr. S. Jayaraman (September, 2008 to May, 2013)
* Mr. V. S. Verma (February, 2009 to February, 2014)
* Mr. M. Deena Dayalan (March, 2010 to February, 2015)
* Mr. A. K. Singhal (October, 2013 to October, 2018)
* Mr. A. S. Bakshi (August, 2014 to July, 2018)
* Dr. M. K Iyer (August, 2015 to February, 2020)
* Mr. I. S. Jha (January, 2019 to January, 2024)
* Mr. Arun Goyal (April, 2020 to August, 2024)
* Mr. Pravas Kumar Singh(February, 2021 to May,2024)
* Mr. Ramesh Babu V.(May, 2024 to present)
* Mr.Harish Dudani (August,2024 to present)
* Mr.Ravinder Singh Dhillon (Feb, 2025 to present)

==Important advice to government==
# Regarding time frame for tariff based [[competitive bidding]] (01-06-2010)
# Regarding the Open Access (18-05-2010)
# Regarding the installation of dedicated [[transmission lines]] (14-05-2010)
# Regarding the issues related to regulation of electricity forward contracts and electricity derivatives markets (19-02-2010).<ref name="FWC">{{cite web | url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/02/20/stories/2010022052701700.htm | title=CERC asks Govt to clear turf with commodities market regulator | author= Business Line (19 February 2010) | access-date=19 July 2010}}</ref>
# Regarding the matter of proposed amendment to Tariff Policy (14-1-2010)
# Regarding the modification in Standard Bidding Document for development of transmission lines through competitive bidding (13-1-2010)
# Regarding the issues relating to regulation of electricity forward contracts and electricity derivatives markets (18-11-2009)
# Regarding the guidelines and Standard Bidding Documents for tariff based competitive bidding for procuring transmission services (12-11-2009)
# Regarding ring-fencing of State Load Despatch Centers (11-08-2009).<ref name="SLDC">{{cite web | url= http://www.financialexpress.com/news/power-regulator-seeks-ring-fencing-of-state-load-dispatch-centres/501818/ | title=Power regulator seeks ring fencing of SLDC | work= The Financial Express |date=14 August 2009 | access-date=19 July 2010}}</ref>
# Regarding the competitive procurement of transmission Services (06-05-2009)
# Regarding order of the various State Governments (27-04-2009)
# Regarding the rates of depreciation to be notified under the Companies Act. (20-04-2009)
# Regarding designating electricity trader by Central Government for import of electricity from other countries (13-04-2009)
# Regarding the order of the Karnataka under Section 11 of the electricity act, 2003(5-02-2009)
# Regarding the measures for restricting the pricing of electricity in short-term market (22-12-2008)<ref name="hfhdfgkdf">{{cite web | url= http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=45857| title= CERC'S Order regarding measures for restricting the prices of electricity in Short Term Market | author= Press Information Bureau, Govt of India (4 March 2010) | access-date=18 December 2008}}</ref>

==Regulatory independence==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+ Regulatory Independence
|-
| '''Selection Process''' || Selection of Chairman/members by Government on advice of selection committee
|-
| '''Qualifying Criteria '''|| Prescribed
|-
| '''Disqualifying Criteria''' || Prescribed
|-
| '''Removal Criteria & Procedure''' || Criteria Laid down. Removal with advice from Supreme Court of India
|-
| '''Tenure''' || 5 Years. Not eligible for re-appointment
|-
| '''Staff Appointment''' || Can appoint secretary and determine the number, nature and Categories of other staff but with government approval.
|-
| '''Staff Salary''' || Staff Salary can be determined with the approval of government by regulations
|-
| ''' Finance''' || Expenses to be charged on [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163424/http://ccaind.nic.in/govtac_out.htm Consolidated Fund of India]<ref name="nbsdg">{{cite web | url= http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/bill.html | title= Expenses of the Central Commission| author= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''Relationship with government''' || Quasi-Judicial body, but subject to policy direction by government of India.
|}

==Evolution of Electricity Tariff & Role of CERC==

===Single part tariff===
A system of single-part tariffs was in vogue in India for pricing of thermal power, prior to 1992. The single-part tariff for a station was calculated to cover both the fixed cost as well as the variable (energy) cost at a certain (normative) generation level.

'''Demerit:'''
# Energy production above the normative generation level yielded additional revenue. i.e., a surplus over the fixed and variable cost of the station.
# The incentive and disincentive for power generation got linearly linked to the annual [[Plant Load Factor]] (PLF) of the generating station.

===Two part tariff for Generation as per K.P. Rao Committee (1992)===
Finding that the single-part tariff, particularly for Central generating stations, was conducive neither to economic generation of power as per merit-order, nor to satisfactory operation of the regional grids, the government of India adopted in 1992 a two-part tariff formula for [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] stations based on the recommendations of the KP Rao Committee.

Recognizing that there would be no motivation on the part of NTPC (Central generating stations) to maintain a high level of efficiency and availability if it was paid the full fixed cost irrespective of level of generation and variable cost for the quantum of energy actually generated, the K.P. Rao Committee had recommended a scheme of incentive/disincentive, as a variant of a simple two-part tariff. The scheme provided for linking of incentive and disincentive with ''Plant Load Factor (PLF)'' plus ''deemed generation'', which in effect is ''[[Availability factor|Plant availability]]''.<ref name="NTPCFM">{{cite web | url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1802/18020480.htm | title= Availability Based Tariff | author= Frontline Magazine, the Hindu (20 January 2001) | access-date= 16 July 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050329090822/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1802/18020480.htm | archive-date= 29 March 2005 | url-status= usurped }}</ref>

=== Evolution of Availability Based Tariff (ABT) ===

The serious problems of regional grid operation however continued even after 1992. This was because the K.P. Rao Committee had been able to tackle only one end; the Central generation side. Overdrawals by some State Electricity Board's during peak-load hours and under-drawals during off-peak hours continued unabated, causing serious frequency excursions and perpetual operational/commercial disputes.

In the year 1994, M/s ECC of USA were commissioned under a grant from the [[Asian Development Bank]] to undertake a comprehensive study of the Indian power system and recommend a suitable tariff structure. ECC submitted their report in February, 1994, recommending Availability Tariff for generating stations, which was accepted in principle by [[Government of India|GOI]] in November, 1994. A National Task Force (NTF) was constituted by the Ministry of Power in February, 1995 to oversee the implementation of ECC's recommendations. Based on NTF deliberations between 1995 and 1998, Ministry of Power had crystallized the formulation for the so-called [[Availability-based tariff]] (ABT).<ref name="ABTMOP">{{cite web | url= http://www.powermin.nic.in/distribution/availability_based_tariff.htm | title= Availability Based Tariff | author= Ministry of Power | access-date= 16 July 2010 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100928194846/http://powermin.nic.in/distribution/availability_based_tariff.htm | archive-date= 28 September 2010 | df= dmy-all }}</ref>

With the spirit of the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act 1998 and consequent upon transfer of relevant powers vested under section 43 A (2) of the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 to the CERC with effect from 15 May 1999, GOI forwarded the above draft ABT notification to CERC vide OM dated 31.5.1999 for finalization after due deliberation. The draft notification was then issued through a public notice and comments/objections were invited. The Commission in July 1999 held detailed hearings on the above. The ABT order dated 4 January 2000 of the Commission departs significantly from the draft notification as also from the prevailing tariff design

==Standard Tariff Model==
Tariff for supply of electricity shall comprise two parts:
# Fixed or Capacity Charges (For recovery of Annual Fixed Cost)
# Energy or Variable Charges (For recovery of Primary Fuel Cost wherever applicable)

The annual fixed cost (AFC) of a generating station or a transmission system shall consist of the following components<ref name="nkasdgfn">{{cite web | url= http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/mar/29cerc.htm | title=CERC announces new tariff norms | author= Rediff Business (29 March 2004) | access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>
# Return on equity [[Return on Equity|(RoE)]];
# Interest on loan capital;
# [[Depreciation]];
# Interest on [[Working capital]];
# [[Operation and maintenance]] expenses;
# Cost of secondary fuel oil (for Coal-based & Lignite fired generating stations);
# Special allowance for renovation and modernisation or separate compensation allowance, wherever applicable.

The Energy charge shall cover the primary fuel cost and limestone consumption cost
(where applicable), and shall be payable by every beneficiary for the total energy scheduled to
be supplied to such beneficiary with fuel and limestone price adjustment

==Relation with Other Power Sector Bodies (MoP, CEA, Appellate Tribunal)==

=== Appellate Tribunal and CERC ===
[http://aptel.gov.in/index.htm Appellate Tribunal] for Electricity has been established by Central Government for those who are not satisfied with the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission order or with a state.<ref name="oydtudgf">{{cite web| url= http://www.powermin.nic.in/ministry_of_power/statutory_bodies1.htm| title= APTEL and its Relation with CERC & SERC| author= Ministry of Power, Government of India| access-date= 15 July 2010| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100929024233/http://powermin.nic.in/ministry_of_power/statutory_bodies1.htm| archive-date= 29 September 2010| df= dmy-all}}</ref> The Tribunal has the authority to overrule or amend that order, just like the Income-Tax tribunal or the Central Administrative Tribunal. The tribunal has to be approached within 45 days of the aggrieved person from getting the order.

=== Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and CERC ===
Since 1 April 1999 CEA has entrusted CERC with the task of regulating power tariffs of central government power utilities, inter-state generating companies, inter-state transmission tariffs. Section −76 of [[Electricity Act (2003)|Electricity Act, 2003]] stipulates that CERC shall consist of a Chairperson and three other Members. And one of the CERC members (Ex-Officio) has to be Chairman of CEA. In Indian Power Sector, CEA takes care of:
# '''Planning Regulation''' where power demand and supply gap has to be regulated.
# '''Construction regulation''' where Construction of thermal-, hydro-, gas-based power plants and power systems are regulated in the right manner.
Whereas CERC take care of third aspect of power sector regulation - 
:3.'''Tariff regulation''', a purely economic exercise.
National electricity policy is normally formulated in consultation with and taking into account the views of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), and state governments.<ref name="wdtwef">{{cite web| url= http://www.powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/national_electricity_policy.htm| title= Formulation of National Electricity Policy| author= Ministry of Power, Government of India| access-date= 15 July 2010| url-status= dead| archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090619062031/http%3A//powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/national_electricity_policy.htm| archive-date= 19 June 2009| df= dmy-all}}</ref>

===SERC and CERC===
CERC and State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) are the two electricity regulators – one operating at the central level and the other at various state levels. CERC's primary function was to regulate the tariffs of central generating stations as well as for all interstate generation, transmission and supply of power. Whereas SERC's primary function was to determine bulk and retail tariffs to be charged to customers, regulate the operations of intrastate transmission, including those of the State Load Despatch Center (SLDC).
During Parliamentary Standing Committee on Energy in the year 2001,<ref name="PSC">{{cite news | url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/cerc8217s-role-needs-to-be-reviewed-panel/170756/| title= Benches of CERC instead of having a SERC in each state | work= Business Standard |date=19 June 2001 | access-date=15 July 2010}}</ref> SERC being established in states, for formulating standards relating to quality, continuity and reliability of service for the electricity industry have failed in their efforts. There was a proposal of having benches of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in five to six locations instead of having a SERC in each state, but the Committee that has rejected the proposal stating it was not possible unless states were willing to accept such a proposal.

===Ministry of Power and CERC===
MoP entrusts CERC for providing [http://www.cercind.gov.in/08022007/Justification_date_3.5.2006.pdf escalation rate] for coal and gas, ''[[inflation rate]]'' based on ''[[Wholesale price index|WPI]]'' and ''[[Consumer price index|CPI]]'', ''discount rate'', and ''dollar-rupee exchange variation rate'' for the purpose tariff determination.<ref name="vbnqwfC">{{cite web | url= http://www.cercind.gov.in/Escalation-rate/Notification-dated-31.3.2010.pdf| title= Notification of Annual Escalation Rates as per Ministry of Power (MOP) instruction| author= Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (31 March 2010) | access-date=15 July 2010}}</ref>

===Power Exchange Companies and CERC===
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has issued the Power Market Regulations, 2010<ref name="IEX">{{cite web | url= http://cercind.gov.in/Regulations/Press_Release_20.01.pdf| title= CERC notifies Power Market Regulations | author= Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (20 January 2010) | access-date=15 July 2010}}</ref> which will govern transactions related to ‘'Energy trading'’ by companies like Indian Energy Exchange [http://www.iexindia.com/ (IEX)], Power Exchange India [https://web.archive.org/web/20100329161015/http://www.powerexindia.com/ (PXI)], National Power Exchange [https://web.archive.org/web/20110223113020/http://www.npex.in/ (NPX)] in various contracts related to electricity.
The regulations have been issued by the CERC in exercise of its powers under section 66 of the Electricity Act, 2003, which is aimed at taking measures conducive to development of the electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and enhancing supply of electricity.

==Important Regulations / Policy Framework==
{{overly detailed|date=May 2019}}
;1999
# 26-04-99, Conduct of Business Regulation-1999 8/1/99-CERC dt.23-04-99 Notification
# 26-11-99, Conduct of Business Regulation-1999 8/1/99-CERC dt.24-11-99 Notification

;2000
# 10-05-00, Conduct of Business Regulation (First Amendment) 8/1(1)/99-CERC dt 28-04-00 Notification
# 25-05-00, Filing of Annual Report by Thermal Generating Companies L-7/20(1)/99-CERC dt.28-04-00
# 15-07-00, Filing of Annual Report by Transmission Utility L-7/20(1)/99-CERC dt.10-07-00

;2001
# 26-03-01, Terms and conditions of Tariff L-25(1)/2001-CERC dt.26-03-01
# 24-09-01, Terms and conditions of Tariff L-25(1)/2001-CERC dt.21-09-01

;2002
# 11-07-02, Terms and Condition of tariff Regulation-First Amendment-2002

;2003
# 02-06-03, Terms and Conditions of Tariff (Second Amendment) Regulation-2003

;2004
# 29-03-04, CERC Notification – CERC (Terms and Conditions of Tariff) Regulations, 2004
# 09-09-04, CERC Notification – CERC (Terms and Conditions of Tariff) (First Amendment) Regulations, 2004
# 06-02-04, CERC Notification – CERC (Open Access in Inter-State Transmission) Regulations, 2004

;2005
# 11-08-05, CERC Notification – CERC (Terms and Conditions of Tariff)(first Amendment) Regulations, 2005
# 17-11-05, ERC Medical Regulations – Nov 2005
# 23-02-05, CERC Notification – CERC (Open Access in inter-state Transmission)(First Amendment) Regulations, 2005

;2006
# 01-06-06, CERC Notification – CERC (Terms and Conditions of Tariff)(First Amendment) Regulations, 2006

;2007
# 13-03-07, CERC Notification – CERC (Terms & Conditions of Tariff)(Amendment) Regulations, 2007

;2008
# 07-02-08, CERC Notification – CERC (Open Access in inter-State Transmission) Regulations, 2008

;2009
# 28-05-09, CERC (Conduct of Business) (Amendment) Regulations, 2009
# 02-06-09, ERC (Procedure, Terms & Conditions for grant of Transmission Licence & other related matters) Regulations, 2009.
# 20-01-09, Terms and Conditions of Tariff, Regulations for 2009–14
# 10-08-09, CERC Grant of Connectivity, LTOA & MTOA in inter-State Transmission related matters, 2009
# 24-02-09, Procedure, Terms and Conditions for grant of trading licence and other related matters Regulations, 2009
# 26-09-09, Fees and charges of Regional Load Despatch Centre and other related matters Regulations, 2009
# 17-09-09, ERC Tariff Regulations for Renewable Energy Sources Regulations, 2009<ref name="Green">{{cite web | url= http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=52706| title= CERC notifies tariff regulations for green power | author= Press Information Bureau, Govt of India (17 September 2009) | access-date=15 July 2010}}</ref>
# 24-12-09, Measures to relieve congestion in real time operation Regulations, 2009

