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Chief Minister of Uttarakhand

2026-05-31T15:05:46Z

Victoruot: slightly enhanced intro for clarity further and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Uttarakhand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Chief Minister
| body = Uttarakhand
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagborder = yes
| flagsize = 100px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of Uttarakhand.svg
| image = Pushkar Singh Dhami, Chief Minister of Uttarakhand.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
| incumbentsince = 4 July 2021
| department = [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| style = {{ubl|[[The Honourable]] {{small|(formal)}}|[[Mister|Mr. Chief Minister]] {{small|(informal)}}}}
| status = [[Head of government]]
| type = Leader of the Executive
| seat = [[Dehradun]]
| abbreviation = CMoUttarakhand
| member_of = {{ubl|[[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers|State Cabinet]]|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]}}
| reportsto = {{ubl|[[Governor of Uttarakhand]]|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]}}
| residence = {{ubl|Chief Minister House, [[Bhararisain]] {{small|(summer)}}|Chief Minister House, New Cantt Road, [[Dehradun]] {{small|(winter)}}}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttarakhand/news/trivendra-singh-rawat-moves-into-jinxed-cm-bungalow/articleshow/57903701.cms|title=Trivendra Singh Rawat moves into 'jinxed' CM bungalow|date=30 March 2017|website=The Times of India|first=Yogesh|last=Kumar|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>
| nominator = MLAs of the majority party or alliance
| appointer = [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
| appointer_qualified = by [[Convention (norm)#Government|convention]], based on appointee's ability to [[Parliamentary system|command confidence]] in the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Uttar Pradesh as well.</ref>
| inaugural = [[Nityanand Swami (politician)|Nityanand Swami]] {{small|(2000–2001)}}
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|br=y|2000|11|9}}
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Uttarakhand]]
| salary = ₹175,000 (US$1,800)
| website=https://cm.uk.gov.in
}}

The '''chief minister of Uttarakhand''' is the [[Head of the government]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]]. In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governors of states of India|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]]. Following elections to the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]], the [[Governor of Uttarakhand|state's governor]] usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the [[Government of Uttarakhand|government]]. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1" />Chief Minister also serves as Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house</ref>

Ten people have served as the state's chief minister since its formation on 9 November 2000. Seven of them, including the inaugural officeholder [[Nityanand Swami (politician)|Nityanand Swami]] and the incumbent [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] represented the (BJP) while the rest represented the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Oath as the state chief minister ==
The chief minister serves five years in the office. The following is the oath of the chief minister of state:
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}Oath of Secrecy
"I, [Name], do swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the State of [Name of State] except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister."Pad ki Shapath (Oath of Office)
"Main, [CM ka Naam], Ishwar ki shapath leta hoon / satyanishtha se pratigyan karta hoon ki main vidhi dwara sthapit Bharat ke Samvidhan ke prati sachi shraddha aur nishtha rakhunga. Main Bharat ki prabhuta aur akhandta akshunn rakhunga. Main [State ka Naam] ke Rajya ke Mukhya Mantri ke roop mein apne kartavyon ka shraddhapoorvak aur shuddh antahkaran se nirvahan karunga, tatha main bhay ya pakshpat, anurag ya dwesh ke bina, sabhi prakar ke logon ke prati Samvidhan aur vidhi ke anusar nyay karunga."
B. Gopniyata ki Shapath (Oath of Secrecy)
"Main, [CM ka Naam], Ishwar ki shapath leta hoon / satyanishtha se pratigyan karta hoon ki jo vishay [State ka Naam] ke Rajya ke Mukhya Mantri ke roop mein mere vichar ke liye laya jayega athva mujhe gyaat hoga, use kisi vyakti ya vyaktityon ko, tab ke sivay jab ki aise Mukhya Mantri ke roop mein apne kartavyon ke uchit nirvahan ke liye aisa karna apekshit ho, main pratyaksh (directly) ya apratyaksh (indirectly) roop mein sansuchit ya prakat nahi karunga."

== Chief ministers of Uttarakhand (2000–present) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term of office<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Chief Ministers: Official Website Of the Chief Minister Of Uttarakhand, India |url=https://cm.uk.gov.in/pages/display/1160-exchief-ministers |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=cm.uk.gov.in}}</ref>
![[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]
([[Elections in Uttarakhand|election]])
!Ministry
! colspan="2" |Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
|-
|1
|
|[[Nityanand Swami (politician)|Nityanand Swami]]
|MLC {{small|''(Graduates Quota)''}}
|9 November 2000
|29 October 2001
|{{Ayd|9 november 2000|29 october 2001}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Interim Uttaranchal Assembly]]
|[[Swami ministry|Swami]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|2
|[[File:Governor of Maharashtra Shri B S Koshyari.jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
|MLC {{small|''(MLAs Quota)''}}
|30 October 2001
|1 March 2002
|{{Ayd|30 october 2001|1 march 2002}}
|[[Koshyari ministry|Koshyari]]
|-
|3
|[[File:Shri_Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari.jpg|103x103px]]
|[[N. D. Tiwari]]
|[[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]]
|2 March 2002
|7 March 2007
|{{Ayd|2 march 2002|7 march 2007}}
|[[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st]]
{{small|([[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]])}}
|[[Tiwari ministry (Uttarakhand)|Tiwari]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|4
|[[File:The_Chief_Minister_of_Uttarakhand,_Major_General_(Retd.)_B._C._Khanduri_meeting_with_the_Union_Minister_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas,_Shri_Murli_Deora,_in_New_Delhi_on_December_07,_2007.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|[[Dhumakot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhumakot]]
|7 March 2007
|27 June 2009
|{{Ayd|7 march 2007|26 june 2009}}
| rowspan="3" |[[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd]]
{{small|([[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]])}}
|[[First Khanduri ministry|Khanduri I]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|5
|[[File:Dr._Ramesh_Pokhriyal_'Nishank',_2020.jpg|84x84px]]
|[[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
|[[Thalisain (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Thalisain]]
|27 June 2009
|11 September 2011
|{{Ayd|27 june 2009|10 september 2011}}
|[[Pokhriyal ministry|Pokhriyal]]
|-
|(4)
|[[File:The_Chief_Minister_of_Uttarakhand,_Major_General_(Retd.)_B._C._Khanduri_meeting_with_the_Union_Minister_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas,_Shri_Murli_Deora,_in_New_Delhi_on_December_07,_2007.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|[[Dhumakot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhumakot]]
|11 September 2011
|13 March 2012
|{{Ayd|11 september 2011|13 march 2012}}
|[[Second Khanduri ministry|Khanduri II]]
|-
|6
|[[File:Vijay_Bahuguna.jpg|89x89px]]
|[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
|[[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]]
|13 March 2012
|31 January 2014
|{{Ayd|13 march 2012|31 january 2014}}
| rowspan="6" |[[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly|3rd]]
{{small|([[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]])}}
|[[Vijay Bahuguna ministry|Bahuguna]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|7
|[[File:HarishRawat.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Harish Rawat]]
|[[Dharchula (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharchula]]
|1 February 2014
|27 March 2016
|{{Ayd|1 february 2014|27 march 2016}}
|[[Harish Rawat ministry|Harish]]
|-
|{{En dash|_}}
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|frameless|120x120px]]
|Vacant
{{small|([[President's rule]])}}
|N/A
|27 March 2016
|21 April 2016
|{{Ayd|27 march 2016|21 april 2016}}
| colspan="3" |''N/A''
|-
|(7)
|[[File:HarishRawat.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Harish Rawat]]
|[[Dharchula (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharchula]]
|21 April 2016
|22 April 2016
|{{Ayd|21 april 2016|22 April 2016}}
|[[Harish Rawat ministry|Harish]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|{{En dash|_}}
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|frameless|120x120px]]
|Vacant
{{small|([[President's rule]])}}
|N/A
|22 April 2016
|11 May 2016
|{{Ayd|22 april 2016|11 may 2016}}
| colspan="3" |''N/A''
|-
|(7)
|[[File:HarishRawat.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Harish Rawat]]
|[[Dharchula (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharchula]]
|11 May 2016
|18 March 2017
|{{Ayd|11 may 2016|18 march 2017}}
|[[Harish Rawat ministry|Harish]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|8
|[[File:The_Chief_Minister_of_Uttarakhand,_Shri_Trivendra_Singh_Rawat.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|[[Doiwala (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Doiwala]]
|18 March 2017
|10 March 2021
|{{Ayd|18 march 2017|10 March 2021}}
| rowspan="3" |[[4th Uttarakhand Assembly|4th]]
{{small|([[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]])}}
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat ministry|Trivendra]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|9
|[[File:Tirath Singh Rawat.jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Tirath Singh Rawat]]
|N/A
|10 March 2021
|4 July 2021
|{{Ayd|10 march 2021|4 july 2021}}
|[[Tirath Singh Rawat ministry|Tirath]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Pushkar Singh Dhami, Chief Minister of Uttarakhand.jpg|94x94px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|[[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]]
|4 July 2021
|23 March 2022
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|4 july 2021|}}
|[[First Dhami ministry|Dhami I]]
|-
|[[Champawat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Champawat]]
|23 March 2022
|Incumbent
|[[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th]]
{{small|([[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]])}}
|[[Second Dhami ministry|Dhami II]]
|}

==Statistics==
===List by chief minister===
{{Pie chart|
| caption= Fraction of time of holding CMO by party (as of March 2026)
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value1 = 58.46 | color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| value2 = 41.02 | color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label3 = [[President's Rule]]
| value3 = 0.52 | color3 = grey
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 |Party
! colspan="2" |Length of term
|-
! Longest tenure
! Total tenure
|-
|1
|[[N. D. Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5 years, 5 days
|5 years, 5 days
|-
|2
|'''[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]'''
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|'''{{Ayd|4 July 2021}}'''
|'''{{Ayd|4 July 2021}}'''
|-
|3
|[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3 years, 357 days
|3 years, 357 days
|-
|4
|[[Harish Rawat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|2 years, 55 days
|3 years, 2 days
|-
|5
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2 years, 111 days
|2 years, 295 days
|-
|6
|[[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2 years, 75 days
|2 years, 75 days
|-
|7
|[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|1 year, 324 days
|1 year, 324 days
|-
|8
|[[Nityanand Swami (politician)|Nityanand Swami]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|354 days
|354 days
|-
|9
|[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|122 days
|122 days
|-
|10
|[[Tirath Singh Rawat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|116 days
|116 days
|}

{{Lifespan chief minister of Uttarakhand}}

==See also==
* [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Cabinet of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Chief Justice of Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of prime ministers of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://cm.uk.gov.in/ Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, Official website]
* [http://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/ Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha, Official Website]

{{Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand}}
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Uttarakhand| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Uttarakhand|Chief Ministers]]

Devendrakulam

2026-05-30T18:15:01Z

Victoruot: starting basic stub basic info

{{short description|Umbrella term for several agricultural castes in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Devendrakula Velalar
|image =
|poptime =
|population =
|popplace =
|languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|religions = [[Hinduism]]
|related = [[Tamil people]]
}}

'''Devendrakula Velalar''' (also referred to as ''Devendrar'' and ''Devendrakulam'') is an umbrella term for seven castes in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] such as Devendrakulathar, Kalladi, Kudumbar, [[Pallar]](Mallar), Pannadi , Moopar and Vathiriyar, after the bill amending the list of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] belonging to the state in the [[Tamil Nadu]] as per the conditions of Article 341 in the [[Part XVI of the Constitution of India|Part 16]] of the [[Constitution of India]] at the [[Parliament of India]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title= Clarification of M/o Social Justice & Empowerment regarding news item on delisting of Devendra Kula Velalar community from SC community |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1698105|newspaper=Press Information Bureau |date=}}</ref>

== History ==
The demand of merging castes such as Devendrakulathar, [[Pallar]], Pannadi and Vathiriyar in the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] list and the castes such as Kaladi and Moopar in the [[Other Backward Class]] list in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] into an umbrella term called "Devendrakula Velalar" and delisting them to [[Other Backward Class]] arose.<ref>{{cite news|title=Puthiya Tamilagam spearheads demand for de-listing 6 castes from SC list|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Chennai|date=26 October 2019|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-dalit-party-spearheads-demand-for-de-listing-6-castes-from-supreme-court-list/story-EnZD7iWe7ocQLCrHvCK5nL.html|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

Before the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] under [[M. Karunanidhi]] constituted a one-man commission under the chairmanship of Justice Jannarthanam to study and submit a report on the demand. However post elections, with the change in power in the state, the demand did not proceed further.<ref>{{cite news|title=Panel to examine caste name plea|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|date=17 May 2012|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/Jan/27/panel-to-examine-caste-name-plea-222379.html|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

But with the increasing agitations and protests from the people and parties like [[Puthiya Tamilagam]], [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam]] and various caste organisations the demand gained pace. The demand was supported by [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]]. Before the [[2019 Indian general election]], the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] under [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] constituted a commission under the chairmanship of Hansraj Varma IAS to study and report on the issue.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rename six Scheduled Castes as Devendrakula Velalar: Krishnasamy|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|date=7 October 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rename-six-scheduled-castes-as-devendrakula-vellalar-krishnasamy/article32787118.ece|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PT goes on hunger strike demanding regrouping of Devendra Kula Velalar|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|date=7 October 2020|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Oct/07/pt-goes-on-hunger-strike-demanding-regrouping-of-devendra-kula-vellalars-2206874.html|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Government thanked for Devendrakula announcement|newspaper=Daily Thanthi|location=Chennai|date=6 December 2020|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Districts/2020/12/06045216/Government-Recommendation-to-the-Devendrakula-Vellalar.vpf|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Announce seven Scheduled Castes as Devendrakula Velalars immediately, says INC Tamilnadu President Alagiri|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=7 July 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/announce-seven-scheduled-castes-as-devendrakula-vellalars-immediately-says-alagiri/article32011799.ece|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

The demand even gained pace with the community members boycotting the [[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri bypoll]] in October 2021 where the community had a significant population.<ref>{{cite news|title=Villagers in Nanguneri boycott Bypolls|newspaper=The Times of India|location=Chennai|date=16 October 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/villagers-in-nanguneri-to-boycott-pollover-caste-status/articleshow/71605374.cms|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Devendrakula Velalars boycott Nanguneri by-election en masse|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|date=21 October 2019|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Oct/21/devendrakula-vellalars-boycott-nanguneri-by-election-en-masse-2050798.html|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

The Hansraj Varma commission submitted the report to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] with their report justifying the proposal. Then the [[Parliament of India]] passed a bill for the merger of the seven sub castes in 2021 with the [[President of India]] giving it an assent, making it a law in [[India]]. However the opposition parties argued that the decision was made only in favour of attracting the sizeable vote bank of the community in [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Karur]], [[Dindigul]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Madurai]] and [[Sivagangai]] districts.<ref>{{cite news|title=DMK again fails to make inroads in Kongu region|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|date=5 May 2021|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/May/05/dmk-again-fails-to-make-inroads-in-kongu-region-2298528.html|access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Devendrakula Velalar votes crucial in Tamil Nadu's Tenkasi|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|date=25 March 2019|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/25/devendrakula-vellalar-votes-crucial-in-tamil-nadus-tenkasi-1955354.html|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

In June 2021, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] under [[M. K. Stalin]] released a G.O to release community certificates under the new nomenclature listed in no.17 of Tamil Nadu [[Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu|Scheduled Caste list]] with the deletion of entries to [[Pallar]], Kudumbar, Vathiriyar, Kalladi, Kadaiyar and Pannadi.<ref>{{cite news|title=G.O. released on certificates for Devendrakula Velalars|newspaper=News Today|location=Chennai|date=3 June 2021|url=https://newstodaynet.com/2021/06/03/g-o-released-on-certificates-for-devendrakula-vellalars/|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections Loyalties of DevendrakulaVelalars spread out|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=20 March 2021|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/loyalties-of-devendrakula-velalars-spread-out/article61924516.ece|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref> The change was notified in the Indian Union gazette of castes by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76750 | title=List of Scheduled Castes | Department of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India }}</ref><ref>/https://socialjustice.gov.in/public/ckeditor/upload/93101672829095.pdf</ref>

However the demand of delisting them to [[Other Backward Class]] is not met yet.<ref>{{cite news|title=Devendrakula Vellalars should be removed from SC list as they don't need quota, says John Pandian|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=3 April 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/devendrakula-vellalars-should-be-removed-from-sc-list-as-they-dont-need-quota-says-john-pandian/article68024446.ece|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref> For the [[2024 Indian general election]], [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] which was a part of [[National Democratic Alliance]] declared in its manifesto for the polls that the community would be delisted from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] to [[Other Backward Class]] in the Union list.<ref>{{cite news|title=PMK Manifesto agitates for deslisting of Devendrakula Velalar to OBC list|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|location=Chennai|date=28 March 2024|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/pmk-manifesto-agitates-against-bjps-policies-887601|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

== Temple festivals ==
The Devendrakulam community traditionally celebrate and initiate the temple car festivals at various major historic temples, such as the

* [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple]], [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite news|date=19 March 2019|title=Temple Car Festival at Perur Pateeswarar Temple in Coimbatore|newspaper=Maalai Malar|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/worship/2019/03/19094531/1232974/perur-pateeswarar-kovil-therottam.vpf|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref>
* [[Koniamman Temple, Coimbatore|Koniamman Temple]], Coimbatore<ref>{{cite news|date=2023-02-14|title=Temple Car Festival at Koniamman Temple in Coimbatore|newspaper=Lokal App|url=https://tamil.getlokalapp.com/tamilnadu-news/coimbatore/coimbatore/poochattu-festival-today-at-koniamman-temple-9244166|access-date=2023-02-14}}</ref>
* [[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]], [[Tirunelveli]]<ref>{{cite news|date=28 June 2018|title=Andal car festival-2022|newspaper=Vikatan News|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/temples/129068-an-inspector-who-helped-in-nellaiyappar-car-festival-was-celebrated-by-devotees |access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2020|title=Andal car festival-2022|newspaper=Kotravai News|url=http://www.kotravainews.com/news/srivilliputhur-andal-temple-pallar-devendrakula-velalar/ |access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref>
* [[Nellaiappar Temple]], Tirunelveli
* [[Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam]], [[Madurai]]<ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2020|title=Grandeur marks float fest in Madurai|newspaper=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/grandeur-marks-float-fest-in-madurai/articleshow/74036052.cms |access-date=2021-03-29}}</ref>
* [[Makara Nedunkuzhaikathar Temple]], [[Thenthiruperai]]<ref>{{cite news|date=26 March 2022|title=Thenthiruperai car festival-2022|newspaper=Maalaimalar|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/2022/03/26151719/3616106/Thoothukudi-News--Thenthirupparai-Makara-Nedungukulaikkadar.vpf |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>

and the decorated flower palanquin at [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2022-03-01|title=BrahmotsavamFestival|newspaper=Dinakaran|url=https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=746387|access-date=2022-12-11}}</ref>

=== Seedling planting festival ===
Apart from the temple car initiation at the [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple]], the Seedling Planting festival ({{Langx|ta|நாற்று நடவு திருவிழா}}) has been celebrated by the community along the banks of [[Noyyal River]]. The festival is conducted in the month of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Aani]]. The ritual forms a part of [[Indra festival]]. The festival has its reference from the "Perur Puranam" by Kachiappa Munivar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/1766/perur-puranam-part-3-kachiyappa-munivar/#gsc.tab=0|language=ta|title=பேரூர்ப்புராணம் - பகுதி-3 - கச்சியப்ப முனிவர்|access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =Ani Utsava sapling planting festival 2023| newspaper =Daily Thanthi| location =Coimbatore| date =25 June 2023| url =https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/ani-utsava-sapling-planting-ceremony-at-pattiswarar-temple-in-perur-993530| access-date =20 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Indra Vizha ===
Indra Vizha ({{Langx|ta|இந்திர விழா}}), was a historical [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival that was celebrated in [[Tamilakam]] during the [[Sangam Age|Sangam period]] (2nd century BCE – 3rd century CE). It was celebrated in honour of Vendhan ([[Indra]]), the deity associated with the [[Sangam landscape|Marutham landscape]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=RAMANUJAN |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rntPBAAAQBAJ&dq=vendhan+indra&pg=PA22 |title=THE LORD OF VENGADAM |date=2014-08-13 |publisher=PartridgeIndia |isbn=978-1-4828-3462-8 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> In the contemporary period, the festivities associated with the agricultural Indra Vila are primarily associated with the occasion of [[Bhogi|Bhogi Pongal]], the day dedicated to Indra, and preserving all the elements of the seasonal festival.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Studies |first=Faculty of Oriental |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSM9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Indra+Bhogi+pongal&pg=PA133 |title=Neolithic Cattle-Keepers of South India |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garrett |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRubEAAAQBAJ&dq=Indra+Bhogi+pongal&pg=PA458 |title=A Classical Dictionary of India |date=2022-11-09 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-368-13131-9 |pages=458 |language=en}}</ref> Locally, the Indra Vila is conducted at the Kamatchi Amman temple at the Kallimadai locality near [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]] in [[Coimbatore]] every year.<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-01-16 |title=Kallimadai Indra Festival |newspaper=Dinamalar |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-coimbatore/news/1434219 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> The Venkudai (White umbrella) festival, depicting the white umbrella and the [[Airavata]] of [[Indra]], is conducted every year at [[Rajapalayam]], in commemoration of the ancient Indra Vila.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 April 2022 |title=White Umbrella festival |newspaper=Dinamani |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-madurai/virudhunagar/2022/apr/15/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-335-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-3827321.html |access-date=2022-04-23}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], the community constitutes 4% of the population of [[Tamilnadu]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=India - Census of India 2011 - Tamil Nadu - Series 34 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Madurai | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1130 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417173716/http://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1130 | access-date=2026-05-30 | archive-date=2023-04-17}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Veeran Sundaralingam|Veeran Sundaralinga Kudumbanar]], 18th century general and Freedom Fighter
* [[Immanuvel Devendrar|Immanuvel Sekaran]], a freedom fighter, [[civil rights activist]], former soldier and a party worker for the [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Periya Kaladi]], 17th century general and Freedom Fighter
* [[M. Arunachalam (politician)|M. Arunachalam]], Former Union Minister of India
* [[Thiagarajan]], Actor
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], Actor
* [[Manathi Ganesan]], Arjuna award winning sportsman
* [[K. Krishnasamy]]{{cn|date=February 2025}}, Politician, Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|M.L.A]] and founder of [[Puthiya Tamilagam]]
* [[Pasupathy Pandian]], Politician and leader of Tamil Nadu Devendra Kula Velalar Kootamaippu
* [[B. John Pandian|John Pandian]], Politician and founder of [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
* [[Mari Selvaraj]], critically acclaimed and commercially successful director
* [[Dhruv Vikram]], actor

== See also ==
* [[:ta:பள்ளு|Pallu]]
* [[:ta:முக்கூடற் பள்ளு|Mukkoodar Pallu]]
* [[Pallar|Pallar (Subcaste)]]
* [[Devendrar Jayanti]]
* [[1957 Ramnad riots]]
* [[1995 Kodiyankulam violence]]
* [[Paramakudi Riots]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Bishnupriya Manipuri

2026-05-29T20:16:46Z

Victoruot: starting the stub basic info.

{{short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Bangladesh}}
{{Distinguish|Manipuri language|Bangladeshi Manipuri language|Assamese Manipuri language}}
{{About|a [[lect]]|the eponymous Bengali goddess|Bishnupriya}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bishnupriya Manipuri
| nativename = বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
| image = File:Bishnupriya Manipuri.svg
| imagecaption = "Bishnupriya Manipuri" and "Bishnupriya Meitei" in Bengali-Assamese script
| pronunciation = {{IPA|bpy|biʃnuprija mɔnipuri|}} {{IPA|bpy|biʃnuprija mejtej|}}
| region = Primarily Northeast [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]
| ethnicity = [[Bishnupriya people|Bishnupriya]]s
| speakers = 119,646 total speakers
*79,646 in [[India]]<ref name="Abstract">{{cite web |title=Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220172325/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
**53,812 in [[Assam]]<ref name="Census_Assam">{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/22859/download/25990/PC01_C16_18.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
**21,242 in [[Tripura]]<ref name="Census_Tripura">{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue - Tripura |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/22857/download/25988/PC01_C16_16.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
**1,457 in [[Manipur]]<ref name="Census_Manipur">{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue - Manipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/22855/download/25986/PC01_C16_14.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm |title=Census of India - Language tools |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424014905/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm |archive-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>
*40,000 in [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Bishnupuriya |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bpy |website=Ethnologue |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| date = 2003–2011
| ref = <ref name="Ethnologue"/><ref name="Abstract"/>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| ancestor = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| script = [[Bengali-Assamese script]]<ref name="Ethnologue"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Amy |last2=Kim |first2=Seung |title=Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey |publisher=SIL INTERNATIONAL |page=11 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/74/05/96/74059695388257055076108658933060858639/silesr2008_003.pdf |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref>
| iso3 = bpy
| glotto = bish1244
| glottorefname = Bishnupriya Manipuri
| notice = IPA
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}

'''Bishnupriya Manipuri''', also known as '''Bishnupriya Manipuri'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zehol |first=Lucy |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ethnicity_in_Manipur/1qTRz27T_UcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bishnupriya+manipuri&pg=PA85&printsec=frontcover |title=Ethnicity in Manipur |date=1 July 1998 |publisher=[[Regency Publications]] |isbn=9788186030516 |pages=85 |language=en |quote=In October 1983 and February 1985, the Government of Assam and Tripura respectively took the decision to include the Bishnupriya Manipuri language as one of the medium of instruction at the primary level.}}</ref> or simply as '''Bishnupriya''',{{efn|The census data as well as the [[Ethnologue]] record the name as "Bishnupriya" and not "Bishnupriya Manipuri".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |title=Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages – 2001 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150415/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |archive-date=24 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} is an [[Indo-Aryan lect]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |title=FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES – 2001 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150415/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |archive-date=24 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> belonging to the [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]] linguistic sub-branch. It is a [[creole language|creole]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFVthqmDs_kC&dq=bishnupriya+creole&pg=PA139 |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104096-2 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Bengali language]] and the ''[[Meitei language]] (also called [[Manipuri language]])'' and still retains its pre-Bengali features.<ref name="Frawley 2003 481">{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |pages=481 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haokip 2011 8">{{Cite book |last=Haokip |first=Pauthang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnYShQ7TryMC&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PA8 |title=Socio-linguistic Situation in North-East India |date=2011 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-760-9 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Atlas of the World's Languages">{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=R. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PR97 |title=Atlas of the World's Languages |last2=Moseley |first2=Christopher |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-85108-0 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref>

It is spoken in parts of the [[Indian state]]s of [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], and [[Manipur]], as well as in the [[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]], and uses the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] as its [[writing system]]. Bishnupriya Manipuri is a member of the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]] and evolved from [[Magadhi Prakrit]]; hence its origin is associated with the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] realm.<ref name="The Indo-Aryan Languages">{{Citation |contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |place=London |year=2003 |series=Routledge language family series |isbn=0-7007-1130-9 |pages=46–66}}</ref><ref name=Claus2003>South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203</ref><ref name="Chapter Eleven: Oriya">Ray, Tapas S. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya"]. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''. Routledge. p. 445. {{ISBN|978-1-135-79711-9}}.</ref>

The [[Government of Tripura]] categorised Bishnnupriya Manipuri under the "Tribal Language Cell" of the State Council of Educational Research and Training.

Its speakers are given the "Other Backward Classes" status by the [[Assam Government]] and there is no legal status of the Bishnupriyas in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=Bishnupriya Manipuris demand satellite autonomous council - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/bishnupriya-manipuris-demand-satellite-autonomous-council-512954 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en |quote=The Tripura government has categorised and placed the Bishnupriya Manipuri language under the Tribal Language Cell of the State Council of Educational Research and Training, while in Assam they are considered among Other Backward Classes (OBC), whereas in Manipur from where these people originated remains status-less}}</ref> In the 2020s, Bishnupriya-speaking people started demanding that the [[Assam Government]] should give them the status of "[[indigenous people]]" of Assam and treat them the same as other indigenous communities of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Plea for indigenous status |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/plea-for-indigenous-status-of-bishnupriya-manipuris/cid/1732111 |access-date=3 November 2022 |work=The Telegraph |location=India}}</ref>

The Bishnupriya-speaking people in Bangladesh use [[Meitei language in Bangladesh|Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en |quote=Used as L2 by Bishnupuriya [bpy]. |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

According to [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|Sahitya Akademi honorary fellow]] British linguist [[Ronald E. Asher]] and Christopher Moseley, Bishnupriya is a [[mixed language]] spoken by former Bengali immigrants, with substantial [[Meitei language|Meithei]] lexicon but basically [[Bengali language|Bengali]] structure and reduced morphology.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=R. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&q=Bishnupriya+Manipuri+is+a+mixed+language+spoken+by+former+Bengali+immigrants%2C+with+substantial+Meithei+lexicon+basically+structure+reduced+morphology&pg=PR97 |title=Atlas of the World's Languages |last2=Moseley |first2=Christopher |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-85108-0 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref> According to linguist and historian [[Andrew Dalby]], Bishnupriya (also known as "Mayang") is historically a form of the [[Bengali language]] once current in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&q=Bishnupriya+Manipuri+%28or+Mayang%29+is+historically+a+form+of+Bengali+once+current+in+Manipur.+&pg=PA86 |title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages |date=28 October 2015 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5 |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref> According to American linguist [[David Bradley (linguist)|David Bradley]]'s research works published by the Department of Linguistics, [[Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies]] in the [[Australian National University]], Bishnupriya is spoken by former [[Bengali people|Bengali]] subjects, with some [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]] lexicon and reduced morphology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTESAAAAYAAJ&q=bishnupriya |title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas |date=1997 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, [[Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies]], [[Australian National University]] |isbn=978-0-85883-456-9 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq9iAAAAMAAJ&q=bishnupriya |title=Pacific Linguistics |date=1997 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, [[Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies]], [[Australian National University]] |pages=29 |isbn=9780858834569 |language=en}}</ref>

== History and development ==
{{Further|Manipur (Mahabharata)}}
[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|thumb|300px|The shades of yellow show the linguistic map of [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]], the family where Bishnupriya belongs to.]]
Bishnupriya is a member of the [[Māgadhan languages]] ([[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]), having origin associated with [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref name="The Indo-Aryan Languages"/><ref name=Claus2003/><ref name="Chapter Eleven: Oriya"/>
Bishnupriya is one of the [[Bengali–Assamese languages]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=446–462}}</ref>

KP Sinha, who has done considerable research on Bishnupriya Manipuri, disagrees with the theory of Bishnupriya being associated with the [[Manipur (Mahabharata)]] and is of the opinion that the language originated from [[Magadhi Prakrit]]. In his opinion, the language has retained dominant characteristics of [[Magadhi]]. According to Sinha, pronouns and declensional and conjugational endings seem to be same as or closely related to those of [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. These forms of Oriya, Bengali, etc. are in part derived from Magadhi Apabhramsa coming from the [[Magadhi Prakrit]]a.<ref>Dr. KP Sinha, An Etymological Dictionary of Bishnupriya Manipuri, Silchar, 1982</ref>

However, the Bishnupriya Manipuri language is not one of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]], but is closer to the Indo-Aryan group of languages with remarkable influence from [[Meitei language|Meitei]] both grammatically and phonetically. At a different stage of development of the language the [[Sauraseni]], [[Maharashtri]] and [[Magadhi]] languages and the Tibeto-Burman languages exerted influence on it as well. So it was probably developed from Sanskrit, [[Sauraseni]]-[[Maharashtri Prakrit]] and [[Magadhi Prakrit]]a. The Sauraseni-Maharastri relation can be traced by observing some characteristics of pronouns. The Magadhi element is also remarkable, as the language retains many characteristics of Magadhi.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Conflict of classification as a dialect of Bengali and Assamese ==
Several scholars and linguists opine Bishnupriya as a dialect of [[Bengali language]], while many opine it is a dialect of the [[Assamese language]]. Many scholars opine that Bishnupriya is a [[creole language]] (mixed language) of [[Bengali language]] and [[Meitei language]], retaining its pre-Bengali features in present times.

Bishnupriya is greatly influenced by Meitei (a [[Tibeto-Burman language]]) and other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], including Assamese and Bengali to a great extent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarmah |first=Thaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJfXAAAAMAAJ&q=bishnupriya |title=New Trends in the Interpretation of the Vedas |date=2006 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7574-162-1 |pages=217 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bishnupriya as a dialect of Bengali ===
[[Padma Vibhushan]]–awardee Indian linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], who is also a recognised Bengali phonetician, listed Bishnupriya to be a dialect of Bengali.<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 152">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PA152 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Padma Shri]]–awardee Indian scholar [[Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra]], "Bishnupriya" is a fragmented [[Bengali Hindu]] community, originally native to [[Assam]]-[[Bengal]] trans-border areas. When they migrated and lived in [[Bishnupur, Manipur]] (formerly known as "Lamangdong"), they were known as "Bishnupuriyas", and later corrupted as "Bishnupriyas". Ethnolinguistically, they are Bengalis. Unlike the large number of Assamese-Bengali immigrants in [[Manipur]] being assimilated into [[Meitei people|Meitei ethnicity]] until the 18th century, they remain un-assimilated.<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 152"/>

=== Bishnupriya as a Bengali-Meitei creole ===
According to American scholar William Frawley, Bishnupriya was once a [[creole language]] of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]] and it still retains its pre-Bengali features.<ref name="Frawley 2003 481"/> American linguist and professor [[Colin Masica]] is of the same opinion.<ref name="Haokip 2011 8"/>

According to [[Shobhana Chelliah]], Bishnupriya Manipuri is a [[mixed language]] spoken by former Bengali immigrants, having significant amount of Meitei lexicons. Bishnupriya still retains its basic Bengali structural and morphological features.<ref name="Atlas of the World's Languages"/>

=== Bishnupriya as a dialect of Assamese ===
Several Assamese linguists and scholars including [[Maheswar Neog]] and [[Banikanta Kakati]] consider Bishnupriya a dialect of Assamese.<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 152"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kr |url= |title=Encyclopaedic Historiography of the Muslim World |last2=Samiuddin |first2=Abida |date=2003 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-87746-54-6 |language=en}}</ref> The 1903 [[Linguistic Survey of India]] led by Grierson also classified "Bishnupriya" alias "Mayang" (Code no. 555) as a dialect of Assamese (Code no. 552).<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 152"/>

== Meitei elements in Bishnupriya ==
Bishnupriya has 4000 borrowed root words from [[Meitei language]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gelbukh |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dS66BQAAQBAJ&q=Bishnupriya+4000+borrowed+root+words+from+Meitei&pg=PA207 |title=Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 15th International Conference, CICLing 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal, April 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part I |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-54906-9 |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref>
Bishnupriya Manipuri retains the old 18 sounds of Meitei. Of them, there were three vowels, such as ''ɑ'', ''i'' and ''u'', thirteen consonants such as p, t, k, pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, c͡ʃ, m, n, ŋ, l, ʃ, h and two semi-vowels, such as ''w'' and ''j''. Nine more sounds were later added to Meitei, but Bishnupriya is not concerned with them because the Bishnupriyas left Manipur during the first part of the 19th century. That is why Bishnupriya Manipuri retains the older sounds of Meitei, whereas in Meitei itself the sound system has undergone various changes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Kali Prasad |year=1981 |title=The Bishnupriya Manipuri Language |publisher=Firma KLM |location=Calcutta |page=51 |oclc=9819673}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
Like other Indic languages, the core vocabulary of Bishnupriya Manipuri is made up of ''tadbhava'' words (i.e. words inherited over time from older Indic languages, including Sanskrit, including many historical changes in grammar and pronunciation), although thousands of ''tatsama'' words (i.e. words that were re-borrowed directly from Sanskrit with little phonetic or grammatical change) augment the vocabulary greatly. In addition, many other words were borrowed from languages spoken in the region either natively or as a colonial language, including Meitei, English, and Perso-Arabic.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
*Inherited/native Indic words (''tadbhava''): 10,000 (Of these, 2,000 are only found in Bishnupriya Manipuri, and have not been inherited by other Indic languages)
*Words re-borrowed from Sanskrit (''tatsama''): 10,000
*Words re-borrowed from Sanskrit, partially modified (''ardhatatsama''): 1,500
*Words borrowed from Meitei: 4000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gelbukh |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dS66BQAAQBAJ&q=Bishnupriya+4000+borrowed+root+words+from+Meitei&pg=PA207 |title=Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 15th International Conference, CICLing 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal, April 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part I |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-54906-9 |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref>
*Words borrowed from other indigenous non-Indic languages (''desi''): 1,500
*Words borrowed from Perso-Arabic: 2,000
*Words borrowed from English: 700
*Hybrid words: 1,000
*Words of obscure origin: 1,300

==Notes and references==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
# ''Vasatatvar Ruprekha''/ Dr. K. P. Sinha, Silchar, 1977
# ''Manipuri jaatisotta bitorko: ekti niropekkho paath'' /Ashim Kumar Singha, Sylhet, 2001
# G. K. Ghose / Tribals and Their Culture in Manipur and Nagaland, 1982
# Raj Mohan Nath / The Background of Assamese Culture, 2nd edn, 1978
# Sir G. A. Grierson / Linguistic Survey of India, Vol-5, 1903
# Dr. K. P. Sinha / An Etymological Dictionary of Bishnupriya Manipuri, 1982
# Dr. M. Kirti Singh / Religious developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th centuuy, Imphal, 1980
# Singha, Jagat Mohan & Singha, Birendra / The Bishnupriya Manipuris & Their Language, silchar, 1976
# Parimal Sinha and Anup Sinha / Bishnupuriya language Development, 2017.

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Languages}}
{{InterWiki|code=bpy}}
* [http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2002/bishnupriya.html Bishnupriya Manipuri: A brief introduction]
* [http://manipuri.freeservers.com/ Details on Bishnupriya Manipuri Language]
* [http://Manipuri.htmlplanet.com Archive of Bishnupriya Manipuri Literature]
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328214211/http://www.manipuri.org/discus/ |date=28 March 2009 }}
* [http://www.bishnupriya-manipuri.org Bishnupriya Manipuri society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604054712/http://www.bishnupriya-manipuri.org/ |date=4 June 2019}}

{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishnupriya Manipuri Language}}
[[Category:Bengali dialects]]
[[Category:Endangered pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Mixed languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Endangered Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]

Matka King

2026-05-07T13:53:04Z

Victoruot:

{{short description|2026 Indian period-crime drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Matka King (TV series).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre =
| creator = Abhay Koranne [[Nagraj Manjule]]
| writer = Abhay Koranne [[Nagraj Manjule]]
| story = Ashish Aryan
| director = [[Nagraj Manjule]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vijay Varma]]
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]
* [[Bhupendra Jadawat]]
* [[Kritika Kamra]]
* [[Gulshan Grover]]
* [[Siddharth Jadhav]]}}
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rahul Gandhi Ashwini Sidwani
| producer = [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] Ashish Aryan Nagraj Manjule Ashwini Sidwani Gargi Kulkarni
| cinematography = [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
| editor = [[Nitin Baid]]
| runtime = 43-62 minutes
| company = Roy Kapoor Films Aatpat Production SMR Entertainment
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2026|04|17}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Matka King''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Period film|period]] [[crime drama]] television series created by [[Nagraj Manjule]] and Abhay Koranne based on the story concept by Ashish Aryan for [[Amazon Prime Video]]. It stars [[Vijay Varma]], [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Bhupendra Jadawat]], [[Kritika Kamra]], [[Gulshan Grover]] and [[Siddharth Jadhav]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Matka King |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/matka-king-web-series-124862 |website=[[NDTV|GAdget 360]] |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Shilajit |title=How A 'Matka King' Was Born: Vijay Varma, Nagraj Manjule on Their Gambling Series |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/how-a-matka-king-was-born-vijay-varma-nagraj-manjule-on-their-gambling-series |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=15 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Set in the 1960s [[Mumbai]], the series traces the transformation of a humble, enterprising cotton trader into a powerful gambling don as he starts a new game called [[Matka gambling|Matka]], that takes the city by storm and democratizes a terrain previously reserved for the rich and elite.

== Premise ==
Matka King is a gripping crime drama set in the 1960s Mumbai. The series builds its world around a modest cotton trader, Brij Bhatti, who, starts an illegal "Matka" betting game, showing how a small, almost harmless gambling idea gradually evolves into a massive underground empire that is controlled by money, politics, and fear.

At its core, the show is less about gambling and more about ambition. It explores how greed reshapes a man's morals as he climbs from poverty to power, and how that power slowly begins to destroy everything around him. Vijay Varma delivers a strong and controlled performance, carrying the emotional weight of a man who is both intelligent and deeply flawed.

== Cast ==
* [[Vijay Varma]] as Brij Bhatti "Matka King"
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as Barkha Bhatti, Brij's wife
* [[Bhupendra Jadawat]] as Laxman "Lachu" Bhatti, Brij's brother
* [[Kritika Kamra]] as Gulrukh
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Laljibhai Chaggani
* [[Siddharth Jadhav]] as Dagdu Vichare
* [[Jamie Lever]] as Sulbha
* [[Bharat Jadhav]] as [[Sub-inspector|Sub Inspector]] Eknath Tumbade
* [[Girish Kulkarni]] as TP D'Souza
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Minister Prashant Bapat
* Ridan Shah as Anmol Bhatti, Brij's son
* Arpita Sethia as Rukmani
* [[Cyrus Sahukar]] as Maqsood
* Simran Ashwini as Vasudha, Lalji's daughter
* Samir Trimbakkar as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] MK Sharma
* Sanjeev Jogtiyani as Editor-in-Chief
* Tanaji Galgunde as Raftaar
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as [[Dawood Ibrahim|Darab Ahmed Wadkar]] (special appearance)<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 April 2026 |title=O'Romeo, Dhurandhar The Revenge, Matka King: How ‘Bade Sahab’ returned in 3 different avatars in 3 consecutive months |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/oromeo-dhurandhar-the-revenge-matka-king-how-bade-sahab-returned-in-3-different-avatars-in-3-consecutive-months/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Release ==
Matka King was released on 17 April 2026 at [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Matka King’: Vijay Varma’s Prime Video series gets a release date; teaser out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-king-vijay-varmas-prime-video-series-gets-a-release-date-teaser-out/article70798951.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 March 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghav |first1=Vanshika |title=New Friday OTT Releases (April 17, 2026): Matka King, Assi, Roommates- Watch these 5 movies and TV shows on Netflix, Prime Video, JioHotstar and more |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/new-friday-ott-releases-april-17-2026-matka-king-assi-roommates-watch-these-5-movies-and-tv-shows-on-netflix-prime-video-jiohotstar-and-more-1776342036895 |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[WION]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anuj Kumar for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "‘Matka King’ turns out to be a familiar but gripping crime drama that is worth betting on."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=‘Matka King’ series review: A cautionary tale on the cost of ambition that pays rich dividends |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/matka-king-series-review-vijay-varma-nagraj-manjule-prime-video-sai-tamhankar/article70872309.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the series 2/5 stars and stated "the matka-addicted mill-workers and their unions whose movement kept Bombay's greedy sharks at bay, remain a scratchy backdrop."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |author1-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Matka King review: Vijay Varma show lacks zest and sharpness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/matka-king-review-vijay-varma-show-lacks-zest-and-sharpness-10641385/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Rahul Desai for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote "Along the way, there are glimpses of the intellect buried within the algorithm."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Rahul |title=‘Matka King’ Series Review: A Gambling Drama That Takes No Risks |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/matka-king-series-review-a-gambling-drama-that-takes-no-risks |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Deepansh Duggal for ''[[The Quint]]'' stated "Instead of unfolding organically, the plot feels like it is delivered in bursts, with too much information packed into too little time."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggal |first1=Deepansh |title=‘Matka King’ Review: A Flawed but Compelling Rise of a Gambling Don |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/matka-king-review-vijay-varma-amazon-prime |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' felt that "The eight-episode show suffers from a bit of bloat and threadbare production values."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title=‘Matka King’ review: A winning character study of an ‘honest gambler’ |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1092069/matka-king-review-a-winning-character-study-of-an-honest-gambler |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and stated "At eight episodes, it feels indulgent."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Matka King review: Vijay Varma wins big, but the series misses the jackpot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/matka-king-review-vijay-varma-kritika-kamra-gulshan-grover-siddharth-jadhav-jamie-lever-sai-tamhankar-2897474-2026-04-17 |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Tatsam Mukherjee of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' expressed "No man-woman pair in the show can do so without falling in love, which I found too escapist and dated."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Tatsam |title=‘Matka King’: Nagraj Manjule’s Series Repeats Genre Beats, Falls into Familiar Traps |url=https://thewire.in/film/matka-king-nagraj-manjules-series-repeats-genre-beats-amazon-prime-video-vijay-varma-review |access-date=19 April 2026 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Hardika Gupta from ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the series 2 out of 5 stars and stated "The result is a story that moves, but rarely surprises; that speaks, but rarely resonates."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Hardika |title=Matka King Review: Vijay Varma Plays A Strong Hand In A Losing Game |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/matka-king-review-vijay-varma-plays-a-strong-hand-in-a-losing-game-2-stars-11381812 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=20 April 2026}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' rated the series 2.5/5.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Kiran Vinod Kumar |title=Matka King Review: बड़ा कैनवास, विजय वर्मा और 1960 का दौर; जानें ‘मटका किंग’ ने खेली कैसी बाजी? पढ़ें रिव्यू |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/new-web-series-matka-king-review-starring-vijay-varma-gulshan-grover-kritika-kamra-sai-tamhankar-2026-04-16 |access-date=25 April 2026 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=17 April 2026 |language=hi}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|16997004}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Matka-King/0NU8T0IBSKNM4URECC0CAKT8GZ ''Matka King''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]

America! America!!

2026-05-04T22:26:43Z

Victoruot: Added Data

{{Short description|1997 Indian Kannada family drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = America! America!!
| image = America America DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]]
| producer = G. Nandakumar
| writer = Nagathihalli Chandrashekar
| screenplay = Nagathihalli Chandrashekar
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Akshay Anand]]
*[[Hema Panchamukhi]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]]
| editing = Basavaraj Urs
| studio = Vishwapriya Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|04|11}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''America! America!!''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[family drama film]] written and directed by [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/nagathihalli-chandrashekhar/|title=Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar|publisher=Karnataka.com|author=Madur|date=10 October 2011|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-date=27 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227024631/http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/nagathihalli-chandrashekhar/|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Akshay Anand]] and Hema Panchamukhi, with [[H. G. Dattatreya]], [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] and [[Shivaram]] in supporting roles. The plot revolves around three childhood friends hailing from a coastal village of Karnataka who are entangled in marital issues with a major portion of the story taking place in the United States. The film makes an attempt to study the mindset of non-resident Indians settled abroad at the time.

The film was produced by G. Nandakumar under Vishwapriya Films banner and was made on a budget of {{INR}} 2 crores. Around seventy-eighty percent of filming was in the US, mainly [[San Francisco]]. Rest of the shots were canned in the coastal regions of [[Kundapura]], [[Udupi district|Udupi District]] and [[Chikkamagaluru|Chikmagalur]] District of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/profile.php?cid=2405|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803183347/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/profile.php?cid=2405|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2004|title=Sify Movie profile|website= [[Sify]]|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> The film's acclaimed soundtrack was composed by [[Mano Murthy]], who debuted as a film composer.

The film released in early 1997 and achieved both critical and commercial success. Upon release, the film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|National Award for Best Kannada film]] in the regional category. This was followed by a string of other awards in best actor and best film categories. Emerging as a commercial success, the film had grossed around {{INR}} 1.1 crore within the first two months of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19970616-n-chandrashekhar-america-america-demolishes-kannada-film-making-myths-830244-1997-06-15|title=N. Chandrashekhar's 'America! America!' demolishes Kannada film-making myths|publisher=India Today|author=Saritha Rai|date=16 June 1997|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904033928/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19970616-n-chandrashekhar-america-america-demolishes-kannada-film-making-myths-830244-1997-06-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie begins with the story of
three childhood friends{{snd}}Surya, Shashank and Bhoomi {{snd}}are from the coastal region of Karnataka. After finishing their undergraduate studies, Shashank goes to the US for further studies. Surya is extremely patriotic about India and does not want to go anywhere and starts his business in his hometown, and Bhoomi stays at home. After three years, Shashank comes back to India. He starts going off on India on his way from the airport, saying how much greater America is. While in India, his family arranges his marriage to Bhoomi. Surya, on the other hand, is the one who truly loves Bhoomi and tries to tell her using a recorded audio tape and plants it in Bhoomi's room having no idea that she is to be married to Shashank.

That evening Surya learns of the marriage plans. Confused, he rushes to Bhoomi's house to take the tape back. But before he could get there, someone who was cleaning Bhoomi's room accidentally replaces it with another cassette. Surya, thus unknowingly, grabs the wrong tape and throws it into a nearby river. After the marriage ceremony, Shashank and Bhoomi leave for the US.

Everything goes well until Shashank loses his job and starts to drink. Surya, in the meantime, surprises Bhoomi and Shashank and goes to the US for business, but an egotistical Shashank does not come to pick him up at the airport. Surya ends up taking a cab to Shashank's house. Bhoomi and Shashank drive Surya to a lot of places around. After a few days, Bhoomi and Shashank realize that Surya has come to the US on a business visit and has a very good business running back in India. Bhoomi feels very happy with Surya's achievement. On Bhoomi's and Shashank's anniversary, Surya throws them a surprise and gifts them a rabbit. Next day, they all go to a party hosted by Indians in the US. In the party, a man foul mouths India. Surya hits him, angering Shashank. Shashank leaves Surya behind at the party, forcing him to walk all the way back home.

On the way back, Bhoomi plays a tape in the car, the same tape Surya had recorded in India, conveying his love for her. It had come with Bhoomi's bag from India. Shashank asks Soorya to get out of their house and blames India and Indian culture. After Surya leaves their house, he starts suspecting Bhoomi. One day, Bhoomi searches for her rabbit (Minchu), but cannot find her; Shashank tells her he already cooked and ate it, later he tells Bhoomi that he donated the rabbit to a humane society, as it reminded him of Surya. They both start arguing, then Bhoomi moves out and starts living separately from Shashank. Shashank finds a new job and later learns that Soorya has helped him get that job. Alone, Shashank realizes his mistake and feels guilty. He calls Surya and apologizes. Surya forgives him and learns that Bhoomi has separated from him. He tells Shashank not to take any steps until he returns to the US, and Surya leaves for the U.S.

From San Francisco Airport, Surya calls Shashank, who is drunk. This time around, Shashank promises to pick him up from the airport. On the way he meets with a horrific accident. After being informed by the airport authorities, Surya rushes to the hospital. Meanwhile, Bhoomi also gets the news about Shashank and she too rushes to the hospital. On meeting Bhoomi and Surya, Shashank apologizes for his behavior and tells them that he is going to die. Doctor takes him to ICU and he passes away.

Surya manages all legal formalities around Shashank's funeral, making Bhoomi feel proud of him. Surya asks Bhoomi to return to India but she declines. By mistake, he tells that he loves her, but Bhoomi tells him she cannot love or marry him because he is her best friend and she would like him to remain so for rest of her life. Surya insists that she comes back to India and gives her a return ticket telling her that he would wait for her in the airport. Finally, Bhoomi relents and joins him in the plane. However, she tells him that she will not marry him and suggests that they be friends forever.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Surya
* [[Akshay Anand]] as Shashank
* [[Hema Panchamukhi]] as Bhoomika
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Srinivas
* [[C. R. Simha]] as Surya's father
* [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] as Bhoomika's mother
* [[Shivaram]] as Bhoomika's father
* Karen Vasudev as Linda
* [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]] (Guest Appearance)
}}

==Production==
Shooting began on 16 June 1996 at Ravindranath's house in [[Milpitas]], California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jun/17/muhurath-of-america-america-was-an-expensive-dream-2317266.html|title=Muhurath of 'America America' was an expensive dream|date=17 June 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208231708/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jun/17/muhurath-of-america-america-was-an-expensive-dream-2317266.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ame>{{cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/america-america-kannada-movie-celebrates-25-years-927392.html|title='ಅಮೆರಿಕಾ ಅಮೆರಿಕಾ ...' ಪಯಣಕ್ಕೀ ಗ 25ರ ಸಂ ಭ್ರಮ|work=[[Prajavani]]|language=kn|date=11 April 2022|access-date=28 June 2024|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516051810/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/america-america-kannada-movie-celebrates-25-years-927392.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The crew consisting only of 16 people went to America for the shoot.<ref name=ame /> Some scenes were shot at St. Mary's Island at Karwar, Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf|page=33|access-date=22 June 2024|title=Filmi Escapes in Karnataka|work=Lonely Planet|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318102230/https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = America! America!!
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1996|05||df=yes}}
| recorded = 1996
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=26|s=16}}
| label = Manoranjan Audio
| producer = [[Mano Murthy]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Nanna Preethiya Hudugi]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

America based software engineer, [[Mano Murthy]] scored the music for the film. Two poems by [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]] and [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]] were adapted. The lyrics for the remaining songs were written by Nagathihalli Chandrashekar. When Chandrasekhar came to United States to screen his film ''Kotreshi Kanasu'', Murthy met him and composed one of the tunes which later became "Nooru Janmaku".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mano-murthy-filmmakers-want-melody-back-in-music-1101177.html|title=Mano Murthy: Filmmakers want melody back in music|date=15 April 2022|access-date=28 June 2024|work=Deccan Herald|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219120015/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mano-murthy-filmmakers-want-melody-back-in-music-1101177.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The music was received well with all the songs climbing and hitting the musical charts for years. The song "Nooru Janmaku" was recreated in 2010 film of [[Nooru Janmaku|same name]] also directed by Chandrasekar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2010 |title=Nooru Janmaku : Mundane |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nooru-janmaku-mundane/articleshow/21875610.cms |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903051922/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nooru-janmaku-mundane/articleshow/21875610.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:58
| title1 = Nooru Janmaku
| lyrics1 = [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Sangeetha Katti]]
| length1 = 4:18
| title2 = Baanalli Odo Megha
| lyrics2 = [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]]
| extra2 = Rajesh Krishnan, Sangeetha Katti, [[Ramesh Chandra (singer)|Ramesh Chandra]]
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Hegide Nam Desha
| lyrics3 = Nagathihalli Chandrashekar
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[Manjula Gururaj]], Ramesh Chandra
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Yaava Mohana Murali
| lyrics4 = [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]]
| extra4 = [[Raju Ananthaswamy]], Sangeetha Katti
| length4 = 4:51
| title5 = America America
| lyrics5 = Nagathihalli Chandrashekar
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan, Sangeetha Katti, Ramesh Chandra
| length5 = 5:21
}}

==Box office==
The movie ran for 365 days in many centers of [[Karnataka]] and it was the first [[Kannada]] movie to be released in United States. The movie was dubbed to Telugu and was released in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]].

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="1"| [[44th National Film Awards|15 July 1997]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Kannada Film]]
| G. Nandakumar
|{{won}}
|rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Hasan, Tabu, Gulzar bag national film awards|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/may/06film.htm|access-date=28 October 2015|work=Rediff.com|date=1996|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201054/http://www.rediff.com/news/may/06film.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[1996–97 Karnataka State Film Awards|1996–97]]
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| G. Nandakumar
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Ramesh Aravind]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]]
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1" |[[Screen Awards|Videocon Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="1"| [[Screen Awards|1997]]
| [[Screen Awards|Best Actor]]
| Ramesh Aravind
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" |Aryabhata Film Awards
| rowspan="5"| 1997
| Second Best Film
| G. Nandakumar
|{{won}}
|rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven awards for Nagamandala |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/0DDA4DB908B8522265256940006200FC?OpenDocument |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=16 May 2021 |date=15 May 1998}}</ref>
|-
|Best Story
|Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar
|{{won}}
|-
|Special Award
|[[H. G. Dattatreya]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0235179}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}
{{Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:America America}}
[[Category:1997 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Detroit]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United States]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mano Murthy]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]]

Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

2026-05-03T23:34:47Z

Victoruot: starting a details.

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1826–1905)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Maulana]] [[Muhaddith]]
| name = Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
| image = Graveyard of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 1928.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Grave of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi in 1928
| birth_name = Rashid Ahmad
| birth_date = 12 June 1826<ref name=haqislam/><ref name="hasani_eng"/>
| birth_place = [[Gangoh]], [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]<ref name=haqislam/> {{small|(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)}}
| death_date = 11 August 1905 (aged 79)<ref name=haqislam/><ref name="hasani_eng"/>
| death_place = [[Gangoh]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)}}
| resting_place =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| occupation =
| disciple_of = [[Haji Imdadullah]]
| main_interests = [[Aqidah]], [[Tafsir]], [[Hadith]], [[Fiqh]]
| notable_ideas = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| works =
| influences = [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]]<ref name="wani">{{cite journal|last=Wani|first=Shahid|title=North Indian Sunni Muslims and Their Sectarian Divide (1820-1920 AD) Evolution and Issues|journal=Quest International Multidisciplinary Research Journal|volume=7|issue=2|date = February 2018|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shahid-Nabi-Wani/publication/365096515_North_Indian_Sunni_Muslims_and_their_Sectarian_Divide_pp_34-40/links/6364aa732f4bca7fd02dacbb/North-Indian-Sunni-Muslims-and-their-Sectarian-Divide-pp-34-40.pdf#page=44}}</ref>{{rp|37}} [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]] [[Haji Imdadullah]] Abdul Ghani Dihlawi
| disciples = [[Zamiruddin Ahmad]], [[Saeed Ahmad Sandwipi]], [[Ibrahim Ujani]]<ref name=nizam>{{Cite book|title=The Hundred (Bangla Mayer Eksho Kritishontan)|last=Nizampuri|first=Ashraf Ali|year=2013|publisher=Salman Publishers|pages=29|isbn=978-112009250-2|edition=1st}}</ref> Maulana Syed Shah Waris Hasan, Shah Peer Muhammad Sahab
| influenced = [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]] [[Majid Ali Jaunpuri]] [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
| serviceyears = 1857
| battles = [[Indian War of Independence]]
*{{small|[[Battle of Shamli]]}}
}}
{{Deobandi}}
'''Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad Ayyūbī Anṣārī Gangohī'''{{efn|({{langx|ur|{{nq|رشید احمد گنگوہی}}}})}} (12 June 1826{{spaced ndash}}11 August 1905) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Deobandi]] [[Islamic scholar]], a leading figure of the [[Deobandi movement]], [[faqih|jurist]] and scholar of [[Hadith studies|hadith]], author of ''[[Fatawa-e-Rashidiya]]''.<ref name="hasani_eng"/> His lineage reaches back to [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shamela.ws/index.php/author/3035|title=Al-'Alam by al-Zirikli|publisher=shamela.ws}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ingram |first=Brannon |title=Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī |date=2018 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860 |work=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=580–582 |editor-last=Kassam |editor-first=Zayn R. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_860 |isbn=978-94-024-1267-3 |access-date=2022-10-15 |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Yudit Kornberg |editor3-last=Bagli |editor3-first=Jehan|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Along with [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]] he was a pupil of [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]]. Both studied the books of hadith under ''Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi'' and later became [[murid|Sufi disciples]] of [[Haji Imdadullah]].<ref>Brannon Ingram ('''University of North Carolina'''), Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism, p 479.</ref> His lectures on ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Jami` at-Tirmidhi]]'' were recorded by his student Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi, later edited, arranged, and commented on by [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], and published as ''[[Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi]]''.<ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=GENGÛHÎ, Reşîd Ahmed|last=Al-ghazali|first=Muhammad}}</ref>

==Name==
In ''Tazkiratur Rashid'' his name and nasab is given as follows: Rashīd Aḥmad ibn Hidāyat Aḥmad{{#tag:ref|{{langx|ar|هدايت أحمد}}, Hidāyat Aḥmad, or {{lang|ar|هداية أحمد}}, Hidāyah Aḥmad|group="note"}} ibn Qāẓī Pīr Bak͟hsh ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām Ḥasan ibn Qāẓī G͟hulām ‘Alī ibn Qāẓī ‘Alī Akbar ibn Qāẓī Muḥammad Aslam al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī.<ref name="mirathi">{{cite book|author1=‘Āshiq Ilāhī Mīraṭhī|title=تذکرۃ الرشید / Taẕkiratur-Rashīd|date=1908|language=Urdu|publisher=Bilālī Sṭīm [Bilali Steam]|location=Sāḍhaurah|url=https://archive.org/details/TazkeraTurRasheedPartI}}</ref> In the biographical work ''Nuzhat al-Khawatir'' he is mentioned with the nisbats "al-Anṣārī, al-Ḥanafī, ar-Rāmpūrī then al-Gangohī".<ref name="hasani">{{cite book|chapter=الشيخ العلامة رشيد أحمد الگنگوهي / ash-Shaykh al-‘Allāmah Rashīd Aḥmad al-Gangohī|author1=‘Abd al-Ḥayy ibn Fakhr ad-Dīn al-Ḥasanī|author2=Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī al-Ḥasanī an-Nadwī|title=نزهة الخواطر وبهجة المسامع والنواظر / Nuzhat al-khawāṭir wa-bahjat al-masāmi' wa-al-nawāẓir|volume=8|date=1999|pages=1229–1231|location=Bayrūt|publisher=Dār Ibn Ḥazm|edition=1st|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref name="hasani_eng">{{cite web|title=The Epitome of Shari'ah and Tariqah: Shaykh Rashid Ahmad al-Gangohi|url=http://www.deoband.org/2009/04/history/biographies-of-scholars/the-epitome-of-sharia-and-tariqa/|website=Deoband.org website|date=26 April 2009|others=Translated into English by Ismaeel Nakhuda}} Excerpted from ‘Abd al-Hayy ibn Fakhr ad-Din al-Hasani; Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali al-Hasani an-Nadwi. ''Nuzhat al-Khawatir'', Published 26 April 2009, Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref> In the introduction to ''al-Kawkab ad-Durri'' he is mentioned as "Mawlānā Abī Mas‘ūd Rashīd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī al-Ayyūbī al-Kankawhī al-Ḥanafī al-Jishtī an-Naqshbandī al-Qādirī as-Suhrawardī".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Muhammad Yahya ibn Muhammad Ismail al-Kandahlawi|author2=Rashid Ahmad al-Kankawhi|author3=Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandahlawi|title=الكوكب الدري على جامع الترمذي / al-Kawkab ad-durrī 'alá Jāmi' at-Tirmidhī|page=12|language=Arabic|chapter=مقدمة المحشي / Muqaddimat al-Muhashshi}}</ref>

His given name was Rashid Ahmad; Abu Masud was his [[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} His heritage can be traced back to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]'s companion [[Ayub Ansari]].<ref name=haqislam/>

==Biography==
Rashid Ahmad was born on Monday, 6 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1244 AH (12 June 1826) in [[Gangoh]], Saharanpur District, [[British India]] (in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India).<ref name="hasani_eng"/><ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/><ref name="kandhlawi">{{cite book|title=تاریخ مشائخ چشت / Tārīk͟h Mashā'ik͟h-i Chisht|publisher=Maktabatush-Shaik͟h|location=Biharabad, Karachi|year=1973|author=Muḥammad Zakarīyā Kāndhlawī|chapter=حضرت اقدس مولانا رشید احمد صاحب گنگوہی / Haẓrat Aqdas Maulānā Rashīd Aḥmad Ṣaḥib Gangohī|language=Urdu}}</ref><ref name="rizvi_eng">{{cite book|author1=Sayyid Mahbub Rizvi|title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband|date=1980|publisher=Idara-e Ihtemam|location=Dar al-Ulum, Deoband|translator=Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi|volume= 1}}</ref> He was born in the [[mahallah]] of Sarai, close to the tomb of [[Abdul Quddus Gangohi]].<ref name="mirathi"/> Both his father [[Maulana]] Hidayat Ahmad and his mother Karimun Nisa belonged to [[Ansari (nisbat)|Ansari]] Ayyubi families, claiming descent from [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]].<ref name=haqislam/><ref name="mirathi"/> His ancestral village was [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], but his grandfather [[Qadi|Qazi]] Pir Bakhsh had settled in Gangoh.<ref name="mirathi"/>

Hidayat Ahmad was an [[Islamic scholar]] connected to the Waliullahi tradition,<ref name="mirathi"/> and in ''[[tasawwuf]]'' (Sufism) an authorized ''khalifah'' (successor) of [[Shah Ghulam Ali Mujaddidi Dihlawi]].<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="rizvi_eng"/> He died in 1252 AH (1836) at the age of 35, when Rashid was seven.<ref name="mirathi"/> A few years later Rashid's younger brother Sa'id Ahmad also died, at the age of nine.

