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List of mergers and acquisitions by Meta Platforms

2026-05-14T23:58:29Z

Victornkd: New

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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Meta Platforms Inc. logo.svg|thumb|Meta Platforms logo]]
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[[Meta Platforms]] (formerly Facebook, Inc.) is a technology company that has acquired 91 other companies, including [[WhatsApp]]. The WhatsApp acquisition closed at a steep $16 billion; more than $40 per user of the platform. Meta also purchased the defunct company [[ConnectU]] in a [[Settlement (litigation)|court settlement]] and acquired intellectual property formerly held by rival [[Friendster]]. The majority of the companies acquired by Meta are based in the United States, and in turn, a large percentage of these companies are based in or around the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. Meta has also made investments in LuckyCal and [[Wildfire Interactive]].

Most of Meta's acquisitions have primarily been "[[Acqui-hire|talent acquisitions]]" and acquired products are often shut-down. In 2009, Meta (as Facebook) [[CEO]] [[Mark Zuckerberg]] posted a question on [[Quora]], titled "What startups would be good acquisitions for Facebook?", receiving 79 answers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/What-startups-would-be-good-acquisitions-for-Facebook|title=What startups would be good acquisitions for Facebook?|website=Quora}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/profile/Mark-Zuckerberg|title=Mark Zuckerberg|website=Quora}}</ref> He stated in 2010 that "We have not once bought a company for the company. We buy companies to get excellent people... In order to have a really entrepreneurial culture one of the key things is to make sure we're recruiting the best people. One of the ways to do this is to focus on acquiring great companies with great founders."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlBDyItD0Ak |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/OlBDyItD0Ak |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Why Facebook buys startups|website=[[YouTube]]|date=18 October 2010 |access-date=2010-10-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The [[Instagram]] acquisition, announced on April 9, 2012, appears to have been the first exception to this pattern.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/04/09/facebook-buys-instagram-for-1-billion/|title=Facebook buys Instagram for $1 billion|date=9 April 2012 |access-date=2012-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411095346/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/04/09/facebook-buys-instagram-for-1-billion/|archive-date=2012-04-11}}</ref> While continuing with a pattern of primarily talent acquisitions, other notable product focused acquisitions include the $19 billion WhatsApp acquisition and the $2 billion [[Oculus VR]] acquisition.

==Acquisitions==
{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header sort-under"
|-
! scope="col" | Number
! scope="col" | Company
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Acquired on
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Acquired for ([[United States dollar|USD]])
! scope="col" | Talent acquired
! scope="col" | Related to
! scope="col" | Used as / integrated with
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Reference column heading}}
|-
|1
| facebook.com domain name
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
|
August 23, 2005
| align="right"| 200,000
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| name change from Thefacebook.com
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |access-date=June 13, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute/| title=Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com |work =The Register | location = London |date=October 1, 2007|author=Williams, Chris }}|</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=1391 |title=thefacebook.com becomes facebook.com for $200,000 |date=August 23, 2005 |work=Timeline of Facebook.com |publisher=Xtimeline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006093601/http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=1391 |archive-date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|2
| [[Parakey]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Mountain View, California]]
|
July 19, 2007
| align="center"| —
|[[Blake Ross]], [[Joe Hewitt (programmer)|Joe Hewitt]]
| [[Y Combinator (company)|Y Combinator]], [[Sequoia Capital]]
| Facebook Mobile
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gigaom.com/2007/07/19/facebook-buys-parakey/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708190749/http://gigaom.com/2007/07/19/facebook-buys-parakey/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 8, 2012|title=Facebook buys Parakey|publisher=Gigaom|date=2007-07-19|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[ConnectU]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
|
June 23, 2008
| align="right"| 31,000,000
| align="center"| —
| [[I2hub|i2Hub]]
| (Court settlement)
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202446331523|title=Judge Blocks Rival's Effort to Learn Value of Facebook's Stock|newspaper=New York Law Journal|date=2010-03-17|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/02/11/the-ap-reveals-details-of-facebookconnectu-settlement-with-best-hack-ever/|title=The AP Reveals Details of Facebook/ConnectU Settlement With Greatest Hack Ever|work=TechCrunch|date=2009-02-11|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[FriendFeed]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Mountain View, California]]
|
August 10, 2009
| align="right"| 47,500,000
|[[Paul Buchheit]], [[Bret Taylor]], Jim Norris, Sanjeev Singh, 8 others
| [[Benchmark Capital]], ex-Google
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/08/10/facebook-acquires-friendfeed/|title=Facebook Acquires FriendFeed|work=TechCrunch|date=2009-08-10|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|5
| Octazen
|{{flag|Malaysia}}, [[Taman Melawati]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]
|
February 19, 2010
| align="center"| —
| 2 engineers (remote workers)
| align="center"| —
| Websluths
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/19/octazen-what-the-heck-did-facebook-just-buy-exactly-and-why/|title=Octazen: What The Heck Did Facebook Just Buy Exactly, And Why?|work=TechCrunch|date=2010-02-19|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Divvyshot]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
March 2, 2010
| align="center"| —
| Sam Odio, Paul Carduner
| [[Y Combinator (company)|Y Combinator]], [[AngelList]]
| Facebook Photos
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/02/facebook-buys-up-divvyshot-to-make-facebook-photos-even-better/|title=Facebook Buys Up Divvyshot To Make Facebook Photos Even Better|work=TechCrunch|date=2010-04-02|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Friendster patents]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Mountain View, California]] /  {{flag|Malaysia}}, [[Kuala Lumpur]]
|
May 13, 2010
| align="right"| 40,000,000
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gigaom.com/2010/08/04/facebook-buys-friendster-patents-for-40m/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806102633/http://gigaom.com/2010/08/04/facebook-buys-friendster-patents-for-40m/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 6, 2010|title=Facebook buys friendster patents for 40m|publisher=GigaOm|date=2010-08-04|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|8
| ShareGrove
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Mateo, CA|San Mateo]], [[California]]
|
May 26, 2010
| align="center"| —
| Kent Libbey, Adam Wolff
| Elm Street Ventures
| [[Facebook groups|Facebook Groups]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2010/05/26/facebook-acquires-sharegrove/|title=Facebook Acquires ShareGrove|publisher=Mashable|date=2010-05-26|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|9
| Zenbe
|{{flag|USA}}, [[New York, NY]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|
July 6, 2010
| align="center"| —
| Tom Alison, Will Bailey, Robert Kieffer
| align="center"| —
| [[Facebook Messenger]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-zenbe-2010-11|title=Facebook Buys Yet Another NYC Startup -- Why Doesn't It Just Open An Engineering Office Here Already?|website=Business Insider|date=2010-11-16|access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>
|-
|10
| Nextstop
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
July 8, 2010
| align="right"| 2,500,000
| Charles Lin, Carl Sjogreen, Adrian Graham
| ex-Google
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/07/08/facebook-acquires-social-travel-recommendation-site-nextstop/|title=Facebook acquires social travel-recommendation site Nextstop|work=TechCrunch|date=2010-07-08|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|11
| Chai Labs
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Mountain View, California]]
|
August 15, 2010
| align="right"| 10,000,000
| Gokul Rajaram, Giri Rajaram, others
| Merus Capital, ex-Google
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2367828,00.asp|title=Facebook Acquires Chai Labs, Gains 'Godfather of Google Adsense'|publisher=PCMag|date=2010-08-15|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|12
| Hot Potato
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|
August 20, 2010
| align="right" data-sort-value="10000000"| ~10,000,000
| Saadiq Rodgers-King, Justin Shaffer, 6 others
| [[RRE Ventures]]
| [[Facebook Places]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2010/08/20/facebook-acquires-hotpotato/|title=Facebook acquires Hot Potato|publisher=Mashable|date=2010-08-20|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Drop.io]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Dumbo, Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|
October 29, 2010
| align="right" data-sort-value="10000000"| ~10,000,000
| Sam Lessin
| RRE Ventures
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/10/29/facebook-acquires-drop-io-nabs-sam-lessin/|title=Facebook Acquires Drop.io, Nabs Sam Lessin|work=TechCrunch|date=2010-10-29|access-date=2010-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[FB.Com|FB.com]] [[domain name]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Washington, D.C.]]
|
November 15, 2010
| align="right"| 8,500,000
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=FB.com acquired by Facebook |url=http://namemon.com/news/1-latest-news/115-fbcom-acquired-by-facebook |date=January 11, 2011 |work=NameMon News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204210357/http://namemon.com/news/1-latest-news/115-fbcom-acquired-by-facebook |archive-date=February 4, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|15
| Rel8tion
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|
January 25, 2011
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Peter Wilson
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emoney.allthingsd.com/20110125/facebook-acquires-mobile-advertising-company-out-of-stealth-mode/|title=Facebook Acquires Mobile Advertising Company Out of Stealth Mode|publisher=AllThingsD|date=2011-01-25|access-date=2011-01-25}}</ref>
|-
|16
| Beluga
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Palo Alto, California]]
|
March 2, 2011
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Jonathan Perlow, Lucy Zhang, Ben Davenport
| align="center"| —
| [[Facebook Messenger]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/01/facebook-beluga/|title=Facebook Acquires Group Messaging Service Beluga In A Talent AND Technology Deal|work=TechCrunch|date=2011-03-01|access-date=2011-03-01}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Snaptu]]
|{{flag|Israel}}, [[Tel Aviv]]
|
March 20, 2011
| align="right"| 70,000,000
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/20/facebook-reportedly-acquires-snaptu-for-an-estimated-60-70-million/|title=Confirmed: Facebook Acquires Snaptu (For An Estimated $60 – $70 Million)|work=TechCrunch|date=2011-03-20|access-date=2011-03-20}}</ref>
|-
|18
| RecRec
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
March 24, 2011
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center"| —
| Dogpatch Labs
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/27/facebook-acq-hires-daytum/|title=Facebook Acq-hires Data Organization Startup Daytum|date=27 April 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|19
| DayTum
|{{flag|USA}}, [[SoHo]], [[New York City]]
|
April 27, 2011
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|[[Nicholas Felton (graphic designer)|Nicholas Felton]], Ryan Case
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designtaxi.com/news/34630/Daytum-s-Dataviz-Wizards-Nick-Felton-and-Ryan-Case-Join-Facebook/|title=Daytum's Dataviz Wizards, Nick Felton and Ryan Case, Join Facebook|publisher=DesignTaxi|date=2011-04-27|access-date=2011-04-27}}</ref>
|-
|20
| Sofa
|{{flag|Netherlands}}, [[Amsterdam]]
|
June 9, 2011
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Koen Bok, Dirk Stoop, Jasper Hauser, Hugo van Heuven, Jorn van Dijk
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/09/facebook-sofa/|title=Facebook Buys Sofa, A Software Design Team That Will Help Make Facebook More Beautiful|work=TechCrunch|date=2011-06-09|access-date=2011-06-09}}</ref>
|-
|21
| MailRank
|{{flag|USA}}, [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|
June 9, 2011
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Bryan O'Sullivan and Bethanye McKinney Blount
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/tech/facebook-buys-e-mail-prioritiser-mailrank-132586.html|title=Facebook buys e-mail prioritiser MailRank|publisher=FirstPost|date=2011-11-16|access-date=2011-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117142346/http://www.firstpost.com/tech/facebook-buys-e-mail-prioritiser-mailrank-132586.html|archive-date=2011-11-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|22
| Push Pop Press
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
August 2, 2011
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|Co-founders [[Mike Matas]] and Kimon Tsinteris
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pushpoppress.com/about/ |title=Push Pop Press acquired by Facebook |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012 |first1=Mike|last1=Matas|first2=Kimon|last2=Tsinteris|publisher=Push Pop Pres}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20087032-17/facebook-buys-digital-bookmaker-push-pop-press/ |title=Facebook buys digital bookmaker Push Pop Press |first=Don |last=Reisinger |website=[[CNET]] |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/08/facebook-buys-apple-ipad-book-maker-push-pop-press.html |title=Facebook buys iPad book maker Push Pop Press [Updated] |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Nathan |last=Olivarez-Giles}}</ref>
|-
|23
| Friend.ly
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Mountain View, California]]
|
October 10, 2011
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="left"| Co-founder/CEO Ed Baker
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-acquires-q-a-service-friendly/4489 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012141147/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-acquires-q-a-service-friendly/4489 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 12, 2011 |title=Facebook acquires Q&A service Friend.ly |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |work=[[ZDNet]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9220696/Facebook_acquires_start_up_friend.ly |title=Facebook acquires start-up friend.ly |date=10 October 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012 |first=Sharon |last=Gaudin |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144606/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9220696/Facebook_acquires_start_up_friend.ly |archive-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/press-here/Facebook--131532863.html |title=Facebook Acquires Startup Friend.ly |first=Barbara E. |last=Hernandez |publisher=[[NBC Bay Area]] |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|24
| Strobe
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
November 8, 2011
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|Founder and [[CEO]] Charles Jolley, other Strobe employees
|align="center"| —
|Mobile engineering team
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/11/08/facebook-acquires-html5-app-delivery-network-strobe-sproutcore-lives-on/ |title=Facebook Acquires Team Behind HTML5 App Platform Strobe; SproutCore Lives On |work=[[TechCrunch]] |first=Robin |last=Wauters |date=8 November 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-strobe-idUSTRE7A75A220111108 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 November 2011 |access-date=5 May 2012 |first=Alexi |last=Oreskovic |title=Facebook hires mobile tech developer team}}</ref>
|-
|25
|[[Gowalla]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Austin, Texas]]
|
December 2, 2011
| Co-founders Josh Williams and Scott Raymond; Keegan Jones, Adam Michela, Sherry Birk, Thorben Primke| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taxandbusinessonline.villanova.edu/blog/facebooks-acquisitions-on-its-journey-to-perfection/|title=Facebook's Acquisitions on its Journey to Perfection|date=December 10, 2015|website=Villanova University}}</ref>
|-
|26
| Caffeinatedmind
|{{flag|USA}}, [[California]]
|
February 20, 2012
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|-
|27
|[[Instagram]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
April 9, 2012
| align="right"| 1,000,000,000
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|-
|28
|[[Tagtile]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
April 13, 2012
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Tagtile's founders
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-13/facebook-acquires-team-behind-customer-loyalty-app-tagtile-1-.html |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=14 April 2012 |access-date=5 May 2012 |first=Douglas |last=MacMillan |title=Facebook Acquires Team Behind Customer-Loyalty App Tagtile}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://tagtile.com/so-that-happened.php |title=We are joining Facebook! |publisher=[[Tagtile]] |author=The Tagtile Team |date=12 April 2012 |access-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504115645/http://tagtile.com/so-that-happened.php |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|29
| Glancee
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
May 5, 2012
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|Andrea Vaccari, Alberto Tretti, Gabriel Grisé
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| Facebook Nearby Friends
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-acquires-location-based-social-discovery-startup-glancee/12566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508012258/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-acquires-location-based-social-discovery-startup-glancee/12566 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 8, 2012 |title=Facebook acquires location-based social discovery startup Glancee |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |date=5 May 2012 |access-date=5 May 2012 |work=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/255090/facebook_acquisition_points_to_future_of_more_phone_tracking.html |title=Facebook Acquisition Points to Future of More Phone Tracking |magazine=[[PCWorld (magazine)|PCWorld]] |date=5 May 2012 |access-date=5 May 2012 |first=Christina |last=DesMarais |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505170659/http://www.pcworld.com/article/255090/facebook_acquisition_points_to_future_of_more_phone_tracking.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|30
|[[Lightbox.com]]
|{{flag|UK}}, [[London]], England
|
May 15, 2012
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Thai Tran, Nilesh Patel, Five employees
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/05/15/facebook-lightbox/|title=Facebook Hires Team From Android Photosharing App Dev Lightbox To Quiet Mobile Fears|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|31
| Karma
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
May 21, 2012
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Lee Linden, Ben Lewis
| align="center"| —
| [[Facebook gifts|Facebook Gifts]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it/facebook-stumbles-buys-startup-karma/story-e6frgakx-1226361795547|title=Facebook stumbles, buys startup Karma}}</ref>
|-
|32
|[[Face.com]]
|{{flag|Israel}}, [[Tel Aviv]]
|
June 18, 2012
| align="right"| 100,000,000
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/06/19/BUHV1P413T.DTL&type=tech |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619123827/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/06/19/BUHV1P413T.DTL&type=tech |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 19, 2012 |title=Facebook acquires Face.com — stock up 4.7 percent
|newspaper=[[San Francisco Gate]] |first=Ari |last=Levy |date=19 June 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://face.com/blog/facebook-acquires-face-com/ |title=Awesome News – Facebook Acquires Face.com |publisher=Face.com |author=Gil |date=18 June 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619170605/http://face.com/blog/facebook-acquires-face-com/ |archive-date=19 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|33
|[[Spool (software company)|Spool]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
July 14, 2012
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Avichal Garg, Curtis Spencer, Six employees
|align="center"| —
| Mobile engineering team
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57472471-93/facebook-acquires-mobile-bookmarking-service-spool/ |title=Facebook acquires mobile-bookmarking service Spool
|website=[[CNET]] |date=14 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|34
| Acrylic Software
|{{flag|Canada}}, [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]
|
July 20, 2012
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| Two employees
|align="center"| —
| Facebook's design team
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57476876-93/facebook-acquires-mac-ios-developer-acrylic-software/ |title=Facebook acquires Mac, iOS developer Acrylic Software
|website=[[CNET]] |date=20 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|35
| Threadsy
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
August 24, 2012
|data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/08/24/facebook-threadsy/ |title=Facebook Acquires Threadsy, Maker of Social Marketing Tool Swaylo
|publisher=[[Techcrunch]] |date=24 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|36
|[[Atlas Solutions]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|
February 28, 2013
| align="right" data-sort-value="99999999"| <100,000,000
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/28/facebook-acquires-atlas/ |title=Facebook Confirms It Will Acquire Atlas Advertiser Suite From Microsoft To Close The Ad Spend Loop
|publisher=[[Techcrunch]] |date=28 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|37
| osmeta
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View, CA]]
| data-sort-value="March 1, 2013" |
March 2013
| align="center"| —
| 17 engineers
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/10/has-facebook-quietly-acquired-osmeta-a-stealth-mobile-software-startup/
|title=Confirmed: Facebook Has Acquired Osmeta, A Stealth Mobile Software Startup
|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]
|date=10 April 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|38
| Storylane (Mixtent)
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto, CA]]
| data-sort-value="March 1, 2013" |
March 2013
| align="center"| —
| Jonathan Gheller, 5 engineers
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/03/08/facebook-acquires-storylane-a-brand-new-bloggingsharing-platform/
|title=Facebook acquires Storylane, a brand-new blogging/sharing platform
|publisher=[[venturebeat]]
|date=8 March 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|39
| Hot Studio
|{{flag|USA}}, [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
March 14, 2013
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-design/welcoming-the-talented-team-behind-hot-studio/10151320205982793
|title=Welcoming the Talented Team Behind Hot Studio
|publisher=[[Facebook]]
|date=29 March 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|40
| Spaceport
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Burlingame, CA|Burlingame]], [[California]]
|
April 23, 2013
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/23/facebook-acqhires-part-of-team-from-html5-game-platform-spaceport-io-but-co-founder-will-keep-running-it/
|title=Facebook Acqhires Team From HTML5 Game Platform Spaceport.io, Which Will Keep Running
|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]
|date=23 April 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|41
|[[Parse (company)|Parse]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco, California]]
|
April 25, 2013
| align="right"| 85,000,000
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/2013/04/25/welcoming-parse-to-facebook/
|title=Welcoming Parse to Facebook
|publisher=[[Facebook]]
|date=25 April 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|42
| Monoidics
|{{flag|UK}}, [[London]], England
|
July 18, 2013
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://www.monoidics.com/uncategorized/facebook-to-acquire-monoidics-assets
|title = Facebook to Acquire Monoidics' Assets!
|publisher = Monoidics
|date = 18 July 2013
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130718144452/http://www.monoidics.com/uncategorized/facebook-to-acquire-monoidics-assets
|archive-date = 18 July 2013
}}
</ref>
|-
|43
|[[Jibbigo]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]
|
August 12, 2013
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/12/facebook-acquires-mobile-technologies-speech-recognition-and-jibbigo-app-developer/
|title=Facebook Acquires "Mobile Technologies", Developer Of Speech Translation App Jibbigo
|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]
|date=12 August 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|44
|[[Onavo]]
|{{flag|Israel}}, [[Tel Aviv]]
|
October 13, 2013
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| Guy Rosen, CEO
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/13/facebook-buys-mobile-analytics-company-onavo-and-finally-gets-its-office-in-israel/
|title=Facebook Buys Mobile Data Analytics Company Onavo, Reportedly For Up To $200M... And (Finally?) Gets Its Office In Israel
|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]
|date=14 October 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|45
| SportStream
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco, California]]
|
December 17, 2013
| align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.woolor.com/thetechbook/sporty-facebook-acquires-a-san-francisco-based-startup/
|title=Sporty Facebook acquires a San Francisco-based startup
|publisher=Woolor
|date=17 December 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|46
| Little Eye Labs
|{{flag|India}}, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|
January 8, 2014
| align="right"| 15,000,000
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://www.nextbigwhat.com/facebook-acquires-little-eye-labs-297/
|title = It's Official, Bengaluru Based Little Eye Labs Acquired by Facebook
|publisher = NextBigWhat
|date = 8 January 2013
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140108070251/http://www.nextbigwhat.com/facebook-acquires-little-eye-labs-297/
|archive-date = 8 January 2014
}}
</ref><ref name=TC>{{cite news|title=Indian Startup Little Eye Labs Confirms Its Acquisition By Facebook, Deal Worth $10-$15M|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/07/little-eye-labs-acquisition/|access-date=26 March 2014|newspaper=TechCrunch|date=7 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|47
| Branch
|{{flag|USA}}, [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|
January 13, 2014
| align="right"| 15,000,000
| align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/13/facebook-acquires-branch/
|title=Facebook Acquires Branch Media Team To Lead New "Conversations" Group
|work=TechCrunch
|date=13 January 2013}}
</ref>
|-
|48
|[[WhatsApp]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Mountain View, CA|Mountain View]], [[California]]
|
February 19, 2014
| align="right"| 19,000,000,000
| Co-founder and CEO [[Jan Koum]]
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 February 2014|title=Facebook to Acquire WhatsApp|publisher=Facebook|url=http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184730/http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp|archive-date=2014-02-24}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Etherington |first1=Darrell |title=Facebook Closes WhatsApp Acquisition, Jan Koum To Match Zuckerberg's $1 Annual Salary |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/06/facebook-closes-whatsapp-acquisition/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=TechCrunch |date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|49
|[[Oculus VR]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Irvine, CA|Irvine]], [[California]]
|
March 25, 2014
| align="right"| 2,000,000,000
| Co-founders [[Palmer Luckey]] and [[Brendan Iribe]], Engineer Chris Dycus, and CTO [[John D. Carmack]]
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| [[Reality Labs]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10101319050523971?stream_ref=1 
|title=Facebook acquires Oculus VR
|publisher=Facebook
|date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=king2014>{{cite web
| first=Rachael | last=King | format=blog
| title=Facebook's latest multi-billion buy: 3D gaming company Oculus | date=25 March 2014
| work=Between the Lines | publisher=ZDNet | location=United States
| url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebooks-latest-multi-billion-buy-3d-gaming-company-oculus/
| url-status=live | archive-date=26 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326000013/http://www.zdnet.com/facebooks-latest-multi-billion-buy-3d-gaming-company-oculus-7000027710/ }}
</ref>
|-
|50
| Ascenta
|{{flag|UK}}, [[Somerset, England]]
|
March 27, 2014
| align="right"| 20,000,000
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
| align="center"| —
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.ascenta-hale.co.uk/
|title=Facebook to Acquire Ascenta
|publisher=Facebook
|date=27 March 2014
|access-date=11 November 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128213206/http://www.ascenta-hale.co.uk/
|archive-date=28 January 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|-
|51
|Salorix
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto, CA]]
|April 14, 2014
|align="center"| undisclosed
|[[Santanu Bhattacharya (data scientist)|Santanu Bhattacharya]]
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| Facebook Ads
|
|-
|52
| ProtoGeo Oy
|{{flag|Finland}}, [[Helsinki]]
|
April 24, 2014
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| Moves mobile app; discontinued in July 2018
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=With App Acquisition, Facebook Enters Fitness Tracking Market |first=Reed |last=Albergott |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/04/24/with-app-acquisition-facebook-enters-fitness-tracking-market/ |work=Digits |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=April 24, 2014 |access-date=April 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425224456/http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/04/24/with-app-acquisition-facebook-enters-fitness-tracking-market/ |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Etherington|first=Darrell|date=2014-04-24|title=Facebook Acquires Fitness And Activity Tracking App Moves|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/24/facebook-acquires-activity-tracking-app-moves/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wagner|first=Kurt|title=Moves App Backtracks, Shares User Data With Facebook|url=https://mashable.com/2014/05/06/moves-data-sharing-facebook/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Mashable|date=6 May 2014|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-02|title=Hello. tbh, We're Moving On|url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/07/hello-tbh-moving-on/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=About Facebook|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|53
|[[PrivateCore]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Palo Alto, CA|Palo Alto]], [[California]]
|
August 7, 2014
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title = Facebook Buys Secure Server Technology Provider PrivateCore |first = Sarah|last = Perez|url = https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/07/facebook-buys-secure-server-technology-provider-privatecore/|work = [[TechCrunch]] |date = August 7, 2014 |access-date = August 7, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|54
| LiveRail
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco, CA|San Francisco]], [[California]]
|
August 14, 2014
| align="right" | 400,000,000 - 500,000,000
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title = Facebook's $400M-$500M Acquisition Of Video Ad Tech Startup LiveRail Is Now Official |first = Josh|last = Constine|url = https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/14/facebooks-400m-500m-acquisition-of-video-ad-tech-startup-liverail-is-now-official/|work = [[TechCrunch]] |date = August 14, 2014 |access-date = September 24, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|55
|[[WaveGroup Sound]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Burlingame, CA|Burlingame]], [[California]]
|
August 26, 2014
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/26/facebook-acquires-a-sound-studio-to-help-power-its-app-factory/?ncid=rss&cps=gravity | title=Facebook Acquires A Sound Studio To Help Power Its App Factory | work=TechCrunch | access-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|56
| Wit.ai
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Palo Alto, California]]
|
January 6, 2015
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news | url=https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2015/01/05/facebook-acquires-speech-recognition-startup-wit-ai/ | title=Facebook acquires speech recognition startup Wit.ai | work=The Next Web | date=January 5, 2015 | access-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|57
| Quickfire Networks
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Diego]], [[California]]
|
January 8, 2015
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news | title=Facebook Acquires QuickFire Networks, A 'Pied Piper' For Video | url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/08/facebook-acquires-quickfire-networks-a-pied-piper-for-video/ | work=TechCrunch | date=January 8, 2015 | access-date=January 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|58
|[[TheFind.com|TheFind, Inc.]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Mountain View, CA|Mountain View]], [[California]]
|
March 14, 2015
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news | title=Facebook Buys And Shuts Down Shopping Site TheFind To Boost Commerce In Ads | url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/13/to-boost-commerce-in-ads-facebook-buys-and-shuts-down-shopping-site-thefind | work=TechCrunch | date=March 13, 2015 | access-date=March 13, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|59
| Surreal Vision
|{{flag|UK}}, [[London]], England
|
May 26, 2015
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="verge-surrealvision">{{cite news|title=Oculus acquires 3D mapping company Surreal Vision to turn reality into a video game|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/5/26/8662107/oculus-acquires-surreal-vision-computer-vision-company|access-date=27 May 2015|work=The Verge}}</ref>
|-
|60
| Endaga
|{{flag|US}}, [[Oakland]], [[California]]
|
October 3, 2015
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="techcrunch-endaga">{{cite news|title=Facebook Hires Founders Of Cellular-Network-In-A-Box Company Endaga|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/05/facebook-hires-founders-of-cellular-network-in-a-box-company-endaga/|access-date=6 October 2015|work=Techcrunch}}</ref>
|-
|61
| Pebbles
|{{flag|Israel}}, [[Kfar Saba]]
|
July 16, 2015
| align="right" | 60,000,000
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news | title=Facebook's Oculus to Pay About $60 Million for Gesture-Control Firm Pebbles | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/07/16/facebook-to-pay-about-60-million-for-gesture-control-firm-pebbles/ | work=Wall Street Journal | date=July 16, 2015 | access-date=July 16, 2015}}</ref>
|-
|62
| MSQRD (Masquerade)
|{{flag|Belarus}}, [[Minsk]]
|
March 9, 2016
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|CEO, Eugene Nevgen, Sergey Gonchar, Eugene Zatepyakin (co-founders)
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news | title=Facebook acquires video filter app Msqrd | url=http://www.techinsider.io/facebook-buys-popular-msqrd-face-swapping-app-2016-3/ | work=Wall Street Journal | date=March 9, 2016 | access-date=March 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-03/as-dicaprio-honed-oscar-speech-a-snapchat-competitor-mobilized|title=Leonardo DiCaprio Helped Make This Belarusian App Go Viral|last=Khrennikov|first=Ilya|website=Bloomberg.com|date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>
|-
|63
|Two Big Ears
|{{flag|UK}}, [[Scotland]]
|May 23, 2016
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.twobigears.com|title=Two Big Ears|website=www.twobigears.com|access-date=2016-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526222942/http://www.twobigears.com/|archive-date=2016-05-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|64
|Nascent Objects
|{{flag|US}}, [[California]]
|Sep 19, 2016
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techwyse.com/blog/infographics/facebook-acquisitions-the-complete-list-infographic|title=Facebook Acquisitions complete list|website=www.techwyse.com|access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref>
|-
|65
|Infiniled
|{{flag|Ireland}}, [[Cork (city)|Cork]]
|October 10, 2016
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|
|-
|66
|CrowdTangle
|{{flag|USA}}
|November 11, 2016
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news | title=Facebook buys CrowdTangle, the tool publishers use to win the internet | url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/11/13594338/facebook-acquires-crowdtangle | work=The Verge | date=November 11, 2016 | access-date=November 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/14/technology/facebook-data.html Inside Facebook’s Data Wars] The New York Times. 2021</ref>
|-
|67
|Faciometrics
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
|November 16, 2016
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|Fernando De la Torre
|[[Carnegie Mellon University]]
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news | title= Facebook acquires FacioMetrics to add 'fun effects' to photos and videos | url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/11/16/facebook-acquires-faciometrics-to-add-fun-effects-to-photos-and-videos/ | work=VentureBeat | date=November 16, 2016 | access-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|68
|Zurich Eye
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|{{Date table sorting|2016|November}}
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus VR
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eepw.com.cn/article/201611/340360.htm|title=Facebook收购计算机视觉公司Zurich Eye|website=www.eepw.com.cn|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref>
|-
|69
|Ozlo
|{{flag|USA}}, Palo Alto, California
|July 31, 2017
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| [[Facebook Messenger]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/video/298180|title=Facebook Acquires AI Startup Ozlo|date=4 August 2017|work=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]|access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|70
|Fayteq AG
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|{{Date table sorting|2017|August}}
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Facebook Live
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/164465790_599244|title=Facebook收购Fayteq，将在直播中植入AR技术|date=2017-08-14|website=www.sohu.com|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref>
|-
|71
|[[tbh (app)|tbh]]
|{{flag|USA}}, Oakland, California
|October 16, 2017
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|CEO Nikita Bier, CTO Erik Hazzard, Kyle Zaragoza, Nicolas Ducdodon
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/16/technology/business/facebook-tbh/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017041315/http://money.cnn.com/2017/10/16/technology/business/facebook-tbh/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 17, 2017|title=Facebook acquires beloved teen app 'tbh'|last=O'Brien|first=Sara Ashley|date=16 October 2017|work=[[CNNMoney]]|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|72
|Confirm
|{{flag|USA}}, Boston, Massachusetts
|January 23, 2018
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|Bob Geiman, Ralph Rodriguez, Walt Doyle
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Wagner |first=Kurt |url=https://www.recode.net/2018/1/23/16925312/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-acquisition-confirm-security-drivers-licenses |title=Facebook bought a startup that specializes in verifying government IDs |work=[[Recode]] |date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2018-01-24 }}</ref>
|-
|73
|Bloomsbury AI
|{{flag|UK}}, [[London]], England
|{{Date table sorting|2018|July}}
| align="right" | 30,000,000
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/239617148_118778|title=Facebook收购Bloomsbury AI，以提高自然语言处理能力打击假新闻|date=2018-07-06|website=www.sohu.com|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref>
|-
|74
|Redkix
|{{flag|Israel}}, [[Tel Aviv]]
|July 26, 2018
| align="right" | 100,000,000
|Oudi Antebi, Roy Antebi
| align="center" | —
| [[Workplace by Facebook]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-facebook-acquires-israeli-co-redkix-for-100m-1001247773 |title=Facebook acquires Israeli co Redkix for $100m |work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] |date=2018-07-26 |access-date=2018-07-29 }}</ref>
|-
|75
|Vidpresso
|{{flag|USA}}, Ogden, Utah
|August 13, 2018
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|Randall Bennett, Justin Carter, Pauli Ojala, Hassan Salahuddin
|[[Y Combinator]]
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Constine|first=Josh|date=2018-08-14|title=Facebook buys Vidpresso's team and tech to make video interactive|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/13/facebook-vidpresso/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=TechCrunch}}</ref>
|-
|76
|Dreambit
|{{flag|USA}}, Seattle, Washington
|{{Date table sorting|2016|September}}
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, Eli Shlizerman
| align="center" | University of Washington
| align="center" | Reality Labs
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Allen School News » UW's Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman and Eli Shlizerman to timeshare with Facebook|url=https://news.cs.washington.edu/2016/11/01/uws-ira-kemelmacher-shlizerman-and-eli-shlizerman-to-timeshare-with-facebook/|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|77
|Chainspace
|{{flag|UK}}, [[London]], England
|{{Date table sorting|2019|February}}
| align="center" | —
|George Danezis, Shehar Bano, Alberto Sonnino
|[[University College London]]
|Facebook Blockchain
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cheddar.com/videos/facebook-blockchain-acquisition-chainspace |title=Facebook Makes First Blockchain Acquisition With Chainspace: Sources |work=[[Cheddar (TV channel)]] |date=2019-02-04 |access-date=2019-02-05 }}</ref>
|-
|78
|GrokStyle
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|February 8, 2019
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|Kavita Bala, Sean Bell
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/08/facebook-picks-up-retail-computer-vision-outfit-grokstyle/|title=Facebook picks up retail computer vision outfit GrokStyle|website=TechCrunch|date=8 February 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref>
|-
|79
|Servicefriend
|{{flag|Israel}}, [[Tel Aviv]]
|{{Date table sorting|2019|September}}
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
|Ido Arad, Shahar Ben Ami
| align="center" | —
|[[Diem (digital currency)|Novi]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/21/facebook-servicefriend/|title=Facebook has acquired Servicefriend, which builds 'hybrid' chatbots, for Calibra customer service|website=TechCrunch|date=21 September 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>
|-
|80
|CTRL-labs
|{{flag|USA}}, [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|{{Date table sorting|2019|September}}
| data-sort-value="750,000,000" | undisclosed, but reportedly between $500 million and $1 billion
|[[Thomas Reardon]], Patrick Kaifosh
| align="center" | —
|Reality Labs
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/facebook-brain-computer-startup|website=Futurism|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24|title=Facebook just bought a brain-computer interface startup|date=24 September 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|81
|Packagd
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|{{Date table sorting|2019|September}}
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|[[Facebook Marketplace]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/facebook-acquires-video-commerce-startup-packagd-to-help-boost-in-stream/569542/|website=Social Media Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-22|title=Facebook Acquires Video Commerce Startup 'Packagd' to Help Boost In-Stream Buying Options}}</ref>
|-
|82
|[[Beat Saber|Beat Games]]
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}, [[Prague]]
|{{Date table sorting|2019|November}}
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/26/facebook-buys-the-vr-studio-behind-beat-saber/|website=Techcrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-26|title=Facebook buys VR studio behind Beat Saber|date=26 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|83
|Atlas ML
|{{flag|UK}}, [[London]], England
|{{Date table sorting|2019|December}}
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/10/facebook-quietly-acquired-atlast-ml/|website=Techcrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-29|title=Facebook quietly acquired another UK AI startup and almost no one noticed |date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/13-acquisitions-highlight-big-techs-ai-talent-grab-in-2020/|title=13 acquisitions highlight Big Tech's AI talent grab in 2020|date=2020-12-25|website=VentureBeat|language=en|access-date=2024-02-25}}</ref>
|-
|84
|PlayGiga
|{{flag|Spain}}, [[Madrid]]
|{{Date table sorting|2019|December}}
| align="right" | 70,000,000
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.finsmes.com/2019/12/facebook-acquires-cloud-gaming-company-playgiga.html|website=Finsems|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-22|title=Facebook Acquires Cloud Gaming Company PlayGiga|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/18/facebook-acquires-spanish-cloud-video-gaming-company-playgiga.html|title=Facebook acquires Spanish cloud video gaming company PlayGiga|last=Rodriguez|first=Salvador|date=2019-12-18|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
|-
|85
|[[Sanzaru Games]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco|Foster City]], [[California]]
|{{Date table sorting|2020|February}}
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/facebook-acquires-vr-studio-behind-lone-echo/|title = Facebook acquires VR studio behind 'Lone Echo'| date=22 June 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|86
|Scape Technologies
|{{flag|UK}}, [[London]], England
|{{Date table sorting|2020|February}}
| align="right" data-sort-value="40000000" | ~40,000,000
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Reality Labs
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-09|title=Facebook reportedly acquires computer vision startup Scape Technologies|url=https://siliconangle.com/2020/02/09/facebook-acquires-computer-vision-startup-scape-technologies/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=SiliconANGLE|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|87
|[[Giphy]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[New York City|New York]]
|May 15, 2020
| align="right" |400,000,000
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|[[Instagram]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook is buying Giphy and integrating it with Instagram|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/15/21259965/facebook-giphy-gif-acquisition-buy-instagram-integration-cost|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|date=2020-05-15|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook buys popular GIF platform Giphy for $400 million|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/news/facebook-buys-giphy-for-400-million/|date=May 15, 2020|website=Digital Trends|access-date=May 15, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|88
|[[Mapillary]]
|{{Flag|Sweden}}, [[Malmö]]
|June 18, 2020
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mapillary, the crowdsourced database of street-level imagery, has been acquired by Facebook|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/18/mapillary-facebook/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=TechCrunch|date=18 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|89
|[[Ready at Dawn]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Irvine, California]]
|June 22, 2020
| data-sort-value="0" | undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|90
|Lemnis Technologies
| {{flag|Singapore}}, [[Singapore]]
|September 18, 2020
|undisclosed
|Pierre-Yves Laffont
| align="center" | —
|Reality Labs
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-22|title=Facebook may have acquired Lemnis Technologies for its varifocal tech|url=https://www.tweaktown.com/news/75300/facebook-may-have-acquired-lemnis-technologies-for-its-varifocal-tech/index.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=TweakTown|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|91
|Kustomer
|{{flag|USA}}, [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|November 30, 2020
| align="right" |1,000,000,000
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodriguez|first=Salvador|date=2020-11-30|title=Facebook acquires Kustomer, a CRM start-up|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/30/facebook-acquires-kustomer-a-crm-start-up.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|92
|Downpour Interactive
|{{flag|USA}}, [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|April 30, 2021
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2021-04-30|title=Facebook acquires the developers of VR military simulator Onward|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/30/22412882/facebook-oculus-studios-onward-developer-downpour-interactive-acqusition|access-date=2021-04-30|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|93
|Unit 2 Games
|{{flag|UK}}, [[Leamington Spa]]
|June 4, 2021
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Facebook Gaming
| align="center" |
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook buys studio behind Roblox-like Crayta gaming platform|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/04/facebook-buys-studio-behind-roblox-like-crayta-gaming-platform/|access-date=2021-06-09|website=TechCrunch|date=4 June 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|94
|BigBox VR
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|June 11, 2021
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| align="center" |
<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Mike|last1=Verdu|title=Welcoming BigBox VR to Facebook|url=https://www.oculus.com/blog/welcoming-bigbox-vr-to-facebook/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=www.oculus.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|95
|AI.Reverie
|{{flag|USA}}, [[New York, NY]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
|October 11, 2021
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-12|title=Facebook quietly acquires synthetic data startup AI.Reverie|url=https://venturebeat.com/2021/10/11/facebook-quietly-acquires-synthetic-data-startup-ai-reverie/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|96
|[[Within (company)|Within]]
|{{flag|USA}}, [[Los Angeles, California]]
|October 29, 2021
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meta (Facebook) is buying Within, creators of the 'Supernatural' VR fitness app|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/29/meta-facebook-is-buying-within-creators-of-the-supernatural-vr-fitness-app/|access-date=2021-10-29|website=TechCrunch|date=29 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|97
|[[Twisted Pixel Games]]
|{{flag|USA}}
|November 1, 2021
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| align="center" | <ref name="Protocol">{{cite web |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |title=Meta acquires three new VR game developers for Oculus Studios |url=https://www.protocol.com/bulletins/meta-oculus-studios-game-developer |website=Protocol.com |publisher=Protocol |access-date=12 October 2022 |language=en |date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|98
|Presize
|{{flag|Germany}}, [[Munich]]
|April 8, 2022
|~100,000,000
|[[Leon Szeli]], Tomislav Tomov
|[[Technical University of Munich]]
|Facebook Shops, Instagram Shopping
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=Die Höhle der Löwen: Facebook-Konzern Meta kauft "Presize" - Mega-Deal für Gründer |url=https://www.tz.de/tv/hoehle-der-loewen-facebook-konzern-meta-kauft-presize-millionendeal-fuer-gruender-vox-zr-91484361.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=www.tz.de |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|99
|Lofelt
|{{flag|Germany}}, [[Berlin]]
|{{Date table sorting|2022|September}}
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/meta-acquires-berlin-startup-to-boost-virtual-reality-ambitions-11662147631|title=Meta Acquires Berlin Startup to Boost Virtual-Reality Ambitions|website=Wall Street Journal|date=September 2, 2022|author=Salvador Rodriguez|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|100
|[[Armature Studio]]
|{{flag|USA}}
|October 11, 2022
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| align="center" |<ref name="Protocol"/>
|-
|101
|[[Camouflaj]]
|{{flag|USA}}
|October 11, 2022
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| align="center" |<ref name="Protocol"/>
|-
|102
|Luxexcel
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|December 30, 2022
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Oculus Studio
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=December 30, 2022 |title=Meta acquires smart lensmaker Luxexcel as it works toward AR glasses goal |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/30/23532567/meta-acquires-lensmaker-luxexcel-ar-glasses |website=The Verge}}</ref>
|-
|103
|Play AI
|{{flag|USA}}
|July 11, 2025
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|[[Meta Superintelligence Labs]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Kurt |date=July 11, 2025 |title=Meta Acquires Voice AI Startup PlayAI, Continuing to Add Talent |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-11/meta-acquires-voice-ai-startup-playai-continuing-to-add-talent |publisher=Bloomberg News}}</ref>
|-
|104
|WaveForms
|{{flag|USA}}
|August 8, 2025
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|Meta Superintelligence Labs
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Kalley |date=August 8, 2025 |title=Meta Acquires AI Audio Startup WaveForms |url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/meta-acquires-ai-audio-startup-waveforms |website=The Information}}</ref>
|-
|105
|Rivos
|{{flag|USA}}
|September 30, 2025
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| Meta Training and Inference Accelerator
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Kurt |last2=Griffin |first2=Riley |date=September 30, 2025 |title=Meta Is Said to Acquire Chips Startup Rivos to Push AI Effort |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-09-30/meta-is-said-to-acquire-chips-startup-rivos-to-push-ai-effort |work=Bloomberg News}}</ref>
|-
|106
|Limitless
|{{flag|USA}}
|December 5, 2025
|undisclosed
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanian |first=Jonathan |date=2025-12-05 |title=AI wearable company Limitless says it has been acquired by Meta |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/05/meta-limitless-ai-wearable.html |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|107
|[[Manus AI]]
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|December 29, 2025
| align="left" |>2,000,000,000
| align="center"|—
| align="center"|—
| align="center"|—
| align="center"|<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |date=December 30, 2025 |title=Meta Buys AI Startup Manus for More Than $2 Billion |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/meta-buys-ai-startup-manus-adding-millions-of-paying-users-f1dc7ef8 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
|-
|108
|[[Moltbook]]
|{{flag|USA}}
|March 10, 2026
| align="left" |undisclosed
| align="left" | Matt Schlicht, Ben Parr
| align="center" | —
|Meta Superintelligence Labs
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silberling |first1=Amanda |title=Meta acquired Moltbook, the AI agent social network that went viral because of fake posts |url=https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/10/meta-acquired-moltbook-the-ai-agent-social-network-that-went-viral-because-of-fake-posts/ |work=TechCrunch |date=10 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of largest mergers and acquisitions]]
* [[Lists of corporate acquisitions and mergers]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Facebook navbox}}
{{List of mergers and acquisitions by}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acquisitions By Facebook}}
[[Category:Meta Platforms acquisitions| ]]
[[Category:Lists of companies of the United States|Meta Platforms]]
[[Category:Lists of corporate mergers and acquisitions|Meta Platforms]]
[[Category:Meta Platforms-related lists]]