;2010
# 26-05-10, Procedure, Terms & Conditions for grant of Transmission License & other related matters (Amendment) Regulations, 2010
# 07-06-10, Procedure, Terms & Conditions for grant of trading license and other related matters (First Amendment) Regulations, 2010.
# 28-04-10, Indian Electricity Grid Code Regulations, 2010
# 28-04-10, CERC Unscheduled Interchange charges and related matters (Amendment) Regulations, 2010
# 21-01-10, Fixation of Trading Margin Regulations, 2010
# 21-01-10, Power Market Regulations, 2010
# 16-04-10, Procedures for calculating the expected revenue from tariffs & charges Regulations, 2010
# 31-06-10, Grant of Regulatory Approval for execution of Inter-State Transmission Scheme to CTU Regulations, 2010
# 15-06-10, CERC (Sharing of Inter State Transmission Charges and Losses) Regulations, 2010.<ref name="ISS">{{cite web | url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/cerc-unveils-regulatory-norms-for-inter-state-transmission/398668/ | title= CERC unveils regulatory norms for inter-state transmission|author= Business Standard (18 June 2010) | access-date=15 July 2010}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Energy}}
* [[Central Electricity Authority (India)]]
* [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]]
* [[Electricity Act (2003)|Electricity Act 2003]]
* [[Energy policy of India]]
* [[Electricity sector in India]]
* [[Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cercind.gov.in/ Official Website]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Electricity generation}}
{{Indian commissions}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Electricity Sector in India}}
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Electric power in India]]
[[Category:Energy regulatory authorities]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1998]]

Ram Kishore Chhipa

2026-02-16T06:16:32Z

Victorxsi: Creating A Post Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Kishore Chhipa
| other_names = Ramkishore Derawala <ref name=padmaawards/>
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Ram Kishore Chhipa Bagru
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1957|7|20}}{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| birth_place = Bagru, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| occupation = Textile artisan, Dabu printing specialist
| awards = {{plainlist|
* Padma Shri (2009)
* National Award (1987)
* Kala Shri Award (1991)
}}
}}

'''Ram Kishore Chhipa''' (born 20 July 1957){{citation needed|date=April 2025}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Ram Kishore Chhipa |url=https://handmadeinrajasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/industries/handmadeinrajasthandepartment/mastercrafts/padmaawardees/list/ramkishorechhipa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624021754/https://handmadeinrajasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/industries/handmadeinrajasthandepartment/mastercrafts/padmaawardees/list/ramkishorechhipa.html |archive-date=2022-06-24 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=handmadeinrajasthan.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian textile artisan specializing in the traditional Dabu hand block printing technique from [[Bagru]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. He is a [[Padma Shri Awards (2000-09)|Padma Shri]] awardee for his contributions to preserving and promoting this art form.<ref name=padmaawards>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Rajasthan&Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2009-2009 |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref>

==Early life and training==
Chhipa was born in Bagru, a region historically significant for its hand block printing. He received training in the traditional art of Dabu printing from his father, Shri Gulab Chand Ji Chhipa.<ref name="auto"/>

==Career and contributions==
In the 1970s, when the art of Dabu hand printing was nearing extinction, Chhipa dedicated himself to its revival. He began training young people in the technique, ensuring the continuation of this traditional craft. He has over 35 years of experience in Dabu printing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/trends/2017/Jun/01/a-look-into-the-traditional-dabu-and-bagru-techniques-of-rajasthan-1964.html|title=A look into the traditional Dabu and Bagru techniques of Rajasthan|first=Rashmi|last=Rajagopal|date=1 June 2017|website=Indulgexpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/whats-in-a-name-artisans-of-bagru-discover-it-the-hard-way/articleshow/74466629.cms|title=Jaipur: What's in a name? Artisans of Bagru discover it the hard way|date=4 March 2020|via=''The Economic Times'' - ''The Times of India''}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Padma Shri (2009) for his contributions to art.{{cite web |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2009.pdf |title=Padma Awards 2009}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma award winners |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/26padma-award-winners.htm |website=Rediff.com |publisher=Rediff News |date=26 January 2009 |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya, Akshay among Padma award receivers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aishwarya-akshay-among-padma-award-receivers/articleshow/4340068.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=Times Internet |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Padma awardees |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/Jan/26/list-of-padma-awardees-20884.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=26 January 2009 |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhoni, Bindra, AM Naik among Padma awardees |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dhoni-bindra-am-naik-among-padma-awardees/articleshow/4031449.cms |website=The Economic Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |date=26 January 2009 |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान के इन पद्मश्री कलाकारों की कहानी |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/hindi-story-for-padmashri-artists-rajasthan-1-3202473 |website=राजस्थान पत्रिका |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
* National Award (1987) from the Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts).{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=46983 |title=Press Information Bureau Release}}
* Kala Shri Award (1991) from the Haryana Government<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://handmadeinrajasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/industries/handmadeinrajasthandepartment/mastercrafts/padmaawardees/list/ramkishorechhipa.html Ram Kishore Chhipa profile] at Handmade in Rajasthan.
* [https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Rajasthan&Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2009-2009 Padma Awards Dashboard]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhipa, Ram Kishore}}
[[Category:Indian textile designers]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Piparpur, Bhadar

2026-01-20T15:24:06Z

Victorxsi: Creating Some Page From Scratch

{{Other uses|Piparpur (disambiguation){{!}}Piparpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Piparpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Pīparpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Bhadar block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Piparpur (#548) in Bhadar CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.135812|N|82.013129|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faizabad division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.70
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6825
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Piparpur''' is a village in [[Bhadar]] block of [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=243–59 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> The historical capital of the [[pargana]] of [[Asal, Amethi|Asal]], Piparpur is located on the road from [[Amethi]] to [[Chanda, Sultanpur|Chanda]], just west of the intersection with the main [[Allahabad]]-[[Faizabad]] road.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=160–1, 202 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> Running through the village is a stream that originates in the Bhujwa ''[[jhil]]'' and flows into neighbouring [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Prataphgarh district]] where it joins with the [[Chamraura]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The banks of this stream are well-wooded; they used to be more so, but a lot of it was cut down around the turn of the 20th century to provide materials for the railway.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> There is also some significant ''[[usar]]'' land, especially in the north of the village.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

Piparpur has a train station on the Faizabad-Sultanpur-Allahabad branch of the [[Northern Railway zone]]; it is located 13 km from the previous station at [[Sultanpur Junction railway station|Sultanpur Junction]] and 11 km from the next station at [[Khundaur railway station|Khundaur]].<ref name="Census 1961"/> The station is located to the east of the village.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

As of 2011, Piparpur has a population of 6,825 people, in 1,022 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities and hosts both a permanent market and a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> Besides Piparpur proper, there are also 15 dependent hamlets that are included in the village lands.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Piparpur serves as the seat of a [[nyaya panchayat]] which also includes 18 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==History==
Piparpur was the capital and main settlement in the historical [[pargana]] of [[Asal, Amethi|Asal]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The Piparpur railway station was built in 1901;<ref name="Census 1961"/> before this, its main claim to importance was as the seat of a police [[thana]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> It also held a market.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> At the turn of the 20th century, Piparpur was held in ''[[bhaiyachara]]'' tenure by a group of over 200 [[Bachgoti Rajput]]s along with a few [[Kayasth]]s and [[Bania (caste)|Bania]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Due to conflict among the landowners, a process of partition was begun in 1902.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Its population as of 1901 was 1,806 people, mostly Rajputs; in addition to the Hindu population there was also a small Muslim minority of 101.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Piparpur (as "Piperpur") as comprising 16 hamlets, with a total population of 2,167 people (1,084 male and 1,083 female), in 449 households and 381 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=102–3, 198 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> 145 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the pargana of Asal and the thana of Piparpur.<ref name="Census 1951"/> Either it or [[Piparpur, Bhetua|the Piparpur in Bhetua block]] had a district board-run primary school with 120 students in attendance as of 1 January 1951.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Piparpur as comprising 16 hamlets, with a total population of 2,366 people (1,194 male and 1,172 female), in 465 households and 422 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=128, 132, liv-lv |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,519 acres.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Piparpur as having a population of 3,078 people, in 624 households, and having an area of 1,019.44 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=124–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Piparpur (as "Piper Pur") as having a total population of 4,717 people (2,391 male and 2,326 female), in 735 households and 730 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 150–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 1,017.00 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 1,008, or 21% of the total; this group was 50% male (504) and 50% female (504).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 508, or 21% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 34% (1,023 men and 396 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 1,463 people were classified as main workers (1,184 men and 279 women), while 97 people were classified as marginal workers (2 men and 95 women); the remaining 3,157 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 717 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 374 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 3 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 28 household industry workers; 142 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 18 [[construction worker]]s; 36 employed in trade and commerce; 19 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 126 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amethi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]

Karthika Adaikalam

2026-01-18T18:20:03Z

Victorxsi: Creating info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karthika
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Karthika Adaikalam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|5|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thirukadaiyur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername = 'Thoothukudi' Karthika
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Karthika Adaikalam''' (born 3 May 1991), better known [[mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Karthika''', is an Indian actress who has appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. She is probably best known for her performances in ''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]'' and ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Career==
Karthika made her debut as an actress through [[Sanjay Ram]]'s ''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]'', a village action drama, where she appeared opposite choreographer-turned-actor [[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]]. She was cast in the film after the makers had spotted her in a commercial.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Qu48lzrTy4&feature=emb_title |title=YouTube |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The relative success of the film prompted Karthika to be labelled as 'Thootukudi' Karthika or 'Karuvappaiya' Karthika by the media, after a popular song from the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/155585-karuva-payya-karthika-resumes-her-acting-career |title='என் ரசிகர்களுக்காக மீண்டும் நடிக்க வந்துட்டேன்!' - 'கருவாப்பையா' கார்த்திகா! |first=உ சுதர்சன் |last=காந்தி |website=Vikatan |date=20 April 2019 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/july-07-03/16-07-07-bala.html |title=BALA NAAN KADAVUL Karthika bhavana arya Meenakshi Karuppasamy Kuthagaitharar parvathi Thoothukudi tamil movie news hot stills picture image gallery |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> A song titled "Ulaga Azhagi" from her second film, ''[[Pirappu]]'' (2008) also won her recognition, despite the relative low-key release of the film. She was recognised by director [[Bala (director)|Bala]], who cast her in the leading female role of a bling beggar opposite [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] in ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009) during mid-2007. However, despite being completing a test shoot, where she was asked to beg in the streets of [[Periyakulam]], Bala later dropped her from the project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/sep-07-01/05-09-07-naan-kadavul.html |title=NAAN KADAVUL Mission Heroine Bala Karthika Bhavana Neetu Chandra Pooja Tamil Movie Trailer Indian movie Trailers image gallery}}</ref> Some of the other films she worked on during the period including Raghavan's ''Alaiyodu Vilaiyadu'', ''Jawahar Pattalam'' and ''Machan'' also failed to have a theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-09-02/alaiyodu-vilaiyadu-01-14-03-09.html |title=Alaiyodu Vilaiyadu: of conflict ridden waters - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movies News - Director Raghavan Karthika Vijayan |website=Behindwoods.com |date=14 March 2009 |accessdate=9 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-08-04/karthika-28-03-08.html |title=Watch out for this singer! |date=28 March 2008|website=Behindwoods.com |accessdate=9 August 2022}}</ref>

Karthika featured in ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]'' (2008) alongside an ensemble cast including [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Pasupathy]] and [[Vimala Raman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/19ssr.htm |title=Review: Raman Thediya Seethai}}</ref> She then signed on to appear in ''[[Madurai Sambavam]]'' (2009), once again appearing alongside Harikumar. Post-release, she revealed that she had accepted the brief role as a goodwill gesture to Harikumar, who had played a role in beginning her acting career.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/sep/28/karthikas-next-is-dhairiyam-89943.html |title=Karthika's next is 'Dhairiyam'|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>

Karthika took an extended break from the film industry after getting married in 2012.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} In mid-2019, Karthika announced plans of making a comeback to acting.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/04/10/actress-karthika-is-back-after-a-break/ |title=Actress Karthika is back after a break |date=10 April 2019}}</ref> She will next be seen in the fantasy film, ''Mayamukhi''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/03/08/mayamukhi-nears-completion/ |title=Mayamukhi nears completion |date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/actress-karthika-adaikalam-act-tamil-and-telugu-films-again-ana-msb-413241.html |title=மீண்டும் நடிக்க வருகிறார் 'கருவாப்பையா' பாடல் புகழ் கார்த்திகா |date=18 February 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]'' || Mallika ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Pirappu]]'' || Padma Shankarapandi ||
|-
| ''[[Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu]]'' || Nangai ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]'' || Gayathri ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Madurai Sambavam]]'' || Gomathi ||
|-
| ''Vaidehi'' || Vaidehi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Thairiyam]]'' || Jennifer ||
|-
| ''[[365 Kadhal Kadithangal]]'' || Jasmine ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Mayamukhi'' || || Filming
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=12157879}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adaikalam, Karthika}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]

Daiyat

2026-01-05T04:47:31Z

Victorxsi: put up first entry initial version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daiyat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.544096631742363|N|76.73535314121847|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Daiyat''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Daiyat Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]], its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daiyat(474344) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531534|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Ramkumar Ramanathan

2026-01-02T19:49:22Z

Victorxsi: Creating Basic Biography W/ Refs

{{short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Indian name|Ramkumar|Ramanathan}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|image= Ramanathan BOR22 (52082932812).jpg
|image_size=
|caption= Ramanathan at the [[2022 BNP Paribas Primrose Bordeaux]]
|name= Ramanathan Ramkumar
|fullname=
|country_represented= {{IND}}
|residence= [[Barcelona]], Spain & [[Chennai]], India
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|11|08}}
|birth_place= [[Karaikudi]], Tamil Nadu, India
|spouse= Annapoorani Vairavan
|death_place=
|height={{convert|1.88|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
|turnedpro= 2009
|retired=
|plays= Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney=$1,284,801<ref name=ATPCurrent>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/ramkumar-ramanathan/rb56/overview|title=Ramkumar Ramanathan | Overview|website=ATP Tour|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615054434/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/ramkumar-ramanathan/rb56/overview|url-status=live}}</ref>
|coach= [[Juan Balcells]] & [[Sergio Casal]]
|singlesrecord= {{tennis record|won=25|lost=38|details=in [[ATP Tour]] and [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] main draw matches, and in [[Davis Cup]]|small=yes}}
|singlestitles= 0
|highestsinglesranking = No. 111 (30 July 2018)
|currentsinglesranking=
|AustralianOpenresult= Q3 ([[2018 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|2018]])
|FrenchOpenresult= Q2 ([[2015 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|2015]], [[2021 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|2021]], [[2022 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|2022]])
|Wimbledonresult= Q3 ([[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|2021]])
|USOpenresult= Q2 ([[2015 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|2015]], [[2017 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|2017]])
|doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=18|lost=24|details=in [[ATP Tour]] and [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] main draw matches, and in [[Davis Cup]]|small=yes}}
|doublestitles = 2
|highestdoublesranking = No. 58 (15 August 2022)
|currentdoublesranking =No. 159 (29 December 2025)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2023 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2023]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult= 2R ([[2022 French Open - Men's doubles|2022]])
|WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R ([[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2022]])
|USOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2022 US Open – Men's doubles|2022]])
|FrenchOpenMixedresult = 1R ([[2022 French Open – Mixed doubles|2022]])
|WimbledonMixedresult = 1R ([[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2021]])
|Team = yes
|DavisCupresult = 8–7 (singles 8–7)
|updated = 30 December 2025
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport | [[tennis]]}}
{{MedalCountry| {{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition| [[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Tennis at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Tennis at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's doubles|Doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Tennis at the 2016 South Asian Games – Men's singles|Singles]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|2016 Guwahati|[[Tennis at the 2016 South Asian Games#Medalists|Doubles]]}}
}}

'''Ramanathan Ramkumar''' (born 8 November 1994) is an Indian professional [[tennis]] player.<ref name=itftennis>{{cite web|title=Ramkumar RAMANATHAN|url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100139721|publisher=itftennis.com|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110153853/http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100139721|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been [[ATP rankings|ranked]] as high as world No. 111 in singles by the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]], which he achieved in July 2018, and in doubles at No. 58, achieved in August 2022. He has represented [[India Davis Cup team|India]] in the [[Davis Cup]].