After the death of Hidayat Ahmad, the responsibility for Rashid's upbringing fell to his grandfather Qazi Pir Bakhsh.<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="kandhlawi"/> He also had four maternal uncles: Muhammad Naqi, Muhammad Taqi, Abdul Ghani, and Muhammad Shafi.<ref name="mirathi"/> He was especially close to Abdul Ghani, who took on a fatherly role for him.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} He also had a close friendship with his younger cousin, Abun Nasr, son of Abdul Ghani's.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

Rashid Ahmad received his elementary education from a local teacher, Miyanji Qutb Bakhsh Gangohi.<ref name="kandhlawi"/> He read the Qur'an in Gangoh, probably at home with his mother.<ref name="kandhlawi"/> Then he studied the primary Persian books with his older brother Inayat Ahmad.<ref name="mirathi"/> He completed Persian studies in [[Karnal]] with his maternal uncle Muhammad Taqi,<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/> and also partly with Muhammad Ghaus.<ref name="mirathi"/> Afterwards he studied the primary books of Arabic grammar (''sarf'' and ''nahw'') with Muhammad Bakhsh Rampuri,<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/> on whose encouragement he then traveled to Delhi in pursuit of knowledge in 1261 AH (1845), at the age of 17.<ref name="mirathi"/>

After arriving in Delhi he studied Arabic with Qazi Ahmaduddin Punjabi Jehlami.<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/><ref name="hasani_eng"/> Afterwards he attended the classes of different teachers before becoming a pupil of [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]], a scholar of the Shah Waliullah line, and a professor at [[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Delhi College]]. It was in this period that Rashid Ahmad met and developed a close companionship with Mamluk Ali's nephew, [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]]. Both were private pupils of Mamluk Ali. After he completed his studies with Mamluk Ali, he stayed a few more years in Delhi to study under other teachers. He became a pupil of Mufti Sadruddin Azurdah, with whom he studied some books of the {{Transliteration|ur|ulum-i aqliyah}} (rational sciences).<ref name="rizvi_eng"/> He studied the books of [[hadith]] and [[tafsir]] under ''Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi''. Shah Ahmad Sa'id, the older brother of Shah Abdul Ghani Mujaddidi, was also among his teachers.<ref name="mirathi"/><ref name="hasani"/><ref name="hasani_eng"/>

After four years in Delhi, Rashid returned home to Gangoh.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} He married Khadijah, daughter of his uncle Muhammad Naqi, at the age of 21. It was not until after his marriage that he memorized the Qur'an. He then travelled to Thana Bhawan, where he gave bay'ah (allegiance) at the hand of Haji Imdadullah in the Sufi path. He remained in Imdadullah's company and service for 42 days. When he prepared to leave for Gangoh, Imdadullah held his hand and gave him permission to take disciples.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

While Nanautawi and Gangohi are often mentioned as co-founders of Darul Uloom Deoband, Rizvi writes that there is no historical evidence that Gangohi played a role in its establishment in 1283 AH.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} However, due to his close relationship with Nanautawi and others involved, it is unlikely that he was unaware of its founding.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} Rizvi cites a record of Gangohi's written inspection of the madrasah on 3 Rajab 1285 AH as the earliest evidence for his formal relationship with the madrasah. It was also common for graduates of the madrasah to attend Rashid Ahmad's hadith lectures in Gangoh.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

Alongside Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi, Gangohi's efforts were instrumental in fostering a transnational, [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] consciousness in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] amongst the educated middle classes; during an era of increasing connectivity and arrival of new technologies of communication.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} He forbade Muslims from engaging in various customs which he regarded as stemming from [[Hindu culture]] and criticised those [[Muslims]] "who retained trappings of ‘Hindu’ culture and lifestyles"; whether in clothing or lifestyle. As a strong opponent of the [[British Raj|British rule]]; Gangohi also fiercely denounced the singing of patriotic British songs in English schools; denouncing it as an act of ''[[Kufr]]'' (disbelief).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Brannon|date=July 2009|title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism|journal=The Muslim World|location=9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|volume=99|pages=490–491|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref>

In 1297 AH, after the death of Qasim, Rashid was made ''sarparast'' (patron) of Darul Uloom Deoband. From 1314 AH he was also ''sarparast'' of the Darul Uloom's sister madrasah, [[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]].<ref name=darululoom>[http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/founders3.htm Profiles of many founders of Deoband including Rashid Ahmad Gangohi on darululoom-deoband.com website] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>

In 1314 AH he also lost his eye-sight and became blind. In 1323 AH during the Tahujjad prayers (predawn prayers), he was bitten by a highly venomous snake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadhrat Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (rahmatullah alayh)-P3 – Jamiatul Ulama Gauteng |url=https://thejamiat.co.za/2010/08/25/hadhrat-maulana-rashid-ahmad-gangohi-rahmatullah-alayh-p3/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> This led to him later dying on (the same day) Friday, 8 Jumada II 1323 AH (1905 AD) after the Adhan (call for prayer) for the Friday prayer.<ref name=haqislam>[http://haqislam.org/maulana-rashid-ahmad-gangohi/ Profile of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi on haqislam.org website] Published 14 February 2010, Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>

==Death==

Rashid Ahmad Gangohi rejected the claims of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] and proclaimed him to be a deceiver.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ٹاؤن |first=جامعہ علوم اسلامیہ بنوری |title=قادیانی کے خلاف حضرت گنگوہی کا فتوی {{!}} جامعہ علوم اسلامیہ علامہ محمد یوسف بنوری ٹاؤن |url=https://www.banuri.edu.pk/readquestion/qadyani-k-khilaf-hazrat-gangohi-ka-fatwa/11-06-2013 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.banuri.edu.pk |language=ur}}</ref> [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]] maintain Rashid Ahmad Gangohi as having died in consequence of a [[Mubahila]] ([[prayer duel]]) with their founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad after Gangohi's fatwa of kufr regarding [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mirza Ghulam |url=https://files.alislam.cloud/pdf/Haqiqatul-Wahi.pdf#page=400 |title=Haqiqatul Wahi |date=May 15, 1907 |publisher=Islam International Publications Ltd. |isbn=978-1-84880-764-8 |edition=2nd |location=UK |publication-date=2023 |pages=380 |language=Urdu |trans-title=English}}</ref> The opposing view is that this was a natural occurrence without any connection to any prayer duel.

==View of Taqwiyyat-ul-Iman==
Gangohi is said to have been one of the few people to receive the original Arabic version of Taqwiyyat-ul-Iman, prior to its translation into Urdu by [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]] himself.<ref name="Ali">Ali, M., 2024. The heresies of Indian Wahhabis as understood by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelwi al-Hanafi (1856-1921) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds).</ref> Gangohi said regarding Shah Ismail:
{{quote|Ismaīl was a pious scholar and a remover of innovation (bidah) and propagator of the Sunnah […] he was a saint and martyr […] His book Taqwiyyat-ul-Īmān is a great work, refuting shirk and bidah and it is the interpretation of the Book of God and the Ahādīth and to keep it and practise upon it is in accordance with the religion of Islam and a means to gain reward and the one who calls it malicious is a sinner (fāsiq) and innovator (bidatī). If a person due to his ignorance cannot comprehend its speciality, it is then his own fault and no fault of the author. Great scholars of righteousness have likened this book and have said that if any deviant calls it malicious, then he himself is astray and misguided.|Gangohi<ref name="Ali"/>}}

== Legacy ==
His biographical works include: ''Yaad Yaraan'' by [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and Habibur Rahman Usmani,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=104–105}}</ref> ''Wasl al-Habeeb ma'a Wasī'at Nāmah wa Qaṣīdat Mudḥiḥa'' by [[Aashiq Elahi Meerthi|Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi]],<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=210–212}}</ref> ''Tazkiratur Rashid'' by [[Aashiq Elahi Meerthi|Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=213–241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Justin |date=2023 |title=Remembrances of Rashīd: life-histories as lessons in the Dēōband movement |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/remembrances-of-rashid-lifehistories-as-lessons-in-the-deoband-movement/4E23C49DC34DA9D102FC0E365BE84F74 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=933–948 |doi=10.1017/S1356186322000645 |issn=1356-1863|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Eponyms==
*[[Masjid-e-Rasheed]]
*[[Fatawa-e-Rashidiya]]
*[[:bn:চরমোনাই আহসানাবাদ রশীদিয়া কামিল মাদ্রাসা|Charmonai Ahsanabad Rashidia Kamil Madrasa]]
*[[:bn:চরমোনাই জামিয়া রশিদিয়া ইসলামিয়া|Charmonai Jamia Rashidia Islamia]]

==See also==
* [[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]]
* [[Majid Ali Jaunpuri]]
* [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
* [[Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad]]
* [[Masjid-e-Rasheed]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}<references group="lower-alpha" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.academia.edu/32057411/The_Academic_Education_and_Spiritual_Training_of_%E1%B8%A4a%E1%B8%8Drat_Rash%C4%ABd_A%E1%B8%A5mad_Gang%C5%8Dhi The Academic Education and Spiritual Training of Ḥaḍrat Rashīd Aḥmad Gangōhi]
* [https://archive.org/details/UrduBooksCollection_201712 Books Collection]
* {{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=J. |date=2023 |title=Remembrances of Rashid: life-histories as lessons in the Deoband movement |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c7a29684-8a72-41cd-86fb-348c2e80d884 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=933–948 |doi=10.1017/S1356186322000645 |s2cid=259878312 |language=English |issn=1356-1863|doi-access=free }}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Islam|India}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}

[[Category:1826 births]]
[[Category:1905 deaths]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Najjarite people]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Patrons of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]

Bhagaban Das

2026-04-24T23:15:34Z

Victoruot: Added New Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhagaban Das
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| office1 = Minister of Welfare of Scheduled Castes of Tripura
| term_start1 = 2021
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|18 November 1974}}
| birth_place = Ujan Dudhpur, Kumarghat, [[Unakoti district]], [[Tripura]]
| constituency = [[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachhara]]
| education = 8th Pass
| preceded = Samiran Malakar
}}
'''Bhagaban Das'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Qualification of Tripura MLA's - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/educational-qualification-of-tripura-mlas/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> (born 18 November 1974) is an Indian politician who is serving as a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachara]] since 2018 representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagaban Das(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PABIACHARA(UNAKOTI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5859 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He became Minister of Welfare of Scheduled Castes of Tripura in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=MLA Bhagaban Das Takes Oath As A Minister Of The State Government of Tripura. - TRIPURA STAR NEWS |url=https://www.tripurastarnews.com/mla-bhagaban-das-takes-oath-as-a-minister-of-the-state-government-of-tripura/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Minister {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/councilminister |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=Tripura: Biplab Deb govt expands cabinet, inducts three new ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-biplab-deb-govt-expands-cabinet-inducts-three-new-ministers-7480533/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born in [[Ujan Dudhpur]] to Rakesh Chandra Das and Sushama Das. He is married to Soma Das and they both have 2 sons and 1 daughter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=L. I. |date=2022-01-03 |title=BHAGABAN DAS |url=https://www.lawinsider.in/uncategorized/bhagaban-das |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Law Insider India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
He has joined [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and worked for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the Assembly Election which was held during 1993. Later, he has worked as ‘Maha Mantri’ of Unakoti district. In 2008 and in 2013, he contested in the Assembly Election as a BJP candidate. In 2018, he was elected as an MLA of Tripura Legislative Assembly, and he is the currently the Minister of Welfare of Scheduled Castes of Tripura.<ref name=":0" />

== Controversy ==

* Following the MLA's selection for a position as a cabinet minister, the TMC claimed that BJP MLA Bhagaban Das's SC certificate is a forgery and requested an investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIPURAINFOWAY : Tripura's Latest News, Views & IT Portal |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/162722/bjp-mla-bhagaban-das-s-sc-certificate-is-fake-says-tmc-sought-investigation.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.tripurainfoway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title='Will Not Take Any Responsibility Under Biplab's Leadership': Sudip Roy Burman Tells BJP High Command Ahead of Tripura Cabinet Resuffle |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/will-not-take-any-responsibility-under-biplabs-leadership-sudip-roy-burman-tells-bjp-high-command-ahead-of-tripura-cabinet-resuffle-4147919.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=3 ministers inducted in Biplab Deb cabinet |url=https://thenortheastaffairs.com/3-ministers-inducted-in-biplab-deb-cabinet/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Tripura's opposition wants a BJP's minister removed over allegations that his son was involved in a rape case. The youths in the building, led by the minister's son, gang-raped her.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Tripura: Opposition seeks BJP minister's ouster for alleged involvement of his son in rape case |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1035834/tripura-opposition-seeks-bjp-ministers-ouster-for-alleged-involvement-of-his-son-in-rape-case |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2022-10-27 |title=BJP Minister's Son Accused in Tripura Gang Rape Case, Party Denies Allegations |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bjp-ministers-son-accused-in-tripura-gang-rape-case-party-denies-allegations |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-24 |title=Agitation for Tripura Minister's resignation for his son's involvement in a gangrape |url=https://thenortheastaffairs.com/agitation-for-tripura-ministers-resignation-for-his-sons-involvement-in-a-gangrape/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Oct 28, 2022 |title=Cm: Law, Order In Tripura Better Under Bjp Rule {{!}} Agartala News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/cm-law-order-in-tripura-better-under-bjp-rule/articleshow/95134026.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Tripura police showing leniency with gangrape accused to save BJP minister's son, claims Congress MLA |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-police-showing-leniency-gangrape-accused-save-bjp-ministers-son-claims-congress-mla-463987-2022-10-28 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>
* Tripura BJP minister compares the accusers of his son's rape to barking dogs, "Haathi chale bazaar kutte bhoke hazaar".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagaban Das |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/tag/bhagaban-das/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nidhi |date=2022-10-29 |title=त्रिपुरा भाजपा के मंत्री ने बेटे के बलात्कार के आरोपियों की तुलना भौंकने वाले कुत्तों से |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/tripura/tripura-bjp-minister-compares-sons-rape-accused-with-barking-dogs-1702390 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Bhagaban}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]

Danish Zehen

2026-04-22T10:58:59Z

Victoruot: Made a entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian social media personality (1996–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| name = Danish Zehen
| image = Danish.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Danish Gafoor Mulla
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1996|3|16}}
| birth_place = [[Kurla]], Maharashtra, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2018|12|20|1996|3|16}}
| death_place = [[Sion Panvel Highway]], Maharashtra, India
| burial_place = Kasaiwada Kabristan, Kurla, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Social media personality|rapper|YouTuber}}
| television = ''[[Ace of Space 1]]''
| youtube_handle = DanishZehenfambruh
| youtube_display_name = Danish Zehen
| youtube_years_active = 2015–2018
| youtube_genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Vlog]]
}}
| youtube_subscribers = 6.17 million{{nu|date=October 2025}}
| youtube_views = 400.1 million
| stats_update =
}}

'''Danish Gafoor Mulla'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-21 |title=Reality TV sensation dies in car accident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/reality-tv-sensation-dies-in-car-accident/articleshow/67185357.cms |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (16 March 1996 - 20 December 2018), better known as '''Danish Zehen''', was an Indian social media influencer, rapper, and YouTube personality who is primarily known for his participation in the reality show ''[[MTV Ace of Space]]'' [[Ace of Space 1|Season 1]].

== Early life and education ==
Zehen was born on 16 March 1996 in [[Kurla]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Ridhi |date=2021-03-18 |title=Ace of Space: Divya Agarwal, Vikas Gupta remember late contestant Danish Zehen on his birthday |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/ace-of-space-divya-agarwal-vikas-gupta-remember-late-contestant-danish-zehen-on-his-birthday-691757 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref> He did his schooling from Kedarnath Vidya Prasarini's English High School in [[Kurla]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Maskeri |first1=Anju |last2=Khan |first2=Faizan |last3=Banan |first3=Aastha Atray |date=2019-01-13 |title=The inspirational journey of Danish Zehen will give you goosebumps |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/how-danish-zehen-became-a-star-so-big-that-his-death-has-made-him-more-popular-404811 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref> He then completed his higher studies in [[engineering]] at [[M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering]] in [[Nagpada]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Zehen began his career in music by sharing his rap compositions on his YouTube channel, launched in October 2012.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Bhat |first=Dipthi |date=2018-12-21 |title=YouTube sensation Danish Zehen dies in car accident |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/youtube-sensation-dies-in-car-accident/article25792690.ece |access-date=2022-04-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He performed at various events as a [[rapper]] and [[Hip hop dance|hip-hop dancer]].<ref name=":1" /> Zehen gained experience in the fashion industry by [[modelling]] for various prominent designers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-20 |title=Ace of Space Contestant Danish Zehen Dies in a Tragic Car Accident |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ace-of-space-contestant-danish-zehen-dies-in-a-tragic-car-accident-1978897.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=en}}</ref> He also worked as a lifestyle [[Vlog|vlogger]] and shared his [[Vlog|video blogs]] on his personal YouTube channel. Additionally, he had a separate YouTube channel focused on [[Fitness culture|fitness videos]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Haralkar |first1=Sachin |last2=Gaikwad |first2=Rahi |date=2018-12-23 |title=A shrine to a YouTube star |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/a-shrine-to-a-youtube-star/articleshow/67212874.cms |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref>

Zehen was a contestant on the [[Ace of Space 1|first season]] of Indian reality competition television series, ''[[MTV Ace of Space]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-20 |title=Who was Danish Zehen? 6 things to know about the late Ace Of Space contestant |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/who-was-danish-zehen-6-things-to-know-about-the-late-ace-of-space-contestant-1413543-2018-12-20 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The show was hosted by [[Vikas Gupta]]. He walked out of the show on Day 43 due to an emergency.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

== Death ==
Zehen died on 20 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khushwaha |first=Preeti |date=2018-12-21 |title=सोशल मीडिया स्टार दानिश जेहन की सड़क हादसे में हुई दर्दनाक मौत, गाड़ी की हालत देख कांप जाएंगे आप |trans-title=Social media star Danish Zehen dies in a road accident; the condition of the car will shock you. |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/danish-zehen-car-accident-and-pass-away-3866643/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi-IN}}</ref> While returning from a wedding, he met with a car accident on [[Sion Panvel Highway|Sion-Panvel Highway]] around 12:30 AM in [[Vashi]], [[Mumbai]] where he lost control of his vehicle and rammed into an electric pole after hitting a stone lying on the highway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danish Zehen के अंतिम संस्कार में हजारों की संख्या में उमड़े फैंस |trans-title=Thousands of Fans Gathered at Danish Zehen's Funeral |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/danish-zehen-funeral-sees-thousands-of-fans-on-streets-to-bid-farewell/articleshow/67190554.cms |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Shashank |date=2020-12-17 |title=जब दानिश जेहन के परिवार पर कट्टरपंथियों ने डाला था दवाब, कहा था- वह पाप कर रहा था, अल्लाह ने सजा दी |trans-title=When extremists pressured Danish Zehen's family, saying that he was sinning and Allah had punished him. |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/danish-jehan-second-death-anniversary-when-maulanas-told-danish-was-doing-sin |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=2018-12-25 |title=Was Ace of Space contestant Danish Zehen murdered? Shilpa Shinde calls his death 'planned' accident |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/was-ace-space-contestant-danish-zehen-murdered-shilpa-shinde-calls-his-death-planned-accident-788672 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[International Business Times|International Business Times India]] |language=en}}</ref> He was immediately taken to the MGM Hospital where he was declared dead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-21 |title=Who was Danish Zehen? The Ace Of Space contestant who died in tragic car accident |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/who-was-danish-zehen-the-ace-of-space-contestant-who-died-in-a-car-accident/articleshow/67178635.cms |access-date=2023-04-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=2018-12-20 |title=Danish Zehen passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ace-of-space-contestant-danish-zehen-dead-5502363/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-12-21 |title=Thousands of fans attend Danish Zehen's funeral, Sara Ali Khan mourns his death with throwback video |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-thousands-of-fans-attend-danish-zehen-s-funeral-sara-ali-khan-mourns-his-death-with-throwback-video-494867 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref>

Police stated that "The speed of vehicle was over 70+ kmph at the time of the mishap. Danish was not drunk at the time of the incident." and registered a case against Zehen under section 304A (causing death by negligence), 279 (rash driving) and 337 (causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others) of the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=YouTube vlogger Danish Zehen dies in car accident |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-youtube-vlogger-danish-zehen-dies-in-car-accident-2698560 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Thousands of individuals attended Zehen's funeral to pay their respects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danish Zehen funeral: Thousands of fans and followers bid goodbye |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/danish-zehen-funeral-thousands-of-fans-and-followers-bid-goodbye-1414248-2018-12-21 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> He buried at Kasaiwada Kabristan, [[Kurla]]. Additionally, there was a notable increase in the number of followers on his social media accounts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-21 |title=Danish Zehen's followers increase on social media post his tragic demise |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/danish-zehens-followers-increase-on-social-media-post-his-tragic-demise/articleshow/67193849.cms |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Danish Zehen's Instagram account restored. Vikas Gupta shares the good news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/danish-zehen-s-instagram-account-restored-vikas-gupta-shares-the-good-news-1426009-2019-01-08 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Nandigama Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:32Z

Victoruot: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nandigama
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (83- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nandigama Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 83
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
| mla = [[Tangirala Sowmya]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 195,011
}}
'''Nandigama''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[NTR district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Tangirala Sowmya]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] with the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 195,011 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Kanchikacherla mandal|Kanchikacherla]]
|-
| [[Chandarlapadu mandal|Chandarlapadu]]
|-
| [[Veerullapadu mandal|Veerullapadu]]
|-
| [[Nandigama mandal|Nandigama (Part)]] Pedavaram, Thakkellapadu, Munagacherla, Latchapalem, Lingalapadu, Adiviravulapadu, Chandapuram, Kethaveeruni Padu, Kanchela, Ithavaram, Ambarupeta, Nandigama, Satyavaram, Pallagiri and Raghavapuram Villages.
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| rowspan=2| Pillalamarri Venkateswarlu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Adusumalli Suryanarayana Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vasantha Nageswara Rao
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Mukkapati Venkateswara Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |Vasantha Nageswara Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Mukkapati Venkateswara Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Devineni Venkata Ramana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party |rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2| Tangirala Prabhakara Rao
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| 2014 by-election
| [[Tangirala Sowmya]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Monditoka Jagan Mohana Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| Tangirala Sowmya
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Pillalamarri Venkateswarlu]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=24,066 |percentage=50.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Kotaru Venkateswarlu |party= Indian National Congress |votes=23,848 |percentage=49.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=218 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,914 |percentage=75.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,698 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Communist Party of India ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end }}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Pillalamarri Venkateswarlu]] |party= Communist Party of India |votes=19,941 |percentage=43.24% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Bandi Tirupathayya |party= Indian National Congress |votes=18,213 |percentage=39.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,728 |percentage=3.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,380 |percentage=76.55% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,898 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Communist Party of India ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Adusumalli Suryanarayana Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=25,162 |percentage=46.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P Kodanadaramayya |party= Communist Party of India |votes=17,431 |percentage=32.35% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 7,731 |percentage=14.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,260 |percentage=81.55% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,760|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vasantha Nageswara Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=38,155 |percentage=60.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V Satyanarayana Prasad |party= Independent (politician)|votes=21,964 |percentage=35.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,191 |percentage=25.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,838 |percentage=78.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,088 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mukkapati Venkateswara Rao]]|party= Janata Party |votes=31,771 |percentage=41.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gude Madhusudhana Rao |party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=24,493 |percentage=31.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adusumalli Suryanarayana Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes=20,564 |percentage=26.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,278 |percentage=9.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,206 |percentage=81.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,396 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Janata Party|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Vasantha Nageswara Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=37,117 |percentage=51.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mukkapati Venkateswara Rao]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=26,619|percentage=36.80% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,498 |percentage=14.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,314 |percentage=73.80% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,343|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Janata Party | swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vasantha Nageswara Rao]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=45,206 |percentage=50.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sri Goplakrishna Sai Bobbellapati |party= Indian National Congress |votes=43,268|percentage=48.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,938|percentage=2.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,064 |percentage=78.33% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,975 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mukkapati Venkateswara Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=51,421 |percentage=50.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mallela Pullaiah Babu |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=49,008 |percentage=48.25% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,413 |percentage=2.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,728|percentage=77.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,124|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=18 May 2024 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Devineni Venkata Ramana]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=57,854 |percentage=53.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Sri Gopalakrishna Sai Bobbellapati |party= Indian National Congress |votes=47,603|percentage=43.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kalekuri Prasad|party= Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,467 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,251 |percentage=9.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,099 |percentage=76.58% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,766|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=65,673|percentage=57.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vasantha Krishna Prasad|Vasantha Venkata Krishna Prasad]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=42,162|percentage=36.64% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,511 |percentage=20.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=117,587 |percentage=76.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,034|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]]
|votes = 63,445
|percentage = 50.69
|change = -6.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vasantha Nageswara Rao]]
|votes = 59,160
|percentage = 47.26
|change = +10.62
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,285
|percentage = 3.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 125,173
|percentage = 80.18
|change = +5.48
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,120|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Tangirala Prabhakara Rao]]
|votes = 60,489
|percentage = 43.32
|change = -7.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Parameswara Rao Velpula
|votes = 55,318
|percentage = 39.62
|change = -7.64
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,171
|percentage = 3.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 139,629
|percentage = 81.67
|change = +1.49
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,965|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Tangirala Prabhakar Rao
|votes = 77,537
|percentage = 49.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = M Jagan Mohan Rao
|votes = 72,463
|percentage = 46.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,074
|percentage = 3.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 155,136
|percentage = 84.29
|change = +2.61
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,092|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ''(By-poll)'' ===
{{Election box begin | title=2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: : Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title=2014 Ap Bye-Election Nandigama |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2760-bye-election-result-2014-andhra-pradesh-nandigama/| access-date=5 Jan 2023 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Tangirala Sowmya]]
|votes = 99,748
|percentage = 78.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bodapati Baburao
|votes = 24,921
|percentage = 19.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 74,827
|percentage = 58.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 127,434
|percentage = 69.23
|change = +2.61
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,064|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2019 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Monditoka Jagan Mohana Rao]]
|votes = 87,493
|percentage = 51.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Tangirala Sowmya]]|votes=76,612|percentage=44.94|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,881|percentage=6.38|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=170,474|percentage=87.67|change=+4.46}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,034|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigama<ref name="AP Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nandigama">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=AP Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nandigama |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0183.htm |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113190008/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0183.htm |archive-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Tangirala Sowmya]]|votes=1,02,201|percentage=56.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Monditoka Jagan Mohana Rao]]
|votes = 74,806
|percentage = 41.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manda Vajraiah|votes=1,486|percentage=0.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=928|percentage=0.51|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,395|percentage=15.06|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,81,991|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|16.77|80.29|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{NTR district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:NTR district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

2014 Chennai Super Kings season

2026-04-06T02:04:04Z

Victoruot: Added A Stub

{{Short description|Indian Premier League team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Chennai Super Kings
| season = 2014
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]
| captain = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
| comp1 = [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Play-offs
| comp2 = [[Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Champions
| most runs = [[Dwayne Smith]] (566)
| most wickets = [[Mohit Sharma]] (23)
| most catches = [[Faf du Plessis]] (13)
| most dismissals = [[MS Dhoni]] (4)
| prevseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2013|2013]]
| nextseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2015|2015]]
}}

[[Chennai Super Kings]] (CSK) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Chennai]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2014 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained for the seventh season in succession by Indian skipper [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]].

The Super Kings reached the play-offs of the 2014 IPL, and qualified for the [[2014 Champions League Twenty20]]. They won their second Champions League title after defeating the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] by 8 wickets in the final of the Champions League.

==Background==
Before the players mega-auction in 2014, the Super Kings retained five players: [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], [[Suresh Raina]], [[Ravindra Jadeja]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] and [[Dwayne Bravo]]. The retention left them with a purse of INR21 crores to spend at the auction. At the auction, the franchise bought the likes of Brendon McCullum, Dwayne Smith, Faf du Plessis, Ashish Nehra, Mohit Sharma among others.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

==Squad==
Players with international caps before the start of the 2014 IPL season are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|3|| '''[[Suresh Raina]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1986|11|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]]
|-
|12|| [[Mithun Manhas]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1979|10|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|13|| '''[[Francois du Plessis]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1984|07|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Overseas
|-
|29|| '''[[David Hussey]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1977|07|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|5|| [[Baba Aparajith]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1994|7|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|11|| '''[[John Hastings (cricketer)|John Hastings]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1985|11|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|41|| [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1991|01|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|47|| '''[[Dwayne Bravo]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1983|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas. Withdrew from the tournament.
|-
|50|| '''[[Dwayne Smith]]''' || {{cr|BAR}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1983|04|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|7|| '''[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1981|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|42|| '''[[Brendon McCullum]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1981|09|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|6|| [[Pawan Negi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1993|01|06|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|15|| [[Ishwar Pandey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1989|08|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|18|| '''[[Mohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|09|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|20|| '''[[Ben Hilfenhaus]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1983|03|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|21|| '''[[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1991|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|22|| [[Ronit More]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1992|02|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|64|| '''[[Ashish Nehra]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1979|04|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|77|| '''[[Samuel Badree]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1981|3|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Overseas
|-
|99|| '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1986|9|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|}

==Indian Premier League==
===Season standings===
{{2014 Indian Premier League Points table|team=CSK}}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=18|format=dmy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729283.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=21|format=dmy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Won by 93 runs, MoM – [[Suresh Raina]] 56 (41) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729293.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=23|format=dmy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || Won by 7 runs, MoM – [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 36* (33) & 4/33 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729297.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=25|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM – [[Mohit Sharma]] 4/14 (4 overs)|| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729303.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=27|format=dmy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM- [[Dwayne Smith]] 66 (46) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729311.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=2|format=dmy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Won by 34 runs, MoM – [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 17* (10) & 4/12 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733971.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=5|format=dmy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM – [[Dwayne Smith]] 79 (51) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733981.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=7|format=dmy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Barabati Stadium|Cuttack]] || Lost by 44 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733987.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 9 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=10|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 4 wickets, MoM – [[Dwayne Smith]] 57 (51) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733995.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 10 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=13|format=dmy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 11* (6) & 2/18 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734003.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=18|format=dmy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Lost by 5 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734013.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 12 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=20|format=dmy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 8 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734023.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=22|format=dmy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734029.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=24|format=dmy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM – [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] 49* (28)|| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734035.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 15 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=28|format=dmy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] (Eliminator) || [[Brabourne Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM – [[Suresh Raina]] 54* (33)|| [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734045.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 16 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=30|format=dmy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] (qualifier 2) || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 24 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734047.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#FFE87C;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 10–6. Reached playoffs. Qualified for 2014 Champions League Twenty20
|}

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Strike rate]] !! Highest Score !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! [[Century (cricket)#Half-century|50s]]
|-
| {{sortname|Dwayne|Smith}} || 16 || '''566''' || 35.37 || 136.05 || 79 || 0 || 5
|-
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || 16 || '''523''' || 40.23 || 145.68 || 87 || 0 || 5
|-
| {{sortname|Brendon|McCullum}} || 14 || '''405''' || 31.15 || 121.62 || 71* || 0 || 3
|-
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} || 15 || '''371''' || 74.20 || 148.40 || 57* || 0 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Faf|du Plessis}} || 12 || '''303''' || 27.54 || 128.93 || 54* || 0 || 2
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Wicket (cricket)|Wickets]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Economy rate]] !! Best Bowling !! 4w
|-
| {{sortname|Mohit|Sharma}} || 16 || '''23''' || 19.65 || 8.39 || 4/14 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Ravindra|Jadeja}} || 16 || '''19''' || 23.31 || 8.15 || 4/12 || 2
|-
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || 16 || '''16''' || 27.31 || 7.30 || 3/30 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}} || 4 || '''8''' || 17.75 || 9.46 || 3/33 || 0
|-
| {{sortname|Ben|Hilfenhaus}} || 8 || '''8''' || 30.75 || 8.78 || 2/32 || 0
|}

==Champions League Twenty20==
===Group standings===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Team
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| W | Won}}
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
! style="width:50px"| {{Tooltip| NRR | Net run rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc"
|! style="text-align:left;"| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''16'''|| +0.716
|- style="background:#cfc"
| style="text-align:left;" ! | '''Chennai Super Kings'''
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || '''10''' || +0.945
|-
|! style="text-align:left;"| [[Perth Scorchers]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''8''' || −0.038
|-
| style="text-align:left;" ! | [[Lahore Lions]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || '''6''' || -0.051
|-
|! style="text-align:left;"| [[Dolphins cricket team|Dolphins]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || '''0''' || −1.338
|}

{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|semifinals]]

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 17 September 2014 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Hyderabad]] || Lost by 3 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/763589.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 22 September 2014 || [[Dolphins cricket team|Dolphins]] || [[Bangalore]] || Won by 54 runs, MoM – [[Suresh Raina]] 90 (43) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/763603.html Scorecard]
|-
| 25 September 2014 || [[Lahore Lions]] || [[Bangalore]] || Match abandoned || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/763609.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 27 September 2014 || [[Perth Scorchers]] || [[Bangalore]] || Won by 13 runs, MoM – [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 44* (28) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/763617.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 October 2014 || [[Kings XI Punjab]] (semi-final) || [[Hyderabad]] || Won by 65 runs, MoM – [[Dwayne Bravo]] 67 (39) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/763631.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 October 2014 || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (final) || [[Bangalore]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM – [[Pawan Negi]] 5/22 || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/763633.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#FFE87C;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|'''Overall Record of 4 – 1'''
'''Champions of the 2014 Champions League Twenty20'''
|}

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Strike rate]] !! Highest Score !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! [[Century (cricket)#Half-century|50s]]
|-
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || 5 || '''234''' || 58.50 || 173.33 || 109* || 1 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Dwayne|Bravo}} || 4 || '''133''' || 44.33 || 130.39 || 67 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Brendon|McCullum}} || 5 || '''127''' || 25.40 || 132.29 || 49 || 0 || 0
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Wicket (cricket)|Wickets]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Economy rate]] !! Best Bowling !! 4w
|-
| {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}} || 5 || '''10''' || 15.30 || 8.05 || 4/21 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Mohit|Sharma}} || 5 || '''8''' || 16.25 || 8.12 || 4/41 || 1
|-
| {{sortname|Pawan|Negi}} || 2 || '''7''' || 7.14 || 6.25 || 5/22 || 1
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Chennai Super Kings}}

[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons]]
[[Category:2014 Indian Premier League]]

Iqbal Stadium

2026-03-25T04:15:24Z

Victoruot: added references

{{Short description|Cricket stadium in Faisalabad, Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad
| native_name = اقبال سٹیڈیم، فیصل آباد
| image =Iqbal Cricket Stadium Faisalabad PAKISTAN.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = View of Iqbal Stadium Faisalabad
| country =
| coordinates =
| city = [[Faisalabad]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| capacity = 17,000
| owner = [[Pakistan Cricket Board]]
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| public_transit = {{rint|Bus}} Iqbal Stadium
| opened = {{start date and age|1978}}
| renovated = {{start date and age|2025|9|7}}
| expanded =
| embedded = {{Infobox cricket ground
| embed = yes
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 16 October
| firsttestyear = 1978
| firsttesthome = Pakistan
| firsttestaway = India
| lasttestdate = 21 January
| lasttestyear = 2006
| lasttesthome = Pakistan
| lasttestaway = India
| firstodidate = 23 November
| firstodiyear = 1984
| firstodihome = Pakistan
| firstodiaway = New Zealand
| lastodidate = 8 November
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodihome = Pakistan
| lastodiaway = South Africa
| firstt20idate =
| firstt20iyear =
| firstt20ihome =
| firstt20iaway =
| lastt20idate =
| lastt20iyear =
| lastt20ihome =
| lastt20iaway =
| firstwodidate =
| firstwodiyear =
| firstwodihome =
| firstwodiaway =
| lastwodidate =
| lastwodiyear =
| lastwodihome =
| lastwodiaway =

| date = 4 November
| year = 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/ground/58927.html Iqbal Stadium, ESPNcricinfo
}}
}}
'''Iqbal Stadium''' ({{langx|ur|اقبال سٹیڈیم}}), formerly known as '''Lyallpur Stadium''', is a cricket stadium in [[Faisalabad]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-10-21 |title=Pakistan ground guide: Faisalabad |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4345050.stm |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Constructed in the 1970s, it has hosted 24 Tests and 19 [[One Day International|ODIs]] so far.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasool |first=Danyal |date=2025-04-30 |title=Pakistan vs Bangladesh T20Is: Faisalabad returns to calendar for five-match series in May {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-vs-bangladesh-t20is-faisalabad-returns-to-calendar-for-five-match-series-in-may-1483651 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> The venue has also been a key site for Pakistan's domestic cricket tournaments, such as the [[Quaid-e-Azam Trophy]].

The seating capacity of the stadium stands at 17,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |author-link=Nadeem F. Paracha |date=2017-03-10 |title=Stadium stories: Famous Pakistan cricket grounds |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1319194 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Iqbal Stadium was established in the early 1970s to accommodate the growing popularity of cricket in Faisalabad. Originally known as Lyallpur Stadium, it was renamed Iqbal Stadium in honor of Pakistan's [[national poet]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]]. The stadium quickly became one of Pakistan's most important cricketing venues, hosting its first Test match in October 1978 between [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[India national cricket team|India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Iqbal Stadium Records and Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/iqbal-stadium-faisalabad-58927/records |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>

A modern and well-equipped cricket venue, it has suffered at the hands of weather conditions in the past. In 1998–99, the third Test against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] was abandoned without a ball being bowled due to thick fog.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-12-18 |title=Fog holds up play in Zimbabwe-Pakistan Test |url=https://i.imgci.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/1998-99/ZIM_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/ZIM_PAK_T3_17-21DEC1998_AFP_MR/ZIM_PAK_T3_18DEC1998_AFP_MR.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Poor visibility has also caused difficulty in playing especially during the winter.

Since its inception, Iqbal Stadium has witnessed several historic cricketing moments, including famous Test matches involving Pakistan and international teams. An thrilling Test match was played between [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] and Pakistan in 1997–98, when the visitors bowled out the hosts for 92 runs, successfully defending a target of 142 on the final day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAK vs SA, South Africa tour of Pakistan 1997/98, 3rd Test at Faisalabad, October 24 - 27, 1997 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-tour-of-pakistan-1997-98-61841/pakistan-vs-south-africa-3rd-test-63768/full-scorecard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229104112/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-tour-of-pakistan-1997-98-61841/pakistan-vs-south-africa-3rd-test-63768/full-scorecard |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Then, in the 2004–05 season, Sanath Jayasuriya of [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] scored 253 as his team romped to a 201-run victory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAK vs SL Cricket Scorecard, 1st Test at Faisalabad, October 20 - 24, 2004 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-tour-of-pakistan-2004-05-61634/pakistan-vs-sri-lanka-1st-test-64105/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

The ground is, however, most renowned for the on-field spat between [[England cricket team|England]] captain [[Mike Gatting]] and Pakistani [[Umpire (cricket)|umpire]] [[Shakoor Rana]] during England's 1987–88 tour. While being the square-leg umpire, Rana had objected to Gatting waving his hand at another fielder while the bowler was running in. A fierce altercation followed, which led to a day being lost during the match and some long-lasting bad feeling between the teams. The issue forced the British Ambassador Sir Nicholas Barrington to get involved in order to de-escalate the situation and force an apology from the England captain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-14 |title=The Gatting-Rana fall-out: When a whole day of Test cricket was lost to a player-umpire argument |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/the-gatting-rana-fall-out-when-a-whole-day-of-test-cricket-was-lost-to-a-player-umpire-argument |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[Wisden]] |language=en}}</ref>

The stadium regularly hosted international matches until 2009, when all international cricket activities were suspended in Pakistan after [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team]]. The stadium, however, continued hosting domestic matches.

=== Domestic tournaments ===
The stadium hosted the [[2011 Super 8 Twenty20 Cup|2011]] and [[2015 Super 8 Twenty20 Cup|2015]] editions of the [[Super 8 Twenty20 Cup]].

In 2016, four new [[Cricket pitch|cricket pitches]] were added to take the total cricket pitches to nine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-15 |title=Renovated Iqbal Stadium to host Pakistan Cricket Cup |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/112875-Renovated-Iqbal-Stadium-to-host-Pakistan-Cricket-Cup |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2019, the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] named it as one of the venues for matches in the [[2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-10 |title=PCB releases Quaid-e-Azam Trophy 2019-20 schedule |url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pcb-releases-quaid-e-azam-trophy-2019-20-schedule.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[Pakistan Cricket Board]] |language=en-US |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929094240/https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pcb-releases-quaid-e-azam-trophy-2019-20-schedule.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The stadium hosted the finals of the [[National T20 Cup]] in [[2019–20 National T20 Cup|2019]] and [[2024–25 National T20 Cup|2025]].

In August 2024, it was announced that the stadium would host all the matches of newly formulated domestic [[2024–25 Champions One-Day Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-28 |title=PCB announces Champions One-Day Cup schedule |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40319706/pcb-announces-champions-one-day-cup-schedule |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[Business Recorder]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Return to international cricket ===
In September 2024, the Pakistan Cricket Board revealed plans to upgrade the stadium to enable international matches to be hosted there.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-13 |title=PCB plans to upgrade Faisalabad's Iqbal stadium for international matches |url=https://arynews.tv/pcb-plans-to-upgrade-faisalabads-iqbal-stadium/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ARY News]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

On April 30 2025, it was announced that international cricket will return to Iqbal Stadium after a gap of 17 years, with [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] touring Pakistan in May 2025. Iqbal Stadium was to host the first two [[Twenty20 International|T20Is]] on 25 May and 27 May, but it did not host the matches due to certain reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-30 |title=Cricketing action returns to iconic venue in Pakistan’s five-T20I series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/cricketing-action-returns-to-iconic-venue-in-pakistan-s-five-t20i-series |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[International Cricket Council]] |language=en}}</ref> Pakistan [[South African cricket team in Pakistan in 2025–26|hosted South Africa]] for three ODIs from 4 to 8 November 2025 at the Iqbal Stadium, the first ODI at the stadium in 17 years, with Pakistan having beaten Bangladesh by seven wickets at the venue on 11 April, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-to-host-south-africa-for-icc-world-test-championship-2025-27-from-12-october.html |title=Pakistan to host South Africa for ICC World Test Championship 2025-27 from 12 October |work=Pakistan Cricket Board |accessdate=7 September 2025}}</ref>

==Ground records==
*'''First Test:''' 1st Test, [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] vs. [[India national cricket team|India]], 16–21 October 1978.<ref name=":0" />
*'''First [[One Day International|ODI]]:''' Pakistan vs. [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], 23 November 1984.<ref name=":0" />

===Tests===
*'''Highest innings total:''' 674/6 by Pakistan vs. India, October 1984.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PAK: Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Cricket Ground Test match team highest innings totals {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-highest-innings-totals/pak-iqbal-stadium-faisalabad-639/test-matches-1 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
*'''Lowest innings total:''' 53 all out by [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] vs. Pakistan, October 1986.<ref name=":1" />
*'''Highest individual score:''' 253 by [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] for [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] vs. Pakistan, October 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAK: Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Cricket Ground Test match batting most runs innings {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/batting-most-runs-innings/pak-iqbal-stadium-faisalabad-639/test-matches-1 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
*'''Best bowling figures (match):''' 12/130 (7/76 & 5/54) by [[Waqar Younis]] for Pakistan vs. New Zealand, October 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAK: Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Cricket Ground Test match bowling best figures match {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/bowling-best-figures-match/pak-iqbal-stadium-faisalabad-639/test-matches-1 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

===One-day internationals===
*'''Highest innings total:''' 314/7 (50 overs) by Pakistan vs. New Zealand, December 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAK: Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Cricket Ground ODI match team highest innings totals {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-highest-innings-totals/pak-iqbal-stadium-faisalabad-639/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
*'''Highest individual score:''' 123* by [[Quinton de Kock]] for South Africa vs. Pakistan, November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAK: Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Cricket Ground ODI match batting most runs innings {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/batting-most-runs-innings/pak-iqbal-stadium-faisalabad-639/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
*'''Best bowling figures:''' 4/27 (4 overs) by [[Mudassar Nazar]] for Pakistan vs. New Zealand, November 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAK: Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Cricket Ground ODI match bowling best figures innings {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/bowling-best-figures-innings/pak-iqbal-stadium-faisalabad-639/one-day-internationals-2 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket grounds]]
* [[List of stadiums in Pakistan]]
* [[List of cricket grounds in Pakistan]]
* [[List of sports venues in Faisalabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/iqbal-stadium-faisalabad-58927 ESPNcricinfo Website – Ground Page]

{{Cricket grounds in Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iqbal Stadium (Faisalabad)}}
[[Category:Faisalabad District]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Faisalabad]]
[[Category:Stadiums in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cricket in Faisalabad]]
[[Category:Memorials to Muhammad Iqbal]]

Aravind Eye Hospitals

2026-03-24T12:02:15Z

Victoruot:

{{short description|Network of eye hospitals in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Aravind Eye Hospitals
| logo = Aravind Eye Care System logo.png
| logo_size =
| image = File:Aravind eye hospital madurai1.JPG
| image_alt =
| caption = Aravind Eye Hospital, [[Madurai]]
| location = [[Tamil Nadu, India]]
| region = 
| state = Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| coordinates =
| address =
| healthcare = 
| funding = 
| type = Specialist
| speciality = [[Ophthalmology]]
| network = Aravind Eye Care System
| beds = 4000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aravind.org/default/clinicscontent/hospitals|title=Aravind Eye Hospital- Locations|access-date=2015-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504012637/http://www.aravind.org/Default/clinicscontent/hospitals|archive-date=2015-05-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| founded = {{Start date and age|1976||}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.aravind.org/}}
| other_links =
}}

'''Aravind Eye Hospitals''' is a hospital chain in [[India]]. It was founded by Dr. [[Govindappa Venkataswamy]] at [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1976. It has grown into a network of eye hospitals and has had a major impact in eradicating [[cataract]] related blindness in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aravind.org/|title=About Aravind Eye Hospitals}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jayaseelan-naidoo/an-infinite-vision-the-st_b_1511540.html/|title=An Infinite Vision: The Story of Aravind Eye Hospital|website=[[HuffPost]] |date=15 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/16/in-india-leading-a-hospital-franchise-with-vision/|title=A Hospital Network With a Vision|date=16 January 2013 }}</ref> As of 2012, Aravind has treated nearly 32 million patients and performed 4 million surgeries. The model of Aravind Eye Care hospitals has been applauded and has become a subject for numerous case studies across the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hbr.org/product/aravind-eye-hospital-madurai-india-in-service-for-sight/593098-PDF-ENG|title=Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India: In Service for Sight}}</ref><ref>[https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/download/attachments/9994241/aravind+case.pdf?version=1 Aravind Eye Care System:Giving them the most precious gift] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610153438/https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/download/attachments/9994241/aravind%2Bcase.pdf?version=1 |date=10 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.northeastern.edu/sei/2011/10/aravind-eye-care-system-case/ Aravind Eye Care System, North western University]</ref>

== History ==
Cataracts are a major source of blindness in India, with at least 4 million cases reported every year, contributing to nearly to a quarter of the world's blind. Cataract related blindness can be avoided by timely intervention and surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2010/0315/companies-india-madurai-blindness-nam-familys-vision.html|title=Aravind Eye Care's Vision for India|website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref>

== The Aravind Model ==
Dr. Venkataswamy's vision was to eradicate needless blindness in India. Dr. Venkataswamy wanted to emulate the service efficiency of [[McDonald's]] fast food and sought to adapt it to the eye care system to cope with increasing the numbers of patients treated. Aravind began performing surgeries on a large scale with treatment being free or heavily subsidized for the poor cross subsidized by the paying patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2010/0315/companies-india-madurai-blindness-mcdonalds-and-dr-v.html|title=McDonald's and Dr. V.|website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref> Aravind established an outreach program wherein doctors reach out to remote villages to conduct eye camps, some times, in association with various organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://218.248.31.202/Nithyatha/files/Aravind_Harvard_Study_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506091406/http://218.248.31.202/Nithyatha/files/Aravind_Harvard_Study_2003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-05-06 |title=Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India: Harvard case study }}</ref> The organizations take care of the costs of the camp, transporting the patients to surgery and their rehabilitation while Aravind does the surgery free of cost. Aravind started performing 5 times the number of cataract surgeries that were performed in the entire country and 16 times more than that of the entire U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/11/29/142526263/india-eye-care-center-finds-middle-way-to-capitalism/|title=India eye care center finds middle way to capitalism|website=[[NPR]] }}</ref>

Aravind focused on rotating doctors between free and paid wards, concentrating on efficiency and hygiene thus eliminating differences between the surgeries done for paid and non-paid patients. The rate of infection in Aravind was about four per ten thousand surgeries which was significantly lower than the international norm of six per ten thousand surgeries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://healthmarketinnovations.org/program/aravind-eye-care-system-aecs|title=Aravind eye care system}}</ref>

== Hospitals and facilities ==
Aravind Hospital started in 1976 as an 11-bed hospital in Madurai. Aravind opened a hospital in [[Theni]] in 1985 and [[Tirunelveli]] in 1988. The hospital at [[Coimbatore]] was founded in 1997. Aravind later expanded to five more cities in [[Tamil Nadu]] including [[Tirupur]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Dindigul]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Udumalaipettai]] and neighboring [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. To commemorate Dr. V's birth centenary, [[Chennai|Arvind-Chennai]], the largest among all Aravind Eye Hospitals, was established in September 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aravind Eye Hospital-Chennai |url=https://aravind.org/hospitals/chennai/ |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref> In 2019, with the support of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]], who allocated the land at a nominal lease, Sri Venkateswara Aravind Eye Hospital, [[Tirupati]] branch was established in March 2019 to provide access to 14 million population of Chittoor, Nellore, Kadapa, Anantapur and neighbouring districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Venkateswara Aravind Eye Hospital, Tirupati |url=https://aravind.org/hospitals/tirupati/ |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

The group also has four partnership projects — with the Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust in [[Amethi]], another in [[Lucknow]], [[Birla Corporation]] in [[Kolkata]] and [[Sun Pharma|Shanghvi Trust]] in [[Amreli]], [[Gujarat]]. Aravind also set up its first overseas venture in [[Nigeria]] in 2018 in partnership with Chanrai Group, which is probably the largest eye-care facility in Africa with a capacity to perform 10,000 surgeries annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/farsighted-aravind-eye-care-to-set-up-hospital-in-nigeria/article5597886.ece|title=Far-sighted: Aravind Eye Care to set up hospital in Nigeria|date=20 January 2014 }}</ref>

=== LAICO ===
Aravind established Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology (LAICO) in association with [[Lions International]] in 1992. The institute offers training for hospital administrators, hospital operations managers and other management professionals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icoph.org/events/event_detail/339/LAICO-Management-Training-and-System-Development-Course.html|title=LAICO Management Training and System Development Course}}</ref>

=== Aurolab ===
The lens (IOL) implanted during cataract surgery improves visual outcomes and, thereby, quality of life. However, the high cost threatened Aravind's ability to provide IOLs to its poorer patients in the late 1980s. This led to Aravind establishing <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aurolab.com/aboutus.asp|title=Aurolab|website=www.aurolab.com|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> Aurolab, a manufacturing facility, which introduced IOLs at $10 while others were selling them at $60-$100. Aurolab now manufactures a little more than two million lenses annually and exports to 160 countries. About 60% of Aurolab's sales go to non-profit organizations. Aurolab now produces high-quality IOLs, sutures, blades, pharmaceuticals, and equipment at a fraction of their cost in the west, enabling Aravind and other providers to maintain quality and equity in care. Aurolab now meets over 10% of developing countries' needs.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

=== Aravind Eyebank ===
Aravind has established four [[eye banks]] viz. Rotary Aravind International Eye Bank in [[Madurai]] in association with [[Rotary International]] (1998), Aravind – IOB Eye bank in [[Coimbatore]] in association with [[Indian Overseas Bank]] (1998), Rotary Aravind Eye Bank in [[Tirunelveli]] in association with Rotary International (2004) and Aravind Eye Bank Association in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aravind.org/default/eyedonationcontent/aboutEyebanks|title=Aravind, eyebanks|access-date=2015-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080022/http://www.aravind.org/default/eyedonationcontent/aboutEyebanks|archive-date=2015-05-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Global Health Council#Gates Award|Gates Award for Global Health]] (2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/media-center/speeches/2008/05/william-h-gates-sr-2008-gates-award-for-global-health/|title=2008 Gates Award for Global Health}}</ref>
* Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/indias-aravind-eye-care-system-gets-hilton-prize-91428004/114877.html|title=India's Aravind Eye Care System Gets Hilton Prize}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Madurai]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Ophthalmology organizations]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1976]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1976]]
[[Category:Eye hospitals in India]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

List of Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party

2026-03-19T19:39:06Z

Victoruot: quick improved information for clarity and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) is one of the two [[Major party|major parties]] in [[List of political parties in India|the political system]] of [[Republic of India]], the other being the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/29/world/india-s-two-major-political-parties-stumble-in-regional-elections.html|title=India's Two Major Political Parties Stumble in Regional Elections|date=29 November 1993|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Edward A. Gargan|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, it is the country's largest political party in terms of representation in the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of people) and [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/Members/PartyWiseStatisticalList.aspx|title=Sixteenth Lok Sabha – Party-wise Representation of Members|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> and is the world's largest political party in terms of primary membership.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Mohua|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-enrolls-11-crore-members-launches-mahasampark-abhiyan-2339462.html|title=BJP enrolls 11 crore members, launches 'Mahasampark Abhiyan'|newspaper=First Post|date=13 July 2015|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> Established in 1980, the BJP's [[Party platform|platform]] is generally considered as the [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] of the political spectrum.<ref>{{cite book|title=India in a Globalised World|author=Sagarika Dutt|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=64|quote=BJP is a right wing party and gives priority to the unity of the country.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlfeJGejIEQC&q=BJP+Right+wing&pg=PA64|isbn=9781847792143|date=12 November 2006|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref>

The [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) is the [[upper house]] of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name=parliament>{{cite web|title=Our Parliament|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|website=parliamentofindia.nic.in|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517025653/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.html|archive-date=17 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2025|10}}, 361 BJP leaders have been a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of the Rajya Sabha]],<ref name="allmembers">{{cite web |title=Advanced Search |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/AdvSearch.aspx |publisher=Rajya Sabha |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> out of which 103 are [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|sitting members]].<ref name=present>{{cite web|title=List of Members in Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> Members of the Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected by [[States and union territories of India|state and territorial]] legislatures using [[single transferable vote]]s, while [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|twelve members]] are appointed by the [[President of India]] for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services.<ref name=parliament/><ref name=faq>{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions about Rajya Sabha|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/faq/freaq1.asp|website=rajyasabha.nic.in|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211181620/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/faq/freaq1.asp|archive-date=11 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Rajya Sabha]] has certain special powers being a federal chamber.<ref name=faq/> The Rajya Sabha is not subjected to dissolution unlike the Lok Sabha, and the term of its member is six years.<ref name=faq/>

Thirty four of the Rajya Sabha members from the BJP are women,<ref name="allmembers"/> out of which thirteen are sitting members – [[Indu Goswami]], [[Rekha Sharma]], [[Kiran Chaudhary]], [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], [[Dharamshila Gupta]], [[Maya Naroliya]], [[Sumitra Valmiki]], [[Kavita Patidar]], [[Ramilaben Bara]], [[Kalpana Saini]], [[Mamata Mohanta]], [[Phangnon Konyak]] and [[Medha Kulkarni]].<ref name=present-women>{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha – List of Women Members|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/women.aspx|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> Eleven of the sitting members from the BJP are members of the [[Union Council of Ministers of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of Rajya Sabha in the Council of Ministers|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/minister.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> [[Jaswant Singh]] represented [[Rajasthan]] for four terms which amounted to a total tenure length of 7398 days, the longest for any Rajya Sabha member from the BJP.<ref name=formerterms>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="current-terms">{{cite web|title=List of Sitting Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise)|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/currentmpterms.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> The only other BJP members to serve four terms as a Rajya Sabha member are [[Arun Jaitley]], [[Pramod Mahajan]], [[Venkaiah Naidu]], and [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]].<ref name=formerterms/>

BJP members have represented 27 states and union territories in the Rajya Sabha. Out of these, [[Uttar Pradesh]] has contributed the highest number of members ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|63]]).<ref name="allmembers"/> It is followed by [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]] with [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|45]] [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|each]].<ref name="allmembers"/>

==Current Rajya Sabha Members From Bharatiya Janata Party==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!S.No
!Name
! Date of Appointment
! Date of Retirement
! Term
!State
!Remarks
|-
|1
|[[R. Krishnaiah]]
|13-Dec-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|12|13}}
|Rowspan=2|Andhra Pradesh
|Rowspan=2|Elected In By-election
|-
|2
|[[P. Venkata Satyanarayana|Paka Venkata Satyanarayana]]
|01-May-2025
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2025|05|01}}
|-
|3
|[[Nabam Rebia]]
|24-Jun-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|06|24}}
|Arunachal Pradesh
|
|-
|4
|[[Jogen Mohan]]
|10-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|10}}
|Rowspan=4|Assam
|
|-
|5
|[[Terash Gowalla]]
|10-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|10}}
|
|-
|6
|[[Kanad Purkayastha]]
|15-Jun-2025
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2025|06|15}}
|
|-
|7
|[[Pabitra Margherita]]
|03-Apr-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|04|03}}
|
|-
|8
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
|10-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|10}}
|Rowspan=8|Bihar
|
|-
|9
|[[Shivesh Kumar]]
|10-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|10}}
|
|-
|10
|[[Dharamshila Gupta]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|11
|[[Bhim Singh (Bihar politician)|Bhim Singh]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|12
|Rowspan=2|[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
|08-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2| {{Age in years and days|2019|10|09}}
|
|-
|9 October 2019
|07-Jul-2022
|Elected In By-election
|-
|13
|[[Shambhu Sharan Patel]]
|08-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|08}}
|
|-
|14
|[[Manan Kumar Mishra]]
|28-Aug-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|08|28}}
|
|-
|15
|Laxmi Verma
|10-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|10}}
|Rowspan=2|Chhattisgarh
|
|-
|16
|[[Devendra Pratap Singh (Chhattisgarh politician)|Raja Devendra Pratap Singh]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|17
|[[Sadanand Tanavade]]
|29-Jul-2023
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2023|07|29}}
|Goa
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|18
|Rowspan=3|[[J. P. Nadda]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=3|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03}}
|Gujarat
|
|-
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|Rowspan=2|Himachal Pradesh
|
|-
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|
|-
|19
|[[Govind Dholakia]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|Rowspan=10|Gujarat
|
|-
|20
|[[Mayankbhai Nayak]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|21
|[[Jasvantsinh Parmar]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|22
|Rowspan=2|[[S. Jaishankar]]
|19-Aug-2023
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2019|07|05}}
|
|-
|05-Jul-2019
|18-Aug-2023
|Elected In By-election
|-
|23
|[[Kesridevsinh Jhala]]
|19-Aug-2023
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2023|08|19}}
|
|-
|24
|[[Babubhai Desai]]
|19-Aug-2023
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2023|08|19}}
|
|-
|25
|[[Ramilaben Bara]]
|22-Jun-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|06|22}}
|
|-
|26
|[[Narhari Amin]]
|22-Jun-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|06|22}}
|
|-
|27
|[[Rambhai Mokariya]]
|23-Feb-2021
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2021|02|23}}
|
|-
|28
|[[Sanjay Bhatia]]
|10-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|10}}
|Rowspan=3|Haryana
|
|-
|29
|[[Subhash Barala]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|30
|[[Rekha Sharma (Indian politician)|Rekha Sharma]]
|13-Dec-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|12|13}}
|Elected In By-election
|-
|31
|[[Harsh Mahajan]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|Rowspan=2|Himachal Pradesh
|
|-
|32
|[[Sikander Kumar]]
|03-Apr-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|04|03}}
|
|-
|33
|[[Pradip Kumar Varma]]
|04-May-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|05|04}}
|Rowspan=3|Jharkhand
|
|-
|34
|[[Aditya Sahu]]
|08-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|08}}
|
|-
|35
|[[Deepak Prakash (politician)|Deepak Prakash]]
|22-Jun-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|06|22}}
|
|-
|36
|[[Narayana Bhandage]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|Rowspan=3|Karnataka
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|37
|Rowspan=3|[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|01-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|01}}
|
|-
|01-Jul-2016
|30-Jun-2022
|
|-
|26-Jun-2014
|21-Jun-2016
| {{Age in years and days|2014|06|26|2016|06|21}}
|Andhra Pradesh
|Elected In By-election
|-
|38
|[[Jaggesh]]
|01-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|01}}
|Rowspan=4|Karnataka
|
|-
|39
|[[Lehar Singh Siroya]]
|01-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|01}}
|
|-
|40
|[[Iranna B Kadadi]]
|26-Jun-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|06|26}}
|
|-
|41
|[[K. Narayan]]
|24-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|11|24}}
|Elected In By-election
|-
|42
|[[Maya Naroliya]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|Rowspan=9|Madhya Pradesh
|
|-
|43
|[[Umesh Nath Maharaj]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|44
|[[Bansilal Gurjar]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|45
|Rowspan=2|[[L. Murugan]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2021|09|27}}
|
|-
|27-Sep-2021
|02-Apr-2024
|Elected In By-election
|-
|46
|[[Sumitra Valmiki]]
|30-Jun-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|06|30}}
|
|-
|47
|[[Kavita Patidar]]
|30-Jun-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|06|30}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Sumer Singh Solanki]]
|22-Jun-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|06|22}}
|
|-
|49
|[[George Kurian (politician)|George Kurian]]
|28-Aug-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|08|28}}
|Elected In By-election
|-
|50
|[[Vinod Tawde]]
|03-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|03}}
|Rowspan=8|Maharashtra
|
|-
|51
|Maya Ivnate
|03-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|03}}
|
|-
|52
|Ramrao Wadkute
|03-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|03}}
|
|-
|53
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|54
|[[Medha Vishram Kulkarni|Medha Kulkarni]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|55
|[[Ajit Gopchade]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|56
|[[Anil Bonde]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|57
|[[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|58
|[[Leishemba Sanajaoba]]
|22-Jun-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|06|22}}
|Manipur
|
|-
|59
|[[Phangnon Konyak]]
|03-Apr-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|04|03}}
|Nagaland
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|60
|Rowspan=2|[[Manmohan Samal]]
|03-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|03}}
|Rowspan=6|Odisha
|
|-
|04-Apr-2000
|18-May-2004
|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|04|2004|05|18}}
|Resigned after getting elected as MLA
|-
|Rowspan=2|61
|Rowspan=2|[[Sujeet Kumar (politician)|Sujeet Kumar]]
|03-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2024|12|13}}
|
|-
|13-Dec-2024
|02-Apr-2026
|Elected In By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|62
|Rowspan=2|[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
|04-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2019|06|28}}
|
|-
|28-Jun-2019
|03-Apr-2024
|Elected In By-election
|-
|63
|[[Chunnilal Garasiya]]
|04-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|04}}
|Rowspan=5|Rajasthan
|
|-
|64
|[[Madan Rathore]]
|04-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|04}}
|
|-
|65
|[[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|66
|[[Rajendra Gehlot]]
|22-Jun-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|06|22}}
|
|-
|67
|[[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
|28-Aug-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|08|28}}
|Elected In By-election
|-
|68
|[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
|24-Feb-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|02|24}}
|Sikkim
|
|-
|69
|[[Rajib Bhattacharjee]]
|04-Sep-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|09|04}}
|Tripura
|Elected In By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|70
|Rowspan=2|[[Sudhanshu Trivedi]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2019|10|09}}
|Rowspan=30|Uttar Pradesh
|
|-
|09-Oct-2019
|02-Apr-2024
|Elected In By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|71
|Rowspan=2|[[Sanjay Seth (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|16-Sep-2019
|04-Jul-2022
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|04}}
|Elected In By-election
|-
|72
|[[Naveen Jain (politician)|Naveen Jain]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|73
|[[Sadhana Singh (politician)|Sadhana Singh]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|74
|[[Sangeeta Balwant]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|75
|[[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|76
|[[Chaudhary Tejveer Singh]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|77
|[[Amarpal Maurya]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|78
|[[Laxmikant Bajpai]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|79
|[[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|80
|Rowspan=2| [[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2019|09|16}}
|
|-
|16-Sep-2019
|04-Jul-2022
|Elected In By-election
|-
|81
|[[Sangeeta Yadav]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|82
|[[Darshana Singh]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|83
|[[Baburam Nishad]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|84
|[[K. Laxman]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|85
|[[Mithlesh Kumar]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|86
|[[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]]
|08-Sept-2023
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2023|09|08}}
|Elected In By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|87
|Rowspan=2|[[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
|26-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2| {{Age in years and days|2018|01|09}}
|
|-
|09-Jan-2018
|25-Nov-2020
|Elected In By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|88
|Rowspan=2|[[Arun Singh (politician, born 1965)|Arun Singh]]
|26-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2019|12|05}}
|
|-
|05-Dec-2019
|25-Nov-2020
|Elected In By-election
|-
|89
| [[Banwari Lal Verma]]
|26-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|11|26}}
|
|-
|90
|[[Brij Lal (police officer)|Brij Lal]]
|26-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|11|26}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|91
|Rowspan=2|[[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|26-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
|Rowspan=2| {{Age in years and days|2019|08|26}}
|
|-
|26-Aug-2019
|25-Nov-2020
|Elected In By-election
|-
|92
|[[Seema Dwivedi]]
|26-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|11|26}}
|
|-
|93
|[[Geeta Shakya]]
|26-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|11|26}}
|
|-
|94
|[[Mahendra Bhatt]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|Rowspan=3|Uttarakhand
|
|-
|95
|[[Kalpana Saini]]
|05-Jul-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|07|05}}
|
|-
|96
|[[Naresh Bansal]]
|26-Nov-2020
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2020|11|26}}
|
|-
|97
|[[Rahul Sinha]]
|03-Apr-2026
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2026|04|03}}
|Rowspan=3|West Bengal
|
|-
|98
|[[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|03-Apr-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|99
|[[Anant Maharaj|Ananta Maharaj]]
|19-Aug-2023
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2023|08|19}}
|
|-
|100
|[[Sat Paul Sharma]]
|25-Oct-2025
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2025|10|25}}
|Jammu And Kashmir
|
|-
|101
|[[S. Selvaganapathy]]
|07-Oct-2021
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2021|10|07}}
|Puducherry
|
|-
|102
|[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]
|13-Jul-2025
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2025|07|13}}
|Rowspan=5|Nominated
|
|-
|103
|[[Ujjwal Nikam]]
|13-Jul-2025
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2025|07|13}}
|
|-
|104
|[[C. Sadanandan Master]]
|13-Jul-2025
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2025|07|13}}
|
|-
|105
| [[Satnam Singh Sandhu]]
| 30-Jan-2024
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2024|01|30}}
|
|-
|106
|[[Ghulam Ali Khatana]]
|14-Sep-2022
|Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2022|09|14}}
|
|-
|}