Ek Chatur Naar

2026-05-04T12:19:15Z

Victornkd:

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language dark-comedy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Chatur Naar
| image = Ek Chatur Naar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Umesh Shukla]]
| screenplay = Jay Master Umesh Shukla Deepak Nirman Siddhaarth Goel
| story = Himanshu Tripathi
| producer = [[Umesh Shukla]] Ashish Wagh Shivv Sharma Zeeshan Ahmad
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]]
* [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]
}}
| cinematography = Sameer Arya
| editing = [[Mayur Hardas]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Amar Mohile]] '''Songs:''' [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]] Abhijeet Shrivastava Sharan Rawat
| studio = Merry Go Round Studios
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}
| runtime = 131 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |title=''Ek Chatur Naar'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ek-chatur-naar-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdm0mty3 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹3.20 crore<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Ek Chatur Naar 2 Box Office Collection |website=Bollywood Hungama |date= |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-chatur-naar-2/box-office/ |access-date=2025-09-21}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ek Chatur Naar''''' (A Clever Woman) is a 2025 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy]] [[thriller film]] written by Himanshu Tripathi and directed by [[Umesh Shukla]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Divya Khossla turns hustler, Neil Nitin Mukesh gets blackmailed in Ek Chatur Naar trailer, watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/divya-khossla-turns-hustler-neil-nitin-mukesh-gets-blackmailed-in-ek-chatur-naar-trailer-watch-10210903/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=25 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Produced by Merry Go Round Studios and presented by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. It stars [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] and [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ek Chatur Naar trailer: Divya Khossla and Neil Nitin Mukesh try to outsmart each other in quirky thriller. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-chatur-naar-trailer-divya-khossla-and-neil-nitin-mukesh-try-to-outsmart-each-other-in-quirky-thriller-watch-101756109207163.html |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Divya Khossla and Neil Nitin Mukesh spark chaos and comedy in Ek Chatur Naar trailer, watch : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/divya-khossla-neil-nitin-mukesh-spark-chaos-comedy-ek-chatur-naar-trailer-watch/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Mashable News |title=Ek Chatur Naar Trailer: Divya Khossla & Neil Nitin Mukesh Try To Outsmart Each Other In New Comedy-Thriller |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/98952/ek-chatur-naar-trailer-divya-khossla-neil-nitin-mukesh-try-to-outsmart-each-other-in-new-comedy-thri |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=[[Mashable India]] |date=25 August 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mamta kumar ([[Divya Khosla Kumar]]) is a widow living in poverty with her young son Sonu and her mother-in-law. She is constantly hiding from Thakur’s debt collectors—her late husband owed them money she still cannot repay.

Abhishek Verma ([[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]), a government contractor, is extremely wealthy thanks to the money he and his political allies—including Minister Qureshi (Zakir Hussain)—have stolen from the government and the public.

One day, on his way to an important meeting with Qureshi, Abhishek’s car is involved in an accident. To reach the meeting on time, he decides to take the metro. At the station, his phone is stolen. Mamta, who works as a staff member at the metro station, sees this on CCTV and rushes out to chase the thief, but returns empty-handed.

It is then revealed that Mamta had secretly conspired with the thief. She had asked him to steal a phone so she could gift it to her son for his birthday—something she could not afford.

Meanwhile, Abhishek panics, realizing the stolen phone contains confidential information about his corrupt dealings and his affair with his secretary Tina Gupta (Heli Daruwala). He asks his policeman friend Triloki ([[Sushant Singh]]) to urgently recover the phone. Triloki begins the investigation.

At home, Mamta discovers the incriminating data on the phone—videos, messages, proof of corruption, and evidence of Abhishek’s affair. She changes her plan and contacts Abhishek, demanding Rs 2 crore in ransom. Abhishek refuses.

Triloki quickly uncovers Mamta’s involvement and raids her house. Not finding Mamta at home, the police detains her mother-in-law and demands Mamta surrender herself with the phone in exchange for her release.

When Abhishek returns home, he is shocked to see Mamta there—hired by his wife as a cleaner. Terrified she might expose his affair, he pretends not to know her and tries to act normal. Mamta uses this to her advantage, forcing Abhishek to secure the release of her mother-in-law.

Over the next few days, Mamta cleverly fuels tension between Abhishek, Tina, and Qureshi, making them suspicious of one another.

After several failed attempts to forcibly retrieve the phone, Abhishek kidnaps Sonu from school, demanding Mamta hand over the device. Mamta rushes to the location and is beaten by Abhishek’s men, but still refuses to give up the phone. Abhishek then threatens to kill Sonu—but Mamta laughs and reveals she tricked him into kidnapping the wrong child. The boy he took is actually Thakur’s son, the gangster to whom her husband owed money.

Soon, Tina, Qureshi, Triloki, and Thakur all arrive at the scene. Mamta reveals, using Abhishek’s own messages, that Abhishek has been betraying Qureshi. A heated argument breaks out among the group. Triloki then reveals that he has recorded everything on his phone. Using the recording as evidence, he orders raids on both Qureshi’s and Abhishek’s properties.

In the final twist, Mamta reveals that it was Abhishek whose scam drove her husband into debt and ultimately suicide. Triloki’s father was also one of Abhishek’s victims. The theft of Abhishek’s phone was not random—the entire operation was carefully planned by Mamta and Triloki to expose his crimes.

With no escape, Abhishek grabs Sonu and holds him at gunpoint while attempting to flee. He is struck and killed by an oncoming train. The corruption scandal is exposed, leading to the arrest of Qureshi and Tina.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] as Mamta Mishra
* [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] as Abhishek Verma
* [[Chhaya Kadam]] as Radha, Mamta's mother in law
* [[Sushant Singh]] as [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] Triloki Singh
* [[Rajneesh Duggal]] as Sudheer (Mamta's Husband)
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Qureshi
* [[Rahul Mittra]] as politician Dindayal Thakur
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Thakur
* Heli Daruwala as Secretary Tina
* [[Rose Sardana]] as Anjali
* [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]] as Urmila
* Kumar Saurabh as Abdul
* [[Anil Rastogi]] as Old Neighbour
* Sandeep Yadav as Pa Dubey
* Danesh Gandhi as Sushil
* Baby Kartikey as Mamta's new born son
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical release===
The film was theatrically released on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title='Ek Chatur Naar' trailer: Divya Khossla, Neil Nitin Mukesh get embroiled in a cat-and-mouse game |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/divya-khossla-neil-nitin-mukesh-get-embroiled-in-a-cat-and-mouse-game/cid/2119690 |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The songs of the film are composed by [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]] and Sharan Rawat, while [[Amar Mohile]] gives the film's background score. The lyrics are written by Vayu. The songs are distributed by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] music label.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Ek Chatur Naar teaser: Neil Nitin Mukesh and Divya Khossla in a game of wits in this comedy-thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Aug/21/ek-chatur-naar-teaser-neil-nitin-mukesh-and-divya-khossla-in-a-game-of-wits-in-this-comedy-thriller |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Ek Chatur Naar Title Track
| extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| title2 = Gulabi Saawariya
| length2 = 3:13
| lyrics2 = Shayra Apoorva
| music2 = Abhijeet Srivastava
| extra2 = [[Sachet Tandon]] [[Shilpa Rao]]
| music1 = Vayu, Sharan Rawat
| lyrics1 = [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
| length1 = 2:29
}}
==Reception==
Subhash K Jha writing for ''[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that " It is so heartening to see our cinema get out of the hero-heroine-villain claptrap, to explore the wicked side of every character, good, bad and ugly."<ref>{{cite news |first=Subhash K|last=Jha|title=Ek Chatur Naar review: Divya Khossla shines in an engaging cat and mouse thriller|url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/ek-chatur-naar-review-divya-khossla-shines-in-an-engaging-cat-and-mouse-thriller/630856/|access-date=12 September 2025 |work=News 24}}</ref>
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Ek Chatur Naar may not be razor-sharp, but it stands firmly within the space of smart comedies."<ref>{{cite news |first=Dhaval|last=Roy|title=Ek Chatur Naar Movie Review: A clever caper with twists and street-smart charm|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ek-chatur-naar/movie-review/123849383.cms|access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' observed that "Overall, Ek Chatur Naar wants to be the clever fox of revenge dramas, but it too often ends up chasing its own tail. Entertaining in parts but uneven in execution, it leaves you wishing the smarts had matched the setup."<ref>{{cite news |first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Ek Chatur Naar review: Divya Khossla, Neil Nitin Mukesh's revenge drama isn’t as chatur, still watchable in parts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-chatur-naar-review-divya-khossla-neil-nitin-mukeshs-revenge-drama-isn-t-as-chatur-still-watchable-in-parts-101757751563071.html|access-date=12 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[News 18]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and stated that "Divya Khosla delivers her career-best as Mamta, while Neil Nitin Mukesh shines in Umesh Shukla’s wickedly funny and thrilling black comedy."<ref>{{cite news |first=Yetamanyu|last=Narain|title=Ek Chatur Naar Review: Divya Khosla And Neil Nitin Mukesh Power Umesh Shukla’s Darkly Comic Thriller|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/ek-chatur-naar-review-divya-khosla-kumar-and-neil-nitin-mukesh-power-umesh-shuklas-darkly-comic-thriller-ws-l-9567337.html|access-date=12 September 2025 |work=News 18}}</ref>
Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 1 stars out of 5 and observed that "The only saving grace is the title score by Amar Mohile, which injects some energy into this otherwise pointless attempt at a dark revenge drama."<ref>{{cite news |first=Divya|last=Nair|title=Ek Chatur Naar: Not Chatur At All|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ek-chatur-naar-review/20250912.htm|access-date=12 September 2025 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Ek Chatur Naar is a revenge comedy which takes up cudgels against the various banking scams and injustice to farmers."<ref>{{cite news |first=Devesh|last=Sharma|title=Ek Chatur Naar Review: Preachy Revenge Comedy|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ek-chatur-naar-review-preachy-revenge-comedy-77606.html|access-date=12 September 2025 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
Troy Ribeiro of ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and stated that "The film misses the chance to fully embrace Mamta’s cunning nature, presenting her as earnest rather than sly. An abrupt genre shift and reliance on convenient plot twists in the denouement undermine its impact."<ref>{{cite news |first=Troy|last=Ribeiro|title=Ek Chatur Naar Review: Divya Khossla, Neil Nitin Mukesh In A Mediocre Mashup Of Cunning And Convenience|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/ek-chatur-naar-review-divya-khossla-neil-nitin-mukesh-in-a-mediocre-mashup-of-cunning-and-convenience|access-date=12 September 2025 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt37970307}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=ek-chatur-naar-2}}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:2025 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke

2026-05-02T19:28:32Z

Victornkd: Created the info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke
| image = Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|mr|स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके}}
| director = Yogesh Deshpande
| writer = Yogesh Deshpande
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*Saurabh Gadgil
*Yogesh Deshpande
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sunil Barve]]
*Adish Vaidya
*[[Sharad Ponkshe]]
*[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
*Sagar Talashikar
*Apurva Modak
*Avinash Narkar
*Sukhada khandkekar
}}
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Aney]] Saumitra Yadnyopavit
| editing = Faisal Mahadik
| music = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| studio = ReDefine Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|05|01}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INRConvert|2.58|C}}
}}

'''''Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] film based on [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Music director and Singer [[Sudhir Phadke]]. It is directed by Yogesh Deshpande and produced by ReDefine Productions, featuring [[Sunil Barve]], Adish Vaidya, [[Sharad Ponkshe]], [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]], Sagar Talashikar, Apoorva Modak, Avinash Narkar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title='स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके'चा दुसरा टीझर प्रदर्शित, 'या' दिवशी होणार प्रदर्शित |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/watch-swargandharva-sudhir-phadke-s-2-nd-teaser-movie-will-release-on-this-day/789949 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is real life story of [[Sudhir Phadke]].

== Cast ==

*[[Sunil Barve]] as [[Sudhir Phadke]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=सुनील बर्वे साकारणार सुधीर फडकेंची भूमिका; म्हणाले, "आजपासून तुमचं..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sunil-barve-play-babuji-role-in-swargandharva-sudhir-phadke-movie-pps-98-3839267/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
**Adish Vaidya as young [[Sudhir Phadke]]
*[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] as LalitaBai Phadke
*Sagar Talashikar as [[G. D. Madgulkar]]
*[[Sharad Ponkshe]] as [[Keshav Baliram Hedgewar|Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar]]
*Milind Phatak as [[Raja Paranjape]]
*Sukhada Khandkekar as [[Manik Varma]]
*Dheresh Joshi as [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
*Apoorva Modak [[Asha Bhosle]]<ref name=":2" />
*[[Nikhil Raut]] as [[Mohammed Rafi|Mohammad Rafi]]
*Nirajan parandkar as [[Kishore Kumar]]
*Nikhil Rajeshirke as young [[Shridhar Phadke|Shridhar phadke]]
*Vibhavari Deshpande
*Hrishikesh Joshi as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
*Suraj Kalyankar as Punjabi Swayamsevak
*Prasanna Ketkar as Sangha practitioner
*Chinmay Patwardhan as Nana
*Paritosh Pradhan as Interviewer in show
*Bhushan Telang
*Avinash Narkar as Theatre Director
*Uday Sabnis

== Production ==
[[File:Sunil Barve2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Sunil Barve]] played the role of Sudhir Phadke.]]
The film was officially announced on 25 July 2023 on the occasion of Phadke's birth anniversary at an event in the Swatantrya Veer Savarkar Memorial Hall in [[Mumbai]]. Former [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Ram Naik]] was present as the Chief Guest.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title="बाबूजी, तुमच्या स्वरातील आर्ततेला सलाम...", 'स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके' चित्रपटाचा नवा टीझर प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/swaragandharva-sudhir-phadke-marathi-biopic-second-teaser-out-now-avn-93-4254862/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=सुधीर फडके यांचा बायोपिक, सुनील बर्वे बाबूजींच्या तर हा अभिनेता दिसणार हेडगेवारांच्या भूमिकेत |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/sunil-barve-to-play-main-role-in-singer-composer-sudhir-phadke-biopic/articleshow/102178191.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> [[Sunil Barve]] was confirmed for portraying the role of Babuji ([[Sudhir Phadke]]) and the young Babuji is playing by Adish Vaidya making his debut in [[Marathi cinema]] with the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-19 |title=I am very excited about my role, says TV actor Adish Vaidya who will play Sudhir Phadke in a Marathi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-very-excited-about-my-role-says-tv-actor-adish-vaidya-who-will-play-sudhir-phadke-in-a-marathi-film/articleshow/102859708.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Sudhir Phadke
| released = 2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama India limited]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke - Full Album
}}
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| total_length =
| all_writing = [[G D Madgulkar]], [[Sudhir Phadke]], [[Shridhar Phadke]], Yashwant Deo
| all_lyrics = Gadi Madgulkar
| all_music = [[Sudhir Phadke]], [[Asha Bhosale]]
| title1 = Jivalaga Kadhi Re
| length1 = 2:57
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhosale]], [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title2 = Paradhin Aahey
| length2 = 2:31
| extra2 = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title3 = Toch Chandrama Nabhatla
| length3 = 2:00
| extra3 = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title4 = Dev Devhyaryat Nahi
| length4 = 2:06
| extra4 = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title5 = Dhundhi Kalyana
| length5 = 0:56
| extra5 = [[Asha Bhosale]], [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title6 = Jag He BandhiShala
| length6 = 1:33
| extra6 = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title7 = Phite Andharache Jale
| length7 = 2:47
| extra7 = [[Sudhir Phadke]] [[Asha Bhosale]]
| title8 = Ek Dhagaa Sukhacha
| length8 = 3:31
| extra8 = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title9 = Ha Maza Marg
| length9 = 3:34
| extra9 = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title10 = Jyoti Kalash
| length10 = 0:58
| extra10 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title11 = Sant Vahate
| length11 = 2:17
| extra11 = [[Sudhir Phadke]] [[Datta Davjekar]]
| title12 = Vithala tu Veda
| length12 = 1:33
| extra12 = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| title13 = Swar Ale Duruni
| length13 = 2:04
| extra13 = [[Sudhir Phadke]] [[Prabhakar Jog]]
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was theatrically released on 1 May 2024, coinciding [[Maharashtra Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=पदोपदी सोसलेल्या जाणीवेतून ती आर्तता माझ्या स्वरात उतरते...., स्वरगंधर्वांच्या सप्तसुरांचा प्रवास रुपेरी पडद्यावर, 'स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके' 'या' दिवशी होणार रिलीज |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/sudhir-phadke-biopic-swargandharva-sudhir-phadke-marathi-movie-will-release-on-1-may-maharashtra-din-sunil-barve-mrunmayee-deshpande-adish-vaidya-detail-marathi-news-1263799 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The film teaser of the film was released on 21 January 2024,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=More |first=Priya |date=2024-01-22 |title=Swargandharv Sudhir Phadke: माझ्या आयुष्याच्या खडतर प्रवासात..., 'स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके' चित्रपटाचा टीझर रिलीज |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/marathi-film-sunil-barve-and-mrunmayee-deshpande-swargandharv-sudhir-phadke-movie-teaser-released-pvm91 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref> second teaser was revealed on 11 March 2024, makers announced release date with this 1 minute 15 second long teaser.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title='स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके'चा नवा Teaser आऊट; महाराष्ट्र दिनी प्रदर्शित होणार चित्रपट, निर्मात्यांची घोषणा |url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/swaragandharva-sudhir-phadke-movie-release-date-and-new-teaser-out-watch-video-article-108390359 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Sudhir Phadke: आजवरचा सर्वात मोठा स्वरमयी बायोपिक, 'स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके'चा टीझर प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/upcoming-marathi-movie-swaragandharva-sudhir-phadke-teaser-is-out-141710148690108.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Vaibhav Vaze of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' awarded 3.5 stars out of 5 stars, the reviewer highlighting the unique narrative structure of the film, where different characters take turns narrating the story based on the context.<ref>{{Cite web |title=स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/swargandharv-sudhir-phadke/moviereview/109774955.cms |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> Anub George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3 stars out of 5 stars The reviewer is acknowledging that while the story of the film might have its shortcomings, he believe that the exceptional cinematography and production quality compensate for them.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke Movie Review : A musical blast from the past |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/swargandharva-sudhir-phadke/movie-review/109783454.cms |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Prerana Jangam of ''[[Sakal]]'' awarded 3 stars out of 5 stars, and she praised the film for providing a great cinematic experience, attributing it to the quality of cinematography and editing. The reviewer also commend the actors' performances, as well as the attention to detail in costumes, makeup, and set design, which effectively recreate the period on screen. However, she acknowledge some flaws, particularly in the effectiveness of certain dialogues and the slow pacing at the beginning of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जंगम |first=प्रेरणा |date=2024-05-04 |title=Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke Review : सुधीर फडकेंच्या संघर्षाची सांगितीक गाथा |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/swargandharva-sudhir-phadke-review-sunil-barve-film-entertainment-news-pvk21 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref> Reshma Raikwar of ''[[Loksatta]]'' expressed some disorientation with the emphasis on political ideologies over songs and the inconsistency in portraying Babuji's voice. Despite these issues, she observed that the film is seen as providing a satisfying educational experience about Sudhir Phadke's extraordinary talent, compositions, and ideological views.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-05 |title=Swargandharva Sudhir Phadke Movie Review : तोच चंद्रमा नभात... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/swargandharva-sudhir-phadke-movie-review-by-loksatta-reshma-raikwar-zws-70-4355557/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Jyoti Venkatesh of ''[[Cine Blitz]]'' rated 2 stars out of 5 stars, acknowledged the appeal of Phadke's music and the visual aesthetics provided by the cinematography and points out flaws in the film, such as its slow pace, poor screenplay leading to uneven pacing, and the inclusion of Sudhir Phadke's political inclinations, which may not resonate with all viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swargandharv Sudhir Phadke Marathi Movie Review: Uneven pacing mars the film! |url=https://cineblitz.in/review/swargandharv-sudhir-phadke-marathi-movie-review-uneven-pacing-mars-the-film/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=[[Cine Blitz]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film opened with collection of {{INRConvert|50|l}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office:'नाच गं घुमा', 'स्वरगंधर्व सुधीर फडके'ची गाडी सुसाट; पण दोघांनाही टक्कर देतोय 'जुनं फर्निचर', कुणाची किती कमाई? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/nach-g-ghuma-box-office-collection-of-day-2/articleshow/109804116.cms |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee (s)
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
| rowspan="5" |Aaryans Sanman
|Best Actor
|[[Sunil Barve]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=‘Aaryans Navdurga Sanman Award’ and ‘Aaryans Samman Film-Drama 2024’ Nomination Ceremony announced! |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/aaryans-navdurga-sanman-award-and-aaryans-samman-film-drama-2024-nomination-ceremony-announced/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=CineBuster |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘आर्यन सन्मानासाठी’ कलाकृती पाठविण्याचे आवाहन |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2024/8/22/Aryan-sanman.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.mahamtb.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Art Director
|Mahesh Kore
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Makeup Artist
|Saurabh Kapde
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Custom Designer
|Sachin Lovalekar
|{{Nom}}
|-
|City Cine Awards
|Best Actress
|Mrunmayee Deshpande
|{{Pending}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Cinema's Finest Honored: City Cine Awards Marathi 2024 Results |url=https://www.radiocity.in/ccamarathi |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Radiocity}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=30138224}}

[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language musical films]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]

Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari

2026-05-01T15:51:55Z

Victornkd: Created first data basic info

{{Short description|Tamil novel by Su. Venkatesan}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox book|
italic title = '''Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari''' |
title_orig = வீரயுக நாயகன் வேள்பாரி|
image = Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari.jpg |
author = [[S. Venkatesan]] |
subject = [[Vēl Pāri]]|
genre = [[Historical fiction]]|
place = |
cover_artist = Maniam Selvam|
language = [[Tamil language]] |
publisher = Vikatan publishers, [[Chennai]]|
pub_date = 29 December 2018 |
pages = 1408|
}}
'''Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari''' is a [[Tamil language]] [[Historical fiction]] novel written by Tamil writer [[Su. Venkatesan]] , first serialized in the Tamil weekly magazine [[Ananda Vikatan]] from 2016 to 2018 for 111 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=2025-07-09 |title=How a novel inspired parents to name their children after its characters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-a-novel-inspired-parents-to-name-their-children-after-its-characters/article69793123.ece |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> The novel reimagines the life of [[Vēl Pāri]], a [[velir]] ruler of Parambu Nadu during the [[Sangam period]] (circa 3rd century BCE) in ancient [[Tamilakam]]. Celebrated as one of the "[[Last seven great patrons]]" in Tamil literature, Pari is known for his benevolence, patronage of arts, and resistance against the powerful [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola Empire|Chola]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] kingdoms. The novel blends historical facts with fictional storytelling, offering a portrayal of Tamil culture, warfare, and societal dynamics. The illustration for the book was done by Manian Selvam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-45517724.amp | title=வேள்பாரி: 50 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பின் வரலாறு படைத்த புனைக் கதைத் தொடர் | publisher=பிபிசி தமிழ் | work=கட்டுரை | date=14 September 2018| author=முரளிதரன் காசிவிஸ்வநாதன் }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/authors/in-the-land-of-the-mountain-king/article25889523.ece | title=In the land of the mountain king| publisher=The Hindu | author=AKILA KANNADASAN}}</ref>

==Structure==

The narrative is divided into two volumes. Volume 1, often referred to as "The Making of a Warrior", covers Velpari's early life, while Volume 2, "Epic Battles and Legacy", focuses on his military campaigns against the three major kingdoms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://giri.in/products/veerayuga-nayagan-velpaari |title=Veerayuga Nayagan Velpari - 2 Volumes Set - Tamil |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=giri.in}}</ref>

==Plot==

The book narrates the story of Vēḷ Pari, a benevolent and courageous ruler of Parambu Nadu, a region spanning parts of modern-day Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Known for his patronage of arts and resistance against the dominant Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms, Pari is depicted as a multifaceted figure.<ref name="scribbles" /> The novel is structured in two volumes:

===Volume 1===
The Making of a Warrior traces Velpari's early years, detailing his upbringing, training, and the challenges that shape him into a formidable warrior. It provides insights into the geography, lifestyle, and traditions of the velir race, including their food culture, medicinal practices, and romantic entanglements.<ref name="scribbles">{{cite web |url=https://constantscribbles.wordpress.com/2021/09/24/book-review-veera-yuga-nayagan-velpari/ |title=Book Review – Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=constantscribbles.wordpress.com}}{{cite web |url=https://www.diarytale.com/velpari/ |title=VEERAYUGA NAYAGAN VELPARI by Su. Venkatesan | access-date=2025-07-16 |website=diarytale.com}}</ref>

===Volume 2===
Epic Battles and Legacy focuses on Velpari's leadership in battles against the combined forces of the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. It highlights his strategic brilliance and bravery, detailing significant events such as the deaths of his companions Thisaivezar and Thekkan, the capture of Neelan during a women's gathering for Myla, and a climactic assault on Parambu Nadu triggered by the violation of war rules. Velpari employs unconventional tactics, such as using insects as a night time strategy.<ref name="scribbles" /> The narrative also explores the political and social dynamics that led to the alliance against Velpari.<ref name="scroll" />

The story blends historical facts with fiction, emphasizing Velpari's legacy as a tribal chieftain who stood against exploitation. It incorporates elements from Sangam literature, such as the sacrifice of [[Kapilar]], Pari's poet friend, as referenced in the [[Purananuru]].