== Personal and early life ==
Ramkumar was born to Ramanathan Chettiar and Alagammai Aachi in a [[Nagarathar|Nattukottai Nagarathar]] family in [[Karaikudi]], Tamil Nadu. Both his parents are in the textile business. He has a sister named Uma. He started playing tennis at the age of five, introduced to the sport by his father. He trains at the Sanchez-Casal Academy in Barcelona, Spain.<ref name="ATPProfile">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/ramkumar-ramanathan/rb56/bio|title=Ramakumar Ramanathan - ATP Profile|website=Atpworldtour|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815113349/http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/ramkumar-ramanathan/rb56/bio|url-status=live}}</ref> He graduated with a B.A. in economics from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=A day to remember for Ramkumar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/a-day-to-remember-for-ramkumar/article4096680.ece|access-date=16 August 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 November 2012|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816154112/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/a-day-to-remember-for-ramkumar/article4096680.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url-status=live|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106121430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|publisher=[[Times of India]]|title=Top Male Tennis Players of India through History|archive-date=6 January 2015|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> He speaks Tamil, English and Spanish.<ref name="ATPProfile" />

== Career ==
=== 2008–2010: Junior career and turning pro ===
Ramanathan began playing tennis at the age of five, turning professional in 2009.

=== 2014–2016: Early career ===
In 2014, Ramanathan qualified for the main draw of the [[2014 Aircel Chennai Open|Chennai Open]] and beat the then-Indian No. 1 [[Somdev Devvarman]] in the first round.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite web|title=Chennai Open: Yuki Bhambri wins opener, Somdev Devvarman loses to Ramkumar Ramanathan|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/218929-chennai-open-yuki-bhambri-wins-opener-somdev-devvarman-loses-to-ramkumar-ramanathan|publisher=sports.ndtv.com|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103105156/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/218929-chennai-open-yuki-bhambri-wins-opener-somdev-devvarman-loses-to-ramkumar-ramanathan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=dnaindia>{{cite web|last=Mehta|first=Rutvick|title=Chennai Open: After beating Somdev Devvarman in round 1, 19-year-old R Ramanathan hopes to break into top-200 by end of 2014|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-chennai-open-after-beating-somdev-devvarman-in-round-1-19-year-old-r-ramanathan-hopes-to-break-into-top-200-by-end-of-2014-1945012|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=4 January 2014|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112063205/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-chennai-open-after-beating-somdev-devvarman-in-round-1-19-year-old-r-ramanathan-hopes-to-break-into-top-200-by-end-of-2014-1945012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=newindianexpress>{{cite web|last=Gopalkrishnan|first=Krithika|title=Ramkumar Arrives With a Bang|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Ramkumar-Arrives-With-a-Bang/2014/01/02/article1977684.ece|work=The New Indian Express|date=2 January 2014|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200912/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Ramkumar-Arrives-With-a-Bang/2014/01/02/article1977684.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then lost to [[Marcel Granollers]] in the second round.

In 2015, Ramanathan played mostly on Futures and Challenger level. He entered the [[2015 Aircel Chennai Open|Chennai Open]], where he lost in first round to [[Tatsuma Ito]] in straight sets.<ref name="ATPProfile" /> In April, he reached his first doubles final at a challenger event at the [[Mersin Cup]] in Turkey. Partnering with [[Riccardo Ghedin]], the pair lost the final to [[Mate Pavić]] and [[Michael Venus (tennis)|Michael Venus]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Draw PDF|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2015/6488/mdd.pdf|website=Protennislive.com|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-date=14 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214003928/http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2015/6488/mdd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He entered his second ATP world tour event of the year at [[2015 Malaysian Open, Kuala Lumpur|Malaysian Open]] where he lost in the first round to [[Mikhail Kukushkin]].<ref name="ATPProfile" />

[[File:Ramanathan WMQ16 (3) (27595402684).jpg|thumb|left|Ramanathan at the [[Wimbledon Championships|2016 Wimbledon qualifying]]]]

In the 2016 season, Ramanathan entered the [[2016 Aircel Chennai Open|Chennai Open]] and reached the quarterfinals, his best result at an ATP World Tour event. He defeated [[Daniel Gimeno Traver]] and [[Alexander Kudryavtsev]] in the first and second rounds respectively. He lost to [[Aljaž Bedene]] in the quarterfinals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Judge|first1=Shahid|title=Chennai Open 2016: In lost cause, Ramkumar Ramanathan gives fresh hope|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/in-lost-cause-ram-gives-fresh-hope/|access-date=22 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=9 January 2016|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821114238/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/in-lost-cause-ram-gives-fresh-hope/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October, Ramanathan partnered with [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]]. The pair reached the final at the [[2016 Vietnam Open (tennis)|Vietnam Open]] Challenger, where they lost to [[Sanchai Ratiwatana]] and [[Sonchat Ratiwatana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan, Ramkumar Ramanathan end runners-up at Vietnam Open|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/jeevan-nedunchezhiyan-ramkumar-ramanathan-end-runners-up-at-vietnam-open-3086150/|access-date=2 September 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Indian Express|date=16 October 2016|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902151430/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/jeevan-nedunchezhiyan-ramkumar-ramanathan-end-runners-up-at-vietnam-open-3086150/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2017: Challenger breakthrough, Masters debut and first win===
In April, Ramanathan reached his first singles challenger final at the [[2017 Tallahassee Tennis Challenger|Tallahassee challenger]]. He lost to [[Blaž Rola]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Paes-Lipsky win Tallahassee Challenger title|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-lipsky-win-tallahassee-challenger-title/articleshow/58444922.cms|access-date=26 August 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Indian Express|date=30 April 2017|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902103656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-lipsky-win-tallahassee-challenger-title/articleshow/58444922.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ramanathan entered the [[2017 Antalya Open]], where he upset world No. 8 and top seed [[Dominic Thiem]] in the second round. This was his first match win against a top-10 player. Ranked world No. 222, Ramanathan defeated Thiem in straight sets, 6–3, 6–2.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/ramkumar-ramanathan-stuns-world-no-8-dominic-thiem-with-straight-set-win-6-3-6-2-4724902/ |title=Ramkumar Ramanathan stuns World No. 8 Dominic Thiem with straight set win at Antalya Open |date=27 June 2017 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629233136/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/ramkumar-ramanathan-stuns-world-no-8-dominic-thiem-with-straight-set-win-6-3-6-2-4724902/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He progressed to the quarterfinals, where he lost to [[Marcos Baghdatis]].

In July, he reached his second singles Challenger final at [[2017 Nielsen Pro Tennis Championships|Nielsen Pro Tennis Championships]]. He lost in straight sets to [[Akira Santillan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramkumar Ramanathan battles past Tommy Paul in Winnetka semis|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/tennis/2017/jul/15/ramkumar-ramanathan-battles-past-tommy-paul-in-winnetka-semis-1629064.html|access-date=26 August 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=15 July 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826235157/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/tennis/2017/jul/15/ramkumar-ramanathan-battles-past-tommy-paul-in-winnetka-semis-1629064.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ramkumar stumbles in Winnetka Challenger final|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/tennis/ramkumar-stumbles-in-winnetka-challenger-final/article19289516.ece|website=sportstarlive.com|date=16 July 2017 |access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926101928/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/ramkumar-stumbles-in-winnetka-challenger-final/article19289516.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August, Ramanathan entered for the first time in a main draw of a Masters 1000 tournament at the [[2017 Western & Southern Open|Cincinnati Masters]] as a lucky loser. He defeated qualifier [[Christopher Eubanks]] in the first round, before losing to another American, [[Jared Donaldson]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramkumar Ramanathan out of Cincinnati Masters with second round defeat|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/ramkumar-ramanathan-out-of-cincinnati-masters-with-second-round-defeat-4800495/|access-date=21 August 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Indian Express|date=17 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821173521/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/ramkumar-ramanathan-out-of-cincinnati-masters-with-second-round-defeat-4800495/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramanathan entered qualifying draw of [[2017 US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. He defeated [[Paul-Henri Mathieu]] in the first round but lost to [[Nicolas Mahut]] in the second.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramkumar Ramanathan ousted from US Open qualifying event|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/ramkumar-ramanathan-ousted-from-us-open-qualifying-event-4813557/|access-date=26 August 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Indian Express|date=25 August 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826193736/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/ramkumar-ramanathan-ousted-from-us-open-qualifying-event-4813557/|url-status=live}}</ref> He finished year with a singles ranking of No. 148.

=== 2018: Hall of Fame Tennis Championships finalist===
Ramanathan opened his new season by entering [[2018 Maharashtra Open|Maharashtra Open]] as a wildcard. He lost in round two to top seed [[Marin Cilic]] in straight sets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Judge|first1=Shahid|title=Maharashtra Open: Clinical Marin Cilic gives Ramkumar Ramanathan a schooling|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/maharashtra-open-clinical-marin-cilic-gives-ramkumar-ramanathan-a-schooling-5010607/|access-date=4 January 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=4 January 2018|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104003204/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/maharashtra-open-clinical-marin-cilic-gives-ramkumar-ramanathan-a-schooling-5010607/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then entered qualifying draw of Australian Open where he lost in the final qualifying round to [[Vasek Pospisil]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tirkey|first1=Joy|title=Yuki Bhambri Qualifies For Australian Open, Ramkumar Ramanathan Misses Out|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/australian-open-yuki-bhambri-qualifies-ramkumar-ramanathan-misses-out-1799870|access-date=15 January 2018|publisher=NDTV|date=14 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114163422/https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/australian-open-yuki-bhambri-qualifies-ramkumar-ramanathan-misses-out-1799870|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April, Ramanathan reached his first Challenger singles final of the season at [[2018 Santaizi ATP Challenger|Taipei Challenger]]. He was defeated in the final by compatriot [[Yuki Bhambri]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Yuki Bhambri wins Taipei Challenger, set to break back into top 100 in ATP rankings|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/tennis/2018/apr/15/yuki-bhambri-wins-taipei-challenger-set-to-break-back-into-top-100-in-atp-rankings-1801970.html|access-date=15 May 2018|date=15 April 2018|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515185006/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/tennis/2018/apr/15/yuki-bhambri-wins-taipei-challenger-set-to-break-back-into-top-100-in-atp-rankings-1801970.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July, Ramanathan reached the final at [[2018 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles|Newport]] where he lost to [[Steve Johnson (tennis)|Steve Johnson]]. He became the first Indian to reach an ATP World Tour singles final since [[Somdev Devvarman]] at the [[2011 SA Tennis Open|2011 Johannesburg Open]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramkumar Ramanathan Finishes Runners-up as Johnson Wins Newport Title |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/ramkumar-ramanathan-finishes-runners-up-as-johnson-wins-newport-title-1820109.html |access-date=26 July 2018 |date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726103915/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/ramkumar-ramanathan-finishes-runners-up-as-johnson-wins-newport-title-1820109.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November, he won his first doubles ATP Challenger title at [[2018 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|Pune Challenger]]. He paired with compatriot [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]] and defeated [[Hsieh Cheng-peng]] and [[Yang Tsung-hua]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramkumar-Vijay pair clinches Pune Challenger trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/ramkumar-vijay-pair-clinches-pune-challenger-trophy/articleshow/66786042.cms |access-date=15 January 2019 |agency=Press Trust of India |date=24 November 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116053251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/ramkumar-vijay-pair-clinches-pune-challenger-trophy/articleshow/66786042.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He finished the year with a singles ranking of No. 133.

===2019–2020: One singles final & four doubles Challenger titles===
Ramanthan won the doubles titles in Japan, France, Italy, and two in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Tennis Federation - ITF |url=http://www.itftennis.com/ |website=itftennis.com |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212033507/http://itftennis.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2021: Major debut in mixed doubles, maiden singles Challenger title===
Ramanathan entered [[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|men's singles qualifying draw of Wimbledon]]. He defeated [[Jozef Kovalík]] and [[Tomás Martín Etcheverry]] in the first and second rounds respectively in straight sets but lost to [[Marc Polmans]] in last qualifying round in a five sets thriller in the tiebreaker.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} He made his Grand Slam main draw debut in mixed doubles where he entered the draw after a last minute withdrawal partnering [[Ankita Raina]]. This was a Grand Slam mixed doubles debut for both players. They lost to compatriots [[Rohan Bopanna]] and [[Sania Mirza]] in straight sets. It was a historic first ever all Indian match at a Grand Slam level.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

He won his first singles Challenger title at [[2021 Bahrain Ministry of Interior Tennis Challenger – Singles|Manama Challenger]] where he defeated [[Evgeny Karlovskiy]] in straight sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/ramkumar-wins-against-karlovskiy-atp-challenger-manama-tennis/article37742310.ece|access-date=28 November 2021|title=Ramkumar wins maiden singles title on ATP Challenger Tour in Manama|website=Sportstar.thehindu.com|date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130224924/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/ramkumar-wins-against-karlovskiy-atp-challenger-manama-tennis/article37742310.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramanathan ended 2021 year by reaching the quarterfinals of the [[2021 Antalya Challenger III]] in singles and the semifinals of doubles with [[Vladyslav Orlov]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===2022–2024: ATP title & top 100, Masters singles main draw===
Ramkumar had good start to [[2022 ATP Tour|2022 season]] with a title win in [[2022 Adelaide International 1 – Men's doubles|Adelaide]], Ramanathan partnered with [[Rohan Bopanna]] and won the title by defeating top seeds [[Ivan Dodig]] and [[Marcelo Melo]] in the final. This was his first [[ATP Tour]] title.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Just a month later, he won his second ATP title with [[Rohan Bopanna]] at [[2022 Maharashtra Open – Doubles|Maharashtra Open]] by defeating Australian pair of [[Luke Saville]] and [[John-Patrick Smith]] in the final.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Following his title victory he broke into ATP Top 100 doubles rankings by reaching career best ranking of World No. 94.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/ramkumar-ramanathan-enters-doubles-top-100-touches-career-high-94-after-tata-open-triumph/articleshow/89405936.cms|access-date=7 February 2022|title=Ramkumar Ramanathan enters doubles top-100, touches career-high 94 after Tata Open triumph|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926101927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/ramkumar-ramanathan-enters-doubles-top-100-touches-career-high-94-after-tata-open-triumph/articleshow/89405936.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/ramkumar-ramanathan-enters-doubles-top-100-touches-career-high-94-after-tata-open-triumph-4745819.html|access-date=7 February 2022|title=Ramkumar Ramanathan Enters Doubles Top-100, Touches Career-high 94 after Tata Open Triumph|website=news18.com|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207113928/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/ramkumar-ramanathan-enters-doubles-top-100-touches-career-high-94-after-tata-open-triumph-4745819.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same tournament, Ramanathan received a singles main draw wildcard but lost to [[Stefano Travaglia]] in the first round in three sets.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
In singles, he lost to [[Holger Rune]] in the [[2022 Adelaide International 1 - Men's singles#Qualifying|2022 Adelaide qualifiers]] and [[Gian Marco Moroni]] in [[2022 Australian Open - Men's singles qualifying|Australian Open qualifiers]] in straight sets respectively.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Ramanathan lost in the first round of [[2022 Bengaluru Open]] to [[Max Purcell]] in three sets but went on to win the [[2022 Bengaluru Open – Doubles|doubles title]] with [[Saketh Myneni]], defeating French pair of [[Hugo Grenier]] and [[Alexandre Müller]] in straight sets in the final. The pair did not drop a single set in winning the title.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
He then lost to [[Mathias Bourgue]] at [[2022 Bengaluru Open II|Bengaluru Open 2]] but reached the doubles final with [[Saketh Myneni]] again losing to [[Arjun Kadhe]] and [[Alexander Erler]] in the tie breaker.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
Ramanathan and Saketh lost in the 1st round of [[2022 Dubai Tennis Championships]] to [[John Peers]] and [[Filip Polášek]] in straight sets after receiving a wildcard.