==Former Rajya Sabha Members From Bharatiya Janata Party==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Name
! Date of Appointment
! Date of Retirement
! Term
!State
!Remarks
|-
|[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]
|27-Jan-1998
|09-Apr-2002
| {{Age in years and days|1998|01|27|2002|04|09}}
|Rowspan=2|Andhra Pradesh
|Merged From [[NTR Telugu Desam Party|TDP(NTR)]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Suresh Prabhu]]
|22-Jun-2016
|21-Jun-2022
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2014|11|29|2022|06|21}}
|
|-
|29-Nov-2014
|21-Jun-2016
|Haryana
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Sujana Chowdary]]
|20-Jun-2019
|21-Jun-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2019|06|20|2022|06|21}}
|Rowspan=3|Andhra Pradesh
|Rowspan=3|Merged From [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|[[T. G. Venkatesh]]
|20-Jun-2019
|21-Jun-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2019|06|20|2022|06|21}}
|-
|[[C. M. Ramesh]]
|20-Jun-2019
|03-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2019|06|20|2024|04|03}}
|-
|[[Indramoni Bora]]
|15-Jun-2001
|14-Jun-2007
|{{Age in years and days|2001|06|15|2007|06|14}}
|Rowspan=7|Assam
|
|-
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
|15-Jun-2019
|05-Jun-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2019|06|15|2024|06|05}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Bhubaneswar Kalita]]
|10-Apr-2020
|09-Apr-2026
| {{Age in years and days|2020|04|10|2026|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Biswajit Daimary]]
|22-Feb-2021
|12-May-2021
|{{Age in years and days|2021|02|22|2021|05|12}}
|
*Elected in By-election
*Resigned after getting elected as MLA
|-
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|01-Oct-2021
|05-Jun-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2021|10|01|2024|06|05}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Mission Ranjan Das]]
|28-Aug-2024
|14-Jun-2025
|{{Age in years and days|2024|08|28|2025|06|14}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Rameswar Teli]]
|28-Aug-2024
|09-Apr-2026
| {{Age in years and days|2024|08|28|2026|04|09}}
|Elected In By-election
|-
|[[Ram Lakhan Prasad Gupta]]
|06-Apr-1980
|02-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1984|04|02}}
|Rowspan=23|Bihar
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Ashwani Kumar (Bihar politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
|07-Jul-1986
|06-Jul-1992
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1980|07|06|1992|07|06}}
|
|-
|07-Jul-1980
|06-Jul-1986
|
|-
|[[Jagdambi Prasad Yadav]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|{{Age in years and days|1982|04|03|1988|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Kailashpati Mishra]]
|10-Apr-1984
|09-Apr-1990
|{{Age in years and days|1984|04|10|1990|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Kameshwar Paswan]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|1996|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Janardan Yadav]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2000|04|02}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1996|04|10|2008|04|09}}
|
|-
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|
|-
|Rowspan=4|[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|Rowspan=4|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2019|05|23}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|
|-
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|
|-
|03-Apr-2018
|23-May-2019
|
|-
|[[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]
|08-Jul-2004
|26-Mar-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2004|07|08|2008|03|26}}
|Disqualified
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[C. P. Thakur]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|08-Jul-2010
|16-May-2014
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2008|07|04|2014|05|16}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|04-Jul-2008
|07-Jul-2010
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Ravindra Kishore Sinha]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|12-Mar-2014
|16-May-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2014|03|12|2014|05|16}}
|
*Merged From [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
*Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Gopal Narayan Singh]]
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|08|2022|07|07}}
|
|-
|[[Vivek Thakur]]
|10-Apr-2020
|04-Jun-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2020|04|10|2024|06|04}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
|07-Dec-2020
|04-Jun-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2020|12|07|2024|06|04}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Lakkhiram Agarwal]]
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|2002|04|09}}
|Chhattisgarh
|Elected as [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]] continued as RS member from Chhattisgarh from 1-Nov-2000 onwards
|-
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|Madhya Pradesh
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Dilip Singh Judeo]]
|30-Jun-2004
|16-May-2009
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1998|06|30|2009|05|16}}
|Rowspan=10|Chhattisgarh
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|30-Jun-1998
|29-Jun-2004
|Elected as [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]] continued as RS member from Chhattisgarh from 1-Nov-2000 onwards
|-
|[[Shreegopal Vyas]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|{{Age in years and days|2006|04|03|2012|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Shiv Pratap Singh]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Nand Kumar Sai]]
|30-Jun-2010
|29-Jun-2016
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2009|08|04|2016|06|29}}
|
|-
|04-Aug-2009
|29-Jun-2010
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Bhushan Lal Jangde]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2018|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Ranvijay Singh Judeo]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Ramvichar Netam]]
|30-Jun-2016
|29-Jun-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|06|30|2022|06|29}}
|
|-
|[[Saroj Pandey]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Vinay Dinu Tendulkar]]
|29-Jul-2017
|28-Jul-2023
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|Goa
|
|-
|[[Shankersinh Vaghela]]
|10-Apr-1984
|27-Nov-1989
|{{Age in years and days|1984|04|10|1989|11|27}}
|Rowspan=40|Gujarat
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Anant Dave]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|2002|04|09}}
|
|-
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|Gopalsinh G Solanki
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|2002|04|09}}
|
|-
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|
|-
|Chimanbhai Haribhai Shukla
|19-Aug-1993
|18-Aug-1999
|{{Age in years and days|1993|08|19|1999|08|18}}
|
|-
|Kanaksinh Mangrola
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Nov-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|1996|11|02}}
|Resigned
|-
|[[Anandiben Patel]]
|03-Apr-1994
|12-Mar-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|1998|03|12}}
|Resigned after getting elected as MLA
|-
|[[Bangaru Laxman]]
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|{{Age in years and days|1996|04|10|2002|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Prafull Goradia]]
|07-Apr-1998
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1998|04|07|2000|04|02}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Lalitbhai Mehta]]
|19-Aug-1999
|18-Aug-2005
|{{Age in years and days|1999|08|19|2005|08|18}}
|
|-
|[[Savita Sharda]]
|19-Aug-1999
|18-Aug-2005
|{{Age in years and days|1999|08|19|2005|08|18}}
|
|-
|[[Lekhraj Bachani]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2006|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[A. K. Patel]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2006|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Jayantilal Barot]]
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2002|04|10|2008|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Keshubhai Patel]]
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2002|04|10|2008|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Jana Krishnamurthi]]
|10-Apr-2002
|25-Sep-2007
|{{Age in years and days|2002|04|10|2007|09|25}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Suryakant Acharya]]
|19-Aug-2005
|21-Dec-2009
|{{Age in years and days|2005|08|19|2009|12|21}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Surendra Motilal Patel]]
|19-Aug-2005
|18-Aug-2011
|{{Age in years and days|2005|08|19|2011|08|18}}
|
|-
|[[Vijay Rupani]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|{{Age in years and days|2006|04|03|2012|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Kanjibhai Patel]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|{{Age in years and days|2006|04|03|2012|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Bharatsinh Parmar]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Parshottam Rupala]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2016|06|01|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|01-Jun-2016
|02-Apr-2018
|Elected in By-election
|-
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Natubhai Thakore]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Pravin Naik]]
|19-Feb-2010
|18-Aug-2011
|{{Age in years and days|2010|02|19|2011|08|18}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Smriti Irani]]
|19-Aug-2017
|29-May-2019
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2011|08|19|2019|05|29}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|19-Aug-2011
|18-Aug-2017
|
|-
|[[Dilip Pandya]]
|19-Aug-2011
|18-Aug-2017
|{{Age in years and days|2011|08|19|2017|08|18}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|
|-
|[[Shankarbhai Vegad]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2018|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Shambhuprasad Tundiya]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Chunibhai K Gohel]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Lal Sinh Vadodia]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Amit Shah]]
|19-Aug-2017
|29-May-2019
|{{Age in years and days|2017|08|19|2019|05|29}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Jugalji Thakor]]
|06-Jul-2019
|18-Aug-2023
|{{Age in years and days|2019|07|06|2023|08|18}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Abhay Bharadwaj]]
|22-Jun-2020
|01-Dec-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2020|06|22|2020|12|01}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Dineshchandra Anavadiya]]
|22-Feb-2021
|18-Aug-2023
|{{Age in years and days|2021|02|22|2023|08|18}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Chaudhary Birender Singh]]
|02-Aug-2016
|20-Jan-2020
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2014|11|29|2020|01|20}}
|Rowspan=8|Haryana
|Resigned
|-
|29-Nov-2014
|01-Aug-2016
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[D. P. Vats]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Ram Kumar Kashyap]]
|26-Jun-2019
|07-Nov-2019
|{{Age in years and days|2019|06|26|2019|11|07}}
|
*Merged From [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
*Resigned after getting elected as MLA
|-
|[[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]
|19-Mar-2020
|01-Aug-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
|02-Aug-2022
|14-Oct-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2022|08|02|2024|10|14}}
|Resigned after getting elected as MLA
|-
|[[Ram Chander Jangra]]
|10-Apr-2020
|09-Apr-2026
|{{Age in years and days|2020|04|10|2026|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Kiran Choudhry]]
|28-Aug-2024
|09-Apr-2026
|{{Age in years and days|2024|08|28|2026|04|09}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Mehtab Kaur of Patiala|Mohinder Kaur]]
|06-Apr-1980
|09-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1984|04|09}}
|Rowspan=8|Himachal Pradesh
|Merged BJP From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|[[Krishan Lal Sharma]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|1984|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
|03-Apr-1992
|02-Apr-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|04|03|1998|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Kripal Parmar]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2006|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]]
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2002|04|10|2008|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Shanta Kumar]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Bimla Kashyap Sood]]
|03-Apr-2010
|02-Apr-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2010|04|03|2016|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Indu Goswami]]
|10-Apr-2020
|09-Apr-2026
|{{Age in years and days|2020|04|10|2026|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Shamsheer Singh Manhas]]
|11-Feb-2015
|10-Feb-2021
|{{Age in years and days|2015|02|11|2021|02|10}}
|Jammu and Kashmir
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Parmeshwar Kumar Agarwalla]]
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|08|2004|07|07}}
|Jharkhand
|Elected as [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]] continued as RS member from Jharkhand from 15-Nov-2000 onwards
|-
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|Bihar
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2012|04|02}}
|Rowspan=9|Jharkhand
|
|-
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|Elected as [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]] continued as RS member from Jharkhand from 15-Nov-2000 onwards
|-
|Abhay Kant Prasad
|05-Jun-2002
|07-Jul-2004
|{{Age in years and days|2002|06|05|2004|07|07}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Ajay Maroo]]
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2002|04|10|2008|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Devdas Apte]]
|02-Jul-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2002|07|02|2008|04|09}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|08-Jul-2004
|16-May-2009
|{{Age in years and days|2004|07|08|2009|05|16}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Jai Prakash Narayan Singh]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|19|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Mahesh Poddar]]
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|08|2022|07|07}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|08|2022|07|07}}
|
|-
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2010|07|05|2016|07|04}}
|Rowspan=2|Uttar Pradesh
|
|-
|26-Nov-2002
|25-Nov-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2002|11|26|2008|11|25}}
|
|-
|[[Sameer Oraon]]
|04-May-2018
|03-May-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|05|04|2024|05|03}}
|Jharkhand
|
|-
|[[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]
|03-Apr-2000
|10-Nov-2005
|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2005|11|10}}
|Rowspan=7|Karnataka
|Resigned
|-
|[[K. B. Shanappa]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|{{Age in years and days|2006|04|03|2012|04|02}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Prabhakar Kore]]
|26-Jun-2014
|25-Jun-2020
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2008|06|26|2020|06|25}}
|
|-
|26-Jun-2008
|25-Jun-2014
|
|-
|[[Rama Jois]]
|26-Jun-2008
|25-Jun-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|06|26|2014|06|25}}
|
|-
|[[Ayanur Manjunath]]
|01-Jul-2010
|30-Jun-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2010|07|01|2016|06|30}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Hema Malini]]
|04-Mar-2011
|03-Apr-2012
|{{Age in years and days|2011|03|04|2012|04|03}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|27-Aug-2003
|26-Aug-2003
|{{Age in years and days|2003|08|27|2009|08|26}}
|Nominated
|
|-
|[[Basavaraj Patil Sedam]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2018|04|02}}
|Rowspan=5|Karnataka
|
|-
|[[R. Ramakrishna]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2018|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[K. C. Ramamurthy]]
|05-Dec-2019
|30-Jun-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2019|12|05|2022|06|30}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Ashok Gasti]]
|26-Jun-2020
|17-Sep-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2020|06|26|2020|09|17}}
|Died in office
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]
|10-Apr-1984
|27-Nov-1989
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1989|11|27}}
|Rowspan=8|Madhya Pradesh
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|06-Apr-1980
|09-Apr-1984
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Pyarelal Khandelwal]]
|30-Jun-2004
|06-Oct-2009
|{{Age in years and days|2004|06|30|2009|10|06}}
|Died in office
|-
|30-Jun-1980
|29-Jun-1986
|{{Age in years and days|1980|06|30|1986|06|29}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|Jinendra Kumar Jain
|23-Mar-1990
|02-Apr-1994
|{{Age in years and days|1990|03|23|1994|04|02}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|30-Jun-1980
|29-Jun-1986
|{{Age in years and days|1980|06|30|1986|06|29}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[L. K. Advani]]
|03-Apr-1988
|30-Nov-1989
|Rowspan=3|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|03|1989|11|30}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|
|-
|06-Apr-1980
|02-Apr-1982
|Gujarat
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|30-Jun-1986
|17-Jun-1991
|{{Age in years and days|1986|06|30|1991|06|17}}
|Rowspan=23|Madhya Pradesh
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Shivprasad Chanpuria]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|1996|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Kailash Sarang]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|1996|04|09}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Sikander Bakht]]
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|2002|04|09}}
|
|-
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Raghavji]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2000|04|02}}
|
|-
|12-Aug-1991
|29-Jun-1992
|{{Age in years and days|1991|08|12|1992|06|29}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Narain Prasad Gupta]]
|30-Jun-1992
|29-Jun-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|06|30|1998|06|29}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[O. Rajagopal]]
|30-Jun-1998
|29-Jun-2004
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1992|06|30|2004|06|29}}
|
|-
|30-Jun-1992
|29-Jun-1998
|
|-
|[[Jagannath Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Jagannath Singh]]
|30-Jun-1992
|29-Jun-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|06|30|1998|06|29}}
|
|-
|[[Govindram Miri]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2000|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Kailash Chandra Joshi]]
|03-Apr-2000
|13-May-2004
|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2004|05|13}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Vikram Verma]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2012|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Maya Singh]]
|10-Apr-2008
|08-Dec-2013
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2002|04|10|2013|11|08}}
|Resigned after getting elected as MLA
|-
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Narayan Singh Kesari]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2004|06|24|2006|04|02}}
|
|-
|24-Jun-2004
|02-Apr-2006
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Laxminarayan Sharma]]
|30-Jun-2004
|17-Oct-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2004|06|30|2008|10|17}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
|30-Jun-2004
|05-Jul-2009
|{{Age in years and days|2004|06|30|2009|07|05}}
|Resigned
|-
|[[Anusuiya Uikey]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|{{Age in years and days|2006|04|03|2012|04|02}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Sushma Swaraj]]
|03-Apr-2006
|16-May-2009
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2009|05|16}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|Uttarakhand
|Elected as the [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Rajya Sabha member from Uttar Pradesh]]. Continued the term as the Rajya Sabha member from Uttarakhand onwards 9 November 2000.
|-
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|1996|04|09}}
|Haryana
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Prabhat Jha (politician)|Prabhat Jha]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|Rowspan=10|Madhya Pradesh
|
|-
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|
|-
|[[Raghunandan Sharma (Mandsaur)|Raghunandan Sharma]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
|20-Jan-2009
|16 May 2009
|{{Age in years and days|2009|01|20|2009|05|16}}
|
*Elected in By-election
*Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Anil Madhav Dave]]
|30-Jun-2016
|18-May-2017
|Rowspan=3|{{Age in years and days|2009|08|04|2017|05|18}}
|Died in office
|-
|30-Jun-2010
|29-Jun-2016
|
|-
|04-Aug-2009
|29-Jun-2010
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Kaptan Singh Solanki]]
|03-Apr-2012
|27-Jul-2014
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2009|08|04|2014|07|27}}
|Resigned after Appointed as Governor Of Haryana
|-
|04-Aug-2009
|02-Apr-2012
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Chandan Mitra]]
|30-Jun-2010
|29-Jun-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2010|06|30|2016|06|29}}
|
|-
|27-Aug-2003
|26-Aug-2003
|{{Age in years and days|2003|08|27|2009|08|26}}
|Nominated
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Meghraj Jain]]
|15-Sep-2014
|02-Apr-2018
|{{Age in years and days|2014|09|15|2018|04|02}}
|Rowspan=3|Madhya Pradesh
|Elected in By-election
|-
|06-May-2011
|02-Apr-2012
|{{Age in years and days|2011|05|06|2012|04|02}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Najma Heptulla]]
|03-Apr-2012
|17-Aug-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2016|08|17}}
|Resigned after Appointed as Governor Of Manipur
|-
|05-Jul-2004
|04-Jul-2010
|{{Age in years and days|2004|07|05|2010|07|04}}
|Rajasthan
|
|-
|[[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
|03-Apr-2012
|16-May-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2014|05|16}}
|Rowspan=11|Madhya Pradesh
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
|03-Apr-2018
|07-Jul-2021
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2021|07|07}}
|Resigned after Appointed as Governor Of Karnataka
|-
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|
|-
|[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[La. Ganesan]]
|07-Oct-2016
|02-Apr-2018
|{{Age in years and days|2016|10|07|2018|04|02}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[M. J. Akbar]]
|30-Jun-2016
|29-Jun-2022
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2015|07|03|2022|06|29}}
|
|-
|03-Jul-2015
|29-Jun-2016
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Sampatiya Uikey]]
|01-Aug-2017
|29-Jun-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2017|08|01|2022|06|29}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Kailash Soni]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Ajay Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Pratap Singh]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|Bihar
|
|-
|[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
|22-Jun-2020
|04-Jun-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2020|06|22|2024|06|04}}
|Madhya Pradesh
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|Rowspan=4|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
|05-Jul-2004
|03-May-2006
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1998|07|06|2006|05|03}}
|Rowspan=13|Maharashtra
|Died in office
|-
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|
|-
|05-Jul-1992
|10-May-1996
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1986|07|05|1996|05|10}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|05-Jul-1986
|04-Jul-1992
|
|-
|[[Viren J. Shah]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|03|1996|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Gopalrao Patil]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2000|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Suryabhan Vahadane-Patil]]
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|{{Age in years and days|1996|04|03|2002|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Ram Kapse]]
|27-Sep-1996
|04-Jul-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1996|09|27|1998|07|04}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Ved Prakash Goyal]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1996|04|03|2008|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Balavant Apte]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2012|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Prakash Javadekar]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2014|06|13|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|13-Jun-2014
|02-Apr-2018
|Madhya Pradesh
|
|-
|03-Apr-2008
|02-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|03|2014|04|02}}
|Rowspan=13|Maharashtra
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Piyush Goyal]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jun-2024
|Rowspan=3|{{Age in years and days|2010|07|04|2024|06|04}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|
|-
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|
|-
|[[Ajay Sancheti]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|03|2018|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Amar Shankar Sable]]
|14-Mar-2015
|02-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2015|03|14|2020|04|02}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Vikas Mahatme]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|05|2022|07|04}}
|
|-
|[[Vinay Sahasrabuddhe]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|05|2022|07|04}}
|
|-
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[V. Muraleedharan]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
|03-Apr-2020
|04-Jun-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2020|04|03|2024|06|04}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Bhagwat Karad]]
|03-Apr-2020
|02-Apr-2026
|{{Age in years and days|2020|04|03|2026|06|04}}
|
|-
|[[Dhairyashil Patil]]
|28-Aug-2024
|02-Apr-2026
|{{Age in years and days|2024|08|28|2026|06|04}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Bhabananda Singh]]
|25-May-2017
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2017|05|25|2020|04|09}}
|Manipur
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Surendra Lath]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2002|04|03|2008|04|02}}
|Rowspan=6|Odisha
|
|-
|[[Chhatrapal Singh Lodha]]
|02-July-2004
|18-Dec-2005
|{{Age in years and days|2004|07|02|2005|12|18}}
|Disqualified
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Rudra Narayan Pany]]
|04-Apr-2006
|03-Apr-2012
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2004|06|24|2012|04|03}}
|
|-
|24-Jun-2004
|03-Apr-2006
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Bhagirathi Majhi]]
|24-Mar-2006
|01-Jul-2010
|{{Age in years and days|2006|03|24|2010|04|03}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Balbir Punj]]
|03-Apr-2008
|02-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|03|2014|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2006|04|02}}
|Uttar Pradesh
|
|-
|[[Mamata Mohanta]]
|28-Aug-2024
|02-Apr-2026
|{{Age in years and days|2024|08|28|2026|04|02}}
|Odisha
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Lajpat Rai
|10-Apr-1998
|09-Apr-2004
|{{Age in years and days|1998|04|10|2004|04|09}}
|Rowspan=4|Punjab
|
|-
|[[Gurcharan Kaur]]
|07-Jun-2001
|04-Jul-2004
|{{Age in years and days|2001|06|07|2004|07|04}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Avinash Rai Khanna]]
|10-Apr-2010
|09-Apr-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2010|04|10|2016|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Shwait Malik]]
|10-Apr-2016
|09-Apr-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|04|10|2022|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Hari Shankar Bhabhra]]
|06-Apr-1980
|09-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1984|04|09}}
|Rowspan=10|Rajasthan
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|Rowspan=4|[[Jaswant Singh]]
|05-Jul-2004
|16-May-2009
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1998|07|05|2009|05|16}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|
|-
|05-Jul-1986
|27-Nov-1989
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1980|07|05|1989|11|27}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|05-Jul-1980
|04-Jul-1986
|
|-
|[[Gaj Singh]]
|26-Mar-1990
|04-Jul-1992
|{{Age in years and days|1990|03|26|1992|07|04}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Ramdas Agarwal]]
|04-Apr-2006
|03-Apr-2012
|{{Age in years and days|2006|04|04|2012|04|03}}
|
|-
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|10|2002|04|09}}
|
|-
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Sunder Singh Bhandari]]
|05-Jul-1992
|26-Apr-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|1998|04|26}}
|Resigned after Appointed as Governor Of Karnataka
|-
|06-Apr-1980
|02-Apr-1982
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1982|04|02}}
|Uttar Pradesh
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|[[Shiv Charan Singh]]
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|1998|04|26}}
|Rowspan=21|Rajasthan
|
|-
|[[Satish Chandra Agarwal]]
|03-Apr-1994
|10-Sep-1997
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|1997|09|10}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Kanak Mal Katara]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2000|04|02}}
|
|-
|Mahesh Chandra Sharma
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|{{Age in years and days|1996|04|10|2002|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Onkar Singh Lakhawat]]
|16-Oct-1997
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1997|10|16|2000|04|02}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Laxmi Mall Singhvi]]
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|{{Age in years and days|1998|07|05|2004|07|04}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Gyan Prakash Pilania]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2004|06|29|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|29-Jun-2004
|09-Apr-2008
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi]]
|05-Jul-2004
|04-Jul-2010
|{{Age in years and days|2004|07|05|2010|07|04}}
|
|-
|[[Krishan Lal Balmiki]]
|04-Apr-2006
|21-Apr-2010
|{{Age in years and days|2006|04|04|2010|04|21}}
|Died in office
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Om Prakash Mathur]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|05|2022|07|04}}
|
|-
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|04|10|2014|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[V. P. Singh Badnore]]
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2010|07|05|2016|07|04}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Bhupender Yadav]]
|04-Apr-2018
|03-Apr-2024
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2012|04|04|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|04-Apr-2012
|03-Apr-2018
|
|-
|[[Ramnarayan Dudi]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Narayan Lal Panchariya]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2014|04|10|2020|04|09}}
|
|-
|[[Harshvardhan Singh Dungarpur]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|05|2022|07|04}}
|
|-
|[[Ram Kumar Verma]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|05|2022|07|04}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=4|[[Venkaiah Naidu]]
|05-Jul-2016
|10-Aug-2017
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|05|2017|08|10}}
|Resigned after getting elected as Vice-President
|-
|01-Jul-2010
|30-Jun-2016
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2004|07|01|2016|06|30}}
|Rowspan=3|Karnataka
|
|-
|01-Jul-2004
|30-Jun-2010
|
|-
|03-Apr-1998
|02-Apr-2004
|{{Age in years and days|1998|04|03|2004|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Alphons Kannanthanam]]
|10-Nov-2017
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2017|11|10|2022|07|04}}
|Rowspan=3|Rajasthan
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
|04-Apr-2018
|03-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|04|2024|04|03}}
|
|-
|[[Madan Lal Saini]]
|04-Apr-2018
|24-Jun-2019
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|04|2019|06|24}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Garikapati Mohan Rao]]
|20-Jun-2019
|09-Apr-2020
|{{Age in years and days|2019|06|20|2020|04|09}}
|Telangana
|Merged From [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|[[Manik Saha]]
|03-Apr-2022
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2022|04|03|2022|07|04}}
|Rowspan=2|Tripura
|Resigned after getting elected as MLA
|-
|[[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|22-Sep-2022
|04-Jun-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2022|09|22|2024|06|04}}
|
*Elected in By-election
*Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|Lakhan Singh
|06-Apr-1980
|02-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1984|04|02}}
|Rowspan=48|Uttar Pradesh
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Jagdish Prasad Mathur]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|03|1996|04|02}}
|
|-
|06-Apr-1980
|02-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1984|04|02}}
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Kalraj Mishra]]
|03-Apr-2006
|21-Mar-2012
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2001|06|07|2012|03|21}}
|
|-
|07-Jun-2001
|02-Apr-2006
|Elected in By-election
|-
|06-Apr-1980
|02-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1984|04|02}}
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|05-Jul-2004
|16-May-2009
|{{Age in years and days|2004|07|05|2009|05|16}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|05-Jul-1992
|11-May-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|1996|05|11}}
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[T. N. Chaturvedi]]
|05-Jul-1998
|20-Aug-2002
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|2002|08|20}}
|Resigned after Appointed as Governor Of Karnataka
|-
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|
|-
|[[Baldev Prakash]]
|05-Jul-1992
|17-Nov-1992
|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|1992|11|17}}
|Died in Office
|-
|Ishwar Chandra Gupta
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|1998|07|04}}
|
|-
|Ram Ratan Ram
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|1998|07|04}}
|
|-
|[[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|1998|07|04}}
|
|-
|[[Naunihal Singh (politician)|Naunihal Singh]]
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|{{Age in years and days|1992|07|05|1998|07|04}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=3|[[Rajnath Singh]]
|26-Nov-2002
|25-Nov-2008
|{{Age in years and days|2002|11|26|2008|11|25}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2000
|19-Apr-2001
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2001|04|19}
|
|-
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|
|-
|[[Malti Sharma]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2000|04|02}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[R. B. S. Varma]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2006|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|
|-
|[[Ranbir Singh Latayan]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2000|04|02}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1994|04|03|2006|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|
|-
|Chaudhary Chunnilal
|26-Nov-1996
|03-Dec-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1996|11|26|2000|12|03}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Narendra Mohan]]
|26-Nov-1996
|20-Sep-2002
|{{Age in years and days|1996|11|26|2002|09|20}}
|Died in office
|-
|Devi Prasad Singh
|26-Nov-1996
|25-Nov-2002
|{{Age in years and days|1996|11|26|2002|11|25}}
|
|-
|Rajnath Singh Surya
|26-Nov-1996
|25-Nov-2002
|{{Age in years and days|1996|11|26|2002|11|25}}
|
|-
|[[Dinanath Mishra]]
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|{{Age in years and days|1998|07|05|2004|07|04}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Arun Shourie]]
|05-Jul-2004
|04-Jul-2010
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|1998|07|05|2010|07|04}}
|
|-
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|
|-
|B. P. Singhal
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|{{Age in years and days|1998|07|05|2004|07|04}}
|
|-
|Shyam Lal
|16-Feb-2001
|25-Nov-2002
|{{Age in years and days|2001|02|16|2002|11|25}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Sunil Shastri]]
|22-May-2002
|25-Nov-2002
|{{Age in years and days|2002|05|22|2002|11|25}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Vinay Katiyar]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|Rowspan=2|{{Age in years and days|2006|04|03|2018|04|02}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|
|-
|[[Kusum Rai]]
|26-Nov-2008
|25-Nov-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|11|26|2014|11|25}}
|
|-
|[[Manohar Parrikar]]
|26-Nov-2014
|02-Sep-2017
|{{Age in years and days|2014|11|26|2017|09|02}}
|Resigned after getting elected as MLA
|-
|[[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|07|05|2022|07|22}}
|
|-
|[[Ashok Bajpai]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Vijaypal Singh Tomar]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Anil Agrawal]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Anil Jain (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Jain]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Harnath Singh Yadav]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Sakal Deep Rajbhar]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Kanta Kardam]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[G. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=4|[[Arun Jaitley]]
|03-Apr-2018
|24-Aug-2019
|Rowspan=4|{{Age in years and days|2000|04|03|2019|08|24}}
|
|-
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|Rowspan=3|Gujarat
|
|-
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|
|-
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|
|-
|[[Jai Prakash Nishad (Gorakhpur)|Jai Prakash Nishad]]
|17-Aug-2020
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2020|08|17|2022|07|04}}
|Rowspan=3|Uttar Pradesh
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Syed Zafar Islam]]
|04-Sep-2020
|04-Jul-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2020|09|04|2022|07|04}}
|Elected in By-election
|-
|[[Hardwar Dubey]]
|26-Nov-2020
|26-Jun-2023
|{{Age in years and days|2020|11|26|2023|06|26}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Manohar Kant Dhyani]]
|26-Nov-1996
|25-Nov-2002
|{{Age in years and days|1996|11|26|2002|11|25}}
|Rowspan=2|Uttarakhand
|Rowspan=2|Elected as the [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Rajya Sabha member from Uttar Pradesh]]. Continued the term as the Rajya Sabha member from Uttarakhand onwards 9 November 2000.
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[Sangh Priya Gautam]]
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|{{Age in years and days|1998|07|05|2004|07|04}}
|-
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|{{Age in years and days|1990|04|03|1996|04|02}}
|Uttar Pradesh
|
|-
|[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
|26-Nov-2008
|16-May-2014
|{{Age in years and days|2008|11|26|2014|05|16}}
|Rowspan=3|Uttarakhand
|Elected to Lok Sabha
|-
|[[Tarun Vijay]]
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2010|07|05|2016|07|04}}
|
|-
|[[Anil Baluni]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|04|03|2024|04|02}}
|
|-
|[[Bhai Mahavir]]
|06-Apr-1980
|02-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1984|04|02}}
|Rowspan=5|Delhi
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|[[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
|06-Apr-1980
|02-Apr-1984
|{{Age in years and days|1980|04|06|1984|04|02}}
|Merged From [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
|[[Om Prakash Kohli]]
|28-Jan-1994
|27-Jan-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|01|28|2000|01|27}}
|
|-
|[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|28-Jan-1994
|27-Jan-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|01|28|2000|01|27}}
|
|-
|[[K. R. Malkani]]
|28-Jan-1994
|27-Jan-2000
|{{Age in years and days|1994|01|28|2000|01|27}}
|
|-
|[[Narayan Singh Manaklao]]
|27-Aug-2003
|26-Aug-2009
|{{Age in years and days|2003|08|27|2009|08|26}}
|Rowspan=13|Nominated
|
|-
|[[Dara Singh]]
|27-Aug-2003
|26-Aug-2009
|{{Age in years and days|2003|08|27|2009|08|26}}
|
|-
|[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
|25-Apr-2016
|18-Jul-2016
|{{Age in years and days|2016|04|25|2016|07|18}}
|Resigned
|-
|[[Suresh Gopi]]
|25-Apr-2016
|24-Apr-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|04|25|2022|04|24}}
|
|-
|[[Subramanian Swamy]]
|25-Apr-2016
|24-Apr-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|04|25|2022|04|24}}
|
|-
|[[Sambhaji Raje]]
|13-Jun-2016
|03-May-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|06|13|2022|05|03}}
|
|-
|[[Roopa Ganguly]]
|04-Oct-2016
|24-Apr-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2016|10|04|2022|04|24}}
|
|-
|[[Raghunath Mohapatra]]
|14-Jul-2018
|09-May-2021
|{{Age in years and days|2018|07|14|2021|05|09}}
|Died in office
|-
|[[Sonal Mansingh]]
|14-Jul-2018
|13-Jul-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|07|14|2024|07|13}}
|
|-
|[[Ram Shakal]]
|14-Jul-2018
|13-Jul-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|07|14|2024|07|13}}
|
|-
|[[Rakesh Sinha]]
|14-Jul-2018
|13-Jul-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2018|07|14|2024|07|13}}
|
|-
|[[Swapan Dasgupta]]
|02-Jun-2021
|24-Apr-2022
|{{Age in years and days|2021|06|02|2022|04|24}}
|
|-
|[[Mahesh Jethmalani]]
|02-Jun-2021
|13-Jul-2024
|{{Age in years and days|2021|06|02|2024|07|13}}
|
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
;General
*{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=29 December 2015}}
*{{cite web|title=List of Sitting Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise)|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/currentmpterms.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=14 February 2020}}

;Specific
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.bjp.org/|name=Official website of the BJP}}
*{{Official website|http://rajyasabha.nic.in/|name=Official website of the Rajya Sabha}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party|*]]
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha by political party|Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Bankori

2026-03-18T01:45:30Z

Victoruot:

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bankori
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Hills in.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bankori hills
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.38|N|78.77|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative division|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar Division|Sagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kesli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchyat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 948
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 470235
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-15]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Bankori''' (Village ID 461281) is a village in [[Kesli|Kesli tehsil]] of [[Sagar district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/461281-bankori-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Bankori Village Population - Kesli - Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> As of 2011, Bankori had a population of 239 families or 948 people.<ref name=":0" />

According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Bankori village is 461281. Bankori village is located in Kesli tehsil of Sagar district in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is situated 8 km away from sub-district headquarter Kesli (tehsildar office) and 69 km away from district headquarter Sagar. As per 2009 stats, Bankori is the gram panchayat of Bankori village.{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed|date=January 2024}}

==Geography ==
Bankori village located on [[23.38°N 78.77°E]]. It has an average elevation of 508 metres (1669 feet). It is located near Vindhyachal Range and surrounded by mountains. [[Sunar River]] passing from here. here is many historical Monument.<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Bankori2.html</ref>

==Demographics ==
Bankori is a medium size village located in Kesli Tehsil of Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh with total 239 families residing. The Bankori village has population of 948 of which 509 are males while 439 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prd.mp.gov.in/PanchParmeshwar/Public/GramPanchayatWiseSummary.aspx?lb_id=24085|title=Gran Panchyat Wise Summary|website=prd.mp.gov.in}}</ref>

==Connectivity==
Bankori is well connected with roads. Nearby city from bankori is Sagar, Jabalpur, Bhopal, Damoh, Katni ets.

==Gallery ==
[[File:Sunar River.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sunar River]]]]

[[File:Kesli Reservoir.png|thumb|200px|Kesli reservoir near bankori]]

[[File:Bankori_m.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Etihasik patthar]]

[[File:Bankori.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Etihasik murtiyan]]

==See also==
# [[Kesli]]
# [[Sagar District]]
# [[Sunar River]]
# [[Tada, Madhya Pradesh|Tada]]
# [[Deori Assembly constituency]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sagar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Sagar district|*]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Phyllocnistis micrographa

2026-03-15T22:26:45Z

Victoruot: starting a post

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis micrographa
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1916)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLMICR Phyllocnistis micrographa Meyrick, 1916] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis micrographa''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> It was named by E. Meyrick in 1916.<ref>Meyrick, E. 1916a. Exotic Microlepidoptera. - Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 1(20):609–640.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188739}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1916]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Tranquebar Rebellion

2026-03-11T10:57:15Z

Victoruot: Added the data v1

{{Short description|1648 rebellion in Danish India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Tranquebar Rebellion
| place = [[Tranquebar]], [[Danish India]] (present-day [[Tharangambadi]], [[India]])
| coordinates = {{coord|11|1|45|N|79|50|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| image = Painting of Tranquebar.png
| image_size = 290
| date = 15 May 1648
| caption = The Danish trade station and fortress at Tranquebar, from the Embassy of Denmark in [[Bangkok]].
| result = Mutineer victory
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} [[Willem Leyel]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} Claus Rytter {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} Herman Clausen
| commander2 = [[Poul Hansen Korsør]] Frantz Erkmand [[Anders Nielsen (colonist)|Anders Nielsen]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} Leyel loyalist
| combatant2 = Mutineers
| units1 = {{flagicon image|Willem Leyel COA.png}} ''Christianshavn''
| units2 = [[Dansborg]] garrison
| strength1 = Minor
| strength2 = Majority of Danish officials
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = None
| partof = the Shipless Times
| territory = Willem Leyel is replaced by Poul Hansen as [[governor of Tranquebar]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
}}

The '''Tranquebar Rebellion''' ({{Langx|da|Trankebar oprøret}}), also known as the '''Tranquebar''' '''Mutiny''' ({{Langx|da|Trankebar opstanden|links=no}}), was a [[Bloodless war|bloodless mutiny]] and uprising against the [[governor of Tranquebar]], Willem Leyel, at [[Tranquebar]] in 1648. The mutineers succeeded in arresting Leyel, and he would be replaced by the leader of the rebellion, [[Poul Hansen Korsør]].

== Background ==
{{Further|Conflict between Willem Leyel and Bernt Pessart}}
In 1639, experienced seafarer [[Willem Leyel]] was sent to [[Tranquebar]] on the order of [[Christian IV of Denmark]] to inspect the [[Danish East India Company|Danish East India Company's]] troublesome financial conditions, which had been caused by the current governor, [[Bernt Pessart]].{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=24–25}}{{Sfn|Sethuraman|2016|p=474}}{{Sfn|Rindom|1995|p=63}} When Leyel arrived at Tranquebar, he would assume the title of [[Opperhoofd|''overhoved'']] after a [[Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg|brief siege]] on [[Fort Dansborg]] and began administering the Company's finances.{{Sfn|Sethuraman|2016|p=474}}
[[File:Danish India 1643-1669.png|left|thumb|Settlements, [[Factory (trading post)|factories]] and [[trade route]]s of the [[Danish East India Company]] (1643''–''1669)]]
Despite his seemingly positive regime, the inhabitants of Tranquebar were dissatisfied. However, there seems to be no clear explanation for this.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=169}} The rebellion may have started as a result of the dissatisfaction with a peace treaty Leyel had signed with the [[Mughals]].{{Sfn|Sethuraman|2016|p=475}} The treaty effetively ended the Danish [[privateer]]s lucrative activities,{{Sfn|Sethuraman|2016|p=475}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Den danske tropekoloni i Trankebar |url=https://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.aerenlund.dk}}</ref> perhaps the mutineers wanted the freedom to commit open piracy.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=171}} It is possible that Leyel's attempt to force the acting governor of Tranquebar, [[Anders Nielsen (colonist)|Anders Nielsen]], to go on a voyage to [[Makassar]] finally sparked the revolt.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=169}}

== Rebellion ==
At any rate, soon after Leyel returned from a voyage, the rebels arrested him in the name of the King.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=169}} The rebels were all men who had depended on Leyel, and it must be distressing for him to see his most trusted men go against him.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=169}}

The conspirators searched his home and gathered all incriminating evidence in a small chest, in which they made they covering document that said:
{{Blockquote|text=The enclosed documents, papers, books, letters, and files are laid here just as they were found after the arrest of Señor Leyel, just as they are packed in this chest, small and big, bad and good, and nothing has been removed or added in any way that could serve to spare or blacken ''Señor'' Leyel. The only things removed from the said ''Señor'' Leyel's letters are the documents and letters necessary to demand the outstanding claims in various places, namely at [[Goa]], [[Cochin]], from Antony Carvalho, Joan del Meyda, and Roberto Wright|author=[[Poul Hansen Korsør]], Jørgen Hansen, Nicolaj Simonsen, Frandts Erkmand, Joannis Barnes}}
The document goes further to assert places and merchants to whom Leyel owed money, and despite Leyel defending his actions, the mutineers would not listen.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=|pp=169–171}} The arrest must have been a terrible personal blow to Leyel, who had spent the last five years trying to make Denmark a commercial power in [[Asia]].{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=172|pp=}} However, Leyel could not protest, and he would be sent home to [[Copenhagen]] on a Dutch ship.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=171|pp=}}

== Aftermath ==
When arriving at Copenhagen, Leyel saw it necessary to clear his name and reputation.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=172|pp=}} A case against Leyel was quickly abandoned for lack of evidence, and the new King [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]] listened to Leyel's account of the conditions at Tranquebar.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=172|pp=}}

In Tranquebar, Poul Hansen Korsør took command and resumed the lucrative privateering.{{Sfn|Sethuraman|2016|p=475}}

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Conflict between Willem Leyel and Bernt Pessart}}
* {{Annotated link|1733 slave insurrection on St. John}}
* {{Annotated link|1878 St. Croix labor riot}}
* {{Annotated link|Ambush near the Bay of Manila}}

== References ==
{{Ref list}}

== Works cited ==
* {{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url= |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9788763530231 |edition= |location=Copenhagen}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rindom |first=Jan |url=https://dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Indien/Rindom.Ostindisk_Kompagni_1616-50.Kbh_1995.pdf |title=Ostindisk Kompagni 1616-50 |publisher=Det Kongelige Bibliotek |year=1995 |isbn= |edition= |location=[[Copenhagen]] |language=Danish |trans-title=East Indian Company 1616-50}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sethuraman |first=N. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358783029 |title=The Danish East India Company From Establishment To The Epilogue (1616 – 1729) - A Historical Perspective |publisher=Tamil Nadu History Congress Proceedings |year=2016 |isbn= |edition= |location=[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] |language= |trans-title=}}

[[Category:1640s in Danish India]]
[[Category:1648 in Denmark]]
[[Category:1648 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1648]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:Military history of Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]
[[Category:Tranquebar|Rebellion]]

Chinlunthang

2026-03-07T17:32:11Z

Victoruot: Made first pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[ Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Chinlunthang''' '''Manlun''' (born 1975)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is a member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Singhat Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Churachandpur district]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Kuki People's Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Singhat Election Result 2022 LIVE: Chinlunthang of Kuki People’s Alliance wins - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/singhat-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-singhat-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12762872.htm |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singhat Assembly Election Result 2022 Live, Manipur Singhat Assembly Election Result in Marathi |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election-2022/constituencies/singhat-election-result-14060 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chinlunthang is from [[Hiangtam]] village, Singhat, Churachandpur district, Manipur. He is the son of late Thangkhanlal. He completed his LLB in 2004 at [[Manipur University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chinlunthang(Kuki Peoples Alliance):Constituency- SINGHAT (ST)(CHURACHANDPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=116 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chinlunthang won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022 Manipur Assembly election]] from [[Singhat Assembly constituency|Singhat constituency]], representing the [[Kuki People's Alliance]]. He polled 12,098 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ginshuanhau Zhao of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), by 1,919 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Singhat(ST), Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: KPA's Chinlunthang with 8306 defeats BJP's Ginsuanhau Zou |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/singhat-st-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923492-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singhat Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Chinlunthang of KPA Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/singhat-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4857665.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In the 2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election he contested on the BJP ticket and lost to [[Ginsuanhau Zou]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by 1,162 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manlun, Chinlunthang}}

[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Churachandpur district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur University alumni]]

Siddharth Haldipur

2026-03-06T06:25:16Z

Victoruot: Added basic article basic info

{{short description|Indian singer and music director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Siddharth Haldipur
| image = Siddharth Haldipur.JPG
| genre = Indian film music, [[Bollywood]] Music
| occupation = Music director, singer, actor, pop artist, composer
| years_active = 2002–present
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Sangeet-Siddharth]], A Band of Boys, [[Anusha Mani]]
}}

'''Siddharth Haldipur''' is an Indian singer and music director. He is a part of the [[Sangeet-Siddharth]] music director duo. The duo has given music for prominent Hindi as well as Marathi movies. In their few years of music direction, the duo has composed hit songs for ''[[Murder 2]]'', ''[[Blood Money (2012 film)|Blood Money]]'', ''Aatma'', ''Fruit & Nut'', ''Bird Idol'' and ''[[Hum Hai Raahi Car Ke]]''. Siddharth Haldipur made his foray into music with [[A Band of Boys]] and is also a trained violinist, pianist, and dancer. He and Sangeet Haldipur are the sons of the famous composer [[Amar Haldipur]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Thaindian |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/its-was-bollywood-calling-for-haldipur-brothers_100548714.html |title=It's was Bollywood calling for Haldipur brothers |publisher=thaindian |date=10 July 2011 |accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref> who has also been India's number one violinist in the past.

==Career==
Haldipur started his singing with his first album ''Yeh Bhi Woh Bhi'' in 2002 in collaboration with his newly boy band member [[A Band of Boys]]. Then, in 2005, his second album ''Gaane Bhi Do Yaaro'' was released which marked ABOB's final album before their disbanded in 2006. In 2009, apart from singing, he also begin to composed with his brother Sangeet Haldipur for their first film ''[[Fruit and Nut (film)|Fruit and Nut]]''. Then, they rose to prominence with their top-of-the-line composition "Aa Zara Kareeb Se", from the movie ''[[Murder 2]]'', for which they won the Big Star Young Entertainer Award for Best Music Composer in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bharatstudent |url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/event_photos_3--Events-Big_Star_Young_Entertainer_Awards_2012-photo-galleries-1..,8,14452,8.php |title=Sangeet Haldipur, Siddharth Haldipur Big Star Young Entertainer Awards 2012 |publisher=bharatstudent |accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref> This marked their entry into the mainstream Bollywood music scene.

==Discography==

===Music director (Sangeet Siddharth)===
* ''[[Fruit and Nut (film)|Fruit and Nut]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bird Idol]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Murder 2]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Blood Money (2012 film)|Blood Money]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Once Upon the Tracks of Mumbai]]'' (2012 novel)
* ''[[Nasha (film)|Nasha]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Aatma - Feel It Around You]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Hum Hai Raahi Car Ke]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Mad About Dance]]'' (2014)
* ''Untitled'' (2015)
*''[[Love Games (film)|Love Games]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Raaz Reboot]]''

'''Marathi Movies'''
* ''Runh'' (2015, Marathi)

'''TV serials'''

Ek Boond Ishq – Title track – Life OK (2013)

===Singer/writer/performer (A Band of Boys)===

'''Album – Yeh Bhi Woh Bhi (2002)'''
* ''Meri Neend''
* ''Gori''
* ''Tera Chehra''
* ''Ishq''
* ''Thirchi Nazar''
* ''She Drives Me Crazy''
* ''Elements (Aayi Ho Jabse)''
'''Album – Gaane Bhi Do Yaaro (2006)'''
* ''Nain Kataari''
* ''Funkh With You''
* ''Aa Bhi Jaa Ae Mere Humdum''
* ''Sunlo Zaraa''
* ''Jhoomengi Bahaaren''
* ''Aaye Aaye''
* ''Mast Kalandar''
* ''Main Chal Diya''

===Filmography===
''Kiss Kis Ko'' – Himself (2004)

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1854760/filmotype imdb.com] Retrieved 2013-03-24

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haldipur, Siddharth}}
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Battle of Chabuheluo

2026-03-05T12:04:34Z

Victoruot: Added A Info

{{Short description|7th century conflict in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Chabuheluo
| date = 648 AD
| place = [[Champaran]] (Present-day [[Bihar]], [[India]])
| result = Tang alliance victory
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Tang dynasty]]
*[[Tibetan Empire]]
*[[Licchavis of Nepal]]
}}
| combatant2 = Kingdom of [[Kannauj]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Wang Xuance]]
*Jiang Shiren
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
*[[Arunasva]]{{POW}}
*
}}
| strength1 = {{plainlist|
*1,200 Tibetan soldiers
*7,000+ Nepalese calvarymen
}}
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
*3,000+ beheaded
*10,000+ drowned
*2,000 captured
}}
}}

The '''Battle of Chabuheluo''' ({{Lang-zh|t=茶鎛和羅城之戰}}) was a battle that took place between an alliance led by the [[Tang dynasty]] and the Kingdom of [[Kannauj]] in 648 AD.

==Background==

[[Wang Xuance]] was one of the several envoy officials sent by the Tang dynasty to India in the 7th century and made multiple visits during the time. In 643, he was first sent to India by [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] as an assistant to imperial ambassador Li Yibiao. They travelled to India via [[Tibet]] and [[Nepal]]. In [[Magadha]], they met emperor [[Harsha]].{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=550}}{{sfn|Bagchi|2011|p=158}}{{sfn|Shaha|1992|p=20}}

During the time, [[Songtsen Gampo]] had established the [[Tibetan Empire]] which previously had not only overwhelmed the tribes around the Tibetan plateau and made raids on Chinese towns but even subjugated the [[Licchavis of Nepal]]. Later Tibet entered a marriage alliance with Tang through Songsten's marriage to [[Princess Wencheng]] in 641. The previous actions of Tibet concerned both Taizong and Harsha which lead to Taizong responding to Harsha's mission request to establish diplomatic ties. As a result, there were no hostilities related to any of the parties and therefore good relations until 647.{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=22}}{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=24}}

In 647, Wang and his delegation made another visit to Kannauj. On arrival to the capital, they found out Harsha had died and that his minister [[Arunasva]] had usurped the throne. The mission was not well received by the new ruler and was attacked by his forces. Everyone was either killed or captured except for Wang and his second-in-command Jiang Shiren. They escaped overnight to Nepal which was allied to China through Tibet.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=550}}{{sfn|Bagchi|2011|p=158}}{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=22}}{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=23}}{{sfn|Shaha|1992|p=20}}

==Battle==

Songtsen and [[Narendradeva]] agreed to provide a force of 1,200 Tibetan soldiers and over 7,000 Nepalese cavalrymen to support Wang.{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=23}}{{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=326}}{{sfn|Shaha|1992|p=20}}

In 648, Wang's army led an attack on Arunasva. Sources put the site of the battle as Chabuheluo (believed to be [[Champaran]]) on the banks of the river Qiantuowei (believed to be [[Gandaki River]]).{{sfn|Bagchi|2011|p=158}}{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=23}}

According to the ''[[Old Book of Tang]],'' the fighting lasted for three days where the troops led by Wang overpowered their enemies. Over 3,000 people were beheaded and those who jumped in the water and died by drowning numbered over 10,000. Arunasva fled the city but Jiang captured him. In addition 2,000 men and women were captured alongside over 30,000 cows and horses.{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=23}}{{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=326}}

==Aftermath==

Wang returned to China taking Arunasva as a captive. For his success in battle, Wang was granted the title "Grand Master for the Closing Court".{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=23}} Arunasva remained in China until his death where he was given posthumous honors. A statue of him was created and placed on the avenue leading to Taizong's tomb in the [[Zhao Mausoleum (Tang dynasty)|Zhao Mausoleum]].{{sfn|Bagchi|2011|p=158}}

There are two main outcomes of the battle. The first being the military power displayed by the Tang dynasty may have instigated Indian kingdoms to explore military ties with it. The second being the Tibetan empire venturing into the region originally controlled by Harsha to take advantage of the political vacuum.{{sfn|Sen|2003|p=24}}

Relations between Tang and Nepal greatly improved.{{sfn|Shaha|1992|p=20}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==

*{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC& |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bagchi |first1=Prabodh Chandra |title=India and China : interactions through Buddhism and diplomacy ; a collection of essays |date=2011 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-93-80601-17-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MB4CHPi7dycC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=Dineschandra |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |date=1 January 1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shaha |first1=Rishikesh |title=Ancient and medieval Nepal |date=1992 |publisher=New Delhi : Manohar |isbn=978-81-85425-69-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievaln0000shah/page/20/mode/2up}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Tang dynasty topics}}
{{Tibet topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabuheluo, Battle of}}
[[Category:640s conflicts]]
[[Category:Battles involving Nepal]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Tang dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Tibetan Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Imperial China]]

Shivaji

2026-03-05T10:55:11Z

Victoruot: page fix

{{Short description|Chhatrapati of the Marathas from 1674 to 1680}}
{{Redirect|Raja Shivaji|the 2026 film|Raja Shivaji (film)|other uses|Shivaji (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move|small=no}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shivaji I
| title = [[Raja]] Shakakarta{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}} [[Defender of the Faith#Elsewhere|Haindava Dharmoddharak]]<ref name="Chandra1982">{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Macmillan|page=140|isbn=978-0-333-90396-4}}</ref> Kshatriya Kulavantas<ref name="Sardesai2002">{{cite book |author=H. S. Sardesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA431 |title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7755-286-7 |page=431}}</ref>
| royal house =
| image = Shivaji British Museum.jpg 
| caption = Portrait of Shivaji ({{circa|1680s}})
| succession = [[Chhatrapati|Chhatrapati of the Marathas]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|6 June 1674 – 3 April 1680}}
| coronation = {{Plainlist|
* 6 June 1674 (first)
* 24 September 1674 (second)
}}
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Sambhaji]]
| reg-type = [[Peshwa]]
| regent = [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1630|02|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shivneri Fort]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1680|04|03|1630|02|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Raigad Fort]], [[Mahad]], [[Maratha Empire]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Sai Bhonsale]]|16 May 1640|5 September 1659|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Soyarabai]]|1650}}
* {{marriage|[[Putalabai]]|1653}}
* {{marriage|[[Sakvarbai]]|10 January 1657}}
* Sagunabai Shirke
* Kashibai Jadhav{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=260}}
* Lakshmibai Vichare
* Gunwantabai Ingle
}}
| issue = 8,<ref>{{cite book|editor=Anne Feldhaus|author=James Laine|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion|date=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0-7914-2837-5|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=sabhasad+shivaji+rajaram+bakhar&pg=PA97}}</ref> including [[Sambhaji]] and [[Rajaram I]]
| house = [[Bhonsle dynasty|Bhonsale]]
| father = [[Shahaji]]
| mother = [[Jijabai]]
| signature = Shivaji I signature.png
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| suc-type1 = dff
| reg-type1 =
| regent1 =
| module = {{Infobox military person
| allegiance = [[Maratha Empire]]
| embed = yes
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
* [[Shivaji's Campaign of Javali|Javali (1656)]]
* [[Battle of Pratapgarh|Pratapgarh (1659)]]
* [[Siege of Panhala (1660)|Panhala (1660)]]
* [[Shivaji's invasions of Janjira|Janjira (1661–76)]]
* [[Battle of Pavan Khind|Pavan Khind (1669)]]
* Pune (1663)
* [[Sack of Surat|Surat (1664)]]
* [[Battle of Purandar|Purandar (1665)]]
* [[Siege of Ponda (1666)|Ponda (1666)]]
* [[Battle of Sinhagad|Sinhagad (1670)]]
* Surat (1670)
* Vani-Dindori (1670)
* Salher (1672)
* [[Battle of Shivneri Fort|Shivneri (1673)]]
* [[Battle of Umrani|Umrani (1673)]]
* Karnataka (1677)
* Gingee (1677)
* Vellore (1677–78)
* [[Battle of Bhupalgarh|Bhupalgarh (1679)]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
}}

'''Shivaji I''' (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, {{IPA|mr|ʃiˈʋaːdʑiː ˈbʱos(ə)le}}; {{circa|}}19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680)<ref>Dates are given according to the [[Julian calendar]], see [http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars].</ref> was an Indian ruler and a member of the [[Bhonsle dynasty]].{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} Shivaji inherited a ''jagir'' from his father who served as a retainer for the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]], which later formed the genesis of the [[Maratha Kingdom]]. In 1674, he was formally crowned the ''[[Chhatrapati]]'' of his realm at [[Raigad Fort]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Govind Ranade|first=Mahadev|title=Rise of the Maratha Power|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|year=1900|location=India}}</ref>

Shivaji offered passage and his service to the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] to invade the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for the north due to a war of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in the name of the Mughals.<ref name="Gordon2007"/>{{Rp|63}} Following his defeat at the hands of [[Jai Singh I]] in the [[Battle of Purandar]], Shivaji entered into vassalage with the Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief, during this time Shivaji also wrote a series of letters apologising to Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for his actions and requested additional honors for his services. He was later conferred with the title of ''[[Raja (title)|Raja]]'' by the emperor.<ref>{{cite book | last=Eraly | first=A. | title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2007 | isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT672 | access-date=27 October 2024 | page=672}}</ref> He undertook military expeditions on behalf of the Mughal Empire for a brief duration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=210 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1674, Shivaji was crowned as the king despite opposition from local Brahmins.<ref name="Gordon2007"/>{{Rp|87}}<ref name="varma-saberwal">{{Cite book|last=Vajpeyi|first=Ananya|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195669152|editor-last1=Varma|editor-first1=Supriya|pages=239–268|language=en|chapter=Excavating Identity through Tradition: Who was Shivaji?|editor-last2=Saberwal|editor-first2=Satish}}{{pb}}Edited version of {{Cite thesis|last=Ananya|first=Vajpeyi|title=Politics of complicity, poetics of contempt: A history of the Śūdra in Maharashtra, 1650–1950 CE|date=August 2004|publisher=University of Chicago|chapter=Making a Śūdra King: The Royal Consecration of Shivaji|page=155-226}}</ref> Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims{{sfn|Deshpande|2015}} and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces.<ref> Scammell, G. (1992). European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia c. 1500–1750. Modern Asian Studies, 26(4), 641–661. {{doi|10.1017/S0026749X00010003}}, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1FC7C871E67628A6D0EB8BAB81055E95/S0026749X00010003a.pdf/european_exiles_renegades_and_outlaws_and_the_maritime_economy_of_asia_c15001750.pdf]</ref> Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the [[Sultanate of Golconda]], the Sultanate of Bijapur and the [[Colonial India|European colonial powers]]. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a [[Maratha Navy|Maratha navy]].