==Main characters==
The central figure is Vēḷ Pari (Velpari). Other important characters include:

* Kapilar, a poet and close friend of Pari, a prolific poet of Sangam literature
* Myla, a strong female character involved in plot developments
* Neelan, whose capture triggers major events
* Thisaivezar and Thekkan, warriors
* Parambu, leading a controversial final assault
* Kalamban, an opponent in an honest fight with Pari

==Key themes==

The novel explores themes of valor, kindness, resistance against powerful kingdoms, and the conflict between nature and human greed. It portrays Pari not only as a generous ruler but also as a tribal chieftain who stood against exploitation by the dominant powers of his time.<ref name="scroll" >{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/904729/meet-su-venkatesan-whose-serialised-tamil-novel-velpari-has-crossed-100-instalments |title=Interview: Meet Su Venkatesan, whose serialised Tamil novel 'Velpari' has crossed 100 instalments |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=scroll.in}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==

The novel vividly portrays Tamil culture, including lifestyle, food, medicine, and warfare, drawing from extensive research on Sangam-era traditions. Its detailed depiction of ethnic Tamil life makes it a significant work in modern Tamil literature, reawakening cultural memory and serving as a cultural touchstone.<ref name="scroll" /><ref name="scribbles" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Anitha |date=2022-11-15 |title=Veerayuga Nayagan Velpari is a Language and Life that Brings out new Ideas |url=https://irjt.iorpress.org/index.php/irjt/article/view/1704 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=International Research Journal of Tamil |pages=162–168 |language=en |doi=10.34256/irjt224s2125}}</ref>

==Reception==

Serialized for 111 weeks in Ananda Vikatan, the novel achieved a rare milestone as the first fictional work in four decades to run for over 100 installments.<ref name="scroll" /> The book has sold over one [[lakh]] copies in Tamil. A function was organised in July 2025 to celebrate this milestone which was graced by [[Rajinikanth]], [[Gopinath Chandran]], [[S. Shankar]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velpaari Celebration Event Videos |url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoD5Lz9b8wYF7B-qXqH1zLNtdKmFk9yTg |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>

==Adaptation==

Tamil filmmaker [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] has announced plans to adapt this book into a three-part film, with script work completed as of January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=Like 'Game of Thrones' and 'Avatar': Shankar on his dream project 'Velpari' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/like-game-of-thrones-and-avatar-shankar-on-his-dream-project-velpari/article69804424.ece |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-shankar-upset-over-unauthorised-use-of-scenes-from-tamil-novel-veera-yuga-nayagan-velpari/article68672930.ece |title=Director Shankar upset over “unauthorised use” of scenes from Tamil novel 'Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari' |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=thehindu.com}}</ref> Shankar, who holds the copyright, has warned filmmakers against unauthorized use of the novel's scenes, emphasizing the need to respect creators’ rights. This warning was reportedly prompted by similarities observed in the trailer of the film [[Devara: Part 1]] (2024), though no specific legal action has been confirmed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/shankar-threatens-legal-action-against-those-using-vel-pari-novel-scenes-in-films |title=Shankar threatens legal action against those using Vel Pari novel scenes in films |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Novels in Tamil]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Historical romance novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels in Tamil]]
[[Category:Historical novels]]

Virendra Prabhakar

2026-04-30T00:47:24Z

Victornkd: Created initial details added tags

{{Short description|Indian photojournalist (1928 – 2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Virendra Prabhakar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|08|15}}
| birth_place = Uttar Pradesh, [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|01|04|1928|08|15}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Press photojournalist
| yearsactive = 1947–2015
| known for = News photos
| spouse = Kanta
| domesticpartner =
| children = Two sons and a daughter
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Delhi State]] Award [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society|AIFACS]] Kala Vibhushan Award [[American Biographical Institute|ABI]] Distinguished Leadership Award [[Rotary International]] Man of the Year 2000 Acharya Mahapragya Ahimsa Prakshikshan Samman
}}
'''Virendra Prabhakar''' (15 August 1928 – 4 January 2015) was an Indian press [[photojournalist]], cited by the [[Limca Book of Records]] as the longest serving press photojournalist.<ref name="Indian Renowned Photo Journalist Virendra Prabhakar Dies Aged 84">{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-my/news/other/indian-renowned-photo-journalist-virendra-prabhakar-dies-aged-84/ar-BBhwVkv | title=Indian Renowned Photo Journalist Virendra Prabhakar Dies Aged 84 | publisher=MSN News | date=5 January 2015 | access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> 14,458 published news photos have been credited to him.<ref name="Photo journalist Virendra Prabhakar passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/photo-journalist-virendra-prabhakar-passes-away/article6753880.ece | title=Photo journalist Virendra Prabhakar passes away | publisher=Business Line - The Hindu | date=4 January 2015 | access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1982.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | access-date=18 June 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Virendra Prabhakar was born in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in a Jain family on 15 August 1928 and did his schooling at the [[Doon School]] where he had the opportunity to train in sculpture and photography under the renowned sculptor, [[Sudhir Khastgir]] who was a member of the arts faculty.<ref name="Padma Shri Verendra Prabhakar">{{cite web | url=http://jainminority.com/virendra_prabhakar.php | title=Padma Shri Verendra Prabhakar | publisher=Jain Minority | date=2015 | access-date=3 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704125407/http://jainminority.com/virendra_prabhakar.php | archive-date=4 July 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Later, he did training in painting at the Chitrashala, [[Mussoorie]].<ref name="Virendra Prabhakar, Press photo journalist">{{cite web | url=http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2716&cat=62 | title=Virendra Prabhakar, Press photo journalist | publisher=Jain Samaj | date=2015 | access-date=3 July 2015 | archive-date=4 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704211322/http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=2716&cat=62 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His career started with a coverage of the [[Asian Relations Conference]] hosted by the provisional government headed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1947 as India was in the transitional stage to independence.<ref name="Virendra Prabhakar, Press photo journalist" /> Prabhakar covered the conference staged at the [[Old Fort, Delhi]] which was attended to by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and former Indonesian president, [[Sukarno]].

Prabhakar's career which returned a reported 14,458 published news photos and spanned from 1947 till his death in 2015, earned him an entry in the [[Limca Book of Records]] as the longest serving photojournalist.<ref name="Photo journalist Virendra Prabhakar passes away" /> His photos have been published by many Hindi and English language dailies and his photo exhibitions on various themes have been staged at many places.<ref name="Photo exhibition on Jainism">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/24/stories/1424218a.htm | title=Photo exhibition on Jainism | date=24 April 2001 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=3 July 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was the founder secretary of the Chitra Kala Sangam, an organisation based in Delhi promoting art and culture.<ref name="Virendra Prabhakar, Press photo journalist" />

Prabhakar was married to Kanta<ref name="Padma Shri Verendra Prabhakar" /> and the couple lived at Bapa Nagar, Delhi.<ref name="Virendra Prabhakar died">{{cite web | url=http://www.htsyndication.com/htsportal/article/Virendra-Prabhakar-died/6396889 | title=Virendra Prabhakar died | publisher=HT Syndication | date=5 January 2015 | access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> They had a daughter, Neelam and two sons, Ashok Jain and Ravi Jain, the latter a joint secretary of the [[Delhi District Cricket Association]].<ref name="Photo journalist Virendra Prabhakar passes away" /> Prabhakar died on 4 January 2015 at Delhi at the age of 86 succumbing to a cardiac arrest.<ref name="Virendra Prabhakar died" /><ref name="Noted photo journalist Virendra Prabhakar passes away">{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-04/news/57663555_1_longest-spell-limca-book-cardiac-arrest | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704181957/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-04/news/57663555_1_longest-spell-limca-book-cardiac-arrest | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 July 2015 | title=Noted photo journalist Virendra Prabhakar passes away | publisher=Economic Times | date=4 January 2015 | access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]]. in 1982.<ref name="Padma Shri" /> This was followed by the [[Delhi State]] Award The [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] awarded him the ''Millennium 2000 Kala Vibhushan Award'' in 2000, the same year as he received the ''Man of the Year'' award from [[Rotary International]].<ref name="Virendra Prabhakar, Press photo journalist" /> In 2006, he received the ''Acharya Mahapragya Ahimsa Prakshikshan Samman'' in 2006.<ref name="Virendra Prabhakar honoured">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/virendra-prabhakar-honoured/article3063663.ece | title=Virendra Prabhakar honoured | work=The Hindu | date=20 October 2006 | access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Photojournalism]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, Virendra}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian photojournalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Photographers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-28T17:55:25Z

Victornkd: creating a info

{{Short description|Electoral constituency in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ahmedabad East
| type = LS
| map_image = અમદાવાદ પૂર્વ – Ahmedabad East.svg
| map_caption =
| established = 2008
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Hasmukhbhai Somabhai Patel|Hasmukh Patel]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Indian general elections|2019]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
|electors=18,09,841<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>
| assembly_cons =[[Dahegam Assembly constituency|Dahegam]] [[Gandhinagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar South]] [[Vatva Assembly constituency|Vatva]] [[Nikol Assembly constituency|Nikol]] [[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]] [[Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency|Thakkarbapa Nagar]] [[Bapunagar Assembly constituency|Bapunagar]]
|reservation=None
}}
'''Ahmedabad East''' is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) constituencies in [[Gujarat]], a state in western [[India]]. This constituency was created as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=147|access-date=12 December 2014|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Harin Pathak]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). The second elections which were held in 2014, film actor [[Paresh Rawal]] of the BJP represented this constituency. As of the 2019 elections, Hasmukh Patel of the BJP represents this constituency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-it-s-too-early-to-judge-achche-din-paresh-rawal-2014450|title=It's too early to judge 'Achche din': Paresh Rawal|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publisher=Deepak Rathi|date=28 August 2014|access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
As of 2014, Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref name=ceo/>

{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|34
|[[Dahegam Assembly constituency|Dahegam]]
|None
|rowspan="2"|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|35
|[[Gandhinagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar South]]
|None
|-
|43
|[[Vatva Assembly constituency|Vatva]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|46
|[[Nikol Assembly constituency|Nikol]]
|None
|-
|47
|[[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]]
|None
|-
|48
|[[Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency|Thakkarbapa Nagar]]
|None
|-
|49
|[[Bapunagar Assembly constituency|Bapunagar]]
|None
|}

==Members of Parliament==
* Elections until 2008, See [[Ahmedabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad]] parliamentary constituency.
* This seat came into existence from 2009 elections.

[[File:Paresh_Rawal_still4.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright|From 2014 to 2019, film actor [[Paresh Rawal]] represented this constituency.]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Harin Pathak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Paresh Rawal]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Hasmukhbhai Somabhai Patel|Hasmukh Patel]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title = [[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Amdavad|Ahmedabad East]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ahmedabad East">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ahmedabad East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S067.htm |access-date=29 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729190226/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S067.htm |archive-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hasmukhbhai Somabhai Patel]]
|votes = 7,70,459
|percentage = 68.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Himmatsinh Prahladsinh Patel|votes=3,08,704|percentage=27.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=10,503|percentage=0.92|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,61,755|percentage=40.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,30,756|percentage=55.42|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Amdavad|Ahmedabad East]]<ref>
{{Cite web |title=2019 General Election constituency wise detailed result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hasmukhbhai Somabhai Patel]]
|votes = 7,49,834
|percentage = 67.17
|change = +2.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gitaben Kiranbhai Patel|votes=3,15,504|percentage=28.26|change=-2.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ganeshbhai Narsinhbhai Vaghela|votes=9,121|percentage=0.82|change=+0.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,008|percentage=0.81|change=-0.65}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,34,330|percentage=38.91|change=+5.77}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,119,064|percentage=61.76|change=+0.17}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.88
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Amdavad|Ahmedabad East]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Paresh Rawal]]
|votes = 6,33,582
|percentage = 64.29
|change = +10.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Himmatsingh Prahladsingh Patel
|votes = 3,06,949
|percentage = 31.15
|change = -7.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dinesh Vaghela
|votes = 11,349
|percentage = 1.15
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rohit Rajubhai Virjibhai
|votes = 6,023
|percentage = 0.61
|change = -0.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 14,358
|percentage = 1.46
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,26,633
|percentage = 33.14
|change = +18.74
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,86,526
|percentage = 61.59
|change = +19.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +10.92
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad East]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=38|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Harin Pathak]]
|votes = 3,18,846
|percentage = 53.37
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dipakbhai Babaria
|votes = 2,32,790
|percentage = 38.97
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Bholabhai Patel
|votes = 8,999
|percentage = 1.51
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Brijeshkumar Ujagarlal Sharma
|votes = 7,477
|percentage = 1.25
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virubhai N. Vanzara
|votes = 7,254
|percentage = 1.21
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajesh Hariram Maurya
|votes = 4,601
|percentage = 0.77
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Mahagujarat Janta Party
|candidate = Pravin Rambhai Patel
|votes = 4,580
|percentage = 0.77
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anilkumar Brijendrabhai Sharma
|votes = 3,042
|percentage = 0.51
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Buddhpriya Jasvant Somabhai
|votes = 2,003
|percentage = 0.34
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhavinbhai Amrutbhai Patel
|votes = 1,345
|percentage = 0.23
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pareshbhai Rasiklal Thakkar
|votes = 1,337
|percentage = 0.22
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sanjitkumar Radhakrishnasinh Rajput
|votes = 1,000
|percentage = 0.17
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Justice Party
|candidate = Ranjeetsingh Ramsankarsingh Rajput
|votes = 811
|percentage = 0.14
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Bharatiya National Janta Dal
|candidate = Sanjiv Indravadan Bhatt
|votes = 712
|percentage = 0.12
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khodabhai Laljibhai Desai
|votes = 694
|percentage = 0.12
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
|candidate = Hasrath Jayram Pagare
|votes = 678
|percentage = 0.11
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Loktantrik Samajwadi Party (India)
|candidate = N. T. Sengal
|votes = 639
|percentage = 0.11
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = National Lokhind Party
|candidate = Premhari Rameshchandra Sharma
|votes = 579
|percentage = 0.10
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 86,056
|percentage = 14.40
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,97,850
|percentage = 42.35
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ahmedabad District]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|23.019|72.65|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Government of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 2008]]

Suttum Vizhi Sudare (TV series)

2026-04-25T12:35:37Z

Victornkd: Created a data needs work

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on = ''Chinni''
| executive_producer =
| writer = Kavya Gopalakrishnan
| screenplay = Kavya Gopalakrishnan
| director = Harish Adithya * P.Niravi Pandian
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vinusha Devi]]
* Tanishka
* Yuvan Mayilsamy
}}
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 50+
| producer = K. Jayalakshmi
| company = Venus Infotainment
| open_theme =
| cinematography = Syed Muhammad
| editor = * R.Rajesh Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Star Vijay]] [[Colors Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|1|5|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Suttum Vizhi Sudare - Oru Chinanjiru Kuyilin Kadhai''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series starring [[Vinusha Devi]], Tanishka and Yuvan Mayilsamy in lead role. Produced by K. Jayalakshmi under Venus Infotainment, the series is a remake of [[Star Maa]]'s [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language series ''Chinni''.<ref name="adaptation" />

The series explores the revolving around a young girl named Sudar and her deep bond with her mother, Abinaya. It premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 5 January 2026 and is also available on the digital platform [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiantvinfo.com/sutrum-vizhi-sudare-tamil-serial-star-vijay/#google_vignette| title=Sutrum Vizhi Sudare Tamil Serial on Star Vijay| website=indiantvinfo.com| date= 5 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is about a young woman named Abi who went to prison for a murder that was not committed. In jail, she learns that she is pregnant and gives birth to a daughter, Sudar. After spending ten years in prison with her mother, Sudar is taken away by an NGO worker, Radhika, to bring Abi's brother Sanmugam the responsibility.

Sudar faces hostility from Sarala, who is Sangmugam's wife. Abinaya continues to worry about her daughter's safety and future. As the story unfolds, secrets begin to unravel.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Vinusha Devi]] as Abinaya: Sanmugam's sister; Vetri's wife; Sudar's mother
* Tanishka as Sudar: Abi and Vetri's daughter
* Yuvan Mayilsamy as Vetri: Abi's husband; Sudar's father

=== Recurring ===
* Rajkumar Manoharan as Shanmugam: Abi's brother; Sarala's husband
* Ishwar Raghunathan as Karna: Vetri's elder brother
* Chandhini Prakash as Swetha: Parvathy's younger sister
* Atchaya Bharathi as Sarala: Shanmugam's wife
* Marxim Karki as Tarun: Shanmugam Son
* Sri Madu as Dhiya: Shanmugam Daughter
* Koushik Shiva as Mahesh: Karna & Parvathy Son
* Jayaram Mohan as Manickam: Karna Rival
* Dr. Jaya as Radhika
* Pushpa Vetriselvan as Kanchana
* Vennila as Madhavi DSP
* Shabana as Kumutha
* [[Ambani Shankar]]
* Vikash Sampath<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2026/Feb/18/bakhyalakshmi-serial-actor-in-the-series-suttum-vizhi-sudar| title=சுட்டும் விழி சுடரே தொடரில் பாக்கியலட்சுமி சீரியல் நடிகர்!| website=[[Dinamani]]| date=18 February 2026|language=ta}}</ref> as Prabakaran

== Production ==
=== Development ===
It is an adaptation of [[Star Maa]]'s [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language series ''Chinni''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-serial-actress-vinusha-devi-starring-new-serial-at-vijay-tv-suttum-vizhi-sudare-promo-is-out-now-vinusha-waiting-for-her-victory-article-153312207| title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா தொடர் மூலம் ரசிகர்களுக்கு சின்னத்திரையில் அறிமுகம் ஆன வினுஷா தேவிக்கு மீண்டும் விஜய் டிவியில் வாய்ப்பு வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. | website=tamil.timesnownews.com| date=18 December 2025|language=ta}}</ref> The series is directed by Harish Adithya, known for his television soap operas such as ''[[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|Kalyana Parisu 2]]'' (2014), ''Thirumagal'' (2020) and ''[[Thangamagal (TV series)|Thangamagal]]'' (2024–2025). The series is produced by K. Jayalakshmi under the Venus Infotainment and the music by Kiran.

=== Casting ===
''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'' serial fame [[Vinusha Devi]] was cast as female lead Abi,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cineulagam.com/article/suttum-vizhi-sudare-coming-soon-launch-promo-1764074929| title=பிரபல நடிகை வினுஷா நடிக்கும் புத்தம் புதிய சீரியல் சுட்டும் விழி சுடரே... புரொமோ இதோ | website=cineulagam.com| date=1 December 2025|language=ta}}</ref> Tanishka was cast as Sudar, Yuvan Mayilsamy was cast as male lead Vetri, he has worked with Harish Adithya's series ''[[Thangamagal (TV series)|Thangamagal]]'' which had an aired on [[Star Vijay]] in 2024–2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Oct/27/yuvan-mayilsamy-vinusha-in-sutrum-vizhi-sudare-vijay-tv| title=மயில்சாமியின் மகன் நடிக்கும் புதிய தொடர்! சுற்றும் விழிச் சுடரே!| website=[[Dinamani]]| date=27 October 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

Actors Ishwar and Rajkumar were cast in important roles. Actor Fawaz cast as private role but he left the series and is replaced by actor Vikash in March 2026.<ref name="adaptation">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-vikash-joins-the-cast-of-suttum-vizhi-sudare-set-to-play-pivotal-role/articleshow/128911579.cms| title=Actor Vikash joins the cast of 'Suttum Vizhi Sudare'; set to play pivotal role| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=1 March 2026|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
On 25 November 2025, the first Launch promo was released, giving a brief insight into Sudar's talk with her pregnant mother.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Dec/04/preview-of-vinushas-suttum-vili-sudare-series| title=வினுஷாவின் சுட்டும் விழி சுடரே தொடரின் முன்னோட்டக் காட்சி!| website=[[Dinamani]]| date=4 December 2025|language=ta}}</ref> The second promo was released on 17 December 2025, featuring Abi and Sudar's life and revealing the plot through a song. On 28 December 2025, they revealed the release date.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/television/vijay-tv-brand-new-serial-suttum-vizhi-sudare-coming-soon-r720n6s?photo=1| title=என்னது பாரதி கண்ணம்மா பார்ட் 3-யா? விஜய் டிவியின் புது சீரியல் அறிவிப்பால் ஷாக் ஆன ரசிகர்கள்| website=tamil.asianetnews.com| date=26 November 2025|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-serial-actress-vinusha-devi-starring-new-serial-at-vijay-tv-suttum-vizhi-sudare-promo-is-out-now-vinusha-waiting-for-her-victory-article-153312207|title=Bharathi Kannamma serial actress Vinusha Devi starring new serial at Vijay TV Suttum Vizhi Sudare promo is out now|website=Tamil Times Now News |date=18 December 2025 }}</ref>

The show started airing on [[Star Vijay]] on 5 January 2026 on Monday to Saturday at 15:00, replacing ''[[Magale En Marumagale]]''’s time slot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Nov/17/two-series-at-a-new-time-starting-today|title=இன்று முதல் புதிய நேரத்தில் இரு தொடர்கள்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/suttum-vizhi-sudare/1271518434''Suttum Vizhi Sudare''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
== Broadcast history ==
It began airing on [[Star Vijay]] on 5 January 2026 from Monday to Saturday at 15:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). Starting on 30 March 2026, it shifted to the evening slot at 13:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Nov/16/magale-en-marumagale-serial-change-prime-time|title=முக்கியத்துவம் பெறும் நேரத்துக்கு மாற்றப்பட்ட மகளே என் மருமகளே தொடர்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref> replacing ''[[Dhanam (TV series)|Dhanam]]''’s time slot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Nov/17/two-series-at-a-new-time-starting-today|title=இன்று முதல் புதிய நேரத்தில் இரு தொடர்கள்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref>

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]

Ramnagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency

2026-04-23T08:51:52Z

Victornkd: article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{For|disambiguation|Ramnagar (disambiguation){{!}}Ramnagar}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramnagar
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Ramnagar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ramnagar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Akhil Giri]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Kanthi]]
| constituency_no = 217
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,64,900
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Ramnagar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 217 Ramnagar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Ramnagar I]] and [[Ramnagar II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 6 August 2015| work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Ramnagar Assembly constituency is part of No. 31 [[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan=2 | Year
! Member
! Party
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan=2|Trailakya Nath Pradhan
| rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Balailal Das Mahapatra
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|T. Pradhan
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Balailal Das Mahapatra
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}" |
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Bishal Radhagobinda
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)}}" |
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Hemanta Dutta
|[[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Balailal Das Mahapatra
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Abanti Mishra
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Sudhir Kumar Giri
| rowspan=3|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan=2|Mrinal Kanti Roy
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Akhil Giri]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Swadesh Ranjan Nayak
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=3|[[Akhil Giri]]
| rowspan=3|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramnagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Akhil Giri]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandra Shekhar Mondal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashoke Kumar Maity
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narayan Barman
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramnagar<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022|title=West Bengal General Legislative Election 2021|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14106-west-bengal-general-legislative-election-2021-including-ac-56-58/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Akhil Giri]]
|votes = 112,622
|percentage = 50.72
|change = -2.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swadesh Ranjan Nayak
|votes = 100,105
|percentage = 45.08
|change = +39.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sabyasachi Jana
|votes = 6,751
|percentage = 3.04
|change = -35.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = –
|votes = 1,233
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Arati Pahari
|votes = 944
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Right to Recall Party
|candidate = Trayee Pradhan
|votes = 405
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 222,060
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramnagar}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Akhil Giri]]
|votes = 107,081
|percentage = 52.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Tapas Sinha
|votes = 78,828
|percentage = 39.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tapan Kar
|votes = 12,186
|percentage = 6.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Prodorshi Ghosh
|votes = 902
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Bharat Nirman Party
|candidate = Prabir Kumar Misra
|votes = 774
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dhananjoy Dalai
|votes = 628
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 28,253
|percentage = 14.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 202,093
|percentage = 84.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramnagar<ref name="Ramnagar">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25217.htm |title = Ramnagar |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-17 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=217| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519165407/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=217| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Ramnagar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Ramnagar |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-01 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Akhil Giri]]
|votes = 93,801
|percentage = 52.56
|change = +3.98#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Swadesh Ranjan Nayek
|votes = 77,242
|percentage = 43.28
|change = -8.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satya Ranjan Das
|votes = 4,507
|percentage = 2.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tapan Maity
|votes = 2,929
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 178,479
|percentage = 87.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 12.11#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Swadesh Ranjan Nayak of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Ramnagar assembly seat defeating his nearest rival [[Akhil Giri]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Akhil Giri]] of Trinamool Congress defeated Samares Das of CPI(M) in 2001. Mrinal Kanti Roy of CPI(M) defeated Dipak Das of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996 and 1991. Sudhir Kumar Giri of CPI(M) defeated Hemanta Dutta of Congress in 1987. Abanti Mishra of Congress defeated Balai Lal Das Mahapatra, Independent, in 1982. Balai Lal Das Mahapatra of [[Janata Party]] defeated Rohini Karan of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp212.htm |title = 212 - Ramnagar Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-07 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Hemanta Dutta of Congress won in 1972. Radha Gobinda Bishal of [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress (Organisation)]] won in 1971. Balai Lal Das Mahapatra of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in 1969. Trailokya Nath Pradhan of Congress won in 1967, [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]], [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent Indias's first election in 1951]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kanke Assembly constituency

2026-04-22T04:08:13Z

Victornkd: made new entry!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = SC
| name = Kanke
| map_image = Kanke constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
| district = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Suresh Kumar Baitha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| established = 2000
| electors = {{formatnum:415081}}
| constituency_no = 65
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Kanke Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value1=80|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party }}|label2=[[Indian National Congress |INC]]|value2=20|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1967: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||J. N. Choubey || {{Full party name with color|Jan Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan="2"|Ram Tahal Chaudhary || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Hira Ram Toofani || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Ram Ratan Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Hari Ram
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan="2"|Ram Chandra Baitha|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||Ram Chandra Nayak
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || rowspan=2 | Ram Chandra Baitha || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Dr. Jitu Charan Ram
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Sammari Lal]]
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Suresh Kumar Baitha]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanke<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Kumar Baitha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,33,499 |percentage=43.47% |change={{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Jitu Charan Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,32,531 |percentage=43.16% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phuleshwar Baitha |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=25,965 |percentage=8.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar Rajak |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,157 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,588 |percentage=1.17% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=968 |percentage=0.32% |change= {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,07,093 |percentage=63.74% |change= {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,81,815 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanke<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sammari Lal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,11,975 |percentage=44.04% |change={{decrease}}11.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar Baitha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=89,435 |percentage=35.17% |change={{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramjeet Ganjhu |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=29,127 |percentage=11.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh Ram |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=10,391 |percentage=4.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Nag |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,678 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Prasad |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,549 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar |party=Rashtriya Jaihind Party |votes=1,442 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,313 |percentage=1.30% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,540 |percentage=8.86% |change= {{decrease}}19.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,54,259 |percentage=61.26% |change= {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,15,081 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanke<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Jitu Charan Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,15,702 |percentage=55.69% |change={{increase}}24.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar Baitha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,898 |percentage=26.90% |change={{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Nag |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=17,411 |percentage=8.38% |change={{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subedar Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,735 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niranjan Kalindi |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,968 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Rajak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,630 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,303 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,851 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59,804 |percentage=28.78% |change= {{increase}}25.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,07,762 |percentage=59.81% |change= {{increase}}16.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,47,392 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}24.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanke<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramchandra Baitha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,245 |percentage=31.30% |change={{decrease}}17.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar Baitha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,674 |percentage=28.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sammari Lal]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=16,228 |percentage=11.23% |change={{decrease}}25.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramjeet Ganjhu |party=Independent politician |votes=9,335 |percentage=6.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Devi |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=9,091 |percentage=6.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Kumar Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,559 |percentage=3.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Rajak |party=Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Dal |votes=3,596 |percentage=2.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,571 |percentage=3.16% |change= {{decrease}}8.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,559 |percentage=43.60% |change= {{decrease}}16.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,31,582 |ref = |change= {{increase}}57.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanke<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramchandra Baitha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=61,502 |percentage=48.59% |change={{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sammari Lal]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=46,443 |percentage=36.69% |change={{increase}}31.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramjeet Ganjhu |party=Independent politician |votes=12,521 |percentage=9.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghuran Ram |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=8,906 |percentage=7.04% |change={{decrease}}20.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balram Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,985 |percentage=3.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bibhash Chandra Ranjan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,392 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rijhu Nayak |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,230 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,059 |percentage=11.90% |change= {{decrease}}7.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,575 |percentage=60.27% |change= {{increase}}18.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,10,012 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanke<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chandra Nayak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,994 |percentage=46.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sammari Lal]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=24,603 |percentage=27.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikram Jai Kishore |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,679 |percentage=12.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vindhyachal Ram |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=4,372 |percentage=4.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,187 |percentage=4.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chuni Lal Nayak |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,314 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarjeev Mirdha |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=649 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,391 |percentage=19.12% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,937 |percentage=42.52% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,16,280 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.437|85.322|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ranchi district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Gentleman (2020 film)

2026-04-18T17:25:36Z

Victornkd: made details.

{{short description|Indian Kannada crime-action film by Jadesh Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gentleman
| image = Gentleman (2020 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Jadesh Kumar Hampi
| producer = Guru Deshpande
| writer = Jadesh Kumar Hampi Santosh SK
| story =
| starring = [[Prajwal Devraj]] [[Nishvika Naidu]] [[Sanchari Vijay]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = Aroor Sudhakar Shetty
| editing = Venkatesh UDV
| studio = Guru Deshpande Productions (G Cinemas)
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2020|02|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Gentleman''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action crime film|action thriller film]] co-written and directed by Jadesh Kumar Hampi in his directorial debut,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/gentleman-claims-to-be-worlds-first-on-ova-scam/articleshow/73178957.cms|title=Gentleman claims to be world's first on ova scam|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> and produced by Guru Deshpande under his banner Guru Deshpande Productions (G Cinemas).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/a-sleeping-beauty-and-a-terrible-scam-in-jadesh-kumars-next/articleshow/73228475.cms|title=A sleeping beauty and a terrible scam in Jadesh Kumar's next - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/gentleman-5-reasons-to-watch-prajwal-devarajs-action-thriller/photostory/73961590.cms|title='Gentleman': 5 reasons to watch Prajwal Devaraj's action thriller|date=5 February 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gentleman-mixes-class-and-mass-elements-guru-deshpande/articleshow/73985075.cms|title=Gentleman mixes class and mass elements: Guru Deshpande - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It features [[Prajwal Devaraj|Prajwal Devraj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gentleman-blends-comedy-and-realistic-element-prajwal-devaraj/articleshow/73842086.cms|title=Gentleman blends comedy and realistic element: Prajwal Devaraj - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/310120/gentleman-is-a-wake-up-call-for-a-sleep-disorder.html|title='Gentleman' is a wake-up call for a sleep disorder|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=31 January 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-play-a-character-with-a-sleeping-disorder-but-slept-little-while-shooting-for-it-prajwal-devaraj/articleshow/73933350.cms|title=Romance is the toughest genre for me: Prajwal Devaraj - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[Nishvika Naidu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-did-gentleman-because-it-has-a-story-that-needs-to-be-told-nishvika-naidu/articleshow/73868225.cms|title=I did Gentleman because it has a story that needs to be told: Nishvika Naidu - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/01/not-every-film-you-sign-will-be-a-blockbuster-sandalwood-actress-nishvika-naidu-2097239.html|title=Not every film you sign will be a blockbuster: Sandalwood actress Nishvika Naidu|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> along with [[Sanchari Vijay]] in the lead roles.

''Gentleman'' was released on 7 February 2020 and received positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Bharath Kumar, who works in an [[Consumer electronics store|electronics showroom]], suffers from [[sleeping beauty syndrome]], which is said to occur in one among a million people. It makes one fall asleep for 18 hours a day, leaving just 6 hours for the rest of their activities, including work. Bharath's family consist of his brother, sister-in-law, and their daughter Varu. One night, Bharath's brother and sister-in-law die in an accident. Due to Bharath's condition, he cannot care for Varu, which leads him to send her to an orphanage.

However, she is brought back by Tapaswini, who is Bharath's ex-girlfriend and promises to take care of her. They spend time together and also travel to [[Wonderla]], but Varu goes missing while she is playing in Wonderla. Worried, Bharath and Tapaswini lodges a complaint to the police. [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Shivamurthy, along with Constable Nagappa takes charge of the investigation and along with Bharath. They find clues leading to a person named Nani, However, he is [[declared dead]] which leads the case to a dead end. Bharath investigates the case himself.

At night, Bharath hears a man named Johnny reciting a song ''Chikki Chikki Chikkappa, Chochlategintha sweetappa.. Chikki Chikki Chikkappa, nidde enda ellappa'' which was sung by Varu to Bharath. Bharath chases Johnny, who escapes due to Bharath's [[Sleeping Beauty Syndrome|Syndrome]]. Bharath, along with Shivamurthy arrives at Johnny's house. After a thorough search, he finds a [[Medication package insert|medicine sticker]] which was found at his brother's shirt. After meeting with Tapasvini's senior, He learns that the medicine is used for [[ovary|women egg]] [[scam|scam purposes]]. After interrogating the medicine supplier.

Bharath finds that Dr.Swaminathan Rai is the main mastermind behind the scam. With the help of Shivamurthy's contacts with the Police Control station and Nagappa, He tracks the ambulance, which leads to a hideout where the girls are kept, but he is knocked out by the henchman and taken to Swaminathan, where Swaminathan reveals that he killed his brother and sister-in-law after a girl in their hideout escapes and had requested them to take her to [[police station]]. Enraged, Bharath kills Swami and his henchmen, where Swami divulges that Shivamurthy was the one who informed Swaminathan about Bharath. Bharath reaches Johnny's hideout where he and Shivamurthy engage in [[combat|close-combat]], the former is weakened.

Later, Shivamurthy explains that he was the one who hired Nani (who was his friend) to kidnap Varu, but was killed by Johnny, who humiliated him in the past and took Varu as revenge (who thought that Varu is Nani's daughter). Shivamurthy kidnapped Varu as he is in need to help his daughter, who is suffering from [[heart problem]] and needs a rare blood group: [[Bombay Blood group]]. When he finds that Varu is also having the same blood group, He decide to have her [[heart transplant|heart transplanted]] into her daughter illegally. As Shivamurthy is about to kill Bharath. Varu arrives and calls Bharath, who awakens and knocks out Shivamurthy, where he and Varu emotionally reconcile with each other.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prajwal Devaraj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/parents-taught-me-to-handle-failure-792224.html|title=Parents taught me to handle failure|date=7 January 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kannada-movie-gentleman-on-sleeping-disorder-prajwal-devaraj-in-different-role/articleshow/73779935.cms|title=ದಿನಕ್ಕೆ 18 ಗಂಟೆ ನಿದ್ದೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಜೆಂಟಲ್‌ಮ್ಯಾನ್ ಆಗಿ ಪ್ರಜ್ವಲ್ ದೇವರಾಜ್!|website=Vijaya Karnataka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2020/feb/06/to-fit-into-the-role-of--gentleman-was-taxing-411478.html|title='ಜಂಟಲ್‍ಮನ್' ಪಾತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಫಿಟ್ ಆಗುವುದು ತುಂಬಾ ಕಷ್ಟ: ಪ್ರಜ್ವಲ್ ದೇವರಾಜ್|website=Kannadaprabha}}</ref> as Bharath
* [[Nishvika Naidu]] as Tapasswini
* [[Sanchari Vijay]] as Inspector Shivmurthy <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanchari-vijay-to-play-a-tough-cop-in-gentleman/articleshow/73081192.cms|title=Sanchari Vijay to play a tough cop in Gentleman - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Arjun Ramesh as Doctor Swaminathan Rai
* [[Prashanth Siddi]] as Johnny
* Aradhya N. Chandra as Bharath's niece
* Bharath Kalyan as Bharat's brother
* [[Vijay Chendoor]] as Auto-Driver
* [[Tabla Nani|Tabala Nani]] as Traffic inspector
* Govinde Gowda as Constable Nagappa
* [[Aruna Balraj]] as Tapasswini's mother
* Hanumanthegowda as Tapasswini's father
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gentlemen
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2020}}
| recorded = {{Start date|df=yes|2019}}
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:34
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| prev_title = [[Dia (film)|Dia]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[Hero (2021 film)|Hero]]
| next_year = 2021
}}

The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath|B.Ajaneesh Loknath]]. The music rights were acquired by Ananda Audio.