Ramanathan lost to [[Liam Broady]] in the qualifying round of [[2022 Indian Wells Masters]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Ramanathan was the top seed in the singles qualifying round of [[2022 Challenger di Roseto degli Abruzzi II]] but lost to [[Francesco Maestrelli]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
He reached the quarterfinals of the [[2022 Challenger di Roseto degli Abruzzi II – Doubles|doubles event]] with [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]]. He then reached the final of the [[2022 Challenger Biel/Bienne – Doubles|Challenger Biel/Bienne]] with [[Purav Raja]] where they lost to top seeds [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] and [[Albano Olivetti]] in straight sets.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} He then lost to [[JC Aragone]] in the first round of the [[2022 Salinas Challenger - Singles|Salinas Challenger]]. At the same tournament, in doubles as the top seeds with Jeevan, he lost to eventual champions and compatriots [[Yuki Bhambri]] and [[Saketh Myneni]]. {{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

At the [[2024 Rolex Shanghai Masters]] he qualified for the main draw with wins over [[Ugo Blanchet]] and [[Fajing Sun]]. It was his first singles main draw appearance at the Masters level since 2017 Cincinnati, having entered the qualifying competition as an alternate.<ref>{{cite tweet|url= https://x.com/damiankust/status/1841031394975158395 |number= 1841031394975158395 |title= Ramkumar Ramanathan was on a 10-match losing streak before receiving an alternate spot into Shanghai Q and has now made the main draw, beating Blanchet and Sun. It will be just his 2nd ATP 1000 appearance after 2017 Cincinnati as LL (beat Eubanks in R1, lost to Donaldson |date=1 October 2024|user=damiankust}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news-2024-shanghai-masters-ramkumar-ramanathan-beats-sun-fajing-straight-sets-qualifies-main-draw|title=2024 Shanghai Masters: Ramkumar Ramanathan beats Sun Fajing in straight sets; qualifies for main draw|date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== ATP career finals ==

=== Singles: 1 (runner-up) ===
{|
|- valign="top"
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Legend
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|Grand Slam tournaments
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|ATP World Tour Masters 1000
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|ATP World Tour 500 Series
|-
|ATP World Tour 250 Series (0–1)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (0–0)
|-
|Grass (0–1)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoor (1–0)
|-
|Indoor (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|{{nowrap|0–1}}
|[[2018 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2018}}]]
|[[Hall of Fame Tennis Championships]], United States
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Steve Johnson (tennis)|Steve Johnson]]
|5–7, 6–3, 2–6
|}

===Doubles: 2 (2 titles)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Legend
|-style=background:#f3e6d7
|Grand Slam tournaments
|-style=background:#e9e9e9
|ATP World Tour Masters 1000
|-style=background:#d4f1c5
|ATP World Tour 500 Series
|-
|ATP World Tour 250 Series (2–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (2–0)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoor (2–0)
|-
|Indoor (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class=unsortable|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class=unsortable|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–0
|[[2022 Adelaide International 1 – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2022}}]]
|[[Adelaide International (tennis)|Adelaide International]], Australia
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]]
|7–6(8–6), 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|2–0
|[[2022 Maharashtra Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2022}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open]], India
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rohan Bopanna
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Luke Saville]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John-Patrick Smith]]
|6–7(10–12), 6–3, [10–6]
|}

==ATP Challenger and ITF Tour finals==

===Singles: 33 (21–12)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Legend
|-bgcolor=e5d1cb
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger Tour (1–6)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures Tour (20–6)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (19–8)
|-
|Clay (2–3)
|-
|Carpet (0–1)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–1
|{{dts|Dec 2012}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F16, [[Dharwad]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanam Singh]]
|2–6, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–2
|{{dts|Jun 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F17, [[Martos]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Steven Diez]]
|5–7, 7–6(7–4), 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–2
|{{dts|Nov 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F11, [[Raipur]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Duck-hee]]
|3–6, 7–6(8–6), 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–2
|{{dts|Dec 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Cambodia F2, [[Phnom Penh]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Josh Goodall]]
|6–1, 4–6, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–2
|{{dts|May 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F14, [[Antalya]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anton Zaitcev]]
|6–7(6–8), 6–0, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–2
|{{dts|Jul 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F17, [[Getxo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Marc Giner
|6–4, 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–3
|{{dts|Jul 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F18, [[Gandia]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Arthur De Greef (tennis)|Arthur De Greef]]
|4–6, 6–4, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–3
|{{dts|Sep 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F32, Antalya
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rémi Boutillier]]
|6–4, 7–6(10–8)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–3
|{{dts|Sep 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F33, Antalya
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Ricardo Rodríguez (tennis)|Ricardo Rodríguez]]
|6–3, 6–0
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|7–3
|{{dts|Nov 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F7, Raipur
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]]
|6–1, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|7–4
|{{dts|Dec 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Qatar F5, [[Doha]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Nikoloz Basilashvili]]
|6–7(5–7), 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|7–5
|{{dts|Mar 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F3, [[Tiruchirapalli]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|8–5
|{{dts|May 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F6, [[Mysore]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]]
|7–6(7–2), 3–6, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|9–5
|{{dts|Sep 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F13, [[Coimbatore]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ouyang Bowen]]
|6–4, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|9–6
|{{dts|Oct 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F40, Antalya
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Tim van Rijthoven]]
|3–6, 6–4, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|10–6
|{{dts|Nov 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F16, [[Gwalior]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|11–6
|{{dts|Dec 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F19, [[Mumbai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prajnesh Gunneswaran
|6–3, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|12–6
|{{dts|May 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F12, [[Lleida]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Félix Auger-Aliassime]]
|7–6(7–1), 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|13–6
|{{dts|Dec 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Qatar F5, Doha
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Sebastian Ofner]]
|7–5, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|14–6
|{{dts|Dec 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Qatar F6, Doha
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUT}} Sebastian Ofner
|7–5, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|14–7
|[[2017 Tallahassee Tennis Challenger – Singles|{{dts|Apr 2017}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Tallahassee Tennis Challenger|Tallahassee]], USA
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Blaž Rola]]
|2–6, 7–6(8–6), 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|15–7
|{{dts|Jun 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Singapore F2, [[Singapore]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Raymond Sarmiento]]
|6–2, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|16–7
|{{dts|Jun 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Singapore F3, Singapore
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} Nicholas S. Hu
|7–6(7–4), 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|16–8
|[[2017 Nielsen Pro Tennis Championships – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2017}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Nielsen Pro Tennis Championships|Winnetka]], USA
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Akira Santillan]]
|6–7(1–7), 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|16–9
|[[2017 KPIT MSLTA Challenger – Singles|{{dts|Nov 2017}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[KPIT MSLTA Challenger|Pune]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri]]
|6–4, 3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|16–10
|[[2018 Santaizi ATP Challenger – Singles|{{dts|Apr 2018}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Santaizi ATP Challenger|Taipei]], Taiwan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} Yuki Bhambri
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|16–11
|[[2020 Challenger Eckental – Singles|{{dts|Nov 2020}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Challenger Eckental|Eckental]], Germany
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sebastian Korda]]
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|16–12
|[[2021 Cary Challenger – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2021}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Cary Challenger|Cary]], USA
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mitchell Krueger]]
|6–7(4–7), 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|17–12
|[[2021 Bahrain Ministry of Interior Tennis Challenger – Singles|{{dts|Nov 2021}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2021 Bahrain Ministry of Interior Tennis Challenger|Manama]], Bahrain
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeny Karlovskiy]]
|6–1, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|18–12
|{{dts|Oct 2023}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 [[Dharwad]], India
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tour
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Digvijay Pratap Singh
|7–6(7–5), 7–6(8–6)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|19–12
|{{dts|Nov 2023}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 [[Mumbai]], India
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tour
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Siddharth Vishwakarma
|6–0, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|20–12
|{{dts|Nov 2023}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 [[Kalaburagi]], India
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tour
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[David Pichler (tennis)|David Pichler]]
|6–2, 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|21–12
|{{dts|Mar 2024}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 [[New Delhi]], India
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tour
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Singh (tennis)|Karan Singh]]
|6–2, 6–2
|}

===Doubles: 51 (27–24)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Legend (doubles)
|-bgcolor=e5d1cb
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger Tour (11–11)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures Tour (16–13)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (19–14)
|-
|Clay (8–8)
|-
|Grass (0–2)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|1–0
|{{dts|Aug 2011}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F29, [[Vigo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Rafael Mazón-Hernández
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Taro Daniel]] {{flagicon|JPN}} Hiroyasu Ehara
|6–3, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|2–0
|{{dts|Jul 2012}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F28, [[İzmir]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|RUS}} Kirill Dmitriev
|{{flagicon|FRA}} Julien Demois {{flagicon|FRA}} Yanais Laurent
|6–2, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|3–0
|{{dts|Jun 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F17, [[Martos]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ashwin Vijayragavan
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Roberto Ortega Olmedo]] {{flagicon|ESP}} Ricardo Villacorta-Alonso
|6–3, 5–7, [11–9]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|3–1
|{{dts|Sep 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F32, [[Seville|Sevilla]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Matwé Middelkoop]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Eduard Esteve Lobato {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Oriol Roca Batalla]]
|2–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|4–1
|{{dts|Oct 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F33, [[Sabadell]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Pérez Sanz]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Eduard Esteve Lobato {{flagicon|ESP}} Oriol Roca Batalla
|6–7(4), 6–3, [10–8]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–2
|{{dts|Oct 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F36, [[El Prat de Llobregat]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} David Pérez Sanz
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Antonio Campo {{flagicon|ITA}} Omar Giacalone
|6–3, 4–6, [6–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–3
|{{dts|Nov 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F9, [[Delhi]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ashwin Vijayragavan
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranjeet Virali-Murugesan]]
|6–7(3), 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–4
|{{dts|Nov 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F11, [[Raipur]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohit Mayur Jayaprakash]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sriram Balaji {{flagicon|IND}} Ranjeet Virali-Murugesan
|1–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|5–4
|{{dts|Dec 2013}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Cambodia F3, [[Phnom Penh]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Karunuday Singh
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuto Niki]] {{flagicon|JPN}} Arata Onozawa
|6–4, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|6–4
|{{dts|Mar 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F4, [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arun-Prakash Rajagopalan
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Giorgio Portaluri {{flagicon|SWE}} Lucas Renard
|6–3, 4–6, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|6–5
|{{dts|May 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F14, [[Antalya]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Andrei Ciumac]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} Sho Katayama {{flagicon|JPN}} Bumpei Sato
|3–6, 1–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|6–6
|{{dts|May 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F16, Antalya
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier]]
|{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Dimitar Kuzmanov]] {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Ricardo Rodríguez (tennis)|Ricardo Rodríguez]]
|w/o
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|7–6
|{{dts|Jun 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F15, [[Palma del Río]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Jaume Pla Malfeito
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Eduard Esteve Lobato {{flagicon|ESP}} Oriol Roca Batalla
|7–6(2), 4–6, [10–7]
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|8–6
|{{dts|Jul 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F17, [[Getxo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} David Pérez Sanz
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[João Domingues]] {{flagicon|ESP}} José Antón Salazar Martín
|5–7, 6–3, [10–4]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–7
|{{dts|Jul 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F18, [[Gandia]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Juan-Samuel Arauzo-Martínez {{flagicon|CAN}} Martin Beran
|6–2, 6–7(3), [9–11]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–8
|{{dts|Sep 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F33, Antalya
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|VEN}} Ricardo Rodríguez
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Scott Clayton (tennis)|Scott Clayton]] {{flagicon|GBR}} Richard Gabb
|5–7, 6–7(7)
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|9–8
|{{dts|Oct 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F34, Antalya
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Tuna Altuna]]
|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Barış Ergüden]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jan Hájek (tennis)|Jan Hájek]]
|6–4, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|10–8
|{{dts|Dec 2014}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Qatar F5, [[Doha]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sriram Balaji
|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Sam Barry (tennis)|Sam Barry]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Maximilian Neuchrist]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–9
|{{dts|Mar 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F2, [[Bhimavaram]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjeet Virali-Murugesan
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sriram Balaji {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]]
|7–6(5), 3–6, [6–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|11–9
|{{dts|Mar 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F3, Trichy
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arun-Prakash Rajagopalan
|{{flagicon|IND}} Anvit Bendre {{flagicon|IND}} Akash Wagh
|3–6, 6–2, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|11–10
|[[2015 Mersin Cup – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2015}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Mersin Cup]], Turkey
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Riccardo Ghedin]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mate Pavić]] {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Michael Venus (tennis)|Michael Venus]]
|7–5, 3–6, [4–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|12–10
|{{dts|Oct 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Turkey F41, Antalya
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Sarp Ağabigün]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} Kirill Dmitriev {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Luca Margaroli]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|12–11
|{{dts|Nov 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F16, Gwalior
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hung Jui-chen]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sriram Balaji {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]]
|4–6, 6–7(5)
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|13–11
|{{dts|Dec 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F19, [[Mumbai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kaliyanda Poonacha
|{{flagicon|IND}} Anvit Bendre {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandril Sood]]
|6–4, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|14–11
|{{dts|May 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Spain F12, [[Lleida]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Vega Hernández]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Carlos Boluda-Purkiss {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Alex de Minaur]]
|6–3, 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–12
|{{dts|Oct 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|France F21, [[Nevers]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Jordi Muñoz Abreu]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Antoine Hoang]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grégoire Jacq]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–13
|[[2016 Vietnam Open (tennis) – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2016}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Vietnam Open (tennis)|Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Sanchai Ratiwatana]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sonchat Ratiwatana]]
|5–7, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|15–13
|{{dts|Feb 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|USA F8, [[Indian Harbour Beach, Florida|Indian Harbour Beach]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Jaume Pla Malfeito
|{{flagicon|USA}} Hunter Callahan {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nick Chappell]]
|6–2, 6–7(5), [11–9]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|15–14
|{{dts|Mar 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|USA F9, [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Jaume Pla Malfeito
|{{flagicon|USA}} Connor Smith {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rhyne Williams]]
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|15–15
|[[2018 Slovak Open – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2018}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Slovak Open|Bratislava]], Slovakia
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Andrei Vasilevski (tennis)|Andrei Vasilevski]]
|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Denys Molchanov]] {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Igor Zelenay]]
|2–6, 6–3, [9–11]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|16–15
|[[2018 KPIT MSLTA Challenger – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2018}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[KPIT MSLTA Challenger|Pune]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Cheng-peng]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Tsung-hua]]
|7–6(3), 6–7(5), [10–7]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|16–16
|[[2019 Surbiton Trophy – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jun 2019}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Surbiton Trophy]], UK
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Grass
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kwon Soon-woo]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ben McLachlan]]
|6–4, 3–6, [2–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|17–16
|[[2019 Guzzini Challenger – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2019}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Guzzini Challenger|Recanati]], Italy
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Gonçalo Oliveira]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Vavassori]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Vega Hernández]]
|6–2, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|17–17
|[[2019 Sánchez-Casal Cup – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2019}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Sánchez-Casal Cup|Barcelona]], Spain
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Martos Gornés]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Bolelli]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Vega Hernández]]
|4–6, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|17–18
|[[2019 Shenzhen Longhua Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Nov 2019}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Shenzhen Longhua Open|Shenzhen]], China
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Elgin]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Cheng-peng]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Tsung-hua]]
|2–6, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|18–18
|[[2019 Kobe Challenger – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2019}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Kobe Challenger|Kobe]], Japan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[André Göransson]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Christopher Rungkat]]
|7–6(6), 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|19–18
|[[2019 KPIT MSLTA Challenger – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2019}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[KPIT MSLTA Challenger|Pune]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Purav Raja
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]]
|7–6(3), 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|20–18
|[[2020 Bengaluru Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2020}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Bengaluru Open|Bangalore]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Purav Raja
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]
|6–0, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|21–18
|[[2021 Cassis Open Provence – Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2021}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Cassis Open Provence|Cassis]], France
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sriram Balaji
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Hans Hach Verdugo]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela]]
|6–4, 3–6, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|22–18
|[[2022 Bengaluru Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2022}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|Bangalore, India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saketh Myneni
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alexandre Müller]]
|6–3, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–19
|[[2022 Bengaluru Open II – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2022}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|Bangalore II, India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saketh Myneni
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
|3–6, 7–6(4), [7–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–20
|[[2022 Challenger Biel/Bienne – Doubles|{{dts|Mar 2022}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2022 Challenger Biel/Bienne|Biel/Bienne]], Switzerland
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} Purav Raja
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Albano Olivetti]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–21
|[[2022 Ilkley Trophy – Men's doubles|{{dts|June 2022}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2022 Ilkley Trophy|Ilkley Trophy]], UK
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Grass
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[John-Patrick Smith]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Julian Cash]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Henry Patten]]
|5–7, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–22
|Jun 2023
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 Martos, Spain
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Parikshit Somani
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Jaime Faria]] {{flagicon|POR}} [[Henrique Rocha]]
|3–6, 6–7(3)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–23
|[[2023 Emilia-Romagna Open – Doubles|Jun 2023]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2023 Emilia-Romagna Open|Emilia-Romagna]], Italy
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Luca Margaroli]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jonathan Eysseric]] {{nowrap|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela]]}}
|2–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–24
|[[2023 Rafa Nadal Open – Doubles|Aug 2023]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2023 Rafa Nadal Open|Mallorca]], Spain
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sriram Balaji
|{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Daniel Cukierman]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joshua Paris]]
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|23–24
|Nov 2023
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 Mumbai, India
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Purav Raja
|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vladyslav Orlov]] {{flagicon|USA}} Harrison Adams
|6–3, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|24–24
|[[2024 Chennai Open Challenger – Doubles|Feb 2024]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2024 Chennai Open Challenger|Chennai Open]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saketh Myneni
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
|3–6, 6–3, [10–5]