Shivaji's legacy was revived by [[Jyotirao Phule]] about two centuries after his death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Indian nationalists such as [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], and appropriated by Hindutva activists.<ref name="f819">{{cite book | last=Śinde | first=J.R. | title=Dynamics of Cultural Revolution: 19th Century Maharashtra | publisher=Ajanta Publications | year=1985 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtsiAAAAMAAJ | access-date=12 October 2024 | page=67 | quote=Shivaji had almost vanished from the minds of the people and the leaders of Maharashtra it was Phule who first revived them composing a ballad on Shivaji in 1869 }}</ref><ref name="w423">{{cite book | last=Devare | first=A. | title=History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-19707-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5SrhADwCGEC&pg=PT157 | access-date=12 October 2024 | page=157}}</ref>{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|pp=79–81}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=Debajyoti |last2=Ryan |first2=John Charles |title=Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts |date= 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-045282-2 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RC5AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sengar |first1=Bina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnatDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140 |title=Spaces and Places in Western India: Formations and Delineations |last2=McMillin |first2=Laurie Hovell |date=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-69155-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
{{Main|Early life of Shivaji}}
{{See also|Bhonsle#origin}}Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of [[Shivneri]], near [[Junnar]], which is now in [[Pune district]]. Scholars disagree on his date of birth; the [[Government of Maharashtra]] lists 19 February as a holiday commemorating Shivaji's birth ([[Shiv Jayanti|Shivaji Jayanti]]).{{efn|Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. This [[Julian calendar]] date of that period (1 March 1630 of today's [[Gregorian calendar]]) corresponds<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Mohan |last1=Apte |first2=Parag |last2=Mahajani |first3=M. N. |last3=Vahia|title=Possible errors in historical dates|journal=Current Science|volume=84|issue=1|page=21|date =January 2003|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/shivaji.pdf}}</ref> to the [[Hindu calendar]] birth date from contemporary records.<ref>{{cite book|first=A. R. |last=Kulkarni|title=Jedhe Shakavali Kareena|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003539370|date=2007|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-89959-35-7|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kavindra Parmanand Nevaskar|title=Shri Shivbharat|url=https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat|date=1927|publisher=Sadashiv Mahadev Divekar|page=[https://archive.org/details/ShriShivbharat/page/n140 51]}}</ref><ref name="ApteParanjpe1927">{{cite book|author=D.V Apte and M.R. Paranjpe|title=Birth-Date of Shivaji|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/32857|date=1927|publisher=The Maharashtra Publishing House|pages=6–17}}</ref> Other suggested dates include 6 April 1627 or dates near this day.<ref name="Sib_Pada">{{cite book|title=Historians and historiography in modern India|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1973|isbn=978-81-208-0900-0|page=106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = History of India | author = N. Jayapalan| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distri| year = 2001 | isbn = 978-81-7156-928-1| page = 211}}</ref>}}<ref name="sen2">{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=196–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Holidays|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> Shivaji was named after a local deity, the [[Devi|Goddess]] Shivai Devi.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=19}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laine |first1=James W. |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972643-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en}}</ref>

Shivaji belonged to a [[Maratha]] family of the [[Bhonsle]] clan.<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> Shivaji's father, [[Shahaji Bhonsle]], was a [[Maratha]] general who served the [[Deccan Sultanates]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128|volume=1|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=128–221}}</ref> His mother was [[Jijabai]], the daughter of [[Lakhuji Jadhavrao]] of [[Sindhkhed]], a Mughal-aligned [[sardar]] claiming descent from a [[Yadava]] royal family of [[Devagiri]].<ref name="Metha2004">{{cite book|author=Arun Metha|title=History of medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=ABD Publishers|page=278|isbn=978-81-85771-95-3}}</ref><ref name="Menon2011">{{cite book|author=Kalyani Devaki Menon|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44|date= 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3|pages=44–}}</ref> His paternal grandfather [[Maloji Bhosale|Maloji]] (1552–1597) was an influential general of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], and was awarded the epithet of "[[Raja]]". He was given ''[[deshmukh]]i'' rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan, and Indapur to provide for military expenses. He was also given [[Shivneri Fort|Shivneri fort]] for his family's residence ({{circa|1590}}).<ref>Marathi book Shivkaal (Times of Shivaji) by Dr V G Khobrekar, Publisher: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, 1st. ed. 2006. Chapter 1</ref><ref name="Salma314">{{cite book|author=Salma Ahmed Farooqui|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA314|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|publisher=Dorling Kindersley India|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|pages=314–}}</ref>

At the time of Shivaji's birth, power in the Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates: [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]]; and the [[Mughal Empire]]. Shahaji often changed his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshahi of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his ''[[jagir]]'' (fiefdom) at [[Pune]] and his small army.<ref name="Eaton2005" />

Scholar [[James Laine]] states that Shivaji was imbued with the dream of re-establishing a Hindu kingdom by his mother, Jijabai, who was aware of her [[Yadava dynasty|Yadava]] heritage and considered her husband "a collaborator of low birth."<ref>{{cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |author-link=James Laine |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514126-9 |page=93 |chapter=Cracks in the Narrative |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0006 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230/chapter/157915767}}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''Shivaji I'''|2.[[Shahaji]]|3. [[Jijabai]]|4. [[Maloji]]|5.Uma Bai|6.[[Lakhuji Jadhav]]|7. Mahalsabai Jadhav|8.Babaji |10=|collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;|11=|12=12.Vithoji|13=13.Thakrai}}
[[File:MainEntranceGate.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shivneri Fort]]]]

== Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate ==

=== Background and context ===
In 1636, the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] invaded the kingdoms to its south.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} The sultanate had recently become a tributary state of the [[Mughal Empire]].{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2002|pp=33–35}} It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was a chieftain in the [[Maharashtra|Maratha uplands]] of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of rewards of ''[[jagir]]'' land in the conquered territories, the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}

Shahaji was a rebel from brief Mughal service. Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur government, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and his mother Jijabai had to move from fort to fort.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=59}}[[File:Shahaji and Shivaji at Jejuri.jpg|thumb|Young Shivaji (right) meets his father [[Shahaji]]. (left)]]In 1636, Shahaji joined in the service of Bijapur and obtained [[Pune|Poona]] as a grant. Shahaji, being deployed in [[Bangalore]] by the Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed [[Dadoji Kondadeo]] as Poona's administrator. Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji and his times |publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited |year=1952 |isbn=978-8125040262 |edition=5th |location=Hyderabad |pages=19}}</ref> Kondadeo died in 1647 and Shivaji took over its administration.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=61}}

=== Independent generalship ===
In 1647, the 16-year-old Shivaji captured the [[Torna Fort]] through stratagem or bribery,<ref name="Gordon2007" />{{rp|61}} taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the Bijapur court due to the illness of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah]], and seized the large treasure he found there.<ref name="auto3">{{cite book|last=Mahajan|first=V. D.|title=India since 1526|date=2000|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=81-219-1145-1|edition=17th ed., rev. & enl|location=New Delhi|pages=198|oclc=956763986}}</ref>{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=61}} In the following two years, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]], [[Kondhana]], and [[Chakan Fort|Chakan]]. He also brought areas east of Pune around [[Supa, Parner|Supa]], [[Baramati]], and [[Indapur]] under his direct control. He used the treasure found at Torna to build a new fort named [[Rajgad Fort|Rajgad]]. That fort served as the seat of his government for over a decade.<ref name="auto3" /> After this, Shivaji turned west to the [[Konkan]] and took possession of the important town of [[Kalyan]]. The Bijapur government took note of these happenings and sought to take action. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a fellow Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under the orders of the Bijapur government, in a bid to contain Shivaji.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp. 221–226.</ref>[[File:JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg|thumb|Map of Southern India {{Circa|1605}}]]

Shahaji was released in 1649, after the capture of [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] secured Adilshah's position in Karnataka. During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests and quietly consolidated his gains.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=41–42}} Following his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, under controversial circumstances, killed [[Morè (clan)|Chandrarao More]], a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seized the valley of [[Jawali, Maharashtra|Javali]], near the present-day hill station of [[Mahabaleshwar]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP198|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765|date=2019|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7|page=198|language=en}}</ref> The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. In addition to the Bhonsle and the More families, many others—including [[Sawant]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]], [[Nimbalkar]] of [[Phaltan]], Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, and [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]]—also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with [[Deshmukh]]i rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to subdue these powerful families, such as forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=85}} Shahaji in his later years had an ambivalent attitude toward his son, and disavowed his rebellious activities.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=69}} He told the Bijapuris to do whatever they wanted with Shivaji.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=69}} Shahaji died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=58}}

=== Combat with Afzal Khan ===
{{Main|Battle of Pratapgarh}}[[File:Death of Afzal Khan.jpg|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[Sawlaram Haldankar]] of Shivaji fighting the Bijapuri general Afzal Khan|left]]
[[File:Pratapgad (2).jpg|thumb|left|[[Pratapgad]] fort]]

The Bijapur Sultanate was displeased with their losses to Shivaji's forces, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of the young [[Ali Adil Shah II]] as the sultan, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=66}} In 1657, the sultan, or more likely his mother and regent, sent [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], a veteran general, to arrest Shivaji. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]], a holy site for Shivaji's family, and the [[Vithoba Temple|Vithoba temple]] at [[Pandharpur]], a major pilgrimage site for Hindus.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book |author=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA208 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=208–}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton, The Sufis of Bijapur|2015|pp=183–184}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-57684-0|page=202|language=en}}</ref>

Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to [[Pratapgad]] fort, where many of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.<ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT550 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-128-6 |page=550}}</ref> The two forces found themselves at a stalemate, with Shivaji unable to break the siege, while Afzal Khan, having a powerful cavalry but lacking siege equipment, was unable to take the fort. After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private, outside the fort, for negotiations.<ref name="Roy2012">{{cite book |author=Kaushik Roy |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-57684-0 |pages=202–}}</ref>{{sfn|Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence|2014|p=17}}

The two met in a hut in the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The arrangements had dictated that each come armed only with a sword, and attended by one follower. Shivaji, suspecting Afzal Khan would arrest or attack him,{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=70}}{{efn|A decade earlier, Afzal Khan, in a parallel situation, had arrested a Hindu general during a truce ceremony.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=67}}}} wore armour beneath his clothes, concealed a ''[[bagh nakh]]'' (metal "tiger claw") on his left arm, and had a dagger in his right hand.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=22}} What transpired is not known with historical certainty, mainly Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed that the two wound up in a physical struggle that proved fatal for Khan.{{efn|Jadunath Sarkar after weighing all recorded evidence in this behalf, has settled the point "that Afzal Khan struck the first blow" and that "Shivaji committed.... a preventive murder. It was a case of a diamond cut diamond." The conflict between Shivaji and Bijapur was essentially political in nature, and not communal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=A. R. |title=The Marathas |date= 2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |language=en}}</ref>}} Khan's dagger failed to pierce Shivaji's armour, but Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon to signal his hidden troops to attack the Bijapuri army.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}}

In the ensuing [[Battle of Pratapgarh]], Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces. More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur army were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two sons of Afzal Khan, and two Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}} After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food, and other gifts. Marathas were rewarded accordingly.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=75}}

=== Siege of Panhala ===
{{Main|Siege of Panhala (1660)}}
Having defeated the Bijapuri forces sent against him, Shivaji and his army marched towards the [[Konkan]] coast and [[Kolhapur]], seizing [[Panhala fort]], and defeating Bijapuri forces sent against them, under [[Rustam Zaman]] and Fazl Khan, in 1659.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=78}} In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala fort with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged [[Panhala Fort|Panhala]] in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the fort. During the bombardment of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English [[East India Company]] (EIC) factory at [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]]. He also hired several English artillerymen to assist in his bombardment of the fort, conspicuously flying the [[flag of the East India Company]]. This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in retaliation plundered the factory in December and detained four of its employees, imprisoning them until mid-1663.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=266}}

After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and handed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;<ref name="Ali1996">{{cite book|first=Shanti Sadiq |last=Ali|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA124|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|page=124}}</ref> Shivaji retook Panhala in 1673.{{Sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=283}}

=== Battle of Pavan Khind ===
{{Main|Battle of Pavan Khind}}

Shivaji escaped from Panhala by cover of night, and as he was pursued by the enemy cavalry, his Maratha sardar [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] of Bandal [[Deshmukh]], along with 300 soldiers, volunteered to fight to the death to hold back the enemy at Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") to give Shivaji and the rest of the army a chance to reach the safety of the [[Vishalgad]] fort.{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=}}

In the ensuing [[battle of Pavan Khind]], the smaller Maratha force held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. Baji Prabhu Deshpande was wounded but continued to fight until he heard the sound of cannon fire from Vishalgad,<ref name="Kulkarni1963" /> signalling Shivaji had safely reached the fort, on the evening of 22 September 1660.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992">{{cite book|author=Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni|title=The Struggle for Hindu supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_m1AAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira (Bhishma)|isbn=978-81-900113-5-8|page=90}}</ref> ''Ghod Khind'' (''khind'' meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed ''Paavan Khind'' ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there.<ref name="KulkarniIndia1992" />

== Conflict with the Mughals ==
[[File:Sivaji and Army.jpg|thumb|Shivaji with his personal guards by Mir Muhammad {{Circa|1672}}]]
Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Shivaji offered his assistance to [[Aurangzeb]], the son of the Mughal Emperor and [[viceroy]] of the Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, in return for formal recognition of his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in his possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=55–56}} Shivaji's confrontations with the Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's officers raided the Mughal territory near [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=S.R. Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wC27JDyApwC|title=Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material, Volume 2|year=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|page=59 |isbn=978-81-7156-818-5 }}</ref> This was followed by raids in [[Junnar]], with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 ''[[hun (coin)|hun]]'' in cash and 200 horses.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=57}} Aurangzeb responded to the raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar. However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures against Shivaji were interrupted by the rainy season and his battles with his brothers over the succession to the Mughal throne, following the illness of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]].{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=60}}

=== Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat ===
{{Main|Battle of Chakan|Battle of Surat}}
[[File:Shaistekhan Surprised.jpg|thumb|right|A 20th century depiction of Shivaji's surprise attack on Mughal general Shaista Khan in Pune by [[M.V. Dhurandhar]]]]

At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, now the Mughal emperor, sent his maternal uncle [[Shaista Khan]], with an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful artillery division, in January 1660 to attack Shivaji in conjunction with Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar. Shaista Khan, with his better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the nearby fort of [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Historical Records Commission: Proceedings of Meetings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmotObeC3zUC|year=1929|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|page=44}}</ref> He established his residence at Shivaji's palace of [[Lal Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shivaji the Great Liberator|author=Aanand Aadeesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|page=69|year=2011|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-102-1}}</ref>

On the night of 5 April 1663, Shivaji led a daring night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=71}} He, along with 400 men, attacked Shaista Khan's mansion, broke into Khan's bedroom and wounded him. Khan lost three fingers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmud |first1=Sayyid Fayyaz |last2=Mahmud |first2=S. F. |title=A Concise History of Indo-Pakistan |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577385-9 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xtuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA209 |language=en}}</ref> The Khan took refuge with the Mughal forces outside of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with a transfer to [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Mehta|2009|p=543}}

In retaliation for Shaista Khan's attacks, and to replenish his now-depleted treasury, in 1664 Shivaji [[Battle of Surat|sacked the port city of Surat]], a wealthy Mughal trading centre and decamped with plunder exceeding Rs 10 million.<ref name="ReferenceA">An Advanced History of India , by RC Majumdar</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=491}} On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a [[Raid (military)|naval raid]] on [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-held [[Basrur]] in present-day Karnataka, and gained a large plunder.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shejwalkar |first1=T.S. |year=1942 |title=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929309 |jstor=42929309 |publisher=Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune |volume=4 |pages=135–146 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=15 February 2021 |title=Mega event to mark Karnataka port town Basrur's liberation from Portuguese by Shivaji |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/15/mega-event-to-mark-karnataka-port-town-basrurs-liberation-from-portuguese-by-shivaji-2264393.html |newspaper=New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Treaty of Purandar ===
{{Main|Treaty of Purandar (1665)}}
[[File:The Surrender of Shivaji Maharaj to the Mughal noblemen Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar. Painted by Mueller.jpg|thumb|Shivaji submits to Jai Singh]]
[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]]]]

The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. In response, he sent the [[Rajput]] general [[Jai Singh I]] with an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.<ref name="Gordon93" /> Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded in luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many of his cavalrymen, into Mughal service. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh.<ref name="Gordon93">{{harvnb|Gordon|1993|pp=1, 3–4, 50–55, 59, 71–75, 114, 115–125, 133, 138–139}}</ref> Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: <ref name="EralyA"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Sardesai | first=H. S. | title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha | publisher=Cosmo Publications| publication-place=New Delhi|volume=2 | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7755-284-3|page=347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA347}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally."}}

In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=74}} In January 1666, Shivaji was dispatched to capture the fort of Panhala and Phonda against Bijapur. He led unsuccessful [[Siege of Ponda (1666)|siege on the fort of Ponda]] and Panhala. In March 1666, Shivaji went to Mughal court.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gordon|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=Ponda#v=onepage&q&f=false 74–75]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1920|pp=[https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich/page/278/mode/1up 278–280]}}</ref>

Sambhaji was taken as a political prisoner to ensure compliance with the treaty. Shivaji himself wished to be excused from attending the court. To this end, he wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André |author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ| title=Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | publication-place=[[Cambridge]] | date=3 December 2007 | isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 | series=Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications|page=58|chapter=Brahman,king and emperor|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/landsovereigntyi0000wink/page/9/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Books India International|title= Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism|year= 2001|author= Mahendra Pratap Singh|author-link=Mahendra Pratap Singh|page=201}}</ref> On 15 September 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:<ref name="EralyA">{{cite book|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls|first=Abraham |last=Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|page=661|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2007|chapter=The Maratha Nemesis|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT629}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...}}

=== Arrest in Agra and escape ===
[[File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|20th century depiction by M.V. Dhurandhar of Raja Shivaji at the court of Mughal Badshah, Aurangzeb.]]

In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to [[Agra]] (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old son Sambhaji. Aurangzeb planned to send Shivaji to [[Kandahar]], now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, on 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at court alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, men he had already defeated in battle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=Marathas, Marauders, and State Formation in Eighteenth-century India |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563386-3 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBlKh1Pwof0C |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji took offence, stormed out,{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=78}} and was promptly placed under house arrest. Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, guaranteed custody of Shivaji and his son.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Meenakshi |title=The India They Saw (Vol. 3) |date=2011 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8430-108-3 |pages=299, 300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |language=en}}</ref> The emperor also withheld the previous honors bestowed upon him such as his robe of honour, elephant and jewels.<ref name="Richard">{{cite book | last=Richards | first=John F. | title=The Mughal Empire | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author-link=John F. Richards | date=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC|chapter= Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan & The Deccan war |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref>{{rp|211}}

Shivaji's position under house arrest was perilous, as Aurangzeb's court debated whether to kill him or continue employing him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, tried to influence Aurangzeb's decision. While Shivaji regarded himself as a king, in the eyes of the Mughal emperor, he was only a relatively successful rebel zamindar.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=76-8}}

By the time the order for his posting to Kabul arrived, a rumor had already spread at the court that Shivaji would be killed along the way. However, the order was canceled when Shivaji refused to go. During the negotiations that followed, Shivaji demanded the transfer of his forts before becoming a mansabdar, a demand the emperor rejected. The orders to kill him were prevented only by Jai Singh's intervention. In the end, Shivaji's request to leave for Banaras as a sannyasi was also rejected.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=76-8}}

Meanwhile, Shivaji hatched a plan to free himself. He sent most of his men back home and asked Ram Singh to withdraw his guarantees to the emperor for the safe custody of himself and his son. He surrendered to Mughal forces.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=A History of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938 |date=1994 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA132 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jl |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |page=547 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA547 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji then pretended to be ill and began sending out large baskets packed with sweets to be given to the Brahmins and poor as penance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Nonica |title=Indian History: Ancient and medieval |date=2003 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan, Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-067-2 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQxuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Sachi K. |title=Politics and Religion in Eighteenth-Century India: Jaisingh II and the Rise of Public Theology in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism |date= 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-00-045142-9 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCM_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabharwal |first1=Gopa |title=The Indian Millennium, AD 1000–2000 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-029521-4 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sghuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> On 17 August 1666, by putting himself in one of the baskets and his son Sambhaji in another, Shivaji escaped and left Agra.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=A. R. |title=The Marathas |date=2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Rajmohan |title=Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History |date= 2000 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-318-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAASBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT163 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=SarDesai |first1=D. R. |title=India: The Definitive History |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-97950-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 |language=en}}</ref> Stewart Gordon opines that there is no contemporary evidence to support this story. He also states that, despite Aurangzeb's suspicions regarding Ram Singh's involvement in Shivaji's escape, nothing was proven and Shivaji likely bribed the guards to facilitate his escape.{{Sfn|Gordon|2007|p=78}}

=== Peace with the Mughals ===

After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with the Mughal Sardar Jaswant Singh acting as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=98}} Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb also conferred the title of Raja on Shivaji, although he did not restore his right over the forts.<ref>{{cite book | last=Joshi | first=P.S. | title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657-1689 A.D. | publisher=S. Chand | year=1980 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOu1AAAAIAAJ | language=en | access-date=15 February 2025 | pages=91–93|chapter=Early life of Sambhaji}}</ref> Sambhaji was also restored as a [[Mansabdar|Mughal mansabdar]] with 5,000 horses. At that time Shivaji sent Sambhaji and General [[Prataprao Gujar]], to serve with [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]], the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad. Sambhaji was also granted territory in [[Berar sultanate|Berar]] for revenue collection.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=185}} [[Aurangzeb]] also permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]; the weakened Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II]] sued for peace and granted the rights of ''[[sardeshmukhi]]'' [[sardeshmukhi|and]] ''[[chauth]]ai'' to Shivaji.{{Sfn|Gordon|1993|p=231}}

== Resumption of hostilities ==
[[File:Shivaji Rijksmuseum.jpg|thumb|Indian miniature depicting Shivaji {{Circa|1680}} ]]

The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted until 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close ties between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp his throne, and might even have been receiving bribes from Shivaji.<ref name="Deopujari1973">{{cite book|author=Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|page=138}}</ref>{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=460}} At that time, Aurangzeb, who was occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army in the Deccan; many of the disbanded soldiers quickly joined Maratha service.{{sfn|Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne|2000|p=461}} The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shambhaji to recover the money lent a few years earlier for his father's trip to Agra.<ref name="Richard"/>{{rp|212}}{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=173–174}} In response, Shivaji launched an offensive against the Mughals and in a span of four months{{When|date=September 2025|reason=do we know which 4 months?}} recovered a major portion of the territories that had been surrendered to them.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=175}}

Shivaji sacked Surat for a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel his attack, but he managed to sack the city itself, including plundering the goods of a Muslim prince from [[Mawara-un-Nahr]], who was returning from [[Mecca]]. Angered by the renewed attacks, the Mughals sent a force under [[Daud Khan Panni|Daud Khan]] to intercept Shivaji on his return home from Surat; they clashed in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day [[Nashik]] and Shivaji and the Maratha force emerged victorious.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=189}}

In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces to harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused to sell him war materiel, his forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay. In September 1671, Shivaji sent an ambassador to Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri. The English had misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this conquest, but also did not want to lose any chance of receiving compensation for his looting their factories at Rajapur. The English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to meet with Shivaji, but negotiations failed over the issue of the Rajapur indemnity. Numerous exchanges of envoys followed over the coming years, with some agreement as to the arms issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay the Rajapur indemnity before his death, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=393}}

=== Battles of Umrani and Nesari ===
{{See also|Battle of Umrani}}

In 1674, [[Prataprao Gujar]], the ''sarnaubat'' (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces), and [[Anandrao]] were sent to push back the invading Bijapuri force led by General Bahlol Khan. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured Bahol Khan in battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. In spite of Shivaji's specific warnings against doing so, Prataprao released Bahlol Khan, who started preparing for a fresh invasion.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=230–233}}

Shivaji sent a letter to Prataprao, expressing his displeasure and refusing him an audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured. Upset by this rebuke, Prataprao found Bahlol Khan and charged his position with only six other horsemen, leaving his main force behind, and was killed in combat. Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]], to Prataprao's daughter. Prataprao was succeeded by [[Hambirrao Mohite]], as the new ''sarnaubat''. [[Raigad Fort]] was newly built by [[Hiroji Indulkar]], as a capital of the nascent Maratha kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025|reason=Better source is needed for this paragraph}}<ref name="Malavika_1999">{{cite journal | author= Malavika Vartak| title =Shivaji Maharaj: Growth of a Symbol | journal =Economic and Political Weekly| volume =34 | issue =19 | pages =1126–1134 | date =May 1999| jstor =4407933 }}</ref>

== Coronation ==
[[File:The Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance.jpg|thumb|280x280px|20th century depiction of the Coronation Durbar with over 100 characters depicted in attendance by M.V. Dhurandhar]]
[[File:Deccan, ritratto di chhatrapati shivaji maharaj, bijapur 1675 ca.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Shivaji I c. 1675]]

Shivaji had acquired extensive lands and wealth through his campaigns, but lacked a formal title, he was still technically a Mughal [[zamindar]] or the son of a Bijapuri [[jagirdar]], with no legal basis to rule his de facto domain. He sought a kingly title which could address this and also prevent challenges by other Maratha leaders, who were his equals.{{efn|Most of the Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.{{Sfn|Jasper|2003|p=215}}}} A title would also provide the [[Marathi people|Hindu Marathis]] with a Hindu sovereign in a region otherwise ruled by Muslims.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=239–240}}

The preparation for a proposed coronation began in 1673. However, some controversies delayed the coronation by almost a year.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=87}} One controversy erupted amongst the [[Brahmin]]s of Shivaji's court: they refused to crown Shivaji as a king because that status was reserved for those of the ''[[kshatriya]] [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' (warrior class) in Hindu society.<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Revenge and Reconciliation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA110|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-029045-5|pages=110–|quote=On the ground that Shivaji was merely a Maratha and not a kshatriya by caste, Maharashtra's Brahmins had refused to conduct a sacred coronation. }}</ref> Shivaji was descended from a line of headmen of farming villages, and the Brahmins accordingly categorized him as a Maratha, not a Kshatriya.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=87-88}}<ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book|author1=B. S. Baviskar|author2=D. W. Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395|date= 2013|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1865-7|pages=395–}}</ref> They noted that Shivaji had never had a [[sacred thread]] ceremony, and did not wear the thread, such as a kshatriya would.{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=88}} When Shivaji came to know about this conspiracy, he later bribed and summoned [[Gaga Bhatt]], a [[pandit]] of Varanasi, who stated that he had found a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]]s, and thus indeed a kshatriya, albeit one who had not had the ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sunder |first=B. Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-c4tAAAAMAAJ&q=bribed+gaga+bhatt |title=They Burn: The 160,000,000 Untouchables of India |date=1987 |publisher=Dalit Sahitya Akademy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chand |first=Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2eKAAAAMAAJ&q=bribed |title=Saffron Fascism |date=2002 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya|1975|p=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7 7]}} To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred thread ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the [[Marriage in Hinduism|Vedic rites]] expected of a kshatriya.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=321}}<ref name="Godsmark2018">{{cite book|author=Oliver Godsmark|title=Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|date=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-18821-0|pages=40–}}</ref> However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's claim to [[Rajput]], and specifically of Sisodia ancestry, may be seen as tenuous at best, to purely invented.<ref name="Varma & Saberwal">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ|title=Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History|last1=Varma|first1=Supriya|last2=Saberwal|first2=Satish|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566915-2|page=250|language=en}}</ref>

On 28 May, Shivaji did penance for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites for so long. Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt with the sacred thread.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=244}} On the insistence of other Brahmins, Gaga Bhatt omitted the Vedic chant and initiated Shivaji into a modified form of the life of the [[Dvija|twice-born]], instead of putting him on a par with the Brahmins. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins, deliberate or accidental, committed in his own lifetime.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}} He was weighed separately against seven metals including gold, silver, and several other articles, such fine linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these articles, along with a [[lakh]] (one hundred thousand) of hun, were distributed among the Brahmins. According to Sarkar, even this failed to satisfy the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, while conducting his raids, had killed Brahmins, cows, women, and children. He could be cleansed of these sins for a price of [[Rupee|Rs]]. 8,000, which Shivaji paid.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=245}} The total expenditure for feeding the assemblage, general almsgiving, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million [[rupee]]s.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=252}}

On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king of the [[Maratha Empire]] (''[[Hindavi Swarajya|Hindavi Swaraj]]'') in a lavish ceremony at Raigad fort.<ref name="Pillai2018">{{cite book|author=Manu S Pillai|title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2018|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-73-4|page=xvi}}</ref><ref name="Barua2005">{{cite book |first=Pradeep |last=Barua | title=The State at War in South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA42 | year= 2005 | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 | page=42 }}</ref> In the [[Hindu calendar]] it was the 13th day (''trayodashi'') of the first fortnight of the month of ''[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]]'' in the year 1596.<ref name="RauArchives1980">{{cite book|author=Mallavarapu Venkata Siva Prasada Rau (Andhra Pradesh Archives)|title=Archival organization and records management in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtmAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Published under the authority of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh by the Director of State Archives (Andhra Pradesh State Archives)|page=393}}</ref> Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring water from a gold vessel filled with the waters of the seven sacred rivers—[[Yamuna]], [[Indus]], [[Ganges]], [[Godavari]], [[Narmada]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], and [[Kaveri]]—over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before his mother, Jijabai, and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Yuva Bharati|year=1974|publisher=Vivekananda Rock Memorial Committee|page=13|edition=Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vUoAAAAYAAJ&q=50,000+people+shivaji+coronation|quote=About 50,000 people witnessed the coronation ceremony and arrangements were made for their boarding and lodging.}}</ref> Shivaji was entitled ''Shakakarta'' ("founder of an era"){{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=222}} and ''[[Chhatrapati]]'' ("[[Pati (title)|Lord]] of the [[Chatra (umbrella)|Umbrella]]"). He also took the title of ''[[Defender of Faith|Haindava Dharmodhhaarak]]'' (protector of the Hindu faith)<ref name="Chandra1982"/> and ''Kshatriya Kulavantas'':<ref name="Sardesai2002">{{cite book |author=H. S. Sardesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA431 |title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7755-286-7 |page=431}}</ref><ref name="Kulkarnee1975">{{cite book |author=Narayan H. Kulkarnee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faodAAAAMAAJ&q=kshatriya+Kulawatans |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology |publisher=Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti |year=1975}}</ref><ref name="Singh1998">{{cite book |author=U. B. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S30xOPtnzZYC&pg=PA92 |title=Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947 |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7024-928-3 |page=92}}</ref> ''Kshatriya'' being the varna{{efn|''Varna'' is sometimes also termed {{lang|sa|[[Varnashrama Dharma]]}}}} of [[Hinduism]] and {{lang|sa|kulavantas}} meaning the 'head of the {{lang|sa|kula}}, or clan'.<ref name="Sharma1978">{{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&pg=PA72 |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1978 |page=72 |id=GGKEY:RYD56P78DL9}}</ref>

Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674. The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantric priest, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. This second coronation, on 24 September 1674, mollified those who still believed that Shivaji was not qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, by being a less controversial ceremony.<ref name="Srivastava1964">{{cite book|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.–1707 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=701|quote=Shivaji was obliged to undergo a second coronation ceremony on 4th October 1674, on the suggestion of a well-known Tantrik priest, named Nishchal Puri Goswami, who said that Gaga Bhatta had performed the ceremony at an inauspicious hour and neglected to propitiate the spirits adored in the Tantra. That was why, he said, the queen mother Jija Bai had died within twelve days of the ceremony and similar other mishaps had occurred.}}</ref><ref name="Branch1975">{{cite book|author=Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch|title=Shivaji and swarajya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytQgAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Orient Longman|page=61|quote=one to establish that Shivaji belonged to the Kshatriya clan and that he could be crowned a Chhatrapati and the other to show that he was not entitled to the Vedic form of recitations at the time of the coronation}}</ref><ref name="Sharma1951">{{cite book|author=Shripad Rama Sharma|title=The Making of Modern India: From A.D. 1526 to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAUdAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=223|quote=The coronation was performed at first according to the Vedic rites, then according to the Tantric. Shivaji was anxious to satisfy all sections of his subjects. There was some doubt about his Kshatriya origin (see note at the end of this chapter). This was of more than academic interest to his contemporaries, especially Brahmans [Brahmins]. Traditionally considered the highest caste in the Hindu social hierarchy. the Brahmans would submit to Shivaji, and officiate at his coronation, only if his}}</ref>

== Conquest in southern India ==
[[File:Tanjore Maratha Kingdom.jpg|thumb|[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Tanjavur Maratha Kingdom]]]]

Beginning in 1674, the Marathas undertook an aggressive campaign, raiding [[Khandesh]] (October), capturing Bijapuri [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] (April 1675), [[Karwar]] (mid-year), and [[Kolhapur]] (July).{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=17}} In November, the Maratha navy skirmished with the [[Siddi]]s of [[Janjira State|Janjira]], but failed to dislodge them.<ref name="(India)1967">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXtEAQAAIAAJ|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Maratha period|author=Maharashtra (India)|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1967|page=147}}</ref> Having recovered from an illness, and taking advantage of a civil war that had broken out between the Deccanis and the Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided [[Athani (Karnataka)|Athani]] in April 1676.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=258}}

In the run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense of Deccani patriotism, that Southern India was a homeland that should be protected from outsiders.<ref name="Kruijtzer2009">{{cite book|author=Gijs Kruijtzer|title=Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTTJa0usl80C|year= 2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8728-068-0|pages=153–190}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=A. R.|title=Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1990|volume=49|pages=221–226|jstor=42930290 }}</ref> His appeal was somewhat successful, and in 1677 Shivaji visited [[Hyderabad]] for a month and entered into a treaty with the [[Qutubshah]] of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce his alliance with Bijapur and jointly oppose the Mughals.

In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, backed by Golkonda artillery and funding.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=276}} Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of [[Vellore]] and [[Gingee]];<ref name="Jr.2010">{{cite book| author=Everett Jenkins Jr. |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1|pages=201–}}</ref> the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son [[Rajaram I]].{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=290}} This conquest gave him possession of vast territory in Mysore plateau and Madras Carnatic, containing 100 forts.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In August 1677, Shivaji aided by local disgruntled chieftains, invaded the kingdom ruled by Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar and plundered Srirangapatna. In the battle that followed, Chikkadevaraja subdued Shivaji and adopted the title ''Apratima Vira'' meaning "unparalleled hero".<ref>{{cite book | last=Muddhachari | first=B. | title=The Mysore-Maratha relations in the 17th century | publisher=Prasārānga, University of Mysore | year=1969 |page=16,137-141}}</ref>

Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother [[Venkoji]] (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née [[Mohite (clan)|Mohite]]), who ruled [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]] (Tanjore) after Shahaji. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions on the [[Mysore plateau]]. Venkoji's wife Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji deeply respected, took up new negotiations with Shivaji and also convinced her husband to distance himself from his Muslim advisors. In the end, Shivaji consented to turn over to her and her female descendants many of the properties he had seized, with Venkoji consenting to a number of conditions for the proper administration of the territories and maintenance of [[Shahaji|Shahji]]'s tomb ([[Samadhi (shrine)|''samadhi'']]).{{sfn|Sardesai|1957|p=251}}<ref name="Jayapal1997">{{cite book|author=Maya Jayapal|title=Bangalore: the story of a city|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEluAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Eastwest Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-86852-09-5|page=20|quote=Shivaji's and Ekoji's armies met in battle on 26 November 1677, and Ekoji was defeated. By the treaty he signed, Bangalore and the adjoining areas were given to Shivaji, who then made them over to Ekoji's wife Deepabai to be held by her, with the proviso that Ekoji had to ensure that Shahaji's Memorial was well tended.}}</ref>

== Death and succession ==
[[File:Sambhaji painting late 17th century.png|thumb|[[Sambhaji]], Shivaji's elder son who succeeded him|271x271px]]
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj Samadhi (Memorial).jpg|left|thumb|Samadhi of Shivaji-I (Memorial)]]
The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated. In 1678, Shivaji confined his son [[Sambhaji]] to [[Panhala Fort]] for having an addiction to sensual pleasures or violating a Brahmin woman.<ref>
*{{cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |author-link=James Laine |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514126-9 |page=93 |chapter=Cracks in the Narrative |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0006 |quote=Besides the fact that Shivaji grew up apart from his father, we are also aware of his testy relationship with his oldest son Sambhaji, who deserted his father's cause for a time and allied with the Mughals, and is primarily remembered for his affronts to the chaste virtue of brahmin women, his drug use, and his association with Tantric priests of questionable integrity |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10230/chapter/157915767}}
*{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=215 |chapter=Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan |quote=In December 1678, in disgrace for the rape of a respectable Brahmin woman, [he] escaped his father's surveillance and fled.}}
*{{cite book |author=Rajaram Narayan Saletore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ikbAAAAYAAJ |title=Sex in Indian Harem Life |publisher=Orient Paperbacks |year=1978 |page=143 |quote=During his life-time his son Sambhaji's conduct was a source of grief and vexation to him. When Sambhaji attempted to violate a Brahman's wife, Shivaji confined his son for a time in Panhala fort and, after his release, placed a strict watch over him.}}
*{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PA551 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=1986 |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=47 |quote=Though an excellent warrior, he became addicted to sensual pleasures on attaining maturity and displayed irresponsible conduct, unbecoming of a crown prince. What Salim had been to Akbar, Sambhaji was to his father Shivaji.}}
*{{cite book |last=Vatsal |first=Tulsi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kygKAQAAIAAJ |title=Indian political history, from the Marathas to modern times |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1982 |page=29 |quote='Unlike his father,' observes Khafi Khan, 'Sambhaji was addicted to wine, and fond of the society of handsome women, and gave himself up to pleasure.' He was not merely dissolute; in 1678 he had actually deserted to the Mughal camp and had attacked the Maratha fort of Bhupalgad, and Shivaji had been forced to keep him in confinement at Panhala.}}
</ref> Only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the [[Mughals]] where he fought against Shivaji in the [[Battle of Bhupalgarh]]. Upon returning home, unrepentant, he was again confined to Panhala Fort.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}}

In late March 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and [[dysentery]],<ref name="k052">{{cite book | last=Eraly | first=Abraham | title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals | publisher=Penguin Books India | date=2000 | isbn=978-0-14-100143-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA475 | access-date=2025-08-12 | page=}}</ref> dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 50,{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=278}} at [[Raigad Fort]], on the eve of [[Hanuman Jayanti]]. The cause of Shivaji's death is disputed. British records states that Shivaji died of [[bloody flux]], after being sick for 12 days.{{Efn|As for the cause of his death, the Bombay Council's letter dated 28 April 1680 says: "We have certain news that Shivaji Rajah is dead. It is now 23 days since he deceased, it is said of a bloody flux, being sick 12 days." A contemporaneous Portuguese document states that Shivaji died of anthrax. However, none of these sources provides sufficient details to draw a definite conclusion. The Sabhasad Chronicle states that the King died of fever, while some versions of the A.K. Chronicle state that he died of "navjvar" (possibly typhoid).{{Sfn|Mehendale|2011|p=1147}}}} In a contemporary work in Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded cause of death of Shivaji is anthrax.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pissurlencar|first=Pandurang Sakharam|title=Portuguese-Mahratta Relations|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|pages=61}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=Mehendale|first=Gajanan Bhaskar|title=Shivaji his life and times|date=2011|publisher=Param Mitra Publications|isbn=978-93-80875-17-0|location=India|pages=1147|oclc=801376912}}</ref> However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of ''[[Sabhasad Bakhar]]'', a biography of Shivaji has mentioned fever as the cause of death.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> [[Putalabai]], the childless eldest of the surviving wives of Shivaji committed ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' by jumping into his funeral pyre. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=47}} There were also allegations, though doubted by later scholars, that his second wife [[Soyarabai]] had poisoned him in order to put her 10-year-old son [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] on the throne.{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=53}}

After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson [[Sambhaji]]. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji took possession of [[Raigad Fort]] after killing the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=48}} Rajaram, his mother Soyarabai and wife [[Jankibai|Janki Bai]] were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges of conspiracy that October.<ref name="SharmaLāʼibrerī2004">{{cite book|author=Sunita Sharma, K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī|title=Veil, sceptre, and quill: profiles of eminent women, 16th–18th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2kaAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library|page=139|quote=By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad, along with his mother Soyra Bai and his wife Janki Bai. Soyra Bai was put to death on charge of conspiracy.}}</ref>

== Governance ==

=== Ashta Pradhan Mandal ===
{{Main|Ashta Pradhan}}

The Council of Eight Ministers, or ''[[Ashta Pradhan]] Mandal'', was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji.<ref name=":0">{{Britannica|38366|Ashta Pradhan}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |title=The Marathas |date=2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |language=en}}</ref> It consisted of eight ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative matters. The eight ministers were as follows:<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Mahajan|first=V. D.|title=India since 1526|date=2000|publisher=S. Chand|isbn=81-219-1145-1|edition=17th ed., rev. & enl|location=New Delhi|pages=203|oclc=956763986}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+Ashta Pradhan Mandal
!Minister
!Duty
|-
|[[Peshwa]] or Prime Minister
|General administration
|-
|[[Amatya]] or Finance Minister
|Maintaining public accounts
|-
|[[Mantri]] or Chronicler
|Maintaining court records
|-
|Summant or [[Dabir]] or Foreign Secretary
|All matters related to relationships with other states
|-
|[[Sachiv]] or Shurn Nawis or Home Secretary
|Managing correspondence of the king
|-
|Panditrao or Ecclesiastical Head
|Religious matters
|-
|Nyayadhis or Chief Justice
|Civil and military justice
|-
|[[Senapati]]/Sari Naubat or Commander-in-Chief
|All matters related to army of the king
|}

Except the Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all other ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being performed by deputies.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

=== Promotion of Marathi and Sanskrit ===
At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi, and emphasised Hindu political and courtly traditions. Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a systematic tool of description and understanding.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA50|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|page=50|language=en}}</ref> Shivaji's royal seal was in Sanskrit. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials [[Raghunath Pandit]] to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and [[Arabic]] terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to the production of the ''[[Rajya Vyavahara Kosha|Rājavyavahārakośa]]'', the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.<ref name=":4" />

=== Religious policy ===
Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant. While encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not only allowed Muslims to practice without harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=421}}

Noting that Shivaji had stemmed the spread of the neighbouring Muslim states, his contemporary, the poet [[Kavi Bhushan]] stated:

{{blockquote|Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned into a mosque and all would have been circumcised.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=American Oriental Society|title=Journal of the American Oriental Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K684AAAAIAAJ|access-date=27 September 2012|year=1963|publisher=American Oriental Society|page=476}}</ref>}}

However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book ''Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India'', argues that the foundation for modern Hindu-Muslim [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] was laid in the decade 1677–1687, in the interplay between Shivaji and Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).<ref>Gijs Kruijtzer (2009). ''Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India''. Leiden University Press. pp. 8–9.</ref> During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] friar who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."<ref name="Pissurlencar1975">{{cite book|author=Panduronga S. S. Pissurlencar|title=The Portuguese and the Marathas: Translation of Articles of the Late Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses E Maratas in Portuguese Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdoBAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=State Board for Literature and Culture, Government of Maharashtra|page=152}}</ref>

Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. He was tolerant of different religions and believed in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim nations, even against Hindu powers. He also did not join forces with certain other Hindu powers fighting the Mughals, such as the Rajputs.{{Efn|Shivaji was not attempting to create a universal Hindu rule. Over and over, he espoused tolerance and syncretism. He even called on Aurangzeb to act like Akbar in according respect to Hindu beliefs and places. Shivaji had no difficulty in allying with the Muslim states which surrounded him – Bijapur, Golconda, and the Mughals – even against Hindu powers, such as the nayaks of the Karnatic. Further, he did not ally with other Hindu powers, such as the Rajputs, rebelling against the Mughals.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=81}}}} His own army had Muslim leaders from early on. The first Pathan unit was formed in 1656. His admiral, Darya Sarang, was a Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Darya+Sarang+shivaji&pg=PT143 |title=Medieval Maratha Country |date=July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-072-9 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Shivaji's letter (1).jpg|Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji
File:Samples of MoDi writing.jpg|Writings of [[Modi script|Modi Script]]. line 2 is from the time of Shivaji
</gallery>

====Ramdas====
Shivaji was a contemporary of [[Samarth Ramdas]]. Historian [[Stewart N. Gordon|Stewart Gordon]] concludes about their relationship:

{{blockquote|Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was a close follower of Ramdas, a Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an orthodox Hindu path; recent research has shown that Shivaji did not meet or know Ramdas until late in his life. Rather, Shivaji followed his own judgement throughout his remarkable career.<ref name="Gordon2007">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date= 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9|page=85}}</ref>}}

=== Seal ===
[[File:Shivaji's seal, enlarged.jpg|thumb|Royal seal of Shivaji]]

Seals were a means to confer authenticity on official documents. Shahaji and Jijabai had Persian seals. But Shivaji, right from the beginning, used Sanskrit for his seal.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last1=Pollock|first1=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC&pg=PA60|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|date=2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|page=60|language=en}}</ref> The seal proclaims: "This seal of Shiva, son of Shah, shines forth for the welfare of the people and is meant to command increasing respect from the universe like the first phase of the moon."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls |date= 2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT545 |language=en}}</ref>

== Modes of warfare ==
Shivaji maintained a small but effective standing army. The core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of Maratha and [[Kunbi]] castes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=3 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58691-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |language=en}}</ref> Shivaji was aware of the limitations of his army. He realised that conventional warfare methods were inadequate to confront the big, well-trained cavalry of the Mughals, which was equipped with field artillery. As a result, Shivaji mastered [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla tactics]] which became known as ''[[Ganimi kava|Ganimi Kawa]]'' in the [[Marathi language]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barua |first1=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=Shivaji,+realizing+that+he+could+not+defeat+the+imperial+armies+inhttps://books.google.co.in/books&pg=PA40 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Paul |title=Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders from the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-534235-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRRZ3Zeb4NsC&pg=PA481 |language=en}}</ref> His strategies consistently perplexed and defeated armies sent against him. He realized that the most vulnerable point of the large, slow-moving armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge of the local terrain and the superior mobility of his light cavalry to cut off supplies to the enemy.{{sfn|Gordon|2007|p=81}} Shivaji refused to confront the enemy in pitched battles. Instead, he lured the enemies into difficult hills and jungles of his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them. Shivaji did not adhere to a particular tactic but used several methods to undermine his enemies, as required by circumstances, such as sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes, and psychological warfare.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Kantak |first1=M. R. |title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles |date=1993 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-696-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&q=Shivaji&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref>

Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by [[Aurangzeb]] and his generals, because of his guerilla tactics of attacking enemy forces and then retreating into his mountain forts.<ref name="Wolpert1994">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Wolpert|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp|title=An Introduction to India|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=1994|isbn=978-0-14-016870-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00wolp/page/43 43]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Tinker1990">{{cite book|author=Hugh Tinker|url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink|title=South Asia: A Short History|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8248-1287-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/23 23]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Gordon93" />

=== Military ===
Shivaji demonstrated great skill in creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise of the Maratha Empire. His strategy rested on leveraging his ground forces, naval forces, and series of forts across his territory. The [[Maval]] infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced by Telangi musketeers from Karnataka) and supported by Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant on European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile form of warfare.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. R. |last=Kantak|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA18|year=1993|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-696-1|page=9}}</ref>

=== Hill forts ===
[[File:Suvela Machi from Balekilla.jpg|thumb|[[Rajgad#Suvela Machee (south east)|Suvela Machi]], view of southern sub-plateaux, as seen from [[Rajgad#Bale Killa (centre)|Ballekilla]], [[Rajgad]]]]
{{Main|Shivaji's forts}}

Hill forts played a key role in Shivaji's strategy. Ramchandra Amatya, one of Shivaji's ministers, describes the achievement of Shivaji by saying that his empire was created from forts.<ref>Abhang, C. J. (2014). UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS OF EAST INDIA COMPANY REGARDING DESTRUCTION OF FORTS IN JUNNER REGION. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 75, 448–454. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158417</ref> Shivaji captured important Adilshahi forts at Murambdev ([[Rajgad]]), [[Torna Fort|Torna]], Kondhana ([[Sinhagad]]), and [[Purandar fort|Purandar]]. He also rebuilt or repaired many forts in advantageous locations.{{sfn|Pagadi|1983|p=21}} In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts, numbering 111 according to some accounts, but it is likely the actual number "did not exceed 18."<ref name="Naravane1995">{{cite book|author=M. S. Naravane|title=Forts of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1995|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7024-696-1|page=14}}</ref> The historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] assessed that Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of his death.{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=408}} Each was placed under three officers of equal status, lest a single traitor be bribed or tempted to deliver it to the enemy. The officers acted jointly and provided mutual checks and balances.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=414}}

=== Navy ===
{{Main|Maratha Navy}}
[[File:Sindhudurg watchtower.JPG|thumb|[[Sindhudurg|Sindudurg Fort]] provided anchorages for Shivaji's Navy]]

Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the [[Konkan]] coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty [[galivat]]s from the Portuguese shipyards of [[Vasai|Bassein]].<ref name="Roy2011">{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA17|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79087-4|pages=17–}}</ref> Marathi chronicles state that at its height his fleet counted some 400 warships, although contemporary English chronicles counter that the number never exceeded 160.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}}

With the Marathas being accustomed to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for qualified crews for his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with naval operations (the famed "Malabar pirates"), as well as Muslim mercenaries.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=59}} Noting the power of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Portuguese sailors and Goan Christian converts and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him.<ref name="Shastry1981">{{cite book|author=Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry|title=Studies in Indo-Portuguese History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsYcAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=IBH Prakashana}}</ref>

Shivaji fortified his coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them. He built his first marine fort at [[Sindhudurg Fort|Sindhudurg]], which was to become the headquarters of the Maratha navy.<ref name="RoyLorge2014">{{cite book|author1=Kaushik Roy|author2=Peter Lorge|title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58710-1|pages=183–}}</ref> The navy itself was a [[green-water navy|coastal navy]], focused on travel and combat in the littoral areas and not intended for the [[high seas]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://optimizeias.com/new-naval-ensign-the-naval-prowess-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-that-has-always-inspired-the-indian-navy/ | title=New Naval Ensign: The naval prowess of Chhatrapati Shivaji that has always inspired the Indian Navy - Optimize IAS | date=3 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Misra1986">{{cite book|author=Raj Narain Misra|title=Indian Ocean and India's Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NhVz7mZCisC&pg=PA13|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=13–|id=GGKEY:CCJCT3CW16S}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|right|thumb|An early-20th-century painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]] of Shivaji and [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande|Baji Prabhu]] at Pawan Khind]]

=== Contemporaneous view ===
Shivaji was admired for his heroic exploits and clever stratagems in the contemporary accounts of English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian writers.<ref name=":11">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500042/2015.500042.Foreign-Biographies#page/n15/mode/1up|title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji|last=Sen|first=Surendra|publisher=London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co. ltd.|year=1928|volume=II|page=xiii}}</ref> The French traveller [[Francois Bernier]] wrote in his ''Travels in Mughal India'':<ref>{{cite book |author=Surendra Nath Sen |title=Foreign Biographies of Shivaji |publisher=K. P. Bagchi |year=1977 |pages=14, 139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89sJAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>

<blockquote>I forgot to mention that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi! respected the habitation of the Reverend Father Ambrose, the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] missionary. 'The Frankish Padres are good men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He spared also the house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of the Dutch, because assured that he had been very charitable while alive.</blockquote>

[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "[[-ji]]". One Mughal writer in the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as {{Sort|ar|''[[kafir]] bi jahannum raft''}} ({{Literal translation|the infidel went to Hell}}).{{sfn|Truschke|2017|p=54}} His chivalrous treatment of enemies and women has been praised by Mughal authors, including Khafi Khan. Jadunath Sarkar writes:<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich |title=Shivaji and his times |date=1920 |publisher=London, New York, Longmans, Green and co. |others=University of California Libraries |pages=20–30, 43, 437, 158, 163}}</ref>

<blockquote>His chivalry to women and strict enforcement of morality in his camp was a wonder in that age and has extorted the admiration of hostile critics like Khafi Khan.</blockquote>

=== Early depictions ===
The earliest depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha court in Maharashtra are to be found in the [[bakhar]]s that depict Shivaji as an almost divine figure, an ideal Hindu king who overthrew Muslim dominion. The current academic consensus is that while these Bakhars are important for understanding how Shivaji was viewed in his time, they must be correlated with other sources to decide historical truth. ''[[Sabhasad Bakhar]]'' and ''[[91 Kalami Bakhar]]'' are considered the most reliable of all bakhars by scholars.<ref name="Gordon93" />

=== Nineteenth century ===

[[File:Bronze Statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.jpg|thumb|right|A miniature Bronze statue of Shivaji in the collection of the [[Aundh, Satara|Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh]]]]

In the mid–19th century, Marathi social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] wrote his interpretation of the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of the [[shudra]]s and [[dalit]]s. Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media.<ref name="Chakravarti2014">{{cite book|author=Uma Chakravarti|title=Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TenDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|year=2014|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-83074-63-1|pages=79–}}</ref>

In 1895, the Indian nationalist leader [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] organised what was to be an annual festival to mark the birthday of Shivaji.{{sfn|Wolpert|1962|pp=79–81}} He portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with possible negative implications concerning the colonial government.<ref name="Pati2011">{{cite book|author=Biswamoy Pati|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Popular Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4TWzCkjrm4C&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-18-4|page=101}}</ref> Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero.{{Sfn|Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya|1975|p=107}} These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the annals of the Hindu race point to a single hero whom even the tongue of slander will not dare call a chief of [[Dacoity|dacoits]]...?"<ref>{{cite book|title=Indo-British Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indo-British Historical Society|page=75}}</ref>

One of the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view of Shivaji was [[M. G. Ranade]], whose ''Rise of the Maratha Power'' (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ... This is a very common feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the works of English historians."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA121|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|first=Karline |last=McLain|page=121}}</ref>

In 1919, [[Jadunath Sarkar|Sarkar]] published the seminal Shivaji and His Times. Sarkar was able to read primary sources in Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism of the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=136–|quote=Shivaji and His Times, was widely regarded as the authoritative follow-up to Grant Duff. An erudite, painstaking Rankean scholar, Sarkar was also able to access a wide variety of sources through his mastery of Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, but as explained in the last chapter, he earned considerable hostility from the Poona [Pune] school for his sharp criticism of the "chauvinism" he saw in Marathi historians' appraisals of the Marathas}}</ref> Likewise, although supporters cheered his depiction of the killing of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the killing of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[raja]] Chandrao More and his clan.<ref name="Bayly2011">{{cite book|author=C. A. Bayly|title=Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GLAWY6L8fIC&pg=PA282|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50518-5|pages=282–}}</ref>

In 1937, [[Dennis Kincaid]], a British civil servant in India, published ''[[The Grand Rebel]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dennis Kincaid |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283296 |title=The Grand Rebel |date=1937}}</ref> This book portrays Shivaji as a heroic rebel and a master strategist fighting a much larger Mughal army.<ref name="Gordon93" />

=== Post independence ===
[[File:Shivaji Maharaj Raigad2.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji at [[Raigad Fort]]]]

In modern times, Shivaji is considered as a national hero in India,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=19 February 2015 |title='Chatrapati Shivaji was a national hero' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chatrapati-shivaji-was-a-national-hero/article6915168.ece |access-date=12 August 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2003 |title=Appropriating a national hero |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/article30217102.ece |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=BBC Radio 4 in Four, Shivaji: An icon of Hindu pride |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02stvy6 |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> especially in the state of Maharashtra, where he remains an important figure in the state's history. Stories of his life form an integral part of the upbringing and identity of the [[Marathi people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuber |first=Girish |title=Renaissance State : the unwritten story of the making of maharashtra. |date=2021 |publisher=Harper Collins India |isbn=978-93-90327-39-3 |location=[S.l.] |pages=69–78 |oclc=1245346175}}</ref>

[[Hindutva]] activists are noted for appropriating Shivaji by presenting him as "Hindu king" who "fought against Muslim rulers", contrary to historic accounts that show he belonged to a marginalised caste and held secular values.<ref name="r146">{{cite web | last=Ganeshan | first=Balakrishna | title=Shivaji statues in Telangana: BJP's politics of Hindu right-wing iconography, Dalit backlash | website=Newslaundry | date=6 November 2023 | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/11/06/shivaji-statues-in-telangana-bjps-politics-of-hindu-right-wing-iconography-dalit-backlash | access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="q235">{{cite web | last=Daniyal | first=Shoaib | title=Protector of Brahmins or peasant king? Why a historian of Shivaji is on Sanatan Sanstha's hitlist | website=Scroll.in | date=9 September 2018 | url=https://scroll.in/article/893168/protector-of-brahmins-or-peasant-king-why-a-historian-of-shivaji-is-on-sanatan-sansthas-hitlist | access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="j001">{{cite book | last1=Jayawardena | first1=K. | last2=de Alwis | first2=M. | title=Embodied Violence: Communalising Female Sexuality in South Asia | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | series=ACLS Humanities E-Book | year=1996 | isbn=978-1-85649-448-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2AObmt7Z8wC&pg=PA163 | access-date=13 October 2024 | page=163}}</ref>

==== Political parties ====
In 1966, the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] ({{Literal translation|Army of Shivaji}}) political party was formed to promote the interests of Marathi-speaking people in the face of migration to Maharashtra from other parts of India, and the accompanying loss of power of locals. His image adorns literature, propaganda, and icons of the party.<ref name="Naipaul2011">{{cite book |last=Naipaul |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYeWbmq7pkIC&pg=PT65 |title=India: A Wounded Civilization |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-78934-1 |page=65 |author-link=V. S. Naipaul}}</ref>

Shivaji is seen as a hero by regional political parties and also by the Maratha-caste-dominated [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}}

=== Controversies related to Shivaji's depiction ===
In the late 20th century, [[Babasaheb Purandare]] became one of the most significant authors in portraying Shivaji in his writings, leading him to be declared in 1964 as the ''Shiv-Shahir'' ({{Literal translation|Bard of Shivaji}}).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlZPAQAAMAAJ |title=Lok Sabha Debates |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=1952 |page=121 |quote=Will the Minister of Education, Social Welfare and Culture be pleased to state: (a) whether Shri Shivshahir Bawa Saheb Purandare of Maharashtra has sought the permission of Central Government ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLtjAAAAMAAJ |title=The Indian P.E.N. |publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre. |year=1964 |page=32 |quote=Sumitra Raje Bhonsale of Satara honoured Shri Purandare with the title of "Shiva-shahir" and donated Rs. 301 for the proposed publication.}}</ref> However, Purandare, a Brahmin, was also accused of overstating the influence of Brahmin gurus on Shivaji,{{sfn|Laine|2011|p=164}} and his [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] award ceremony in 2015 was protested by those claiming he had defamed Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news |author=Krishna Kumar |date=20 August 2015 |title=Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/writer-babasaheb-purandare-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-despite-protests/articleshow/48551741.cms}}</ref>

In 1993, the ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India|Illustrated Weekly]]'' published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims ''per se'', and that his style of governance was influenced by that of the Mughal Empire. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice", and [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] called for the writer's public flogging. Maharashtra brought legal action against the publisher under regulations prohibiting enmity between religious and cultural groups, but a High Court found that the ''Illustrated Weekly'' had operated within the bounds of freedom of expression.<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-08840-3|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Raminder |last1=Kaur|first2=William |last2=Mazzarella|title=Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QOWRn_i1kcC&pg=PA1|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35335-1|page=1}}</ref>

[[File:Emperor of Maratha India.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shivaji opposite the [[Gateway of India]] in [[South Mumbai]]]]

In 2003, the American academic [[James W. Laine]] published his book ''Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India'' to, what [[Ananya Vajpeyi]] terms, a regime of "cultural policing by militant Marathas".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3561499.stm |title=India seeks to arrest US scholar |work=BBC News |date=23 March 2004 |access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vajpeyi |first=Ananya |date=August 2004 |title=The Past and its Passions: Writing History in Hard Times |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764300402000207 |journal=Studies in History |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=317–329 |doi=10.1177/025764300402000207 |s2cid=162555504 |issn=0257-6430|url-access=subscription }}</ref> As a result of this publication, the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], in Pune, where Laine had done research, was attacked by the [[Sambhaji Brigade]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Maratha-activists-vandalise-Bhandarkar-Institute/articleshow/407226.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title= 'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute |access-date=3 May 2021 |date=6 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Where The Stream Of Reason Lost Its Way... |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/where-the-stream-of-reason-lost-its-way/73400/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=12 January 2004}}</ref> Laine was even threatened with arrest,<ref name=":5" /> and the book was banned in [[Maharashtra]] in January 2004. The ban was lifted by the [[Bombay High Court]] in 2007, and in July 2010 the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the lifting of the ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-lifts-ban-on-James-Laines-book-on-Shivaji/articleshow/6148410.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811082818/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-09/india/28276644_1_kunda-pramila-ban-apex-court|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji|date=9 July 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html|title=Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai|publisher=webindia123.com|date=10 July 2010|access-date=25 September 2013|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929072624/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20100710/1545431.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rahul Chandawarkar|date=10 July 2010|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_hard-liners-slam-state-supreme-court-decision-on-laine-s-shivaji-book_1407732|title=Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book|newspaper=DNA India|access-date= 25 September 2013}}</ref>

== Commemorations ==
Statues of Shivaji are found in every [[Tehsil|taluka]] in Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khapre |first=Shubhangi |date=30 August 2024 |title=In Maharashtra, everybody loves a Shivaji statue |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-maharashtra-everybody-loves-a-shivaji-statue-9540926/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830040804/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-maharashtra-everybody-loves-a-shivaji-statue-9540926/ |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Dipanita |date=19 February 2022 |title=Shiv Jayanti Special: The story behind world's first equestrian statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji in Pune |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/shiv-jayanti-chhatrapati-shivaji-statue-pune-7781082/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240827175018/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/shiv-jayanti-chhatrapati-shivaji-statue-pune-7781082/ |archive-date=27 August 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> as well as in many places across India, including Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Aroosa |date=11 August 2017 |title=Mumbai to get sixth Shivaji statue outside CST |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-to-get-sixth-shivaji-statue-outside-cst/ |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Pune]],<ref name=":8" /> [[New Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2003 |title=Kalam unveils Shivaji statue |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928043424/http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/29/stories/2003042907691200.htm |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=17 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Surat]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Saiyed |first=Kamaal |date=15 July 2012 |title=Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031192820/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/modi-unveils-shivaji-statue-at-limbayat/974660 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |access-date=17 September 2012 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> and [[Yellur, Belgaum|Yellur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=5 March 2023 |title=Descendant of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj again unveils statue at Rajhansgad Fort |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/descendant-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-again-unveils-statue-at-rajhansgad-fort/article66584315.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305173738/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/descendant-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-again-unveils-statue-at-rajhansgad-fort/article66584315.ece |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There are also statues outside of India including in [[San Jose, California]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Justin |date=10 February 2023 |title=San Jose statue depicting heroic Indian ruler found after being stolen |url=https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/san-jose-statue-depicting-heroic-indian-ruler-found-after-being-stolen/ |work=KRON4}}</ref> and [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhinay |date=28 April 2023 |title=Fadnavis unveils Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's statue in Mauritius |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fadnavis-unveils-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharajs-statue-in-mauritius/article66790571.ece |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:Killa, Konavade.jpg|thumb|A replica of [[Raigad Fort]] built by children on occasion of Diwali as a tribute to Shivaji.]]