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:34
| title1 = Nadagutide
| lyrics1 = Dhananjay Didiga
| extra1 = [[Vasishta N. Simha]]
| length1 = 3:12
| title2 = Arare Shuruvayithu Hege
| lyrics2 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length2 = 2:54
| title3 = Yeddelo Bharathiya
| lyrics3 = [[Yograj Bhat]]
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length3 = 3:27
| title4 = Marali Manasaagide
| lyrics4 = Nagarjun Sharma, Kinnal Raj
| extra4 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], C. R. Bobby
| length4 = 3:01
}}

== Production ==
The principal photography of the film was held on 25 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nishvika-naidu-to-play-the-lead-role-in-gentleman/articleshow/66165089.cms|title=Nishvika Naidu to play the lead role in 'Gentleman' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film had Prajwal Devraj in the lead and Nishvika Naidu as female lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gentleman/movie-review/74000780.cms|title='Gentleman' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The team later had Ajaneesh Loknath to score background score for the film. The second schedule of the movie was started on 6 May 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/article/after-break-prajwal-devaraj-ready-to-start-gentleman-schedule/11334/amp|title=Latest News, Breaking News, India News, Bollywood, World, Business, Sports & Politics - The New Indian Express|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228150041/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/article/after-break-prajwal-devaraj-ready-to-start-gentleman-schedule/11334/amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film released its first look poster on 4 July 2018 on account of the actor's birthday<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jul/03/first-look-of-prajwal-starrer-gentleman-is-here-1837151.html|title=First look of Prajwal-starrer 'Gentleman' is here|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> the first song of the film was released on 27 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.cinisuddi.com/gentleman-kannada-movie-song-release/| title=Gentleman Kannada movie song Release| date=27 December 2019| access-date=28 February 2020| archive-date=7 December 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207055327/https://www.cinisuddi.com/gentleman-kannada-movie-song-release/| url-status=dead}}</ref> Second song from the film was out on 16 January 2020<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/a-romantic-track-from-gentleman/articleshow/73321047.cms | title=A romantic track from Gentleman - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Dhruva Sarja]] on 6 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gentleman-trailer-to-be-out-on-january-6/articleshow/73080684.cms|title=Gentleman trailer to be out on January 6 - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jan/07/puneeth-rajkumar-and-dhruva-sarja-unveil-prajwal-devarajs-gentleman-trailer-2085908.html|title=Puneeth Rajkumar and Dhruva Sarja unveil Prajwal Devaraj's Gentleman trailer|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film's wake up theme song sung by [[Anthony Daasan]] was released on 27 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jan/27/gentleman--gives-a-wake-up-call--2094906.html|title='Gentleman' gives a wake-up call|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Before the release the film had sold its Tamil and Telugu remake rights.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/vijay-sethupathi-to-play-lead-role-in-gentleman-remake-q5gv9c |title = 'ಜಂಟಲ್‌ಮನ್' ತಮಿಳಿಗೆ ರಿಮೇಕ್‌: ವಿಜಯ್‌ ಸೇತುಪತಿ ಸಾಥ್!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/prajwal-devarajs-gentleman-telugu-remake-rights-bought-by-saikumar-596944|title=Prajwal Devaraj's Gentleman Telugu Remake Rights Bought By Saikumar?|date=13 January 2020|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publictv.in/kannada-cinema-gentleman-sandalwood-prajwal-devraj-gurudeshpande/amp|title=ಬೇರೆ ಭಾಷೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಿಂತ 'ಜಂಟಲ್ ಮ್ಯಾನ್' ಯಾವುದರಲ್ಲೂ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಇಲ್ಲ..! - Public TV News|first=Public|last=TV|date=15 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jan/13/gentleman-remake-rights-in-demand-2088721.html|title='Gentleman' remake rights in demand|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film was released on 7 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.a1guide.in/2019/07/gentleman-2019-kannada-movie-kannada.html|title=Gentleman (2019) Kannada Movie | Kannada Official Movie | Kannada New Movie|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728040005/https://www.a1guide.in/2019/07/gentleman-2019-kannada-movie-kannada.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan=13|2nd Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards
|Best Film
|Guru Deshpande
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=13|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinimirror.com/cfca-awards-2021-dhananjaya-and-kushee-win-best-actors-award-in-lead-role|title=CFCA Awards 2021 – Dhananjaya and Kushee win Best Actors award in lead role|newspaper=cinimirror|date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Prajwal Devaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Sanchari Vijay]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Child Actor
|Aradhya N Chandru
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|Jadesh Kumar Hampi
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Music
|B. Ajaneesh Loknath (share with [[Dia (film)|Dia]])
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Best Male Singer
|[[Sanjith Hegde]] ("Marali Manasaagide")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Prakash]] ("Arare Shuruvayithu Hege")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Singer
|CR Baachi ("Marali Manasaagide")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyrics
|Nagarjuna Sharma Kinnal Raj ("Marali Manasaagide")
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Aroor Sudhakar Shetty
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Stunt
|Different Danny Vinod
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=7|10th South Indian International Movie Awards
|Best Actor
|[[Prajwal Devaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=7|
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Nishvika Naidu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|[[Arjun Ramesh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Producer
|Guru Deshpande Production
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Nagarjuna Sharma & Kinnal Raj
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[Sanjith Hegde]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor- Critics Choice - Kannada
|[[Prajwal Devaraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=4|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|Jadesh Kumar Hampi
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations|title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
||[[Prajwal Devaraj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Sanchari Vijay]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11470290}}

[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2020 crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

Navapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:21:27Z

Victornkd: added basic post w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Navapur
| constituency_no = 4
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 4-Navapur.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]]
| district = [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
| established = 1955
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =295,851
}}
'''Navapur Assembly constituency''' (formerly, '''Nawapur''') is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency is located in [[Nandurbar district]] and it is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=6 September 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=18 March 2010}}</ref>

==Overview==
It is part of the [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another five Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]], [[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]] and [[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa]] in [[Nandurbar district]] and [[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]] and [[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]] in [[Dhule district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navapur Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/navapur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Abraham Chaudhary
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2"|Dharma Jayaram Kokani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Zina Samya Vasave
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Sharad Gavit
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/ConstituencywiseS134.htm</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 87,166 |percentage = 36.55% |change={{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharad Krushnarao Gavit |party=Independent politician |votes = 86,045 |percentage = 36.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Manikrao Gavit |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 56,176 |percentage = 23.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjit Vantya Gavit |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,858 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,717 |percentage = 1.14% |change={{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,121 |percentage = 0.47% |change= {{decrease}}4.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,41,193 |percentage = 81.53% |change= {{increase}}6.74 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,38,476}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,95,851|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 74,652 |percentage = 35.10% |change={{decrease}}13.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharad Krushnarao Gavit |party=Independent politician |votes = 63,317 |percentage = 29.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Bharat Manikrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,579 |percentage = 27.54% |change={{increase}}21.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ulhas Jayant Vasave |party=Bhartiya Tribal Party |votes = 6,009 |percentage = 2.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagan Hurji Gavit |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,462 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,950 |percentage = 2.33% |change={{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Rakesh Rajya Gavit |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,286 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,335 |percentage = 5.33% |change= {{decrease}}5.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,17,768 |percentage = 75.62% |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,12,713}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,87,977|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 93,796 |percentage = 48.41% |change={{increase}}6.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Sharad Krushnarao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 71,979 |percentage = 37.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Kuvarsing Fulaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,236 |percentage = 5.80% |change={{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Jagan Huraji |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,096 |percentage = 2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,088 |percentage = 2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jyotsna Dilip Gavit |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,977 |percentage = 2.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motilal Chapdu Gangurde |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,009 |percentage = 1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasave Amit Sheklal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,746 |percentage = 0.90% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,817 |percentage = 11.26% |change= {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,97,890 |percentage = 74.39% |change= {{decrease}}3.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,93,738}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,66,023|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Sharad Krushnarao |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 75,719 |percentage = 42.94% |change={{increase}}42.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 74,024 |percentage = 41.98% |change={{decrease}}31.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Naik Dilip Shashikumar |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,853 |percentage = 6.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Mohan Vasave |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,166 |percentage = 3.50% |change={{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasave Arjunsing Divansing |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,670 |percentage = 2.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Sharad Fattesing |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,892 |percentage = 1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Ishwar Nurji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,610 |percentage = 0.91% |change={{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,695 |percentage = 0.96% |change= {{decrease}}58.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,76,325 |percentage = 76.06% |change= {{increase}}0.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,76,324}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,31,811|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}30.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,21,613 |percentage = 73.55% |change={{increase}}20.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagul Anil Sukram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,179 |percentage = 14.02% |change={{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Ishwar Nuraji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,034 |percentage = 5.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Savita Ramakant |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,464 |percentage = 3.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawali Durgabai Hiru |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,992 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Sobaji Deolya |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,467 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 98,434 |percentage = 59.53% |change= {{increase}}40.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,65,454 |percentage = 75.79% |change= {{increase}}11.13 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,65,339}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,18,313|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,902 |percentage = 52.81% |change={{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Shashikumar Naik |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 42,397 |percentage = 33.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mavachi Ratanji Motya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,387 |percentage = 13.72% |change={{decrease}}22.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,505 |percentage = 19.34% |change= {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,33,948 |percentage = 68.30% |change= {{decrease}}4.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,26,686}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,96,105|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 69,518 |percentage = 53.36% |change={{decrease}}14.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mavachi Ratanji Motya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,711 |percentage = 36.62% |change={{increase}}19.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Babulal Kisan |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,395 |percentage = 8.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasave Mira Kishor |party=Doordarshi Party |votes = 1,669 |percentage = 1.28% |change={{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,807 |percentage = 16.74% |change= {{decrease}}33.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,37,605 |percentage = 72.65% |change= {{increase}}8.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,30,293}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,89,414|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,510 |percentage = 67.41% |change={{decrease}}7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakare Ambar Barik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,728 |percentage = 16.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Sobaji Devalya |party=Janata Dal |votes = 14,311 |percentage = 14.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,782 |percentage = 50.45% |change= {{decrease}}8.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,01,233 |percentage = 61.60% |change= {{decrease}}3.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,671}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,64,348|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 62,580 |percentage = 74.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant Dodha Suryavanshi |party=Janata Party |votes = 13,565 |percentage = 16.24% |change={{increase}}11.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Nojubhai Fulsing |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,320 |percentage = 5.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Swarupsing Fulji Valavi |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,213 |percentage = 1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manji Fojya Vasave |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,110 |percentage = 1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranu Ukhadya Kokani |party=Independent politician |votes = 735 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,015 |percentage = 58.68% |change= {{decrease}}12.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,727 |percentage = 65.27% |change= {{increase}}16.55 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,523}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,337|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}8.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 45,357 |percentage = 83.13% |change={{increase}}41.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kokani Brijlal Shrawan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,753 |percentage = 12.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasave Vinayakrao Gajarya |party=Janata Party |votes = 2,453 |percentage = 4.50% |change={{decrease}}12.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,604 |percentage = 70.75% |change= {{increase}}61.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,945 |percentage = 49.10% |change= {{decrease}}7.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,563}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,974|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}41.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vasave Zina Samya |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,572 |percentage = 41.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Surupsing Fulji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,116 |percentage = 32.64% |change={{decrease}}47.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasava Sattarsing Sona |party=Janata Party |votes = 9,669 |percentage = 16.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaure Dharma Gangaram |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,281 |percentage = 7.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavit Rudha Rajya |party=Independent politician |votes = 931 |percentage = 1.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,456 |percentage = 9.32% |change= {{decrease}}60.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,885 |percentage = 58.65% |change= {{increase}}10.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,569}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,229|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}38.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 32,700 |percentage = 80.34% |change={{increase}}38.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrawan Rama Gaikw Ad |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,405 |percentage = 10.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kantilal Raogi Vasave |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,597 |percentage = 8.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,295 |percentage = 69.52% |change= {{increase}}46.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,326 |percentage = 46.59% |change= {{increase}}3.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,702}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,991|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}38.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dharma Jayaram Kokani |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,383 |percentage = 42.18% |change={{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=F. R. Valvi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,169 |percentage = 19.44% |change={{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. R. Vasave |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 5,440 |percentage = 17.14% |change={{decrease}}9.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Kokni |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,194 |percentage = 16.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. A. Sane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,545 |percentage = 4.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,214 |percentage = 22.73% |change= {{increase}}15.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,289 |percentage = 45.02% |change= {{decrease}}0.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,731}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,387|ref = |change= {{increase}}69.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dharma Jayaram Kokani |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,414 |percentage = 33.91% |change={{increase}}5.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sattarsingh Sona Vasave |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,136 |percentage = 27.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kanthadsing Raoji Vasave |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 5,026 |percentage = 26.57% |change={{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rudha Rajya Gavit |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,338 |percentage = 12.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,278 |percentage = 6.76% |change= {{decrease}}12.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,576 |percentage = 46.64% |change= {{increase}}6.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,256|ref = |change= {{decrease}}18.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}13.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Navapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Abramji Dongarsing (St) |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,352 |percentage = 47.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kokani Bakaram Sukaram (St) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,551 |percentage = 28.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasava Kanthadsing Raoji (St) |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,042 |percentage = 20.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Valvi Ramesh Panya (St) |party=Independent politician |votes = 779 |percentage = 3.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,801 |percentage = 19.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,724 |percentage = 34.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,724}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,028|ref = |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==See also==
* [[Nawapur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nandurbar district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|21.16|73.80|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nandurbar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Daniel Anthony Overbeek

2026-04-18T02:50:57Z

Victornkd: made a data.

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Daniel Anthony Overbeek
| image =
| office = [[Resident (title)|Resident]] of [[Dutch Bengal]]
| status =
| monarch = [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]]
| governor_general = [[Godert van der Capellen]]
| term_start = 15 September 1817
| term_end = 7 May 1825
| predecessor = ''British occupation''
| successor = ''position abolished''
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1765|2|6}}
| birth_place = [[Netherlands]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1840|9|25|1765|2|6}}
| death_place = [[Chinsurah]], India
| party =
| spouse = Sarah Leonora Jacoba Eilbrecht
}}
'''Daniel Anthony Overbeek''' (6 February 1765 – 25 September 1840) was the last [[resident (title)|resident]] of [[Dutch Bengal]] between 1817 and 1825.

== Biography ==
Daniel Anthony Overbeek was born to Daniel Overbeek (1727–1770) and Theodora Petronella Immens.<ref name="genealogieonline">{{cite web |url=https://www.genealogieonline.nl/stamboom-bisschop-lindeman/I82315720.php |title=Daniel Anthony Overbeek |last= |first= |date= |website=genealogieonline.nl |publisher= |access-date=24 August 2020 |quote=}}</ref> Relatives on his father's side had long been employees of the [[Dutch East India Company]], with the brother of his grandfather Nicolaas Overbeek, who was also called [[Daniel Overbeek]], even serving as governor of [[Dutch Ceylon]]. Like his father, Daniel Anthony Overbeek made a career in [[Dutch Bengal]], until in 1795 the Dutch possessions were ceded to the British [[Kew Letters|by instruction]] of Dutch stadtholder [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]], who wanted to prevent revolutionary France from taking possession of the Dutch holdings in Asia.

Under the terms of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]], [[Dutch Bengal]] was to be restored to Dutch rule, and a commission under the leadership of [[Jacob Andries van Braam]] was installed by the [[Dutch East Indies]] government on 28 June 1817 to effect the transfer of the Dutch possessions on the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1901|p=290}} Van Braam arrived in Chinsurah on 28 August 1817 and met with the British colonial administrator Gordon Forbes, who officially handed over the Dutch possessions on 15 September 1817. Van Braam installed Overbeek as resident of Dutch Bengal.{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1901|pp=293-298}}

In 1822, Overbeek laid the foundation stone for the spire of the [[Armenian Church of St. John the Baptist]] in Chinsurah.{{sfn|Seth|1937|p=306}} In 1823, Overbeek became a corresponding member of the [[Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences]], to which he donated a silver [[Vishnu]] from [[Birma]].{{sfn|Groot|2009|p=229}}

In 1824, the Dutch conceded to [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824|relinquishing all their possessions on the Indian subcontinent in return for control over Bencoolen]].{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1901|pp=471-474}} This meant that the Dutch possessions in Bengal were to become British again. Overbeek was in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] when the transfer was supposed to take place, leading acting resident B. C. D. Bouman to effect the transfer of sovereignty on 7 May 1825.{{sfn|Bhaduri|2020}}{{sfn|Van der Kemp|1918|p=124}}

Daniel Anthony Overbeek returned to [[Chinsurah]] after the transfer of sovereignty and lived there until his death on 25 September 1840. He is buried in the [[Dutch Cemetery, Chinsurah|Dutch cemetery of Chinsurah]].

== Personal life ==
Daniel Anthony Overbeek married Sarah Leonora Jacoba Eilbrecht, with whom he had three daughters and one son. His daughter Johanna Leonora Christina Overbeek was the mother of orientalist [[William Wright (orientalist)|William Wright]].<ref name="genealogieonline" />

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last=Bhaduri |first=Saugata |year=2020 |title=Polycoloniality: European Transactions with Bengal from the 13th to the 19th Century |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic India |location=New Delhi |isbn= 9789388271417 }}
* {{cite book |last=Groot |first=H. |year=2009 |title=Van Batavia naar Weltevreden: Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 1778-1867 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |doi=10.1163/9789004253803 |isbn=9789004253803 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Van der Kemp |first=P.H. |year=1899 |title=De teruggave der Nederlandsche factorijen in Hindostan krachtens het Londensch Tractaat van 13 Augustus 1814 |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=247–283 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90000013 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Van der Kemp |first=P.H. |year=1901 |title=De Nederlandsche factorijen in vóór-Indië in den aanvang der 19e eeuw |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=286–507 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90002075 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Van der Kemp |first=P.H. |year=1918 |title=De jaren 1817-1825 der Nederlandsche factorijen van Hindostans Oostkust |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=1–137 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90001648 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Seth |first=M.J. |year=1937 |title=Armenians in India, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day: A Work of Original Research |publisher=|location=Calcutta |isbn=81-206-0812-7 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Overbeek, Daniel Anthony}}
[[Category:1765 births]]
[[Category:1840 deaths]]
[[Category:Directors of Dutch Bengal]]

Avoipur

2026-04-16T21:42:57Z

Victornkd: creating new post.

{{Short description|Village in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
'''Avoipur''' ({{langx|ccp|𑄃𑄧𑄤𑄰𑄛𑄪𑄢𑄴}}) is a village in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. According to 2011 census it had a population of 1,969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avoipur Bl. I - II Village Population - Diyun - Changlang, Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/264349-avoipur-bl-i--ii-arunachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Changlang district]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Religion in Tonga

2026-04-16T20:31:59Z

Victornkd: Made

{{Short description|none}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Tonga (2021 Census)<ref name="Census Report 2021 vol2"/>
|label1 = [[Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga]]
|value1 = 34.16
|color1 = Orchid
|label2 = [[Mormonism|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints]]
|value2 = 19.65
|color2 = Blue
|label3 = [[Catholic Church in Tonga|Catholic Church]]
|value3 = 13.73
|color3 = Purple
|label4 = [[Free Church of Tonga]]
|value4 = 11.31
|color4 = SkyBlue
|label5 = [[Church of Tonga]]
|value5 = 6.82
|color5 = LightGreen
|label6 = Other Christian
|value6 = 11.98
|color6 = Grey
|label7 = [[Baháʼí Faith]]
|value7 = 0.73
|color7 = Yellow
|label8 = Other religions, no affiliation, or unstated
|value8 = 1.62
|color8 = Red
}}
[[Image:Saione.jpg|The Centenary Chapel (popularly called ''Saione'', or [[Zion]]), located in [[Nuku'alofa]]. It is the national seat of the Free Wesleyan Church.|thumb]]
[[File:Pasilika Tonga.jpg|thumbnail|Catholic Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua in Nuku'alofa]]
[[Christianity]] is the predominant '''religion in Tonga''', with [[Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga]] having the most adherents.<ref name="Census Report 2021 vol2"/>

The [[Constitution of Tonga]] establishes [[freedom of religion]], which is respected in practice by both the government and general society, although there are some laws that restrict commerce and broadcast media in accordance with Christian religious norms.

== Christianity ==
Tongans are ardent churchgoers. [[Church service]] usually follows a call and response structure. Singing in the church is often done [[a cappella]]. Although a church attends primarily to the spiritual needs of the population, it also functions as the primary social hub.

Sunday is celebrated as a strict sabbath, enshrined so in the constitution, and despite some voices to the opposite, the Sunday ban is not likely to be abolished soon. No trade is allowed on Sunday, except essential services, after special approval by the minister of police. Those that break the [[law]] risk a fine or imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://religiousliberty.tv/tonga-mandatory-sunday-rest-laws-and-the-international-date-line.html |title=Tonga – Mandatory Sunday Rest Laws and the International Date Line |publisher=ReligiousLiberty TV |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

Along with others from [[Oceania]], some Tongan Christians have attempted to develop their own unique [[theology]] which addresses the contextual questions offered by people of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. This includes the [[coconut theology]] of the Methodist [[Sione 'Amanaki Havea]] or the [[incarnational theology]] of the Catholic [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tonga|Bishop of Tonga]] [[Patelesio Finau]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Forman|first=Charles W.|date=July 2005|title=Finding Our Own Voice: The Reinterpreting of Christianity by Oceanian Theologians|url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2005-03/2005-03-115-forman.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615084223/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2005-03/2005-03-115-forman.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 15, 2016|journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research|volume=29|issue=3|pages=115–122|doi=10.1177/239693930502900301|s2cid=147338574}}</ref>

[[File:Nuku alofa Tonga Temple 2007-11-17.jpg|thumbnail|LDS Tonga Temple]]
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Tonga]] claims 68,609 [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics#Membership defined|members on record]] (about 60% of the population) with 175 congregations as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Church in Tonga |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/learn/facts-statistics/tonga |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org |language=en}}</ref> According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Tonga has a higher per-capita number of Latter-day Saints than any other country in the world.<ref>^ Jump up to: a b Church News: Country information: Tonga, churchofjesuschrist.org, accessed 2013-12-15</ref> However, according to the 2021 census, only 19.6% of Tongans belong to LDS Church and Tongans belonging to other [[Christian denomination]]s represent the majority of the population.<ref name="Census Report 2021 vol2"/>

== Other religions ==
[[Buddhism]] has begun to gain traction, growing from 0.2% to 0.4% of the population in five years.<ref name="report">{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |date=2007-09-14 |title=Tonga |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90156.htm |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> [[Hinduism]] decreased from 104 people in 2006 to 100 in 2011.<ref name="spc.int">{{Cite web |title=Home | Statistics for Development Division |url=http://www.spc.int/prism/tonga/index.php/component/docman/cat_view/124-population-census/118-2011?Itemid=23}}</ref>

[[Islam in Tonga|Islam is also present in Tonga]], 0.2 percent of total population is Muslim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=The Guide to the Religions in Tonga - Tonga Pocket Guide |url=https://tongapocketguide.com/the-guide-to-the-religions-in-tonga/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Baháʼí Faith in Tonga]] started after being set as a goal to introduce the religion in 1953,<ref name="plan">{{Citation
| first = Graham
| last = Hassall
| editor-last = H. Rubinstein
| editor-first = Donald
| contribution = Pacific Baha'i Communities 1950-1964
| contribution-url = http://bahai-library.com/hassall_bahai_pacific
| title = Pacific History: Papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference
| year = 1992
| pages = 73–95
| publisher = University of Guam Press & Micronesian Area Research Center, Guam
}}</ref> and Baháʼís arrived in 1954.<ref name="gold">{{Citation
| last1 = Tuitahi
| first1 = Sione
| last2 = Bolouri
| first2 = Sohrab
| title = Tongan Baha'is parade to the palace
| newspaper = Baháʼí World News Service
| date = 2004-01-28
| url = http://www.bahaiworldnews.org/story/286 }}</ref> With conversions and [[Pioneering (Baháʼí)|pioneers]], the first [[Spiritual Assembly#Local Spiritual Assemblies|Local Spiritual Assembly]] was elected in 1958.<ref name="hassal-pacific">{{Citation
| last = Hassall
| first = Graham
| title = Baháʼí Faith in the Asia Pacific Issues and Prospects
| periodical = [[Baháʼí Studies Review]]
| volume=6
| pages = 1–10
| year = 1996
| url = http://bahai-library.com/hassall_bahai_asia-pacific_issues }}</ref> Less than forty years later, in 1996, the Baháʼís of Tonga established their paramount [[Baháʼí school]] in the form of the [[Ocean of Light International School]].<ref>{{Citation
| last = Baháʼí International Community
| author-link = Baháʼí International Community
| title = Ocean of Light School celebrates 10th anniversary
| newspaper = Baháʼí World News Service
| date = 2006-07-17
| url = http://news.bahai.org/story/461 }}</ref> Around 2004 there were 29 local spiritual assemblies.<ref name="gold" /> The [[Tonga Broadcasting Commission]] maintained a policy that does not allow discussions by members of the Baháʼí Faith of its founder, [[Bahá'u'lláh]] on its radio broadcasts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tonga, International Religious Freedom Report 2006 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71360.htm |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, there were two early [[Sikhs|Sikh]] pioneers residing in Tonga who came from the [[Garhshankar]] ''[[tehsil]]'' of the Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and the Experience Beyond Punjab |publisher=South Asia Books |year=1989 |isbn=9788170010470 |editor-last=Barrier |editor-first=Norman Gerald |edition=1st |page=33 |chapter=The First Forty Years of Sikh Migration: Problems and Some Possible Solutions |quote=The ripples from Singapore certainly spread as far as New Zealand and Fiji, and the two Sikhs from Garhshankar tahsil who were in Tonga early this century (McLeod 1986: 103) should serve to remind us that few territories were so remote as to be beyond their range. |editor-last2=Dusenbery |editor-first2=Verne A.}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2021 Tonga Census, the largest religious group in the country was the [[Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga|Free Wesleyan Church]], comprising approximately 34.2% of the total population of 99,408. The [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints]] followed with 19.6%, and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] made up 13.7%. The [[Free Church of Tonga]] accounted for 11.3%, while the Church of Tonga represented 6.8% of the population. Other notable denominations included the Seventh Day Adventist Church (2.48%), the Assembly of God (2.47%), and other Pentecostal denominations (1.92%). Tokaikolo adherents made up 1.46%, and the Constitutional Church of Tonga accounted for 1.16%. Smaller religious groups included the [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha’i Faith]] (0.73%), Mo’ui Fo’ou ‘ia Kalaisi (0.69%), the Anglican and Gospel churches (0.59 and 0.48%), Jehovah’s Witnesses (0.4%), and The Salvation Army (0.33%). Minority religions such as [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]] comprised around 0.08% and 0.06% of the population, while Buddhists made up 0.06%. Additionally, 0.58% of the population reported no religious affiliation, 0.72% identified with other religions, and 0.12% refused to answer.<ref name="Census Report 2021 vol2"/>

===Census figures===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Religions in Tonga by Census
!Religion
!1986<ref name="ASCCENSUS96">[http://www.spc.int/PRISM/tonga/index.php/population-censuses/1996-census/cat_view/124-population-census/80-1996?limit=5&limitstart=0&order=name&dir=ASC CENSUS96 Admin], Tonga Department of Statistics, 11/15/2011, pages xxii, 14</ref>
!1996<ref name="ASCCENSUS96"/>
!2006<ref name="spc.int" />
!2011<ref name="Census Report 2011r1">[http://www.spc.int/prism/tonga/index.php/component/docman/cat_view/124-population-census/118-2011?Itemid=23 Census Report 2011 Vol.1 rev.], Tonga Department of Statistics, 11/07/2013, page 39</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=http://tonga.prism.spc.int/tdos-documents-library?view=download&fileId=1010|title=Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing, Volume 2: Analytical Report|date=January 2014|publisher=Secretariat of the Pacific Community, New Caledonia|volume=2|page=33|access-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>
!2016<ref name="Census Report 2016 vol2">{{Cite report|url=https://tongastats.gov.to/census-2/population-census-2/|title=Tonga 2016 Census of Population and Housing, Volume 2: Analytical Report|date=2019|publisher=tongastats.gov.to|volume=2|pages=23-24|access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>
!2021<ref name="Census Report 2021 vol2">{{Cite report|url=https://tongastats.gov.to/census-2/population-census-3/census-report-and-factsheet/|title=Tonga 2021 Census of Population and Housing, Volume 2: Analytical Report|date=July 2024|publisher=Tonga Statistics Department|volume=2|pages=81-83|access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
![[Christianity in Tonga|Christianity]]
|90,175
|94,489
|99,255
|101,272
|97,910
|97,075
|-
![[Baháʼí Faith in Tonga|Baháʼí Faith]]
| -
|595
|686
|777
|755
|730
|-
![[Hinduism in Tonga|Hinduism]]
| -
| -
|104
|100
| -
|78
|-
![[Buddhism]]
| -
| -
|71
|183
|60
|58
|-
![[Islam in Tonga|Islam]]
| -
|35
|47
|24
| -
|60
|-
!Other
|2,874
|830
|202
|877
|921
|714
|-
!Refuse to answer
| -
|10
|1,698
|275
|104
|119
|-
!None
| -
|61
|28
|288
|516
|574
|-
!Total
!94,049
!96,020
!101,991
!103,043
!100,266
!99,408
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Christian groups in Tonga by Census
!Religion
!1986<ref name="ASCCENSUS96"/>
!1996<ref name="ASCCENSUS96"/>
!2006<ref name="spc.int" />
!2011<ref name="Census Report 2011r1"/>
!2016<ref name="Census Report 2016 vol2"/>
!2021<ref name="Census Report 2021 vol2"/>
|-
![[Free Wesleyan Church]]
| 40,371
| 39,703
| 38,052
| 36,592
| 35,082
| 33,953
|-
! [[Catholic Church in Tonga|Roman Catholic]]
| 14,921
| 15,309
| 15,922
| 15,441
| 14,276
| 13,649
|-
! [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Tonga|Latter-day Saints]]
| 11,270
| 13,225
| 17,109
| 18,554
| 18,673
| 19,534
|-
! [[Free Church of Tonga]]
| 10,413
| 11,226
| 11,599
| 11,863
| 11,896
| 11,244
|-
! [[Church of Tonga]]
| 6,882
| 7,016
| 7,295
| 6,935
| 6,868
| 6,782
|-
! [[Tokaikolo Christian Church]]
| 3,047
| 2,919
| 2,597
| 2,533
| 1,562
| 1,455
|-
! [[Mo'ui Fo'ou 'ia Kalaisi]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| 741
| 688
|-
! [[Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia|Anglican Church]]
| 563
| 720
| 765
| 728
| 697
| 590
|-
! [[Seventh-day Adventist Church of Tonga|Seventh-day Adventist Church]]
| 2,143
| 2,381
| 2,282
| 2,331
| 2,249
| 2,461
|-
! [[Assembly of God]]
| 565
| 1,082
| 2,350
| 2,602
| 2,347
| 2,455
|-
! Constitutional Church of Tonga
| -
| 845
| 941
| 961
| 957
| 1,152
|-
! Gospel Church
| -
| 63
| 243
| 236
| 287
| 476
|-
! [[The Salvation Army]]
| -
| -
| -
| 247
| 297
| 332
|-
! [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| -
| -
| -
| 462
| 385
| 400
|-
! Other Pentecostal Denomination 
| -
| -
| -
| 1,034
| 1,593
| 1,904
|-
!Total
!90,175
!94,489
!99,255
!101,272
!97,910
!97,075
|}

==Religious freedom ==
The constitution of Tonga establishes the freedom of religion, with the qualification that this freedom is not used to "commit evil" or to otherwise violate the law. The constitution forbids commercial transactions on Sundays in accordance with the [[Christian Sabbath]], although the tourism industry is granted some exceptions from this rule.<ref name=":usirf17">''[https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/tonga/ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Tonga]'', US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/240282-TONGA-2020-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |title=TONGA 2020 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

Religious organizations are not required to register with the government, but may do so to receive tax exemptions, the right to issue legally recognized marriage certificates, and other privileges. Foreign missionaries may operate in the country without special restrictions.<ref name=":usirf17" />

Public schools may choose to include up to an hour of religious education per week; students are required to attend religious education courses pertaining to the religion that they profess. Many religious organizations operate private schools.<ref name=":usirf17" />

The government allows religious organizations to broadcast programming on [[TV Tonga]] and [[Radio Tonga]], officially with the restriction that they must limit their messaging to be "within the limits of the mainstream Christian tradition". Despite this restriction, in the past the [[Baháʼí Faith]] community has televised programming, although the community has since discontinued this program. As of 2020, there have been no reports of the government denying requests for airtime from any religious organization.<ref name=":usirf17" /><ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Tonga]]
*[[Hinduism in Tonga]]
*[[Islam in Tonga]]
*[[Tongan religion]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709042048/http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/convictions/christianity/fwc/fwc.html The Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga]

{{Tonga topics}}
{{Oceania topic|Religion in}}

[[Category:Religion in Tonga| ]]

Sunni Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T22:38:09Z

Victornkd: Created new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sunni
|type= SLA
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|established = 1952
|abolished = 1957
|electors = 14,160
|mla = Sita Ram
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Sunni '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sita Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sunni<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,545 |percentage=47.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lila Dass Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=803 |percentage=24.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=516 |percentage=15.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiwanoo |party=All India Scheduled Caste Federation |votes=366 |percentage=11.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=742 |percentage=22.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,230 |percentage=22.81% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,160 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|31.222|77.190|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shimla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:52Z

Victornkd: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramachandrapuram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (42-Ramachandrapuram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[ Vasamsetti Subhash ]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 42
| electors = 193,742
| type = SLA
}}