|-
| style="background:#98FB98"|Win
| 25–24
| [[2024 Bengaluru Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2024}}]]
| style="background:moccasin"|[[2024 Bengaluru Open|Bangalore]], India
| style="background:moccasin"|Challenger
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Saketh Myneni
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Constantin Bittoun Kouzmine]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Maxime Janvier]]
| 6–3, 6–4

|-
| style="background:#98FB98"|Win
| 26–24
| [[2024 Seoul Open Challenger – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2024}}]]
| style="background:moccasin"|[[2024 Seoul Open Challenger|Seoul]], South Korea
| style="background:moccasin"|Challenger
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Saketh Myneni
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vasil Kirkov]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Bart Stevens]]
|6–4, 4–6, [10–3]

|-
|bgcolor= 98FB98 |Win
|27−24
|{{dts|Aug 2025}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2025 Lexington Open – Men's doubles|Lexington, KY]] USA
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yu-hsiou]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Huang Tsung-hao]]
|6–4, 6–4

|}

==Singles performance timeline==
{{Performance key}}

''Current through the [[2024 Rolex Shanghai Masters]].''

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97%
!Tournament!![[2014 ATP World Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP World Tour|2015]]!![[2016 ATP World Tour|2016]]!![[2017 ATP World Tour|2017]]!![[2018 ATP World Tour|2018]]!![[2019 ATP Tour|2019]]!![[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]!![[2021 ATP Tour|2021]]
![[2022 ATP Tour|2022]]
![[2023 ATP Tour|2023]]
![[2024 ATP Tour|2024]] !!SR!!W–L!!Win%
|-
| colspan="15" align="left" |'''Grand Slam tournaments'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|[[2015 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2016 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|[[2018 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|[[2019 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|[[2020 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2021 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|[[2022 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|
|
|0 / 0
|0–0
|–
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|[[2015 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|[[2016 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2017 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2018 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2019 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2020 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2021 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|[[2022 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|
|
|0 / 0
|0–0
|–
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|A
|[[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|[[2022 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|
|
|0 / 0
|0–0
|–
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|[[2015 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|[[2016 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2017 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|A
|[[2019 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|[[2021 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2022 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|
|
|0 / 0
|0–0
|–
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!
!
!0 / 0
!0–0
!–
|-
|-
| colspan="15" align="left" |'''Masters 1000'''
|-
|align=left|[[Indian Wells Masters]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|[[2018 BNP Paribas Open – Men's singles#Qualifying|Q2]]
|Q1
|A
|Q1
|Q1
|A
|A
|0 / 0
|0–0
|0%
|-
|align=left|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|Q1
|Q1
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|0 / 0
|0–0
|0%
|-
|align=left|[[Cincinnati Masters]]
|A
|A
|A
|style=background:#afeeee|[[2017 Western & Southern Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|0 / 1
|1–1
|50%
|-
|align=left|[[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai Masters]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
||[[2018 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Singles#Qualifying|Q2]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|style=background:#afeeee|[[2024 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Singles|1R]]
|0 / 1
|0–1
|0%
|-
| colspan="15" align="left" |'''National representation'''
|-
|align="left"|[[Davis Cup]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2016 Davis Cup|PO]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2017 Davis Cup|Z1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2018 Davis Cup|PO]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2019 Davis Cup|Z1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2020 Davis Cup qualifying round|QR]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2020 Davis Cup World Group I|WG1]]
|
|
|
|0 / 5
|10–9
| {{tennis win percentage|won=10|lost=9|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!1–3
!5–1
!1–2
!1–1
!0–1
!0–1
!2–0
! 0–1
! 1–1
!0 / 0
!11–11
! {{tennis win percentage|won=11|lost=11|integer=yes}}
|-
| colspan="15" align="left" |'''Career statistics'''
|-
!style=text-align:left|Titles/Finals
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–1
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!
!
! colspan="3" |0–1
|-
!style=text-align:left|Overall win–loss
!1–1
!0–2
!3–5
!8–5
!7–7
!3–5
!0–2
!0–4
!2–4
!0–1
!1–2
! colspan="2" |25–38
! {{tennis win percentage|won=25|lost=38|integer=yes}}
|-bgcolor=efefef
|align=left|Year-end ranking
|241
|248
|227
|148
|132
|174
|190
|222
|438
|523
|308
! colspan="3" |$1,284,801
|}

== Wins over top-10 players ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
| Season
| 2017
| 2018
| 2019
| 2020
| 2021
| 2022
| '''Total'''
|- align="center"
| Wins
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Player
!Rank
!Event
!Surface
!Rd
!Score
!{{Abbr|RRR|Ramkumar Ramanathan Ranking}}
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center" |'''[[2017 ATP World Tour|2017]]'''
|-
| 1.
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Dominic Thiem]]
| align=center bgcolor="eee8aa" |8
| [[2017 Antalya Open – Singles|Antalya]], Turkey
| bgcolor="ccffcc" |Grass
| bgcolor="afeeee" |2R
| 6–3, 6–2
| align=center|221
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ATP}}
*{{ITF profile}}
*{{Davis Cup player}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanathan, Ramakumar}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games tennis players for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Insight Academy School Bangalore

2025-12-07T05:14:13Z

Victorxsi: redirect

#redirect[[Education in Bengaluru]]

Jai Ram Varma

2025-11-27T21:44:04Z

Victorxsi: fixed article to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Jai Ram Verma
| honorific-suffix =
| image =File:Jai Ram Varma.gif
| alt =
| caption =

| constituency = [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]]
| office = Member of the [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = January 1980
| term_end = December 1984
| predecessor = [[Anantram Jaiswal]]
| successor = [[Nirmal Khatri]]

| constituency2 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term2 = 1970 – March 1974
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =

| constituency6 =
| term_start6 = 1952
| term_end6 = 1968
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|02|04}}
| birth_place = [[Faizabad District|Faizabad]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|01|14|1904|02|04}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| parents =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] (1967–1975)
| spouse = Pran Devi
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 2
| residence = [[Faizabad]] & New Delhi
| alma_mater = [[Government Inter College Faizabad|Government Inter College]], [[Faizabad]]
| occupation =
| profession = Teacher, [[agriculture|agriculturist]], social worker, politician
| cabinet =
| committees = Member of several committees
| portfolio =
| religion =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =

| blank1 =
| data1 =

| blank2 =
| data2 =


| nickname =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =

| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =

| military_blank2 =
| military_data2 =
}}
''' Jai Ram Verma ''' (4 February 1904 – 14 January 1987<ref>{{Google books |id=FCG5hGZ-hJsC |page=656 |title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories }}</ref>) was an [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian freedom fighter]], politician and was [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] of India. He was a member of the [[7th Lok Sabha]] and was also a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Verma represented the [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] political party.<ref name=" Member Profile ">{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] website|accessdate=1 January 2014|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2945.htm|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109135442/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/2945.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=" Detailed Profile ">{{cite news|title= Detailed Profile|publisher= Indian Government official website|accessdate= 1 January 2014|url= http://india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who|archive-date= 5 July 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170705125751/https://india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who|url-status= live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Jai Ram Verma was born in the village [[Baragaon, Ayodhya|Baragaon]], [[Faizabad District|Faizabad]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He attended the [[Government Inter College Faizabad|Government Inter College]] in the city of [[Faizabad]]. Verma worked as a teacher and [[agriculture|agriculturist]] prior to joining politics.<ref name=" Member Profile"/><ref name=" Detailed Profile"/> He did his M.Sc. in mathematics from Allahabad University.

==Political career==

===Pre independence===
Varma participated in the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was arrested several times (April 1941, August 1942 and February 1945). He participated in the [[Satyagraha]] and [[Quit India Movement]]s. Jai Ram Varma served as a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1946 (pre independence) and then went on to be appointed in the first [[Vidhan Sabha]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

===Post independence===
Jai Ram Varma has been in active politics since early 1930s. He joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party. Whilst with Congress, he became a member [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for several terms. He quit the Congress party to join newly formed [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] in 1967. During his association with [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]], he again was elected as a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].
In 1975, Varma quit Bharatiya Kranti Dal to join [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I)]] once again.
Varma held several key party posts and was also a Minister & Deputy Minister in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=" Member Profile"/><ref name=" Detailed Profile"/><ref name=" Earlier Lok Sabha ">{{cite news|title=Earlier Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha website|accessdate=1 January 2014|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokprev.aspx|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116233330/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokprev.aspx|archivedate=16 January 2014}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 1952 || 1957 || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|01st Assembly of U.P.]]
|-
| 02 || 1957 || 1962 || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|02nd Assembly of U.P.]]
|-
| 03 || 1959 || 1960 || Deputy Minister, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 04 || 1962 || 1967 || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|03rd Assembly of U.P.]]
|-
| 05 || 1962 || 1967 || Deputy Minister, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 06 || 1967 || 1968 || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|04th Assembly of U.P.]]
|-
| 07 || 1967 || 1968 || Minister, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 08 || 1970 || 1974 || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|05th Assembly of U.P.]]
|-
| 09 || 1970 || 1970 || Minister, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 10 || 1980 || 1984 || Member, [[7th Lok Sabha|07th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[7th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Lok Sabha]]
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Government of India]]
*[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of Indian independence activists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Jai Ram}}
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Faizabad]]
[[Category:People from Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Kranti Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]

Himantolophus kalami

2025-11-03T10:46:03Z

Victorxsi: Creating entry

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Himantolophus kalami
| authority = [[Meleppura Rajeeshkumar|Rajeeshjumar]], [[Theodore Wells Pietsch III|Pietsch]] & [[Naryanane Saravanane|Saravanane]], 2022
}}
'''''Himantolophus kalami''''' is a species of marine [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Himantolophidae]], the [[footballfish]]es. This species was [[Species description|described]] in 2022 by [[Melapurra Rajeeshkumar]], [[Theodore Wells Pietsch III]] and [[Naryanane Saravanane]] with its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as the east coast of the northern [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], India. This species is a member of the ''[[Himantolophus albinares]]'' [[species complex]], a classification partly based on the absence of anterior [[Esca (fish anatomy)|escal]] appendages. It differs from other species in this complex in having a unique [[Illicium (fish anatomy)|illicial]] and escal morphology having a simple lower central filament and a pair of filaments on each side of the base the esca.<ref name = RPS>{{cite journal |author=Melapurra Rajeeshkumar |author2=Theodore W. Pietsch |author2-link=Theodore Wells Pietsch III |author3=Naryanane Saravanane |year=2022 |title=A new species of deep-sea anglerfish, genus ''Himantolophus'' (Lophiiformes: Himantolophidae) from the Andaman Sea, India |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5178 |issue=6 |pages=589–594 |doi=10.11646/ZOOTAXA.5178.6.6|pmid=36095708 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] honours [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the 11th [[president of India]] from 2002 to 2007, who was also an Indian [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]], recognising his contributions and encouragement of India's space research and missile technology, as well as his encouragement of students in his speeches and books.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes1/ |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 1): Families LOPHIIDAE, ANTENNARIIDAE, TETRABRACHIIDAE, LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE |author=Christopher Scharpf |date=3 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Horaglanis abdulkalami]]''
* [[List of organisms named after famous people (born 1925–1949)]]
* [[List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q122927849}}

[[Category:Himantolophidae]]
[[Category:Deep sea fish]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Meleppura Rajeeshkumar]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Theodore Wells Pietsch III]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Naryanane Saravanane]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2022]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]

National Highway 57A (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T16:45:34Z

Victorxsi: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 527 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Godiji

2025-08-01T05:39:49Z

Victorxsi: put up basic post w/ infobox

{{short description|Śvetāmbara Jain temple in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Shri Godiji Parshwanath, Mumbai
| native_name = {{ubl
|{{native name|hi|श्री गोडीजी पार्श्वनाथ|italics=no}}
|Śrī Godījī Pārshwanāth
}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Godiji temple.jpg
| image_size = 270
| caption = Shri Godiji Parshwanth temple, [[Mumbai]]
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_size = 250
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|58|30|N|72|49|33|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| location = [[Pydhonie]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| deity = [[Parsvanath]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| festivals = Posh Dashmi (Parshvanath Birth occasion), [[Mahavir Jayanti]], Paryushan, Diwali, Maun Ekadashi
| temple_quantity = 1
| established = 1812
| website =
}}
'''Godiji Parshwanath''' ({{langx|hi|श्री गोडीजी पार्श्वनाथ}}) is the name given to several images of the [[Tirthankar]]a [[Parshva]]nantha in [[India]], and to the temple where it is the main deity (mulanayaka). Parshwanath was the 23rd Tirthankara who attained nirvana in 777 BCE. All these images and temples belong to the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect of [[Jainism]].