Several Mumbai landmarks were renamed for Shivaji in the 1990s, around the same time that Bombay was renamed Mumbai.<ref name="DNATakeHomeArticle">{{cite web |title=Now, you can take museum relics home from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-now-you-can-take-museum-relics-home-from-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-vastu-sangrahalaya-1890382 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816205604/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-now-you-can-take-museum-relics-home-from-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-vastu-sangrahalaya-1890382 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=30 June 2015 |website=www.dnaindia.com |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.}}</ref> The Prince of Wales Museum, which is devoted to Indian history, was renamed [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]].<ref name="DNATakeHomeArticle" /> Victoria Terminus, Mumbai's main railway station and the headquarters of the [[Central Railway zone]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> was initially renamed [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] and later renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus.<ref name="railway-station-rename">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-railway-station-renamed-to-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-terminus/articleshow/59390999.cms |access-date=14 January 2018 |newspaper=Times of India |issue=30 June}}</ref> Similarly, Mumbai's busiest airport, Sahar International Airport, was first renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport and further renamed to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=Mumbai airport renamed as Chhatrapati Shivaji 'Maharaj' International Airport |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-airport-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-international-airport-5333252/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Other commemorations include the Indian Navy's [[INS Shivaji]] station<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |title=INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training |publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031536/http://indiannavy.nic.in/training/navy-training/ins-shivaji-engineering-training-establishment |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> and numerous [[postage stamp]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Watermarked%20paper/CHHATRAPATI%20SHIVAJI%20MAHARAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |publisher=Indianpost.com |date=21 April 1980 |access-date=17 September 2012}}</ref> In 2022, the Indian prime minister unveiled the new ensign of the [[Indian Navy]], which was inspired by the seal of Shivaji.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2022 |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils Indian Navy's new ensign |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-unveils-indian-navys-new-ensign/article65839843.ece |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In Maharashtra, there has been a long tradition of children building replica forts with toy soldiers and other figures during the festival of [[Diwali]], in memory of Shivaji.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Shivaji-killas-express-pure-reverence/articleshow/6837729.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/pune/28232881_1_forts-historian-ninad-bedekar-diyas | url-status=live | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Shivaji killas express pure reverence | date=29 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__pQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972643-1 |language=en}}</ref>

A proposal to build a giant memorial called [[Shiv Smarak]] was approved in 2016; the memorial is to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. It will be {{convert|210|m}} tall, which will make it the [[List of tallest statues|world's tallest statue]] when completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/india-now-boasts-world-apos-190059518.html |title=India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size |work=[[Huffington Post]] |via=[[Yahoo! News]] |author=Nina Golgowski |date=31 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> As of August 2021, the project has been stalled since January 2019, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. Only the [[bathymetry]] survey has been completed, while the [[Geotechnical investigation|geotechnical survey]] was underway. Consequently, the state public works department proposed extending the completion date by a year, from 18 October 2021 to 18 October 2022.<ref name=connect2>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/contract-for-shivaji-memorial-project-pwd-proposes-extension-of-one-year-to-firm-without-cost-escalation-7466001/ |title= Contract for Shivaji Memorial Project, PWD proposes extension of one year to firm without cost escalation |website= indianexpress.com |date=23 August 2021 |accessdate=6 December 2021}}</ref>

== Sources ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist|40em}}

=== References ===
<references>
<ref name="Kulkarni1963">{{cite book |author=V. B. Kulkarni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8_AAAAMAAJ |title=Shivaji: The Portrait of a Patriot |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1963}}</ref>
</references>

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{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji: Coronation Tercentenary Commemoration Volume |date=1974–1975 |publisher=[[University of Bombay]] |editor-last=Apte |editor-first=B. K. |location=Bombay |oclc=3032928}}
* {{Cite book |last=Laine |first=James W. |author-link=James W. Laine |url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-514126-9 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |date=1976b |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053980 |journal=[[Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.2307/2053980 |jstor=2053980 |s2cid=162482005 |url-access=subscription |ref={{SfnRef|Pearson, Shivaji and Mughal decline|1976}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==


{{Commons category}}{{EB1911 poster|Sivaji|Shivaji}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Shivaji}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bhonsle]]||{{circa|1627/1630}}|3 April|1680}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-new
| reason = new state formed
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| years = 1674–1680
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Sambhaji]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Hinduism|Royalty|India|History}}{{Shivaji|state=collapsed}}
{{MarathaEmpire|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shivaji| ]]
[[Category:1630 births]]
[[Category:1680 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Maratha kings]]

[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:People from the Sultanate of Bijapur]]

Dhappa

2026-03-04T09:40:57Z

Victoruot: Made new article added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhappa
| image = Dhappa poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Girish Kulkarni]] Nipun Dharmadhikari
| story = Girish Kulkarni
| based_on = 
| producer = Sumatilal Shah
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography = Swapnil S. Sonawane
| editing = Suchitra Sathe
| music = Gandhaar
| studio = Ink Tales
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|2|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dhappa''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language drama film directed by [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/moment-of-glory-for-marathi-debutant-filmmakers-at-national-film-awards-5136751/|title=Moment of glory for Marathi debutant filmmakers at National Film Awards|first=Alifiya|last=Khan|date=14 April 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|quote=This year also saw the release of ''[[Baapjanma]]'', touted as Dharmadhikari's first feature film, though he clarified that ''Dhappa'' was made before it}}</ref> The film features several debutante child actors and was inspired by a true incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/7-films-to-watch-on-childrens-day-915337.html|title=7 films to watch on Children's Day|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|last=Joseph|first=Krupa|date=14 November 2020}}</ref> The film was shown at various film festivals including Jio MAMI 20th Mumbai Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jio-mami-20th-mumbai-film-festival-day-4-ghode-ko-jalebi-khilane-le-ja-riya-hoon-woman-at-war-and-serpentine-queues-5470591.html|title=Jio MAMI 20th Mumbai Film Festival Day 4: Ghode Ko Jalebi Khilane Le Ja Riya Hoon, Woman At War and serpentine queues|first=Kusumita|last=Das|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=30 October 2018}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Deepali Borkar
*Sharav Wadhawekar
*Sharavi Kulkarni
*Shrihari Abhyankar
*Akash Kamble
*[[Jyoti Subhash]]
*[[Girish Kulkarni]]
*[[Iravati Harshe]]
*Vrushali Kulkarni as Anuradha

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{fraction|3|1|2}} out of 5 and opined that "''Dhappa'' is not an aesthetically outstanding film and it has some loose ends as well. But what it lacks there, the film makes up for through its execution and performances".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/dhappa/movie-review/67789888.cms|title=DHAPPA MOVIE REVIEW|date=1 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film {{fraction|3|1|2}} out of 5 and said that "The film may set out to charm the viewer, but it does so with a bracing quality, and it is all put together in a palette that mashes whimsy with socio-political commentary, all in a non-cynical, positive sense".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhappa-movie-review-this-marathi-film-benefits-from-a-rare-narrative-completely-devoid-of-cynicism-6004981.html|title=Dhappa movie review: This Marathi film benefits from a rare narrative, completely devoid of cynicism|first=Mihir|last=Fadnavis|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=1 February 2019}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Lokmat]]'' rated the film {{fraction|3|1|2}} out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/reviews/marathi-cinema/dhappa-marathi-movie-review/|title=Dhappa Marathi Movie Review : एकात्मतेचा हलका फुलका 'धप्पा'|author=तेजल गावडे|language=Marathi|date=31 January 2019|work=[[Lokmat]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote that "Nipun Dharmadhikari’s Marathi-language movie fires its message of inter-faith tolerance and the need for free speech over the shoulders of children".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/911313/dhappa-film-review-a-simplistic-and-yet-winning-parable-of-childhood|title='Dhappa' film review: A simplistic and yet winning parable of childhood|date=1 February 2019|work=[[Scroll.in]]|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
*[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] - Won<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/national-film-awards-2018-the-full-list-of-winners/article23522408.ece|title=Sridevi wins posthumous National Award for 'Mom': Here is the full list of awardees|date=13 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*Indian Panorama section of [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/903224/a-childs-perspective-but-not-a-childrens-film-nipun-dharmadhikari-on-his-award-winning-dhappa|title=A child's perspective, but not a children's film: Nipun Dharmadhikari on his award-winning 'Dhappa'|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=24 November 2018|last=Das|first=Arti}}</ref>
*Critics’ Choice Film Awards 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/03/critics-choice-film-awards-nominations-out-manoj-bajpayee-ranveer-singh-among-nominees-17337.html|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards nominations out: Ranveer Singh, Vijay Sethupathi among nominees|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|date=3 March 2020|last=Mitra|first=Shilajit}}</ref>
**Best Director - Nominated
**Best Film - Nominated
**Best Writing - Nominated

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb title|8976940}}

{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Taar (film)

2026-03-04T09:36:37Z

Victoruot: Added the post more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taar
| image = Taar Marathi movie.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Pankaj Sonawane
| writer = Pankaj Sonawane
| producer = Sandeep Patil Abhijeet Mhetre Namita Gogate
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nagraj Manjule]]
*Pooja Dolas
*Bhushan Manjule
}}
| cinematography = Benjamin Burghartz
| editing = Makarand Bharat Shinde
| music = Ankush A. Boradkar
| studio = Illusion Ethereal Studios
| distributor = [[Mumbai Film Company]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soon Nagraj Manjule will meet the audience in the guise of a postman|url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/director-nagaraj-manjul-new-upcoming-short-film-taar-will-be-soon/226237/|website=My Mahanagar|access-date=2023-04-05}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2020|11|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 19 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Taar''''' ({{translation|''Telegram''}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[short film]] written and directed by Pankaj Sonawane featuring [[Nagraj Manjule]], Pooja Dolas, Bhushan Manjule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=नागराज मंजुळे घेऊन येतायत तार; लवकरच दिसणार ‘पोस्टमन’च्या भूमिकेत |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-upcomong-project-taar-shares-on-facebook-mhaa-491330.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> It is produced by Illusion Ethereal Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-26 |title="Ritiesh Deshmukh Unveils Taar First Poster, Teaser Out Soon". |url=https://balkaninews.com/news/ritiesh-deshmukh-unveils-taar-first-poster-teaser-out-soon/cid1554625.htm |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=balkaninews.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> The film was released on 7 November 2020 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Madhurima |date=2020-11-09 |title=Riteish Deshmukh hypes everyone up for Nagaraj Manjule's short film 'Taar' |url=https://www.bollywooddhamaka.in/actors/riteish-deshmukh-is-all-praises-for-nagaraj-manjules-short-film-taar/38620 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Bollywood Dhamaka |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is set during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. War has had serious effects on countries. Many soldiers have lost their lives protecting their country and loved ones. Before the introduction of technology, [[telegram (telegraphy)|telegram]] was the only means of communication for these soldiers with their families. These telegrams conveyed many good and bad messages from soldiers to their families. Thus, Telegram tells the story of a postman who carries a bundle of such telegrams and delivers the messages of these soldiers to their families. But these messages also contain some bad news such as the deaths of soldiers who fought in wars like 1971.

== Cast ==

* [[Nagraj Manjule]] as Postman
* Pooja Dolas
* Jyoti Joshi
* Ramchandra Dhumal
* Bhushan Manjule<ref>{{Cite web |title=मला यमदुत असल्यागतंच वाटत हुतं... नागराज मंजुळेंच्या तार चा टीझर प्रदर्शित |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/nagraj-manjule-short-film-taar-teaser-out-riteish-deshmukh-produce/articleshow/78983711.cms |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The teaser of the film was released on 31 October 2020 by [[Riteish Deshmukh]]'s production house [[Mumbai Film Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pote |first=Saumitra |date=2020-11-01 |title=नागराज मंजुळे घेऊन येतोय 'तार', टीझर रिलीज |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-play-lead-role-in-taar-movie-823816 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zore |first=Suyog |title=Taar review: Bittersweet tale evokes a keen sense of nostalgia |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/taar-44325 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127133111/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/taar-44325 |url-status=live |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> Deshmukh promoted the short film by sharing the teaser on his other [[social media]] handles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taar: Actor Riteish Deshmukh Promotes The Short Film By Nagraj Manjule |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/taar-actor-riteish-deshmukh-promotes-the-short-film-by-nagraj-manjule/5fa00092aafb3d5f2f644dde |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=SpotboyE |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 7 November 2020 on Mumbai Film Company's [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Madhurima |date=2020-11-09 |title=Riteish Deshmukh hypes everyone up for Nagaraj Manjule's short film 'Taar' |url=https://www.bollywooddhamaka.in/actors/riteish-deshmukh-is-all-praises-for-nagaraj-manjules-short-film-taar/38620 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Bollywood Dhamaka |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=13349044}}

[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2020 short films]]
[[Category:2020 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language short films]]

Velutha Kathreena

2026-03-04T09:18:59Z

Victoruot: update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Velutha Kathreena
| image = Velutha Kathreena.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| producer = P. Balthasar
| writer = [[Muttathu Varkey]]
| screenplay = Muttathu Varkey
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Sheela]] [[Jayabharathi]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = E. N. Balakrishnan
| editing = T. R. Sreenivasalu
| studio = Navajeevan Films
| distributor = Navajeevan Films
| released = {{Film date|1968|11|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Velutha Kathreena''''' is a 1968 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[J. Sasikumar]] and produced by P. Balthasar, based on the novel of the same name, written by [[Muttathu Varkey]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Sheela]] and [[Jayabharathi]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=262|title=Velutha Kathreena|access-date=2014-10-14|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3123|title=Velutha Kathreena|access-date=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/velutha-kathreena-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040212/http://spicyonion.com/title/velutha-kathreena-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Velutha Kathreena|access-date=2014-10-14|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Thirumeni
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Chellappan
*[[Sheela]] as Kathreena
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Rosa
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Marthappulayi
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Kurayachan
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Manoharan
*[[Manavalan Joseph]] as Krishnappanikkar
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Dr.Sainabha
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Thevan
*[[Kumari Padmini]]
* [[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]]
*[[Aravindan]] as Madhavan
*[[Bahadoor]] as Appayi
*Mala Shantha as Lakshmikkutti
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Meriyamma
*Panjabi as Maniyappan
*[[Shylashri|Shailasree]] as Narthaki
*Parvathy
*Leela
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]. The violin trio of [[L. Subramaniam]], [[L. Shankar]], and [[L. Vaidyanathan]] have played this instrument in the song "Kattuchembakam Poothulayumbol" and famous sitarist Pandit Janardhan Mitta's sitar is heard in "Prabhaatham Vidarum" as well.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kaattuchembakam" || [[A. M. Rajah]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kannil Kaamabanam" || [[L. R. Eeswari]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Makaram Poyittum" || [[P. Susheela]], [[P. Jayachandran]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Onnaam Kandathil" || [[P. Leela]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Panineerkkaattin" || P. Susheela || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 6 || "Pooja Pushpame" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 7 || "Prabhaatham Vidarum" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0255677|Velutha Kathreena}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. Sasikumar]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

The Gurkha Welfare Trust

2026-03-04T00:41:03Z

Victoruot: further enhanced section per sources and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox non-profit
| name = The Gurkha Welfare Trust
| image =
| type = [[Charitable organisation]]
| founded_date = 1969
| tax_id =
| registration_id =
| location = [[Salisbury]], [[United Kingdom]]
| origins =
| key_people =
| area_served = [[Nepal]] and worldwide
| product =
| focus = [[Gurkha]] veterans and their dependants
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Lieutenant General [[Richard Wardlaw]], OBE
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| subsid =
| owner =
| former name =
| homepage = {{URL| https://www.gwt.org.uk }}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

'''The Gurkha Welfare Trust''' is a British [[Charitable organisation|charity]] (Reg. Charity No. 1103669) established in 1969. It is the principal UK charity for the provision of aid to [[Gurkha]] ex-servicemen and their dependants in their homeland of [[Nepal]], and increasingly in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and elsewhere.

[[Nepal]] has limited industry, agriculture and infrastructure. It also lacks an effective public social welfare system. This means that the work of the Trust is critical in improving conditions for ex-servicemen and their dependants, who are often unable to work through age, illness or injury.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Gurkhas 200 Years of Service to the Crown|last = Lawrence|first = Major General J C Lawrence|publisher = Uniform Press|year = 2014|location = London|pages = VII}}</ref>

The Patron of the Trust is [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Charles III]]. The Vice Patron is [[Joanna Lumley]] OBE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.gwt.org.uk/patrons|title=Our Patrons and Trustees|work=The Gurkha Welfare Trust|access-date=15 June 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Each year, by tradition, all serving [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]s and other ranks in the [[Brigade of Gurkhas]] contribute a day's pay to the Trust.<ref>[http://www.royalsignals.org/files/RSA/Branches/Associated%20Branches/Queens%20Gurkha%20Signals/QGSAOneDayPayScheme.pdf "Brigade of Gurkhas: One Day's Pay Scheme"]. ''QGS''. Headquarters Brigade of Gurkhas.</ref>

== History ==

[[File:Rfn Parte Gurung.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A Gurkha veteran in traditional uniform stands to attention and salutes.|Rfn Parte Gurung, a Gurkha veteran receiving aid from The Gurkha Welfare Trust.]]

In 1969, it was realised that a great number of [[Gurkha]] soldiers and their dependants or widows in [[Nepal]] faced destitution in old age. Many of these soldiers had served in the [[Second World War]]; however they had not served the 15 years needed to qualify for an army pension. Unlike their British counterparts who could rely on the [[welfare state]] in old age, the Nepalese [[Gurkha]] had no such safety net.

In recognition of the country's debt of honour to these soldiers, a public appeal – organised by British [[Gurkha]] officers – raised £1m to establish The Gurkha Welfare Trust. It began to create a network of bases in [[Nepal]] to distribute financial aid to retired soldiers who had met with disasters such as landslides and floods. The Trust also bought land for ex-[[Gurkha]]s to become subsistence farmers and provide enough food to support their families.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/goodlife/11557991/A-short-history-of-the-Gurkhas.html|title = A short history of the Gurkhas|date = 25 April 2015|accessdate = 29 June 2015|website = The Telegraph|last = Venning|first = Annabel}}</ref>

In an arrangement that endures to this day, the Trust agreed on a deal that its administrative costs would be largely met by a grant in aid funding from the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]].

== Activity in Nepal ==
Today, the Trust's field delivery arm – The Gurkha Welfare Scheme – employs around 400 staff members in [[Nepal]]. Its footprint includes 21 operational bases (Area Welfare Centres) across Nepal that are run by former [[Gurkha]]s, as well as one in [[Darjeeling]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.gwt.org.uk/where-we-work|title = Where we work|accessdate = 1 July 2015|website = gwt.org.uk|publisher = The Gurkha Welfare Trust}}</ref> Each day, elderly veterans come to these centres with their health and welfare needs. Every quarter, a steady stream of [[Gurkha]] veterans walk anything up to two or three days to claim their pensions.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/f5aa993d#/f5aa993d/44|title = Cash for Courage|last = Clapson|first = Joe|work = Soldier Magazine|access-date = 1 July 2015| date=April 2015 }}</ref>

The Trust pays a monthly stipend to around 5,800 needy [[Gurkha]] ex-servicemen and widows in [[Nepal]] who do not receive a military pension (15 years' of military service is required to earn such a pension). Medical treatment is also provided for them and their dependants.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://forces.tv/15803653|title = The Work of The Gurkha Welfare Trust in Nepal|last = Prater|first = Carla|date = 9 June 2015|work = Forces TV|access-date = 1 July 2015}}</ref> In addition, hardship grants are awarded to alleviate destitution following the fire, flood and other natural disasters. The Trust runs two Residential Homes in [[Pokhara]] and [[Dharan, Nepal|Dharan]], offering full-time care for some of its most vulnerable pensioners.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Our Residential Homes|url = https://www.gwt.org.uk/our-residential-homes|accessdate = 2 July 2015|website = gwt.org.uk|publisher = The Gurkha Welfare Trust}}</ref>

[[File:Tap stand in Bharat Pokhari.JPG|thumb|300px|alt=Two children drink from a tap stand.|Nepali children drink from a tap stand built by The Gurkha Welfare Trust in Bharat Pokhari, a village in western Nepal.]]

In addition to its relief work for [[Gurkha]] veterans, the Trust also invests in Community Aid projects for the wider Nepalese population.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://m.bridportnews.co.uk/news/12890251.West_Dorset_villager_funds_new_school_building_in_Nepal/|title = West Dorset villager funds new school building in Nepal|last = Bol|first = David|date = 15 April 2015|work = Bridport News|access-date = 1 July 2015}}</ref> It has built 137 new schools and runs an extensive renovation programme for dilapidated schools, improving access to education for over 550,000 Nepali children since the programme began in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Improving Schools|url = https://www.gwt.org.uk/improving-schools|website = gwt.org.uk|publisher = The Gurkha Welfare Trust}}</ref> Enhancements in existing schools include tap stands, libraries and science laboratories.

The Trust also runs an extensive Rural Water and Sanitation Programme in Nepal, supported by [[DFID]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.cobseo.org.uk/the-gurkha-welfare-trust-new-support-to-gurkha-heartlands/|title = The Gurkha Welfare Trust: New Support to Gurkha Heartlands|date = 20 February 2014|accessdate = 1 July 2015|website = COBSEO}}</ref> Clean water supply systems and sanitation schemes are introduced to around 120 villages across the country each year, drastically reducing sickness rates and labour hours in those communities. To date, over 300,000 people in around 1,400 villages have benefited from the Trust's water projects.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Clean Water and Sanitation|url = https://www.gwt.org.uk/clean-water-and-sanitation|website = gwt.org.uk|publisher = The Gurkha Welfare Trust}}</ref>

With funding from the [[Kadoorie Agricultural Aid Association]], the Trust organises eight annual open medical camps, performing thousands of dental extractions and cataract operations while offering free GP and gynaecology checks, performing minor surgery and distributing free medication. Around 14,500 Nepali people benefit from these camps each year.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Our Medical Programme|url = https://www.gwt.org.uk/our-medical-programme|website = gwt.org.uk|publisher = The Gurkha Welfare Trust}}</ref>

== Activity in the UK ==
Following a change in legal status in 2009, many [[Gurkha]]s who retired pre-1997 chose to move to the UK permanently. The Trust runs two Gurkha Welfare Advice Centres in Salisbury and in Aldershot to assist [[Gurkha]] pensioners in their transition to life in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. The Advice Centres also provide outreach surgeries in communities where there are significant [[Gurkha]] populations.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.army.mod.uk/gurkhas/27785.aspx|title = Gurkha Welfare Advice Centre|website = British Army|publisher = Ministry of Defence}}</ref>

== North American branches ==

Gurkha Welfare Appeal (Canada) was active between 1973 and 2004.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1368764668}} |title=BURKE, Michael Lawrence Joseph |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |date=14 April 2004 |page=S7 }}</ref>

Gurkha Welfare Trust Foundation (USA) was established in 1978 by Ellice McDonald Jr.<ref> Ellice McDonald, Legacy.com, 6 June 2013. http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/delawareonline/obituary.aspx?pid=165259474 = 13 June 2013</ref>

== Nepal earthquakes in 2015 ==

Following the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|magnitude 7.8 earthquake]] that struck [[Nepal]] in April 2015, The Gurkha Welfare Trust was among the first relief organisations to respond to the disaster, making use of its extensive local footprint to deploy patrol teams including mobile doctors. The teams distributed emergency financial, medical and material aid such as food and shelter in affected regions across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salisburyjournal.co.uk/news/12923622.Salisbury_charity_on_the_front_line_after_Nepal_earthquake/|title=Gurkha Welfare Trust on the front line after Nepal earthquake|last=Rennie|first=Alex|date=30 April 2015|website=Salisbury Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfbs.com/radio/articles/7922|title=The Gurkha Welfare Trust Nepal Update {{!}} BFBS Radio|date=6 May 2015|website=BFBS Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://johnnyfenn.co.uk/nepal-earthquake/|title=Nepal Earthquake – the aftermath|last=Fenn|first=Johnny|website=Johnny Fenn Photographer|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/11569371/Gurkha-heartlands-devastated-by-Nepal-earthquake.html|title=Gurkha heartlands devastated by Nepal earthquake|last=Spencer|first=Richard|date=28 April 2015|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/70c2badc-ed8e-11e4-987e-00144feab7de|title=Nepal earthquake: Relief effort begins in Gorkha district|last=Mallet|first=Victor|date=28 April 2015|newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gwt.org.uk/news/earthquake-appeal|title=Earthquake Response Fund|website=gwt.org.uk|publisher=The Gurkha Welfare Trust}}</ref>

In the UK, the Trust launched an Earthquake Response appeal. In the longer term, the charity committed to rebuilding the 1,100 homes for the Gurkha veterans and widows who were left homeless. It also pledged to build and repair hundreds of schools and water projects in affected areas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gwt.org.uk/Appeal/earthquake|title=Our Earthquake Response|work=The Gurkha Welfare Trust|access-date=15 June 2017|language=en}}</ref>

The Trust's response was supported by troops from the UK [[Brigade of Gurkhas]], predominantly of the Queen's Gurkha Engineers, who assisted with relief distribution and reconstruction projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gwt.org.uk/news/nepal-earthquake|title=Nepal Earthquake News|website=gwt.org.uk|date=25 April 2015 |publisher=The Gurkha Welfare Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/additional-british-army-gurkhas-join-relief-efforts-in-nepal|title=Additional British Army Gurkhas join relief efforts in Nepal|date=9 May 2015|website=GOV.UK|publisher=MOD, DFID & FCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gurkhabde.com/brigade-of-gurkhas-support-nepal-earthquake-relief-efforts/|title=Brigade of Gurkhas Support Nepal Earthquake Relief efforts|date=18 May 2015|website=Gurkha Brigade Association|publisher=The Brigade of Gurkhas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/nepal-earthquake-british-army-send-5669463|title=British Army sends help to disaster-hit Nepal with 100 more Gurkhas|last=Rockett|first=Karen|date=9 May 2015|website=Mirror}}</ref>

== Gurkha 200 ==
2015 marked the bicentenary of [[Gurkha]] service to the British Crown. In recognition of this historic milestone, various commemorative events took place throughout the year to celebrate the [[Gurkhas]]’ contribution to the [[British Army]] and raise funds for The Gurkha Welfare Trust.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gwt.org.uk/gurkha-200|title=Gurkha 200|website=gwt.org.uk|publisher=The Gurkha Welfare Trust|accessdate=2 July 2015|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512195741/https://www.gwt.org.uk/gurkha-200|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A number of commemorative expeditions were planned in 2015. On 9 June, hundreds of serving soldiers took part in a fundraising Pageant organised by The Gurkha Welfare Trust, attended by [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] and other members of the royal family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33051576|title=Gurkhas: London pageant marks 200th anniversary|date=9 April 2015|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/11663841/Prince-Harry-I-always-wanted-to-be-a-Gurkha-but-the-opportunity-never-arose.html|title=Prince Harry: "I always wanted to be a Gurkha, but the opportunity never arose"|date=9 June 2015|website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11659934/For-200-years-the-Gurkhas-have-served-Britain.-We-would-be-foolish-to-ditch-them-now.html|title=For 200 years, the Gurkhas have served Britain. We would be foolish to ditch them now|last=Strachan|first=Hew|date=9 June 2015|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

The Gurkha 200 campaign was supported by a number of celebrities, including [[Joanna Lumley]] and [[Dan Snow]], who narrated at the Gurkha 200 Pageant on 9 June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gurkha200.co.uk/ambassadors/|title=Ambassadors|website=Gurkha 200|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/joanna-lumley-hails-gurkhas-as-our-truest-friends-as-200-years-service-to-the-crown-is-marked-10306761.html|title=Joanna Lumley hails Gurkhas as 'our truest friends' as 200 years' service to the crown is marked|last=Sleigh|first=Sophia|date=9 June 2015|website=London Evening Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://armyandyou.co.uk/celebrity-support-gurkha-appeal/|title=Celebrity support for Gurkha Appeal|date=5 February 2015|website=Army & You}}</ref> Lumley, whose father served in the [[6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles|6th Gurkha Rifles]], is a Vice Patron of the Trust.<ref name=":0" />

All proceeds raised through the Gurkha 200 campaign were dedicated to The Gurkha Welfare Trust's welfare and relief activity in [[Nepal]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.gwt.org.uk}}
* [http://www.thegurkhamuseum.co.uk/ The Gurkha Museum]

{{Gurkha}}

[[Category:British veterans' organisations]]
[[Category:Brigade of Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]

Saudagar (1991 film)

2026-03-04T00:06:02Z

Victoruot: updated content for accuracy and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|1991 Indian Hindi drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saudagar
| image = Saudagar.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Subhash Ghai]]
| producer = [[Subhash Ghai]]
| writer = [[Sachin Bhowmick]] [[Subhash Ghai]] [[Kamlesh Pandey]]
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Raaj Kumar]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Vivek Mushran]] [[Amrish Puri]] [[Mukesh Khanna]] [[Gulshan Grover]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Jackie Shroff]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Ashok Mehta]]
| editing = [[Waman Bhonsle]] Gurudutt Shirali
| studio =
| distributor = [[Mukta Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|08|09|India}}
| runtime = 201 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|15.75|c|year=1991}}<ref name="BO">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=197&catName=MTk5MQ== |title=Boxofficeindia.com |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130716/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=197&catName=MTk5MQ== |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Saudagar''''' (transl. Merchant) is a 1991 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action drama film]], directed by [[Subhash Ghai]]. It stars [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Raaj Kumar]], the two acting giants of [[Hindi cinema]] in lead roles. It was the second film in which the two actors came together after the 1959 film ''[[Paigham]]''. It featured the debut performances of [[Vivek Mushran]] and [[Manisha Koirala]], the latter becoming a noted [[Bollywood actress]] in later years. [[Amrish Puri]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Mukesh Khanna]], [[Dalip Tahil]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Dina Pathak]], [[Deepti Naval]] and [[Jackie Shroff]] star in key roles.

The story line is influenced by ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' and Mandhaari's role is parallel to that of [[Friar Laurence]] in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''. It was also inspired by the 1985 [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani]] Punjabi movie ''Haq Mehar''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |date=30 October 2019 |title=Bala Vs Ujda Chaman: ‘Hair’-raising facts about cinematic ‘humshakals’ |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bala-vs-ujda-chaman-hair-raising-facts-cinematic-humshakals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106103339/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bala-vs-ujda-chaman-hair-raising-facts-cinematic-humshakals/ |archive-date=6 January 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |quote=}}</ref>

''Saudagar'' was a [[silver jubilee]] hit all over India and the [[List of Indian films of 1991#Box office collection|third highest grossing Indian film of 1991]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top Actor Of 2020 - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6153 |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017213847/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6153 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-16 |title=BoxOfficeIndia.Com-The complete hindi film box office site |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1991.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216055806/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1991.htm |archive-date=2007-02-16 |access-date=2022-11-14 }}</ref> It features among the top 10 grossers of the 1990s''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-04-08 |title=BoxOfficeIndia.Com-The complete hindi film box office site |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/90-99.htm |access-date=2022-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408044235/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/90-99.htm |archive-date=8 April 2006 }}</ref> ''Saudagar'' received eight nominations at the [[37th Filmfare Awards]], and won two awards including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for [[Subhash Ghai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muktaarts.com/saudagar.asp |title=Mukta Arts |publisher=Mukta Arts |access-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903124813/http://www.muktaarts.com/saudagar.asp |archive-date=3 September 2012 }}</ref> It was Dilip Kumar's penultimate film and final box office success.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/saudagar/article28571167.ece | title=Saudagar | newspaper=The Hindu | date=4 July 2002 | access-date=2 May 2022 | archive-date=2 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502101137/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/saudagar/article28571167.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie starts with Mandhari, an old crippled man, telling a story of two friends to some kids. In the story, Rajeshwar Singh, a rich landlord's son, and Veer Singh, a poor farmer's son, become friends. They are naughty kids, calling each other as Raju and Veeru respectively. As the duo grow up, Raju decides to get his sister Palikanta's marriage arranged with Veeru. Neither his sister nor Veeru have any objections to the marriage.

However, as luck would have it, a girl's marriage in town is disrupted due to her in-laws demanding dowry. Veeru steps in to save the face of the girl and her parents by marrying her. While Raju is shocked by this development, his sister, who was secretly in love with Veeru, commits suicide. Devastated and distraught, Raju now declares that Veeru is solely responsible for everything that happened, making him his mortal enemy.

With these new developments, the duo has their territories marked. They come to an uneasy and unwritten truce: no one will kill a living soul from the other's territory, but anybody entering the other person's territory will be doing so at their own peril. Chuniya, kin of Raju, sees an opportunity to leech off the money of Rajeshwar by keeping the two sides at war. Chuniya has Veer's son Vishal killed, making the latter believe that Rajeshwar will stop at nothing to eliminate Veer.

Over the years, the tension escalates. The clashes between the former friends becomes a headache for the Commissioner. Mandhari, who is now revealed to be a beggar and part of the story, happens to be one of the lucky few who do not have any fear of death from either side. Mandhari claims to the Commissioner that the day he finds out a solution to the problem, he will dance on one leg.

Here, Rajeshwar's granddaughter Radha and Veer's grandson Vasu meet each other. Radha and Vasu are unaware of the enmity and fall in love. When Mandhari finds out about this, he happily completes his pledge to himself and reveals the truth to the lovers. However, Chuniya decides to stoke the fires once again, which he does by abducting, raping and killing a girl named Amla from Veer's territory. Because Rajeshwar's grandson, Kunal, had secretly married and impregnated Amla, the tensions arise further between the two clans.

Mandhaari reveals his plans to end their grandfathers' enmity, according to which Radha will infiltrate Veer's home, while Vasu will infiltrate Rajeshwar's. The lovers succeed in doing so and try to make the old friends see reason. Aarti, Vishal's widow, learns the true identity of Radha but keeps quiet.

Meanwhile, Chuniya has completely infiltrated Rajeshwar's bastion. He starts making murky deals with shady parties who are interested in acquiring the whole region. Chuniya exposes the lovers as well. Radha and Vasu's pleas fall on deaf ears. However, Chuniya's luck does not last long. The people with whom Chuniya had dealt with attack Rajeshwar, exposing Chuniya's real face. A distraught Rajeshwar and a sympathetic Veer finally sort out their enmity of decades. Here, Chuniya grows desperate and has Radha and Vasu captured, and Radha's uncle Deven killed.

The people from both sides unite to fight against Chuniya; Veeru and Raju's surviving sons, Gagan and Gajja, respectively, are killed in the fight. Soon, Radha and Vasu are saved, but are unaware of the fact that their grandfathers have reconciled. Veeru and Raju kill Chuniya but get fatally wounded themselves. As the friends die in each other's arms, the final chapter on this friendship and enmity is closed.

The story cuts to the present, revealing that Radha and Vasu got married and they formed a trust in the name of their grandparents, which takes care of the education of the children Mandhari is retelling the story to. Radha and Vasu inaugurate the school as Aarti looks on.

==Cast==
*[[Dilip Kumar]] as Veer Singh ("Dada Veer"/"Veeru")
*[[Raaj Kumar]] as Thakur Rajeshwar Singh ("Dada Thakur"/"Raju")
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Vishal Singh, Veer's elder son (special appearance)
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Radha Singh Thakur
*[[Vivek Mushran]] as Vasudev Singh ("Vasu"/"Krishna")
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Aarti Singh, Vishal's wife
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Chuniya Chand Chaukhan
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Mandhaari
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Baliram
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Gajendra Singh Thakur ("Gajja"), Rajeshwar's son, and Radha and Kunal's father
* Anand Balraj as Devendra Singh Thakur ("Deven"), Rajeshwar's son
*[[Dina Pathak]] as Veer's sister
* Zahid Ali as Young Veer Singh
* Ved Thappar as Young Rajeshwar Singh
* Rubina Khan as Palikanta Singh Thakur, Rajeshwar's sister
* Malvika Tiwari as Rajeshwar's wife
*Abhinav Chaturvedi as Kunal Singh Thakur, Radha's brother
*[[Pallavi Joshi]] as Amla Singh Thakur, Kunal's wife
*[[Akash Khurana]] as Police Commissioner
*[[Mukesh Khanna]] as Gagan Singh, Veer's younger son
*[[Archana Puran Singh]] (cameo)
*[[Shubha Khote]] (cameo)
*[[Govind Namdev]] (cameo)

==Soundtrack==

The music for the film was composed by the legendary duo of [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], and the lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ilu Ilu
| extra1 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Manhar Udhas]]
| length1 = 10:04
|
| title2 = Imli Ka Boota (Part 1)
| extra2 = [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
| length2 = 05:01
|
| title3 = Imli Ka Boota (Part 2)
| extra3 = [[Sadhana Sargam]], Mohammed Aziz, [[Udit Narayan]]
| length3 = 04:23
|
| title4 = Saudagar Sauda Kar
| extra4 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Manhar Udhas]]
| length4 = 07:54
|
| title5 = Radha Nachegi
| extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Mohammed Aziz
| length5 = 06:50
|
| title6 = Mohabbat Ki Ki
| extra6 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| length6 = 05:33
|
| title7 = Deewane Tere Naam Ke
| extra7 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length7 = 04:17
|
| title8 = Teri Yaad Aati Hain
| extra8 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| length8 = 06:41
|
| total_length = 50:43
}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Results
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[37th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Subhash Ghai]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Dilip Kumar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Villain Award|Best Villain]]
|[[Amrish Puri]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|[[Manisha Koirala]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] for "Saudagar Sauda Kar"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Editing Award|Best Editing]]
|[[Waman Bhonsle]], Gurudutt Shirali
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0102844|title=Saudagar}}

{{Subhash Ghai}}
{{Romeo and Juliet film adaptations}}

[[Category:1991 films|Saudagar]]
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Subhash Ghai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films based on Romeo and Juliet]]
[[Category:Mukta Arts films]]

Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein

2026-03-03T12:04:03Z

Victoruot: basic cleaned up lead based on references

{{short description|2001 film by K. Ravi Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kuchh Tum Kaho Kuchh Hum Kahein
| image = KTKKHK.jpg
| director = [[K. Ravi Shankar]]
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindisong.com/Movie/MovieReview.asp?TypeID=2&MovieID=799 |title=Movie Preview Review Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein |publisher=Hindisong.com |access-date=2015-07-23 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221724/http://hindisong.com/Movie/MovieReview.asp?TypeID=2&MovieID=799 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| writer = [[Paruchuri brothers]] [[Jainendra K. Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]] (dialogues)
| story = [[K. R. Udhayashankar]]
| based_on = ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]''
| narrator =
| starring = [[Fardeen Khan]] [[Richa Pallod]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Score:''' [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501040201.htm |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205084551/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501040201.htm |archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref>
| distributor = Dream Merchants Enterprise
| released = {{Film date|2002|06|28|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein''''' ({{Translation| ''You Say Something, I'll Say Something''}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] directed by [[K. Ravi Shankar]]. The film stars [[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Richa Pallod]], in her debut as a lead actress. It was released on 28 June 2002, and opened to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2002-06-28 |title=Kuch Tum Kahon Kuch Hum Kahein Review 1/5 {{!}} Kuch Tum Kahon Kuch Hum Kahein Movie Review {{!}} Kuch Tum Kahon Kuch Hum Kahein 2002 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kuch-tum-kahon-kuch-hum-kahein/critic-review/kuch-tum-kahon-kuch-hum-kahein-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2002 |title=Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kuch-tum-kaho-kuch-hum-kahein/article28571187.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2002 |title=Kuch Tum Kahon Kuch Hum Kahein Review 1/5 | Kuch Tum Kahon Kuch Hum Kahein Movie Review | Kuch Tum Kahon Kuch Hum Kahein 2002 Public Review | Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kuch-tum-kahon-kuch-hum-kahein/critic-review/kuch-tum-kahon-kuch-hum-kahein-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The story of the film is based on two lovers who are unable to be together due to their family's feud and ancient grudge. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' which has similarities with [[William Shakespeare]]'s, ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Movies: The Rediff Review: Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/28kuch.htm |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vishnu Pratap Singh is celebrating his 60th anniversary in his village with his wife. At the behest of his wife, Vishnu Pratap calls his estranged son's family from Bombay for the event. Their grandson, Abhay, arrives with his mother and sister to the village and is initially greeted with animosity. However, he shows a kind and caring side that wins the affections of his family members. He also starts to become friendly with Mangala, the granddaughter of Vishnu Pratap's friend, who lives with the family. The two start playing pranks and teasing each other, which eventually leads to them falling in love. Abhay ends up getting into a fight with the family of Virendra Pratap, specifically his nephew, Rudra Pratap. Vishnu Pratap slaps Abhay for his actions even though he was defending himself against Rudra.

Abhay finds out Rudra's jealousy towards his family is a deep-rooted family feud. Virendra Pratap and Vishnu Pratap are brothers-in-law who were once close friends. 25 years before, they decided that Abhay's father, Indra, would marry Virendra Pratap's niece, Amrita. However, Indra was in love with Abhay's mother and ran away on the day of the wedding to avoid the marriage. Amrita, despondent over her humiliation, committed suicide that day; Virendra Pratap's son-in-law and brother also died as a result of the fight that broke out at the wedding. Vishnu Pratap blames his son for the discord within the family and shuns him and his children as a result. Abhay, hearing this, resolves to reunite the two families somehow. Rudra, however, is determined to kill Abhay and his family to avenge the deaths of his sister and father.

Abhay eventually succeeds and decides to ask his grandfather for permission to marry Mangala. However, Mangala's marriage is arranged with Virendra Pratap's grandson to reunite the families permanently. Abhay sacrifices his love for Mangala. However, Mangala refuses to agree and runs away; Abhay tries to stop her from leaving for the sake of their families. The families eventually find out about Mangala running away, and Rudra goes after her, intending to kill Abhay. The two get into a fight, until Rudra stabs Abhay. At that point, Vishnu Pratap and Virendra Pratap show up with the family after finding out about Abhay and Mangala's love and realizing the mistake they've made. Rudra also comes to realize his mistake and reunites Abhay and Mangala as the families finally reconcile.

==Cast==
*[[Fardeen Khan]] as Abhayendra "Abhay" Vishnu Pratap Singh
*[[Richa Pallod]] as Mangala Jaikumar Solanki
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Mangala Dadi
*[[Vikram Gokhale]] as Vishnu Pratap Singh
*[[Sharad Kapoor]] as Rudra Pratap Singh
*[[Govind Namdev]] as Virendra Pratap Singh
*[[Talluri Rameshwari|Rameshwari]] as Shanti
*[[Sai Lokur]] as Deepa, Abhayendra's sister
*[[Ashok Saraf]] as Govind
*[[Madan Jain]] as Jaikumar Solanki, Mangala father
*[[Sheela David]] as Naina Solanki, Mangala mother
*[[Nina Kulkarni]] as Virendra Pratap's wife and Vishnu's sister
*[[Harish Patel]] as Gajju
*[[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Narendra Pratap Singh
*[[Payal Nair]] as Amrita, Narendra Pratap Singh's daughter
*[[Raghubir Yadav|Raghuvir Yadav]] as Chaturvedi
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Lawyer Shivprasad
*[[Sanjai Mishra]] as Police Constable

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
[[Anu Malik]] composed the film's music with lyrics written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} The background score was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Aa Ra Raa Ra Raa"
| [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| "Chudi Chudi"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Preeti & Pinky]], Prashant Samaddar
|-
| "Hua Salaam Dil Ka"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Jab Se Dekha Tumko"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein"
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| "Tu Hi Hai"
| Shaan, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| "Yeh Kya Majboori"
| [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|K.K.]], Prashant Samaddar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0327004}}

{{Romeo and Juliet film adaptations}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films based on Romeo and Juliet]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Ravi Shankar]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Films produced by D. Ramanaidu]]

Jigelu Rani

2026-02-24T19:32:58Z

Victoruot: new new details

{{Short description|2018 song by Devi Sri Prasad, Chandrabose, Rela Kumar and Ganta Venkata Lakshmi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}{{Infobox song
| name = Jigelu Rani
| cover = Jigelu Rani song cover.jpg
| caption = Song cover featuring [[Pooja Hegde]]
| type = single
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] featuring Rela Kumar and Ganta Venkata Lakshmi
| album = [[Rangasthalam (soundtrack)|Rangasthalam]]
| language = Telugu
| released = 15 March 2018
| recorded = 2017{{endash}}2018
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist| [[Dance music|Dance]] | [[Pop music|pop]] | [[jazz]] | [[Dappankuthu]] | [[Electronic dance music]] | [[Item number]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=5|s=05}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| composer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyricist = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| tracks =
# "Yentha Sakkagunnave"
# "Ranga Ranga Rangasthalana"
# "Rangamma Mangamma"
# "Aa Gattununtava"
# "'''Jigelu Rani'''"
# "Orayyo"
# "Aa Gattununtava (Unreleased/Theatrical Version)"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|madsiEmiEZo|"Jigelu Rani"}}
}}
}}

"'''Jigelu Rani'''" ({{translation|Dazzle queen}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with lyrics by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and recorded by Rela Kumar and Ganta Venkata Lakshmi for the [[Rangasthalam (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2018 film ''[[Rangasthalam]]''. The song features [[Pooja Hegde]] as the lead, along with [[Ram Charan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/Oct/05/pooja-hegde-lands-a-special-song-in-rangasthalam-2441.html|title=Pooja Hegde lands a special song in Rangasthalam|date=5 October 2017|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730093001/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/Oct/05/pooja-hegde-lands-a-special-song-in-rangasthalam-2441.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was released on 15 March 2018 on [[YouTube]] as the fifth single from the album, through [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. It was released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song on 20 March 2018. After the frequent request of fans, the makers released the promo of music video on 27 March, coinciding Charan's birthday. The full video song, featuring scenes directly from the film, was released on 13 May 2018 on [[YouTube]].

The song was also dubbed in [[Kannada]] as "Jil Jil Jilebi Rani", in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as "Jigena Rani" and [[Malayalam]] as "Disco Rani" and was included in the respective dubbed versions of the film. The song received positive response upon its release. The hook step dance involving Pooja Hegde became popular. The track also topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms. Ganta Venkata Lakshmi won [[Santosham Film Awards]] for Best Female Playback Singer.

== Production ==
The song was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and was penned by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Haricharan|last=Pudipeddi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-team-heads-to-rajamundhry-ram-charan-thrilled-to-feel-closer-to-river-godavari/story-ljU0iFg2mpZWdvyf3qVHgL.html|title=Rangasthalam team heads to Rajamundhry, Ram Charan thrilled to feel closer to river Godavari|date=19 January 2018|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713192532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-team-heads-to-rajamundhry-ram-charan-thrilled-to-feel-closer-to-river-godavari/story-ljU0iFg2mpZWdvyf3qVHgL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that the song was part of the narrative and was composed with the film's tune,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/jil-jil-jil-rani-jigel-rani-chestava-boni-pooja-hegde|title=జిగేల్ రాణిగా రాంచరణ్ పక్కన డీజే బేబీ|website=[[Asianet News Network]]|language=te|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730101257/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/jil-jil-jil-rani-jigel-rani-chestava-boni-pooja-hegde|url-status=live}}</ref> and features [[Pooja Hegde]] in a rural avatar.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sandeep |last=Acharya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/duvvada-jagannadham-actor-pooja-hegde-to-shake-a-leg-with-ram-charan-in-rangasthalam-1985/story-IOcNSEt1T6X9jpgCVHQSJK.html |title=Duvvada Jagannadham actor Pooja Hegde to shake a leg with Ram Charan in Rangasthalam 1985 |date=5 October 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822063656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/duvvada-jagannadham-actor-pooja-hegde-to-shake-a-leg-with-ram-charan-in-rangasthalam-1985/story-IOcNSEt1T6X9jpgCVHQSJK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-special-item-number-in-ramcharan-rangasthalam|title=రంగస్థలంలో పూజా హెగ్డే ఐటమ్ నంబర్|website=[[Asianet News Network]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730093439/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-special-item-number-in-ramcharan-rangasthalam|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref> Chandrabose wrote the lyrics in thirty minutes at [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] after holding discussions with [[Sukumar]] and Prasad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://telanganatoday.com/setting-grand-sepia-stage |title=Setting a grand sepia stage |last1=Ravichander |first1=L. |date=15 April 2018 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909075510/https://telanganatoday.com/setting-grand-sepia-stage |archive-date=9 September 2018 |last2=Dasagrandhi |first2=Maruthi |last3=Tanmayi |first3=Bhawana |last4=Prasad |first4=Ramakrishna}}</ref> Prasad then composed the tunes after Chandrabose completing the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rangasthalam-chandra-bose-good-words-make-his-music/article22762376.ece |title=Chandra Bose: good words make his music |last=Chowdary |first=Y Sunita |date=15 February 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909075204/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rangasthalam-chandra-bose-good-words-make-his-music/article22762376.ece |archive-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> To sound authentic, Prasad roped in foll singers Rela Kumar and Ganta Venkata Lakshmi to sing the track.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-of-rangasthalam-has-become-a-rage-in-chennai-too-devi-sri-prasad/articleshow/63518699.cms |title=Music of Rangasthalam has become a rage in Chennai too: Devi Sri Prasad |last=Sridhar |first=Adivi |date=29 March 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180909080048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-of-rangasthalam-has-become-a-rage-in-chennai-too-devi-sri-prasad/articleshow/63518699.cms |archive-date=9 September 2018}}</ref> He said he used a 70 year old clarinet as the song reflected the mood of [[Rajahmundry]] of the 1980s.<ref name=":2"/> The composer Prasad likened the sound to the traditional beats of folk songs in Indian villages and used traditional drums for the track.<ref name=":2"/>

After seeing Venkata Lakshmi's "Burrakatha" on [[YouTube]], director Sukumar and music director Devi Sri Prasad gave her an opportunity to sing this song in the film. Venkata Lakshmi, who had a small retail shop at [[Anakapalli]], [[Visakhapatnam]] district went Prasad's studio in [[Chennai]] and stayed there two days to sing the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/rangasthalam-director-sukumar-pays-huge-amount-to-jigelu-rani-singer-venkata-lakshmi/articleshow/65073473.cms|title='జిగేల్ రాణి' సింగర్‌కు సుకుమార్ సాయం|date=20 July 2018|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730093437/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/rangasthalam-director-sukumar-pays-huge-amount-to-jigelu-rani-singer-venkata-lakshmi/articleshow/65073473.cms|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref> She had doubts as to whether the song will be retained in the film. "But Devi Sri Prasad garu assured me that the song will be a huge hit for sure. I am proud to have sung the song", Venkata Lakshmi said.<ref name="DC">{{Cite news|last=Jonnalagedda|first=Pranita|title=Ganta Venkata Lakshmi, 'Jigelu Rani' singer finally gets justice|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=20 July 2018}}</ref>

The song was also dubbed in [[Kannada]] as "Jil Jil Jilebi Rani ",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/song/jil-jil-jilebi-rani/48145597|title=Jil Jil Jilebi Rani|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730093627/https://www.hungama.com/song/jil-jil-jilebi-rani/48145597|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/check-out-latest-kannada-official-music-audio-songs-jukebox-of-high-energetic-dance/videoshow/101038114.cms|title=Check Out Latest Kannada Official Music Audio Songs Jukebox Of 'High Energetic | Dance'|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727132211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/check-out-latest-kannada-official-music-audio-songs-jukebox-of-high-energetic-dance/videoshow/101038114.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as "Jigena Rani",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=1xOzMwOii9o|title=Jigena Rani|via=YouTube Music|access-date=31 July 2024|archive-date=31 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731084601/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=1xOzMwOii9o|url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[Malayalam]] as "Disco Rani".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4SRybJCxAw |title=Disco Rani |date=18 June 2019 |type=motion picture |publisher=[[Mythri Movie Makers]] |place=India |via=YouTube |lang=ml |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730022202/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4SRybJCxAw |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music video ==

=== Background and production ===
In late-September 2017, it was reported that [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] or [[Priyanka Chopra]] would appear in an [[item number]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kareena-kapoor-or-priyanka-chopra-to-feature-in-a-special-item-song-in-ram-charans-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/60828273.cms|title=Kareena Kapoor or Priyanka Chopra to feature in a special item song in Ram Charan's 'Rangasthalam 1985'?|date=25 September 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730093458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kareena-kapoor-or-priyanka-chopra-to-feature-in-a-special-item-song-in-ram-charans-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/60828273.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/kareena-kapoor-or-priyanka-chopra-to-feature-in-a-special-item-song-in-ram-charan-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/60841413.cms|title='రంగస్థలం'లో బాలీవుడ్ ఐటమ్ సెగ!|date=26 September 2017|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730101452/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/kareena-kapoor-or-priyanka-chopra-to-feature-in-a-special-item-song-in-ram-charan-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/60841413.cms|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref> Later in early-October 2017, [[Pooja Hegde]] was reported to appear in this track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-to-sizzle-in-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/60941561.cms|title=Pooja Hegde to sizzle in 'Rangasthalam 1985'|date=4 October 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730093504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-to-sizzle-in-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/60941561.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rangasthalam-pooja-hegde-to-do-a-song-news-telugu-rkgl2qgicfiah.html |title=Rangasthalam: Pooja Hegde to do a song |date=6 October 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728095622/https://www.sify.com/movies/rangasthalam-pooja-hegde-to-do-a-song-news-telugu-rkgl2qgicfiah.html |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref> After seeing Hegde's performance, expressions and dance moves, [[Sukumar]], the director of ''Rangasthalam'' decided to bring her for the special number.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/041017/pooja-hegde-to-shake-a-leg-with-ram-charan.html|title=Pooja Hegde to shake a leg with Ram Charan|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=4 October 2017|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729131820/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/041017/pooja-hegde-to-shake-a-leg-with-ram-charan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 October 2017, [[Mythri Movie Makers]] confirmed the Hegde's inclusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/mythri-movie-makers-confirms-pooja-hegdes-item-song-in-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/60938605.cms|title=చెర్రీ సరసన అల్లు అర్జున్ హీరోయిన్ ఐటంసాంగ్|date=4 October 2017|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730101306/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/mythri-movie-makers-confirms-pooja-hegdes-item-song-in-rangasthalam-1985/articleshow/60938605.cms|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/Pooja-Hegde-to-have-a-sizzling-item-number-in-Rangasthalam-18631199|title=Pooja Hegde to have a sizzling item number in 'Rangasthalam'|date=5 October 2017|website=[[Mid-day]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095903/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/Pooja-Hegde-to-have-a-sizzling-item-number-in-Rangasthalam-18631199|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the makers tried to keep it secret to surprise the fans, the news was leaked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pooja-hegde-lands-a-special-song-in-ram-charan-starrer-rangasthalam-4875470/|title=Pooja Hegde lands a special song in Ram Charan starrer Rangasthalam|date=5 October 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095903/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pooja-hegde-lands-a-special-song-in-ram-charan-starrer-rangasthalam-4875470/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-pooja-hegde-roped-in-for-a-special-song-in-ram-charan-starrer-rangasthalam-404930|title=Pooja Hegde roped in for a special song in Ram Charan starrer Rangasthalam|first1=Arpita|last1=Singh|date=5 October 2017|website=[[India TV News]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095905/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-pooja-hegde-roped-in-for-a-special-song-in-ram-charan-starrer-rangasthalam-404930|url-status=live}}</ref>

This marks Hegde's first appearance in an item number and her maiden collaboration with Charan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/jigelu-rani-is-back-pooja-hegde-special-treat-in-f3-movie-407692.html|title=Pooja Hegde: జిగేలు రాణి ఈజ్ బ్యాక్.. ఎఫ్‌3లో పూజా స్పెషల్ ట్రీట్!|first1=10TV|last1=Telugu|first2=Naresh|last2=Mannam|date=12 April 2022|website=[[10TV|10TV Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100436/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/jigelu-rani-is-back-pooja-hegde-special-treat-in-f3-movie-407692.html|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-pooja-hegdes-earthy-chemistry-shines-through-in-neelambari-song/articleshow/91102690.cms|title=Ram Charan, Pooja Hegde's earthy chemistry shines through in 'Neelambari' song|date=26 April 2022|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730094530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-pooja-hegdes-earthy-chemistry-shines-through-in-neelambari-song/articleshow/91102690.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video was choreographed by [[Jani Master]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-wishes-for-jani-from-chiranjeevi-and-ram-charan/articleshow/76770694.cms|title=Birthday wishes for Jani from Chiranjeevi and Ram Charan|date=3 July 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730094603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-wishes-for-jani-from-chiranjeevi-and-ram-charan/articleshow/76770694.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song shooting was happened at a specially erected set in [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pooja-hegde-lands-a-special-song-in-rangasthalam-117100500310_1.html |title=Pooja Hegde lands a special song in 'Rangasthalam' |date=5 October 2017 |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129062318/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pooja-hegde-lands-a-special-song-in-rangasthalam-117100500310_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in early-February 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060218/pooja-hegde-commences-shoot-for-special-number.html|title=Pooja Hegde commences shoot for special number|first=Pranita|last=Jonnalagedda|date=6 February 2018|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714194451/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/060218/pooja-hegde-commences-shoot-for-special-number.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-02-07/Pooja-Hegde-As-Jigel-Rani/357159|title=Pooja Hegde As Jigel Rani|first=The Hans|last=India|date=7 February 2018|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730094555/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-02-07/Pooja-Hegde-As-Jigel-Rani/357159|url-status=live}}</ref> as part of the film's last schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/pooja-hegde-marks-the-wrap-of-ram-charan-rangasthalam-shoot/|title=Pooja Marks the Wrap of Ram Charan's Shoot|date=11 February 2018|website=M9 News|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730094719/https://www.m9.news/movienews/pooja-hegde-marks-the-wrap-of-ram-charan-rangasthalam-shoot/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Behind-the-scenes|making video]] of the music video was released by the makers on 3 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/jigelu-rani-song-making-rangasthalam-movie-songs-ram-charan-pooja-hegde-samantha-dsp-p85j7q|title=రంగస్థలం జిగేలు రాణి మేకింగ్ (వీడియో)|website=[[Asianet News Network]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100408/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/jigelu-rani-song-making-rangasthalam-movie-songs-ram-charan-pooja-hegde-samantha-dsp-p85j7q|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref> The music video was released on 13 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesxptelugu.indiatimes.com/samayam/songs/telugu-video-songs/jigelu-rani-full-video-song/videoshow/97755435.cms|title=రంగస్థలం – జిగేలు రాణి వీడియో సాంగ్|date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730041143/https://timesxptelugu.indiatimes.com/samayam/songs/telugu-video-songs/jigelu-rani-full-video-song/videoshow/97755435.cms|archive-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Times Internet|Times XP]]|language=te}}</ref>

=== Synopsis ===
The music video is a direct clip from a scene in ''[[Rangasthalam]]'', which features Jigelu Rani and Chitti Babu singing the lyrics. The song is about a girl from another coming to Rangasthalam village.