'''Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

Vasamsetti Subhash is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 193,742 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The three mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Kajuluru]]
|-
| [[Ramachandrapuram, East Godavari|Ramachandrapuram]]
|-
| [[K.Gangavaram, East Godavari district|K.Gangavaram]]
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| K. Rajagopalanarasaraju
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| K. S. R. Ramachandraraju Bahadur
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| N. Satyanrayanarao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| N. Veerraju
|-
| 1970
| M. S. Sanjeevi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
| NCJ
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Reddy Satyanarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Apparao Pilli
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| K. S. R. Ramachandra Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| M. Vera Venka Rama Rao
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Thota Trimurthulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
| rowspan=2 |Thota Trimurthulu
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Chelluboyina Srinivasa Venugopalakrishna]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Vasamsetti Subhash]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kakarlapudi Rajagopalanarasaraju |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=30,603 |percentage=65.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mallipudi Pallanraju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,334 |percentage=34.80% |change=34.80% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,269 |percentage=30.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,937 |percentage=74.45% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,049 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|candidate = K. S. R. Bahadur
|votes = 27,317
|percentage = 68.36
|change = {{increase}} 3.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Pedapati Rao
|votes = 12,182
|percentage = 30.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tetali Reddi
|votes = 463
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,135
|percentage = 37.88
|change = {{increase}}7.48
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 69,962
|percentage = 68.79
|change = {{decrease}} 5.66
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nandivada Satyanrayanarao
|votes = 20,270
|percentage = 54.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Kamala Devi
|votes = 16,927
|percentage = 45.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,343
|percentage = 8.99
|change = {{decrease}}28.89
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 37,197
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = N. Veerraju
|votes = 14,929
|percentage = 29.85
|change = {{increase}} 3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nandivada Satyanrayanarao (incumbent)
|votes = 12,344
|percentage = 24.68
|change = {{decrease}}29.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = V.S.S.R. Telidevara
|votes = 8,661
|percentage = 17.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = K.C. Kantipudi
|votes = 5,844
|percentage = 11.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = D.C. Reddi
|votes = 4,449
|percentage = 8.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = A.R.R. Manthina
|votes = 3,242
|percentage = 6.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = K.P. Reddy
|votes = 542
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,142
|percentage = 5.17
|change = {{decrease}}3.82
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 50,011
|percentage = 70.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Reddy Satyanarayana
|votes = 32,349
|percentage = 52.03
|change = {{increase}}27.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pilla Janakiramayya
|votes = 27,721
|percentage = 44.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = Alla Rao
|votes = 1,375
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nunnavenkatareddi Naidu
|votes = 413
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = P.L. Manyam
|votes = 310
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,628
|percentage = 7.44
|change = {{increase}} 2.27
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 62,168
|percentage = 74.40
|change = {{increase}} 3.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Apparao Pilli
|votes = 19,306
|percentage = 25.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Mudragada Naidu
|votes = 19,045
|percentage = 25.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gadam Kamladevi
|votes = 18,764
|percentage = 24.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Reddy Satyanarayana
|votes = 16,660
|percentage = 22
|change = {{decrease}}30.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bodapati Paparao
|votes = 1,392
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyanandam Katakam
|votes = 452
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 261
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{decrease}}7.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 77,045
|percentage = 77.3
|change = {{increase}} 2.9
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = K. S. R. Ramachandra Raju
|votes = 39,186
|percentage = 51.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vundavili Munsif
|votes = 14,195
|percentage = 18.6
|change = {{decrease}}3.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pilli Rao
|votes = 13,307
|percentage = 17.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pepakyala Satyanarayana
|votes = 9,607
|percentage = 12.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Congress (J)
|candidate = Satyanandam Katakam
|votes = 221
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{decrease}}0.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,991
|percentage = 32.3
|change = {{increase}}32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 77,462
|percentage = 75.4
|change = {{decrease}} 1.9
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Medisetti Rao
|votes = 41,978
|percentage = 54.2
|change = {{increase}} 3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|votes = 23,836
|percentage = 30.8
|change = {{increase}}12.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pilli Rao
|votes = 7,501
|percentage = 9.7
|change = {{decrease}} 7.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mallipudi Veera Swamy
|votes = 3,264
|percentage = 4.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kodury Rao
|votes = 460
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinjamuri Lahshmana Sarma
|votes = 442
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,142
|percentage = 23.2
|change = {{decrease}}9.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 78,273
|percentage = 71.5
|change = {{decrease}} 3.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|votes = 53,326
|percentage = 58.3
|change = {{increase}}27.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kudipudi Rao
|votes = 35,164
|percentage = 38.4
|change = {{decrease}}15.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate =Matcha Rao
|votes = 1,241
|percentage = 1.4
|change = {{decrease}} 28.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gade Rao
|votes = 453
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ujuri Peda Veerraju
|votes = 389
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mada Murty
|votes = 336
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Devarapalli Narayanarao
|votes = 168
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naduri Chitteyya
|votes = 151
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sayyaparaju Venkatasomaraju
|votes = 146
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Guttula Prabhavathi
|votes = 110
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,162
|percentage = 19.3
|change = {{decrease}}3.9
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 94,018
|percentage = 75.0
|change = {{increase}} 3.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Thota Trimurthulu]]
|votes = 34,027
|percentage = 35.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Guttula Babu
|votes = 30,923
|percentage = 31.9
|change = {{decrease}}6.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]] (incumbent)
|votes = 28,896
|percentage = 29.8
|change = {{decrease}} 28.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Settibathula Rajababu
|votes = 1,516
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vantipalli Murthy
|votes = 642
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tappetla Chittibabu
|votes = 208
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mada Murthy
|votes = 183
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kambhampati Venkata Satyanarayana
|votes = 136
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tantravathi Rao
|votes = 128
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kulukuri Rao
|votes = 96
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kulukuri Rao
|votes = 96
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Palivela Rao
|votes = 91
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Marneedi Rao
|votes = 79
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Koripella Rao
|votes = 68
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,104
|percentage = 3.2
|change = {{decrease}}16.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 98,129
|percentage = 77.5
|change = {{increase}} 2.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Thota Trimurthulu]]
|votes = 46,417
|percentage = 45.9
|change = {{increase}} 10.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subhaschandra Bose Pilli
|votes = 27,242
|percentage = 26.9
|change = {{decrease}}2.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Guttula Babu
|votes = 26,455
|percentage = 26.1
|change = {{decrease}} 5.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ajeya Bharat Party
|candidate = Satyanarayana Koripella
|votes = 273
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marxist Communist Party Of India (S.S.SRIVASTAVA)
|candidate = Madda Murty
|votes = 247
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Anna Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = China Mernidi
|votes = 230
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pappula Masenu Venkanna
|votes = 202
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Govindarajulu Thota
|votes = 128
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,175
|percentage = 18.3
|change = {{increase}}15.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 104,747
|percentage = 76.3
|change = {{decrease}} 1.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|votes = 53,160
|percentage = 50.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Thota Trimurthulu]]
|votes = 45,604
|percentage = 43.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,556
|percentage = 7.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 104,873
|percentage = 82.64
|change = +8.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|votes = 56,589
|percentage = 39.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Thota Trimurthulu]]|votes=52,558|percentage=37.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Guttula Sri Suryanarayana Babu]]|votes=23,252|percentage=16.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,031|percentage=2.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=141,850|percentage=80.90|change=-1.74}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 (bypoll) ===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 by-election: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Thota Trimurthulu
|votes = 77,292
|percentage = 49.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose|votes=66,573|percentage=42.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chikkala Ramachandra Rao|votes=6,256|percentage=4.04|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,031|percentage=2.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=141,850|percentage=80.90|change=-1.74}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Thota Trimurthulu
|votes = 85,254
|percentage = 53.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]|votes=68,332|percentage=42.67|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,922|percentage=10.57|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=160,133|percentage=88.17|change=+7.27}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSRCP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Chelluboyina Srinivasa Venugopalakrishna]]
|votes = 75,365
|percentage = 44.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Thota Trimurthulu]]|votes=70,197|percentage=41.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Chandrasekhar Polisetty]]|votes=18,529|percentage=10.97|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,168|percentage=3.06|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=168,891|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramachandrapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Vasamsetti Subhash]]
|votes = 97652
|percentage = 55.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Pilli Surya Prakash]]
|votes = 71361
|percentage = 40.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kota Srinivasa Rao
|votes = 1173
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1608
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26291
|percentage = 14.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 175388
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.84|82.03|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Bodhan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:06Z

Victornkd: made pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bodhan
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (12-Bodhan highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Bodhan Assembly constituency within Telangana
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 12
| mla = [[P. Sudarshan Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 2,07,926
| loksabha_cons = [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
}}
'''Bodhan''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], in India. It is one of five constituencies in [[Nizamabad district]] and is part of [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. Currently the constituency is represented by [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[P. Sudarshan Reddy]].

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Bodhan]]
|-
| [[Ranjal]]
|-
| [[Navipet]]
|-
| [[Yedapally]]
|-
| Saloora
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| 1952-57
| S.L. Sastri
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1957-62
| Srinivasa Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1962-67
| M. Ramgopal Reddy
|-
| 1967-72
| R.B. Rao
|-
| 1972-78
| Narayan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1978-83
| Gulam Samdani
|-
| 1983-85
| D. Sambasiva Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 1985-89
| [[Bashiruddin Babukhan]]
|-
| 1989-94
| Kotha Ramakanth
|-
| 1994-99
| [[Bashiruddin Babukhan]]
|-
| 1999-04
|rowspan=3| [[P. Sudarshan Reddy|Podduturi Sudarshan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2004-09
|-
| 2009-14
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014-18
|rowspan=2| [[Shakil Aamir Mohammed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2018-23
|-
| 2023-
| [[P. Sudarshan Reddy|Podduturi Sudarshan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Bodhan}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[P. Sudarshan Reddy]]
|votes=66,963
|percentage=38.95
|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Mohammed Shakil Amir|votes=63,901|percentage=37.17|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vaddi Mohan Reddy|votes=33,555|percentage=19.52|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=872|percentage=0.51|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=3,062|percentage=1.78|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,71,929|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bodhan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate= Mohammed Shakil Amir|votes=74,895|percentage=47.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. Sudarshan Reddy]]|votes=66,794|percentage=42.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Aljapur Srinivas|votes=8,434|percentage=5.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Gopi Kishan|votes=2,425|percentage=1.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,862|percentage=1.17|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=8,101|percentage=5.20|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,58,870|percentage=81.34|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bodhan<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231204050337/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=12 Bodhan Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Mohammed Shakil Amir
| votes = 67,426
| percentage = 44.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. Sudarshan Reddy]]|votes=51,543|percentage=33.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Medapati Prakash Reddy|votes=26,558|percentage=17.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Siluula Ganesh|votes=1497|percentage=0.99|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=15,884|percentage=9.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,51,771|percentage=76.89|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Bodhan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. Sudarshan Reddy]]|votes=42,494|percentage=32.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Mohammed Shakil Amir|votes=41,219|percentage=31.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=C. Karunakar Reddy|votes=34,142|percentage=25.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kotigari Shivappa|votes=8,594|percentage=6.51|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,275|percentage=0.75|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18.66|77.89|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Manoj Kumar Sharma

2026-04-09T23:33:51Z

Victornkd: added some bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Police Service officer (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox police officer
| name = Manoj Kumar Sharma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1975|07|03}}
| birth_place = [[Chambal division|Chambal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| occupation = Police officer
| spouse = [[Shraddha Joshi Sharma]]
| children = 2
| service_label = Service
| service = [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS)
| service_years = 2005–present
| branch = [[Maharashtra Police]]
| department =
| rank = [[File:Insignia of Inspector General of Police in India- 2013-10-02 16-14.png|20px]] [[Inspector General of Police]]
| status = Active
}}
{{Tone|date=May 2025}}
'''Manoj Kumar Sharma''' (born 3 July 1975) is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer currently serving as the [[Inspector General of Police (India)|Inspector General of Police]] (Law & Order) of the [[Central Industrial Security Force|Maharashtra Police]]. His journey from poverty to becoming an IPS officer was chronicled in Anurag Pathak's book ''Twelfth Fail'', which was later adapted into the film ''[[12th Fail]]'' (2023).

== Life ==

Sharma grew up in Bilgaon, a village in the [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]] of [[Chambal (region)|Chambal]], in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is part of a region historically notorious for [[dacoity]]. {{Cn|date=May 2025}}

Following his early education at a local school, Sharma successfully progressed through the eighth grade and later pursued his studies at Maharani Lakshmi Bai Government College of Excellence in [[Gwalior]]. However, his academic path encountered an unforeseen obstacle during the 12th grade exams.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=IPS Officer Success Story: Meet IPS Officer Manoj Kumar Sharma, Who Inspired The Story '12th Fail' Film |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/education/ips-officer-success-story-meet-ips-officer-manoj-kumar-sharma-who-inspired-the-story-12th-fail-film-10125087 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, he gained a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Hindi]] and History.<ref>{{Cite web |title='I aspire to be a person like Manoj Sharma': Vikrant Massey on '12th Fail' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2023/11/18/i-aspire-to-be-a-person-like-manoj-sharma-vikrant-massey-on-12th-fail.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=12th Fail fame IPS Manoj Kumar Sharma's early life, education, family and more details |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/webstories/news-gossip/12th-fail-fame-ips-manoj-kumar-sharmas-early-life-education-family-and-more-details-2761521/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=How Manoj Kumar Sharma, who inspired Vikrant Massey's '12th Fail', went from driving a tempo to an IPS officer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/how-manoj-kumar-jha-who-inspired-vikrant-masseys-12th-fail-went-from-driving-a-tempo-to-an-ips-officer-13589842.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anurag Kashyap on '12th Fail': The best mainstream film I've seen in 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anurag-kashyap-on-12th-fail-the-best-mainstream-film-ive-seen-in-2023-vidhu-vinod-chopra-2487819-2024-01-12 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=India Today |date=12 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Sharma faced numerous challenges in his pursuit of becoming an IPS officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Sleeping on Streets to Being 'Dog Walker', This '12th Fail' IPS Officer is Now '#Restart Goal' for India |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/12th-fail-ips-officer-dr-manoj-kumar-sharma-inspiring-journey-restart-goal-india-8729034.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> After several unsuccessful attempts at the [[Civil Services Examination]], he finally succeeded on his fourth attempt, securing rank 121.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPS Manoj Kumar Sharma: Check Educational Qualification, Rank, Salary and More |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ips-manoj-kumar-sharma-check-educational-qualification-rank-salary-and-more/articleshow/108580922.cms |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

Sharma became an officer in the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) as part of the 2005 batch, and was assigned to the [[Maharashtra]] cadre. In [[Mumbai Police]], he has served as DCP (Zone-I) and Additional Commissioner of West Region. He was promoted as the [[Inspector General of Police (India)|Inspector General of Police]] (IG) and has served in the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF). He is now serving as IG of Maharashtra Police. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Shetty Shares Pic With The "Real Hero" Of 12th Fail – IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rohit-shetty-posts-picture-with-this-ips-officer-writes-please-do-watch-12th-fail-4823132 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Rohit Shetty meets 'the real hero of 12th Fail' IPS Manoj Kumar Sharma, calls Vikrant Massey's film an inspiring story |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rohit-shetty-meets-the-real-hero-of-12th-fail-ips-manoj-kumar-sharma-calls-vikrant-masseys-film-an-inspiring-story-13591192.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

=== Personal life ===
Manoj Kumar Sharma married [[Shraddha Joshi Sharma]], an [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IRS) officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=12th Fail Fame IPS Manoj Kumar Shares Pic from Early Days of Marriage, Goes Viral |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/12th-fail-fame-ips-manoj-kumar-shares-pic-from-early-days-of-marriage-goes-viral-article-106693416 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-07 |title=Meet Shraddha Joshi: U'khand Topper & Her Encounter with 'Guns & Pani Wala Aloo' at Wedding with '12th Fail' IPS Officer |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/12th-fail-shraddha-joshi-ips-officer-manoj-sharma-wife-irs-profile-8730761.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> They have two children, a daughter named Manushree and a son, Manas. The family lives together in [[Mumbai]]. {{Cn|date=May 2025}}

== In popular culture ==

His journey from poverty to becoming an IPS officer was chronicled in Anurag Pathak's book ''Twelfth Fail.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=IPS officer Manoj Sharma of '12th Fail' fame is now an Inspector General |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/ips-officer-manoj-sharma-of-12th-fail-fame-is-now-an-inspector-general/ar-BB1k22MO?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=7fbe372711ea4ba7bf825ccd43e61bba&ei=33 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=msn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=IPS Officer Manoj Sharma, Inspiration Behind '12th Fail', Gets Promotion |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/ips-officer-manoj-sharma-inspiration-behind-12th-fail-gets-promotion-5256153 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> The book was later adapted into the 2023 film ''[[12th Fail]].'' The film was directed by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] and features [[Vikrant Massey]] as Sharma. The film received widespread critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikrant Massey's 12th Fail submitted to the Oscar |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/vikrant-masseys-12th-fail-submitted-to-the-oscar |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma is the real hero of 12th Fail: Rohit Shetty calls Vikrant Massey film a must watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ips-manoj-kumar-sharma-12th-fail-rohit-shetty-real-hero-vikrant-massey-101704773436594.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Telangana High Court

2026-03-29T15:11:54Z

Victornkd: cleanup details per standard format and added references

{{Short description|High Court for the Indian State Telangana}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = High Court for the State of Telangana<hr />Telaṅgāṇa Rāṣṭra Unnata N'yāyasthānaṁ (తెలంగాణ రాష్ట్ర ఉన్నత న్యాయస్థానం)
| image = High Court of Telangana in Hyderabad06.jpg
| caption = Telangana State High Court Building
| image2 = Logo of the High Court of Judicature for the State of Telangana at Hyderabad.png
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1 January 2019}}
| jurisdiction = [[Telangana]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.369181|78.472039|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = Executive selection subject to qualification
| authority = [[Constitution of India]] & [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014]]
| terms = mandatory retirement by age of 62
| positions = 42 {Permanent 32; Addl. 10}
| website = {{URL|http://tshc.gov.in/}}
| chiefjudgetitle = [[Chief Justice]]
| chiefjudgename = [[Aparesh Kumar Singh]]
| termstart = 19 July 2025
}}
{{Politics of Telangana}}

The '''Telangana High Court''' is the [[High Courts of India|High Court]] for the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. Founded by the 7th [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSHC - High Court for the State of Telangana - History {{!}} Official Website of e-Committee, Supreme Court of India {{!}} India |url=https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/division/tshc/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was established as the High Court for the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]] and in November 1956 after the formation of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] renamed as ''High Court of Andhra Pradesh''. In 2014, after the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh]], the court was again renamed as ''High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://tshc.gov.in/about_us.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=tshc.gov.in}}</ref>

The President of India, on 26 December 2018, issued orders bifurcating the ''High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad'' into ''High Court for the State of Telangana'' with the principal seat at [[Hyderabad]] and the ''High Court of Andhra Pradesh'', with the principal seat at [[Amaravati]]. The bifurcation and the constitution of separate High Courts for Telangana and Andhra Pradesh came into effect from 1 January 2019.

From 2 June 2014, after the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] came into force, the court was renamed and served as a common high court for both of the states until 1 January 2019. A separate high court was established for [[Andhra Pradesh]] and inaugurated on 1 January 2019 and it was named as [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]].

The Telangana High Court, which has its seat in [[Hyderabad]], has a total sanctioned strength of 42 judges, comprising 32 permanent judges and 10 additional judges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-07-22 |title='27 Judges working in Telangana HC against sanctioned strength of 42' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/27-judges-working-in-telangana-hc-against-sanctioned-strength-of-42 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chief Justice of India Approves Increase in Number of Judges to 42 from 24 in Telangana High Court |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/chief-justice-of-india-approves-increase-in-number-of-judges-to-42-from-24-in-telangana-high-court/article34790519.ece |work=The Frontline}}</ref>

Since July 2025, [[Aparesh Kumar Singh]] has been serving as the Chief Justice of Telangana High Court.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh sworn in as Chief Justice of Telangana High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/justice-aparesh-kumar-singh-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-telangana-high-court/article69830816.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh, Chief Justice of Telangana HC |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/justice-aparesh-kumar-singh-chief-justice-of-telangana-hc-1891502 |work=The Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

A new building for the High Court is under construction at a site spanning 100 acres at Budvel, Rajendranagar, in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2024 |title=Telangana Govt allots 100 acre land of agri and horticulture varsities for construction of new High Court Building Complex |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-government-issued-orders-allotting-100-acres-of-land-pertaining-to-the-state-agriculture-and-horticulture-universities-in-rajendranagar-for-construction-of-high-court-building-complex/article67709311.ece |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== History of the judiciary ==
The court during the Nizam era was known as ''Adalatul Aaliya Osmania'' (Higher court of Osman Ali Khan) and on November 5, 1956, after Andhra Pradesh was formed under the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act 1956]] it was renamed as ‘High Court of Andhra Pradesh’.<ref name="DecChron1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200419/hyderabad-high-court-building-turns-100-years-old.html|title=Hyderabad high court building turns 100 years old|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2019-04-20|last1=Moin|first1=Ather|access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref>
On 1 January 2019, the High Court was bifurcated into Andhra Pradesh High Court and Telangana High Court after the formation of the state of Telangana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-26 |title=Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to have separate HCs |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ap-and-telangana-to-have-separate-hcs/article62012917.ece |access-date=2023-07-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History of the High Court building ==
The High Court building today stands on the south bank of the [[Musi River (India)|River Musi]]. Built in red and white stones in [[Indo-Saracenic style]], the court building is one of the finest buildings in the city. The construction was started under [[Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII|Nizam VII Mir Osman Ali Khan]], then ruler of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad.]]<ref name="DecChron1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-20 |title=As Hyderabad High Court turns 100, city historians recall rich legacy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hyderabad-high-court-turns-100-city-historians-recall-rich-legacy-100364 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:High court, Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|left|185px|View of the High Court in early 20th century]]
The High Court functioned from five different locations, before the present location was finalised. The court was earlier located at [[Pathargatti|Pathergatti]]. In 1909 it was shifted to the residence of [[Asman Jah|Nawab Sir Asman Jah]]. Later in 1912, the court was shifted to [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]] and within 4 months it was once again shifted to the residence of Nawab [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III|Nawab Salar Jung Bahadur]], at [[Chatta Bazaar]]. In 1914, the court was once again shifted to the residence of Nawab Sartaj Jung at [[Saifabad]]. During this period the construction of the present building was started and the court shifted to its new location in 1919. The building could accommodate six judges besides accommodation for the office staff, record rooms, and advocates' hall. As number of judges increased a second building was built in 1958 and later in 1978, third building was added. In 2023, it was proposed to shift the court to a new building to be constructed at [[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]].<ref name="DecChron1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Dec/15/new-telanaganahc-building-at-rajendranagar-2641679.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=New Telanagana HC building at Rajendranagar|date=2023-12-15|first=|last=|access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tshc.gov.in/about_us.html | title=About Us }}</ref>
[[File:Telangana High Court 10.jpg|thumb|left|180px|View of the High Court in 2024]]
The plan of the High Court was drawn up by Shankar Lal of Jaipur and the local engineer who executed the design was Mehar Ali Fazil. Its chief engineer was Nawab Khan Bahadur Mirza Akbar Baig. The High Court was built on the ruins of the [[Qutb Shahi]] palaces, Hina Mahal and Nadi Mahal.<ref name="DecChron1"/> The construction started on 15 April 1915 and was completed on 31 March 1919. On 20 April 1920, the high court building was inaugurated by the seventh [[Nizam]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]].

In 1944, on the occasion of the silver jubilee celebrations a silver model of the high court weighing about 300 kg was presented to the Nizam VII Mir Osman Ali Khan by the judiciary. The model is now in the Nizam's Museum in [[Purani Haveli]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/hyderabad-high-court-turns-100-city-historians-recall-rich-legacy-100364|newspaper=[[The News Minute]]|title=As Hyderabad High Court turns 100, city historians recall rich legacy|date=2019-04-20|first=Priyanka|last=Richi|access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref>

The High Court building has been included in the [[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|list of heritage structures]] compiled by INTACH. [[World Monuments Fund]] has included the building in ''2025 World Monuments Watch''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/hyderabads-heritage-sites-make-it-to-2025-world-monuments-watchlist-1854558|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Hyderabad's Heritage Sites Make it to 2025 World Monuments Watchlist|first=Mrittika|last=Banerjee|date=2025-01-16|access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref>

=== After the formation of Andhra Pradesh ===
When the High Court of Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1956 as a consequence of [[States Reorganisation Act]], the number of judges was increased to 12. The existing accommodation was inadequate to meet the requirements of the larger High Court and so the additional building was constructed in 1958–59. The entire office rooms, record rooms, chambers of advocates (42 in all) and the rooms for law officers were located in this building. The record rooms, Officer rooms in the main building were modified to provide chambers and Court Hall accommodation for 14 Judges.

=== Construction of Annexe ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
By 1970, the institution of cases of the High Court has gone up to 35,000 as against 20,000 in 1958. The number of judges increased from 14 to 32. To provide additional accommodation for judges, staff, advocates and law officers, the third building was proposed and the work was completed in 1976. The law officers strength was increased from 8 to 18 by 1980 and the institution of cases had gone up to 55,593 cases. In 1979 a plan was drawn for the four-storey annexe building and due to lack of funds that could not be taken up. There are currently 32 court halls and 38 chambers located in the High Court main building and annexe buildings. The present building for which the foundation stone is being laid by the Chief Justice will have eight court halls and eight chambers for the judges. Some of the court halls located in the verandahs and in the office rooms will be restored to their original position. The institution of cases had risen from 20,078 from 1958 to 1982, 123 including miscellaneous cases in 1985. The pending cases in the High Court as on 24 July 1987 was 84,855 (i.e., 66,276 main cases + 18,579 miscellaneous cases). After the completion of this building, the main building and annexes buildings can locate 32 court halls and 38 chambers.

===2009 Major fire ===

On 31 August 2009 a major accidental fire broke out through the building reportedly causing severe damage to the library housing rare England law reports, Privy Council journals and a life-size portrait of the Nizam and portraits of judges. However, the records of the court are reportedly safe. The structural integrity of the building also may have been compromised.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/hc-flames-121 |title=HC up in flames |website=Deccan Chronicle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903165650/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/hc-flames-121 |archive-date=2009-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/andhra_fire_in_high_court_library_gutted.php | title=India News: Today's latest updates and breaking news from India, Live India News }}</ref>

== The Judges ==
The Telangana High Court sits at [[Hyderabad]] and has jurisdiction over the state of [[Telangana]]. It may have a maximum of 42 judges of which 32 may be permanently appointed and 10 may be additionally appointed. Currently, it has 29 judges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HON'BLE JUDGES PROFILE|url=http://hc.tap.nic.in/aphc/hc2019/profiles-ts.html|access-date=2019-02-04|website=hc.tap.nic.in}}</ref>

{{See also|List of sitting judges of High Courts of India#Telangana High Court}}

=== Judges of the Telangana High Court Serving on Transfer in Other Courts ===
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Judges
!Source
!Date of Joining
!Date of Retirement
!Current High Court
|-
|1
|[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]
|Bar
|29 June 2012
|6 August 2028
|[[Tripura High Court]]
|-
|2
|[[T. Amarnath Goud|Todupunuri Amarnath Goud]]
|Bar
|21 September 2017
|28 February 2027
|[[Tripura High Court]]
|-
|3
|T. Vinod Kumar
|Bar
|26 August 2019
|16 November 2026
|[[Madras High Court]]
|-
|4
|Annireddy Abhishek Reddy
|Bar
|26 August 2019
|6 November 2029
|[[Patna High Court]]
|-
|5
|Perugu Sree Sudha
|Judicial Service
|15 October 2021
|5 June 2029
|[[Karnataka High Court]]
|-
|6
|Chillakur Sumalatha
|Judicial Service
|15 October 2021
|4 February 2034
|[[Karnataka High Court]]
|-
|7
|Munnuri Laxman
|Judicial Service
|15 October 2021
|24 December 2027
|[[Rajasthan High Court]]
|-
|8
|Kasoju Surendhar
|Bar
|24 March 2022
|10 January 2030
|[[Madras High Court]]
|-
|9
|Mummineni Sudheer Kumar
|Bar
|24 March 2022
|19 May 2031
|[[Madras High Court]]
|-
|-
|10
|Ragul Reddy
|Judicial Service
|24 March 2022
|19 May 2031
|[[Madras High Court]]
|-
|11
|Gunnu Anupama Chakravarthy
|Judicial Service
|24 March 2022
|20 March 2032
|[[Patna High Court]]
|}

== Former Chief Justices ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! style="text-align:center; background:#acc;" |No.
! style="text-align: center; background:#acc;" |Judge
! style="text-align: center; background:#acc;" |Term start
! style="text-align: center; background:#acc;" |Term end
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Andhra State|Andhra]] High Court, [[Guntur]]
|-
!1
|[[Koka Subba Rao]]
|{{dts|1954|7|5|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1956|10|31|format=dmy}}
|-
! colspan="6" |[[United Andhra Pradesh]] High Court
|-
!1
|[[Koka Subba Rao]]
|{{dts|1956|11|1|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1958|1|30|format=dmy}}
|-
!2
|[[P. Chandra Reddy]]
|{{dts|1958|6|16|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1964|11|22|format=dmy}}
|-
!3
|[[P. Satyanarayana Raju]]
|{{dts|1964|12|30|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1965|10|19|format=dmy}}
|-
!4
|[[Manohar Pershad]]
|{{dts|1965|10|20|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1966|7|7|format=dmy}}
|-
!5
|N. D. Krishna Rao
|{{dts|1966|7|8|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1966|7|18|format=dmy}}
|-
!6
|[[P. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{dts|1966|7|19|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1969|7|31|format=dmy}}
|-
!7
|[[N. Kumarayya]]
|{{dts|1969|8|1|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1971|6|14|format=dmy}}
|-
!8
|K.V.L. Narasimham
|{{dts|1971|6|15|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1972|3|31|format=dmy}}
|-
!9
|[[Gopal Rao Ekbote]]
|{{dts|1972|4|1|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1974|5|31|format=dmy}}
|-
!10
|[[S. Obul Reddi]]
|{{dts|1974|6|1|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1976|7|6|format=dmy}}
|-
!11
|[[B. J. Divan]]
|{{dts|1976|7|7|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1977|8|27|format=dmy}}
|-
!(10)
|[[S. Obul Reddi]]
|{{dts|1977|8|28|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1978|4|8|format=dmy}}
|-
!12
|[[Avula Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{dts|1978|4|9|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1979|3|15|format=dmy}}
|-
!13
|[[Challa Kondaiah]]
|{{dts|1979|3|16|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1980|7|3|format=dmy}}
|-
!14
|[[Alladi Kuppu Swami]]
|{{dts|1980|11|23|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1982|3|22|format=dmy}}
|-
!15
|[[Konda Madhava Reddy]]
|{{dts|1983|4|14|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1984|4|7|format=dmy}}
|-
!16
|Koka Ramachandra Rao
|{{dts|1984|||format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1984|7|4|format=dmy}}
|-
!17
|P. Chennakesav Reddi
|{{dts|1985|||format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1985|9|29|format=dmy}}
|-
!18
|K. Bhaskaran
|{{dts|1985|10|9|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1988|3|18|format=dmy}}
|-
!19
|[[Yogeshwar Dayal]]
|{{dts|1988|3|19|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1991|3|21|format=dmy}}
|-
!20
|S.C. Pratap
|{{dts|1991|||format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1992|||format=dmy}}
|-
!21
|S.B. Majumdar
|{{dts|1992|10|12|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1993|7|1|format=dmy}}
|-
!22
|[[Sundaram Nainar Sundaram]]
|{{dts|1993|12|14|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1994|||format=dmy}}
|-
!23
|[[Saiyed Sagir Ahmed]]
|{{dts|1994|9|23|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1995|3|4|format=dmy}}
|-
!24
|[[Prabha Shankar Mishra]]
|{{dts|1995|5|15|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1997|10|27|format=dmy}}
|-
!25
|[[Umesh Chandra Banerjee]]
|{{dts|1998|2|1|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|1998|12|9|format=dmy}}
|-
!26
|[[Manmohan Singh Liberhan]]
|{{dts|1998|12|28|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2000|11|10|format=dmy}}
|-
!27
|[[S. B. Sinha]]
|{{dts|2000|12|11|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2001|11|25|format=dmy}}
|-
!28
|[[A. R. Lakshmanan|Arunachalam R. Lakshmanan]]
|{{dts|2001|11|26|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2002|12|19|format=dmy}}
|-
!29
|[[Devinder Gupta]]
|{{dts|2003|3|6|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2005|4|3|format=dmy}}
|-
!30
|[[G.S. Singhvi]]
|{{dts|2005|11|27|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2007|11|11|format=dmy}}
|-
!31
|[[Anil R. Dave|Anil Ramesh Dave]]
|{{dts|2008|1|7|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2010|2|11|format=dmy}}
|-
!32
|[[Nisar Ahmad Kakru]]
|{{dts|2010|2|19|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2011|10|25|format=dmy}}
|-
!33
|[[Madan Lokur]]
|{{dts|2011|11|15|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2012|6|4|format=dmy}}
|-
!34
|[[Pinaki Chandra Ghose]]
|{{dts|2012|12|12|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2013|3|8|format=dmy}}
|-
!35
|[[Kalyan Jyoti Sengupta]]
|{{dts|2013|5|21|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2015|5|5|format=dmy}}
|-
! colspan="6" |High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad
|-
!36
|[[Thottathil B. Radhakrishnan|T.B. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{dts|2017|7|7|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2018|12|31|format=dmy}}{{Efn|During his tenure separate Telangana High Court was established and he became the First Chief Justice of new Telangana High Court}}
|-
! colspan="6" |Telangana High Court
|-
!1
|[[Thottathil B. Radhakrishnan|T.B. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{dts|2019|1|1|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2019|4|2|format=dmy}}
|-
!2
|[[Raghvendra Singh Chauhan]]
|{{dts|2019|6|22|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2021|1|6|format=dmy}}
|-
!3
|[[Hima Kohli]]
|{{dts|2021|1|7|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2021|8|30|format=dmy}}
|-
!4
|[[Satish Chandra Sharma]]
|{{dts|2021|10|11|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2022|6|27|format=dmy}}
|-
!5
|[[Ujjal Bhuyan]]
|{{dts|2022|6|28|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|7|13|format=dmy}}
|-
!6
|[[Alok Aradhe]]
|{{dts|2023|7|23|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2025|1|20|format=dmy}}
|-
!7
|[[Aparesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{dts|2025|7|19|format=dmy}}
|''Incumbent''
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Judges elevated as Chief Justice ==
This sections contains list of only those judges elevated as chief justices whose parent high court is Telangana. This includes those judges who, at the time of appointment as chief justice, may not be serving in Telangana High Court but this list does not include judges who at the time of appointment as chief justice were serving in Telangana High Court but does not have Telangana as their Parent High Court.{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}
;Symbol Key
* {{Note label|‡|‡|‡}}Elevated to [[Supreme Court of India]]
*{{Note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{Note label|†|†|†}}Died in office{{Note label}}{{Col-end}}{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter static-row-numbers static-row-header" style="font-size: 90%"
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Appointed as CJ in HC of
! colspan="2" |Date of appointment
! rowspan="2" |Date of retirement{{Efn|this inlcudes date of resignation, death and Elevation to supreme court|name=date}}
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Ref..
|-
!As Judge
!As Chief Justice
!As Chief Justice
!As Judge{{Efn|also includes tenure as Chief Justice|name=tenure}}
|-
|[[P. V. Sanjay Kumar|Puligoru Venkata Sanjay Kumar]]
|[[File:Justice_P._V._Sanjay_Kumar.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|[[Manipur High Court|Manipur]]
|{{dts|2008|8|8|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2021|2|14|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|2|5|format=dmy}}{{Ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
|{{ayd|2021|2|14|2023|2|5|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2008|8|8|2023|2|5}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court for the State of Telangana |url=https://www.tshc.gov.in/showFormerJudgeProfile?id=92 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250521201745/https://www.tshc.gov.in/showFormerJudgeProfile?id=92 |archive-date=2025-05-21 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=tshc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|Mamidanna Satyratna Ramachandra Rao]]
|[[File:Justice_M.S._Ramachandra_Rao.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh]], ''transferred to'' [[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand]] ''then to'' [[Tripura High Court|Tripura]]
|{{dts|2012|6|29|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|5|30|format=dmy}}
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2023|5|30||||duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2012|6|29|||}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court for the State of Telangana |url=https://www.tshc.gov.in/showFormerJudgeProfile?id=95 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250515005330/https://www.tshc.gov.in/showFormerJudgeProfile?id=95 |archive-date=2025-05-15 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=tshc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|}{{Notelist}}
{{Static row numbers}}