The original image, about {{convert|1.5|ft}} high, was at Gori in [[Tharparkar]] district of [[Pakistan]]. The original temple still stands, but is empty.<ref>Gori jo Mandar: Desert rose, By Aakash Santorai, Published: 2 February 2011, Express Tribune Pakistan, http://tribune.com.pk/story/109991/gori-jo-mandar-desert-rose/</ref> It is in village of Gori between Islamkot and [[Nagarparkar]].
Other Godiji temple is located in small village named Kosana in the Jodhpur District Rajasthan donated by the Nagarseth Sri Hastimal Ji Nahar.<ref>As Mumbai Jain temple wraps up celebrations, silence shrouds its predecessor in Pakistan, Yashwant K. Malaiya, 18 May 2012 http://tribune.com.pk/story/380436/as-mumbai-jain-temple-wraps-up-celebrations-silence-shrouds-its-predecessor-in-pakistan/</ref>

==Godiji Parshwanth Temple in Mumbai==
{{Multi image
| align = left
| image1 = godiji.jpg
| caption1 = Godiji Parshvanath idol
| width1 = 125
| image2 = Godiji - Interior - main hall.jpg
| caption2 = Intricate carving inside the temple
}}

Among the images that bear the name Godiji Parshwanth, the best known is Godiji Parshvanath in the Pydhonie locality of Mumbai.<ref>On seventh heaven in Pydhonie, Times Of India, 21 Jun 2003, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/On-seventh-heaven-in-Pydhonie/articleshow/34209.cms</ref>

Seth Amichand of Khambhat settled in Mumbai and constructed a [[house temple|griha jinalaya]].<ref>श्री गोड़ीजी तीर्थ, मुनि विमलसागरजी महाराज, 2012, Shatabdi Gaurav Hindi Fortnightly, http://www.shatabdigaurav.com/t_godiji_parshwanath.html {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120913114006/http://www.shatabdigaurav.com/t_godiji_parshwanath.html |date=2012-09-13 }}</ref> The temple was moved in 1803 to Pydhonie locality because of a fire.

Its 200th anniversary was celebrated on 15 April – 12 May 2012.<ref>Grand celebrations on cards as Jain temple completes 200 yrs, 24 Mar 2012, Daily News and Analysis, http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_grand-celebrations-on-cards-as-jain-temple-completes-200-yrs_1666662</ref> A stamp commemorating this celebration was released by Milind Deora, the then Minister of State for Communications and IT, on 17 April 2012. A four volume directory of ancient manuscripts was also released.<ref>ગોડીજી ગૌરવ પર્વના જ્ઞાનમહોત્સવમાં થયો જ્ઞાનધર્મનો જયજયકાર, 22 April 2012, Gujarati Midday, http://www.gujaratimidday.com/mumbai-local/mumbai-local/godaji-jinalaya-10 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329004449/http://www.gujaratimidday.com/mumbai-local/mumbai-local/godaji-jinalaya-10 |date=29 March 2014 }}</ref> The temple organised a [[community feast]] for 800,000 individuals. Sweets accompanying an invitation were sent to over 1,34,000 families, and every Jain temple in Mumbai was invited to mark the grand celebration.<ref>Mega celebrations mark Jain temple bi-centenary, Quaid Najmi, 15 April 2012, http://twocircles.net/2012apr15/mega_celebrations_mark_jain_temple_bicentenary.html</ref>

==The original Gori Temple in [[Tharparkar]]==
{{Main|Gori Temple, Nagarparkar}}

{{multiple image
| image1 = Gori Mandar.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Gori Temple, Nagarparkar|original Gori Temple]] with 52 domes, [[Nagarparkar]]
| image2 = Symbolic & Historical Artwork in Goddi Temple.JPG
| caption2 = Painted ceiling representing Jain mythology
}}

For several centuries, the temple at Goripur was a celebrated Jain [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]. It forms part of the collection of worship sites that comprise the [[Nagarparkar Temples]]. An account of its building is contained in "Gaudi Parshvanath Stavan" by Pritivimala, composed in Samvat 1650 and "Shri Gaudi Parshvanath Stavan" written by Nemavijaya in Samvat 1807.<ref>Bhanvarlal Nahta, Shri Gaudi Parchvanath Tirth, Muni Jinavijaya Abhinandan Granth, Ed. Dalsukh Malvania, Jinavijayaji Samman Samiti, Jaipur, 1971, p. 263-275</ref>

According to Muni Darshanvijaya,<ref>Jain Paramparano Itihas, Munishi Darshanvijaya, Jnanavijaya, Nyayavijaya, Charitra Smarak Granthamala, Ahmedabad, 1960, p. 739-743</ref> it was installed by Seth Godidas of Jhinjhuvad and was consecrated by Acharya [[Hemachandra]] at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] in Samvat 1228. It was brought to Patan and was buried underground for safekeeping during a period of disturbance. It was rediscovered in 1375–76 and was stored in the stable of the local ruler.

According to the old texts, a merchant Megha Sa from [[Nagarparkar]] acquired the image by paying 125 dramma or 500 pieces (taka) and brought to Nagarparkar, where it was formally reconsecrated by Acharya Merutunga Suri of [[Anchala]] [[Gachchha]]. Later, according to instructions he received in a dream, he settled a new town at Godipur and constructed a temple in samvat 1444, thus establishing the Godi Parshvanth Tirth. The construction was supervised by an architect from [[Sirohi]]. The shikhar of the temple was completed by his son Mahio.

The tirth became famous and was visited by the Jains from afar.

It was visited by Stanley Napier Raikes in 1854.<ref>Stanley Napier Raikes, Memoir on the Thurr and Parkur districts of Sind, Education Society's Press, Byculla, 1859. p. 83, Appendix B,</ref> Raikes met local Jains to compile recent history and consulted a Jain Yati Goorjee Kuntvujajee at Bodhesar, who had manuscripts describing the history of the temple.

In 1716, the local chief Soda Sutojee moved the image from the temple to a fort. The image used to be buried underground at a secret location for safekeeping, and used to be taken out time to time with great celebration. Raikes write that thousands of monks and hundreds of thousands of ordinary people assembled for the fairs held in 1764, 1788, 1796, 1810, 1822 and 1824 for the idol's exhibition.<ref>Footloose: The lost idol of Gorecha —Salman Rashid, Daily Times, Pakistan, 27 June 2008, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C06%5C27%5Cstory_27-6-2008_pg3_5</ref> In AD 1832, the chief Soda Poonjajee, who was the only person who knew the location of the image, was captured by the ex-Ameers and died in captivity. The image was never seen again.

The temple was later damaged in the battle between Colonel Tyrwhitt and a local Sodha chief, who had taken shelter at the temple.

The temple was inspected the Archaeological Survey of India in 1879.<ref>Reports regarding the archaeological remains in Kurrachee, Hyderabad, and Shikárpur collectorates, in Sindh, with plans of tombs, Volume 8 of Archæological Survey of Western India, Archaeological Survey of India, Govt. Central Press, 1879, p. 29</ref> The report refers to it having been built in Samvat 1432.<ref>Essai de bibliographie Jaina: répertoire analytique et méthodique des relatifs au Jainisme, By Armand Albert Guérinot, E. Leroux, 1906</ref> An inscription of 1715 was noted mentioning repairs made.<ref>Revised lists of antiquarian remains in the Bombay Presidency: Government central press, 1897, James Burgess, Henry Cousens, p. 222</ref>

Jain Muni Vidyavijayaji visited Sindh in 1937.<ref>Mari Sindhyatra, Muni Vidyavijayaji, Shri Vijayavardhamanasuri Jain Granthmala, v. 53, 1943 AD, p. 13-15</ref> He notes that the temple was empty, and had decayed. A local Bhil served as a guard. At that time there were still many Jain families in towns near Nagarparkar. During India's partition in 1947, the Jains left and the temple became inaccessible to the Jain community.

'''Gori Temple Architecture''': The Gori temple was constructed in the classical medieval style. The main structure (mula prasad) with a shikhara is surrounded by 52 subsidiary shrines (devakulikas), just like the [[Dilwara Temples#Vimal Vasahi Temple|Vimala Vasahi]] at [[Mt. Abu]]. It is termed Dvi-Saptati or Bavan Jinalaya by Nandalal Chunilal [[Somapura]] in the Sanskrit text Jina Prasad-Martanda.<ref>Shilpacharya Nandalal Chunilal Somapura, JinaPrasad-Martanda, Dakshkumar Nandalal Somapura, Palitana, 1993, p. 343-345</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2012 - Colnect 392494 - Godiji Temple Mumbai.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.5|Stamp of Godiji temple issue in 2012]]

In 2012, a stamp was issued in 2012 to commemorate temple completing 200 years of construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commemorative Postage Stamp Of India |url=https://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx |website=Indian Postage Stamps |publisher=[[India Post]] |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914032623/https://postagestamps.gov.in/CommemorativePostageStamps.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Descendants of the builders==

According to traditional accounts, compiled in early 20th century by Yati Ramlal Gani,<ref>Mahajan-Vamsh-Muktavali, Upadhayay Shri Ramalaji Gani, Pub. Shisyakshem Amar Balchandra, Bikaner, 1921, p. 21-24</ref> the members of the Gothi clan of [[Oswal]]s are the descendants of Megha Sa. They now live in various part of India.<ref>Mangilal Bhutoria, Itihas Ki Amarbel Oswal, Priyadarshi Prakashn 1992, p. 226</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nagarparkar#Jain Temples of Nagarparkar and nearby region|Jain Temples of Nagarparkar and nearby region]]
* [[Jainism in Pakistan]]
* [[Jainism in Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015006/http://omstamps.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=24_62&product_id=12012010 Stamp issued by India Post]}}
* District Tharparkar Official Site https://web.archive.org/web/20120321200415/http://tharparkar.gos.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=88
* Official site, Shri Godiji Parshvanath Maharaj Jain temple (SGPMJ) Pydhonie, Mumbai, http://www.godiji.org/

{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Tharparkar District]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Pakistan]]

Dil Boley Oberoi

2025-07-21T19:16:38Z

Victorxsi:

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dil Boley Oberoi-serial.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Harneet Singh
* [[Mrinal Jha]]
* Abhijit Sinha
* Franky Jr.
* Divy Nidhi Sharma (Dialogue)
* Aparajita Sharma (Dialogue)
}}
| director = Atif Khan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shrenu Parikh]]
* [[Kunal Jaisingh]]
}}
| opentheme = "O Saathiya" by Pamela Jain<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/ishqbaaaz/sets/dil-boley-oberoi-album|title=Dil Boley Oberoi SoundTrack Album 2017 |website=SoundCloud }}</ref>
| composer = Sanjeev Srivastava & [[Raju Singh]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 111
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
* Karishma Jain
* Nishikant Negi
}}
| cinematography = Rajan Singh
| editor =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = [[4 Lions Films]]
| network =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|02|13}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2017|07|07}}
| related = ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| channel = [[StarPlus]]
}}

'''''Dil Boley Oberoi''''' ({{Translation|The heart says Oberoi}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic drama television series that premiered from 13 February 2017 to 7 July 2017 on [[StarPlus]] and streamed digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishqbaaaz-to-get-its-own-spin-off-series/articleshow/56648526.cms|title=Ishqbaaaz to get its own spin-off series?|website=Times Of India}}</ref> A [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] to ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'', it is the first spin-off series on Indian television. Produced by [[4 Lions Films]], the series starred [[Shrenu Parikh]] and [[Kunal Jaisingh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ishqbaaz-spin-off-to-replace-nikhil-advani-pow-bandhi-hum-yudh-ke-star-plus-4487490/|title=Ishqbaaaz's spin-off to replace Nikhil Advani's POW Bandhi Hum Yudh Ke|date=23 January 2017|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/02/viewers-get-to-see-more-of-oberoi-family-with-star-plus-spin-off-stunt/|title=Viewers get to see more of Oberoi family with Star Plus' spin-off stunt}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Omkara-Gauri "Rikara" love story===
Circumstances forced Omkara Singh Oberoi to despise the idea of love and made him distant from the very relationships he once used to cherish, because of traumatic past experiences; due to his father, Tej's affair with his secretary, Svetlana, and the betrayal of Om's mother, Jhanvi and due to his experience of being fooled easily by women who hurt his emotions. Then, Gauri Kumari Sharma enters his life, whom he looks down upon as an opportunistic, greedy, and characterless girl while in reality, Gauri is a caring girl who values relationships and is devoted to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. Under unforeseen circumstances, both get married; but due to uncleared misunderstandings between them, Omkara develops a deep hatred for Gauri and leaves her right after marriage, subsequently, Gauri, in Chulbul's disguise enters Omkara's home - the Oberoi Mansion and during her time as domestic help there, she grows very close to him and also plays an active role in making Omkara's mission to expose Svetlana and to get rid of her from their lives, a success, meanwhile, Kaali Thakur, the local landowner and don of Bareilly returns to Gauri's life seeking revenge as Gauri had left him at the altar. Kaali Thakur and Svetlana team up, and manipulate Tej against Jhanvi and Omkara. However, Gauri (as Chulbul) with help from Rudra and Bua Maa (Dolly Oberoi) saves the da

After finally getting rid of Svetlana and Kaali, Gauri has to face Omkara's wrath as he gets to know her true identity, despite Omkara wanting to throw Gauri out of his life, Gauri still stands by his side, sacrificing her self-pride, to protect Omkara's life from Bua Maa (his aunt) whose sweet gestures were all pretended as she seeks vengeance for her son, Ratan's accidental death when he was a child and was trying to save Om from drowning. Gauri exposes Bua Maa. Gauri decides to leave Omkara who by now has developed a soft corner for Gauri and learning from his previous mistakes; decides to give their relationship another chance. This marks the end of ''Dil Boley Oberoi'', and Omkara and Gauri's story continued in ''Ishqbaaaz'', where they have to face more hurdles; due to misunderstandings and mistrust in their relationship before finally realizing their feelings for each other.