=== Reception ===
The song became one of the most viewed Telugu songs within 24 hours of its release on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/jigelu-rani-clocks-2-million-views-within-12-hours-of-going-online/|title=Jigelu Rani Clocks 2 Million Views Within 12 Hours of Going Online|website=Silverscreen India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930170638/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/jigelu-rani-clocks-2-million-views-within-12-hours-of-going-online/|date=15 May 2018|archive-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

== Release ==
The audio of the song was released on 15 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Priyanka |last=Sundar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-audio-review-the-music-of-ram-charan-samantha-akkineni-film-offers-rustic-charm/story-wj9NwtaQ84WSZ2YvhGBz2O.html |title=Rangasthalam audio review: The music of Ram Charan, Samantha Akkineni film offers rustic charm |date=15 March 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910113946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rangasthalam-audio-review-the-music-of-ram-charan-samantha-akkineni-film-offers-rustic-charm/story-wj9NwtaQ84WSZ2YvhGBz2O.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song on 20 March 2018, through [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref name="Jigelu Rani">{{Cite news|last=Jonnalagedda|first=Pranita|title=Birthday Gift for Ram Charan; 'Jigelu Rani' music video|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=28 March 2018}}</ref> After the success of its audio, the fans were highly anticipated for the music and video frequently asked makers to release video song.<ref name="Jigelu Rani"/>

The promo of music video was released on 27 March, coinciding with [[Ram Charan]]'s birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/on-ram-charan-s-birthday-rangasthalam-s-jigelu-rani-song-with-pooja-hegde-out-what-video/story-NIkHQ1UTkqAeDjHsh5qLoK.html |title=On Ram Charan's birthday, Rangasthalam's Jigelu Rani song with Pooja Hegde out. Watch video |date=27 March 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522054820/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/on-ram-charan-s-birthday-rangasthalam-s-jigelu-rani-song-with-pooja-hegde-out-what-video/story-NIkHQ1UTkqAeDjHsh5qLoK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/meet-pooja-hedge-as-jigelu-rani-in-rangasthalam|title=Meet Pooja Hedge As Jigelu Rani in Rangasthalam|date=27 March 2018|website=[[Sakshi Post]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095043/https://www.sakshipost.com/meet-pooja-hedge-as-jigelu-rani-in-rangasthalam|url-status=live}}</ref> The full video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 13 May 2018 on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-mix/2018/05/14/jigelu-ranifull-video-song.html|title=ആടിപ്പാടി ഗ്ലാമറസായി റാംചരണിനൊപ്പം പൂജ: വിഡിയോ|website=[[Manorama Online]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100412/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-mix/2018/05/14/jigelu-ranifull-video-song.html|url-status=live|language=ml}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Papri Paul of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the song and wrote "The high on energy song is massy and may sound raunchy at times, but has a unique appeal and distinct essence that will get everyone grooving. Pooja looks gorgeous as a village belle as she matches steps with Ram Charan. This is her first item number, however her dance moves and sultry expressions took her oomph factor a notch higher."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/pooja-hegde-sizzles-as-jigelu-rani/articleshow/63518299.cms|title='Rangasthalam' Song: Pooja Hegde sizzles as Jigelu Rani|date=29 March 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522055131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/pooja-hegde-sizzles-as-jigelu-rani/articleshow/63518299.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Zee News]]'' complimented the song and wrote "Though the situation and the purpose of the song Jigelu Rani are entirely different from that of [[Chikni Chameli]], Pooja's avatar reminds us of [[Katrina Kaif|Katrina]] in the Hindi song. However, both the songs have a unique appeal and distinct essence of their own."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/ram-charan-and-pooja-hegdes-jigelu-rani-promo-is-out-and-its-super-energetic-2094244.html|title=Ram Charan and Pooja Hegdes Jigelu Rani promo is out and its super energetic|date=28 March 2018|website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100412/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/ram-charan-and-pooja-hegdes-jigelu-rani-promo-is-out-and-its-super-energetic-2094244.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mridula Ramadugu of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "'Jigelu Rani' is the 'Diyalo Diyalo' of the album. 'Diyalo Diyalo' from ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% love]]'' for the same director was also one of the few songs were we got a taste of DSP's folk side and Jigelu takes over as one of those. This happens to the be the item number of the jukebox and makes you want to do a step or two. 'Jigelu Rani', by the sounds of it, has got all the village men at Jigelu Rani's doorstep breaking into Kuthu beats, as well, every once in a while. Rela Kumar and Ganta Venkata Lakshmi’s vocals on the track are local renditions at its best. You can’t miss their strong Rayalaseema slang throughout this entertaining composition."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Mridula|last=Ramadugu|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-music-review-devi-sri-prasads-soundtrack-perfectly-reflects-rural-essence-of-ram-charan-starrer-4410363.html|title=Rangasthalam music review: Devi Sri Prasad's soundtrack perfectly reflects rural essence of Ram Charan-starrer|date=30 March 2018|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910113303/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-music-review-devi-sri-prasads-soundtrack-perfectly-reflects-rural-essence-of-ram-charan-starrer-4410363.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' noted "Pooja Hegde provides the much needed entertainment relief towards climax with her dance in Jigelu Rani song."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeevi|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rangasthalam.html|title=Rangasthalam review by jeevi – Telugu cinema review – Ram Charan|website=[[Idlebrain]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100541/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/rangasthalam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Times Internet|Samayam]]'' wrote Ram Charan's and Pooja Hegde's dance moves are the highlight of the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/ram-charan-pooja-hegde-rocks-in-jigelu-rani-song-in-rangasthalam/articleshow/63484758.cms|title=జిగేల్ రాణి, జిగేల్ రాజా.. దుమ్ముదులిపేశారు!|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095213/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/ram-charan-pooja-hegde-rocks-in-jigelu-rani-song-in-rangasthalam/articleshow/63484758.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music and lyrics, and became a huge success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/pooja-hegde-and-other-tollywood-celebs-pour-birthday-wishes-to-ram-charan/articleshow/99039659.cms|title=Ram Charan: ఇదిగో చిట్టిబాబు.. నీ జిగేలు రాణీని.. పూజాహెగ్డే బర్త్‌డే విషెస్‌కి మెగా ఫ్యాన్స్ ఫిదా|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095046/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/pooja-hegde-and-other-tollywood-celebs-pour-birthday-wishes-to-ram-charan/articleshow/99039659.cms|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref> The track became a chartbuster upon its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/disha-patani-to-shake-leg-along-with-allu-arjun/articleshow/75491658.cms|title=Disha Patani to shake leg along with Allu Arjun?|date=1 May 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802132304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/disha-patani-to-shake-leg-along-with-allu-arjun/articleshow/75491658.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/happy-birthday-devi-sri-prasad-best-dance-numbers-by-the-music-composer/102310942|title=Happy Birthday DSP: 5 Peppy dance numbers by the composer that we cant stop grooving to|website=[[Radio Mirchi]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095048/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/happy-birthday-devi-sri-prasad-best-dance-numbers-by-the-music-composer/102310942|url-status=live}}</ref> The song started trending on internet instantly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/will-poojas-rangasthalam-item-song-beat-kajals-janatha-garage-number|title=Will Pooja's Rangasthalam Item Song Beat Kajal's Janatha Garage Number?|date=29 March 2018|website=[[Sakshi Post]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095101/https://www.sakshipost.com/will-poojas-rangasthalam-item-song-beat-kajals-janatha-garage-number|url-status=live}}</ref> The hook step performed by Pooja Hegde and Ram Charan, went viral on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/videos/viral/japanese-fans-mass-steps-for-tollywood-hero-ram-charan-song-jigelu-rani-493513.html|title=Jigelu Rani: రామ్ చరణ్ పాటకు అదిరిపోయే స్టెప్పులేసిన ఎన్టీఆర్ ఫ్యాన్స్.. ఫుల్ ఖుషీ చేస్తున్న జపాన్ జిగేల్ రాణి..!|first=TV9|last=Telugu|date=2 July 2021|website=[[TV9 Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095548/https://tv9telugu.com/videos/viral/japanese-fans-mass-steps-for-tollywood-hero-ram-charan-song-jigelu-rani-493513.html|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/pooja-hegde-grandmother-dances-in-hospital-for-jigel-rani-song/articleshow/63505593.cms|title=జిగేల్ రాణి.. హాస్పిటల్లోనే హీరోయిన్ బామ్మ స్టెప్పులు!|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095611/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/pooja-hegde-grandmother-dances-in-hospital-for-jigel-rani-song/articleshow/63505593.cms|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref> Several DJ versions and remix versions were released by various artists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Songs that ruled the charts! |url=http://epaper.dailypioneer.com/ThePioneer/Pioneer/2018/12/28/ArticleHtmls/28_12_2018_001_031.shtml |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The beginning tune of this song was used in the track "Missed Cal Mini Mini" from the film ''[[Operation 2019]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-operation-2019/articleshow/66881168.cms|title=Music Review: Operation 2019|date=30 November 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-operation-2019/articleshow/66881168.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Actress [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] revealed that she done an item number in ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' seeing the Hegde's dance in this song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/samantha-akkineni-initially-rejected-item-number-oo-antava-from-allu-arjuns-film-pushpa-4574855.html|title=Samantha Akkineni Initially Rejected Item Number Oo Antava From Allu Arjun's Film Pushpa|date=20 December 2021|website=[[News18]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095550/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/samantha-akkineni-initially-rejected-item-number-oo-antava-from-allu-arjuns-film-pushpa-4574855.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "No doubt, glam divas have raised the bar on special songs in Telugu movies and it augurs well for big ticket extravaganzas. Also we are spending lavishly and promoting them on par with Bollywood numbers, so top-rung actresses are showing some interest," said producer [[Mythri Movie Makers|Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar]], after "Jigelu Rani"{{'}}s success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Prakash|first=BVS|title=Ganta Venkata Lakshmi, 'Jigelu Rani' singer finally gets justice|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020321/tollywood-actress-dancing-to-special-tunes.html|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2 March 2021}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "through alluring dance-moves in "Jigelu Rani" item number, Pooja has become a hot favourite among the masses in no time".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-to-sizzle-in-a-bikini-once-again-in-aravinda-sametha/articleshow/65932679.cms|title=Pooja Hegde to sizzle in a bikini once again in 'Aravinda Sametha'|date=24 September 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pooja-hegde-to-sizzle-in-a-bikini-once-again-in-aravinda-sametha/articleshow/65932679.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/hotties-who-reigned-supreme/articleshow/68467540.cms|title=Hotties who reigned supreme|date=19 March 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/hotties-who-reigned-supreme/articleshow/68467540.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' described it as "superhit" song from ''Rangasthalam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/ram-charan-and-pooja-hegde-flaunt-their-chemistry-on-the-new-poster-of-acharyaram-charan-and-pooja-hegde-flaunt-their-chemistry-in-the-poster-of-acharya/|title=Ram Charan and Pooja Hegde flaunt their chemistry on the new poster of Acharya|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=23 July 2024|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220105931/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/ram-charan-and-pooja-hegde-flaunt-their-chemistry-on-the-new-poster-of-acharyaram-charan-and-pooja-hegde-flaunt-their-chemistry-in-the-poster-of-acharya/|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' noted Hegde made a "memorable appearance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/happy-birthday-pooja-hegde-8-times-she-made-heads-turn-with-her-costumes/photostory/86841316.cms|title=Happy Birthday Pooja Hegde: 8 times she made heads turn with her costumes|website=The Economic Times|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/happy-birthday-pooja-hegde-8-times-she-made-heads-turn-with-her-costumes/photostory/86841316.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated that the success of "Jigelu Rani" increased the expectations for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Priyanka |last=Sundar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ram-charan-and-samantha-akkineni-s-rangasthalam-5-reasons-why-it-is-a-must-watch/story-1AIcwA36qov3IilXPeC6WN.html |title=Ram Charan and Samantha Akkineni's Rangasthalam: 5 reasons why it is a must watch |date=29 May 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095552/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ram-charan-and-samantha-akkineni-s-rangasthalam-5-reasons-why-it-is-a-must-watch/story-1AIcwA36qov3IilXPeC6WN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' wrote Hegde's act in the song became the "talk of the town".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/beauty-queens-in-hyderabad-times-most-desirable-list-2018/eventshow/68477968.cms|title=Beauty queens in Hyderabad Times Most Desirable List 2018|website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]|access-date=31 July 2024|archive-date=31 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731084644/https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/beauty-queens-in-hyderabad-times-most-desirable-list-2018/eventshow/68477968.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sayanthana K from ''[[The Times of India]]'' listed the song in the "Tollywood's iconic item songs that turned into the ultimate party vibe".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jigelu-rani-to-oo-antava-mama-tollywoods-iconic-item-songs-that-turned-into-the-ultimate-party-vibe/photostory/103963220.cms|title='Jigelu Rani' to 'Oo Antava Mama': Tollywood's iconic item songs that turned into the ultimate party vibe|date=26 September 2023|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jigelu-rani-to-oo-antava-mama-tollywoods-iconic-item-songs-that-turned-into-the-ultimate-party-vibe/photostory/103963220.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Radio Mirchi]]'' listed the song in "Top 6 sexy item songs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/web-stories/sexy-item-songs-in-south-indian-movies/photostory/99130153.cms|title=Sexy item songs in South Indian movies|website=[[Radio Mirchi]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100055/https://mirchi.in/web-stories/sexy-item-songs-in-south-indian-movies/photostory/99130153.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Choreographer [[Jani Master]] became more popular with this song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/choreographer-jani-master-sentenced-to-6-months-in-jail-by-medchal-court/articleshow/68601826.cms|title=జిగేల్ రాణి జానీ మాస్టర్‌కి ఆర్నెళ్ల జైలు శిక్ష, జరిమానా|date=30 March 2019|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401142956/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/choreographer-jani-master-sentenced-to-6-months-in-jail-by-medchal-court/articleshow/68601826.cms|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref> Several film and television actresses performed with the song in award ceremonies and other events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/rashmi-gautam-hari-teja-and-pradeep-machiraju-to-perform-at-the-zee-mahotsavam-this-weekend/articleshow/64207259.cms|title=Rashmi Gautam, Hari Teja and Pradeep Machiraju to perform at the 'Zee Mahotsavam' this weekend|date=18 May 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730101816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/rashmi-gautam-hari-teja-and-pradeep-machiraju-to-perform-at-the-zee-mahotsavam-this-weekend/articleshow/64207259.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/66th-yamaha-fascino-filmfare-awards-south-2019-the-night-the-black-lady-smiled-upon-mahanati-rangasthalam/articleshow/72925796.cms|title=66th Yamaha Fascino Filmfare Awards South 2019: The night the Black Lady smiled upon Mahanati, Rangasthalam|date=23 December 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230000350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/66th-yamaha-fascino-filmfare-awards-south-2019-the-night-the-black-lady-smiled-upon-mahanati-rangasthalam/articleshow/72925796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/anasuya-bharadwaj-pooja-hegde-electrifying-dance-performance-at-cinemahotsavam/articleshow/71049133.cms|title=Cine Mahotsavam 2019: స్టేజ్‌ని ఊపేసిన రంగమ్మత్త.. జిగేలు రాణితో పోటాపోటీ..!|date=9 September 2019|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100056/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/anasuya-bharadwaj-pooja-hegde-electrifying-dance-performance-at-cinemahotsavam/articleshow/71049133.cms|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref> The song was also frequently played in ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 4]]'' for games and guest intros.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bigg-boss-telugu-female-domination-in-dance-competition-over-male-inmates-645446|title=Bigg Boss Telugu: Female domination in dance competition over male inmates|date=14 September 2020|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100057/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bigg-boss-telugu-female-domination-in-dance-competition-over-male-inmates-645446|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bigg-boss-telugu-season-3-sree-mukhi-comes-back-to-original-form-567625|title=Bigg Boss Telugu Season 3: Sree Mukhi comes back to original form|date=27 September 2019|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100058/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bigg-boss-telugu-season-3-sree-mukhi-comes-back-to-original-form-567625|url-status=live}}</ref> After Maneesha singing this track with [[Anudeep Dev]] at [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] 2018, judge [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] revealed that he will definitely tell [[Devi Sri Prasad]] to see the performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-written-update-may-19-2018-maneesha-mesmerizes-with-jigel-rani-performance/articleshow/64256008.cms|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa written update, May 19, 2018: Maneesha mesmerizes with 'Jigel Rani' performance|date=21 May 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-written-update-may-19-2018-maneesha-mesmerizes-with-jigel-rani-performance/articleshow/64256008.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==
The song debuted on [[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi Top 20]] countdown on 16 March 2018. It stayed on the chart for 8 weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/more/telugu-top-20/|title=Mirchi Top 20|publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530055115/https://www.radiomirchi.com/more/telugu-top-20/|date=30 May 2018|archive-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> The song also topped in several charts.<ref>{{Cite web |first=BVS |last=Prakash |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/pooja-hedge-to-groove-with-jr-ntr-890574 |title=Pooja Hedge to groove with Jr NTR? |date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100058/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/pooja-hedge-to-groove-with-jr-ntr-890574 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Times Internet|Samayam]]'', listed the song in the ''Top 10 Super Hit Songs of 2018'', as a year-ender special.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/latest-top-10-telugu-super-hit-songs-of-2018/articleshow/67176508.cms|title=Telugu Hit Songs 2018: టాప్ 10 సూపర్ హిట్ సాంగ్స్.. ఆ పాటకు 130 మిలియన్ వ్యూస్|date=20 December 2018|website=[[Times Internet|Samayam Telugu]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100931/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/latest-top-10-telugu-super-hit-songs-of-2018/articleshow/67176508.cms|url-status=live|language=te}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Chart performances for "Jigelu Rani"
! scope="col" |Chart (2018)
! scope="col" |Peak
position
|-
! scope="row" |India ([[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi Top 20]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/musicchart/6692253.cms?chartid=7&periodtype=4&date=2018-05-11|title=Mirchi Top 20: Week Of 11 May 2018|publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110034519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/musicchart/6692253.cms?chartid=7&periodtype=4&date=2018-05-11|date=11 May 2018|archive-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>
|10
|}

== Live performances ==
Singers of the track, Rela Kumar and Ganta Venkata Lakshmi performed the song at the [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2018]] in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jigelu-rani-singers-on-sreemukhis-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-this-weekend/articleshow/64489432.cms|title='Jigelu Rani' singers on Sreemukhi's 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' this weekend|date=7 June 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525124402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jigelu-rani-singers-on-sreemukhis-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-this-weekend/articleshow/64489432.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 March 2018, [[Pooja Hegde]] performed the song with Jani at pre-release event for the film's promotion held at [[RK Beach]], [[Vizag]] in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ex8FpaO5SXo |title=Pooja Hegde & Jani Master Amazing Performance on Stage For Jigelu Rani Song |date=18 March 2018 |type=motion picture |publisher=[[NTV Telugu]] |place=India |via=YouTube |lang=ta |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730024251/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ex8FpaO5SXo |url-status=live }}</ref> The cast and crew of the film danced to the song at film's success meet held on 13 April at [[Yousufguda]] Police Grounds in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FrUCPkU8fg |title=Rangasthalam Team Dances for Jigelu Rani Song |date=13 April 2018 |type=motion picture |publisher=[[Mythri Movie Makers]] |place=India |via=YouTube |lang=ta |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730023727/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FrUCPkU8fg |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In July 2018, singer Ganta Venkata Lakshmi stated that she wasn't paid for singing the song and said she wasn't aware about her remuneration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greattelangaana.com/english/jigel-rani-singer-did-not-get-money/|title=Jigel Rani singer did not get money-Jigel Rani singer did not get money|date=16 July 2018|website=Great Telangana|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730101054/https://greattelangaana.com/english/jigel-rani-singer-did-not-get-money/|url-status=live}}</ref> Venkata Lakshmi revealed that she went to [[Chennai]] on her own expenses to record the song, but a mediator cheated her by not giving her remuneration. "I received lot of applause for this song but I was cheated because of the mediators. I didn't get my remuneration for the song. I also tried to attend the audio launch event of ''Rangasthalam'', but I was not allowed", she added. Although she tried to approach the makers of the film and music director Prasad, meditators didn't give her a chance to meet them.<ref name="DC"/>

After Sukumar and ''Rangasthalam'' crew getting severe criticism and negative remarks from thousands of audiences for not paying the singer Venkata Lakshmi, Sukumar sent her a check of {{INR}} 1 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/entertainment/2018/07/22/this-singer-charged-lakh-for-a-song-in-rangasthalam|title=This Singer Charged Lakh for a Song in Rangasthalam|date=22 July 2018|website=[[Sakshi Post]]|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730100940/https://www.sakshipost.com/entertainment/2018/07/22/this-singer-charged-lakh-for-a-song-in-rangasthalam|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the song's success, it also garnered criticism from viewers for filming song with drunken men in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/rangasthalam-its-flawed-ideals-about-the-treatment-of-married-actresses/|title=Jigelu Rani Clocks 2 Million Views Within 12 Hours of Going Online|website=Silverscreen India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408003427/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/rangasthalam-its-flawed-ideals-about-the-treatment-of-married-actresses/|date=8 April 2018|archive-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==

{{div col}}
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]]{{spaced ndash}} composer
* [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* Rela Kumar{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* Ganta Venkata Lakshmi{{spaced ndash}}vocal
* [[Jani Master]]{{spaced ndash}} choreographer
* Kalyan{{spaced ndash}} rhythm
* Vikas Badisa{{spaced ndash}} keyboard
* Uday Kumar{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer, mastering engineer, programmer
* Kutty Uday{{spaced ndash}} assistant sound engineer
{{div col end}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
!Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
|-
|[[17th Santosham Film Awards]]
|Best Female Playback Singer
|Ganta Venkata Lakshmi
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shriya Saran, Jayam Ravi and other celebs get spotted at an awards show; See pics|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/photos-shriya-saran-jayam-ravi-and-other-celebs-get-spotted-awards-show-476994|access-date=2020-11-25|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=30 September 2019|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531132056/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/photos-shriya-saran-jayam-ravi-and-other-celebs-get-spotted-awards-show-476994|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/santosham-awards-2019/0-6-2214|title=Santosham Awards 2019 TV Serial – Watch Santosham Awards 2019 Online All Episodes (1-2) on ZEE5|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730101057/https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/santosham-awards-2019/0-6-2214|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City Cine Awards Telugu]]
|Best Lyricist
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radio City Cine Awards Telugu|url=https://www.radiocity.in/citycineawards/|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515131301/https://www.radiocity.in/citycineawards |archive-date=15 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2022|website=[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Jani Master]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=madsiEmiEZo|title=''Jigelu Rani'' (full video version)}}
* {{YouTube|id=IicnBzHU9Ts|title=''Jigelu Rani'' (lyrical)}}

{{Devi Sri Prasad}}

[[Category:2018 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Chandrabose (lyricist)]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Music video controversies]]
[[Category:Indian folk songs]]
[[Category:Pop-folk songs]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]

GIC Deoria

2026-02-21T07:51:25Z

Victoruot: Made new article w/ refs

{{Multiple issues|{{one source|date=July 2024}}
{{primary sources|date=July 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| image = GIC Front Image.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| name = Government Inter College (GIC)
| colours = Maroon and white {{color box|#800000}} {{color box|white}}
| motto = विद्या ददाति विनयम्
| motto_translation = Education Makes one Humble
| established = {{Start date and age|1912|10|08}}
| founder = King Edward
| enrollment = 1000 +
| campus = Urban
| nickname = GIC
| other_name = King Edward High School
| status = Active
| city = [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| province =
| postal_code =
| zipcode =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.50047|83.78345|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Government Inter College Kotwali Road
| type = Government College
| school_board = [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|U.P. Board]]
| school_code = 1049
| classes = [[Sixth grade|VI]] to [[Twelfth grade|XII]]
| avg_class_size = 60
| teaching_staff = ~40
| classrooms = 30+
| system = [[Secondary school#India|Secondary school]]
| hours_in_day = 9
| yearbook =
| website =
| age_range = 9 to 18 years
| language = [[Hindi]], English
| campus_size = 2.09 acres
| principal = Ram Kinkar (PES)
| affiliation = [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|U.P. Board]]
}}

'''Government Inter College Deoria''' or '''GIC Deoria''' ({{audio|Gic Deoria Voice.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a college in the [[Deoria district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Established in 1912 as '''King Edward High School''', the school provides a common education programme for the children of central government, defence, and military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Inter College Deoria |url=https://gicdeoria.com/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Government Inter College Deoria}}</ref>

It is {{cvt|2|km}} away from the [[Deoria railway station|Deoria Railway Station]] and {{cvt|2.9|km}} away from the Deoria Bus Stand. The old name of this college was King Edward High School. It was established on 8 October 1912.

Its current [[Headteacher|principal]] is Ram Kinkar. There are hostels here and there is also two bicycle stands.

== Admission ==
Selection is made through written entrance test in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] and [[Math]] & [[Biology]] followed by an interview.

== Students and faculty ==
The students strength of the school is 4000. Total number of teachers are 50. There are 20 classrooms in college me of old students of this college are serving this college as a teacher, when they are selected as teacher by Madhya Shiksha Seva Chayan Board, Allahabad. Some of these teachers are Shri Govind Singh (Lecturer-Physics), YogendraNath Mishra (Lecturer-Hindi), Ashim Chaudhary (Lecturer-Mathematics), Vivekanand Mishra (Lecturer-Chemistry) etc.

== Course of study ==
The college follows the curriculum prescribed by the [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad, Uttar Pradesh (UP Board)]] and have classes from Primary (VI) to the Intermediate (Class XII) level. It prepares students for the UP Board Examination for Class X and Class XII. Value education is imparted as part of the curriculum.

School hours are from 7:00 am to 12:00 pm stared 1st shift.1st shirt in 11th,12th and 2nd shirt 6th to 10th. 12:00 pm to 5:pm started 2nd Shirt. The Office functions from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm.

== Celebrating Annual Function ==
GIC Deoria celebrates its foundation day on 8 October every year. On this day, all the students of Deoria, that is, those who have left after studying, all those people are called and honored. Due to [[COVID-19]], it was stopped in GIC for 2 years i.e. 2019 and 2020. But it will be celebrated again in 2021.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed>

File:GIC Hall Image.jpg|Hall Image
File:Gic Deoria.jpg|Ground Image 1
File:Ground Image GIC Deoria.jpg|Ground Image 2
</gallery>

==Notable alumni==

* [[Surya Pratap Shahi]] Cabinet Minister in Uttar Pradesh
* [[Girishwar Misra]] Former Vice Chancellor [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]], author, professor, [[psychologist]]

==See also==
* [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]
* [[Deoria district]]
* [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh|UP Board]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|GIC_Deoria|Gic Deoria}}
* [http://gicdeoria.com/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191006060529/https://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/63346-government-inter-college-deoria Govt. Inter College]
* [http://website-182.wernet.demos.rvsolutions.in/en-us/School-Detail/School/10506-govt-inter-college-deoria-deoria-gorakhpur-division/ Basic Details for college]

[[Category:Intermediate colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1912 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1912]]

Shadaab Khan

2026-02-18T01:33:49Z

Victoruot: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian film actor (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shadaab Khan
| image = ShadaabKhan.jpg
| caption = Shadaab Khan with mother Shehla Khan in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|09|20}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor, film director, author
| years_active = 1996–present
| parents = [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] (father)
| relatives = [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] (paternal grandfather) [[Akhtar ul Iman]] (maternal grandfather) [[Imtiaz Khan]] (paternal uncle) [[Zafar Karachiwala]] (brother-in-law)
| spouse = {{marriage|Rumana Achwa|2005}}
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
}}

'''Shadaab Khan''' (born 20 September 1973) is an Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] actor, writer, and film director. He is the son of actor [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]].

==Personal life==
Shadaab Khan was born on 20 September 1973 in [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] (now [[Mumbai]]) into a [[Muslim]] family to parents [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] and Shaila Khan.

Shadaab is of [[Pashtun]] descent on his father's side, traced back to [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province]] (now in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan), where his grandfather Zakaria Khan, better known as [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], was born and raised.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amjad-khan-1542614.html|title=Obituary: Amjad Khan|work=The Independent|date=23 October 2011|accessdate=12 November 2015|quote=The son of Zakira Khan, a Pathan from the North-West Frontier Province and popular Bollywood character actor of the Fifties and Sixties (screen name Jayant), Khan was born in Bombay in 1943.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/premiere/sholay-3d-spl-screening/articleshow/28046702.cms|title=Sholay 3D: Spl. Screening}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/cinema/fathers-influence-during-his-formative-years-and-how-he-rightly-advised-him-to-never-be-burdened-by-his-legacy/|title = Amjad Khan's Piece of Advice to His Son Shadaab Khan|date = 14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theemergingindia.com/meet-the-kids-of-popular-villains-of-bollywood/shadaab-khan-amzad-khan/|title=Shadaab-Khan-Amzad-Khan|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428213831/https://www.theemergingindia.com/meet-the-kids-of-popular-villains-of-bollywood/shadaab-khan-amzad-khan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Through his mother, his grandfather is [[Akhtar ul Iman]], an [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poet]] and screenwriter in the Hindi film industry who has written the dialogues for two of [[Yash Chopra|Yash Chopra's]] best-known movies, ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'' (1965) and ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'' (1969).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2014 |title='Writing is in my blood' |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20140212/282595965806530?srsltid=AfmBOoppu8KXSY7nz8x7RRlnRISmpKUoOqMvgFoEnozllQxA5salZ9Gi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411140523/https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20140212/282595965806530 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |website=[[The Deccan Chronicle]] |quote=}}</ref>

He has two siblings, brother Seemab Khan, a [[club cricket]]er,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizvi |first=Taus |date=11 August 2019 |title=Weight of selection: Amjad Khan's son Seemab Khan to Rahkeem Cornwall |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-weight-of-selection-amjad-khan-s-son-seemab-khan-to-rahkeem-cornwall-2780772 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> and sister Ahlam Khan, an actress and screenwriter married to actor [[Zafar Karachiwala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Ahlam Khan, the beautiful daughter of 'Gabbar' Amjad Khan |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-ahlam-khan-karachiwala-the-beautiful-daughter-of-gabbar-sholay-actor-amjad-khan-2891929/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-ahlam-khan-karachiwala-the-beautiful-daughter-of-gabbar-sholay-actor-amjad-khan-2891929/one-of-the-most-glamorous-theatre-artists-2891930 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> He is married to Rumana Achwa since 2005.

==Books==
Shadaab Khan has been writing since the age of 8<ref name=":0" /> and has published two fiction books: ''Shanti Memorial'', a collection of novellas in the horror and thriller genres,<ref name=":0" /> in 2013 and ''Murder in Bollywood'', a crime novel, in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/amitabh-bachchan-launches-shadaab-khans-crime-thriller-murder-in-bollywood-in-mumbai/articleshow/48085464.cms
|newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=13 May 2021 |title=Amitabh Bachchan launches Shadaab Khan's crime thriller 'Murder In Bollywood' in Mumbai |first=Mohar |last=Basu |date=16 July 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film !! Year !! Actor !! Director !! Writer !! class=unsortable| Notes !! Ref.
|-
|''Pyaari Bhabhi''
|1985
|{{ya}}
|
|
|Film debut; child actor
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat]]''|| 1996 || {{ya}} || || || ||
|-
| ''[[Betaabi]]''|| 1997|| {{ya}} || || || ||

|-
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''|| rowspan="2" | 2000 || {{ya}} || || || rowspan="3" | Supporting role||
|-
| [[Refugee (2000 film)|''Refugee'']]|| {{ya}} || || ||
|-
| ''Bharat Bhagya Vidhata'' || 2002 || {{ya}} || || ||
|-
| ''Highway 203'' || 2007 || {{na}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Romeo Akbar Walter]]'' || rowspan="2" | 2019|| {{ya}} || || || Supporting role||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Show
! Year
! Role
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Scam 1992]]''
| 2020
| Ajay Kedia
| 8 Episodes
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0451317}}
* {{Twitter|amjadjunior}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shadaab}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian horror writers]]
[[Category:Indian crime fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian thriller writers]]
[[Category:21st-century writers]]

Meitei traditional weapons

2026-02-13T21:01:22Z

Victoruot: done

{{Short description|Traditional weaponry in Meitei civilisation}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

[[File:Thang-Ta.jpg|thumb|Traditional Meitei spear and shield used in [[Thang-Ta]] performance]]

The [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur]] as well as of [[Assam Meiteis|Assam]] and [[Tripura Meiteis|Tripura]], in [[northeastern India]], besides those of [[Bangladesh Meiteis|Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar Meiteis|Myanmar]], use different traditional weapons for hunting, defense, and fighting. They use swords for close combat. Spears are thrown or used in battle. Shields protect warriors during fights. Arrows are shot from bows for hunting and battle. Darts are small weapons in wars. These weapons are made from materials like wood, bamboo, and animal body parts, showing the Meitei people's skill and connection to nature. Many of these weapons are used in various classical [[Meitei martial art]] forms, such as [[Thang Ta]], [[Cheibi]], etc.<ref name="Green, Thomas A. 2010. p. 294-297">Green, Thomas A.., Svinth, Joseph R.. Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. United States: ABC-CLIO, 2010. p. 294-297</ref>

== Mythology ==
{{main|Meitei mythology|Meitei folklore|Meitei folktales}}
[[File:Thengkoulol + Khousalol + Chaina Ta + Lan Thang + Thang Leiteng of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb|Many traditional Meitei weapons are believed to be originated from the different body parts of god [[Pakhangba]], which is why the weapons are considered holy and sacred.<ref name="Green, Thomas A. 2010. p. 294-297"/>]]
The lore of an old Meitei text named Pudin tells how the Thang (sword) and Ta (spear) were created from the body parts and bones of Tin Sidaba (also known as [[Pakhangba]]). According to the story, different parts of his body turned into weapons. The long blades of the sword, called Thangsang Kabak Thang, came from his body. The Tarung-Thang, an ancient sword, came from his right shoulder. His ribs turned into another sword called Thang Kairempa Khutphangton. His hands and fingers became smaller blades called Singtup Sangai, and a bone called Naklu Maiphangton Apik became a kitchen knife called Heijrang. His teeth turned into an iron axe.<ref name=":antrocom.net_swords" /><ref name="Green, Thomas A. 2010. p. 294-297"/>

During a dance called Thengou (a dance with martial arts moves), Pakhangba held a sword called Tubi Cheirong-Hainaba Thang-Kaklen Yashaba, which made the sword a symbol of Pakhangba for the Meitei people.<ref name=":antrocom.net_swords" /><ref name="Green, Thomas A. 2010. p. 294-297"/>

In another story, from the Thanglon Thangchat Puya, Tin Sidaba’s teeth became an axe called Chakhapa. Tin Sidaba’s grandson, Ngaite ngamba, was caught and died in a fish trap called Sara Lu. Various parts of his body turned into different weapons. For example, Chakot became a Thangchou, a common dao (knife). His limbs, called Yupang, created the Ta, also known as Khangsu-Ta (spear).<ref name=":antrocom.net_swords" /><ref name="Green, Thomas A. 2010. p. 294-297"/>

== Arambai ==
[[File:A Classical Meitei sculpture of an ancient Meitei cavalry soldier, trying to throw an Arambai weapon backwards (traditionally towards the pursuing enemies), while riding on a galloping Meitei horse (Manipuri pony) 03.jpg|thumb|A Classical Meitei sculpture of an ancient Meitei cavalry soldier, trying to throw an [[Arambai]] weapon backwards (traditionally towards the pursuing enemies)]]
The [[Arambai]] was a key weapon used by the Meitei cavalry in battles. It is a dart with a sharp iron tip, like an arrowhead, and [[peacock feather]]s tied together to form a hole for a bamboo handle. There are two types: one made of wood and cane, and the other made of bamboo.
The Arambai is about 2 feet long with the handle and 1.5 feet without it. It can be thrown in any direction, allowing the user to attack or retreat. It can travel 30 to 40 feet when thrown backward while retreating, and it can fly far when thrown forward. The dart’s feathers are made from 9 to 12 peacock [[Feather#Structures and characteristics|quills]], and warriors carried around 50 in quivers on their ponies.
The sharp tip is often poisoned with [[snake venom]], bee venom, or chili extract. The poison made the weapon even more deadly. The Arambai can be thrown up to 70 to 80 yards, and a throwing stick was sometimes used to increase the distance. It could be thrown one by one or in groups, depending on the situation. The Arambai was an important weapon for both defense and attack.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arambai: A Weapon for Guerrilla Warfare|url=https://abhidhajournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Paper-7_-Arambai_-a-weapon-for-guerrilla-warfare_v3.pdf?form=MG0AV3|website=abhidhajournal}}</ref><ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur">{{Cite web|title=Weapon Tradition of Manipur|url=https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2018/IJRSS_MARCH2018/IJRSSmar18HRSRy.pdf|website=International Journal of Research in Social Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arambai Meitei weapon that kept medieval Burmese at bay By Phanjoubam Chingkheinganba|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Arambai_Meitei_weapon_that_kept_medieval_Burmese_at_bay_By_Phanjoubam_Chingkheinganba|access-date=2025-02-12|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Arrows ==
[[File:Kakyen Mingamba - Tyrannical monstrous gigantic colossal cannibalistic bird - swallowing Meitei Elder Prince Yoimongba in front of Younger Prince Taothingmang - Classical Meitei mythology & folklore of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb|A special arrow was mentioned in ancient Meitei texts for defeating the [[Kakyen]].]]
In [[ancient Meitei language]], the bow and arrow is called Waira. The use of arrows goes back a long time, as seen in old [[Puya (Meitei texts)]]. One story, called [[Numit Kappa]] (shooting of the sun), tells how Khwai Nongchengba made a bow and arrow and used it to shoot down the elder sun, Taohuireng Ahanba. Later, Chaoba Meleiba Sangton Sanouba killed Khwai Nungjengba with an arrow at [[Kangla]].<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />

Although arrows were mostly used in war, they were also used for other things. For example, there were arrows used in rituals, like Naowa Khoijuten (an arrow for a child’s birth ritual), Kasan Yongkap Ten (an arrow for shooting monkeys), Hangoi Taokapli (an arrow for shooting floating frogs), and Leinung Hikap Yaikap Ten (an arrow for black magic). These examples show that arrows had many uses beyond just being weapons.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />

== Spears ==
In [[old Meitei language]], the spear is called Timen. It is one of the oldest traditional weapons of the Meitei people. The spear is used in war and hunting. When in battle, the spearman uses a shield for protection, but for hunting, the spear alone is easier to use. The spear has two sharp iron tips at both ends of the handle. Different parts of the spear have special names, like Tjin (shoukhet), Mashong, Maya, Khang (Ta Machi), Takhok, Taning, and Tadon.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
[[File:The classical Meitei epic of "Khamba and Thoibi" - The tiger hunt.jpg|thumb|Spears were widely used by the Ancient Meiteis for hunting wild animals, including tigers.]]

There are different types of spears for different purposes. For example:
# Lambu Ta is a large spear used to fight tigers.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# Langshoi is the smallest but longest spear, used to guide elephants.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# Khangnangta has a sharp arrow-like tip and is used for hunting pigs.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# Sagol Ta (or Thougal Ta) is a lance used by cavalrymen.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# Taronta (or Hunnata) is another spear used by cavalrymen.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# Tapak has a wide tip and is used in battle against both people and animals.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
Each type of spear is made for a specific job, showing how skilled the Meitei people were in using these weapons.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />

[[File:KHAMBA THOIBI EPIC - THE TORTURE BY THE ELEPHANT.jpg|thumb|Spears were frequently used by the Ancient Meiteis for controlling elephants.]]

== Swords ==
=== Swords resembling natural objects ===
In ancient times, swords were made to look like things in nature, such as tree leaves, grasses, birds, fish, and flowers. Old Meitei books like Miyat, [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], and Thanglon Thangchat mention these shapes. For example, Cheishuthang looked like a rainbow, Tarungthang was shaped like a Pongtha leaf, and Chaklai Thang looked like the leaf of the Leikham herb. Kapakthang resembled a Kabo Leiteng, and Pikanba looked like the Copella bird (Cheklaobi). Sairem Thang was shaped like the [[Labeo]] fish, and Laithang Nungthanba looked like the tip of the Leikham herb. Finally, Nungshamba resembled the [[Anguilla bengalensis|Anguilla]] eel. These shapes show how the Meitei people connected their swords to nature.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />

=== Swords of royalties and nobles ===
[[File:Pukak Thang - a traditional Meitei sword exclusively used for beheading of guilty people by executioners (Sanglingba), after being permitted by Meitei kings of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb|Pukak Thang - a traditional Meitei sword exclusively used for beheading of guilty people by executioners (Sanglingba), after being permitted by Meitei kings<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466671/page/n39/mode/thumb|title=Safa Lanfa Thengkourol|last=Sana Sharma|first=gurumayum|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|year=2008|location=India|pages=39–40|language=mni}}</ref>]]
Kings, nobles, courtiers, and high-ranking military commanders used two types of swords: Langthang (war sword) and Leiteng Thang (decorative sword). Langthang was used in battle and was heavier, longer, and thicker than the Leiteng Thang, which was used in martial shows and competitions. The Langthang had a sharp edge on the blade and at the tip of the slightly curved back.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />

Old books like Ningthourolgi Thang, Ningthourol Lambuba, and others mention that kings had their swords specially made and gave them unique names.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" /> Some of the kings' swords and their names are:
# King [[Ura Konthouba|Urakonthouba]] had two swords named Soisen and Leirukhomba.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# King [[Naothingkhong]]’s sword was called Ipuphaba.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# King [[Charairongba]] had two swords named Khumomba and Pukanba.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# King [[Kiyamba]]’s sword was named Lairenbang.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# King [[Khagemba]] had four swords: Khunkhomba, Khoubomba, Loknung Lakaba, and Nongthang Yeklaba.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# King [[Garibaniwaj]]’s sword was called Yakhu Yekteiba.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# King [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Chingthangkhomba]] had a sword named Changlei Meiraba.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# King [[Gambhir Singh]] had two swords named Khellei Meiraba and Yelei Meiraba.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
# King [[Chandrakirti]]’s sword was called Chenglei Meiraba.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />
These names show how important swords were to the kings and their special value.<ref name=":ijmra.us_Weapon_Tradition_of_Manipur" />

=== Swords of seven clans ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Illustrations of the swords
!Names of the swords
!Romanisation
!Associated Meitei clans
!Romanisation
!Maximum breadth (cm)<ref name=":antrocom.net_swords">{{Cite web|title=Singh N. A., Bezbaruah D., Gourachandra M. / Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology, vol. 18, n. 2a (2022) 349-356|url=https://antrocom.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/singh-lai-thang-meitei-religion-technology.pdf}}</ref>
!Maximum length (cm)<ref name=":antrocom.net_swords" />
!Note(s)
|-
|[[File:Mangang Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb]]
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯛꯊꯥꯡ}}
|Chak Thaang
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯖꯥ (ꯃꯉꯥꯡ)}}
|[[Ningthouja]] ([[Mangang]])
|6.2
|59.6
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467297/page/n11/mode/1up|title=Sagei Salai Apoklon|last=Monihar|first=N.|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|year=2000|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466642/page/n140/mode/1up|title=Erat Thouram Thounirol Lairik|last=Neelbir|first=Sairem|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|year=2004|location=India|pages=140|language=mni}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Luwang Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb]]
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯣꯟꯗꯨꯝꯕ}}
|Tondumba
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ}}
|[[Luwang]]
|5.7
|58.7
|-
|[[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb]]
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯣꯟꯀꯛꯄ}}
|Tonkakpa
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯃꯟ}}
|[[Khuman]]
|6.6
|57.2
|-
|[[File:Angom Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb]]
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯨꯀꯛ ꯊꯥꯡ}}
|Pukak Thaang
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯉꯣꯝ}}
|[[Angom]]
|6.3
|50.1
|-
|[[File:Moilang Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb]]
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯦꯟꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯣꯛ ꯁꯥꯕ}}
|Yenbaa Matok Saaba
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯣꯢꯔꯥꯡ ꯁꯂꯥꯢ (ꯃꯣꯢꯂꯥꯡ)}}
|[[Moirang]] ([[Moilang]])
|7.2
|54.2
|-
|[[File:Kha Nganpa Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb]]
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏꯊꯥꯡ ꯆꯤꯅꯥꯏꯕ}}
|Laithaang Chinaaiba
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯥ ꯉꯥꯟꯄ}}
|[[Kha Nganpa]]
|5.9
|58.6
|-
|[[File:Salang Leishangthem Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb]]
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯟꯊꯣꯡ ꯊꯥꯡ}}
|Khunthong Thaang
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯂꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯁꯥꯡꯊꯦꯝ (ꯁꯂꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯁꯥꯡꯊꯦꯝ)}}
|[[Sarang Leishangthem]] (Salang / [[Salai Leishangthem]] / [[Chenglei]])
|5.9
|59.1
|}

== Weapons of deities ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+
!Names of the weapons
!Romanisation
!Associated deities
!Purposes (if any)
!Note(s)
|-
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯩꯁꯨ ꯊꯥꯡ}}
|Cheisu Thang
|[[Marjing]]
|walking stick/sword
| rowspan="6" |<ref name=":antrocom.net_swords" />
|-
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕ}}
|Thang Koiremba
|[[Koupalu]] ([[Koubru]])
|sword
|-
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯥꯡ ꯀꯥꯏꯔꯦꯝꯕ}}
|(a) Thang-Kairemba
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanamahi]] (Asheeba)
| rowspan="2" |swords
|-
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯨꯀꯞ ꯊꯥꯡ}}
|(b) Lukap-Thang
|-
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯞ ꯊꯥꯡ}}
|ChapThang
|[[Atingkok]] (Atiya)
|sword
|-
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯥꯡꯁꯨ ꯇꯥ}}
|Khangsu-Ta
|[[Poireiton]]
|spear
|}

== Weapons used in Thang Ta ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Illustration(s)<ref name="Awangcha Mangang">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465478/page/n35/mode/thumb|title=Thang Tagee Liklam Lichat|last=Awangcha Mangang|first=Saikhom|date=2005-02-12|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|location=India|language=mni}}</ref>
! Names of the weapon(s)/performance(s) in [[Thang Ta]]<ref name="Awangcha Mangang"/>
! Note(s)
|-
| [[File:Chaina Ta + Khousalol (Khousarol) + Lan Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Chaina Ta + Khousalol (Khousarol) + Lan Thang
| rowspan="16" | <ref name="Awangcha Mangang"/>
|-
| [[File:Chaina Ta + Leiteng Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Chaina Ta + Leiteng Thang
|-
| [[File:Chaina Ta of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Chaina Ta
|-
| [[File:Khousalol (AKA Khousarol) + Chaina Ta of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Khousalol (AKA Khousarol) + Chaina Ta
|-
| [[File:Khousalol (AKA Khousarol) + Thang Leiteng of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Khousalol (AKA Khousarol) + Thang Leiteng
|-
| [[File:Khousalol (Khousarol) + Lan Thang + Leiteng Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Khousalol (Khousarol) + Lan Thang + Leiteng Thang
|-
| [[File:Khousalol (Khousarol) + Thengkoulol (Thengkourol) of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Khousalol (Khousarol) + Thengkoulol (Thengkourol)
|-
| [[File:Khousalol + Chaina Ta + Lan Thang + Leiteng Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Khousalol + Chaina Ta + Lan Thang + Leiteng Thang
|-
| [[File:Lan Thang & Thang Leiteng of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Lan Thang & Thang Leiteng
|-
| [[File:Lan Thang + Leiteng Thang (Fig. 1) & Lan Thang + Chaina Ta (Fig. 2) of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Lan Thang + Leiteng Thang (Fig. 1) & Lan Thang + Chaina Ta (Fig. 2)
|-
| [[File:Ta Khousaba (Ta Khoushaba) of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Ta Khousaba (Ta Khoushaba)
|-
| [[File:Ta Khousalol (Ta Khousarol) + Chaina Ta + Leiteng Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Ta Khousalol (Ta Khousarol) + Chaina Ta + Leiteng Thang
|-
| [[File:Thengkoulol (Thengkourol) + Khousalol (Khousarol) + Leiteng Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Thengkoulol (Thengkourol) + Khousalol (Khousarol) + Leiteng Thang
|-
| [[File:Thengkoulol (Thengkourol) + Ta Khousalol (Ta Khousarol) + Lan Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Thengkoulol (Thengkourol) + Ta Khousalol (Ta Khousarol) + Lan Thang
|-
| [[File:Thengkoulol + Khousalol + Chaina Ta + Lan Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Thengkoulol + Khousalol + Chaina Ta + Lan Thang
|-
| [[File:Thengkoulol + Khousalol + Lan Thang + Leiteng Thang of Thang Ta - Ancient Meitei classical martial art - Intangible cultural heritage of Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb]]
| Thengkoulol + Khousalol + Lan Thang + Leiteng Thang
|}

== See also ==
* [[Lai Haraoba]]

== Bibliography ==
* Chanam, Hemchandra, ed. Lambu Tagi Hourakpham Amasung Kege Kangleirol. Imphal, 2004.
* Chanam, Hemchandra. Ningthourol Lambuba. Imphal: Uripok Naoremthong.
* Chanam, Hemchandra. Kangleirol. Imphal: Uripok Naoremthong.
* Khulem, Chandrashekhar Singh, ed. Loiyumba Shiyen. Imphal.
* Singh, M. Ibotombi. 1975.
* Lairenmayum, Ibungohal, and N. Khelchandra Singh, eds. Cheitharol Kumbaba. Imphal: [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]], 1989.
* Ningthoukhongjam, Deven Singh. Thanglon Thangchat. Imphal: Uripok Ningthoukhongjam Leikai.
* [[Ningthoukhongjam, Khelchandra Singh]], ed. Chainarol. Imphal, 1968.
* Naoroibam, Indramani. Pukhangba Phambal. Imphal: Tera Lukram Leirak, Imphal-1.
* Naoroibam, Indramani. Ningthourolgi Thang. Imphal: Tera Lukram Leirak, Imphal-1.
* Naoroibam, Indramani. Khagemba Langjei. Imphal: Tera Lukram Leirak, Imphal-1.
== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Weapons]]
[[Category:Asian swords]]
[[Category:Spears]]
[[Category:War]]

Julian Sands

2026-02-12T13:00:43Z

Victoruot: small fix article based on references additionally and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|British actor (1958–2023)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Julian Sands
| image = JulianSandsJune2011.jpg
| alt = Photo of a man, Julian Sands, taken in 2011.
| caption = Sands in 2011
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|01|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Otley]], England
| death_date = {{c.|{{Death date and age|2023|01|13|1958|01|04|df=y}}}}
| death_place = [[San Gabriel Mountains]], U.S.
| body_discovered = 24 June 2023
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1982–2023
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Sarah Sands|Sarah Harvey]]|1984|1987|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Evgenia Citkowitz]]|1990|}}
}}
| children = 3
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Israel Citkowitz]] (father-in-law)
* [[Lady Caroline Blackwood]] (mother-in-law)
}}
}}
'''Julian Richard Morley Sands''' (4 January 1958 – {{c.|13 January 2023}}) was an English actor. He had his breakout role as George Emerson in ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]'' (1985) and went on to appear in ''[[The Killing Fields (film)|The Killing Fields]]'' (1984); ''[[Gothic (film)|Gothic]]'' (1986); ''[[Siesta (film)|Siesta]]'' (1987); ''[[Warlock (1989 film)|Warlock]]'' (1989); ''[[Arachnophobia (film)|Arachnophobia]]'' (1990); ''[[Naked Lunch (film)|Naked Lunch]]'' (1991); ''[[Boxing Helena]]'' (1993); ''[[Leaving Las Vegas]]'' (1995); ''[[The Medallion]]'' (2003); ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]'' (2007); and ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)|The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'' (2011). His television roles included Nick Hardaway in ''[[Rose Red (miniseries)|Rose Red]]'' (2002), [[Vladimir Bierko]] in ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' (2006), [[Jor-El]] in ''[[Smallville]]'' (2009–2010), and the voice of Valmont in ''[[Jackie Chan Adventures]]'' (2000–2002).

In January 2023, Sands went missing while hiking in the [[San Gabriel Mountains]]. Five months later, his remains were discovered in the area he had been visiting.

==Early life==
Julian Richard Morley Sands<ref name=THR>{{cite web |title=Julian Sands, Star of 'A Room With a View', Died in January Hiking Accident, Authorities Confirm |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/julian-sands-dead-room-with-a-view-hiking-accident-1235523335/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=27 June 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627212406/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/julian-sands-dead-room-with-a-view-hiking-accident-1235523335/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was born in [[Otley]] on 4 January 1958,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Mike |date=4 January 2022 |title=Today's famous birthdays list for January 4, 2022, includes celebrities Michael Stipe, Dafne Keen |url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2022/01/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-january-4-2022-includes-celebrities-michael-stipe-dafne-keen.html |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[Cleveland.com]] |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119200145/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2022/01/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-january-4-2022-includes-celebrities-michael-stipe-dafne-keen.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the son of [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] councillor Brenda (née Leach) and soil analyst William Sands.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/julian-sands-confirmed-to-have-died-in-california-mountains-7t8fxk0v7 | title=Julian Sands confirmed to have died in California mountains | website=[[The Times]] | date=27 June 2023 }}</ref> His mother was also a leading figure in the local amateur dramatic society.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jun/27/julian-sands-obituary | title=Julian Sands obituary | newspaper=The Guardian | date=27 June 2023 | last1=Gilbey | first1=Ryan }}</ref> He was educated at [[Lord Wandsworth College]] in [[Long Sutton, Hampshire]], then studied at London's [[Central School of Speech and Drama]].<ref name="cssd">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cssd.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/high-profile-alumni|title=Central School of Speech and Drama High Profile Alumni|work=cssd.ac.uk|access-date=3 March 2025|archive-date=6 May 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220506015319/https://www.cssd.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/high-profile-alumni|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Sands began his film career appearing in supporting roles in films, including ''[[Oxford Blues]]'' (1984) and ''[[The Killing Fields (film)|The Killing Fields]]'' (1984). He also had a [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] as a Greek soldier in the BBC adaptation of ''[[The Box of Delights (TV series)|The Box of Delights]]'' in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |title=Classic TV The Box of Delights |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/classic/box/trivia.shtml |work=BBC Cult |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 March 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509192123/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/classic/box/trivia.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> He appeared opposite [[John Hurt]] in the Swiss horror film ''[[After Darkness (1985 film)|After Darkness]]'' in 1985. He was cast as the romantic lead in the 1985 film ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''. Following the success of ''A Room with a View'' and [[Ken Russell]]'s ''[[Gothic (film)|Gothic]]'' (1986) Sands dropped out of ''[[Maurice (1987 film)|Maurice]]'' and decided to move to Hollywood to pursue a career in American films, where he appeared in a range of roles.<ref name="Guardian obit">{{cite news |last1=Gilbey |first1=Ryan |title=Julian Sands obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jun/27/julian-sands-obituary |work=The Guardian |date=27 June 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Julian Sands Cannes nineties.jpg|thumb|upright|Sands at the [[1990 Cannes Film Festival]]]]
Sands played the title role in the horror film ''[[Warlock (1989 film)|Warlock]]'' (1989) and its sequel ''[[Warlock: The Armageddon]]'' (1993), the role of [[Franz Liszt]] in [[Impromptu (1991 film)|''Impromptu'']] (1991), the role of Yves Cloquet in ''[[Naked Lunch (film)|Naked Lunch]]'' (1991), and prominent roles in ''[[Arachnophobia (film)|Arachnophobia]]'' (1990), ''[[Boxing Helena]]'' (1993), ''[[Tale of a Vampire]]'' (1992), and ''[[Leaving Las Vegas]]'' (1995).<ref name="Guardian obit" /><ref name="BBC obit" /> He played [[Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)|Erik, aka the Phantom]] in the 1998 horror-film version of ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1998 film)|The Phantom of the Opera]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Il Fantasma dell'opera (1998) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b810bfcb6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507234841/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b810bfcb6 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> He played [[Laurence Olivier]] in BBC Four's ''In Praise of Hardcore'' (2005), a drama about the critic and impresario [[Kenneth Tynan]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050405080301/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/cinema/features/praise-of-hardcore.shtml BBC Four profile], BBC. Retrieved 4 May 2014.</ref>

In television work, he voiced Valmont in seasons 1 and 2 of ''[[Jackie Chan Adventures]]'', before being replaced by Andrew Ableson and [[Greg Ellis (actor)|Greg Ellis]] in the remaining seasons. He played the [[Doci]] of the [[Ori (Stargate)|Ori]] in two episodes of the ninth season of ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' (a role he reprised in the film, ''[[Ark of Truth|Stargate: the Ark of Truth]]''). He played a college professor in a Season One episode of ''[[The L Word]]''. In 2002, he starred in [[Stephen King]]'s ''[[Rose Red (miniseries)|Rose Red]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Julian Sands |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/julian-sands/3000414229/ |website=TVGuide.com}}</ref> and the Austrian ambassador [[Klemens von Metternich]] in the miniseries [[Napoléon (miniseries)|Napoléon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Napoléon (2002) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b866bd76a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231105752/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b866bd76a |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2018 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> In the 2006 season of ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'', he played terrorist [[Vladimir Bierko]].<ref name="BBC obit">{{cite news |title=Julian Sands obituary: Free-spirited actor whose career started with a kiss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-64346313 |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=BBC News |date=27 June 2023}}</ref>

Sands played [[Jor-El]], [[Clark Kent (Smallville)|Superman]]'s father, in the ninth season of ''[[Smallville]]'', and reprised the role in the series' final (tenth) season.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Ken|last=Tucker|title='Smallville' recap: 'Abandoned': Teri Hatcher, as Lois' mom, upstaged by Julian Sands, Helen Slater, and Lindsay Hartley|date=13 November 2010|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|url=https://ew.com/article/2010/11/13/smallville-season-10-episode-8/|access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> In 2009, he played Reg Hunt in ''[[Bollywood Hero]]''.<ref name=":2">[http://bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/television_reviews/2009/08/%E2%80%98bollywood%E2%80%99_square_chris_kattan_pursues_star Bollywood Hero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172039/http://bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/television_reviews/2009/08/%E2%80%98bollywood%E2%80%99_square_chris_kattan_pursues_star |date=4 May 2014 }}, ''Boston Herald''. Retrieved 4 May 2014.</ref> In 2012, he played Alistair Wesley in the seventh episode of the second season of ''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lenker |first1=Maureen Lee |title='Room With a View' actor Julian Sands found dead at 65 after going missing on hike |url=https://ew.com/celebrity/julian-sands-found-dead-after-going-missing-on-hike/ |website=EW.com |access-date=29 June 2023 |date=27 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Julian Sands Played the Only True Nemesis to Person of Interest's Hero |url=https://www.cbr.com/julian-sands-person-of-interest-nemesis/ |website=CBR |access-date=29 June 2023 |date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

In August 2011, he appeared onstage at the [[Edinburgh Fringe Festival]] in ''A Celebration of [[Harold Pinter]]'', directed by [[John Malkovich]] at the [[The Pleasance#Pleasance Edinburgh|Pleasance Courtyard]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/malkovich-and-pinter-an-unlikely-alliance-2295509.html?origin=internalSearch|title=Malkovich and Pinter: an unlikely alliance|work=[[The Independent]]|date=10 June 2011|access-date=29 April 2012|author=Brown, Jonathan|location=London|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129025835/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/malkovich-and-pinter-an-unlikely-alliance-2295509.html?origin=internalSearch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/event/228722-julian-sands-in-a-celebration-of-harold-pinter|title=Julian Sands in a Celebration of Harold Pinter|work=[[The List (magazine)|The List]]|date=August 2011|access-date=29 April 2012|archive-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415114750/http://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/event/228722-julian-sands-in-a-celebration-of-harold-pinter/|url-status=live}}</ref> The play transferred to the [[Irish Repertory Theatre]], in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/171423-Julian-Sands-Celebration-of-Harold-Pinter-Gets-Extension-in-NYC-John-Malkovich-Directs |title=Julian Sands' Celebration of Harold Pinter Gets Extension in NYC; John Malkovich Directs - Playbill.com |access-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106015556/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/171423-Julian-Sands-Celebration-of-Harold-Pinter-Gets-Extension-in-NYC-John-Malkovich-Directs |archive-date= 6 January 2013 }}</ref> His performance in the play was nominated for "Outstanding Solo Performance" for the 58th Annual [[Drama Desk Awards]] (2013).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dramadeskawards.com/2013-nominees.html |title=2013 Nominees – Drama Desk Awards |access-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502003202/http://www.dramadeskawards.com/2013-nominees.html |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Julian Sands, actor who played Helena Bonham Carter's love interest in A Room With a View – obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2023/06/28/julian-sands-actor-missing-mountains-obituary/ |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=28 June 2023}}</ref>

In 2011, Sands appeared in the mystery thriller film ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)|The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'', an English-language remake of [[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film)|the original version]], as the younger Henrik Vanger.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/68302-THE-GIRL-WITH-THE-DRAGON-TATTOO?cxt=filmography |publisher=American Film Institute |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> In 2012, Sands voiced the character of DeFalco in ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops 2]]''.<ref name=Ebert>{{cite web |last1=Sobczynski |first1=Peter |title=Everything Is Fate: Julian Sands (1958–2023) {{!}} Tributes {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/everything-is-fate-julian-sands-1958-2023 |website=Rogerebert.com |date=28 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> In 2013, Sands appeared as Miles Castner, a wealthy international businessman, during the eighth season of ''[[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]]''.<ref name=":1">[http://www.tvguide.com/News/Dexter-Julian-Sands-1064636.aspx "Julian Sands to appear in ''Dexter''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921161017/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Dexter-Julian-Sands-1064636.aspx |date=21 September 2013 }}, ''TV Guide''. Retrieved 22 April 2014.</ref>

==Personal life==
Sands was married to [[Sarah Sands|Sarah Harvey]], a British journalist and author, from 1984 until 1987. The couple had one son.<ref>{{cite news|last=Day|first=Julia|date=8 March 2006|title=Sinking Sands|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/mar/07/sundaytelegraph.pressandpublishing|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230821/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/mar/07/sundaytelegraph.pressandpublishing|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 September 1990, Sands married [[Evgenia Citkowitz]] – an American playwright, author, and journalist who is the daughter of Polish-American composer [[Israel Citkowitz]] and [[Lady Caroline Blackwood]] – after being introduced by [[John Malkovich]], a friend of Sands.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 1990 |title=Marriages: Sands – Citkowitz |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118299919/marriages-sands-citkowitz/ |access-date=9 February 2023 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209201159/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118299919/marriages-sands-citkowitz/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title='I didn't want to be a Hollywood actor': Julian Sands on controversy, fear and his best friend, John Malkovich |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/nov/01/i-didnt-want-to-be-a-hollywood-actor-julian-sands-on-controversy-fear-and-his-best-friend-john-malkovich |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612170545/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/nov/01/i-didnt-want-to-be-a-hollywood-actor-julian-sands-on-controversy-fear-and-his-best-friend-john-malkovich |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple had two daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bshilliday |date=24 January 2023 |title=Meet Actor Julian Sands' Wife of Two Decades and His 3 Children |url=https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/julian-sands-wife-evgenia-citkowitz-kids-his-family/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Closer Weekly|archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219205003/https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/julian-sands-wife-evgenia-citkowitz-kids-his-family/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sands was fiercely protective of his family and rarely spoke about his wife or children in interviews.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=bshilliday |date=24 January 2023 |title=Meet Actor Julian Sands' Wife of Two Decades and His 3 Children |url=https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/julian-sands-wife-evgenia-citkowitz-kids-his-family/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Closer Weekly |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219204959/https://www.closerweekly.com/posts/julian-sands-wife-evgenia-citkowitz-kids-his-family/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sands and his family lived in Los Angeles in the United States from 1990 until his death.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 May 2020|title=Julian Sands: 'My worst job? Father Christmas at a department store'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/may/09/julian-sands-actor-interview-worst-job-father-christmas|access-date=12 June 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612170544/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/may/09/julian-sands-actor-interview-worst-job-father-christmas|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Disappearance and death==
On 13 January 2023, Sands, a dedicated [[mountaineer]], went hiking at [[Mount San Antonio]], California, in the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] northeast of Los Angeles and was reported [[Missing person|missing]] later that evening.<ref name="Grdn">{{cite news |last1=Beckett |first1=Lois |title=Missing hiker reported in California revealed as British actor Julian Sands |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/18/julian-sands-actor-missing-california-hiking |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119020414/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/18/julian-sands-actor-missing-california-hiking |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Julian Sands: British actor identified as hiker missing in southern California |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-64327393 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=BBC News |date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119033153/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-64327393 |url-status=live }}</ref> The initial search was hampered by severe storms that occurred shortly after he went missing. His car was located on 18 January. The following day, it was reported that Sands's three adult children had joined the ground search for their father. His son Henry, along with an experienced climber, retraced the route his father was believed to have taken. According to reports, Sands's mobile phone was last tracked from a [[ping (networking utility)|pinged]] location on 15 January, suggesting it had run out of power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2023 |title=Actor Julian Sands identified as hiker missing in Mt. Baldy area since Friday |url=https://abc7.com/missing-hikers-search-san-gabriel-mountains-los-angeles-county/12716530/ |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=ABC7 Los Angeles |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119000733/https://abc7.com/missing-hikers-search-san-gabriel-mountains-los-angeles-county/12716530/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Around the time of his disappearance, Sands was believed to be traversing the [[Baldy Bowl]] Trail, "which climbs {{convert|3,900|ft}} over {{convert|4.5|mi}} to the highest summit in the San Gabriel Mountains".<ref name="INS">{{cite web |last1=Dalton |first1=Janel |title='Doing what he loved best': Last pictures actor Julian Sands sent to his grandson from snow-clad mountain peak |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/julian-sands-pictures-photos-missing-mountain-b2265578.html |website=[[The Independent]] |date=19 January 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121002727/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/julian-sands-pictures-photos-missing-mountain-b2265578.html |url-status=live}}.</ref> Reports state there was "evidence of [[avalanche]]s" in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/julian-sands-missing-while-hiking-californias-treacherous-mt-baldy-1235226727/ |title=Officials Working To Pinpoint Last Known Location Of Julian Sands, Who Went Missing While Hiking On California's Treacherous Mt. Baldy – Update |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=20 January 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121170212/https://deadline.com/2023/01/julian-sands-missing-while-hiking-californias-treacherous-mt-baldy-1235226727/ |url-status=live}}.</ref> A representative of the [[San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department]] (SBSD) confirmed that "the air search is being resumed but we have not been able to resume a ground search yet due to icy conditions and a threat of avalanches."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/julian-sands-%E2%80%93-live-british-actor-still-missing-as-search-enters-10th-day/ar-AA16DEiO |title= Julian Sands – live: British actor still missing after 10 days as dangerous weather hampers search |website= [[MSN]] |date= 23 January 2023 |access-date= 23 January 2023 |archive-date= 23 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230123171310/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/julian-sands-%E2%80%93-live-british-actor-still-missing-as-search-enters-10th-day/ar-AA16DEiO |url-status= live}}</ref> The Sands family put out a statement on the 11th day after Sands went missing, praising "the heroic search teams" and their efforts "on the ground and in the air to bring Julian home".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-64381921 |title=Julian Sands: Family thanks California authorities for 'heroic' search |website=www.bbc.com |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123230345/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-64381921 |url-status=live}}.</ref>

On 25 January, Nick Sands, one of Sands's four brothers, was quoted by the [[BBC]] as saying, "I have come to terms with the fact he's gone and for me that's how I've dealt with it."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-64397280 |title=Julian Sands: Brother of missing actor has said his goodbyes |website=www.bbc.com |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125192156/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-64397280 |url-status=live}}.</ref> Henry Sands told ''[[The Times]]'' on 14 April that he was "of course, realistic about the impact on the search of the weather conditions over the last three months", in light of the 40-year record snowfall in California and that he looked forward to the resumption of the search as the weather improved and that the search for his father continues.<ref name=HenryInterviewFox>{{cite web |last=Wright |first=Tracy |date=18 April 2023 |title=Julian Sands's Son Speaks Out Three Months into Search for Missing Actor |publisher=Fox News |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/julian-sands-son-speaks-out-three-months-search-missing-actor |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507084547/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/julian-sands-son-speaks-out-three-months-search-missing-actor |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 June, five months after Sands's disappearance, the SBSD posted an update stating that more than 80 search and rescue volunteers had descended into remote areas across [[Mount San Antonio|Mount Baldy]] to search for Sands on 17 June. The advisory stated that since January, there had been eight official search missions to find Sands, exceeding 500 volunteer search hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search Efforts Continue for Julian Sands Across Mt. Baldy from SBSD – Headquarters |url=http://nixle.us/EJ24B |website=Nixle |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620031105/http://nixle.us/EJ24B |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 June, the Sands family released a statement saying, "We continue to hold Julian in our hearts with bright memories of him as a wonderful father, husband, explorer, lover of the natural world and the arts and as an original and collaborative performer."<ref name="familyPress1">{{cite news |last1=Tapp |first1=Tom |title=Julian Sands's Family Speaks Out For The First Time Since He Went Missing 6 Months Ago |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/julian-sands-missing-family-statement-1235423492/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=Deadline |date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623211633/https://deadline.com/2023/06/julian-sands-missing-family-statement-1235423492/ |archive-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