== Judges elevated to Supreme Court ==
This section includes the list of only those judges whose parent high court was Telangana. This includes those judges who, at the time of elevation to [[Supreme Court of India]], may not be serving in Telangana High Court but this list does not include judges who at the time of elevation were serving in Telangana High Court but does not have Telangana as their Parent High Court.{{Legend|#EEFFE1"|Served as [[Chief Justice of India]]|border=2px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}
;Key
* {{Note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{Note label|†|†|†}}Died in office{{Note label}}{{Col-end}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter static-row-header" style="font-size: 90%"
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name of the Judge
! rowspan="2" |Image
! colspan="2" |Date of Appointment
! rowspan="2" |Date of Retirement
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! rowspan="2" |Immediately preceding office
|-
!In Parent High Court
!In Supreme Court
!In High Court(s)
!In Supreme Court
!Total tenure{{Efn|name=total tenure|Includes both tenure as High Court Judge as well as Supreme Court Judge}}
|-
!1
|[[P. V. Sanjay Kumar|Puligoru Venkata Sanjay Kumar]]
|[[File:Justice_P._V._Sanjay_Kumar.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|{{dts|2008|8|8|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|2|6|format=dmy}}
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2008|8|8|2023|2|5}}
|{{ayd|2023|2|6||||duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2008|8|8|||}}
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Manipur High Court|6th CJ]] of [[Manipur High Court|Manipur HC]]
|}{{Notelist}}
== Judges of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh High Court ==
{{transcluded section|Andhra Pradesh High Court}}
{{#section-h:Andhra Pradesh High Court|Judges of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh High Court}}

==Present Registrars of High Court ==
# Registrar General – E. Tirumala Devi
# Registrar (Judicial I) – Sri Sura Srinivas Reddy
#Registrar (Judicial II)-K Gangadhara rao
# Registrar (Administration) – V. Bala Bhaskar Rao
# Registrar (I.T.)-cum-Central Project Coordinator (IT & [http://ecourts.gov.in E-Committee] related) – T Venkateswara Rao
# Registrar (Vigilance) – E. Tirumala Devi
# Registrar (Management)-V Ramesh
# Registrar (Protocol)-T Venkateswara Rao
# District Judge (Enquiries)
# Registrar (Recruitment) – Sri Sura Srinivas Reddy

==Present unit heads ==
# Adilabad – M. R. Sunitha
# Karimnagar – B. Prathima
# Khammam – P Chandrashekara Prasad
# Mahabubnagar -S Premavathi
# Medak – B Papi Reddy
# Nalgonda – S Jagjeevan Kumar
# Nizamabad -Kunchala Suneetha
# Rangareddy – R Tirupathi
# Warangal – [[Narsing Rao Nandikonda]]
# Hyderabad-City Civil Court – Renuka Yara
# Hyderabad-City Small Causes Court -V B Nirmala Geethamba
# Hyderabad-Metropolitan Sessions Court – E Tirumala Devi
# Hyderabad – Principal CBI – Ch. Ramesh Babu

== See also ==
* [[High Courts of India]]
* [[:Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State|Establishments in Hyderabad State]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

* [https://tshc.gov.in Official website]
* [https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/telangana Judicial District Units of Telangana]

{{High courts of India}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]

Navneet Dhaliwal

2026-03-27T16:54:50Z

Victornkd:

{{short description|Canadian cricketer (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Navneet Dhaliwal
| image =
| country = Canada
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = [[Batsman]]
| hidedeliveries =
| international = true

| odidebutdate = 8 February
| odidebutyear = 2024
| odidebutagainst = Nepal
| odicap = 98
| lastodidate = 26 September
| lastodiyear = 2024
| lastodiagainst = Oman

| T20Idebutdate = 18 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2019
| T20Idebutagainst = Cayman Islands
| T20Icap = 42
| lastT20Idate = 19 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| lastT20Iagainst = Afghanistan

| date = 20 February 2026
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/817069.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Navneet Dhaliwal''' (born 10 October 1988) is a former Indian-born [[cricket]]er and former captain who played for the [[Canada national cricket team]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/817069.html |title=Navneet Dhaliwal |access-date=17 January 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2489296 |title=Captains share their thoughts ahead of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier A |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Navneet Dhaliwal was born on 10 October 1988 in [[Chandigarh]], India. He moved to [[Canada]] at the age of 22 when his family bought a [[gas station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/meet-the-4-indian-born-players-part-of-canadas-t20-world-cup-team-playing-against-india-navneet-dhaliwal-parag-singh-dilpreet-bajwa-shreyas-movva-and-pakistan-article-110904926 |title=Meet the 4 Indian-born players part of Canada's World Cup Team Playing Against India And Pakistan|website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Career ==
He made his [[List A cricket]] debut in the [[2015 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]] tournament for Canada against the Netherlands on 17 January 2015.<ref name="Debut">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/world-cricket-league-div2-2015/engine/match/812777.html |title=ICC World Cricket League Division Two, Canada v Netherlands at Windhoek, Jan 17, 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In January 2018, he was named in Canada's squad for the [[2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]] tournament.<ref name="Can-squad">{{Cite web|url=http://gocricketgocanada.com/web/2018/01/12/canadian-squad-for-world-cricket-league-division-2-tournament/ |title=Canadian squad for World Cricket League Division 2 tournament |access-date=15 January 2018 |work=Cricket Canada}}</ref> In September 2018, he was named in Canada's squad for the [[2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 Americas Qualifier]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/canadian-national-cricket-squad-for-icc-americas-world-t20-srq/ |title=Canadian National Cricket Squad for ICC Americas World T20 SRQ & Schedule |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424074643/https://cricketcanada.org/canadian-national-cricket-squad-for-icc-americas-world-t20-srq/ |archive-date=24 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer for Canada in the tournament, with 83 runs in six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12626;team=17;type=tournament |title=ICC World Twenty20 Americas Sub Regional Qualifier A, 2018 - Canada: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref>

In October 2018, he was named in Canada's squad for the [[2018–19 Regional Super50]] tournament in the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/cricket-canada-announces-squad-for-super-5o/ |title=Cricket Canada announces squad for Super 50 Cup |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424074658/https://cricketcanada.org/cricket-canada-announces-squad-for-super-5o/ |archive-date=24 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer for Canada in the tournament, with 271 runs in six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12690;team=17;type=tournament |title=Super50 Cup, 2018/19 - Canada: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2019, he was named in Canada's squad for the [[2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]] tournament in Namibia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/cricket-canada-announces-the-senior-national-squad-for-the-icc-wcl-division-2-namibia/ |title=Cricket Canada announces the Senior National Squad for the ICC WCL Division 2, Namibia |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410163719/https://cricketcanada.org/cricket-canada-announces-the-senior-national-squad-for-the-icc-wcl-division-2-namibia/ |archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer for Canada in the tournament, with 219 runs in five matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?class=5;id=12897;team=17;type=tournament |title=ICC World Cricket League Division Two, 2019 - Canada: List A matches, Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Edmonton Royals franchise team in the [[2019 Global T20 Canada]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadacricket.com/?p=12755 |title=Global T20 draft streamed live |work=Canada Cricket Online |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref>

In August 2019, he was named as the captain of Canada's squad for the [[2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier#Regional Finals|Regional Finals]] of the [[2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=34 |title=Squad selected for the ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier - Americas Final 2019, Bermuda |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110130101/https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=34 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) debut for Canada against the [[Cayman Islands national cricket team|Cayman Islands]] on 18 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1197397.html |title=2nd Match, ICC Men's T20 World Cup Americas Region Final at Sandys Parish, Aug 18 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> He finished the tournament as the leading run-scorer, with 190 runs in six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13243;type=tournament |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup Americas Region Final, 2019: Most runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2019/articles/000013/001327.shtml |title=Bermuda and Canada through to global qualifier |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826110237/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2019/articles/000013/001327.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2019, he was named as the captain of Canada's squad for the [[2019 Malaysia Cricket World Cup Challenge League A]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=45 |title=Canada squad for the ICC CWC Challenge League A, Malaysia |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512165557/https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=45 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 19 September 2019, in the match against [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]], he scored 140 runs from 94 balls, as Canada made 408/7 from their 50 overs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=49 |title=Canada win big over Malaysia |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616180250/https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=49 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He finished the tournament as the leading run-scorer for Canada, with 250 runs in three matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=13343;team=17;type=tournament |title=CWC Challenge League Group A, 2019-2021/22 - Canada: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> In October 2019, he was named as the captain of Canada's squad for the [[2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier]] tournament in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=53 |title=Canadian squad for ICC T20 World Cup qualifier |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807151336/https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=53 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1451840 |title=Captains speak of their chances in ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> Ahead of the tournament, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) named him as the key player in Canada's squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1451717 |title=Team preview: Canada |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref>

In October 2021, he was named as the captain of Canada's squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier]] tournament in Antigua.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=183/ |title=Canada's national squad for ICC 2022 Men's T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028155809/https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=183/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In February 2022, he was again named as captain of the national side for the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Global Qualifier A]] tournament in Oman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=195 |title=Canada's ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier, Oman 2022 squad announced! |work=Cricket Canada |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110130102/https://cricketcanada.org/news-single?nid=195 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In May 2024, he was named in Canada’s squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada’s Squad for the ICC Men’s T20I World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/canada-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2025, he was named in Canada's squad for [[2025 North American Cup]] held in [[Cayman Islands Cricket Association|Cayman Islands]]. He finished the tournament by being the leading run scorer for Canada in the tournament. In May 2025, he was named in Canada's squad for [[2025 United States Tri-Nation Series]]

In January 2026, he was named in Canada’s squad for the [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada’s Squad for the ICC Men’s T20I World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2026-1502138/canada-squad-1519530/series-squads |url-status= |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2026, Dhaliwal announced his retirement from international cricket final game against Afghanistan in T20 World Cup 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2026 |first=Deivarayan |last=Muthu |title=Canada's Navneet Dhaliwal to retire from international cricket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-canada-s-navneet-dhaliwal-to-retire-from-international-cricket-1524810|access-date=18 February 2026|website=|url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Q9BRG?wr=false |archive-date=February 24, 2026 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cricinfo|id=817069}}

{{Canada T20I Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Canada squads
|bg= red
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#FFFDD0
|list1=
{{Canada Squad 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{Canada Squad 2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaliwal, Navneet}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian cricketers]]
[[Category:Canada One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Canada Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:ICC Americas cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]

Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-03-25T15:51:57Z

Victornkd:

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Kannur district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Kottiyoor Wildlife sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary 01.jpg
| image_caption = Sign at the wildlife sanctuary
| image_alt = Sign at the wildlife sanctuary
| location = [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|53|02.6|N|75|51|26.5|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map = India Kerala#India
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| area = {{convert|30.3798|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}
| established = 2011
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Department of forests, [[Government of Kerala]]
}}
'''Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary''' is Wildlife Sanctuary located in [[Kannur district|Eastern Hilly Areas in Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]], India. Situated near to other sanctuaries in Kerala and [[Karnataka]], the Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary is rich in biodiversity and rich flora and fauna. This Wildlife Sanctuary connects Kannur and Wayanad Districts.

==History==
As per government order numbers G.O(MS)No.17/2011/F&WL, Kottiyoor reserve forest, a part of [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] was declared as Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary on 1 March 2011.<ref name="forest">{{Cite web |title=WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES |url=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=205&Itemid=162 |website=forest.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Description==
Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary located in [[Kottiyoor]] village in [[Kannur district]] of Kerala. This wildlife sanctuary is located close to the [[Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Kerala and [[Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Karnataka.<ref name="aranyakam">{{Cite web|url=https://aranyakam.org/kottiyoor-wildlife-sactuary/|title=Kottiyoor Wildlife Sactuary|access-date=2022-05-29|last=P|first=Aruvi|date=2021-10-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> Forests in the sanctuary include evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, deciduous forests and grasslands.<ref name="metro">{{Cite web |url=http://metrovaartha.com/blog/2014/10/04/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81-3/ |title=ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ് |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806060606/http://metrovaartha.com/blog/2014/10/04/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Bavali River]], a tributary of [[Valapattanam River]] flows through the boundaries of the sanctuary.<ref name="metro"/>

==Flora and fauna==
There are more than 41 species of mammals recorded in the sanctuary including [[Asian elephant]], [[Tiger]], [[Leopard]] [[Gaur]], [[Sambar deer]], [[Barking deer]], [[Travancore flying squirrel]], [[Lion-tailed macaque]], [[Nilgiri langur]], and [[Malabar slender loris]].<ref name="aranyakam"/><ref name="BirdLife">{{cite web |title=BirdLife Data Zone |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kottiyoor-reserve-forest-iba-india |website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> The 179 bird species recorded here includes [[Broad-tailed grassbird]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[Blue-winged parakeet]], [[Malabar grey hornbill]], [[Grey-headed bulbul]], [[Wayanad laughingthrush]], [[Rufous babbler]], [[White-bellied blue flycatcher]], [[White-bellied treepie]] and [[Nilgiri pipit]].<ref name="aranyakam"/><ref name="BirdLife"/> The Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary is also the home to 36 species of reptiles, 23 species of amphibians, 29 species of fish, 216 species of butterflies and 55 species of odonates. The [[Cnemaspis kottiyoorensis]], endemic to Kerala, is named after its locality, Kottiyoor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cnemaspis kottiyoorensis CYRIAC & UMESH, 2014 |url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=kottiyoorensis}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2011]]

Sumit Roy

2026-03-15T05:04:38Z

Victornkd: Created a post nd citations

{{short description|Indian screenwriter, writer, Director}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sumit Roy}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumit Roy
| image = Sumit Roy.jpg
| caption =
| other names =
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|screenwriter<ref name="IT"/>|Director|}}
| alma mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] [[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]]
| spouse =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Sumit Roy''' is an Indian screenwriter and director who primarily works in Hindi films. Sumit has written scripts for Bollywood productions such as [[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani|''Rocky Aur Rani ki Prem Kahani'']](2023),<ref name="IT">{{Cite news |date=4 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani trailer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/twitter-reviews-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-trailer-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-2401728-2023-07-04 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Gehraiyaan|''Gehrraiyaan'']] (2022).,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2022 |title=Gehrraiyaan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gehraiyaan-writer-s-dad-asks-twitter-to-watch-son-s-movie-in-wholesome-post-reacts-to-f-word-overuse-i-ll-ask-him-101644839090737.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and [[Homebound (2025 film)|''Homebound'']] (2025)<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2025 |title=Homebound co-writer Sumit Roy expresses pride as film gets picked for Oscars 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/homebound-co-writer-sumit-roy-expresses-pride-as-film-gets-picked-for-oscars-2026-2790245-2025-09-19 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Sumit received two nominations at the [[69th Filmfare Awards]] for Best Story and Best Screenplay for his work on ''Rocky Aur Rani ki Prem Kahani''<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=Filmfare Award 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2024 |title=69th Filmfare Awards Nominations List |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/69th-filmfare-awards-nominations-list-ranbir-kapoor-shah-rukh-khan-get-best-actor-nod |work=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> and also won [[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]] for best story for his film Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIFA Awards 2024: Here's the Complete List of Winners! |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-the-winners-of-iifa-awards-1727675792-1 |work=Jagranjosh.com |date=1 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

His short film Dancing Queen (2007) won the first prize at the [[Sardinia International Ethnographic Film Festival]] (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sardiniafilmfestival.it/albo-doro/|title=ALBO D'ORO – Sardinia Film Festival}}</ref> It was also selected as India’s nominee for the [[Pangea Day]] global simulcast in 2008 <ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2013 |title=Mumbai to play host to global event |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-to-play-host-to-global-event-1163631 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2008 |title=Story-telling connects the world |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/story-telling-connects-the-world/story-IBsc3gIx6pbZKOU1qjdWyH.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Moving to Mumbai to pursue a career in Hindi feature films, Sumit was selected as one of the finalists of SANKALAN, India’s first script lab mentored by [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Sriram Raghavan|Sriram Raghvan]] and [[Anjum Rajabali]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2010 |title=The plot thickens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/the-plot-thickens/articleshow/5707410.cms |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2019 he wrote Takht for [[Karan Johar]] ([[Dharma Productions]]), an epic historical set in the Mughal era which is to star [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Vicky Kaushal]], Anila Kapoor, [[Kareena Kapoor]], Bhumi Pedenkar, [[Jhanvi Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2018 |title=Takht: Somen Mishra, Head of Development at Dharma Productions, introduces writers of Karan Johar's next |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/takht-somen-mishra-head-of-development-at-dharma-productions-introduces-writers-of-karan-johars-next-4959651.html |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

In 2023, Sumit created and wrote [[Showtime (Indian TV series)]], an original drama about the inside working of [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2024 |title=Finding the perfect fit |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/karan-johar-is-a-man-who-can-take-a-joke-on-himself-says-showtime--creator-sumit-roy-23337534 |work=Mid-Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2023 |title=Emraan Hashmi, Mouni Roy and Naseeruddin Shah to star in Disney+ Hotstar series 'Showtime' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/emraan-hashmi-mouni-roy-and-naseeruddin-shah-to-star-in-disney-hotstar-series-showtime-2818745 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

Sumit co-wrote ''Homebound'', directed by [[Neeraj Ghaywan]], which premiered in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section at the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival, 2025]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Martin Scorsese-Executive Produced 'Homebound' to Screen in Cannes' Un Certain Regard |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/martin-scorsese-cannes-un-certain-regard-homebound-1236379140/ |work=Variety}}</ref> Executive-produced by [[Martin Scorsese]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Homebound: Scorsese-backed Indian film that got a nine-minute ovation at Cannes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czelypr8jdlo |work=BBC}}</ref> the film also featured at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] (TIFF), winning the second runner-up prize in the International People’s Choice Award.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ishaan Khatter, Janhvi Kapoor, Vishal Jethwa's 'Homebound' selected for Toronto International Film Festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ishaan-khatter-janhvi-kapoor-vishal-jethwas-homebound-selected-for-toronto-international-film-festival-neeraj-ghaywan-101752724152638.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ''Homebound'' was also selected as India’s official entry for the Best International Feature Film category at the [[98th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2025 |title=Homebound co-writer Sumit Roy expresses pride as film gets picked for Oscars 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/homebound-co-writer-sumit-roy-expresses-pride-as-film-gets-picked-for-oscars-2026-2790245-2025-09-19 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2025 |title=Sumit Roy reacts to Neeraj Ghaywan's 'Homebound' going for Oscar-nominations |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sumit-roy-neeraj-ghaywan-homebound-going-for-oscar-nominations-23594873 |work=Mid-Day}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Story
! Screenplay
! Dialogue
! Note
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
| ''[[Zubaan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2022
| ''[[Gehraiyaan]]''

|
| {{yes}}

|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2023
| ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}

|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2025
| ''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|}

== Web Series ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Story
! Screenplay
! Dialogue
! Note
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2024
| ''[[Showtime (Indian TV series)]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}

|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|2024
|[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]
|Best Original Story
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Ananya |title=IIFA 2024 full list of winners: Shah Rukh Khan and Rani Mukerji bag best actors, Animal wins big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2024-full-list-of-winners-shah-rukh-khan-and-rani-mukerji-bag-best-actors-animal-wins-big-101727571930710.html}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="2" | 2024
|rowspan="2" | [[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]
|Best Story
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=Filmfare Award 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Screenplay
|{{Nominated}}
|
|}

== References ==
<references responsive="0" />

[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chitpavan Brahmins

2026-03-12T12:26:23Z

Victornkd: made new pg

{{Short description|Indian Brahmin sub-caste inhabiting the Konkan region}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Chitpavan/Kokanastha Brahmins
| populated_states = [[Konkan]] (Coastal [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], some parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]])
| languages = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Chitpavani Konkani]].
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| population =
}}
[[File:बोडण.jpg|thumb|Chitpavan Brahmins practising [[#Bodan|''Bodan'']], a rite performed on important occasions like birth or marriage]]
The '''Chitpavan Brahmin''' or the '''Kokanastha Brahmin''' is a Hindu [[Maharashtrian Brahmin]] community inhabiting [[Konkan]], the coastal region of the state of [[Maharashtra]]. Initially working as messengers and spies in the late seventeenth century, the community came into prominence during the 18th century when the heirs of [[Peshwa]] from the [[Bhat family]] of [[Balaji Vishwanath]] became the de facto rulers of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Until the 18th century, the Chitpavans were held in low esteem by the [[Deshastha]], the older established Brahmin community of the Karnataka-Maharashtra region.<ref name="Kumar2013"/><ref>{{cite book|title=India, the Rebel Continent |author=Guy Delury|page=183|quote=The name Chitpavan had been given to them by the other local jatis of Brahmins a little mockingly, since they tended to look down on the Chitpavans}}</ref><ref name="Griffiths2019"/>

As per Jayant Lele, the influence of the Chitpavans in the Peshwa era as well as the British era has been greatly exaggerated because even during the time of the most prominent Peshwas, their political legitimacy and their intentions were not trusted by all levels of the administration, not even by [[Shivaji]]'s successors. He adds that after the defeat of Peshwas in the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha wars]], Chitpavans were one of the Hindu communities to flock to western education in the [[Bombay Province]] of [[British India]].<ref name="singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Lele |first2=J.K. |title= Language and society: steps towards an integrated theory |year=1989 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn= 978-9-00408-789-7 |page=34 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1PLiAlGzLFQC|quote=The extent of the real chitpavan influence in the socio-polity of Maharashtra, during this period, has been vastly exaggerated. Even under the most ambitious and effective peshwas, the established local power structure, from the major Maratha chieftains down to village headmen, did not trust Peshwas' political intentions and doubted their legitimacy. This was particularly true under Shivaji's feuding successors.}}</ref>

==Etymology and origin==
The Chitpavans are also known as Kokanastha Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book |title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century |editor1-first=Mariam |editor1-last=Dossal |editor2-first=Ruby |editor2-last=Maloni |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1999 |isbn=978-8-17154-855-2 |page=163 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA163 |first=Frank F. |last=Conlon |chapter=Vishnubawa Brahmachari: A Champion of Hinduism in Nineteenth Century Maharashtra}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |first=Donald V. |last=Kurtz |publisher=BRILL |year=1993 |isbn=978-9-00409-828-2 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA62}}</ref>

The etymology of their name is given in a legendary myth of the chapter ''citpāvanabrāhmaṇotpattiḥ'' i.e. "Origin of the Citpāvan brahmins" in the Hindu Sanskrit scripture [[Sahyadrikhanda]]{{efn|The book is less than 400 years old per Alexander Kyd Nairne, a British colonial era author.<ref>Nairne, Alexander Kyd. History of the Konkan. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services, 1988.[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC&pg=PR15]</ref>}} of the [[Skanda Purana]]. According to this chapter, [[Parashurama]], the sixth incarnation of God [[Vishnu]], who could not find any Brahmins in Konkan to perform rituals for him, found sixty fishermen who had gathered near a funeral pyre near the ocean shore. These sixty fisherman families were purified and Sanskritized to Brahminhood. Since the funeral pyre is called ''Chita'' and pure as ''pavana'', the community was henceforth known by the name ''Chitapavan '' or "purified at the location of a funeral pyre". However, 'Chita' also means 'mind' in Sanskrit and the Chitapavans prefer "pure of mind" instead of "pure from the pyre". One scholar suggests that the author of the current version was a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] and there were earlier suggestions of similarity with the ''Sadbodhacintāmaṇi'' published by the community of goldsmiths from Bombay. Madhav Deshpande (2010) rejects these suggestions because it is inconceivable that a Deshastha brahmin would write a "pro-Saraswat" text as there was dislike of the Gaud Saraswats of the west coast of India by the Deshasthas as well as the fact that the [[Deshastha]], Chitpavans and [[Karhade Brahmin]] unanimously rejected the Brahmin status claim of the [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin#Varna disputes|Gaud Saraswat Brahmins (Shenvi)]] of the western coast of Maharashtra. The [[Kulavruttanta]] of the Khare (Chitpavan) family prefers a modified version of the scripture. They state that fourteen dead-bodies were purified by Parshurama. Since "Chiplun pleased Paraśurāma's heart", the Brahmins of that place received the name ''cittapāvana''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Deshpande, M.M. |year=2010 |title=Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification |journal=Studia Orientalia |issue=108 |page=37,39 |quote=The first chapter of the Sahyādrikhaṇḍa is titled citpāvanabrāhmaṇotpattiḥ "Origin of the Citpāvan brahmins". In the newly recovered land of Konkan, there are no traditional brahmins, either of the Gauḍa or Draviḍa persuasion, to be found. Paraśurāma invites all the brahmins for carrying out ancestral offerings (śrāddha-pakṣa), and yet no one showed up (Chapter 1, verse 31). The angry brahmin Paraśurāma decided to produce new brahmins (brāhmaṇā nūtanāḥ kāryāḥ, Chapter 1, verse 33). As he was wandering along the bank of the ocean, he saw some men gathered around a funeral pyre and asked them about their caste and dharma. These were fishermen, and Paraśurāma purified their sixty families and offered them brahminhood (brāhmaṇyaṁ ca tato dattvā, Chapter 1, verse 37). Since these fishermen were purified at the location of a funeral pyre (citā), they received the designation of citapāvana (ibid.)}}</ref><ref name="Wolpert2021">{{cite book | author = Stanley Wolpert | date = 8 January 2021 | title = Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India | publisher = Univ of California Press | pages = 3– | isbn = 978-0-520-32340-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq_oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref>

The Chitpavan story of shipwrecked people is similar to the legendary arrival of [[Bene Israel]] Jews in the [[Raigad district]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Joan G. Roland | date = 16 January 2018 | title = Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era | publisher = Routledge | pages = 462| isbn = 978-1-351-30982-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gCNHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT462}}</ref><ref name="Egorova2008">{{cite book | author = Yulia Egorova | date = 22 February 2008 | title = Jews and India: Perceptions and Image | publisher = Routledge | pages = 137| isbn = 978-1-134-14654-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9sB9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT137}}</ref><ref name="Patai2015">{{cite book | author = Raphael Patai | date = 26 March 2015 | title = Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions | publisher = Routledge | pages = 256– | isbn = 978-1-317-47171-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m3qsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA256}}</ref><ref name="Blady2000">{{cite book | author = Ken Blady | date = 1 March 2000 | title = Jewish Communities in Exotic Places | publisher = Jason Aronson, Incorporated | pages = 216– | isbn = 978-1-4616-2908-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T0g2RsZI1yMC&pg=PA216}}</ref><ref name="Dalal2014" /> According to the historian [[Roshen Dalal]], similarities between the legends may be due to a connection between the Chitpavans and the Bene Israel communities.<ref name="Dalal2014">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT262|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-396-7|pages=262–|quote=A very similar legend of a shipwreck is found among CHITPAVAN BRAHMANAS, indicating a possible connection between the two communities.}}</ref> The Bene Israel, who also settled in Konkan, claim that the Chitpavans are also of Jewish origin. According to their version, these Jews later adopted Hinduism and later were called Chitpavans by the people in the area.<ref name="Gangadharan1970">{{cite book|author=K.K.Gangadharan|pages=105|title=Sociology of Revivalism: A Study of Indianization, Sanskritization, and Golwalkarism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHidF79eqycC|year=1970|publisher=Kalamkar Prakashan|quote=A history of the Bene Israelis, who settled in the Colaba district of Konkan claim Chitpavans as fellow Jews}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Jews and India: Perceptions and Image |first=Yulia |last=Egorova |year=2006 |page=85 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-96123-0|quote=The Bene-Israel had their own version of this legend, according to which both groups had a common origin. Their tradition states that after the famous shipwreck, the seven men and seven women who are considered to be the ancestors of the Bene-Israel community were washed ashore together with some other compatriots of theirs. The latter were discovered by the local inhabitants, who decided that they were dead and attempted to cremate them; however, when the bodies were put on the burning pile they regained consciousness. Subsequently they were converted to Hinduism and eventually became known among the local population as Chitpavan Brahmans.}}</ref> A member of the community, B.J Israel, noted that there might be truth in his community's claim that they and Chitpavans belong to the same stock but there is also a possibility that the Puranic legend of Chitpavan origin had been appropriated by his community to account for their presence on the coast.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bene Israel of Bombay: A Study of a Jewish Community |first=Schifra |last=Strizower |year=1971 |page=16|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frRtAAAAMAAJ |quote=B.J. Israel, a member of the community, in an essay privately published writes: The legend that their ancestors were the survivors of a shipwreck at the village of Nowgaon near the port of Cheul may be based on truth . On the other hand, it may have been adopted when our people came to learn that, according to one of the Hindu Puranas, fourteen corpses of foreigners from a shipwreck on the Konkan coast were miraculously brought back to life by Parshuram, an avtar of the Hindu god Vishnu, and given the status of Brahmins... The Puranic legend may have been appropriated by the Bene Israel with suitable modification to account for their presence on the coast.|isbn=978-0-8052-3405-3}}</ref> Yulia Egorova notes that the attempts of Bene-Israel, whose lifestyle was closer to [[Agris]]s, but "showed an interest in being associated with" Chitpavan Brahmins who were high locally is similar to the concept of [[Sanskritisation]] in which low caste Hindus try to elevate their status.<ref>{{cite book | author = Yulia Egorova | date = 22 February 2008 | title = Jews and India: Perceptions and Image | publisher = Routledge | pages = 85| isbn = 978-1-134-14654-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9sB9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT137|quote=These two cases, in one of which the Bene-Israel tried to imitate the way of life of the Agris, while in the other they showed an interest in being associated with the Chitpavans, whose position in the local hierarchy was very high, resemble the attempts of lower caste Hindus to raise their status along the lines of Sanskritisation.}}</ref> Oroon.K.Ghosh believes that the Chitpavans themselves were Sanskritized into Brahminhood under the rule of the [[Satavahana dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|author= Ghosh, Oroon K| title = The Changing Indian Civilization: A Perspective on India, Volume 1| year=1976|page = 282| quote=Obviously the impure region has to be sanskritized, to use Professor M.N.Srinivas' term. The satavahanas were great sanskritizers. It is possible that at this time the new group of Chitpavan Brahmans as formed. The sahyadrikhanda of the skanda purana describes how Parshurama, not finding any Brahmans....}}</ref>

Historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] opines that the Chitpavans had a non-Indian origin and bases his views on traditions and inscriptions.<ref name="Sarkar1993">{{cite book | author = Sarkar | date = 1993 | title = India Through the Ages | publisher = Orient Blackswan | pages = 5– | isbn = 9788125015765 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq1K_47I2e4C&pg=PA5}}</ref> Indologist [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] writes that there is a belief that Chitpavans are sometimes considered to be people of non-Indian origin who later became Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bronkhorst|first=Johannes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muAzDwAAQBAJ|title=How the Brahmins won : from Alexander to the Guptas|date=2016|isbn=978-90-04-31551-8|publisher=Brill|page=121|quote=The magas may not be the only brahmins of foreign origin. The chitpavan Brahmins of Maharashtra are sometimes believed to be in origin foreigners who turned into Brahmins. See Patterson 1968; Lele 2010.}}</ref> Historian O'Hanlon states that there are allegations that Chitpavan are progeny of Arab sailors, and their historic practice of taking bride price was at odds with the standard practice of [[Kanyadana]], or giving a daughter away.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= O'Hanlon|first1= Rosalind|date=2013 |title=Performance in a World of Paper: Puranic Histories and Social Communication in Early Modern India*|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtt004|journal=Past & Present|issue=219 |pages=100–101|doi= 10.1093/pastj/gtt004|access-date=8 April 2024|publisher=Oxford Academic|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Maureen L. P. Patterson writes that the Konkan region witnessed the immigration of groups, such as the [[Bene Israel]], [[Parsis]], [[Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin]]s, [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, and Chitpavan Brahmins. Each of these arrived at different time, they settled in different parts of the region and there was little mingling between them. The Chitpavans were apparently the last major community to arrive there and consequently the area in which they settled, around Ratnagiri, was the least fertile and had few good ports for trading.<ref name="cohn_singer">{{cite book|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|editor-first1=Bernard S|editor-last1=Cohn |editor-first2=Milton |editor-last2=Singer|publisher=AldineTransaction (Transaction Publishers)|pages=399–400|isbn =978-0-202-36138-3|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&q=patterson+chitpavan&pg=PA397|quote=The string of ports from Bombay south to Karwar has had in turn Roman, Greck, Arab, Abysinian, Portuguese, Dutch, and English traders, invaders, visitors, or settlers. is this stretch of coast, too, which has received at one time or another such immigrant groups as the Bene Israel, Parsis, Kudal deshkar Brahmans, Gaud Saraswat Brahmans, and Chitpavan Brahmans. It is not pertinent to the present discussion to go into the place of origin or reason for immigration of any of these groups. What is pertinent is that each of these groups has been an intrusive group, physically and culturally differentiated from the others as well as from the population into which they all came. One further point is that each of these groups appears to have settled in different sections of the coastal territory, adjoining rather than intermingling with the settlements of the others. In this way, the Bene Israel came to be associated with the northern part of Kolaba District; Chitpavans, with the southern section of Ratnagiri (including what was formerly the small Sawantwadi princely state); Gaud Saraswat Brahmans, with Goa and the adjacent coastal section of North Kanara District. Of all these groups, the Chitpavan Brahmans were apparently the last to arrive, and so they ended up with that section of the coast which is by and large the least fertile and which has the fewest good ports. It would seem that Ratnagiri District, being thus the least desirable, was easily available, in a frontier-like way, and that little competition and few obstacles faced the Chitpavans as they went about settling down.}}</ref>

In ancient times, the Chitpavans were employed as messengers and spies. Later, with the rise of the Chitpavan Peshwa in the 18th century they began migrating to Pune and found employment as military men, diplomats and clerks in the Peshwa administration. A 1763–64 document shows that at least 67% of the clerks at the time were Chitpavans.<ref name="GJ">{{cite book|title=elites in south asia|author=Gordon Johnson|editor1=Edmund Leach|editor2=S.N.Mukherjee|publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote=Chitpavan Brahmins became powerful in western India with the rise of the Mahratta empire. In the late seventeenth century, Chitpavans were employed as messengers and spies by the Mahratta chiefs|page=100|year=1970}}</ref><ref name="Griffiths2019">{{cite book|author=Percival Griffiths|title=The British Impact on India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqqbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT329|date=23 April 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-61424-8|pages=329–| quote=They were not highly regarded by other Brahmans in ancient days and appeared to have been employed principally as spies and messengers}}</ref><ref name="Gokhale1988">{{cite book|author=[[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]]|title=Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9QcAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=110|isbn=9780195621372|quote= chitpavans found employment easily under the Peshwas in diverse fields, from commanders in armies to clerks in the administration[...].A document of 1763-4 gives a list of 82 clerks of whom 55(67 percent) can be definitely identified as Chitpavans. In addition to their salaries, they were granted a substantial fringe benefit of being permitted to bring rice from Konkan to Poona free of Octroi duty.}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Rise during the Maratha rule ===
[[File:Madhav Rao Narayan, the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and Attendants.jpg|Peshwa [[Madhavrao II]] with [[Nana Fadnavis]] and attendants, at Pune in 1792|thumb|right]]
{{Main|Maratha Empire|Peshwa}}
Very little is known of the Chitpavans before 1707 CE<ref name="cohn_singer"/> [[Balaji Vishwanath|Balaji Vishwanth Bhat]], a Chitpavan arrived from [[Ratnagiri]] to the [[Pune]]-[[Satara district|Satara]] area. He was brought there on the basis of his reputation of being an efficient administrator. He quickly gained the attention of [[Chhatrapati Shahu]]. Balaji's work so pleased the Chhatrapati that he was appointed the Peshwa or Prime Minister in 1713. He ran a well-organised administration and, by the time of his death in 1720, he had laid the groundwork for the expansion of the Maratha Empire. Since this time until the fall of the Maratha Empire, the seat of the Peshwa would be held by the members of the [[Bhat family]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Stewart Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA109 |date=16 September 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |page=109 }}</ref><ref>Gokhale, B.G., 1985. The religious complex in eighteenth-century Poona. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 105(4), pp.719-724.</ref>