===Rudra-Bhavya "RuVya" love story===
''Dil Boley Oberoi'' also marks the continuation of Rudra and Saumya's relationship, initially seen in ''Ishqbaaaz'', where it was seen that Rudra's antics and his arrogance and ego towards Saumya had already put a dent in their relationship. Despite Saumya's repeated efforts to save their drowning relationship, Rudra (wrongfully) holds her responsible for the growing tension between his father, Tej, and his older brother, Omkara, and for the other problems of his family, leaving Saumya devastated. Their paths cross again when they are taking the same flight to a mutual friend's engagement. The flight's hijacking leads Saumya and Rudra to work together to save the plane from crashing, but their differences remain and Saumya realizes that it is high time they ended things. She visits him for the last time and tells him that they are better off as friends. She then leaves for [[Australia]] to pursue higher studies after parting on good terms with Rudra. But she returns to the Oberoi Mansion and is later discovered to be evil. The life story of Rudra then takes a turn when he meets Bhavya Pratap Rathore a police officer who came on a secret mission. While Rudra takes interest in Bhavya she was planning to use Rudra as her defender but eventually both started having feelings for each other. But the identity of Bhavya to be a police officer was not revealed to Rudra yet and according to him Bhavya was a shy, sweet, belonging to a low thinking society but as they started their mission, and faced many hurdles. Eventually, Bhavya's identity was revealed which leaves Rudra shattered and started showing his anger and sadness with Bhavya.

The rest of their story is continued in ishqbaaz.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Shrenu Parikh]] as Gauri Trivedi Singh Oberoi - Harshvardhan's younger daughter; Anika's younger sister; Omkara's wife
*[[Kunal Jaisingh]] as Omkara "Om" Singh Oberoi - Tej and Jhanvi Oberoi's elder son; Rudra and Priyanka's brother; Gauri's husband
*[[Leenesh Mattoo]] as Rudra "Ru" Singh Oberoi - Tej and Jhanvi Oberoi's younger son; Omkara and Priyanka's brother; Saumya's ex-husband; Bhavya's husband
*[[Nehalaxmi Iyer]] as Saumya Kapoor - Rudra's ex-wife; Svetlana and Tia's younger sister
*[[Mansi Srivastava]] as ACP Bhavya Pratap Rathore Singh Oberoi - Rudra's wife

===Recurring===
*[[Nakuul Mehta]] as Shivaay Singh Oberoi - Pinky and Shakti's son; Annika's husband
* [[Surbhi Chandna]] as Annika Trivedi Singh Oberoi - Harshvardhan's elder daughter; Gauri's sister; Sahil's foster sister; Shivaay's wife
* [[Reyhna Malhotra]] as Svetlana Kapoor - Tia and Saumya's sister; Tej's ex-mistress; Omkara's ex-fiancée; Abhay's ex-wife
* [[Mahesh Thakur]] as Tej Singh Oberoi - Kalyani's son; Shakti and Roop's brother; Jhanvi Oberoi's husband; Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka's father
* Mrinal Deshraj as Jhanvi Singh Oberoi - Tej's wife; Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka's mother
* [[Navnindra Behl]] as Kalyani Singh Oberoi - Matriarch of Oberoi family; Prithviraj's wife; Tej, Shakti and Roop's mother; Shivaay, Omkara, Rudra, and Priyanka's grandmother
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Dolly Singh Oberoi - Kalyani's sister-in-law; Ratan's mother
* [[Avinash Mishra]] as Abhay Singh Oberoi - Shivaay, Omkara, Rudra, and Priyanka's cousin
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Kaali Thakur - a landlord and the local don; Jhanvi Thakur's husband
* Subha Rajput as Priyanka Singh Oberoi - Jhanvi Oberoi and Tej's daughter; Omkara and Rudra's sister; Ranveer's wife
* [[Ayush Anand]] as Ranveer Singh Randhawa - Priyanka's husband
* [[Nitin Bhatia]] as Nandi - Gauri's sworn brother

===Special appearances===
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] as Mohini - Aditya's ex-girlfriend
* [[Nidhi Uttam]] as Jhanvi Thakur - Kali Thakur's wife
* Sehrish Ali as Maya - Svetlana's assistant
* Mrinmai Kolwalkar as Fake Svetlana Kapoor
* Rakesh Srivastav as Mr. Dhurandhar - a court official

==Production==
On 26 January 2017, the first promo of the show was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-first-promo-of-dil-bole-oberoi-is-here-and-it-looks-very-promising/articleshow/56806340.cms|title=The first promo of 'Dil Bole Oberoi' is here and it looks very promising|website=Times Of India|date=27 January 2017 }}</ref> On 5 February 2017, the second promo was released which introduced [[Shrenu Parikh]] as Gauri Kumari Sharma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-first-promo-of-dil-bole-oberoi-is-here-and-it-looks-very-promising/articleshow/56806340.cms|title=The first promo of 'Dil Bole Oberoi' is here and it looks very promising – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 January 2017 |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

Speaking about introducing a spin-off of ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'', lead actor [[Kunal Jaisingh]] said, "[[Spin-off (media)|Spin-offs]]" as a trend has come to India now. It has always been there in the west. "''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''" had three stories running together and just 20 minutes couldn't do justice to all three. That's how the idea of "''Dil Boley Oberoi''" came. The show came through beautifully. And it was of course amazing to have my own story and see my character grow.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/what-makes-tv-shows-spin-offs-work/articleshow/63986624.cms |title=What makes TV shows' spin-offs work |website=Times Of India |date=22 November 2018 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{main|Ishqbaaaz (soundtrack)}}

==Future==
On 10 July 2017, producer [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] decided to merge ''Dil Boley Oberoi'' with ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''. The parent series aired 1 hour long episodes since then.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/indian-television-first-spin-off-show-dil-bole-oberoi-ishqbaaaz-television-news/18389162|title=Indian television's first spin-off show 'Dil Bole Oberoi' to go off air?|work=mid-day|access-date=2017-07-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishqbaaz-and-dil-bole-oberoi-will-be-merging-both-shows-need-each-other-producer-gul|title=Ishqbaaz and Dil Bole Oberoi will be merging, both shows need each other: Producer Gul Khan|website=www.pinkvilla.com|date=30 June 2017|access-date=2017-07-09|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331065546/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishqbaaz-and-dil-bole-oberoi-will-be-merging-both-shows-need-each-other-producer-gul|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6481008}}
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/dil-boley-oberoi/13103 Dil Boley Oberoi] streaming on [[Hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{4 Lions Films}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Television series by 4 Lions Films]]

Bhagirathi Nepak

2025-05-24T15:42:10Z

Victorxsi: minor refine page and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image = Bhagirathi_Nepak.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df = y|1931|4|1}}
| birth_place = Binika, [[Subarnapur District|Sonepur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df = y|2007|1|3|1931|4|1}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| citizenship =
| education = BA [[Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = [[Gangadhar Meher College (Autonomous), Sambalpur|Gangadhar Meher College]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Anusuya nepak
| partner =
| children = Manorama, Rajendra, Nirupama, Debendra, Suvendra, Pratima, Narendra
| relatives =
| awards = [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Bhagirathi Nepak''' (1 April 1931 – 3 January 2007) was an eminent scholar on [[Mahima Dharma]] and [[Bhima Bhoi]], and well known [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]] award-winning writer.

== Early life ==
He was born to Late Sadananda Nepak and Late Shreemati Devi at Binika of [[Subarnapur district|Sonepur District]]. But later his family moved to Lachhipur village of [[Subarnapur district]]. After finishing his graduation in Philosophy from [[Gangadhar Meher College (Autonomous), Sambalpur|Gangadhar Meher College, Sambalpur]], he joined as an auditor in the [[Government of Odisha]].

He started writing with the "Kau O Koili" during his school days. Later he penned many books including Research books, Novels, Short Stories, Poetry etc. Till date more than 229 of his creations are published which include 34 novels, 3 collections of poems, many biographies, children literature, short plays.<ref>[http://www.orissasahityaakademi.org/english/common/sahitya-awards/award5.htm Orissa Sahitya Academy Award] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420082316/http://www.orissasahityaakademi.org/english/common/sahitya-awards/award5.htm |date=20 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>[https://openlibrary.org/b/OL14673138M/S%C4%81hitya-sam%C4%81locan%C4%81-bicitr%C4%81 Sāhitya samālocanā bicitrā]</ref> He is remembered for popularizing [[Satya Mahima Dharma]].<ref>[http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf Mahima Dharma, Bhima Bhoi and Biswanathbaba] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410054934/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf |date=10 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL4657622A/Bhagirathi_Nepak|title = Bhagirathi Nepak}}</ref>

Some of his creations are:
* Odisha ra Adibasi (The tribals of Odisha)
* Bhima Bhoi O Anyanya Prasanga (Bhima Bhoi and other)
* Punarabrutti - (Repeatation) a Novel
* Suchana - (Information/Notice) a Novel
* Patel Badhu Jaikadhi - a Novel
* Kali, Aji, Paradina - (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) - a Novel
* June Teyis Sujata ra Swapna - (The 23rd June) - A Novel
* Sujata ra Swapna - (The dreams of Sujata) - A novel
* Katha Bichitra - A bucket of short stories
* Chira Sabuja Galpa - (Evergreen stories) - Short Stories
* Chira Nutana Galpa - (Ever new Stories) - Short Stories

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Western Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nepak, Bhagirathi}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Subarnapur district]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

TV Biwi Aur Main

2025-05-05T08:49:32Z

Victorxsi: stub...

{{Short description|Indian sitcom series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = TV,_Biwi_aur_Main_Title_Card.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Title card of TV, Biwi aur Main
| native_name = 
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer = Chintan Shah
| screenplay = Rohit Malhotra
| story = Rohit Malhotra
| director = Nitin Choudary
| creative_director = Uditanshu Mehta
| presenter =
| starring = [[Karan Veer Mehra]] [[Shruti Seth]] [[Tanvi Thakkar]]
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Asish Rego
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 86
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Shashi Sumeet Mittal Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Rajeev Porwal Jitender Singla
| news_editor = 
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography = Dinesh Singh
| editor = Kshitija Khandagale Shatrughan Singh
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 25 minutes
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| budget =
| network = [[SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|6|13}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|10|10|df=y}}
| related = 
}}

'''''TV, Biwi aur Main''''' ({{Translation|''TV, wife and I''}}) is an Indian sitcom series on [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/lite/2017/06/sab-s-reel-versus-real-comedy/|title=sab-s-reel-versus-real-comedy|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> It premiered on 13 June 2017 and went off air on the 10 of October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/videos/new-show-tv-biwi-aur-main-coming-soon-on-sabtv-529984|title=New show 'Tv, Biwi Aur Main' coming soon on SabTv|last=|first=|date=21 May 2017|website=ABP Live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rajeev, a television daily-soap producer, is a workaholic, much to his wife's dismay. Hilarity ensues when he tries to strike a balance between his personal and professional life.

Show covers the comic timings created between Priya (Rajeev's wife) and Rajeev's mom who is not satisfied with her son's choice and wanted a daughter-in-law just like Bindiya (Rajeev's show's heroine). She thinks Bindiya is a perfect daughter-in-law as she portrays in the show and compares Priya with Bindiya, though in reality Bindiya is a self-centered arrogant attention seeker. As the time passes Rajeev's mom is shown to have a soft corner for Priya. The show ended with Rajeev receiving a chance to produce one more show in the same channel and he thanks everyone including his team and family for supporting him in his journey.

==Cast==
*[[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Rajeev Gupta (TV Producer),Priya's husband Gappu's father
* [[Shruti Seth]] as Priya Rajeev Gupta (Rajeev's wife),Gappu's mother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-veer-mehra-and-shruti-seth-make-comeback-with-tv-biwi-aur-main/articleshow/58806149.cms|title=Karan Veer Mehra and Shruti Seth make comeback with TV, Biwi Aur Main|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 May 2017|access-date=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/biwi-aur-main-shruti-seth-turn-sanskari-bahu-23683/|title=Biwi aur Main : Shruti Seth to turn 'sanskari' bahu|last=|first=|date=19 July 2017|website=The Indian Wire|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Tanvi Thakkar]] as Bindiya Bhansali (Rajeev's TV show's heroine)
* [[Abeer Singh Godhwani|Karan Godhwani]] as Kushal (Rajeev's TV show's hero)
* Sudeepa Singh as Bindu (Rajeev's Ex-girlfriend)
* [[Khushbu Thakkar]] as Tanvi (Rajeev's TV show's creative director)
* Ashwin Kaushal as the Director of Rajeev's serial
* Madhuri Sanjeev as Amma Ji
* [[Ashok Lokhande]] as Bau Ji
* Siddharth Dubey as Gaurav Gupta(Gappu) Priya and Rajeev's son
*Shivangi Verma as Maya (Rajeev's TV show's vamp)
* Akshay Bhagat as Spot Dada
* Sanjay Wadekar as Make-up dada
* Jay Shanker Pandey as DOP(Cameraman) Genius
* Premchand Singh as Rajeev's serial's writer
* Bhavish as A.D. Babloo
* [[Parveen Kaur (Indian actress)|Parveen Kaur]] (Kushal's Mother in serial)
* Nitin Bhatia as EP
* [[Hunar Hali]] as Kamini<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hunar-hale-to-join-tv-biwi-aur-main/articleshow/59983286.cms|title=Hunar Hale to join TV, Biwi Aur Main|last=|first=|date=9 August 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Jijaji
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Mausi Dadi Ji
* [[Spandan Chaturvedi]] as Munni<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/udaans-young-chakor-aka-spandan-chaturvedi-to-play-mysterious-character-in-tv-biwi-aur-main/articleshow/60307752.cms|title=Udaan's young Chakor aka Spandan Chaturvedi to play mysterious character in TV, Biwi aur Main|last=|first=|date=31 August 2017|website=Times of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Ketki Dave]] as Priya's Mother
* [[Twinkle R Vasisht]] as Leela, Priya's friend

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#00008B |season=1 |title=19 |airdate=15 |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Rajeev in Trouble<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV Biwi Aur Main|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/tv-biwi-aur-main-1500000476/episodes}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|13}}
|ShortSummary = Rajeev is a producer of a popular TV show. Rajeev's assistant tells him that they do not have a mangalsutra to shoot a sequence for their daily soap.
|LineColor = #00008B
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Priya Yells At Bindiya
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|14}}
|ShortSummary = Priyanka and her friends are observing a religious fast for the long lives of their husbands. Meanwhile, Rajeev ponders over different ways to borrow the nuptial necklace from Priyanka. Then, Priyanka's friends show her Bindiya's interview in which she praises her chemistry with Rajeev. Suddenly, Rajeev enters the room and demands Priyanka's nuptial necklace which shocks Priyanka as well as her friends.
|LineColor = #00008B
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Bindiya Refuses To Work In Rajeev's Soap Opera
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|6|15}}
|ShortSummary = Rajeev's troubles escalate as Priyanka refuses to give him the nuptial necklace while Bindiya threatens to leave the shooting location. Meanwhile, Priyanka learns the truth and offers Rajeev her nuptial necklace. However, Bindiya is still stubborn about leaving the location. Rajeev travels to the location to convince Bindiya and resume shooting.
|LineColor = #00008B
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = Rajeev's Affair
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|7|3}}
|ShortSummary = Priya finds Rajeev in a compromising position with Bindu. She vents out her anger on Rajeev. In defence, Rajeev claims that she is doubting her loyalty. Priya refuses to forgive Rajeev and walks out of the room. Rajeev decides to visit the set in order to escape Priya's wrath. Will Rajeev manage to win over Priya? Watch this episode to find out.
|LineColor = #00008B
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title = Priya's Singing Skills
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|7|4}}
|ShortSummary = Priya and Rajeev wake up to the sound of bhajan. Rajeev's mother-in-law is impressed by Bindu's devotion to God. She ridicules Priya as she does not know any bhajan. Priya is enraged and decides to sing a bhajan to prove that she can sing. But, Rajeev stops her before things go out of hand.
|LineColor = #00008B
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title = Bindu's True Motive
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|7|5}}
|ShortSummary = Bindu brings a ring for Rajeev and puts the ring in his engagement ring finger. This enrages Priya, who insults Bindu and questions her motive. Bindu breaks down into tears and leaves. Rajeev goes to Bindu's room to console her but finds out that Bindu's true motive to come to his house is to marry him. Rajeev somehow manages to escape her room and tries to convey this to Priya. However, Priya feels guilty for how she had behaved with Bindu and thinks that Rajeev is taunting her for her actions.
|LineColor = #00008B
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title = Priya's Marriage In Trouble
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|7|7}}
|ShortSummary = Priya's friends inform her that she has done a grave mistake by sending Bindu with Rajeev to the set. During the shoot, Kaushal fails to put Sindoor on Bindiya's forehead, leading to retakes.