On 24 June, hikers found human remains in the area where Sands had disappeared.<ref name="Remains_Found">{{cite news |last1=Rose |first1=Andy |title=Human remains are found in California wilderness near the search area for actor Julian Sands, authorities say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/24/entertainment/julian-sands-california-search-human-remains-found/index.html |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=CNN |date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625061157/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/24/entertainment/julian-sands-california-search-human-remains-found/index.html |archive-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> The remains were positively identified as Sands on 27 June.<ref name=THR/><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2023 |title=Actor Julian Sands confirmed dead after going missing on winter hike in California |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/julian-sands-confirmed-dead-missing-on-hike-mt-baldy-california-203859186.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Yahoo Entertainment}}</ref> On 24 July, the cause of death was listed as "undetermined" due to "the condition of the body ... [which is] common when dealing with cases of this type."<ref>{{cite web|last1=VanHoose|first1=Benjamin|last2=Andersson|first2=Eric|url=https://people.com/julian-sands-official-cause-of-death-reached-7554655|title=Julian Sands's Cause of Death Deemed 'Undetermined' 4 Weeks After His Body Was Found|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=24 July 2023|access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Privates on Parade (film)|Privates on Parade]]''
| Sailor
|
| <ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Privates on Parade (1983) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6ba4868a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328141319/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6ba4868a |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2018 |publisher=British Film institute |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1984
| ''[[Oxford Blues]]''
| Colin Gilchrist Fisher
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gelder |first=Lawrence Van |date=25 August 1984 |title=Film: 'Oxford Blues' Opens |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/25/movies/film-oxford-blues-opens.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Killing Fields|The Killing Fields (film)}}''
| [[Jon Swain]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=2 November 1984 |title=Screen: Tale of Death and Life of A Cambodian |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/02/movies/screen-tale-of-death-and-life-of-a-cambodian.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1985
| ''[[After Darkness (1985 film)|After Darkness]]''
| Laurence Hunninger
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=After Darkness (1985) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e8f33c0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321125157/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e8f33c0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 March 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Doctor and the Devils]]''
| Dr. Murray
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=4 October 1985 |title=Film: Body Snatching in 'Doctor and the Devils' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/04/movies/film-body-snatching-in-doctor-and-the-devils.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''
| George Emerson
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=7 March 1986 |title=The Screen: 'Room with a View |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/07/movies/the-screen-room-with-a-view.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Gothic (film)|Gothic]]''
| [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Darnton |first=Nina |date=10 April 1987 |title=At the Movies |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/10/movies/at-the-movies.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Siesta (film)|Siesta]]''
| Kit
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=11 November 1987 |title=Film: Exoticism in 'Siesta' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/11/movies/film-exoticism-in-siesta.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1988
| ''[[Vibes (film)|Vibes]]''
| Dr. Harrison Steele
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=5 August 1988 |title=Review/Film; Lauper and Goldblum in Tale of Intrigue and ESP |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/05/movies/review-film-lauper-and-goldblum-in-tale-of-intrigue-and-esp.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''{{Interlanguage link|Wherever You Are...|pl|3=Gdzieśkolwiek jest, jeśliś jest...|lt=Wherever You Are...}}''
| Julian Castor
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Wherever You Are (1988) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79a9e47f |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230114232/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79a9e47f |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1989
| ''[[Warlock (1989 film)|Warlock]]''
| Warlock
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=30 March 1991 |title=Review/Film; A Warlock Scheming in Los Angeles |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/30/movies/review-film-a-warlock-scheming-in-los-angeles.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tennessee Nights]]''
| Wolfgang Leighton
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Tennessee Nights (1989) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79e0c2b8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230120736/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79e0c2b8 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manika, une vie plus tard]]''
| Daniel Mahoney
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Manika |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79b71ac9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611213800/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79b71ac9 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2020 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1990
| ''[[Arachnophobia (film)|Arachnophobia]]''
| Dr. James Atherton
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=18 July 1990 |title=Review/Film; Ugly, Deadly, Horrible Spiders That Are Funny |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/18/movies/review-film-ugly-deadly-horrible-spiders-that-are-funny.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Sun Also Shines at Night]]''
| Sergio Giuramondo
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Il Sole Anche Di Notte (1990) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a0c133c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230122110/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a0c133c |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2018 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1991
| ''[[Impromptu (1991 film)|Impromptu]]''
| [[Franz Liszt]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=12 April 1991 |title=Review/Film; Chopin, George Sand, Liszt and Some Others |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/12/movies/review-film-chopin-george-sand-liszt-and-some-others.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Wicked (1991 film)|The Wicked]]''
| Gustav
|
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/julian-sands/credits/3000414229/|title=Julian Sands|website=TVGuide.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Grand Isle (1991 film)|Grand Isle]]''
| Alcee Arobin
|
|-
| ''[[Husband and Lovers]]''
| Stefan
|
|-
| ''[[Naked Lunch (film)|Naked Lunch]]''
| Yves Cloquet
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=27 December 1991 |title=Review/Film; Drifting In and Out Of a Kafkaesque Reality |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/27/movies/review-film-drifting-in-and-out-of-a-kafkaesque-reality.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1992
| ''[[Tale of a Vampire]]''
| Alex
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1b02c2a|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922203429/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1b02c2a|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2017|title=Julian Sands|website=BFI}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Turn of the Screw''
| Mr. Cooper
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1993
| ''[[Boxing Helena]]''
| Dr. Nick Cavanaugh
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=3 September 1993 |title=Review/Film: Boxing Helena; A Kinky, Macabre Tale Of Erotic Fascination |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/03/movies/review-film-boxing-helena-a-kinky-macabre-tale-of-erotic-fascination.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Warlock: The Armageddon]]''
| Warlock
|
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1994
| ''[[The Browning Version (1994 film)|The Browning Version]]''
| Tom Gilbert
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Caryn |date=12 October 1994 |title=FILM REVIEW; Professor, Husband and Wimp |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/12/movies/film-review-professor-husband-and-wimp.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mario and the Magician (film)|Mario and the Magician]]''
| Professor Fuhrmann
|
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1995
| ''[[Leaving Las Vegas]]''
| Yuri Butso
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=13 February 2009 |title=Lurching Through a Life of Alcoholic Abandon |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/movies/leavinglasvegas.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''America''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=America (1995) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e24038b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625135529/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e24038b |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2021 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
| ''Never Ever''
| Roderick
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Never Ever (1996) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7f1a3e7a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202162845/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7f1a3e7a |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1997
| ''[[One Night Stand (1997 film)|One Night Stand]]''
| Nurse Chris
|
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1998
| ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1998 film)|The Phantom of the Opera]]''
| [[Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)|Erik, The Phantom of the Opera]]
|
|-
| ''Long Time Since''
| Michael James
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[The Loss of Sexual Innocence]]''
| Adult Nic
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holden |first=Stephen |date=28 May 1999 |title=FILM REVIEW; The Story of Adam and Eve, Sort Of |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/28/movies/film-review-the-story-of-adam-and-eve-sort-of.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2000
| ''[[Mercy (2000 film)|Mercy]]''
| Dr. Dominick Broussard
|
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| ''[[Timecode (film)|Timecode]]''
| Quentin
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=28 April 2000 |title=FILM REVIEW; A Digital Prism Refracts Reality |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/28/movies/film-review-a-digital-prism-refracts-reality.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vatel (film)|Vatel]]''
| [[Louis XIV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Elvis |date=25 December 2000 |title=FILM REVIEW; A Night Big Enough for the Sun King |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/25/movies/film-review-a-night-big-enough-for-the-sun-king.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Million Dollar Hotel]]''
| Terence Scopey
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Elvis |date=2 February 2001 |title=FILM REVIEW; A Mel Gibson Action Adventure, Taken at a Stroll |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/02/movies/film-review-a-mel-gibson-action-adventure-taken-at-a-stroll.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laetitia Masson#Love Me|Love Me]]''
| The sailor
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=LOVE ME (2000) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82aea102 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930224654/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82aea102 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2020 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Hotel (2001 film)|Hotel]]''
| Tour Guide
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Elvis |date=25 July 2003 |title=FILM REVIEW; Film Crews, an Old Resort And a Thirsty Hotel Staff |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/25/movies/film-review-film-crews-an-old-resort-and-a-thirsty-hotel-staff.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| ''[[The Scoundrel's Wife]]''
| Dr. Lenz
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The Scoundrel's Wife (2002) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87b1142f |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629150645/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87b1142f |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2023 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003
| ''[[The Medallion]]''
| AJ "Snakehead" Staul
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kehr |first=Dave |date=22 August 2003 |title=FILM REVIEW; A Martial Artist in Search of a Talisman |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/22/movies/film-review-a-martial-artist-in-search-of-a-talisman.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''Easy Six''
| Packard Schmidt
|
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Romasanta]]''
| Manuel Blanco Romasanta
|
|-
| 2005
| ''Her Name Is Carla''
| Bill
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[La piste]]''
| Gary
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=La Piste (2006) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b2b4b4b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629065318/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b2b4b4b |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2023 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]''
| Greco Montgomery
|
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2008
| ''[[Stargate: The Ark of Truth]]''
| Doci
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/stargate-the-ark-of-truth/cast/2000287543/|title=Stargate: The Ark of Truth|website=TVGuide.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Cat City''
| Nick Compton
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| ''[[Heidi 4 Paws]]''
| Peter the Goatherder
| Voice
|-
| ''Demetra's Dream''
| Photoreporter
| Short
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://start-magazine.it/una-scrittura-che-muove-francesca-bartellini-si-racconta-tra-esperienze-e-progetti-futuri/ |title=Una scrittura che muove: Francesca Bartellini si racconta tra esperienze e progetti futuri |date=November 9, 2019 |website=Start Magazine |access-date=September 16, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| ''[[Blood and Bone]]''
| Franklin McVeigh
|
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| ''Second Chance''
| Principal
| Short
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eye-cuefilms.com/news.html |title=News |website=Eye-Cue Films}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010
| ''[[Golf in the Kingdom]]''
| Peter McNaughton
|
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| ''The Good Life''
| Robert
| Short
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_good_life_2010 |title=The Good Life |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Assisting Venus''
| Dominic
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/assisting-venus-to-screen-at-la-femme-film-festival-thursday-october-14th-104766759.html |title=Assisting Venus to Screen at LA Femme Film Festival Thursday, October 14th |date=October 12, 2010 |website=Cision PR Newswire |access-date=September 16, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
| ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)|The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]''
| Young Henrik Vanger
|
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| ''The Maiden and the Princess''
| Bernard
| Short
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2012
| ''[[Hirokin]]''
| Viceroy Griffin
|
|-
| ''[[Suspension of Disbelief (film)|Suspension of Disbelief]]''
| DCI Hackett
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Suspension of Disbelief (2013) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/51ccb9f1215cf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504044905/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/51ccb9f1215cf |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2019 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Il turno di notte lo fanno le stelle''
| Mark
| Short
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/513e62d3c07f5d1ef9000062-the-nightshift-belongs-to |title=THE NIGHTSHIFT BELONGS TO THE STARS |website=tribecafilm.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
|''[[All Things to All Men (film)|All Things to All Men]]''
| Cutter
|
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|''[[The Last Impresario]]''
| Himself – Interviewee
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Impresario (2013) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/53c99d91126ba |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106192852/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/53c99d91126ba |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2019 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2014
| ''[[Cesar Chavez (film)|Cesar Chavez]]''
| Victore Representative
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Debruge |first1=Peter |title=Berlin Film Review: 'Cesar Chavez' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/markets-festivals/berlin-film-review-cesar-chavez-1201098532/ |website=Variety |access-date=29 June 2023 |date=12 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jetty''
| Himself
| Short
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Jetty, a film featuring Julian Sands and Robert Smithson's iconic land art |url=https://artistsofutah.org/15Bytes/index.php/27307/ |website=Artists of Utah's 15 Bytes |date=12 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks (film)|Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks]]''
| Winslow Cunard
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapold |first=Nicolas |date=11 December 2014 |title=Ms. Self-Pity, Meet Mr. Self-Destructive |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/12/movies/gena-rowlands-stars-in-six-dance-lessons-in-six-weeks.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laetitia Masson#G.H.B. (Être ou pas être)|GHB: To Be or Not to Be]]''
| Le client
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=G.H.B. : To Be or Not To Be |url=https://en.unifrance.org/movie/35020/g-h-b-to-be-or-not-to-be |website=Unifrance}}</ref>
|-
| ''Me''
| Sam Citkowitz
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/andme |title=Me |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015
| ''Extraordinary Tales''
| Narrator
| Voice, segment: "[[The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar]]"
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Catsoulis |first=Jeannette |date=22 October 2015 |title=Review: 'Extraordinary Tales,' Short Films Inspired by Edgar Allan Poe |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/23/movies/review-extraordinary-tales-short-films-inspired-by-edgar-allan-poe.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''A Postcard from Istanbul''
| Julian
| Short
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grandclassics.com/a-postcard-from-istanbul |title=A Postcard from Istanbul |website=GRAND CLASSICS}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sariel''
| God
| Short
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cheesemint.com/sariel |title=Sariel |website=Cheesemint Productions}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2016
|''The Persian Connection''
|Evgeny
|
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| ''[[The Chosen (2016 film)|The Chosen]]''
| [[Nahum Eitingon|Kotov]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ciclegaudi.cat/cartellera/el-elegido/ |title=El elegido |website=Cicle Gaudi}}</ref>
|-
| ''Honey Flood''
| CD McKee
| Short
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/121599536 |title=HONEY FLOOD BR |website=Vimeo|date=8 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Surfing''
| Advertiser
| Voice, short
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/210785685 |title=Surfing - Channel 4 Random Acts |website=Vimeo}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017
| ''[[Crooked House (film)|Crooked House]]''
| Philip Leonides
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kenny |first=Glenn |date=21 December 2017 |title=Review: A 'Crooked House' of Murder and Resentment|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/movies/crooked-house-review-glenn-close.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Escape''
| Lambert
| Short
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/the-escape-2017 |title=The Escape |website=tribecafilm.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Borley Rectory''
| Narrator
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://carrionfilms.co.uk/borley-rectory/ |title=Borley Rectory |website=Carrion Films}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018
| ''[[Walk Like a Panther (film)|Walk Like a Panther]]''
| Tony 'Sweet Cheeks' Smith
|
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| ''[[The Keeper (2018 film)|The Keeper]]''
| Fred Tilson
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE KEEPER |url=http://www.lieblingsfilm.biz/en/work/the-keeper/ |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Lieblingsfilm}}</ref>
|-
| ''Toy Gun''
| Detective Antony Jonta
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy Gun |url=https://www.filmfund.lu/film-catalogue/films/toy-gun |access-date=27 November 2023 |website= Film Fund Luxembourg}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019
| ''[[The Garden of Evening Mists (film)|The Garden of Evening Mists]]''
| Older Frederik Gemmell
|
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| ''[[The Painted Bird (film)|The Painted Bird]]''
| Garbos
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kenigsberg |first=Ben |date=16 July 2020 |title='The Painted Bird' Review: Horrors That Can't Be Unseen |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/16/movies/the-painted-bird-review.html |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| ''[[Yeh Ballet]]''
| Saul Aaron
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Yeh Ballet |url=https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81101795 |publisher=Netflix |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Death Rider in the House of Vampires''
| Count Holiday
|
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| ''[[Bobbleheads: The Movie]]''
| Purrbles
| Voice, direct-to-video
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobbleheads: The Movie – Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bobbleheads_the_movie |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| ''[[Benediction (film)|Benediction]]''
| Chief Medical Officer
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=Julian Sands: British actor's car found in California search|work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64327393 |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Survivalist (2021 film)|The Survivalist]]''
| Heath Grant
| Direct-to-video
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Felperin |first=Leslie |date=5 October 2021 |title=The Survivalist review – John Malkovich drops in on bleak vision of a hellish postviral US |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/oct/05/the-survivalist-review-john-malkovich-drops-in-on-bleak-vision-of-a-hellish-postviral-us |access-date=28 June 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Ghosts of Borley Rectory''
| Lionel Foyster
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ghosts of Borley Rectory – Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_ghosts_of_borley_rectory |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2022
| ''The Ghosts of Monday''
| Bruce
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Jason |date=21 December 2022 |title=Official Trailer For 'The Ghosts of Monday' Teases An Unnerving New Horror Experience Starring Julian Sands |url=https://www.iconvsicon.com/2022/12/21/official-trailer-for-the-ghosts-of-monday-teases-an-unnerving-new-horror-experience-starring-julian-sands/ |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Icon Vs. Icon}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
| ''[[Seneca – On the Creation of Earthquakes]]''
| Rufus
| rowspan="4" | Posthumous release
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farber |first=Stephen |date=20 February 2023 |title='Seneca — On the Creation of Earthquakes' Review: John Malkovich Travels Back to Nero's Rome in Misconceived Historical Fantasy |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/seneca-on-the-creation-of-earthquakes-review-john-malkovich-1235330258/ |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Double Soul (film)|Double Soul]]''
| Orlandi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=domenicodurante |date=2023-07-09 |title=WORLD PREMIERE OF VALERIO ESPOSITO'S DOUBLE SOUL |url=https://www.ischiaglobal.com/2023/07/09/world-premiere-of-double-soul-directed-by-valerio-esposito-and-starring-oscar-winners-f-murray-abraham-and-danny-glover-to-open-the-21st-edition-of-ischia-global-film-and-music-festival/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Ischia Global Fest |language=it-IT |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812213118/https://www.ischiaglobal.com/2023/07/09/world-premiere-of-double-soul-directed-by-valerio-esposito-and-starring-oscar-winners-f-murray-abraham-and-danny-glover-to-open-the-21st-edition-of-ischia-global-film-and-music-festival/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Piper (2023 film)|The Piper]]''
| Gustafson
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=2021-06-28 |title=Charlotte Hope & Julian Sands To Star In Millennium Horror 'The Piper'; Filming Underway In Bulgaria |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/charlotte-hope-julian-sands-horror-movie-piper-bulgaria-1234782635/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Deadline}}</ref>
|-
| ''Body Odyssey''
| Kurt
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Body Odyssey (2023) - Cast & Crew on MUBI |url=https://mubi.com/en/films/body-odyssey/cast |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=mubi.com}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''[[The Last Breath (2024 film)|The Last Breath]]''
| Levi
|Posthumous release; final film role
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=2022-09-09 |title=Shark Thriller From 'Prayer Before Dawn' Scribe Underway In Belgium; Germany, France, Spain, Italy & Lat Am Among Pre-Sales |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/shark-great-white-attack-thriller-last-breath-begins-belgium-british-virgin-islands-1235111014/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Deadline}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Play for Today]]''
| Groom
| Episode: "Soft Targets"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Soft Targets (1982) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b76e3146f |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516095949/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b76e3146f |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=29 June 2023 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
| 1983
| ''A Married Man''
| Guy Lough
| 3 episodes
|<ref name="auto" />
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1984
| ''[[The Box of Delights (TV series)|The Box of Delights]]''
| Greek Soldier
| Episode: "Beware of Yesterday"
|<ref name="partnership">{{cite web |title=Julian Sands |url=https://theartistspartnership.co.uk/artist/julian-sands/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=The Artists Partnership |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160825/https://theartistspartnership.co.uk/artist/julian-sands/ |url-status=dead }} Note: Select the "Television" heading</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Sun Also Rises (1984 film)|The Sun Also Rises]]''
| Gerald
| Episode #1.3
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1985
| ''[[Romance on the Orient Express]]''
| Sandy
| rowspan="3" | Television film
|-
| ''The Holy Experiment''
| Captain Arago
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Holy Experiment (1985) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b727f1e84 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213013258/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b727f1e84 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=29 June 2023 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
| 1986
| ''Harem''
| Charles Forest
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Harem (1986) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b723ac52a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914041917/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b723ac52a |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2018 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1987
| ''Basements''
| Mr. Sands
| Segment: "[[The Room (play)|The Room]]"
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="partnership" />
|-
| 1989
| ''Murder by Moonlight''
| Maj. Gregorivitj Kirilenko
| rowspan="5" | Television film
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Crazy in Love (film)|Crazy in Love]]''
| Mark Constable
| rowspan="4" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| 1994
|''[[Witch Hunt (1994 film)|Witch Hunt]]''
| Finn Macha
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1995
| ''[[End of Summer (1995 film)|End of Summer]]''
| Reverend Basil March
|-
| ''The Great Elephant Escape''
| Clive Potter
|-
| ''[[Biker Mice from Mars]]''
| Sir Lancelot
| 2 episodes
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="partnership" />
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1996
| ''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]''
| Henry
| Voice, episode: "Responsibility"
|-
| ''The Tomorrow Man''
| Ken
| Television film
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| ''[[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest]]''
| Kreed
| Voice, episode: "Race Against Danger"
|-
| ''[[Chicago Hope]]''
| Bradford Whittle
| Episode: "Mummy Dearest"
|-
| 2000–2002
| ''[[Jackie Chan Adventures]]''
| Valmont
| Voice, 26 episodes
|<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Ebert" /><ref name="partnership" />
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2002
| ''[[Rose Red (miniseries)|Rose Red]]''
| Nick Hardaway
| 3 episodes
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| ''[[Napoléon (miniseries)|Napoleon]]''
| [[Klemens von Metternich]]
| Episode: "1812-1821"
|-
| ''[[Ozzy and Drix]]''
| Penicillin G
| Voice, episode: "Strepfinger"
|<ref name="partnership" />
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King]]''
| Hagen
| Television film
| rowspan="4" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| ''[[The L Word]]''
| Nick
| Episode: "Lies, Lies, Lies"
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2005
| ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Barclay Pallister
| Episode: "Design"
|-
| ''[[Stargate SG-1]]''
| Doci
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''Kenneth Tynan: In Praise of Hardcore''
| [[Laurence Olivier]]
| Television film
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenneth Tynan In Praise of Hardcore (2005) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b98ddb8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629153731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b98ddb8 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2006
|''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]''
| Philip Reinhardt
| Episode: "Dramma Giocoso"
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
|''[[24 (season 5)|24]]''
| [[Vladimir Bierko]]
| 11 episodes
|-
| ''[[The Haunted Airman]]''
| Dr. Hal Burns
| Television film
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2007
| ''[[Agatha Christie's Marple]]''
| Thomas Royde
| Episode: "[[Towards Zero]]"
| rowspan="4" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| ''[[Blood Ties (TV series)|Blood Ties]]''
| Javier Mendoza
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Ghost Whisperer]]''
| Ethan Clark
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Lipstick Jungle (TV series)|Lipstick Jungle]]''
| Hector Matrick
| 5 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| ''[[Bollywood Hero]]''
| Reg Hunt
| 3 episodes
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''Beyond Sherwood Forest''
| Malcolm
| Television film
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Smallville]]''
| [[Jor-El]]
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]''
| Teddy Farrow
| Episode: "Inventing the Girl"
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
| ''[[Above Suspicion (TV series)|Above Suspicion]]''
| Damian Nolan
| 2 episodes
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="partnership" />
|-
| ''[[NTSF:SD:SUV::]]''
| Doctor
| Episode: "I Left My Heart in Someone's Cooler"
|-
| 2012
|''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]''
| Alistair Wesley
| Episode: "[[Critical (Person of Interest)|Critical]]"
|<ref name="auto" />
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]]''
| Miles Castner
| Episode: "[[Dress Code (Dexter)|Dress Code]]"
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2014
| ''[[Banshee (TV series)|Banshee]]''
| rowspan="2"| Yulish Rabitov
| 3 episodes
| rowspan="4" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| ''[[List of Banshee episodes#Banshee Origins webisodes|Banshee Origins]]''
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Crossbones (TV series)|Crossbones]]''
| William Jagger
| 8 episodes
|-
| ''[[The Village (2013 TV series)|The Village]]''
| Lord Kilmartin
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''{{ill|Unknown Heart|fr|De cœur inconnu}}''
| Richard Mellor
| Television film
|<ref name="auto" /><ref name="partnership" />
|-
| ''Crónica de Castas''
| Anthony
| Episode: "El hijo de la chingada"
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maspormas.com/ciudad/en-corto-cronicas-de-castas/ |title=En corto: Crónicas de Castas |date=April 10, 2014 |website=máspormás |language=es |access-date=October 13, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015
| ''[[Gotham (TV series)|Gotham]]''
| Dr. Gerald Crane
| 2 episodes
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julian Sands |url=https://www.agathachristie.com/en/film-and-tv/crooked-house/meet-the-cast/julian-sands |website=www.agathachristie.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story''
| [[John Le Mesurier]]
| Television film
|<ref>{{cite web |title=We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story (2015) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/568f1b4eecd15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302115848/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/568f1b4eecd15 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=29 June 2023 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| ''[[Man in an Orange Shirt]]''
| Caspar Nicholson
| Episode #1.2
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
| ''[[Will (TV series)|Will]]''
| Barrett Emerson
| 4 episodes
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018
| ''[[Medici (TV series)|Medici: The Magnificent]]''
| [[Piero di Cosimo de' Medici]]
| 2 episodes
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=20 December 2018 |title=Netflix Unveils First-Look At 'Medici: The Magnificent' With Sean Bean & Daniel Sharman |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/medici-the-magnificent-netflix-1202523679/}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Blacklist]]''
| Sutton Ross
| 2 episodes
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
|''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]''
| Jasper Wells
| Episode: "The Adventure of the Ersatz Sobekneferu"
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019
| ''[[What/If]]''
| Liam Strom
| 4 episodes
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casting What/If S01 |url=https://www-allocine-fr.translate.goog/series/ficheserie-24010/casting/saison-34317/?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |via=www-allocine-fr.translate.goog}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Into the Dark (TV series)|Into the Dark]]''
| Steven
| Episode: "A Nasty Piece of Work"
|<ref name="auto" />
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! Width=90| Voice role
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''
| DeFalco
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sobczynski |first1=Peter |title=Everything Is Fate: Julian Sands (1958–2023) {{!}} Tributes {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/everything-is-fate-julian-sands-1958-2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=Rogerebert.com/|date=28 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 January 2021 |title=Bradford Hall of Fame: Movie stars and City legend among latest inductees |work=Bradford Telegraph and Argus |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/19048853.bradford-hall-fame-ricky-wilson-among-latest-inductees/ |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of solved missing person cases (2020s)]]
*[[List of unsolved deaths]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|1696|Julian Sands}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010424032916/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Exhibit/6747/sands.html ''The Guardian'' interview], 19 August 2000.
*{{discogs artist|Julian Sands}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sands, Julian}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:2020s missing person cases]]
[[Category:20th-century English male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from the City of Leeds]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama]]
[[Category:English expatriate male actors in the United States]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English male video game actors]]
[[Category:English male voice actors]]
[[Category:Formerly missing British people]]
[[Category:Male actors from West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Missing English people]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in California]]
[[Category:Mountaineering deaths in the United States]]
[[Category:People educated at Lord Wandsworth College]]
[[Category:People from Otley]]
[[Category:Sports deaths in California]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths in California]]

Army Dental Corps (India)

2026-02-05T06:15:05Z

Victoruot: Starting a pg!

{{Short description|Dental Corps of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Army Dental Corps
| image = File:Army Dental Corps, IA.svg
| image_size = 185px
| alt =
| caption = Crest of Army Dental Corps
| dates = 1 February 1941{{endash}}present<ref name="rising">{{cite web |title=Army Dental Corps celebrates its 77th raising day |website=Government of India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1518668}}</ref>
| country ={{IND}}
| countries =
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|IND}}
| type =
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname = ADCorps
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries = 1 February (Raising Day) <ref name="rising" />
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website =

| commander1_label = Director General Dental Services
| commander1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Vineet Sharma, {{post nominals|country=IND|size=80%|AVSM|VSM}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
}}

The '''Army Dental Corps''' ('''ADCorps''') is a specialist corps in the [[Indian Army]], primarily providing dental services to all Army personnel and veterans, along with their families.<ref name=dental1/>

==History==
{{see also |Indian Medical Service#History | l1= History of Indian Medical Service}}

History of dentistry in India dates back to the [[Vedic era]]. [[Patanjali]] and [[Sushruta]] were Vedic era surgeons who wrote about extraction of teeth, [[forceps]], transplantation of teeth from captured or dead enemies, and reconstruction of jaws, face and nose damaged in the acts of war or violence. Earlier Indians used to maintain dental hygiene. They used [[Teeth cleaning twig|datun]], especially from [[neem]] and [[Vachellia nilotica|babool]] twigs, to clean their teeth. Indians also used false teeth. In 1193, CE the body of [[Jayachandra]] was [[Battle of Chandawar|identified]] by his false teeth. Indians did not use refined sugar or crystal sugar in food and instances of [[Tooth decay|dental caries]] were low. Refined sugar and crystal sugar were introduced by the [[British raj|British Raj]] in 19th century, and started to be used more commonly only after [[World War II]]. Consequently, [[tooth decay]] among Indians increased with the usage of these, from 20% of the population in 1950 to 50% by 1970 and 70% by the 1990s.<ref name=dental1>PC Kochhar, 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=62boKgTOK7UC&q=Indian+army+dental+corp+history History of the Army Dental Corps and Military Dentistry], Lancer Publishers, page 1-36.</ref>

Western medical practice reached India in 1600 CE with the first fleet of the [[British East India Company]], consisting of five ships, each of which had two [[barber surgeon]]s. They established shore-based factories for trade and progressively gained their colonial rule over India. In 1822 CE, the first western-style medical institute for training was opened at [[Calcutta]], which became the [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]]. The first dental college was established in England in 1855. Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed, who is considered the father of dentistry in India, established the first recognised dental institute in India in 1925 after obtaining his [[Doctor of Dental Surgery]] degree from the [[University of Iowa]].<ref name=dental1/>

Dentistry was part of British colonial rule's [[Indian Medical Service]] (IMS). The first Indian who joined the IMS was Dr. S.C.G. Chukerbutty in 1855. Regular dental treatment for British troops in India began in 1905 when special pay was paid to medical officers, including dentists. Between the First and Second World Wars, many British military officers of British Raj and their families did not want to be treated by the Indian doctors of IMS. However, the shortage of doctors due to the outbreak of [[World War II]] forced the British Raj to recruit Indian doctors as not only the lower grade IMD (Indian Medical Department), but also as the higher grade of IMS, which was previously restricted to only British nationals. After 1940, when it was decided that a large number of otherwise fit candidates who got rejected due to [[tooth decay]] could be easily recruited, the ''Indian Army Dental Corps'' (IADC) expanded significantly.<ref name=dental1/>

== Notable Personnel & Awards ==
Lieutenant General [[Vimal Arora]] PVSM AVSM VSM & Bar served as the Director General of Dental Services and Colonel Commandant of the Army Dental Corps. During his career, he received four Presidential Awards, including the Vishisht Seva Medal (1996), Bar to Vishisht Seva Medal (2006), Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (2014), and the Param Vishishta Seva Medal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.dental-tribune.com/news/president-of-india-gives-highest-defence-award-to-vimal-arora/ |title=President of India gives highest defence award to Vimal Arora |publisher=Dental Tribune India |access-date=2025-08-18}}</ref> He also served as the Honorary Dental Surgeon to the President of India and received the Order of the Special Royal Emblem from the Sultan of Oman.

==Recruitment==
Physically fit candidates can apply for the recruitment in the AD Corps after the completion of either the [[Dental education throughout the world#India|Bachelor of Dental Surgery]] or Masters Dental Surgery (MDS) degrees and applying for the job. The MDS degree can only be pursued after passing the NEET MDS Exam. Information on application can be found on a brochure made available through the [[Indian Army]] website.

==See also==
*[[Army ranks and insignia of India]]
*[[Army Medical Corps (India)]]
*[[Command Hospital]]
*[[List of Armed Forces Hospitals In India]]
*[[Women in Indian Armed Forces]]
*[[Armed Forces Medical Services]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Indian_Army_Arms_and_Services}}

[[Category:Dentistry in India]]

[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Dental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Military dentistry]]

C. Rokhuma

2026-01-30T13:55:55Z

Victoruot: Made first entry and citations

{{Short description|Mizo researcher and author (1917–2016)}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Mizo name|Rokhuma}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Chuauhang Rokhuma.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Chuauhang Rokhuma [[Padma Shri]] Portrait
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 21 July 1917
| birth_place = Reiek Village
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|11|23|1917|7|21}}
| death_place = Aizawl
| other_names =
| occupation = Mizo scientist and author
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Padma Shri]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Chuauhang Rokhuma''' (21 July 1917 – 23 November 2016) was a Mizo scientist and author. He is most well known for his work in researching agriculture and the [[mautam]] famine.

==Early life==
C Rokhuma was born on 21 July 1917 in Reiek village. He was only educated up to Grade 8, but continued to read books and educate himself.{{sfn|Assam Tribune|2016}}{{sfn|Vanlalfakawma|2017}} He was married to Lalrinthangi in 1939.{{sfn|Vanlalfakawma|2017}}
==Career==
Rokhuma began his career in 1934 as a teacher. He became a sub-inspector of schools in 1946. During [[World War 2]], Rokhuma also served in the military.{{sfn|Vanlalfakawma|2017}}{{sfn|Assam Tribune|2016}} In 1951, Rokhuma founded the Anti-Famine Campaign Organisation to combat the [[mautam]] famine.{{sfn|Assam Tribune|2016}} Rokhuma functioned as its organising secretary. As a non-political organisation, it attracted members of both the [[Mizo Union]] and [[United Mizo Freedom Organisation]].{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=244}} The organisation undertook plans and measures to reduce the impact of the mautam famine in anticipation of its cyclical resurgence.{{sfn|Vanlalfakawma|2017}} Rokhuma invented an insecticide he termed as RK Mixture, to help orange farmers fight insects attacking their crops.{{sfn|Assam Tribune|2016}} RK Mixture was also utilised for sugarcane. From 1955-1966, Rokhuma became an Instructor at a Teacher's college and then transitioned into a Sunday School Teacher Training Instructor at MSSU from 1967. In 1978, Rokhuma founded the Mizo Writer's Association and authored books and translations from English to [[Mizo language|Mizo]].{{sfn|Vanlalfakawma|2017}}

In 1992, the Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] in recognition of his social work.{{sfn|Vanlalfakawma|2017}}{{sfn|Assam Tribune|2016}} Rokhuma continued to research rats and their behaviour in a laboratory to study the effects of [[mautam]].{{sfn|AtMigration|1999}}

Rokhuma was assigned deputy chairman of the State Rodent Control Committee, headed by [[Zoramthanga]].{{sfn|Nag|2001|p=1029}} In 2009 when the [[mautam]] famine cycled back, Rokhuma was sought after by local, national and international media on the topic of bamboo flowering.{{sfn|Assam Tribune|2016}}{{sfn|Associated Press|2006}}
==Later life==
Rokhuma was admitted to Aizawl hospital in the ICU on 15 November 2016. He would be transferred to a private ward before dying on 23 November 2016.{{sfn|Vanlalfakawma|2017}}{{sfn|Assam Tribune|2016}}

==Works==
*{{cite book |last1=Rokhuma |first1=C. |title=India Hmar Chhak (Hmanah-Assam) Ram Thu: Pawl Thum Zirlai Bu| trans-title=Geography of North East India (Formerly-Assam): A Grade Three Textbook|date=1973 |publisher=Synod Bookroom |location=Aizawl}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rokhuma |first1=C. |title=Bomb sakei leh Bible: tun lai ralthuam hlauhawmte |trans-title=Bomb tigers and the Bible: Modern weapons of mass destruction |date=1975 |publisher=Rokhuma |location=Aizawl}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rokhuma |first1=C. |title=Zoram Parmawi |date=1980|trans-title=Beauty of Mizoram |publisher=Education Department |location=Aizawl}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rokhuma |first1=C. |title=Phawngpui Kawng |date=1985 |trans-title=Phawngpui road |publisher=CT Printers |location=Aizawl}}
*{{cite book |last=Rokhuma |first=C. |date=1988 |title=The secret of Famines found |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.23630/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Gosen Press|access-date=11 January 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite news |last1=Assam Tribune |title=Mizo scientist C Rokhuma dead|url=https://assamtribune.com/mizo-scientist-c-rokhuma-dead |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Assam Tribune |date=23 November 2016}}
*{{cite web |last1=Vanlalfakawma |first1=David. C. |title=Upa C. Rokhuma |url=https://bambusapiens.com/upa-c-rokhuma/ |website=Bambu Sapiens |date=23 November 2017 |access-date=25 April 2025| language= Mizo}}
*{{cite news |last1=Associated Press |title=Bamboo Blooms, rat population booms in India |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15753313 |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=NBC News |date=17 November 2006}}
*{{cite news |last1=AtMigration |title=Mizoram at war against rats. Hunt down the vermins or face a famine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19990712-mizoram-at-war-against-rats-hunt-down-the-vermins-or-face-a-famine-824562-1999-07-11 |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=India Today |date=12 July 1999}}
*{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |author-link=Sajal Nag |date=2008 |title=Pied Pipers in North-East India: Bamboo-flowers, Rat-famine and the Politics of Philanthropy. (1881–2007)=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-311-6}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |title=Tribals, Rats, Famine, State and the Nation |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=March 2001 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1029–1033 |jstor=4410428 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410428}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rokhuma, C.}}
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

Meena Kumari (weightlifter)

2026-01-28T17:54:20Z

Victoruot: minor enhance article to improve readability and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter}}
{{Other people|Meena Kumari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
|image = MeenakumariPawar13193.jpg
|caption = Meena Kumari showing face
|nationality = Indian
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|8|15|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|height = {{convert|1.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (2014)
|weight = {{convert|58|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (2014)
|country = {{IND}}
|sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
|event = 58 kg
|olympics =
|highestranking = Snatch 90kg
Clean&jerk 125kg
|pb =
}}
'''Meena Kumari''' (born 15 August 1994) is an Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] and Inspector in Punjabi Police, who placed fifth in the women's 58 kg weight class at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/badminton/1009136/meena_kumari.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806131634/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/badminton/1009136/meena_kumari.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 August 2014|title=Profile at 2014 CWG official website|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/event/weightlifting/wlw058a01/womens_58kg_group_a.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729132305/http://results.glasgow2014.com/event/weightlifting/wlw058a01/womens_58kg_group_a.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 July 2014|title=Results of 58 kg weightlifting in 2014 CWG|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswala.com/Sports-News/Meena-Kumari-the-Indian-weightlifter-comes-5th-in-womens-58-kg-misses-bronze-at-2014-Commonwealth-Games-70932.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802041644/http://www.newswala.com/Sports-News/Meena-Kumari-the-Indian-weightlifter-comes-5th-in-womens-58-kg-misses-bronze-at-2014-Commonwealth-Games-70932.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2014|title=Meena Kumari the Indian weightlifter comes 5th in women's 58 kg misses bronze at 2014 Commonwealth Games|publisher=News Wala|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>

==Career==

===Police service===
Kumari joined the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab police]] as a constable after attending college.<ref name=hindustan/> By 2016, she was appointed to the post of Inspector in Punjabi Police.<ref name=HC/>

===Sports career===
Kumari was previously a mountaineer and skydiver. She was selected for the 2007-8 National Cadet Corps expedition to Everest, though she did not participate.<ref name=hindustan/>

Kumari took up weightlifting in 2008 when she attended college at the encouragement of her uncle, who himself participated. After joining the police she was coached by police weightlifter Saranjeet Kundan and sponsored by legislator [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]]. She won the gold medal in women's weightlifting in the 63 kg category at the All-India Police Games in December 2013, her third consecutive gold medal at these games. She lifted 110 kg in [[clean and jerk]], two kilos better than her gold in the 58 kg category the previous year.<ref name=hindustan/>

At the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in July 2014, Kumari came fifth in the 58 kg category, lifting a total of 194 kg,<ref>{{cite news|access-date=6 September 2024|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/indian-lifter-meena-kumar-stands-5th-in-womens-58-kg-bronze-at-cwg-2014-103721/|title=Indian lifter Meena Kumar stands 5th in women's 58 kg bronze at CWG 2014|work=Indo-Asian News Service|date=5 August 2014}}</ref> 83 kg in snatch and 111 kg in clean and jerk.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/28503356|title=Weightlifting: Women's 58kg results|department=[[BBC Sport]]|date=26 July 2014|access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

In May 2016 at the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], Kumari successfully appealed a three-year ban imposed on her by the [[Indian Weightlifting Federation]] in November 2014 for unspecified alleged behaviour in training and at the Commonwealth Games. The high court set aside the ban.<ref name=HC>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-jalandhar/20160520/282415578518190|title=HC sets aside three-year ban on Punjab weightlifter|last=Sharma|first=Surender|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 May 2016|access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

In 2017, Kumari took part in the Senior National Powerlifting Championship in Kerala and won a silver medal in the deadlift and bronze in the squat, placing third in the 63 kg category.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/punjab-cops-notch-57-medals-in-police-games-457687|title=Punjab cops notch 57 medals in Police Games|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|date=26 August 2017|access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kumari is from [[Jaitewali|Jattewali]] village in Adampur, Punjab, where her father is a tailor. She has three older brothers.<ref name=hindustan>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/thrilled-by-the-weight-of-expectations/story-knIs9vx13Hhc3Qg0abjPFN_amp.html|title=Thrilled by the weight of expectations|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=19 December 2013|last=Bhalla|first=Sanjeev|access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{International Weightlifting Federation|11200}}
* {{CGF profile|66247}}
* {{2014 Commonwealth Games profile|weightlifting/1009136/meena_kumari}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Meena}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Indian women police officers]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

2023 Filmfare OTT Awards

2026-01-27T16:26:41Z

Victoruot:

{{Short description|Edition of Indian media award ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2023 Filmfare OTT Awards
| current_awards =
| image = 2023 Filmfare OTT Awards.png
| imagesize =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Excellence in OTT content
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| host = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sharib Hashmi]]
* [[Kubbra Sait]]}}
| country = India
| venue =
| network =
| year = {{Start date|df=y|2020|12|19}}
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2023|11|26}}
| holder_label =
| holder = 
| most_awards =''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'' (9)
| most_nominations =''Jubilee'' (17)
| award1_type = Best Drama Series
| award1_winner = ''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]''
| award2_type = Best Comedy Series
| award2_winner = ''[[TVF Pitchers|TVF Pitchers (Season 2)]]''
| award3_type = Best Film: Web Originals
| award3_winner = ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]''
| award4_type = Best Non-Fiction Original (Series)
| award4_winner = ''[[Cinema Marte Dum Tak]]''
| award5_type = Best Series Critics
| award5_winner = ''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]''
| website ={{url|https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/winners#122| 2023 Filmfare OTT Awards}}
| related =
| previous = [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|2022]]
| main = [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| next = [[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|2024]]
}}

'''2023 [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]''', the fourth edition of awards presented to honour artistic and technical excellence in original programming on [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] streaming media in Hindi-language. Web original shows or films released across OTT platforms between 1 August 2022 and 31 July 2023 were eligible for Awards. Nominations were announced by ''[[Filmfare]]'' on 22 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html|title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full list out|date=November 22, 2023|access-date=November 23, 2023|language=en-In}}</ref>

[[Jubilee (TV series)|''Jubilee'']] led the ceremony with 17 nominations, followed by [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']] with 14 nominations, ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]'' with 13 nominations, and ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'' with 11 nominations.

''Jubilee'' won 9 awards, including Best Director in a Drama Series (for [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]), thus becoming the most-awarded series at the ceremony.

== Winners and nominees==
{{Small|Sources: nominations}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html|title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out|date=November 23, 2023|access-date=November 23, 2023|language=en-In}}</ref>

{{Small|Sources: winners}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62777.html|title=Winners Of The Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out
|date=November 27, 2023|access-date=November 27, 2023|language=en-In}}</ref>
* {{Small|Winners denoted in '''boldface'''}}

===Popular awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Drama Series
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Series
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Director
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top"|
* '''''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]''''' – [[Netflix]]
** [[Asur (TV series)|''Asur (Season 2)'']] ''–'' [[JioCinema]]
** ''[[Dahaad]] –'' [[Amazon Prime Video]]
** ''[[Farzi]]'' – Amazon Prime Video
** ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'' – Amazon Prime Video
** ''[[Kohrra]]'' – Netflix
** ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]] –'' [[SonyLIV]]
** ''[[School of Lies]]'' – Disney+ Hotstar
** ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]] –'' [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
** ''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]'' – Netflix
|colspan=1; valign="top"|
* '''''[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]''' – '''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** Abhay Pannu – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** [[Avinash Arun]] – ''[[School of Lies]]''
** [[Hansal Mehta]] – ''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]''
** [[Prashant Nair]] – ''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]''
** [[Raj & DK]] – ''[[Farzi]]''
** Randeep Jha – ''[[Kohrra]]''
** [[Reema Kagti]] and Ruchika Oberoi – ''[[Dahaad]]''
** [[Tanuj Chopra]] – ''[[Delhi Crime|Delhi Crime (Season 2)]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top" |
* '''''Suvinder Vicky''' – '''[[Kohrra]]'''''
** [[Aamir Bashir]] – ''[[School of Lies]]''
** [[Abhay Deol]] – ''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]''
** [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] – ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''
** [[Anil Kapoor]] – ''The Night Manager''
** [[Aparshakti Khurana]] – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
** [[Jim Sarbh]] – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** [[Pankaj Tripathi]] – ''[[Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach]]''
** [[Shahid Kapoor]] – ''[[Farzi]]''
** [[Sidhant Gupta]] – ''Jubilee''
** [[Vijay Varma]] – ''[[Dahaad]]''

| colspan="1"; valign="top" |
* '''''[[Rajshri Deshpande]]''' – '''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]'''''
** [[Dimple Kapadia]] – ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
** [[Kajol]] – ''[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]''
** [[Karishma Tanna]] – ''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]''
** [[Shefali Shah]] – ''[[Delhi Crime|Delhi Crime (Season 2)]]''
** [[Sonakshi Sinha]] – ''[[Dahaad]]''
** [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan="3" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''''[[Barun Sobti]]''' – '''[[Kohrra]]'''''
** [[Bhuvan Arora]] – ''[[Farzi]]''
** [[Gulshan Devaiah]] – ''[[Dahaad]]''
** [[Harman Baweja]] – ''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]''
** [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] – ''Scoop''
** [[Prathamesh Parab]] – ''[[Taaza Khabar]]''
** [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
** [[Saswata Chatterjee]] – ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''
| colspan="1"; valign="top" |
* '''''[[Tillotama Shome]] – [[Delhi Crime|Delhi Crime (Season 2)]]'''''
** [[Harleen Sethi]] – ''[[Kohrra]]''
** [[Nimrat Kaur]] – ''[[School of Lies]]''
** [[Radhika Madan]] – ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
** [[Rasika Duggal]] – ''Delhi Crime (Season 2)''
** [[Shweta Tripathi]] – ''[[Kaalkoot]]''
** Tillotama Shome – ''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#FFAA00;" |Comedy Series
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Series / Special
|-
| colspan="2" |
* '''''[[TVF Pitchers|TVF Pitchers (Season 2)]]''''' – [[ZEE5]]
** ''[[Crushed (TV series)|Crushed]]'' – [[Amazon Mini TV]]
** ''Farzi Mushaira'' – [[Amazon Prime Video]]
** ''[[Half Pants Full Pants]]'' – Amazon Prime Video
** ''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]'' – Amazon Prime Video
** ''[[Hostel Daze|Hostel Daze (Season 3)]]'' – Amazon Prime Video
** ''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling (Season 3)]]'' – ZEE5
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |
Best Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1;" valign="top" |
* '''''[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]''' – '''The Great Weddings of Munnes'''''
** [[Amol Parashar]] – ''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling (Season 3)]]''
** [[Atul Kulkarni]] – ''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]''
** [[Bhuvan Bam]] – ''[[Rafta Rafta (2023)|Rafta Rafta]]''
** [[Johnny Lever]] – ''[[Pop Kaun?]]''
** [[Kunal Khemu]] – ''Pop Kaun?''
| colspan="1" ; valign="top"|
* '''''[[Maanvi Gagroo]]''' – '''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling (Season 3)]]'''''
** Aadhya Anand – ''[[Crushed (TV series)|Crushed]]''
** [[Juhi Parmar]] – ''Yeh Meri Family (Season 2)''
** [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] – ''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]''
** Srishti Ganguli – ''Rafta Rafta''

|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1";" valign="top" |
* '''''[[Arunabh Kumar]]''' – '''[[TVF Pitchers|TVF Pitchers (Season 2)]]'''''
** [[Kumud Mishra]] – [[TVF Tripling|''TVF Tripling (Season 3)'']]
** [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] – ''TVF Tripling (Season 3)''
** Naman Jain – ''[[Crushed (TV series)|Crushed]]''
** Purav Jha – ''[[Ishq Next Door]]''

| colspan="1";"valign="top" |
* '''''[[Shernaz Patel]]''' – '''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling (Season 3)]]'''''
** [[Ahsaas Channa]] – ''[[Hostel Daze|Hostel Daze (Season 3)]]''
** [[Shilpa Shukla]] – ''[[Taaza Khabar]]''
** [[Sunita Rajwar]] – ''The Great Weddings of Munnes''
** Swati Das – ''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#FFAA00;" |Web Originals
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Film
! style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Director
|-
|
* '''''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]''''' – [[ZEE5]]
** ''[[Babli Bouncer]]'' – [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
** ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'' – [[Netflix]]
** ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]'' – Disney+ Hotstar
** ''[[Kathal (film)|Kathal]]'' – Netflix
** ''[[Lost (2023 film)|Lost]]'' – ZEE5
** ''[[Lust Stories 2]]'' – Netflix
** ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'' – Netflix
** ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]'' – Netflix
|
* '''''Apoorv Singh Karki – [[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]'''''
** [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]] – ''[[Lost (2023 film)|Lost]]''
** Jasmeet K. Reen – ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
** [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] – ''[[Lust Stories 2]]''
** Rahul V. Chittella – ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
** [[Vasan Bala]] – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1";" valign="top" |
* '''''[[Manoj Bajpayee]]''' – '''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]'''''
** [[Diljit Dosanjh]] – ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]''
** Manoj Bajpayee – ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
** [[Rajkummar Rao]] – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
** [[Shahid Kapoor]] – ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
** [[Varun Dhawan]] – ''[[Bawaal]]''
** [[Vijay Varma]] – ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''

| colspan="1" |
* '''''[[Alia Bhatt]]''''' – '''''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'''''
** [[Huma Qureshi]] – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
** [[Janhvi Kapoor]] – ''[[Bawaal]]''
** [[Sanya Malhotra]] – ''[[Kathal (film)|Kathal]]''
** [[Sharmila Tagore]] – ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
** [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] – ''[[Babli Bouncer]]''
** [[Tripti Dimri]] – ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
** [[Yami Gautam]] – ''[[Lost (2023 film)|Lost]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1" |
* '''''[[Suraj Sharma]]''' – '''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]'''''
** [[Ayush Mehra]] – ''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''
** [[Gajraj Rao]] – ''[[Maja Ma]]''
** [[Pankaj Kapur]] – ''[[Lost (2023 film)|Lost]]''
** [[Rajat Barmecha]] – ''Kacchey Limbu''
** [[Sharib Hashmi]] – ''[[Tarla]]''
| colspan="1" |
* '''''[[Amruta Subhash]]''' – '''[[Lust Stories 2]]'''''
* '''''[[Shefali Shah]]''''' – '''''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'''''
** [[Radhika Apte]] – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
** [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] – ''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
** [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] – ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
** [[Swastika Mukherjee]] – ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Non – Fiction Original (Series)
|-
| colspan="2"; valign="top"|
* '''''[[Cinema Marte Dum Tak]]''''' – [[Amazon Prime Video]]
** ''[[Dancing on the Grave]]'' – Amazon Prime Video
** ''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''
** ''[[Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld]]'' – [[Netflix]]
** ''[[Amazon miniTV Playground |Playground (Season 2)]]'' – [[Amazon miniTV]]
** ''[[The Romantics (series)|The Romantics]]'' – Netflix
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Writing Awards
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Original Story (Series)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Original Dialogue (Series)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Gunjit Chopra and Diggi Sisodia – ''[[Kohrra]]'''''
** Atul Sabharwal and [[Soumik Sen]] – [[Jubilee (TV series)|''Jubilee'']]
** [[Avinash Arun]] & Ishani Banerjee – ''[[School of Lies]]''
** [[Homi Adajania]] – ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
** [[Raj & DK]] – ''[[Farzi]]''
** [[Reema Kagti]], [[Ritesh Shah]] and [[Zoya Akhtar]] – ''[[Dahaad]]''
** [[Subhash Kapoor]] & Singh Nandan – [[Maharani (2021 TV series)|''Maharani (Season 2)'']]
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Karan Vyas – [[Scoop (Indian TV series)|''Scoop'']]'''
** Abhay Pannu, [[Kausar Munir]] – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** [[Arunabh Kumar]], Prashant Kumar, Shubham Sharma, Talha Siddiqui, Garima Kunzru – [[TVF Pitchers|''TVF Pitchers (Season 2)'']]
** Atul Sabharwal – [[Jubilee (TV series)|''Jubilee'']]
** Gaurav Shukla, Abhijeet Khuman, Suraj Gianani – [[Asur (TV series)|''Asur'' ''(Season 2)'']]
** [[Sumit Arora]] – ''[[Dahaad]]''
** Uma Shankar Singh [[Maharani (2021 TV series)|''Maharani (Season 2)'']]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Original Screenplay (Series)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Adapted Screenplay (Series)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Gunjit Chopra, Sudip Sharma and Diggi Sisodia – ''[[Kohrra]]'''''
** Abhay Pannu – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** [[Arunabh Kumar]], Prashant Kumar, Shubham Sharma, Talha Siddiqui – [[TVF Pitchers|''TVF Pitchers (Season 2)'']]
** Atul Sabharwal – [[Jubilee (TV series)|''Jubilee'']]
** Bijesh Jayarajan, Iti Agarwal, Anurag Pandey – ''[[Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach]]''
** Ishani Banerjee & Nishant Agrawal – ''[[School of Lies]]''
** [[Raj & DK]], Sita Menon, Suman Kumar – ''[[Farzi]]''
** [[Reema Kagti]], [[Ritesh Shah]], Sunayana Kumari, Mansi Jain, Chaitanya Chopra, Karan Shah – ''[[Dahaad]]''
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Mrunmayee Lagoo, Mirat Trivedi and Anu Singh Choudhary – [[Scoop (Indian TV series)|''Scoop'']]'''
** Abbas Dalal, Hussain Dalal, Siddharth Kumar – [[The Trial (Indian TV series)|''The Trial'']]
** Arshad Syed, Vaibhav Modi, Karan Oberoi – ''[[Mukhbir - The Story of a Spy]]''
** Ishan Trivedi, Sudhir Mishra – ''[[Tanaav]]''
** Karan Shrikant Sharma – [[Kafas (TV series)|''Kafas'']]
** Kersi Khambatta – [[Class (2023 TV series)|''Class'']]
** Shridhar Raghavan – [[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|''The Night Manager'']]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Original Screenplay (Web Original Film)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Dialogue (Web Original Film)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Jasmeet K. Reen, Parveej Sheikh – ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'''''
* '''Rahul V. Chittella, Arpita Mukherjee – ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]'''''
** Ajitpal Singh – ''[[Fire in the Mountains]]''
** Amit Joshi, Aradhana Sah, Madhur Bhandarkar – ''[[Babli Bouncer]]''
** Nikhil Mehrotra, Shreyas Jain, Piyush Gupta, Nitesh Tiwari – ''[[Bawaal]]''
** Pooja Tolani, Konkona Sen Sharma – ''[[Lust Stories 2]]''
** Shiv Singh, Akshat Trivedi, Aleya Sen – ''[[Trial Period]]''
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Deepak Kingrani – ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]'''''
** Aleya Sen, Akshat Trivedi – ''[[Trial Period]]''
** Ali Abbas Zafar, Aditya Basu – ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
** Rahul V. Chittella, Arpita Mukherjee – [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
** Sudeep Nigam – ''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
** Vijay Maurya, Jasmeet K Reen, Parveez Sheikh – ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Story (Web Original Film)
|-
| colspan="2"; valign="top"|
* '''Deepak Kingrani – ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]'''''
** Amit Joshi, Aradhana Sah, Madhur Bhandarkar, Shakeel Shafi Mohammed – ''[[Babli Bouncer]]''
** [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]] – ''[[Bawaal]]''
** Jasmeet K. Reen, Parveej Sheikh – ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
** Pooja Tolani, Konkona Sen Sharma – ''[[Lust Stories 2]]''
** Rahul V. Chittella, Arpita Mukherjee – ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]''
** Yogesh Chandekar – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Music Awards
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Background Music (Series)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Original Soundtrack (Series)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''[[Alokananda Dasgupta]] – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** [[Achint Thakkar]] – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** Dharam Bhatt – [[Asur (TV series)|''Asur'' ''(Season 2)'']]
** Gaurav Chatterji, Ashish Zachariah – ''[[School of Lies]]''
** Ketan Sodha – ''[[Farzi]]''
** Sachin Sanghvi, Jigar Saraiya – ''[[Jee Karda]]''
** Tubby – [[Class (2023 TV series)|''Class'']]
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''[[Amit Trivedi]] – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** [[Achint Thakkar]] – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** Aditya N., Nayantara Bhatkal, Chakori Dwivedi, Keshav Dhar, Akhilesh Jain – [[Class (2023 TV series)|''Class'']]
** Anurag Saikia, Vivek Hariharan, Jonita Gandhi, Neha Karode – [[Mismatched|''Mismatched (Season 2)'']]
** Sachin Sanghvi, Jigar Saraiya, Rashmeet Kaur, I.P. Singh, Simran Choudhary, Mellow D., Luv – ''[[Jee Karda]]''
** Sachin Sanghvi, Jigar Saraiya, Tanishk Bagchi, Raghav Meattle, Priya Saraiya – ''[[Farzi]]''
** Santhosh Narayanan – [[Faadu (web series)|''Faadu – A Love Story'']]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Background Music (Web Original Film)
|-
| colspan="2"; valign="top"|
* '''[[Achint Thakkar]] – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'''''
** Daniel B. George – ''[[Bawaal]]''
** Julius Packiam – ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
** Prashant Pillai – ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
** Sagar Desai – [[Qala (film)|''Qala'']]
** Sandeep Chowta – ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]''
** Siddhartha Khosla – [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Technical Awards
|-
! colspan="1" valign="top" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Production Design (Series)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Cinematographer (Series)
|-
|colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Aparna Sud and Mukund Gupta – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** Abhimanyu Jai – [[TVF Pitchers|''TVF Pitchers (Season 2)'']]
** Meghna Gandhi – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** Parichit Paralkar – ''[[Farzi]]''
** Shailaja Sharma – ''[[Dahaad]]''
** Somanwita Bhattacharya – [[ImMature|''ImMature (Season 2)'']]
** Tanvi Leena Patil – [[Scoop (Indian TV series)|''Scoop'']]
| colspan="1;" valign="top" |
* '''Pratik Shah – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** Avinash Arun – ''[[School of Lies]]''
** Harshvir Oberai – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** Linesh Desai – ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
** Pratham Mehta – [[Scoop (Indian TV series)|''Scoop'']]
** Saurabh Monga – ''[[Kohrra]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Costume Design (Series)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best VFX (Series)
|-
| colspan="1;" valign="top" |
* '''Shruti Kapoor – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** Lovedeep Gulyani – [[Class (2023 TV series)|''Class'']]
** Maxima Basu – ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
** Nikhat Neerusha – ''[[Taj: Divided by Blood]]''
** Pallavi Patel, Anubha Patnaik – [[TVF Pitchers|''TVF Pitchers (Season 2)'']]
** Shivangi Shrivastav – ''Sixer (Season 1)''
** Uma Biju, Biju Antony – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Arpan Gaglani (Philmcgi) – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** Deepak Bhatia, Prashant Thakur – [[Trial by Fire (TV series)|''Trial by Fire'']]
** Vishwas Savanur – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Editing (Series)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Sound Design (Series)
|-
| colspan="1;" valign="top" |
* '''[[Aarti Bajaj]] – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** Amitesh Mukherjee – [[Scoop (Indian TV series)|''Scoop'']]
** Antara Lahiri, Parikshhit Jha, Manas Mittal – ''[[Delhi Crime|Delhi Crime (Season 2)]]''
** Maahir Zaveri – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** Sanyukta Kaza – ''[[Kohrra]]''
** Sumeet Kotian – ''[[Farzi]]''
** Xavier Box, Dániel Hajnal – [[Trial by Fire (TV series)|''Trial by Fire'']]
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Kunal Sharma, Dhruv Parekh – ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'''''
** Arka Ghosh – ''[[Inspector Avinash]]''
** Bigyna Dahal – [[Class (2023 TV series)|''Class'']]
** Sanjay Maurya, Allwin Rego – ''[[Delhi Crime|Delhi Crime (Season 2)]]''
** Subash Sahoo – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
** Sudeepta Sadhukhan, Ateesh Chattopadhyay, Ankita Purkayastha – ''Sixer (Season 1)''

|-
! colspan="1" valign="top" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Production Design (Web Original Film)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Cinematographer (Web Original Film)
|-
|colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Meenal Agarwal – ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]'''''
** Aditya Kanwar – ''[[Bawaal]]''
** Mansi Dhruv Mehta – [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
** Paul Rowan '''–''' [[Blind (2023 film)|''Blind'']]
** Rajnish Hedao, Snigdha Basu, Sumit Basu – ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
| colspan="1;" valign="top" |
* '''Swapnil S. Sonawane – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'''''
** Eeshit Narain – [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
** [[Manoj Kumar Khatoi]] – ''[[Trial Period]]''
** [[Marcin Laskawiec]] – ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
** [[Mitesh Mirchandani]] – ''[[Bawaal]]''
** [[Siddharth Diwan]] – ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Editing (Web Original Film)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Sound Design (Web Original Film)
|-
| colspan="1;" valign="top" |
* '''Nitin Baid – ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'''''
** Charu Shree Roy – ''[[Bawaal]]''
** Steven H. Bernard – ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
** Sumeet Kotian – ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]''
** Tanupriya Sharma – [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Anirban Sengupta – ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'''''
** Dileep Subramaniam – ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
** Kunal Sharma – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
** P. M. Satheesh, Manoj M. Goswami – [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
** Sanjay Maurya, Allwin Rego – ''[[Bawaal]]''
|-
|}

===Critics' Choice Awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Series
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Director (Series)
|-
|colspan=1 |
* '''''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]''''' '''– [[Netflix]]'''
|colspan=2 |
* '''Randeep Jha''' – '''''[[Kohrra]]'''''
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Male): Drama Series
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female): Drama Series
|-
|colspan=1 |
* '''[[Vijay Varma]] – ''[[Dahaad]]'' as Anand Swarnakar'''
|colspan=2 |
* '''[[Karishma Tanna]] – ''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]'' as Jagruti Pathak'''
* '''[[Sonakshi Sinha]] – ''[[Dahaad]]'' as Sub-inspector Anjali Bhaati'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Web Original Film
|-
| colspan="2"; valign="top"|
* '''''[[Lust Stories 2]]'' – [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]'''
* '''''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'' – Vasan Bala'''
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Actor (Male): Film
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female): Film
|-
|colspan=1 |
* '''[[Rajkummar Rao]] – ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'' as Jayant "Jay" Arkhedkar a.k.a. Johnny'''
|colspan=1 |
* '''[[Sanya Malhotra]] – ''[[Kathal (film)|Kathal]]'' as Inspector Mahima Basor'''
* '''[[Sharmila Tagore]] – ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]'' as Kusum Batra'''
|}

== Superlatives ==

=== Nominations and wins by program ===
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Nominations by program
!Nominations
!Program
!Streaming Media
|-
!17
|''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!14
|[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
!13
|''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
!11
|''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
|[[Netflix]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |10
|''[[Farzi]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
|''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]''
|Netflix
|-
! rowspan="4" |9
|''[[Bawaal]]''
| rowspan="2" |Amazon Prime Video
|-
|''[[Dahaad]]''
|-
|''[[Kohrra]]''
| rowspan="2" |Netflix
|-
|''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
|-
!8
|''[[School of Lies]]''
|Disney+ Hotstar
|-
! rowspan="2" |7
|''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
|[[JioCinema]]
|-
|''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]''
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
! rowspan="6" |6
|''[[Delhi Crime|Delhi Crime (Season 2)]]''
| rowspan="2" |Netflix
|-
|[[Qala (film)|''Qala'']]
|-
|''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''
|Disney+ Hotstar
|-
|''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]''
|Netflix
|-
|''[[TVF Pitchers|TVF Pitchers (Season 2)]]''
| rowspan="2" |ZEE5
|-
|''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling (Season 3)]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
|[[Class (2023 TV series)|''Class'']]
|Netflix
|-
|''[[Lust Stories 2]]''
|Netflix
|-
|''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
| rowspan="2" |Disney+ Hotstar
|-
! rowspan="3" |4
|''[[Babli Bouncer]]''
|-
|''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
|[[Lost (2023 film)|''Lost'']]
|ZEE5
|-
! rowspan="2" |3
|''[[Crushed (TV series)|Crushed]]''
|[[Amazon Mini TV]]
|-
|''[[Trial Period]]''
|JioCinema
|-
! rowspan="12" |2
|''[[Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach]]''
|Disney+ Hotstar
|-
|''[[Hostel Daze|Hostel Daze (Season 3)]]''
|Netflix
|-
|''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
|JioCinema
|-
|''[[Jee Karda]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
|''[[Kacchey Limbu]]''
|JioCinema
|-
|[[Kathal (film)|''Kathal'']]
|Netflix
|-
|[[Maharani (2021 TV series)|''Maharani (Season 2)'']]
|SonyLIV
|-
|''[[Pop Kaun?]]''
|Disney+ Hotstar
|-
|''Rafta Rafta''
|Amazon Mini TV
|-
|''Sixer (Season 1)''
|ZEE5
|-
|''[[Taaza Khabar]]''
|Disney+ Hotstar
|-
|''The Great Weddings of Munnes''
|JioCinema
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Wins by program
!Wins
!Program
!Streaming Media
|-
!9
|''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
|''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Netflix]]
|-
|''[[Kohrra]]''
|-
|''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]''
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
|''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
| rowspan="2" |Netflix
|-
|''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]''
|-
!3
|[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
! rowspan="5" |2
|''[[Dahaad]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
|''[[Lust Stories 2]]''
| rowspan="2" |Netflix
|-
|''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]''
|-
|''[[TVF Pitchers|TVF Pitchers (Season 2)]]''
| rowspan="2" |ZEE5
|-
|''[[TVF Tripling|TVF Tripling (Season 3)]]''
|}

=== Nominations and wins by streaming media ===
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Nominations by streaming media
!Nominations
!Streaming Media
|-
!74
|[[Netflix]]
|-
!59
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!45
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
!27
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
!23
|[[JioCinema]]
|-
!18
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
!7
|[[Amazon Mini TV]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Wins by Streaming Media
!Wins
!Streaming Media
|-
!25
|[[Netflix]]
|-
!12
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!10
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
!3
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Filmfare Awards]]
* [[68th Filmfare Awards]]
* [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/winners#108 Official website]

[[Category:Award ceremonies in India]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards|OTT, 2023]]
[[Category:2023 television awards|Filmfare OTT]]
[[Category:2023 awards in India]]

Paomata Centre

2026-01-27T13:56:36Z

Victoruot: starting new stub.