With the ascension of [[Balaji Baji Rao]] and his family to the supreme authority of the [[Maratha Empire]], Chitpavan immigrants began arriving ''en masse'' from the Konkan to Pune<ref>{{cite book|author=Sandhya Gokhale|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918|page=113|isbn=978-81-8290-132-2|year=2008|publisher=Shubhi Publications }}</ref><ref name="eaton"/> where the Peshwa offered all important offices to his fellow caste members.<ref name="cohn_singer"/> The Chitpavan kin were rewarded with tax relief and grants of land.<ref name="leach_mukherjee">{{cite book|title = Elites in South Asia|author=Edmund Leach, S. N. Mukherjee|pages=101, 104, 105|isbn=978-0-521-10765-5|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970}}</ref> In 1762-63, [[Azad Bilgrami]] wrote:

{{blockquote|The Marathas in general, but the Deccani Brahmans in particular, have the desire to deprive all people of their means of livelihood and appropriate it for themselves. They do not spare the zamindārs of rājas, nor even the zamindāri of small people like headmen and village accountants. Uprooting most cruelly the heirs of ancient lineages, they establish their own possession and desire that the Konkani Brahmans should become the proprietors (''mālik'') of the whole world.<ref>{{cite book|author=J.S. Grewal |year=2005 |title=The State and Society in Medieval India |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKkBJyKdoZ8C&q=Proprietors |isbn=0195667204}}</ref>}}

On the other hand, [[Mahar]]s were subjected to degradation during the rule of the [[Peshwa]]s, who treated them as untouchables.<ref name="Jaffrelot2006">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEWTSAe-KkQC&pg=PA21|year=2006|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-156-2|pages=21–|quote=The stigma of untouchability from which Mahars suffered was such that, in extreme cases, they were obliged to wear earthenware around their necks so that their spit did not defile the ground on which Brahmins walked. They also had to sweep the earth behind them to erase their footsteps or at least maintain a good distance from Brahmins to avoid contaminating them with their shadow. According to Pillai-Vetschera, these and other restrictions were imposed on Mahars during the Peshwa period.}}</ref> Historians cite nepotism<ref name=sejavalkar>{{cite book|title=Panipat: 1761|author=Tryambaka Śaṅkara Śejavalakara|pages=24, 25|year=1946}}</ref><ref name="seal">{{cite book|title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century (Political change in modern South Asia)|author= Anil Seal|pages= 74, 78|isbn =978-0-521-09652-2|date= 2 September 1971|publisher= CUP Archive}}</ref><ref>Shejwalkar, T.S. (1947) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5sM8AAAAMAAJ&q=nepotism ''The Surat Episode of 1759''] Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Vol. 8; page 182.</ref><ref name="sardesai">{{cite book|title=New history of the Marathas: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772–1848)|author= Govind Sakharam Sardesai|year=1986|orig-year=1946|page=254|publisher=Phoenix Publications}}</ref><ref name="shinde">{{cite book|page =16|author=J. R. Śinde|title=Dynamics of cultural revolution: 19th century Maharashtra|year=1985}}</ref><ref name="michael">{{cite book |last1=Michael |first1=S. M. |title=Dalits in Modern India: Vision and Values |date=3 May 2007 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-287-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ss9jDwAAQBAJ |language=en |page=95}}</ref> and corruption<ref name="sardesai"/><ref name="michael"/> as causes of the fall of the Maratha Empire in 1818. Richard Maxwell Eaton states that this rise of the Chitpavans is a classic example of social rank rising with political fortune.<ref name="eaton">{{cite book|author=Richard Maxwell Eaton|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives, Volume 1|page=192}}</ref>

=== British Era ===
[[File:Bal G. Tilak.jpg|[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]|thumb|right]]
After the fall of the Maratha Empire in 1818, the Chitpavans lost their political dominance to the British. The British would not subsidise the Chitpavans on the same scale that their caste-fellow, the Peshwas, had done in the past. Pay and power was now significantly reduced. Poorer Chitpavan students adapted and started learning English because of better opportunities in the British administration.<ref name="leach_mukherjee"/>
As per the 1901 census, about 5% of the Pune population was Brahmin and about 27% of them were Chitpavans.<ref name="cashman75">{{cite book|last=Cashman|first=Richard I|year=1975|title=The myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra|publisher=University of California|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/19 19], 20,21|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6|access-date=2 April 2018|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Some of the prominent figures in the [[Hindu reform movements]] of the 19th and 20th centuries came from the Chitpavan Brahmin community. These included [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]],<ref name="University of California Press">{{cite book |last1=Karve|first1=Dinakar D. |title=The New Brahmans: Five Maharashtrian Families |date=1963 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley, CA |page=13 |edition= 1st |url= |isbn=|via=}}{{ISBN?}}</ref> Justice [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]],<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Stanley A. |title= Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India |date= April 1991 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn=978-0195623925 |page=32}}</ref> [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]],<ref name="heidelberg-papers1">{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1= Siegfried O. |title= Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: Public Enemy or national Hero?|url= http://www.heidelberg-papers.net/uploads/media/41_-_Wolf__Siegfried_-_Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar.pdf |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wolf |editor-first1= Siegfried |title= Heidelberg Student papers, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: Public Enemy or national Hero |date=2009 |publisher= Heidelberg University |location= Dresden |isbn=978-3-86801-076-3 |page=10 |url= http://www.heidelberg-papers.net/uploads/media/41_-_Wolf__Siegfried_-_Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar.pdf}}</ref> [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Stanley A. |title= Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India |date=April 1991 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-0195623925 |page=19}}</ref> [[Vinoba Bhave]].<ref>{{cite book |editor= Mariam Dossal and Ruby Maloni |title= State intervention and popular response : western India in the nineteenth century |date=1999 |publisher= Popular Prakashan |location= Mumbai |isbn= 978-81715-4855-2 |page=87 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Wolpert |first1=Stanley A. |title= Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India |date=April 1991 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn=978-0195623925 |page=32}}</ref>

Some of the strongest resistance to change came from the very same community. The vanguard and the old guard clashed many times. D. K. Karve was ostracised. Even Tilak offered penance for breaking caste or religious rules. One was for taking tea at Poona Christian mission in 1892 and the second was going to England in 1919.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cashman|first1=Richard I.|title=The myth of the Lokamanya : Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520024076|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/54 54]|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration}}</ref>

When the social reformer Jyotirao Phule was trying to get the backward castes educated, historian Umesh Chattopadhyaya says that "Pune's Chitpavans would not allow any [[Dalit]] and backward to join schools". This opposition from them resulted in Phule establishing schools in and around Pune.<ref name="Rüsen2013">{{cite book | editor= Jörn Rüsen | date = 19 June 2013 | title = Approaching Humankind: Towards an Intercultural Humanism | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | pages = 157– | isbn = 978-3-8470-0058-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aRxcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|quote=Pune's Chitpawan Brahmins would not allow any Dalit and backward to join schools}}</ref>

The Chitpavan community includes two major politicians in the [[Gandhism|Gandhian tradition]]: [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], whom Mahatma Gandhi acknowledged as a preceptor, and Vinoba Bhave, one of his outstanding disciples. Gandhi describes Bhave as the "jewel of his disciples", and recognised Gokhale as his political guru. However, strong opposition to Gandhi came from the Chitpavan community. [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], the founder of the Hindu nationalist political ideology [[Hindutva]], was a Chitpavan Brahmin and several other Chitpavans were among the first to embrace it because they thought it was a logical extension of the legacy of the Peshwas and caste-fellow Tilak.<ref name="das_kop">{{Cite journal|access-date=29 June 2010|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/03081998/cover.html|title=Godse on Trial|author=Swapan Dasgupta, Smruti Koppikar|date=3 August 1998|journal=India Today|pages=24–26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207123214/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/03081998/cover.html|archive-date=7 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> These Chitpavans felt out of place with the Indian social reform movement of Phule and the mass politics of Gandhi. Large numbers of the community looked to Savarkar, the [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|Hindu Mahasabha]] and finally the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], drew their inspiration from fringe groups.<ref name="gol_seg">{{cite book|author=[[Arnold P. Goldstein]], Marshall H. Segall|title=Aggression in global perspective|page=245|year=1983}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=March 2018}}

===Anti-Brahmin violence in the 20th century===
{{Main|Marathi_Brahmin#Anti-Brahmin_violence}}

After [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s assassination by [[Nathuram Godse]], a Chitpavan, Brahmins in Maharashtra, became targets of violence, mostly by the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] caste members.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA31|date=18 November 2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-08840-3|pages=28–35}}</ref><ref name="malon"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|page=39|author= Ullekh N P|publisher=Random House India|year=2018|isbn=9789385990816}}</ref>
V. M. Sirsikar, a political scientist at the [[University of Pune]], noted that {{blockquote|It will be too much to believe that the riots took place because of the intense love of Gandhiji on the part of the Marathas. Godse became a very convenient hate symbol to damn the Brahmins and burn their properties.<ref name="malon">{{cite book|title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA11|editor1=Mariam Dossal|editor2=Ruby Malon|author=V.M.Sirsikar|page=11|isbn=9788171548552|year=1999| publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref>}}
The violence after the assassination affected Chitpavan [[Patwardhan]] family ruled princely states such as [[Sangli]], where the Marathas were joined by the [[Jains]] and the [[Lingayats]] in the attacks against the Brahmins. Here, specifically, the loss was about ₹16 million. This event led to the hasty integration of the Patwardhan states into the [[Bombay state|Bombay Province]] by March 1948 – a move that was opposed by other Brahmins as they feared the Maratha predominance in the integrated province.<ref name="AttwoodIsrael1988-Patterson">{{cite book |author=Maureen Patterson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ |title=City, countryside and society in Maharashtra |date=October 1988 |publisher=University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies |isbn=978-0-9692907-2-8 |editor1=Donald W. Attwood |pages=35–58 |quote=Such resistance was to no avail, and the Brahmans' fears and troubles were realized in February 1948 when they were set upon by recently politicized communities - Marathas, as well as Jains and Lingayats - who unhesitatingly took advantage of the opportunity provided by assassin Godse's shots.[page 50] |editor2=Milton Israel |editor3=Narendra K. Wagle}}</ref>

== Military ==
The Chitpavans have considered themselves to be both warriors and priests.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths |first=Chetan |last=Bhatt |publisher=Berg |year=2001 |isbn=9781859733486 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet/page/32 32] |url=https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet|url-access=registration }}</ref> Their involvement in military affairs began with the rise of the Peshwas<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918 |publisher=Shubhi |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8290-132-2 |page=82 |author=Sandhya Gokhale}}</ref> and their willingness to enter military and other services earned them high status and power in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref name="hansen">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA29 |title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay |first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-69108-840-2 |page=29}}</ref>

== Culture ==
In their original home of Konkan, their primary occupation was farming, while some earned money by performing rituals among their own caste members.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of world cultures: South Asia – Volume 2|page=69|quote= The occupation of the Chitpavans in their original territory of the Konkan was farming, with some income from performing rituals among their own caste.|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|editor=Paul Hockings|year=1992}}</ref>

Anthropologist Donald Kurtz writes that the late 20th century opinions about the culture of the Chitpavans was that they were frugal to the point of appearing cheap, impassive, not trustworthy and also conspiratorial.<ref name="Kurtz1993">{{cite book|author=Donald V. Kurtz|title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC|date=31 December 1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09828-3|page=64-|quote=Local non-Chitpavan Brahmans and non-Brahmans will tell you that Chitpavan Brahmans are notoriously frugal, even cheap. As one non-Brahman teacher described and other corroborated at a social function, it would be characteristic of a Chitpavan not to offer a visitor a glass of water after he/she walked across town to deliver a message when the temperature is 40 degrees C. In additional, Chitpavans are thought to be conspiratorial, untrustworthy, phlegmatic and inbred}}</ref> According to Tilak, a Chitpavan himself, his community was known for cleanliness and being industrious but he suggested they should learn virtues such as benevolence and generosity from the Deshasthas.<ref name="Kamath1991">{{cite book|author=M. V. Kamath|page=8|title=The Makings of a Millionaire: A Tribute to a Living Legend, Raosaheb B.M. Gogte, Industrialist, Philanthropist & Educationist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7QgAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|quote=Lokamanya Tilak, himself a Chitpavan once wrote that his community was known for their cleanliness, industry, enterprise and thrift but that they could learn the virtues of benevolence, generosity and munificence from the Deshasthas.}}</ref> During the heyday of the [[Maratha Empire]], the city of Pune became the financial metropolis of the empire with 150 big and petty moneylenders. Most of these were Chitpavan or Deshastha Brahmins.<ref name="Damodaran2008">{{cite book|author=H. Damodaran|title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJp_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|date=25 June 2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-59412-8|pages=50–51}}</ref>

D.L.Sheth, the former director of the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|Center for the Study of Developing Societies in India (CSDS)]], lists Indian communities that were traditionally "[[Urban area|urban]] and [[professional]]" (following professions like doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.) immediately after Independence in 1947. This list included Chitpavans and CKPs([[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]s) from Maharashtra; the South Indian Brahmins; the [[Nagar Brahmins]] from Gujarat; the [[Khatri|Punjabi Khatris]], [[Kashmiri Pandits]] and [[Kayastha]]s from northern India; the Probasi and the [[Bhadralok]] [[Bengalis]]; the [[Parsis]] and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. According to P.K.Verma, "Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite" and almost all male members of these communities could read and write English and were educated beyond school.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Indian Middle class|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbgMy8KfD74C&pg=PA28|author=Pavan K. Varma|publisher=Penguin Books|quote=...its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified '''professionals''' such as doctors, engineers and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists[etc]...The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpavans and the Ckps (Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus)s of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule: the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite...But almost all its members spoke and wrote English and had had some education beyond school|isbn=9780143103257|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Searching for identity among Dalit middle class in Maharashtra |journal=Social Action |volume=50 |publisher=Indian Social Institute |year=2000 |page=72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.csds.in/d_l_sheth|title=D.L. Sheth |website=www.csds.in}}</ref>

=== Language ===
Chitpavan Brahmins in Maharashtra speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as their language. The Marathi spoken by Chitpavans in Pune is the standard form of language used all over Maharashtra today.<ref name="singh" /> This form has many words derived from [[Sanskrit]] and retains the Sanskrit pronunciation of many, misconstrued by non-standard speakers as "nasalised pronunciation".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA207|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|last1=Deo|first1=Shripad D.|editor=Nalini Natarajan|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-31328-778-7|location=Westport|page=212}}</ref>

=== Social status ===
Earlier, the [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s openly disparaged the Chitpavans as [[parvenu]]s (a relative newcomer to a socio-economic class), and in Kumar's words "barely fit to associate on terms of equality with the noblest of the [[Dvija]]s". The [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s were also joined by the [[Karhade Brahmin]]s who also showed disdain for the Chitpawans and both these castes even declined to eat food together with them. Thus, they did not treat them as social equals. Even the Peshwas themselves were not given access to the [[ghat]]s reserved for Deshastha priests at [[Nashik]] on the Godavari river.<ref name="Kumar2013">{{cite book|author=Ravinder Kumar|title=Western India in the Nineteenth Century: A study in the social history of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbrWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-03145-9|quote=Upon the chitpavans who had come into prominence after the rise of the Peshwas they[deshasthas] looked down with scarcely veiled contempt as the parvenus, barely fit to associate on terms of equality with the noblest of the dvijas. A chitpavan who was invited to a deshasth home was a privileged individual, and even the Peshwa was denied the right to use the ghats reserved for deshasth priests at Nasik on the Godavari|pages=41–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati Papers: 1900–1905 A.D.: Vedokta controversy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laBHAAAAMAAJ|author1=Shahu Chhatrapati (Maharaja of Kolhapur)|author2=Vilas Adinath Sangave|author3=B. D. Khane|publisher=Shahu Research Institute|year=1985|page=4}}</ref>{{qn|date=April 2025}}

After the appointment of [[Balaji Vishwanath Bhat]] as [[Peshwa dynasty|Peshwa]], Kokanastha Brahmin migrants began arriving en masse from the Konkan to Pune,<ref name="eaton"/>{{sfn|Gokhale|2008|p=113}} where the Peshwa offered some important offices to the Kokanastha Brahmin caste.{{sfn|Patterson|2007|p=398}} The Kokanastha Brahmin kin were rewarded with tax relief and grants of land.{{sfn|Leach|Mukherjee|1970|pp=101, 104–5}} Historians point out nepotism{{sfn|Śejavalakara|1946|pp=24–5}}{{sfn|Seal|1971 |pp=74, 78}}{{sfn|Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute|1947|p=182}}{{sfn|Śinde|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=95}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century|author=Anil Seal|publisher=CUP Archive|year=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV84AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78|page=78|quote=Between Brahmins and these non-Brahmins there was a long history of rancour which the nepotism of the Peshwas had only exacerbated.|isbn=9780521096522}}</ref> and corruption during this time.

The rise in prominence of the Chitpavans compared to the Deshastha Brahmins resulted in intense rivalry between the two communities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA109|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=16 September 1993|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|pages=132–134}}</ref> 19th century records also mention ''[[Gramanya]]s'' or village-level debates between the [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]s and the Chitpavans, [[Saraswat]] Brahmins and the Chitpavans, [[Pathare Prabhu]]s and the Chitpavans and Shukla Yajurvedi [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s and the Chitpavans. These disputes pertaining to the so-called violation of "Brahmanical ritual code of behavior" were quite common in Maharashtra during that period.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chitpwans |last=Gokhale|first=Sandhya|publisher=Shubhi Publications|date=2008|page=204|quote=The jati disputes were not a rare occurrence in Maharashtra. There are recorded instances of disputes between jatis such as Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus and the Chitpavans, Pathare Prabhus and the Chitpavans, Saraswat brahmin and the Chitpavans and Shukla Yajurvedi and the Chitpavans. The intra-caste dispute involving the supposed violation of the Brahmanical ritual code of behavior was called Gramanya in marathi.}}</ref>

[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] believed that the [[Deshastha]]s, Chitpavans and [[Karhade]]s should get united. As early as 1881, he encouraged this by writing comprehensive discussions on the urgent need for these three Maharashtrian Brahmin sub-castes to give up caste exclusiveness by intermarrying and dining together.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority|author=Sandhya Gokhale|year=2008|page=147|quote=As early as 1881, in a few articles Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the resolute thinker and the enfant terrible of Indian politics, wrote comprehensive discourses on the need for united front by the Chitpavans, Deshasthas and the Karhades. Invoking the urgent necessity of this remarkable Brahmans combination, Tilak urged sincerely that these three groups of Brahmans should give up caste exclusiveness by encouraging inter sub-caste marriages and community dining."}}</ref>

Starting in the 20th century, the relations between the Deshastha Brahmins and the Chitpavan Brahmins have improved by the large-scale mixing of both communities on social, financial and educational fields, as well as with intermarriages.<ref>{{cite book|title=Caste, Prejudice, and the Individual|url=https://archive.org/details/casteprejudicein0000para|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/casteprejudicein0000para/page/117 117]|author=A. C. Paranjpe|publisher=Lalvani Publishing House|year=1970|quote=It may also be pointed out that marriages between the Deshastha and Kokanastha Brahmins have been very common}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7KjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|title=Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste|author1=C. J. Fuller|author2=Haripriya Narasimhan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=11 November 2014|page=62|isbn=9780226152882|date=11 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105|title=Elites in South Asia|editor1=Edmund leach|editor2=S. N. Mukherjee| author= Gordon Johnson|year=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=105}}</ref>

===Diet===
Traditionally, Chitpavan Brahmins are [[vegetarian]]. [[Rice]] is their staple food.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=1804,2079|quote=(quote on page 1804):The Chitpavan are vegetarian and rice is their staple cereal. (quote on page 2079): Among them the Chitpavan, Desastha, Karhade and Devdny Brahman are pure vegetarian though nowadays, they occasionally take non-vegetarian food.|isbn=9780195633542}}</ref>

===''Bodan''===
A.J. Agarkar describes ''Bodan'' as follows and adds that some kind of dancing is also involved:
{{blockquote|In certain Chitpavan families, it is obligatory to perform bodan, after a birth or a marriage has taken place in the family. Four married women and an unmarried girl are invited to meals. A metal idol of the [[Annapurna (goddess)|Goddess Annapurna]] is placed in a plate containing all the items of the meals in small quantities. All the contents of the plate along with the idol are mixed together by the invited women and if any of them is in the habit of getting possessed on such occasions, or if anyone gets possessed for the first time, ghee, milk, honey, etc. are added to the mixture according to her instructions. The idol is afterwards removed and the mixture is fed to a cow.<ref name="Agarkar1950">{{cite book|author=A. J. Agarkar|title=Folk-dance of Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw87AAAAMAAJ|year=1950|publisher=R. Joshi| pages=41,159}}</ref>}}Vandana Bhave has published the only dedicated book on Bodan Vidhi (Bodan method) named Merutantrokta Bodan Vidhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Bodan Vidhi (बोडण विधी)- Book |url=https://thechitpavana.org/2024/03/12/bodan-vidhi-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a7%e0%a5%80-book/ |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=thechitpavana.org |language=en}}</ref>

Bodan finds mention in the [[:mr:अक्षीचा शिलालेख|Akshi Shilalekh]] (Pillar Inscription), dated to 1012 CE (sake 934) by Dr. S. G. Tulpule, and by Dikshit to 1209-1210 CE (Sake 1132). V. V. Mirashi agrees with Sake 1132 as the right date. Tulpule reads the content as donation of 9 kuvalis of grain towards Goddess Mahalakshmi for Bodan, whereas Dikshit interprets it as digging a well to honor Mahalaskhmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mirashi |first=Vasudev Vishnu |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol VI Inscriptions of Silaharas |publisher=Archeological Survey of India |year=1977 |location=Calcutta |pages=167–168 |language=English}}</ref>

=== Genealogy ===
The community has published several family history and genealogy almanacs called ''[[Kulavruttanta]]s''. These books usually document various aspects of a clan's history, name etymology, ancestral land holdings, migration maps, religious traditions, genealogical charts, biographies, and records of births, deaths and marriages within the clan.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Chitpavan Brahmins, a history|journal=JSPUI|publisher=[[Pune University]]|pages=14, 15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Structure and change in Indian society|date=2007|publisher=AldineTransaction |editor1=Milton B. Singer |editor2=Bernard S. Cohn|isbn=978-0-202-36138-3|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|oclc=155122029}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of Chitpavan Brahmins}}

== See also ==
* [[Deshastha Brahmin]]
* [[Karhade Brahmin]]
* [[Limaye]]
* [[Maharashtrian Brahmin]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book | title=By Ways of Bombay |chapter=Chapter XIV – A Konkan Legend | author=[[S. M. Edwardes]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vw32HknckP0C | access-date = 3 July 2010 | isbn=978-1-4068-5154-0 | date=31 July 2009|publisher=Echo Library }}
* {{Cite book|title=Western India in the Nineteenth Century|author=Ravinder Kumar|year=1968|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul}}
*Chitpavans under the [[British Raj]]-{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=R.|last2=Lele|first2=J.K.|title=Language and society : steps towards an integrated theory|date=1989|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004087897|pages=32–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PLiAlGzLFQC&q=chitpavan}}
* {{citation| title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India|last=O'Hanlon|first=Rosalind|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0|series=Cambridge South Asian Studies|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{citation|pages=78–105|title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2006|first=M.S|last=Naravane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&q=9788131300343}}
* {{Citation|last= Śinde|first=J. R|title=Dynamics of cultural revolution: 19th century Maharashtra|year=1985|isbn=9780836415247|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TtsiAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|title=Panipat: 1761, Volume 1 of Deccan College monograph series, Poona Deccan College of Post-graduate and Research Institute (India) Volume 1 of Deccan College dissertation series|last=Śejavalakara|first=Tryambaka Śaṅkara
|year=1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-A9AAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century (Political change in modern South Asia)|first=Anil|last=Seal|isbn=978-0-521-09652-2|year=1971 |publisher=CUP Archive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV84AAAAIAAJ
}}
* {{Citation|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|editor=Bernard S. Cohn, Milton Singer|first=Maureen|last=Patterson|isbn=978-0-202-36138-3|year=2007|publisher=AldineTransaction }}
* {{Citation|title=Elites in South Asia|first1=Edmund|last1=Leach|first2=S. N|last2=Mukherjee|isbn=978-0-521-10765-5|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt6pPwAACAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=8|title=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|year=1947|publisher=Dr. A. M. Ghatage, director, Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sM8AAAAMAAJ|lccn=47021378}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Goa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Vegetarian communities]]

Paul Hockings

2026-03-10T02:26:33Z

Victornkd: fix content also and improved wording to improve readability

{{short description|English anthropologist}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Paul Hockings
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|year=1935|month=02|day=23}}
| birth_place = [[Hertford]], England
| occupation = Anthropologist
| known_for = Ethnographic documentaries
| awards = Nilgiris Lifetime Achievement Award (2015)
| education = Doctor of Philosophy
| alma_mater = {{br separated entries|[[University of Sydney]]|[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}
| discipline = Anthropology
| sub_discipline = {{br separated entries|Social anthropology|Visual anthropology|Medical anthropology}}
| workplaces = Former dean at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of [[United International College]], China
| main_interests =
| notable_works = {{br separated entries|The Man Hunters (documentary)|The Village (documentary)}}
}}

'''Paul Hockings''' (born February 23, 1935) is an anthropologist whose prime areas of focus are the [[Dravidian languages]], [[social anthropology|social]], [[visual anthropology|visual]] and [[medical anthropology|medical]] anthropology.<ref name="UoIaC">{{cite web |title=Paul Hockings |url=https://anth.uic.edu/profiles/hockings-paul/ |website=University of Illinois at Chicago |place=Chicago, USA |access-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref>

He studied archaeology and anthropology at the [[University of Sydney]], the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and at the universities in Chicago, Stanford and Toronto. He taught anthropology at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]], and he has been the dean of [[United International College]]'s Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. In 2024, he retired as the editor-in-chief of ''[[Visual Anthropology (journal)|Visual Anthropology]]''.

==Early life and family==
Hockings was born on February 23, 1935, at [[Hertford]] and was raised in [[Hampshire]], England.<ref name="OEF"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Hockings, Paul Edward (1935-....) |url=https://www.idref.fr/028348443 |website=Identifiants et Référentiels pour l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche |language=fr |access-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref><ref name="UoC"/> At the age of ten years, he developed interest in [[prehistory]] and museums. His father Arthur Hockings, a Londoner, was a cricketer and an engineer, who worked as a personal assistant for [[Henry Royce]]. Later, he helped design landing-craft for D-Day. In 1952, Paul migrated to Australia with his parents.<ref name="UoC">{{cite web |title=Encounter with Visual Anthropology |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/245843/VISUAL%20ANTHROPOLOGY%20-reduced.pdf?sequence=1 |website=University of Cambridge |place=Cambridge, UK |format=PDF |access-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Hockings studied Near-Eastern archaeology at the University of Sydney, and completed two majors in the subjects of archaeology and anthropology at that university. In 1962, after receiving a grant for [[Field research|field studies]] from [[American Institute of Indian Studies]], he moved to the [[Nilgiris]] in India and did research on the [[Badagas]] of the Nilgiris, completing a Ph.D. on this subject in 1965.<ref name="UoC"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Paul Hockings Collection, 1962-1976 |url=http://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/8 |website=[[Chicago Film Archives]] |place=Chicago, USA |access-date=July 8, 2020}}</ref> He also studied anthropology at the universities of Chicago, Stanford, Toronto, and at the University of California, Berkeley.<ref name="UoM"/>

==Career and research==
Hockings made (with director Mark McCarty) the first film in the style of observational cinema, entitled ''The Village''.<ref name="UoM"/> It was filmed in the summer of 1967 in [[Dunquin]], a [[Gaeltacht]] village located at the westernmost tip of the [[Dingle Peninsula]], overlooking the [[Blasket Islands]], in [[County Kerry]], [[South-West Region, Ireland|southwestern Ireland]], and released in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Village (Remastered) - PREVIEW | website=[[YouTube]] | date=23 April 2020 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7F7uSq8D0x8 }}</ref> In 1969, he was signed as an anthropologist by [[MGM Studios]] to make a film on [[Origins of man|mankind's origins]] for [[NBC television]], entitled ''The Man Hunters''; it drew a large North American audience.<ref name="UoC"/> He was then working as a research director for MGM Documentary Dept.<ref>{{cite book |title=Newsletter |volume=1–2 |publisher=Program in Ethnographic Film ([[American Anthropological Association]])|place=Philadelphia, USA |year=1970 |issn=0030-8013 |oclc=16014996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9EWAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Paul+Hockings%22 |quote-page=10 |quote=Paul Hockings, an anthropologist who had earlier made THE VILLAGE, and who taught at the UCLA film school, was hired by MGM Documentary as research director.}}</ref> About the same time he served as the last research assistant for [[Ruth St. Denis]], and was on an expedition to India with the photographer [[Alfred Eisenstaedt]]. He was the editor-in-chief of ''Visual Anthropology'' for a third of a century; and the [[University of Oslo]] has described him as "a pioneer in the fields of [[ethnographic film]] and visual anthropology".<ref name="UoO">{{cite web |title=Paul Hockings: "Documentary film, commercial cinema, and the slow growth of ethnographic filming" |url=https://www.sv.uio.no/sai/english/research/news-and-events/events/sai-department-seminar/2019/mars-25-hockings.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621004708/https://www.sv.uio.no/sai/english/research/news-and-events/events/sai-department-seminar/2019/mars-25-hockings.html |work=University of Oslo |place=Oslo, Norway |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |access-date=May 29, 2021}}</ref>

Hockings is a professor emeritus of anthropology from the University of Illinois at Chicago.<ref name="UoIaC"/> He worked at the University of California, Berkeley as a research assistant for [[David G. Mandelbaum]], while also studying with [[Aldous Huxley]] and others; and then taught anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles, before moving to Chicago. For a brief period he worked at the [[Museum of Anthropology at UBC|Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia]], and as a script writer, journalist and librarian in New Zealand.<ref name="UoC"/> He served in China as the dean of Social Sciences and Humanities at the United International College in [[Zhuhai]], and in Chicago as a [[Field Museum of Natural History]]'s adjunct curator of anthropology.<ref name="UoC"/><ref name="OEF">{{cite web |title=Father of Nilgiriology: Prof Paul Hockings |url=http://www.oneearthfoundation.in/father-of-nilgiriology-prof-paul-hockings/ |website=One Earth Foundation |place=India |access-date=July 8, 2020}}</ref>

He has studied the [[South Indian culture|cultures of South India]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |publisher=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcsgAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Paul+Hockings%22 |quote-page=790 |quote=Paul Hockings has a long history of research among various groups in south India, including most importantly the Badagas of the Nilgiri Hills in Tamilnadu.}}</ref><ref name="UoC"/> and has been working with the [[Badagas]] for more than 50 years.<ref name="UoM">{{cite web |title=Ankündigung Hockings |url=https://www.ethnologie.uni-muenchen.de/download/andere-vortraege/ankuendigung-hockings.pdf |website=[[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]] |place=Munich, Germany |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="UoV">{{cite web |title=Structuring an ethnographic film in relation to social theory |url=https://www.unive.it/pag/fileadmin/user_upload/cdlm/allegati-elementi-comuni/2018-19/attivita_sostitutive/LAB_DEA/secondo_semestre/9_HOCKINGS_LOCANDINA.pdf |website=[[Ca' Foscari University of Venice]] |place=Venice, Italy |access-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> He has researched their [[medical anthropology]], culture and [[Badaga language|language]].<ref name="UoC"/>

==Awards==
In 2015, he was awarded the ''Nilgiris Lifetime Achievement Award'' by the Nilgiri Documentation Centre;<ref name="OEF"/> and in 2016, a ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' of the Society for Visual Anthropology.<ref>{{cite web |title=SVA Lifetime Achievement Award |work=Society for Visual Anthropology |place=USA |url=http://societyforvisualanthropology.org/sva-awards/sva-lifetime-achievement-award/ |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

==Works==
Hockings made several documentaries and published about 20 books and more than 200 papers.<ref name="UoV"/>

===Books===
*Hockings, Paul, and Christiane Pilot-Raichoor (2023). ''A Badaga and English Dictionary: Glossary and Gazetteer.'' New Delhi: Manohar. ISBN 978-93-91928-17-9.
*{{cite book |title=So Long a Saga: Four Centuries of Badaga Social History |first=Paul|last=Hockings |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350980187 |oclc=860865948 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of the Nilgiri Hills |first=Paul |last=Hockings |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |year=2012 |isbn=978-8173048937 |oclc=794592439 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=Kindreds of the Earth: Badaga Household Structure and Demography |first=Paul |last=Hockings |others=[[John Caldwell (demographer)|John C. Caldwell]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]] |place=New Delhi, India |year=1999 |isbn=978-0761992929 |oclc=468432193 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=Blue Mountains: The Ethnography and Biogeography of a South Indian Region |edition=illustrated |first=Paul |last=Hockings |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=New Delhi, India |year=1989 |isbn=978-0195621778 |oclc=716653588 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=Principles of Visual Anthropology |series=World Anthropology |first=Paul |last=Hockings |publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter|Mouton]] |place=The Hague, Netherlands |year=1975 |isbn=978-9027975195 |oclc=500590678 |ref=none}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite journal |journal=Anthropos |volume=115 |issue=1 |date=October 2020 |pages=55–67 |title=The Amateur Anthropologist: G. W. Willis and His Precursors |first=Paul |last=Hockings |doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2020-2-343 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |journal=[[Visual Anthropology (journal)|Visual Anthropology]] |volume=27 |issue=5 |year=2014 |pages=436–456 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |title=Where is the Theory in Visual Anthropology? |first1=Paul |last1=Hockings |first2=Keyan G. |last2=Tomaselli |first3=Jay |last3=Ruby |first4=David |last4=MacDougall |first5=Drid |last5=Williams |first6=Albert |last6=Piette |first7=Maureen T. |last7=Schwarz |first8=Silvio |last8=Carta |display-authors=4 |doi=10.1080/08949468.2014.950155|hdl=1885/103475 |s2cid=143385174 |hdl-access=free |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |title=Principles of Visual Anthropology |orig-year=First published 1995 |year=2012 |pages=507–530 |publisher=[[De Gruyter Mouton]] |place=Berlin, Germany |article=Conclusion: Ethnographic Filming and Anthropological Theory |first=Paul |last=Hockings |doi=10.1515/9783110290691.507 |article-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110290691/10.1515/9783110290691.507.xml |oclc=7350367542 |ref=none}}

===Documentaries===
*{{cite AV media |people=Paul Hockings; Mark McCarty; Colin Young |year=1968 |title=The Village |medium=eVideo |language=en, ga |location=Watertown, Massachusetts, USA |publisher=[[Documentary Educational Resources]] |oclc=701798441 |ref=none}}

==See also==
*[[Colin Young]]
*[[David G. Mandelbaum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |website=[[Academia.edu]] |title=Paul Hockings |url=https://uic.academia.edu/PaulHockings}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Irish Journal of Anthropology |volume=19 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=139–142 |publisher=Anthropological Association of Ireland |place=Kildare, Ireland |title=Interview with Paul Hockings |first1=Marine |last1=Carrin |first2=Harald |last2=Tambs-Lyche |author2-link=Harald Tambs-Lyche |issn=1393-8592 |url=http://anthropologyireland.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/IJA_19_2_2016.pdf}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hockings, Paul}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:University of Sydney alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty]]
[[Category:University of Illinois Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:Anthropological linguists]]
[[Category:Visual anthropologists]]
[[Category:Medical anthropologists]]
[[Category:Anthropology educators]]
[[Category:21st-century British anthropologists]]
[[Category:English anthropologists]]
[[Category:English documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravidologists]]
[[Category:English Indologists]]
[[Category:Cultural anthropologists]]
[[Category:English expatriates in India]]

Jogulamba Gadwal district

2026-03-08T00:12:32Z

Victornkd: made new place

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jogulamba Gadwal district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Vishwa Brahma (L) and Veera Brahma (R) Temples, Alampur, Telangana India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Vishwa Brahma and Veera Brahma Temples, [[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampuram]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Gadwal
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| named_for = [[Jogulamba Temple, Alampur|Goddess Jogulamba]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Gadwal]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 19
| area_total_km2 = 2928
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 609990
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = Gadwal(85,245)
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 49.87%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 972
| leader_title = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name = Sri B.M. Santhosh, IAS
| leader_title1 = [[India Parliament|Parliament]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = 1
| leader_title2 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] constituencies
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–33<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TS 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 2
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 2014–15 564.6 mm
| website = {{URL|http://gadwal.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Jogulamba Gadwal district''' is a district in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Names of 6 new districts changed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/names-of-6-new-districts-changed/article9253888.ece|access-date=4 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=22 October 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> The administrative headquarters of the district is located at [[Gadwal]].<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Jogulamba district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130587915244.Jogulambha.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224834/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130587915244.Jogulambha.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jogulamba Gadwal district is located in western southern part of the state. The district shares boundaries with [[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]], [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]] districts and with the state boundary of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gadwal - Tecci.org|url=https://www.tecci.org/jogulambagadwal.php|access-date=2021-10-15|website=www.tecci.org|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174720/https://www.tecci.org/jogulambagadwal.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="newdist" />

The district is spread over an area of {{convert|2928|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="newdist">{{cite news|date=8 October 2016|title=New districts|work=Andhra Jyothy.com|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|url-status=dead|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010015601/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|archive-date=October 10, 2016}}</ref> {{As of|2011|alt=As of}} the [[2011 Census of India]], the area within the district had a population of 609,990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography: District Jogulamba Gadwal |url=https://gadwal.telangana.gov.in/demography/ |publisher=Government of Telangana |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Jogulamba District Revenue division.png|thumb|280px|Jogulamba District Revenue division|left]]
The district has one [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|revenue division]], Gadwal, and is sub-divided into 12 mandals.<ref name="district" />

=== Mandals ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr No. !! Gadwal revenue division
|-
|1|| [[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampur]]
|-
|2|| [[Dharoor]]
|-
|3|| [[Gadwal]]
|-
|4|| [[Ghattu]]
|-
|5|| [[Ieeja]]
|-
|6|| [[Itikyala]]
|-
|7|| [[Kaloor Thimmanadoddi]]
|-
|8|| [[Maldakal]]
|-
|9|| [[Manopadu|Manopad]]
|-
|10|| [[Rajoli, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Rajoli]]
|-
|11|| [[Undavelly]]
|-
|12|| [[Waddepalle, Mahabubnagar|Waddepally]]
|-
|13|| [[Yerravalli]]
|}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jogulamba Gadwal district (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.96}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.75}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
The district has a population of 6,09,990 of which 3,09,274 are males and 3,00,716 females for a sex ratio of 972 females per 1000 males. The literacy rate is 49.87%. Urban population is 63,177 (10.36%). Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 120,639 (19.77%) and 9376 (1.54%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Mahbubnagar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/154/download/266/DH_2011_2807_PART_A_DCHB_MAHBUBNAGAR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|80–82}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jogulamba Gadwal district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 90.09 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 7.49 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 2.42 |color3 = grey
|thumb = left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 90.09% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 7.49% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://gadwal.telangana.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Telangana|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]
[[Category:Jogulamba Gadwal district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Jogulamba Gadwal district]]

Classroom (film)

2026-03-04T00:31:51Z

Victornkd: Done

{{Short description|2018 Indian Bengali film directed by Rajiv Kumar Biswas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Classroom
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|bn|ক্লাসরুম}}
| image = Classroom 2018 offial poster.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| producer =
| writer = Bidhan Das Rajiv Biswas
| starring = Sohail Dutta Kuyasha Biswas [[Supriyo Dutta]] [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
| music = [[Dev Sen]]
| cinematography = Gopi Bhagat
| editing = Somnath Dey
| studio = Joy Ram Cine Media
| distributor = Dev Entertainment Ventures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|07|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''Classroom''' is a Bengali romantic drama movie which is directed by [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]].