'''Guest:''' Sudeepa Singh - Bindu (Rajeev's Ex-girlfriend)
|LineColor = #00008B
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2 = 86
|Title = Happy Ending
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2017|10|10}}
|ShortSummary = Priya and Bauji with the help of people on the set decide to change Rajeev's habit. Everyone plans to do their task slowly and let Rajeev believe that shooting will be delayed. But, Priya could not keep the secret and tells Rajeev that it was her plan to teach him a lesson. Meanwhile, Amma Ji and Rajeev's mother-in-law arrive at the set to watch the live telecast of Bindiya's show. Later, Rajeev thanks everyone for making Bindiya Sringar Ek Suhagan Ka successful.
|LineColor = #00008B
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Shashi Sumeet Productions}}

[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Shashi Sumeet Productions series]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series about television]]

V. D. Zala

2025-02-28T14:21:35Z

Victorxsi: adding

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Vinendrasinh Dilipsinh Zala''' (born 1954)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vinendrasinh Dilipsinh Zala(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HIMATNAGAR(SABARKANTHA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6184 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Himatnagar Assembly constituency in [[Sabarkantha district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Himatnagar Gujarat Election Result : भाजपा के वीरेंद्र सिंह झाला ने कांग्रेस के कमलेश कुमार पटेल को दी इतने मतों के अंतर से मात |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/himatnagar-vidhansabha-seat-result-live-update-gujarat-election-result-vd-jhala-nirmal-parmar-kamlesh-kumar-patel-bjp-aap-congress-looser-winner-5013701.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Zala is from [[Prantij]], Sabarkantha district, Gujarat. He is the son of Dilipsingh Zala. He completed his LLB in 1977 LLB at [[Gujarat University]], Ahmedabad. Earlier, he did BSc in 1974 at a college affiliated with Gujarat University.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Zala won from [[Himatnagar Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 98,792 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kamleshkumar Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 8,860 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Himmatnagar Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Zala defeats INC's Patel by over 8000 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/himmatnagar-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15346741.htm |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himatnagar Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Vinendrasinh Dilipsinh Zala of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/himatnagar-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6559717.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Himatnagar Election Result 2022live: Bjp के Vinendrasinh Dilipsinh Zala की हुई जीत, Bsp के Parmar Anilkumar Ramanlal रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/himatnagar-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-2276722 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zala, V. D.}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Yogesh Pandagre

2025-01-26T20:38:33Z

Victorxsi: stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Amla Assembly constituency|Amla]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Chaitram Manekar
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Yogesh Pandagre''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a two time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Amla Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amla, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/amla-constituency-s12aed2008a130/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amla assembly election results 2023: Amla Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/amla-assembly-result-12130 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandagre, Yogesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple

2025-01-14T01:51:20Z

Victorxsi: Started some location with sources

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Tirupernagar
| image = Koviladi1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple, Koviladi, [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.839431|N|78.889455|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Appakkudathaan Perumal
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| locale = Koviladi
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Appakkudathaan Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Kamalavalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Karikala Chola]], [[Medieval Cholas]]
| website =
}}

{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple''' or '''Thirupper Nagar''', is a [[Hindu temple|Perumal temple]] located in [[Koviladi, Thanjavur|Koviladi]], a village {{convert|10|mi|km|}} from [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is dedicated to [[Vishnu]] and is one of the ''[[Divya Desams]]''{{mdash}}the 108 temples of Vishnu revered in [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]] by the 12 poet saints or [[Alwars|Alvars]]. This temple is located along the banks of the [[Cauvery]] River and is one of the five [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]] located on the banks of the [[Cauvery]] River.

The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity, with contributions at different times from the [[Medieval Cholas]]. The temple is built on an elevated structure and is approached through a flight of 21 steps. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'' (the main gateway) has three tiers and the temple has a precinct around the sanctum.<ref name="hindu"/>

[[Ranganatha]] is believed to have appeared for king Upmananya and sage [[Parasara]]. The temple has four daily rituals; the first begins at 8:30 a.m. and the last at 8 p.m. There are four annual festivals on the temple's calendar; its chariot festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Panguni'' (March–April) is the most prominent of these.

==Legend and etymology==
[[File:Koviladi4.jpg|250x250px|thumb|left|Image of the first precinct]]
As per Hindu legend, the king Ubhamanyu earned the wrath of sage [[Durvasa]]r and lost all his physical strength. To get rid of the curse, he was asked to feed one [[East Asian numbering system|lakh]] people every day. One day, Hindu god Vishnu disguised himself as an old man, appeared before the king and asked for a meal. The king went on donating and the old man consumed all the food prepared for the people. The king was shocked and bewildered at this strange act. The old man asked for a ''kudam'' (pot) of ''[[appam|Neyyaappam]]'' (a sweatmeal), stating that only it can fulfill his hunger. The king fulfilled the wish and later realised that it was Vishnu who had appeared as the old man. The king was relieved of the sage's curse by the blessings of Vishnu. Because of the legend, Vishnu is called "Appakkudathaan" in the temple.

It is believed that this temple is where sage [[Markandeya]] was liberated from his curse from [[Yama]] (god of death), who cursed Markandeya to die at 16 years old. The presiding deity is [[Ranganatha]], who is believed to have crushed [[Indra|Indira]]'s (a celestial deity) pride.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA533|page=533}}</ref><ref name="temple">{{cite journal|title=Thirupperngar |journal=Thirukoyil |publisher=Hindu Religious And Endowment Board Tamil Nadu |volume=55 |series=04 |date=April 2013 |pages=55–56 |last=S. |first=Venkatraman }}</ref> The place is called "Koviladi" because it is located downstream of the [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]], which is referred as ''kovil'' in [[Vaishnava]] tradition. The temple is called as "Tiruppernagar" because the region was called "Per Nagar" during [[Chola]] times. The ''[[azhwars|Alvars]]'' refer the place as "Tiruppernagar" in ''Nalayira Divya Prabandam'', the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] canon.<ref name="temple"/>

The temple has inscriptions from the 18th year of the reign of [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pallavas|first=Tony|last=Jouveau-Dubreuil|year=1994|isbn= 81-206-0574-8|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o9XCT3XiaMC&pg=PA77|page=77}}</ref> The recorded inscriptions in this temple are numbered 283, 300, 301 and 303 of 1901.<ref>{{cite book|first=G.|last= Jouveau-Dubreuil|title=Pallava Antiquities – 2 Vols.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itsryymCeLgC&pg=PA13|year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0571-8|page=13}}</ref> As per [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]], the temple was home to the [[Vedas|Vedic]] scholars of the time. The inscriptions in the temple indicate donations given towards the building of the main hall.<ref name="hindu"/> Koviladi was one of the focal points of fighting in the regions surrounding [[Tiruchirapalli]] during the Anglo-French war; there are no records on the contributions or damages caused by this war.

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
| height1 = 2448 | width1 = 3264
| height2 = 2448 | width2 = 3264
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Koviladi10.jpg
|image2=Koviladi11.jpg
|footer=Shrines of Ranganathar and Thayar
}}

The temple has a three-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'' facing west and an elevated structure approached through 21 steps. The ''[[Moolavar]]'' (presiding deity) of the temple, "[[Appala Rangan]]", is seen in ''Bhujangasayanm'' (a reclining posture) facing west and is surrounded by [[Bhūmi|Bhooma Devi]] and Kamalavalli Thayar. The central deity is depicted in a reclining posture called ''pujanga sayanam'', and he is shown holding the holy pot in his right hand. The sanctum also contains the image of Upayamanyu and Dhurvarsa. The central deity is called Appala Ranganathar; he is located away from the Ranganathar in [[Srirangam]].<ref name="temple"/> The temple has a ''[[prakaram]]'' (precinct) around the sanctum. According to historian K.V. Soundararajan, the Rangantha temples in South India built during the 9th and 10th centuries have systematic arrangement of subsidiary deities as seen in this temple along with the [[Sowmya Narayana Perumal temple]] at Thirukoshtiyur, [[Veeraraghava Swami Temple (Thiruevvul)|Veeraraghava Perumal temple]] at [[Thiruvallur]], [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy temple]] at [[Mannargudi]] and [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna|Rangantha temple]] at [[Srirangapatna]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Typology of the Anantaśayī Icon|page=80|jstor=3250291|last=K. V. |first=Soundara Rajan|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=29|issue=1|year=1967|doi=10.2307/3250291 }}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practises==
[[File:Koviladi9.jpg|200x200px|thumb|Image of the temple car used during procession|left]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) every day, including festivals. Like other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, from the [[Brahmin]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Kalasanthi at 8:30 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises three steps; ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for the presiding deity. The worship involves religious instructions in the Vedas (sacred text) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals.

The major festivals celebrated in the temple are 13-day Panguni Brahmotsavam, Kaisika Dwadasi in Karthigai (November - December), Teertha Vari at the River Cauvery on the day of Maasi Magam (February - March) and Nammalvar Moksham during Era Pathu in Margali (December - February).<ref name="hindu"/> The chariot festival is the most prominent festival of the temple and the surrounding villages. It is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of Panguni (April–May); devotees pull the temple chariot housing the festival deity, round the streets of Koviladi. Verses from the ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' are recited by a group of temple priests and music made with the ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''tavil'' (percussion instrument) is played. [[Vaikunta Ekadashi|Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] during December–January, [[Navarathri]] during September–October and butter pot breaking ceremony (locally called ''uri adi'') are the other festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Appakudathan Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=349|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-05-04}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Koviladi13.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Plaque of Ranganatha in the flag post|alt=image of a deity in reclining posture]]
The [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]] (also called ''Pancharangams'', meaning the "five Rangams or Ranganathas") is a group of five Hindu temples on the banks of the [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]] dedicated to Ranganatha, a form of Vishnu. The five Pancharanga Kshetrams are: The [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangapatna)|Srirangapatnam]] called the Adi Ranga, the first temple on the banks of the Kaveri River from the upstream side; the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)|Srirangam]] (island in [[Tiruchirappalli]]) in [[Tamil Nadu]] known as Adya Ranga (the last temple), Appalarangam or [[Koviladi]] at Tiurppernagar in Tamil Nadu, [[Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple]] or Mayuram at Indalur, [[Mayiladuthurai]] and [[Kazheesirama Vinnagaram|Vatarangam]] at [[Sirkazhi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNhiCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|publisher=MAYUR University|isbn=9780953567973|page=210|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala |year=2014}}</ref> The [[Sarangapani temple]] at [[Kumbakonam]] is mentioned in place of Vatarangam in some references.<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Timi-Vedic Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVQUAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-280-5}}</ref><ref name="Pancharanga Kshetrams">{{cite news |
title=''Pancharanga Kshetrams''|
work=indiantemples.com |
url=http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df012.html |
access-date= 2007-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA339 |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=339}}</ref> This is the only Divya Desam where [[neyyappam]] is offered to the deity every night as neivedhyam. There is a belief that childless couples upon praying and offering butter with sugar to the Santhanagopalan deity at the temple are blessed with children.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

The Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple is revered in the ''Nalayira Divya Prabandham'', a 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon of 33 verses by [[Periyalvar]], [[Tirumangai Alvar|Thirumangai Alvar]], [[Thirumalisai Alvar]] and [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Restoring the glory of a temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/restoring-the-glory-of-a-temple/article672107.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=16 September 2010|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAWS49f8HKoC&pg=PA65}}</ref> The temple is classified as a ''[[divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=An NGO does its bit for god - and humanity|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1262149051.html|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|work=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=29 April 2007|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414091637/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1262149051.html|archive-date=14 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> the 108 Vishnu temples that are revered in the Vaishnava canon. The temple is counted as the sixth in line of ''Divya Desams'' located in [[Chola Nadu]]. The temple is also mentioned in the [[Sanskrit]] work ''Srirangaraja Sarithapanam''. The temple is also the ''mukti stalam''; the place where saint [[Periyalvar]] is believed to have attained the feet of Vishnu.<ref name="temple"/> [[Nammalvar]] is believed to have recited his last song in the Divya Prabandam from this temple. Some scriptures quote that this temple is more ancient than the Srirangam temple.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=532–3}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam

2024-12-29T12:13:34Z

Victorxsi:

{{Short description|Public university in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name =Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|motto =Education For Everyone
|established =2008
|type =[[Public university|Public]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|principal =
|rector =
|chancellor = [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
|vice_chancellor = K. Remi Rajani<ref>{{cite web |title=VC Profile |url=http://www.brau.edu.in/VC.aspx |website=www.brau.edu.in |publisher=Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Srikakulam – Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Srikakulam |accessdate=6 March 2019}}</ref>
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city =[[Etcherla]]
|state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|country =[[India]]
| coor =
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.brau.edu.in/}}
| image =Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam logo.png
}}

'''Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam''' is a [[State university (India)|state university]] located in [[Etcherla]], [[Srikakulam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was established in 2008 by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. The university is named after [[B. R. Ambedkar]].

==History==
The Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam was established by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in 2008. The university was given control of the [[Andhra University]] campus in [[Etcherla]] and all its affiliated colleges in [[Srikakulam]]. The first [[Vice-Chancellor]] (VC) was S.V. Sudhakar, followed by H. Lajipathi Rai in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.brau.edu.in/about-us.php|publisher=Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam|accessdate=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703133838/http://www.brau.edu.in/about-us.php|archive-date=3 July 2017|url-status=dead}} May appear white on white.</ref> Nimma Venkata Rao was appointed VC in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Srikakulam: Teachers should follow punctuality says V-C Prof Nimma Venkata Rao |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/srikakulam-teachers-should-follow-punctuality-says-v-c-prof-nimma-venkata-rao-668155 |website=The Hans India |language=en |date=23 January 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.brau.edu.in/index.php}}

{{Universities in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State universities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]

{{AndhraPradesh-university-stub}}

Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification

2024-11-30T00:43:41Z

Victorxsi: cleanup page further and updated info for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Laboratory
|name = Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC)
|motto =
|logo =
|image =
|established = 1995
|city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|research_field = Airworthiness certification
|type =
|director = Mr. PRASAD
|staff = 130 scientists and 50 technical officers
|budget =
|operating_agency = [[DRDO]]
|affiliations =
|address = Marathahalli Colony, Near Borewell Bus Stop, Bengaluru-560037
|campus = Marathalli Colony
|website =
|footnotes = Phone 08025121001
}}

The '''Centre for Military Airworthiness & Certification''' (CEMILAC) is a laboratory of the [[India]]n [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). Located in [[Bangalore]], its primary function is certification and qualification of military aircraft and airborne systems. Some of its achievements are issuance of IOC for LCA, ALH.Clearance for Bio-ATF for AN-32. It has 14 regional centres located across the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdo.org/labindex.shtml |title=DRDO Labs |accessdate=2008-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226023517/http://www.drdo.org/labindex.shtml |archivedate=2007-12-26 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{DRDO Laboratories}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1995]]

{{sci-org-stub}}