{{Short description|Village in Senapati district, Manipur, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Paomata Centre
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4422|N|94.2771|E|type:city_region:IN-MN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Senapati district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name3 = [[Paomata]]
| unit_pref = metric
| area_total_ha = 0
| population_total = 1344<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code = 795104
| registration_plate = MN
}}

'''Paomata Centre''' is a village in the Paomata subdivision of [[Senapati district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Paomata Centre Village Population - Paomata - Senapati, Manipur |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/268506-paomata-centre-manipur.html |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Senapati - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6463 |access-date=2023-01-09 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> It comes under the Paomata Community Development Block.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Paomata Centre, Paomata, Senapati, Manipur, India - Geolysis Local |url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/mn/senapati/paomata/paomata-centre |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=geolysis.com}}</ref>

There are 279 families residing in the village.<ref name=":0" />

== Postal and demographics ==

* PIN code: 795104.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paomata Centre Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Paomata Centre, Senapati, Manipur, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/manipur/senapati/paomata-centre |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

As per the 2011 census;<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

* Total population: 1344 (696 males and 648 females).
* Child population: 120.
* Sex ratio: 931 females per 1000 males.
* Child sex ratio: 846 females per 1000 males.
* Literacy rate: 31.54%

== Education ==
The Paomata High School (H/S) is a co-educational school that was established in 1957 at Paomata Centre. The school consists of only Grade III to Grade X and does not have any pre-primary section. In this school, [[English language|English]] is the medium of instructions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=PAOMATA H/S - Paomata Centre District Senapati (Manipur) |url=https://schools.org.in/senapati/14010408501/paomata-h-s.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

The school is accessible by road in all weather conditions, and its academic session starts in the April month.<ref name=":2" />

There are also other schools in Paomata and its neighbouring villages.

== Healthcare ==
There is a primary health centre in Paomata. There are also health centres, hospitals, etc in other neighbouring villages.<ref name=":1" />

== Related pages ==

* [[Senapati district]]
* [[List of populated places in Senapati district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Senapati district]]
[[Category:Manipur geography stubs]]
[[Category:Geography stubs]]

Basanta Kumar Biswas

2026-01-18T04:05:34Z

Victoruot: added content based on references and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian independence activist (1895–1915)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Basanta Kumar Biswas
| birth_date = {{birth date|1895|02|06|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1915|05|11|1895|02|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Poragacha, [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Ambala]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], British India (now [[Haryana]], India)
| image = Martyr Basanta Kumar Biswas.jpg
| caption =
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| organization = [[Jugantar]]
| family = [[Zamindar]] Biswas Family of Poragachha
| relatives = [[Digambar Biswas]] (grand uncle)
}}

'''Basanta Kumar Biswas''' (6 February 1895 – 11 May 1915) was an Indian pro-independence activist involved in the [[Jugantar]] group who, in December 1912, played a role in the bombing of the [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Viceroy's]] parade in what came to be known as the [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Dr. Dulal Krishna |title=বাংলার নবরত্ন |publisher=Tuhina Publications |edition=2nd |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=2021 |pages=166 to 183 |language=Bengali}}</ref>

Biswas was one of the illustrious names of the early pro-independence activists of [[Bengal]] and the entire country. He was expert in bomb making and was initiated into [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary movement]] by [[Jugantar]] leaders [[Amarendra Chatterjee|Amarendranath Chattopadhyaya]] and [[Rash Behari Bose]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=২০ বছরেই উঠেছিলেন ফাঁসির মঞ্চে, অকুতোভয় বসন্ত কুমার বিশ্বাসের স্মৃতি ছড়িয়ে সুদূর টোকিওতেও |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/know-the-story-of-freedom-fighter-basanta-kumar-biswas-on-independence-day-827229 |work=ABP News |language=bn |date=4 August 2021 |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Basanta Kumar Biswas was born on 6 February 1895 at ''Poragacha'' village in a [[Bengali Hindu]] aristocratic [[Mahishya]] family of [[Nadia district]] of present day [[West Bengal]], to Motilal Biswas and Kunjabala Devi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Biswas |first=Tarun |date=16 August 2024 |title=দিল্লিতে বড়লাটের ওপর বোমা নিক্ষেপের নায়ক কৃষ্ণনগরের বসন্ত বিশ্বাস |journal=Kolkata Purashree |pages=31 |quote=Shaheed Basanta Biswas, a burning symbol of patriotism, was born on February 6, 1895, in an educated Banedi Mahishya family in Poragachha village, near Krishnanagar, the headquarters of Nadia district. His father Motilal Biswas was a retired railway employee and his mother was Kunjabala Devi.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Senapati and Das |first=Uma and Dulal Krishna |title=মাহিন্দ্র রত্নাবলী জীবনী শতক |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2018 |isbn=9788194434641 |edition=2nd |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=2020 |pages=135 to 139 |language=Bengali |trans-title=Mahishya Ratnavali Biographical Century}}</ref> His ancestor (grand uncle), [[Digambar Biswas]] had gained fame as an active leader of the [[Indigo revolt]] (''Nil Bidroha,1859'') against the forced cultivation of the cash crop and freedom fighter [[Manmathanath Biswas]] was his cousin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sena |first=Baṅkima Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdcRAQAAIAAJ |title=Lokamātā Rāṇī Rāsamaṇī |date=1973 |publisher=[Prakāśa Bhabana]' |pages=55 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> He started his schooling in Srimanta M.I. School in nearby village of ''Madhabpur'' established by social reformer and industrialist [[Gagan Chandra Biswas]], with his cousin Manmathnath Biswas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Biswa |first=Nilendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waVjEQAAQBAJ&dq=gagan+chandra+biswas+B+E&pg=PA24 |title=Revolutionary Movements and Anti-Colonial Resistance in Nadia (1905–1947): A Socio- Psychological Study of Indian Nationalism and Political Violence |date=29 May 2025 |publisher=Deep Science Publishing |isbn=978-93-49910-66-9 |language=en}}</ref> In 1906, Basanta was moved to [[Muragachha|Muragacha]] school, where he studied upto [[Entrance examination]].<ref name=":4" /> Under the guidance of Khirodh Chandra Ganguly, [[Head teacher]] of Muragacha school, Basanta started his journey of freedom fight. When he was a student of this School he took active part in the Swadeshi agitation at Poragachcha and its neighbourhood.<ref>{{Cite book |title=DICTIONARY OF MARTYRS INDIA'S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) vol 4 |publisher=Indian Council for Historical Research |year=2016 |pages=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sampad Narayan Dhar|title=Sahid Basanta Kumar Biswas & Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy Case|publisher=Kalinagar Co-Operative Colony & Credit Society Ltd.|language=Bengali}}</ref> In 1907, he left his studies and took up a job in 1910 at a swadeshi cloth store at Uttarpara, but left it for touring the different places of India. He went to [[Puri]], and eventually went to [[Benaras]], where he stayed at [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. Next year he met [[Rash Behari Bose]] in [[Dehradun]] and was recruited by him. Bose trained him in arms and bombs and lovingly often called him ''Bishe''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |volume=44 |number=45 |date=26 May 2012 |title=Calcutta Notebook|url=http://www.frontierweekly.com/archive/vol-number/vol/vol-44-2011-12/vol-44-45/cnb-44-45.pdf |website=Frontier Weekly |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />
[[File:Memorial of Basanta Biswas.png|thumb|Memorial of Basanta Kumar Biswas near his birthplace in Poragacha, [[Nadia district|Nadia]]]]

==Revolutionary activities==
Basanta Kumar Biswas was a member of [[Jugantar]] group, known for his organisation skills and was an important intermediary between Calcutta office of Jugantar and the 'co-conspirators' in [[Chandannagar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Samaddar |first=Ranabir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDzgNhV3tHEC |title=The Materiality of Politics: Volume 1: The Technologies of Rule |date=1 August 2007 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-765-4 |pages=76–77 |language=en}}</ref> After meeting Rash Behari Bose in Dehradun, he was politically indoctrinated and learnt practical trainings to carry out his mission. He was brought to Lahore by Bose in October 1912 and stayed there with his Punjabi associates. At Lahore he took the job of a compounder at a popular dispensary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4JuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900-1910 |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563350-4 |pages=246–247}}</ref>

Biswas participated in the plot to throw a bomb on [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], the Viceroy of India. It was carried out by him on 23 December 1912, when Lord Hardinge was passing through Chandni Chowk, Delhi, in a state procession marking the inauguration of [[Delhi]] as the capital of India. Dressed in women's clothing, Basanta went to a rooftop overlooking viceroy's route reserved for ladies. He introduced himself to other spectators as Lakshmibai – an allusion to famous Rani of [[Jhansi]]. As the procession was passing by the rooftop, where Biswas was waiting, a bomb sailed down and exploded behind the viceroy. Hardinge was seriously injured, and the servant behind him holding his parasol was killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajumukhopadhyay.com/Articles-Partition_of_Bengal.html |title=Website Disabled |access-date=9 February 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312085704/http://ajumukhopadhyay.com/Articles-Partition_of_Bengal.html |archive-date=12 March 2007 }}</ref> As soon as his job was done Basanta dashed down to street and threw off his saree and disappeared into the crowd. He returned to [[Punjab]] where he carried on his revolutionary activities. The authors of the deed remained obscure for many months despite the state's intense investigation, and lucrative reward.<ref name="executedtoday.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2015/05/11/1915-basanta-kumar-biswas-bomber/|title=ExecutedToday.com|date=11 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=The forgotten martyrs of freedom struggle |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/477149/forgotten-martyrs-freedom-struggle.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PA329 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=329 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biswas, Basanta Kumar - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Biswas,_Basanta_Kumar |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>

Biswas was arrested on 26 February 1914 at Poragachha, Nadia while he went to perform the last rites for his father. He was also accused of throwing a bomb in the Lawrence Garden, [[Lahore]], on 17 May 1913, in which a peon was killed. The trial, which came to be called the [[Delhi Conspiracy Case|Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy Case]], began on 23 May 1914 in Delhi; [[Master Amir Chand|Amir Chand]], Abadh Behari, and [[Bhai Balmukund]], were condemned to death in the trial, and Basanta Biswas was found guilty but initially sentenced to life imprisonment as he was just seventeen years of old.<ref name="executedtoday.com" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Anita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjleDwAAQBAJ&dq=basanta+kumar+biswas&pg=PP66 |title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj |date=4 April 2019 |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK |isbn=978-1-4711-7423-0 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:An assassination attempt on Lord Charles Hardinge.jpg|thumb|Assassination attempt on viceroy Hardinge by Biswas]]
An [[appeal]] was formulated at [[Lahore High Court]]. The Crown won its appeal and Biswas was sentenced to be hanged.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=8 May 2014|title=Tributes to martyrs of Hardinge Bomb Case|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tributes-to-martyrs-of-hardinge-bomb-case-114050801065_1.html|access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

Basanta Kumar Biswas was hanged on 11 May 1915 at Ambala Central Jail in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] aged twenty and became one of the youngest people to be executed during the Indian revolutionary struggles during the 20th century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=R. v|date=15 May 2017|title=The "mutiny swansong"|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/the-mutiny-swansong/article18454944.ece|access-date=26 February 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2016|title=Delhi remembers Hardinge bomb case martyrs|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-remembers-hardinge-bomb-case-martyrs/article8574119.ece|access-date=26 February 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Basanta Kumar Biswas bust statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of Basanta Biswas in a school in Nadia]]
There is a statue of Basanta Biswas was established by Rasbihari Basu in a park of [[Tokyo, Japan]]. Another statue is situated in front of Rabindra Bhawan, [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Basanta Biswas noy, Bishe Das (Bengali)|last1=Narayan |first1=Sanyal |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Sudhir |publisher=Krishnanagar College Magazine, Patrika Parishad |year=1973 |location=Krishnanagar}}</ref> A school in [[Civil Lines, Delhi|civil lines]], Delhi was named "Shaheed Basant Kumar Biswas Sarvodaya Vidhyalaya" in his memory. Although it was later renamed to [[Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya]]. Loka Sabha Speaker [[Meira Kumar]] has installed a photo of Basanta Kumar at the Museum of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]. [[Ujjal Biswas]], an Indian politician and the present Minister in the [[Government of West Bengal]] belongs to the family of Basanta Biswas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2011/04/ujjwal-biswas-tmc-leader-profile-family.html|title=Ujjwal Biswas TMC Leader Profile Family Education Career Life & Background Ujjwal Biswas - Kolkata Bengal Information|author=S Kumar|work=kolkatabengalinfo.com}}</ref> The minister has been organising a three-day fair titled ''Basanta Mela'' at his village home in the month of February for the past 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NANDI |first=SOUMITRA |date=20 October 2017 |title=Story of Basanta Biswas, penned by Ujjal Biswas, to be portrayed on celluloid |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/story-of-basanta-biswas-penned-by-ujjal-biswas-to-be-portrayed-on-celluloid-267293 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Shaheed Basanta Kumar Biswas.jpg|thumb|Shaheed Basanta Kumar Biswas]]

==See also==
* [[Indian National Army]]
* [[Azad Hind]]
* [[Delhi conspiracy case]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Biswas,_Basanta_Kumar Biography]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000206/spectrum/main2.htm The Tribune article]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529165624/http://www.aicc.org.in/india%E2%80%99s_struggle_for_freedom.php AICC website article]

{{Anushilan Samiti}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Basanta}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Indian nationalism]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]

Mahemdavad

2025-12-29T08:07:52Z

Victoruot:

{{For|other places with similar names|Mahmudabad (disambiguation){{!}}Mahmudabad}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Original research|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahemdabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = gu
| other_name = Mahemdabad, Mahmudabad
| nickname = Memdavad
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.83|N|72.77|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kheda district|Kheda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Mahmud Begada]]
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 33
| population_total = 30769
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Mahemdavadi
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 387130
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02694 or 912694
| registration_plate = GJ 07
| website =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kheda]]
}}
'''Mahemdavad''' is a town with [[Nagar Palika|municipality]] in the [[Kheda district]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. Mahemdavad is situated on the [[Vatrak River]] bank. The nearest city is [[Kheda]]. It is 30 km from largest city of [[Gujarat]], [[Ahmedabad]].

Nearest airport to reach here is [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]].

In Mahemdabad, there's a renowned historical park called Kashi Bagh, donated to the government by the Shah family in honor of Kashiba Ranchhoddas Shah, a cherished wife, mother, and grandmother. This serene park features both a playground for children and ideal for leisurely walks or jogging.

==Etymology==
Mahemdavad was established by the king [[Mahmud Begada]], the grandson of Ahmed Shah, and it was initially named as '''Mahmudabad''' after king Mahmud.

==Geography==
Mahemdavad is located at {{Coord|22.83|N|72.77|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Mahemdavad.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Mahemdavad]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|33|m|ft}}.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mahemdavad has a population of 30,769. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Mahemdavad has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 63%. In Mahemdavad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Places of interest ==

Shree Siddhivinayak Devsthan

The Shree Siddhivinayak Devsthan is one of its kinds in complete of the India as it is the biggest temple in structure and with an inbuilt lift facility. The Jyot for the temple was brought from Mumbai Siddhivinayak Temple. With the blessing and prayers of great saints the Bhumi Poojan was conducted on the 09-03-2011 Wednesday in presence of the Purohit Family. The development of the complete project is headed personally by Mr. Narendra Purohit and the estimated time for completion is approximately 1 year. It is one of the biggest temple of Lord Ganesha in India and located on the Ahmedabad-Mahemdavad Highway

Bhammariyo Kuvo
[[File:BHAMARIA WELL Mahamadabad GUJARAT.jpg|thumb|Bhammariyo Kuvo]]
This is an ancient well with seven floors (storeys) below the ground. Each floor has a different architecture. Currently floors four to seven of the well are filled so visitors are only able to view the top three floors. It was built during the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Shukla | first=Rakesh | title=ક્યારેક લોકોની તરસ છિપાવતા હતા ગુજરાતના આ જળ મંદિરો-ભમરિયો કૂવો| website=gujarati.oneindia.com | date=24 June 2014 | url=http://gujarati.oneindia.com/features/some-interesting-stepwell-gujarat/slider-pf63029-019322.html | language=gu | access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref>

Roja Roji

Roja Roji is a Maqbara (Dargah Sarif of Mubarak Said, R.A.) located near Ghodali village with a distance of 3 km from Mahemdavad. Roja Roji is a holy place for Muslims. The myth about Roja Roji is that one cannot count the pillars of the building. Every time one counts, one gets a different figure. People get confused while counting because of its architectural design.

Chanda-Suraj Mahel

Chanda-Suraj Mahel was a palace but now it has been destroyed but some broken walls are still there. It is located on the bank of river Vatrak of Mahemdavad

== Education ==
Educational institutes of Mahemdabad include: Shanti Niketan English School, Seth J. H. Sonawala High School, St. Xavier's High School, English Teaching School (ETS), Vedanta High School and the local municipal school. A PTC (Primary Teachers' Certificate) college has come up recently in the town. Most of the schools instruct their students in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] & English.

=== Schools ===
*Shanti Niketan English School runs nursery to 6th in English medium. International methodology applied keeping Indian values as high priority.
*Sheth J. H. Sonawala High School runs 5th std. to 12th std. in science, commerce and arts stream in Gujarati medium.
*Gyanjyot High School runs 1st std. to 12th std. in commerce and arts stream in Gujarati medium.
*St. Xavier's School runs KG TO 12th std with science and commerce streams. Also English medium from KG to 5th std.
*Trinity High School runs KG to 10th std. in English and Gujarati medium.
*Santram primary school runs 1st std. to 7th std.
*Shree Nyalkaran English Medium School runs from 1st std.
*Shree Sarvoday Vidhya Mandir Modaj, Mahemdavad runs 9th std to 12th std.
*English Teaching School runs Playgroup to 12th std.

=== Colleges ===
Government Polytechnic Kheda (Govt of Gujarat) is situated near Raska Wier in Mahemdabad Taluka (tahesil) under Gujarat Technological University.

These colleges all run under [[Gujarat University]]:<ref>[http://www.gujaratuniversity.org.in/web/NWD/0100_Gujarat%20University%20Affiliated%20Colleges/0910_Gujarat_University_Affiliated_Colleges_List%20%282009-2010%29.pdf Gujarat University Affiliated Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331053105/http://gujaratuniversity.org.in/web/NWD/0100_Gujarat%20University%20Affiliated%20Colleges/0910_Gujarat_University_Affiliated_Colleges_List%20%282009-2010%29.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }}</ref>

*Manekchock Co-Op. Bank Arts & Mahemdabad Urban People's Co-Op. Bank Commerce College runs graduation in commerce and arts stream
*The Mahemdabad Education Society B. Ed. College
*Degree College of Physical Education
*Gayatri Kelavani Mandal Sanchalit B. P. E. and Yoga College
*D. A. Diploma Engineering and Technology
*

==Economy==
The market place is situated at the heart of the town. The market area is marked by the Virol Darwaja (gate). The market remains open on all days except for Saturday. A variety of small scale cottage industries are found in Mahemdabad. The most popular is the leather bag cottage industry. People from surrounding cities come specially to Mahemdabad to buy purses, hand bags and school bags. In addition, the cobbler is also very famous for his ever-lasting shoes. Apart from these, there are a number of cloth merchants, pharmacies, one or two gold merchants, a few utensils merchants et cetera. On the whole trade and commerce are developed to a good extent here.

Surrounding the market area, a number of residential societies have developed. The oldest of these are: Navjeevan-1,2 and Bapukaka society. These are situated right beside the railway station. There is a [[Shiva|Shiv]] temple in Navjeevan-1. During the festival of [[Navaratri]], people celebrate and play [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] in the yard of this Shiv temple. New society areas like Ashutosh, Sarvoday Society, Mrudul Park, Shroff Nagar, Jyoti Park etc. have developed on the road opposite to the Virol Darwaja. Recently, there are many new residentials have been developed on the Mahemdavad-Khatraj Road like Radhe Kishan Park, Vatsalya Society, Pushpavan Society, etc. And so many new society/flats are under constructions.

Entertainment is very limited in this town. There are only 1 theatre named Revolution Cinema which screens Hindi & Gujarati movies.

As well as a municipal hospital, there are private hospitals, the main one being Lucky Hospital just outside of the main market. It was established in 1985 by Dr. Vijay Ajmera father of Dr. Akash Ajmera, provides very good care for its patients. Dr. Ajmera is very well known and the only MD gynecologist in the [[taluka]] of Mahemdavad which includes some 80 surrounding villages.

During the summer season, a number of gola walas (vendors) fill the road between Viral Darwaja and railway station. People are seen loitering till late nights on these roads and eating golas (gola is made by pressing small ice cubes on a wooden stick and then a flavored liquid like rose, kala khatta etc. is poured on it). In addition, one or two [[dabeli]] walas, [[pav bhaji]] walas and sugar-cane vendors make good business during the cool summer nights.

Near the railway station, there is a [[samadhi]] of Eknathji – a local saint.

There are many old buildings visible in the inner older part of the town. The town holds historical importance since its foundation in 16th Century by ruler of Gujarat sultanate, [[Mahmud Begada]].

==Geography==
It is located at {{coord|22|49|0|N|72|46|0|E}}.<ref>http://wikimapia.org/country/India/Gujarat/Mahemdavad/ {{User-generated source|date=May 2022}}</ref>

== Transport ==
===Railways===
Mahemdavad has named[[Mahemadavad Kheda Road railway station]] as a train station and station code is MHD for halting express and superfast trains.<ref>[http://indiarailinfo.com/ India Rail Info]</ref>

So many Mail Express/Superfast & every local trains stops at Mahemdavad Kheda Road Railway station.

===Bus transport===
[[National Highway 59 (India)|National Highway 59]] passes through Mahemdabad.
Mahemdavad links to Ahmedabad, [[Surat]] and [[Ratlam]]. 
Mahemdavad has a bus station for local/express buses which link to [[Nadiad]], [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]], Ahmedabad, [[Dakor]], and [[Kheda]]. 
Khatraj Chokdi (The five junction road) near Mahemdavad is connected to major cities by
*Ahmedabad
*Nadiad
*Mahudha, Dakor
*Kathlal, Kapadwanj
*Mahemdavad, Kheda
*
*
*
*
*
*road
All the express buses stop at Khatraj Chokdi.

You can get the buses for the cities like Ahmedabad, Nadiad, Anand, Vadodara, Kheda, Patan, Mahudha, Dakor, Ambaji, Pavagadh, Bahucharaji, Petlad, Khambhat, Gandhinagar, etc.

=== Airport ===
The nearest international airport is [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] at [[Ahmedabad]]. The airport code is AMD.
It is only 33 km from Mahemdavad connected by road.
There are direct domestic flights to Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, and Kolkata.
Also there are direct international flights to Hong Kong, Singapore, Dubai, Kuwait, London, Chicago and Frankfurt.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Mahemdabad-67381.htm About Mahemdabad]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kheda district]]

Prafulla Kumar Mallik

2025-11-30T14:33:01Z

Victoruot: starting new bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| term_start = 2004
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Brahmananda Biswal
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] (till 2025)
}}
'''Prafulla Kumar Mallik''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a four time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winners:Orissa 2004 Election |url=https://myneta.info/orissa2004/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]], and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Kamakshyanagar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamakhyanagar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Kamakhyanagar Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/kamakhyanagar-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kamakhyanagar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kamakhyanagar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916844.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallik, Prafulla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Chembadu

2025-11-22T21:06:55Z

Victoruot: Made basic data needs work

{{Short description|Hamlet in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=October 2012}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
}}

'''Chembadu''' is a hamlet in [[Radhapuram taluk|Radhapuram]] [[Taluk]], [[Thirunelveli District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], southern [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

Chembadu is soaked in red soil and scattered with palm trees. The little pond (Paadu) at the eastern side of the village is popular among the neighbouring villagers as it sustains summer and supplies water for the cattle population. It is from this pond the village got its name Chembadu, "chem" meaning ''red'' as in the soil, "paadu" meaning ''pond''.

Most Chembadu residents are farmers, though some have entered the service sector as lawyers, engineers, teachers, and police officers. Women often work as [[beedi]] rollers. Chembadu has been a longstanding source of palm products like palm leaf and palm wood, and was well known for export-quality [[palm candy]].

Most villagers are [[Hindu]]; a few are [[Roman Catholic]]. Though the Christians are the minority, they are the original inhabitants of this village and hold a majority of the land in and around the village. [[Our Lady of Lourdes]] and [[Aiyya Vaikunda Sami]] are the patron saints of Chembadu.

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==

* [{{coord|8.3558|N|77.6396|E}}] - Geocoordinates

[[Category:Villages in Tirunelveli district]]

{{Tirunelveli-geo-stub}}

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress

2025-11-02T13:22:33Z

Victoruot: details.

{{Short description|Indian award for best supporting actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress
| image = Usha Naik, Actor and Shrihari Sathe, Producer of the film ‘EK HAZARACHI’, at a press conference, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 29, 2014.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best performance by supporting actress in a Marathi film
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1963
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INR|50,000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Usha Naik]]
| most_awards =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Kusum Deshpande
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = [[Usha Naik]]
| website =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress''' is an award, begun in 1962, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to the supporting actress for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. The inaugural award was named as "Hansa Wadkar Award for Best Supporting Actress" and was awarded to Kusum Deshpande for the film ''[[Prapanch]]'', directed by Madhukar Pathak.

==Winners ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="12%" | Photos of winners
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
! width="48%" | Film
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''1962'''
|{{Dash}}
|Kusum Deshpande
|''[[Prapanch]]''
|
|-
|'''1963'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Indira Chitnis
|''Garibagharchi Lek''
|
|-
|'''1964'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Indira Chitnis
|''Thoratanchi Kamla''
|
|-
|'''1965'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Shanta Tambe
|''[[Sawaal Majha Aika!]]''
|
|-
| '''1966'''
|{{Dash}}
|[[Usha Chavan]]
| ''Kela Ishara Jata Jata''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=सुधीर वासुदेव नांदगावकर |first=चैतन्य कुंटे |url=http://archive.org/details/20190823_20190823_0935 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ७ – चित्रपट, संगीत |date=2014}}</ref>
|-
|'''1967'''
|{{Border|[[File:Sulochana Latkar (May 2011).jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Sulochana Latkar]]
|''Sant Gora Kumbhar''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिवाण, रंगू शंकर {{!}} महाराष्ट्र नायक |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/daivaana-rangauu-sankara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315191832/https://maharashtranayak.in/daivaana-rangauu-sankara |archive-date=2024-03-15 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''1968'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Surekha
|''Ekti''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |pages=771-800 |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1969'''
|{{Border|[[File:HansaWadkarNavjeevan (1939).jpg|130px|centre]]|style=solid|width=2px|color=grey}}
|[[Hansa Wadkar]]
|''[[Dharmakanya]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Indrani Mukherjee]]
|''Apradh''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1970'''
|{{Border|[[File:Durga Khote dans Prithvi Vallabh (1943).jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Durga Khote]]
|''Dhartichi Lekara''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1971'''
|{{Border|[[File:Jayshree Gadkar.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Jayshree Gadkar]]
|''Gharkul''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1972-73'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | Not awarded
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1974'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Leela Gandhi
|''Kartiki''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''1975'''
|{{Border|[[File: JayshreeT (cropped).jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Jayshree T.]]
|''Bayanno Navre Sambhala''
|
|-
|'''1976'''
|{{Border|[[File: Padma Chavan.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Padma Chavan]]
|''Ya Sukhano Ya''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|'''1977'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Ratnamala (actress)|Ratnamala]]
|''[[Ram Ram Gangaram]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1978'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Asha Kale]]
|''Sasurvashin''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1979'''
|{{Border|[[File:Usha Naik, Actor and Shrihari Sathe, Producer of the film ‘EK HAZARACHI’, at a press conference, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 29, 2014.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Usha Naik]]
|''Haldi Kunku''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=नाईक, उषा |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/naaika-usaa |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''1980'''
|{{Dash}}
|Leela Gandhi
|''Paij''
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|'''1981'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Chitra Palekar
|''Akriet''
|-
|'''1982'''
|{{Dash}}
|Daya Dongre
|''Maaybaap''
|-
|'''1983'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Priya Tendulkar]]
|''Thorli Jau''
|-
|'''1984'''
|{{Border|[[File:Sulbha Deshpande.jpg|130px|centre]]|style=solid|color=grey|width=2px}}
|[[Sulabha Deshpande]]
|''Hech Mazhe Maher''
|-
|'''1985'''
|{{Border|[[File:Bharti Achrekar.jpg|130px|centre]]|style=solid|width=2px|color=grey}}
|[[Bharati Achrekar]]
|''Ardhangi''
|-
|'''1986'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]
|''Pudhcha Paool''
|-
|'''1987'''
|{{Dash}}
|Daya Dongre
|''Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon''
|-
|'''1988'''
|{{Border|[[File:Usha Nadkarni (cropped).jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Usha Nadkarni]]
|''Nashibwaan''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''1989'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Neelkanti Patekar
|''Aatmavishwas''
|-
|'''1990'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Asha Patil]]
|''Thamb Thamb Jau Nako Lamb''
|-
|'''1991'''
|{{Border|[[File:Sulbha Deshpande.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Sulabha Deshpande]]
|''[[Chaukat Raja]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1992'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Saroj Kothiwan
|''Vaat Pahate Punvechi''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| '''1993'''
|{{Dash}}
|Pallavi Ranade
|''[[Lapandav]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-06-03 |title='Marathi cinema helped me identify myself' – Varsha Usgaonkar – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/06/03/magazines/buzz/marathi-cinema-helped-me-identify-myself-varsha-usgaonkar/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''1994'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Charusheela Sable
|''Bhasma''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1995'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Uttara Baokar]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Doghi]]''
|
|-
|{{Dash}}
|Renuka Daftardar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1996'''
|{{Border|[[File:Madhu Kambikar.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Madhu Kambikar]]
|''Raosaheb''
| rowspan="6" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Smita Talwalkar]]
|''[[Putravati]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1997'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Prateeksha Lonkar]]
|''[[Sarkarnama]]''
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Manasi Magikar
|''Sakharpuda''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1998'''
|{{Border|[[File:Smita Jaykar at ‘Road to Shirdi’ book launch.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Smita Jaykar]]
| rowspan="2" |''Satvapariksha''
|-
|{{Border|[[File:Resham Tipnis 2.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|color=grey|style=solid}}
|[[Resham Tipnis]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1999'''
|{{Border|[[File:Sukanya Kulkarni.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|color=grey|style=solid}}
|[[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
|''Ghe Bharari''
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="2KIE">{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/20000502/ien02018.html |title=Bindhaast sweeps state Marathi film awards |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=2 May 2000 |accessdate=7 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{Dash}}
|[[Jyoti Chandekar]]
|''Gabhara''
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2000'''
|{{Border|[[File: Usha Naik, Actor and Shrihari Sathe, Producer of the film ‘EK HAZARACHI’, at a press conference, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 29, 2014.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Usha Naik]]
|''Barkha Satarkar''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{Border|[[File:Madhu Kambikar.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Madhu Kambikar]]
|''Kulswamini Tuljabhavani''
|-
|'''2001'''
|{{Border|[[File:Madhu Kambikar.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Madhu Kambikar]]
|''Sangharsh Jeevanacha''
|-
|'''2002'''
|{{Dash}}
|[[Uttara Baokar]]
|''[[Vastupurush]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''2003'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Madhura Velankar]]
|''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2004'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Madhura Velankar]]
|''Adhantari''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Deepa Parab]]
|''Chakwa''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''2005'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Deepali Sayyad
|''Pailtir''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2006'''
|{{Border|[[File:Reema Lagoo.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Reema Lagoo]]
|''Savalee''
|
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Uttara Baokar]]
|''[[Restaurant (2006 film)|Restaurant]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2007'''
|{{Dash}}
|Madhavi Juvekar
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tingya]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award-winning Tingya revives Marathi cinema |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/tingya-286914.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|Chitra Navathe
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2008'''
|{{Dash}}
|[[Deepa Parab]]
|''Urus''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Amita Khopkar]]
|''Joshi Ki Kamble?''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2009'''
|{{Border|[[File:Suchitra Bandekar with Aadesh Bandekar.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Suchitra Bandekar]]
|''[[Mi Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy!]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|{{Border|[[File:Reema Lagoo.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Reema Lagoo]]
|''Agnidivya''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2010'''
|{{Border|[[File:Urmilla Kothare.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Urmilla Kothare]]
|''[[Mala Aai Vhhaychy!]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|{{Border|[[File:Kadambari Kadam.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Kadambari Kadam]]
|''[[Aaghaat|Aaghat]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2011'''
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Jyoti Chandekar]]
|''Paulvaat''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|{{Dash}}
|Suhita Thatte
|''Sadrakshnay''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2012'''
|{{Border|[[File:Mrunmayee Deshpande at the screening of Nat Samrat.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
|''Mokala Shwaas''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|{{Spaced en dash}}
|[[Hemangi Kavi]]
|''Pipani''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| '''2013'''
|{{Border|[[File:Sai Tamhankar at the Lakme Fashion Week 2018 – Day 5 (12) (cropped).jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Sai Tamhankar]]
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Winners at the 51st Maharashtra State Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/40284322.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|'''2014'''
|{{Dash}}
|[[Nandita Patkar]]
|''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
|
|-
| '''2015'''
|{{Border|[[File: Prarthana Behere.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Prarthana Behere]]
|''[[Mitwaa]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=53rd Maharashtra State Film Awards 2016: Ringan, Double Seat, Daagdi Chaawl Wins Best Film Awards - Marathi Cineyug |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/955-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-ringan-double-seat-daagdi-chaawl-wins-best-film-awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504160301/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/955-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-ringan-double-seat-daagdi-chaawl-wins-best-film-awards |archive-date=2016-05-04 |access-date= |website=marathicineyug.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| '''2016'''
|{{Dash}}
|Ashwini Giri
|''Chitthi''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=54th Maharashtra State Film Awards |url=https://www.maharashtratoday.co.in/the-54th-maharashtra-state-film-awards-film-festival-concludes/?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17077248029594&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtratoday.co.in%2Fthe-54th-maharashtra-state-film-awards-film-festival-concludes%2F}}</ref>
|-
|'''2017'''
|{{Border|[[File:Sharvani Pillai.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Sharvani Pillai]]
|''[[Asehi Ekada Vhave]]''
|
|-
| '''2018'''
|{{Border|[[File:Actress Chhaya Kadam at 2024 Cannes Film Festival 3 (cropped 2).jpg|130px|centre]]|style=solid|width=2px|color=grey}}
|[[Chhaya Kadam]]
|''[[Nude (2018 film)|Nude]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=५५वा महाराष्ट्र राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1671617/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-distribution-celebrated/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''2019'''
|{{Dash}}
|[[Nandita Patkar]]
|''Baba''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date= |website=ABP Marathi |date=23 February 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''2020'''
|{{Dash}}
|Prema Sakhardande
|''[[Funral]]''
|
|-
|'''2021'''
|{{Dash}}
|[[Hemangi Kavi]]
|''Tich Shahar Hona''
|
|-
|'''2022'''
|{{Border|[[File: Mrunmayee Deshpande at the screening of Nat Samrat.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
|''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
|
|-
|'''2023'''
|{{Border|[[File: Usha Naik, Actor and Shrihari Sathe, Producer of the film ‘EK HAZARACHI’, at a press conference, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 29, 2014.jpg|130px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid|color=grey}}
|[[Usha Naik]]
|''Aasha''
|
|-
|}

==Multiple wins==

Individuals with two or more Best Supporting Actress (BSA) awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Actress
|-
| 3
| {{cslist|[[Madhu Kambikar]]|[[Uttara Baokar]]|[[Usha Naik]]}}
|-
| 2
| {{cslist|| [[Reema Lagoo]]| [[Jyoti Chandekar]]| [[Sulabha Deshpande]]|[[Madhura Velankar]]| [[Deepa Parab]] | [[Hemangi Kavi]]|[[Nandita Patkar]]|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]|Leela Gandhi |Indira Chitnis|Daya Dongre}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Supporting Actress]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1962]]
[[Category:Awards for actresses]]

Parshvanath Jain temples, Varanasi

2025-09-23T06:45:36Z

Victoruot: starting a place

{{Short description|Group of temples in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| image = File:Bhelupur Shwetambar temple (1).jpg
| alt = Bhelupur Jain temple
| caption = Śvētāmbara Jain Temple Bhelupur, Varanasi
| sect = [[Digambar]], [[Śvētāmbara]]
| location = [[Bhelupur, Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|25|17|58.3|N|82|59|59.8|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| deity = [[Parshvanath]]
| festival = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| temple_quantity = 3
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Parshvanath Jain temples, Varanasi''' is a group of three [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temples]] located in [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]], Uttar Pradesh.

==History==
According to [[Jain literature]], Varanasi was ruled by King Aśvasena, the father of [[Parshvanatha]], in 9th century.{{sfn|Balgoori|2013|p=167}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=83}} Varanasi is as one of the holiest Jain pilgrimage centres and believed to be birthplace of four [[Tirthankar]] — Parshvanatha, [[Suparshvanatha]], [[Chandraprabha]] and [[Shreyansanath]]. This is considered as one of the holiest pilgrimage places.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/Varanasi-Book-opt.pdf | title=Varanasi | publisher=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | page=17 }}</ref>{{sfn|UP tourism|Jain shrine}} [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelpur]] is believed to be birthplace of Parshvanath, the 23rd [[Thirthankara]],{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=179}} hence, a place for three kalyanak - Chyavan, Janma, and Deeksha.<ref name=juk>{{cite web|title=kalyanak-bhumi|url=http://www.jainuniversity.org/kalyanak-bhumi.aspx|publisher=jainuniversity.org|access-date=10 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022161637/http://www.jainuniversity.org/kalyanak-bhumi.aspx|archive-date=22 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=32}}{{sfn|Singh|2015}} [[Mahavira]] also delivered sermons at Varanasi and [[Sarnath]].{{sfn|Dodson|2021|p=77}}

[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]], composed by Jinaprabha Suri in the 14th century CE, gives a detailed description of this temple.{{sfn|Eck|2013|p=76}}

== Description ==
The temple has a {{convert|75|cm|ft}} black-coloured [[digambar]] idol of Parshvanatha dating back to 9th-11th century and a {{convert|60|cm|ft}} white [[Śvetāmbara]] idol of Parshvanatha.{{sfn|UP tourism|Jain shrine}}{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=32}} It is in Bhelupur about 5 km from the center of Varanasi city and 3 km from the [[Banaras Hindu University]]. It belongs to both sects of [[Jainism]] and is a [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]] or pilgrimage centre for Jains.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=33}}

<gallery>
File:Bhelupur Jain temple (5).jpg|Parshvanath Digambar idol
File:Bhelupur Jain temple (2).jpg|Parshvanath Digambar temple
File:Bhelupur Parshvanath-Padmavati temple.jpg|Parshvanath-Padmavati temple
File:Bhelupur Parshvanath-Padmavati temple (4).jpg|Main vedi inside Parshvanath-Padmavati temple
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Chandrawati Jain temple]]
* [[Sarnath Jain Tirth]]
* [[Hastinapur]]

==References==
{{Reflist|23em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|page=179|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 }}
* {{cite book | last=Dodson | first=Michael S. | title=Banaras: Urban Forms and Cultural Histories | url={{Google Books|TWwNEAAAQBAJ|pg=PT77|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | year=2021 | isbn=9781000365641 }}
* {{cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |author-link=Diana L. Eck |title=Banaras: CITY OF LIGHT |url={{Google books|JwMaBwAAQBAJ|pg=PT76|plainurl=yes}} |date=5 June 2013 |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |isbn=9780307832955 }}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url={{Google Books|h1KObc_qaXYC|page=83|plainurl=yes}} |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn= }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Rana |title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City |series=Planet Earth & Cultural Understanding |url={{Google books|JwMaBwAAQBAJ|page=32|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |isbn=9781443815796 }}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarina|title=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA453|year=2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-151-8}}
* {{cite journal | last=Balgoori | first=Raju | title=Jaina Culture In Karimnagar District, Telengana - A Study | journal=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=74 | year=2013 | pages=167–77 | jstor=44158813 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158813 | access-date=2 August 2023 }}
* {{cite news| last=Singh| first=Binay| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/4-Jain-Tirthankaras-born-in-Varanasi/articleshow/48664869.cms| title=4 Jain Tirthankaras born in Varanasi| date=25 August 2015| access-date=18 November 2020}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/post/jain-shrines | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | title=Jain shrines | ref={{sfnref|UP tourism|Jain shrine}} | access-date=18 November 2020 | archive-date=25 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925082108/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/post/jain-shrines | url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commonscatinline|Parshvanath Jain temples, Varanasi}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religion in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi district]]

The Indian Antiquary

2025-07-19T07:04:49Z

Victoruot: Starting new article!

{{short description|Academic journal from India}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox journal
| title = The Indian Antiquary
| image = Page from The Indian Antiquary.jpg
| caption = Cover page of a 1931 edition of ''The Indian Antiquary''
| former_name =
| abbreviation = Indian Antiqu.
| discipline = [[Numismatics]], [[Archaeology]], [[Asian history]], [[Folklore]], [[Philology]], [[Anthropology]], [[Indology]]
| language =
| editor =
| publisher = Bombay Education Society, British India Press
| country = India
| history = 1872–1971
| frequency =
| openaccess =
| license =
| impact =
| impact-year =
| ISSN = 0019-4395
| eISSN =
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN =
| OCLC = 891010482
| website =
| link1 =
| link1-name =
| link2 =
| link2-name =
}}
'''''The Indian Antiquary: A journal of oriental research in archaeology, history, literature, language, philosophy, religion, folklore, &c, &c''''' (subtitle varies) was a journal of original research relating to India, published between 1872 and 1933. It was founded by the archaeologist [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]] to enable the sharing of knowledge between scholars based in Europe and in India and was notable for the high quality of its epigraphic illustrations which enabled scholars to make accurate translations of texts that in many cases remain the definitive versions to this day. It was also pioneering in its recording of Indian [[folklore]]. It was succeeded by ''The New Indian Antiquary'' (1938–47) and the ''Indian Antiquary'' (1964–71).

==History==
''The Indian Antiquary'' was founded in 1872 by the archaeologist [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] as a journal of original research relating to India. It was designed to enable the sharing of knowledge between scholars based in Europe and in India.<ref name=Pros>[http://indianhistorybooks.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/indian-antiquary-vol-i-1872.pdf Prospectus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530053647/http://indianhistorybooks.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/indian-antiquary-vol-i-1872.pdf |date=30 May 2014 }} in ''The Indian Antiquary'', Part 1, 5 January 1872, p. 1.</ref><ref>"The Indian Antiquary" in ''[[The Antiquaries Journal]]'', Vol. 2, No. 2, April 1922, p. 148.</ref>

The journal was a private venture,<ref name=Temp>[[Richard Carnac Temple|Temple, Richard Carnac]]. (1922) ''[https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsofthei00temprich Fifty years of The Indian Antiquary]''. Mazgaon, Bombay: B. Miller, British India Press, pp. 3-4.</ref> although no contributor or editor was ever paid for their work and the editors often had to support the publication out of their own pockets.<ref name=Temp/> Burgess was the first editor and he continued in that role until the end of 1884 when failing eyesight forced him to hand over to John Faithfull Fleet and [[Richard Carnac Temple]].<ref name=Temp/>

The late nineteenth century was marked by a great increase in the number of local historical societies in India and a similar increase in the number of Indians who could speak and write English, to the extent that by the 1920s the entire journal could have been filled with work by Indian contributors.<ref name="Temple, p. 7"/> Volumes for 1925 to 1932 were published under the authority of the Council of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Anthropological Institute]] (1933, not).<ref name=sun/> The first incarnation of the ''Antiquary'' ceased publication in 1933 with volume 62, number 783 (Dec. 1933),<ref name=sun>[http://suncat.ac.uk/serials/SC00623823801/all ''Indian antiquary''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111003849/http://suncat.ac.uk/serials/SC00623823801/all |date=11 January 2017 }} Suncat. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</ref> two years after Richard Temple's death in 1931 when it was edited by [[C. E. A. W. Oldham]].<ref name="odnb">{{cite ODNB |title=Temple, Sir Richard Carnac, second baronet (1850–1931), army officer and oriental scholar |first=R. E. |last=Enthoven |authorlink=Reginald Edward Enthoven |others=Revised by Jones, M. G. M. |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36453 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36453 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> Several early volumes of the journal were reprinted by Swati Publications in Delhi, 1984.<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25104914M/The_Indian_Antiquary ''The Indian Antiquary''.] Open Library. Retrieved 9 January 2017.</ref>

The '''''New Indian Antiquary''''' was published between 1938<ref>[http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120202 ''New Indian Antiquary''.] South Asia Archive, 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</ref> and 1947, and the '''''Indian Antiquary''''' (described as the "third series") between 1964 and 1971.<ref name=BL>''Indian Antiquary'', British Library catalogue search, 29 May 2014.</ref> (Volumes 14 to 62 of the original ''Antiquary'' were described as the "second series".)<ref>''Indian Antiquary'', British Library catalogue search, 10 January 2017.</ref>

==Content==
The journal had an archaeological and historical focus, and in the late nineteenth century that naturally meant that [[epigraphy]] (the study of inscriptions as writing rather than as literature) would be one of the principal subjects covered in its pages.<ref name=Sal>{{cite book|author=Salomon, Richard (1998)|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA219|date=10 December 1998|location= New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|page=219}}</ref> Indeed, the ''Antiquary'' was the premier source of European scholarship on Indian epigraphy until the twentieth century and the official Indian government journal of epigraphy, the ''[[Epigraphia Indica]]'', was published as a quarterly supplement to the ''Antiquary'' between 1892 and 1920.<ref name=Temp/>

The ''Antiquary'' was printed at [[Mazgaon]], Bombay, by the [[Bombay Education Society]] and later the British India Press, but illustrations were produced in London by the firm of Griggs who were known for the accuracy of their work.<ref name=Temple.p.6/> A high standard of reproduction was essential so that scholars could work on the epigraphic material without needing to see the originals.<ref name=Temple.p.6>Temple, p. 6.</ref> Illustrations in the ''Antiquary'' were used by scholars such as Bhandarkar, [[Bhagvanlal Indraji]], [[Georg Bühler]], [[John Faithfull Fleet]], Eggeling and B. Lewis Rice to decipher important inscriptions,<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_aboutus_history.asp ''History''], [[Archaeological Survey of India]], 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</ref> and in many cases their translations remain the definitive versions to this day.<ref name=Sal/>

Over one thousand plates were included in ''The Indian Antiquary'' and the ''Epigraphia Indica'' over the first fifty years of publication, but having the illustrations produced abroad was not without its disadvantages. On one occasion during World War I, enemy action meant that expensive plates had to be sent from London three times before they reached Bombay safely.<ref name=Temple.p.6/>

Another area where the ''Antiquary'' led was in recording folklore and folktales. Its publication of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] folktales was the first attempt to classify the events on which folk tales were based<ref name="Temple, p. 7">[https://archive.org/stream/fiftyyearsofthei00temprich#page/6/mode/2up Temple, p. 7.]</ref> and the pioneering work on north Indian folklore of [[William Crooke]] and [[Ram Gharib Chaube|Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube]] was printed in its pages.<ref name="CrookeChaube2002">"Introduction" by Sadhana Naithani in {{cite book|author1=William Crooke|author2=Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube|title=Folktales from Northern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcK2l0yE1OsC&pg=PT38|date=2002|location=Santa Barbara|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-698-9|page=38}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Indian Antiquary|''The Indian Antiquary''}}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=The%20Indian%20antiquary ''The Indian Antiquary''] at the [[Internet Archive]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Antiquary, The}}
[[Category:Publications established in 1872]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:Numismatics journals]]
[[Category:Archaeology journals]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:Archaeology of India]]
[[Category:Epigraphy]]
[[Category:Asian history journals]]
[[Category:Folklore journals]]
[[Category:Ethnology]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Philology journals]]
[[Category:Anthropology journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Indology journals]]
[[Category:Philosophy journals]]
[[Category:Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]

List of tallest buildings in Delhi NCR

2025-05-27T02:50:24Z

Victoruot: updated structure after review and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[List of tallest buildings in Delhi-NCR]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

252nd Indian Armoured Brigade

2025-04-30T13:10:10Z

Victoruot: improve lead to improve readability and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 252nd Indian Armoured Brigade
|abbreviation=
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1940–1947
|country= [[British India]]
|allegiance= [[British Crown]]
|branch= [[British Indian Army]]
|type=
|role=
|size= [[Brigade]]
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|notable_commanders=Brig. G. Carr-White

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_2=

|nickname=
|motto=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}

The '''252nd Indian Armoured Brigade''' was an armoured formation of the [[Indian Army]].
It was formed from the [[3rd (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade]] when it was dispersed and reformed as the 2nd Indian Armoured Brigade in 1940, from July 1941 as 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade Group and the 252nd Indian Independent Armoured Brigade Group in December 1941. In January 1942 it was attached to the [[10th Indian Infantry Division]]. Thereafter it served with the [[31st Indian Armoured Division]] (from July 1942 redesignated 252nd Indian Armoured Brigade) in the Middle East until being redesignated 2nd Indian Independent Armoured Brigade in December 1945. It returned to India in January 1946 and was redesignated 2nd Armoured Brigade [Independent] in June 1946.<ref>Chris Kempton, Loyalty and Honour Part 2 - Brigades pages 1, 5 & 6</ref>

As 2nd Armoured Brigade [Independent] it was located in August 1947 at [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>Renaldi and Rikhye 2011, 158</ref>
In October 1962 it was stationed at Babina. In 1965 it was part of XI Corps. In December 1971 it was placed under command of 39th Infantry Division. Assigned to new 31st Armoured Division 1972. An independent brigade again in 1992. Currently assigned to IX Corps.

==Units during World War II==
*[[4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Hodson's Horse]]
*[[13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers]]
*[[14th/20th Hussars]]
*1st Battalion, [[4th Bombay Grenadiers]]
*15th Field Regiment [[Royal Artillery]]
*32nd Field Squadron [[Indian Engineers]]

from May 1942
*Scinde Horse [[14th Prince of Wales's Own Cavalry]]<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2009-10-19|publisher=Order of Battle|title=252 Brigade Subordanates|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6146&Tab=Sub}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*Richard A. Renaldi and Ravi Rikhe, 'Indian Army Order of Battle,' Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC, {{ISBN|978-0-9820541-7-8}}, 2011.

[[Category:Armoured brigades of the British Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1940]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II]]

{{WWII-stub}}
{{India-mil-unit-stub}}

2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Heavyweight

2025-04-01T21:42:16Z

Victoruot: Added New Info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
|event = Heavyweight
|championship = 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships
|image = Boxing pictogram.svg
|dates = 16–26 March
|venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Indoor Hall]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|competitors = 12
|nations = 12
|gold = [[Khadija El-Mardi]]
|gold_nation = MAR
|silver = [[Lazzat Kungeibayeva]]
|silver_nation = KAZ
|bronze = [[Diana Pyatak]]
|bronze_nation = RUS
|bronze2 = [[Aynur Rzayeva]]
|bronze2_nation= AZE
|prev = [[2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Heavyweight|2022]]
|next = [[2025 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Heavyweight|2025]]
}}
{{2023Women'sWorldBoxingChampionships}}
The '''Heavyweight''' competition at the [[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships]] was held between 16 and 26 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Delegations' Handbook|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Team-Delegation-Handbook-IBA-Womens-World-Championship-2023-New-Delhi-India-version-1.4.pdf|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|IBA]]|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>

==Results==
{{#invoke:RoundN|N16
| 3rdplace=no
| skipmatch=1;4-5;8
| omit_blanks=yes
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high


||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Lu (boxer)|Zheng Lu]]|5|{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Thị Phương Hoài]]}}|0
||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jessica Bagley]]|1|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Mihriban Güneri]]|4
||{{flagicon|TTO}} [[Eyed George]]|0|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Celine Lee-Lo]]|5
||{{flagicon|GUY}} [[Abiola Jackman]]|0|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nupur Sheoran]]|5

||{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Khadija El-Mardi]]|5|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Lu (boxer)|Zheng Lu]]|0
||{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Mihriban Güneri]]||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Diana Pyatak]]|w/o
||{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Aynur Rzayeva]]|5|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Celine Lee-Lo]]|0
||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nupur Sheoran]]|3|{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Lazzat Kungeibayeva]]}}|4

||{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Khadija El-Mardi]]|5|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Diana Pyatak]]|0
||{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Aynur Rzayeva]]|0|{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Lazzat Kungeibayeva]]}}|5

||{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Khadija El-Mardi]]|4|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Lazzat Kungeibayeva]]|1
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/81-3-1.pdf Draw]

{{Footer World Womens Amateur Champions Heavyweight}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships - Heavyweight}}
[[Category:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|Heavyweight]]

Bogalur block

2025-02-23T12:15:40Z

Victoruot: reworked citations for accuracy and improved wording based on references

{{Multiple issues|
{{onesource|date=August 2020}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''Bogalur block''' is a revenue block in the [[Ramanathapuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has a total of 26 panchayat villages.

'''Bogalur''' is the main panchayath Union for the surrounding villages.

== Educational institutions ==

* Dheeniya Aided Ps, T.Karungulam
* Gt. Hs, Kamankottai
* Gt. Hs, Manjur
* Gt. Hss, Sathirakudi
* Harijan Aided Ps, Muthuvayal (Owner-Sethuraman)
* Idar Theertha Amman Ps, Theeya
* Model Nur&Pri Scl, Sathirakudi
* N.M.S. S.V. Hs, Arasadivandal
* N.M.S.Pandianar Ps, Arasadivan
* Noorullah Muslim Ps,
* Pums, A.Puthur
* Pums, K.Valasai
* Pums, Manjakkollai
* Pums, Mennandhi
* Pums, Mudalur
* Pums, Muthuvayal
* Pums, Pottithatti
* Pums, S.Kodikulam
* Pums, Sevvoor
* Pums, Veeravanoor
* Pups, Anaikudi
* Pups, Ariyakudi
* Pups, Bogalur
* Pups, Chinna Nagachi
* Pups, Ettivayal
* Pups, Ilanthaikulam,
* Pups, K. Karungulam
* Pups, Kakkanendal
* Pups, Kamankottai
* Pups, Karuthanendal
* Pups, Kavuthakudi
* Pups, Keelakkottai
* Pups, Keelambal
* Pups, Manjur
* Pups, Manthivalasai
* Pups, Mavilangai
* Pups, Meyyanendal
* Pups, Pandikanmai
* Pups, Poovalathur
* Pass nursery and primary school, Bogalur
* Pups, Sathirakudi
* Pups, Semanoor (North)
* Pups, Semanoor (South)
* Pups, Seyyalur
* Pups, Theivendranallur
* Pups, Thenchiyendal
* Pups, Thennavanur
* Pups, Thiruvadi
* Pups, Thurathiyendal
* Pups, Urathur
* Pups, Vairavanendal-North
* Pups, Vairavanendal-South
* Pups, Vananganendal
* Rcps, A. Puthur (Muthuchellapuram
* Telc Ps, Mudalur
* Vasan Matric Scl, Sathirakudi
* RK Samy matric school, Seyyalur
* Rk Samy teacher training institute, Seyyalur
* Meenakshi matric school, Chinna Ithampadal

== References ==

* {{cite web|title=Map of revenue blocks of Ramanathapuram district|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php?dcode=27|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053428/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=27|archivedate=2016-03-04}}

{{Ramanathapuram district}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Revenue blocks of Ramanathapuram district]]

{{Ramanathapuram-geo-stub}}

Goutam Buddha Das (politician)

2025-01-26T21:35:57Z

Victoruot: Made first article and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Ananta Das
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
}}
'''Goutam Buddha Das''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Bhograi Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhograi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhograi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917511.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhograi, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJD's Goutam Buddha Das wins Bhograi with 70198 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bhograi-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548415-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Goutam Buddha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Rajiv Swarup

2024-11-25T03:13:54Z

Victoruot: starting data

{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2014}}
{{notability|Academics|date=July 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox president
|name = Rajiv Swarup
|image =
|office = President, [[Shiv Nadar University]]
|term_start = July 20, 2013
|term_end =
|alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] [[University of Delhi]]
|awards = [[Six Sigma|Six Sigma Green Belt Holder]]}}

'''Rajiv Swarup''' is the founding president of [[Shiv Nadar University]].<ref name="Shiv Nadar University">{{cite press release | url=http://snu.edu.in/theuniversity/founder.aspx| title=University Leadership| publisher=[[Shiv Nadar University]]}}</ref>

An electrical engineer from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]], he has nearly four decades of experience behind him in incubating, managing and developing both the strategic & operational aspects of large sized businesses, Rajiv recently superannuated from [[HCL Technologies]] as Senior Corporate Vice President and Chief Customer Officer – Strategic Accounts based out of Rochester New York.<ref name=HCL>{{Cite web |url=http://carycitizen.com/2010/06/06/hidden-giant-hcl |title=Hidden Giant: HCL - CaryCitizen | CaryCitizen |access-date=2014-07-22 |archive-date=2014-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726133324/http://carycitizen.com/2010/06/06/hidden-giant-hcl/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Swarup graduated from [[Christ Church Boys Senior Secondary School]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India, 1967. He received his Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] in [[Kanpur]] in May 1973 and his MBA from [[University of Delhi]] in 2001.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.cmu.edu/leadership/president-suresh/bio/index.html Carnegie Mellon University President Suresh]
*[http://sureshgroup.mit.edu Suresh Research Group at MIT]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swarup, Rajiv}}
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Shiv Nadar University]]

Nambashi

2024-04-22T00:31:55Z

Victoruot: post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nambashi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Nambashi tui
| other_name = Nambashi Khullen, Nambashi Khunou, Nambashi Horton, Nambashi Kachumram, Nambashi Valley
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|35|48|N|94|20|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamjong]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2300
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Nambashi Dialect]], [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] and [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795149
| registration_plate = MN
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Imphal]], [[Ukhrul]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 95.42%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Outer Manipur
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Phungyar]]
| website = {{URL|manipur.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nambashi''' is a common reference to five villages in [[Kamjong District]], [[Manipur]] State, [[India]]. Nambashi consists of Nambashi Khullen, Nambashi Khunou, Nambashi Horton, Nambashi Kachumram and Nambashi Valley. The villages fall under [[Kasom Khullen]] Sub-Division. The village is connected by Ukhrul-Phungyar NH-102A (Shangshak Tengnoupal) and Kasom-Yairipok ADB road. Nambashi is flanked by [[Tarong, Manipur|Tarong]] in the North, [[Kashung]] in the south, [[Tuyungbi River]][[Punge]] and [[Sorde, Manipur|Sorde]] in the east and [[Taret River]] in the west. Locally, the inhabitants speak Dardouy dialect that belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family.
__TOC__

==Total population==
In the 2011 census, the four villages had 1308 persons in 247 households.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/1891-ukhrul-south-ukhrul-manipur.html|title=Nambashi|publisher=Census 2011|accessdate=2019-11-11 }}</ref>

==People and occupation==
The village is home to people of [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] tribe. Majority of the inhabitants are Christians. Agriculture is the primary occupation of the inhabitants. The village is known in the district for its reserve natural environment, flora and fauna. In December 2018, a rural market was inaugurated at Nambashi Khullen under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) to boost cultivation and sale of local agricultural products. [[Leishiyo Keishing]], hails from Nambashi Horton village.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..271218.dec18|title=Local Market at Nambashi|publisher=e-pao|accessdate=2019-11-11 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ukhrul district]]
[[Category:Villages in Kamjong district]]