It starred [[Kaushik Sen]] and [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Sohail Dutta, Kuyasha Biswas, [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Supriyo Dutta]]. It was released on 13 July 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Classroom Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/classroom/movieshow/64868820.cms|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Classroom (2018) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/classroom-36963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812150818/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/classroom-36963|url-status=live|archive-date=12 August 2020|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Classroom': Two School students to solve a murder mystery in Rajib Biswas' next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/classroom-two-school-students-to-solve-a-murder-mystery-in-rajib-biswas-next/articleshow/64568881.cms|access-date=2021-07-15|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 June 2018}}</ref>
It is based on 2009 South - Korean film ''[[4th Period Mystery]]''.

==Cast==
* Sohail Dutta
* Kuyasha Biswas
*Arya Dasgupta
* [[Koushik Sen]]
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
* [[Supriyo Dutta]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|8785026}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Ward 126

2026-03-03T02:36:56Z

Victornkd: Created basic entry w/ sources

{{citation style|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ward 126
| image = Ward 126 poster.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Selvakumar Chellapandian
| writer = Selvakumar Chellapandian
| producer =
| starring = [[Michael Thangadurai]] Jishnu Menon [[Shritha Sivadas|Shritha Shivadas]] [[Vidya Pradeep]] [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] [[Sonu Gowda|Shruthi Ramakrishnan]]
| cinematography = SK SureshKumar
| editing = Thiyagu
| music = Varun Sunil
| studio = SSB Talkies
| distributor = Action Reaction Films
| released = {{film date|2022|07|22|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ward 126''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language romantic investigative thriller film written and directed by Selvakumar Chellapandian. The film was under Production House ssb talkies. The film stars [[Michael Thangadurai]], Jishnu Menon, [[Shritha Sivadas]], [[Vidya Pradeep]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan]], [[Shruthi Ramakrishnan]]. The film's music is composed by Varun Sunil with cinematography handled by SK Suresh Kumar and editing done by Thiyagu. The film was released in theatres on 22 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/videos/video-cinema/2022/jul/18/ward-126---official-trailer--michael-thangadurai-jishnu-menon--sai-selva--varun-sunil-13653.html |title='வார்டு-126' படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியானது |newspaper=Dinamani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/828133-ward-126-is-a-female-centric-romantic-investigative-thriller.html |title=4 கதாநாயகிகளை மையப்படுத்தி ஐடி துறையின் இருண்ட பக்கங்களை பேசும் வார்டு 126 - இயக்குநர் |date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Ward 126 is an upcoming Tamil movie scheduled to be released on 22 Jul, 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/ward-126/movieshow/92972301.cms |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sonia-aggarwal-and-chandinis-next-titled-ward-126/articleshow/79798860.cms |title=Sonia Aggarwal and Chandini's next titled Ward 126 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 December 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}
The film opens with the cold-blooded murder of an IT professional named Gokul (also called Krishna / Kannan) in Chennai. Investigators probing the case uncover that Gokul led a secretive personal life, including multiple marital relationships.

Halfway through the film, the focus shifts to Rossie (played by Shritha Sivadas), a pregnant woman who becomes involved through a chain-snatching incident that occurred in the same lane as Gokul’s crime. Her life becomes intertwined with Gokul’s and the investigation’s darker threads.

The narrative is non-linear, interleaving present investigations with flashbacks, gradually revealing connections among Gokul (or “Kannan”), Rossie, other characters (including his wives or partners), and the darker side of life in the IT/BPO world.

Among the themes are: harassment faced by women working in or connected to the IT/BPO industry; moral decay, betrayal; and how one death can expose many hidden lives. The climax/ending has a twist—some relationships or events are not what they initially seem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ward 126 Movie Review: Inconsistent writing lets down this well-made film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ward-126/movie-review/93156045.cms |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Michael Thangadurai]] as Gokul / Krishna / Kannan
* Jishnu Menon as Jagadeesh
* Selvakumar Chellapandiyan as Shenbagaraj
* [[Shritha Sivadas]] as Roseline "Rosy" Maria
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] as Vidhya
* [[Vidya Pradeep]] as Yamini
* [[Sonu Gowda|Shruthi Ramakrishnan]] as Swapna
* [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Jyothisri
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Kannan's neighbour
* [[Kalairani]] as Kannan's neighbour
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Kannan's neighbour
* [[Vinod Sagar]]
* [[R. Amarendran]]
* Aadhira Pandilakshmi
* Umadevi
* Nishanth
}}

== Production ==
On 25 December 2020 [[Jayam Ravi]] unveiled the first look poster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy to Release the First Look of #ward126 |url=https://twitter.com/actor_jayamravi/status/1342372269406834688 |access-date=20 July 2022 |via=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2025}} The film was shot in Chennai, Bangalore, and Noida, and the songs were shot in Pondicherry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Making A Movie For OTT Not As Easy As It Seems: 'Ward 126' Director Selvakumar Chellapandian |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/making-a-movie-for-ott-not-as-easy-as-it-seems-ward-126-director-selvakumar-chellapandian-news-210323 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=outlookindia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Making a movie for OTT not as easy as it seems: 'Ward 126' Director Selvakumar Chellapandian |url=https://weeklyvoice.com/making-a-movie-for-ott-not-as-easy-as-it-seems-ward-126-director-selvakumar-chellapandian/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Weekly Voice |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's [[soundtrack]] was composed by Varun Sunil. while lyrics are written by Uma Devi.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Kaalam Azhagaai
| lyrics1 = Uma Devi
| extra1 = KS Harisankar, [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length1 = 3:33
| title2 = Vazhi Nadathidum
| lyrics2 = Uma Devi
| extra2 = Varun Sunil, [[Sunitha Sarathy]], Senthuzhan
| length2 = 5:11
| title3 = Nee Vithaitha
| lyrics3 = Sai Selva
| extra3 = Aslam Abdul Majeed & Varun Sunil
| length3 = 1:56
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

== Release ==
The film had a theatrical release on 22 July 2022.<ref name=":0" /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted that "Overall, ''Ward 126'' is a decent watch and is engaging in parts".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ward-126/movie-review/93156045.cms |title=Ward 126 Movie Review: Inconsistent writing lets down this well-made film |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Thanthi TV]]'' gave the film a middling review.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yumeCW_dezA |title="வார்டு 126" படம் எப்படி இருக்கு..? | Ward 126 Movie Review |date=23 July 2022 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Film critic Malini Mannath wrote "''Ward 126'' is a promising effort from a maker, who is partly successful in his attempt to strike away from the formulaic scenario, both in terms of writing and narrative style".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2022/07/25/review-ward-126/ |title=Review- Ward 126 |date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|17826772}}

[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Busu Dima

2026-02-26T07:11:14Z

Victornkd: correct citations based on references and added references

{{Short description|Indian cultural festival}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Bushu
| native_name = Bushu Dima
| nickname = Bishu(Demra dialect)
| people = [[Dimasa people]]
| begins = 27 January (for urban areas)
| ends = 28 January (for urban areas)
| image = Busu Dima celebrated at Komorakata.jpg
}}

'''Bushu Dima''' ('''Busu''' Dima) is an annual [[Cultural festival (India)|cultural festival]] celebrated by the [[Dimasa people|Dimasa Kachari]] tribe of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 29, 2012|title=Busu Dima festival begins in Dima Hasao|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/busu-dima-festival-begins-in-dima-hasao/articleshow/11669199.cms|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It is the main harvesting festival for [[Dimasa people]]. It is celebrated after the completion of grain harvest in different villages. The festival is usually organized in January.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festivals {{!}} Dima Hasao District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India|url=https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/portlet-innerpage/festivals#maintitle1|access-date=2021-03-24|website=dimahasao.assam.gov.in|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028021322/https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/portlet-innerpage/festivals#maintitle1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Festival==
Busu Dima festival is divided into these three types:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemprai |first=Romit |date=2023-04-06 |title=Busu Dima Festival:A Celebration Of Dimasa Culture & Harmony |url=https://dtraveltrek.in/busu-dima-festival-celebration-of-dimasa-culture/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

; Jidaap : Jidaap is a Busu festival that lasts for 2 days.
; Surem Baino: Surem<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-29 |title=Busu Dima celebrated in Dima Hasao district - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/busu-dima-celebrated-in-dima-hasao-district-635118 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> Baino is a Busu festival that is celebrated for a total of five days.
; Hangshu Busu: Hangshu Busu, which is celebrated for a total of seven days.

== Dance ==
The festival is followed by singing accompanied by the rhythm of Kharam (drums), Muri (fife) the wooden bugle continues first to third days without stop. The boys and girls, everyone comes and they gather together with their traditional dress whole night by dancing in the festival.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-30|title=Busu Dima festival celebrated|url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/9442|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Assam Times|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:January observances]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

Aurangabad East Assembly constituency

2026-02-24T07:50:24Z

Victornkd: creating pg.

{{Short description|Aurangabad Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aurangabad East
| type = SLA
| map_image = 109-Aurangabad East.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad (CS Nagar)]]
| division = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| constituency_no = 109
| established =
| reservation = 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Atul Save]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors =354,686
}}
'''Aurangabad East Assembly constituency''' is one of the six constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]].

It is a part of [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other assembly constituencies viz [[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]], [[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]], [[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad Central]], [[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]] and [[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]] (SC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=2009-02-25 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangabad East Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/aurangabad-east.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Rambhau Gawande
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Keshavrao Autade
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=4|[[Haribhau Bagade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Kalyan Kale]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Rajendra Darda]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=3| [[Atul Save]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Atul Save]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 93,274 |percentage = 43.32% |change={{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Imtiyaz Jaleel]] |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 91,113 |percentage = 42.32% |change={{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lahu Hanmantrao Shewale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,568 |percentage = 5.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Afsar Khan Yasin Khan |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,507 |percentage = 3.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Gaffar Quadri Syed |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 5,943 |percentage = 2.76% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,289 |percentage = 0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,161 |percentage = 1.00% |change= {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,16,580 |percentage = 61.06% |change= {{increase}}0.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,15,291}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,54,686|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Atul Save]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 93,966 |percentage = 48.59% |change={{increase}}11.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Abdul Gaffar Quadri Syed |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 80,036 |percentage = 41.38% |change={{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaleem Chotu Quraishi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 5,555 |percentage = 2.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Vishvanath Mhaske |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,970 |percentage = 2.05% |change={{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Isa Yaseen |party=Majlis Bachao Tahreek |votes = 2,395 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,953 |percentage = 1.01% |change={{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,930 |percentage = 7.20% |change= {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,95,456 |percentage = 61.23% |change= {{decrease}}6.10 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,93,394}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,19,209|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Atul Save]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,528 |percentage = 36.95% |change={{increase}}10.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Abdul Gaffar Quadri Syed |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 60,268 |percentage = 34.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Darda]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,203 |percentage = 12.14% |change={{decrease}}26.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kala Oza |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 11,409 |percentage = 6.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kacharu Shripat Sonawane |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,364 |percentage = 3.07% |change={{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uttamsingh Rajdharsingh Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,885 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zuber Amanullah Motiwala |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,121 |percentage = 1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 786 |percentage = 0.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,260 |percentage = 2.44% |change= {{decrease}}9.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,75,429 |percentage = 66.99% |change= {{increase}}13.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,74,636}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,61,887|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Darda]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,190 |percentage = 38.55% |change={{decrease}}9.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karad Dr. Bhagwat Kisanrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,965 |percentage = 26.37% |change={{decrease}}17.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zambad Subhash Manakchand |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,276 |percentage = 13.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ma. Javed Mo. Isak |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,571 |percentage = 10.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Haribahu Kokate |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,858 |percentage = 3.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Parshuram Chandrabhan Vakhure |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,256 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thombare Balu Nathaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,701 |percentage = 1.36% |change={{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,225 |percentage = 12.18% |change= {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,25,040 |percentage = 52.81% |change= {{decrease}}15.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,25,020}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,36,756|ref = |change= {{decrease}}19.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kalyan Kale|Dr. Kalyan Kale]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 97,278 |percentage = 48.20% |change={{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Haribhau Bagade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 88,168 |percentage = 43.69% |change={{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mirza Nisar Baig Mirza Aziz Baig |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,592 |percentage = 2.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhole Madhukarrao Shanker Rao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,810 |percentage = 1.89% |change={{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Shriram Bhimrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,165 |percentage = 1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Vishram Asaram |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,794 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,110 |percentage = 4.51% |change= {{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,01,828 |percentage = 68.32% |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,01,825}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,95,409|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Haribhau Bagade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,596 |percentage = 48.39% |change={{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Autade Keshavrao Vishwanath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,823 |percentage = 36.02% |change={{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Sonwane |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 17,783 |percentage = 13.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saluja Dhanbirsingh (Kukkuseth) |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,787 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,773 |percentage = 12.37% |change= {{increase}}1.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,55,265 |percentage = 66.61% |change= {{decrease}}11.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,35,557}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,33,101|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Haribhau Bagade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,496 |percentage = 31.22% |change={{decrease}}16.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sau. Parvatibai Trimbakrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,698 |percentage = 19.99% |change={{decrease}}17.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Autade Keshavrao Vishwanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,131 |percentage = 17.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Gadekar Namdeorao Balwantrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,447 |percentage = 14.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sulane Trimbaksing Daulatsing |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 7,245 |percentage = 4.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rambhav Eknathrao Gavande |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,072 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Namdeo Khandu Bagayatdar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,299 |percentage = 2.08% |change={{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,798 |percentage = 11.23% |change= {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,64,699 |percentage = 71.88% |change= {{increase}}11.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,58,556}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,29,116|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Haribhau Bagade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,581 |percentage = 47.89% |change={{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Trimbakrao Ganpatrao Sirasth |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,856 |percentage = 37.78% |change={{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shiriram Rajaram Patil |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,563 |percentage = 3.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parasram Jesu Rathod |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,387 |percentage = 2.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datta Annasahen Pathrikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,931 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nazeerkhan Chandkhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,761 |percentage = 1.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukarrao Shankarrao Bhole |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,725 |percentage = 10.10% |change= {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,19,057 |percentage = 59.54% |change= {{increase}}8.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,16,068}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,99,950|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Haribhau Bagade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,174 |percentage = 42.61% |change={{increase}}15.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Sonwane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,103 |percentage = 34.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kacharu Raibhan Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,451 |percentage = 7.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Ambadas Girijaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,834 |percentage = 6.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Motiram Narwade |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,292 |percentage = 3.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Jija Kuber |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,289 |percentage = 3.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Verma Ramlakhan Matadin |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,128 |percentage = 1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,071 |percentage = 8.04% |change= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,044 |percentage = 50.80% |change= {{increase}}1.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,514}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,638|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Autade Keshavrao Vishwanath |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,369 |percentage = 34.96% |change={{decrease}}9.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Vishwanath Suryabhan |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 18,219 |percentage = 28.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dandge Raosaheb Bhaurao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,073 |percentage = 26.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Shankarrao Bhole |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,299 |percentage = 5.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayakrao Saluba Wagh |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes = 1,512 |percentage = 2.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patel Yasin Magan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,505 |percentage = 2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,150 |percentage = 6.49% |change= {{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,268 |percentage = 49.24% |change= {{decrease}}10.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,977}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,585|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gawande Rambhau Eknath |party=Janata Party |votes = 33,414 |percentage = 47.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshaorao Vishwanath Awatade |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,606 |percentage = 44.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. L. Hiwrala |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,236 |percentage = 4.55% |change={{decrease}}8.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhaulal Namdeo Bhalekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,546 |percentage = 2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Vithalrao Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,279 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,808 |percentage = 2.54% |change= {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,867 |percentage = 60.14% |change= {{increase}}10.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,081}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,818|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V Rao Sukyabhan Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,429 |percentage = 44.61% |change={{decrease}}9.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rambhav Eknathrao Gavande |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 18,685 |percentage = 40.80% |change={{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deorao Limbaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 6,168 |percentage = 13.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uttamrao Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 514 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,744 |percentage = 3.81% |change= {{decrease}}16.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,904 |percentage = 49.26% |change= {{decrease}}45.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,796}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,256|ref = |change= {{increase}}162.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Aurangabad East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=V. Suryabhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,725 |percentage = 54.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. Eknath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,622 |percentage = 33.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. B. Motale |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,060 |percentage = 11.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,103 |percentage = 20.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,095 |percentage = 100.00% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,407}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,095|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|19.87|75.33|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}1.ward’s Distribution map

<nowiki>https://in.docworkspace.com/d/sIE7Jq6we67fpmwY?sa=e1&st=0t</nowiki>

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Aurangabad district (Maharashtra)|Assembly constituencies of Aurangabad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government of Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]

Raghunath Murmu

2026-02-20T11:59:59Z

Victornkd: small changes

{{short description|Indian writer and linguist (1905–1982)}}
{{copy edit|date=June 2025|reason=flowery promotional wording, subjective language; overall written in a storytelling style}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Raghunath Murmu
| native_name = ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩ
| image = Raghunath Murmu portrait.png
| caption = Portrait of Raghunath Murmu
| birth_date = 5 May 1905
| birth_place = Dandbose, [[Rairangpur]], [[Mayurbhanj State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1982|2|1|1905|5|18}}
| occupation = Ideologist, playwright, and writer
| nationality = Indian
| subject = [[Santali literature]], [[Ol Chiki script]]
| genres = Drama, folklore
| children = [[Sidha Lal Murmu]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Sahu | first=Diana | title=Presidential nomination takes Santals to a historic high | website=The New Indian Express | date=23 June 2022 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Jun/23/presidentialnomination-takes-santals-to-a-historic-high-2468743.html | access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Raghunath Murmu''' (5 May 1905<ref name="wbgov">{{Cite web|date=28 July 2012|title=:: BCW Department-Govt of West Bengal, Pandit Raghunath Murmu ::|url=http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/raghu-murmu.html|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728045829/http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/raghu-murmu.html|archive-date=28 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Nayak|first1=Dr. Rajkishore|title=ପ୍ରଣମ୍ୟ ପୁରୁଷ: ପଣ୍ଡିତ ରଘୁନାଥ ମୁର୍ମୁ|url=http://suryaprava.co.in/epaper/m/56173/591267e91deb7|publisher=Suryaprava|access-date=15 May 2017|date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627033509/http://suryaprava.co.in/epaper/m/56173/591267e91deb7|archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> – 1 February 1982)<ref name=rm1>{{cite web|publisher=Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal|title=Pandit Raghunath Murmu|url=http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/raghu-murmu.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728045829/http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/raghu-murmu.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2012 |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> was an Indian writer and [[educator]]. He developed the [[Ol Chiki script]] for the [[Santali language]].<ref name=olchiki>{{Cite web|title=The Politics of Difference: Ol-Chiki and Santali Identity in Eastern India|url=https://irsrjournal.unibuc.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/5-MAHANA-136_146-irsr-9_2-2019.pdf|access-date=29 August 2021|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115105259/https://irsrjournal.unibuc.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/5-MAHANA-136_146-irsr-9_2-2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TimesOfIndiaMay2016">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Naveen-declares-birthday-of-Raghunath-Murmu-a-holiday/articleshow/52329861.cms |title=Naveen declares birthday of Raghunath Murmu a holiday |date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522111355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Naveen-declares-birthday-of-Raghunath-Murmu-a-holiday/articleshow/52329861.cms |archive-date=22 May 2016 |website=Times of India |access-date=4 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/aug/engpdf/51-52.pdf|title=Odisha Government Portal|website=Orissa.gov.in|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203085948/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/aug/engpdf/51-52.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:ᱨᱟᱹᱜᱷᱩᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱢᱩᱨᱢᱩᱟᱜ ᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱮᱥ.jpg|thumb|Handwritten Quote of Pandit Raghunath Murmu]]

Until the nineteenth century, Santali people had no written language and knowledge was transmitted orally from one generation to other. Later European researchers and Christian missionaries started to use [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], and Roman scripts to document the Santali language. However, the Santalis did not have their own script. He developed the Ol Chiki script for the Santalis. He wrote many songs, plays and school text books in the Ol Chiki script.<ref name="Hembram">{{cite book|last1=Hembram|first1=Phatik Chandra|title=Santal, a Natural Language|date=2002|publisher=U. Hembram|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIlkAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pathy88"/><ref name=raghu-docu>{{YouTube|id=n8yNXRtJ4_0|title=An Inspiration - a documentary on Pt. Raghunath Murmu}}</ref>

==Biography==
Raghunath Murmu was born on the day of Baisakhi Purnima (Buddha Purnima), 1905 in the Dandbose (Dahardih) village (near [[Rairangpur]] town) of [[Mayurbhanj State]] (now in [[Odisha]]), [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2018|title=उड़िया समझ नहीं आई तो रघुनाथ मुर्मू ने जल-जंगल, जमीन से जुड़े वर्ण गढ़ बना दी लिपि|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/murmu-prepared-his-script-01418157.html|access-date=26 September 2020|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020232602/https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/murmu-prepared-his-script-01418157.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the son of Nandlal Murmu and Salma Murmu. His father, Nandlal Murmu, was a village head and his paternal uncle was a [[Munsi]] in the court of King Pratap Chandra Bhanjdeo of Mayurbhanj State. As per the traditional social rituals of the [[Santal people]] (known as the ''Kherwal'' community), he was named ''Chunu Murmu'' after his birth. However, later the priest who performed his naming ceremony, changed his name from ''Chunu Murmu'' to ''Raghunath Murmu''.<ref name="raghu-docu" />
[[File:Raghunath Murmu.JPG|thumb|Raghunath Murmu's stone idol in Odisha Tribal Development Society (OTDS), Bhubaneswar]]

===Early life: education and the invention of the Ol Chiki script===
At the age of seven, he went to the Gambharia U.P. School (an [[Odia language|Odia-language]] school) for his primary education. His teacher was an Odiya. He started wondering why the school did not operate in the language in which he spoke, Santali. He used to say "why should we learn in this language? Odiya is a teaching medium for Odiya-speaking people. We are Kherwal, and [[Santali language|Santali]] is our mother language so why are we not taught in Santali?" He asked his father to admit him in a Santali-medium school. His father then told him that Santali does not have any written script, as it is an oral language.''<ref name="gomke">{{Cite web|title=Guru Gomke Raghunath Murmu|url=https://apsubhakanta.shubhdristi.in/2020/04/guru-gomke-raghunath-murmu.html|access-date=29 August 2021|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830001058/https://apsubhakanta.shubhdristi.in/2020/04/guru-gomke-raghunath-murmu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>''

In 1914, he was admitted to the Bahalda Primary School. As this school is quite far from his native village, he built a hut near the school on a relative's land in Bana Dungri. He started to stay there with some other boys. During these days, while other children used to play together in nearby playground, he did not play with them. He used to play alone in soil, drawing different shapes on earth, writing alphabets. He used to learn through his play. This is probably the time when he started developing the ''[[Ol Chiki script|Ol Chiki]]'' script.<ref name=raghu-docu/>

He was sent to [[Baripada]] (capital city of then [[Mayurbhanj State]]) for further study. He took admission in the Baripada High School of Mayurbhanj (present [[M.K.C. High School]]). But here too his mind was stuck with the thoughts of having his own language and script. During the school holidays, he used to go home at his native village Danbose. At that time, he used to spend his time alone roaming in a nearby jungle, named ''Kapi-Buru''. Generally, no one ventured into that isolated Kapi-Buru jungle. He would often go off into ''Kapi-Buru'' with his notebook and pen. It is said that he created the Ol Chiki script at ''[[Kapi Buru]]'' in 1925.<ref name=raghu-docu/><ref name=Hembram/><ref name=wbgov/><ref name=olchiki/>

In 1928, he passed his matriculation examination (10th) from the [[Patna University]]. In the same year, he married Noha Baskey, a resident of Jamjora village.

===Middle life: creation of Santali literature using Ol-Chiki script===
After his matriculation in 1928, he started a job at the ''Baripada Power House'' as an apprentice. During this time, he also built his own house at Baripada. Later P.K. Singh, Dewan of then [[Mayurbhanj State]], sent him [[Serampore]] (near Kolkata) to receive industrial training. He took his technical training at three different places of [[West Bengal]] {{Em dash}} [[Serampore]] in [[Hooghly district]], [[Shantiniketan]] in [[Birbhum district]], and Gosaba Training Center at [[South 24 Parganas district]]. After acquiring the necessary technical education, he was appointed as a teacher at the ''Baripada Technical Institute''. Soon after, he joined as a teacher at the ''Badamtalia Primary School'' in 1933. It is possible he sometimes used [[Ol Chiki script]] while teaching in the class. One of his students (son of a carpenter) carved out the letters he wrote on a wooden chapati [[rolling pin]]. After applying the ink on the roller, it was rolled to print letters on paper. The first book, named ''Horh Sereng'', in Ol Chiki script was published in 1936. He published his first play ''Bidu-Chandan'' in 1942. In the novel, he described how Bidu (god) and Chandan (Goddess) who came to earth as human beings, invented the Ol Chiki script in order to express their love for each other using written Santali. This book was exhibited in a function at [[Baripada]] where the king of [[Mayurbhanj State]] was also invited. The king understood the worth of this newly developed script. During this time, he used to stay in the house of Sudhir Majhi at the Bhutadi village, now known as ''Master Bari''. There was also a stage near his house, where the first showing of his play ''Bidu Chandan'' was staged. Many people came to see his play ''Bidu Chandan'' when it was first staged in his native village. Later he also taught at the Gambaria, Bahalda, and Rairangpur high schools. During that period, he used to visit different Santali villages in Mayurbhanj and Jharkhand and taught the use of his developed Ol Chiki script. In this way, the Ol Chiki script reached a large number of Santali peoples. People loved him as a teacher and started calling him ''Pandit Raghunath Murmu''.<ref name=raghu-docu/><ref name=Hembram/><ref name=wbgov/><ref name=raghu>{{Cite web|title=Pandit Raghunath Murmu The developer of Santhali Script|url=https://odishastories.com/pandit-raghunath-murmu-the-developer-of-santhali-script/|access-date=30 August 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

During the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi independence movement]] in 1942, he got branded as a revolutionary while he was campaigning for his invented Ol Chiki script. He escaped to his wife's native village Jamjora and stayed hidden. He also continued his work of developing Santali literature using Ol Chiki script during that time. On 15 August 1947, India gained independence as a democracy, and all the former king-ruled states became integrated into India. During this time, the demand for a ''[[Jharkhand]]'' state for Santali-speaking people was also gaining momentum. He was an ardent supporter of this ''[[Jharkhand Movement]]''. Police firing was also sought to quell the protesters supporting the movement at Kharsawan and Gundaria in Mayurbhanj. An arrest warrant was also issued in his name when the demand for ''Jharkhand'' was raised at the Baripada Tribal Convention. He left Baripada and went to ''Karandih Sarjom Tola'' village (near Jamshedpur). He stayed there in a rented house and started working for the ''Tata Steel'' in Jamshedpur. He and his friend Sadhu Murmu together started spreading the knowledge about Ol Chiki script there. Wherever they found a group of 4-5 people, they used to go there and talk about their work in Ol Chiki script. He used to teach villagers how to read and write the Ol Chiki alphabet, during his travel to many places. He also wrote different books ''Parsi Poha'', ''Parsi Itun'', ''Ranarh'', ''Alkha'', ''Ol Chemed'' etc. for learning Ol Chiki.<ref name=raghu-docu/><ref name=raghu/><ref name=gomke/> During this period, he also established a religious organisation called ''"Sarna Dharam Semlet",'' which spearheaded the ancestral beliefs of the Santals and urged people to identify as adherents of the religion in official records.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Mahapatra |first=Sitakant |title=Ecological Adaptation to Technology — Ritual Conflict and Leadership Change: The Santal Experience |date=3 June 2011 |work=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia |pages=357–368 |editor-last=David |editor-first=Kenneth |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110807752.357/html |access-date=25 December 2024 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110807752.357 |isbn=978-3-11-080775-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Sitakant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20FuAAAAMAAJ |title=Modernization and Ritual: Identity and Change in Santal Society |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-561794-8 |language=en}}</ref>

===Later life: honours for his contribution in the Santali literature===
Murmu went to his native village to spend the final years of his life. He travelled all his life to spread the use of [[Ol Chiki script]], while his mother-in-law took care of his family and home. In 1956, ''All India Sarna Conference'' was held in Karandih near Jamshedpur. In this conference, prominent leader [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] bestowed him with the title ''Guru Gomke'' (the great teacher). He was also honoured by [[Mayurbhanj State]] [[Jaipal Singh Munda#Adivasi Mahasabha|Adivasi Mahasabha]] with the title "Guru Gomke" (the great teacher).<ref name="Pathy88">{{cite book|last1=Pathy|first1=J|title=Ethnic Minorities in the Process of Development|date=1988|publisher=Rawat Book Sellers|isbn=9788170330554|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z48eAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref name="IL87">{{cite journal|title=Indian Linguistics|date=1987|volume=47-50|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmkaAQAAIAAJ|language=en|access-date=30 September 2020|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201173542/https://books.google.com/books?id=vmkaAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time, his brother-in-law Muniram Baskey gifted him a printing machine. He bought different metallic script [[typeface]]s from Kolkata and started printing his books in the Ol Chiki script. Under his direction, the weekly magazine ''Saagen Saakam'' was printed and distributed to spread Santali literature. ''Baba Tilka Majhi Library'' was also established under his guidance. He visited many Santali-dominated places in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, and Odisha and taught people about the use of Ol Chiki alphabet (Au-Ote-O-Aung) in phonetics through his songs. Gradually he was able to convince people about the necessity of Ol Chiki script. He also started an organisation named ''Adivasi Cultural Association'' in 1953, which subsequently renamed to ''Adivasi Socio-Educational and Cultural Association (ASECA)'' to accommodate other tribals.<ref name=":0" /> Some people now worship Bidu-Chandan (characters of his drama) as ''God of Knowledge''. By offering prayers to the god Bidu with his wife Chandan (goddess) on the confluence of two rivers Jual and Bhangra (near Jhargram), he set the norms and standards which today become a traditional ritual in that region. Even today some people offer prayer to the Bidu-Chandan (''God of Knowledge'') on the same confluence. He wrote more than 150 plays, short stories, novels and poems in Ol Chiki script.<ref name=raghu-docu/><ref name=raghu/>

He got many awards for his path-breaking work in Santali literature and script. [[Ranchi University]] awarded him the honourable Doctorate degree for his contribution to Santali literature. On 16 November 1979, the Government of West Bengal (then headed by chief minister Jyoti Basu) honoured him by giving him a bronze medal at the Kundbona ground of Hura in the [[Purulia district]]. An organisation named ''Dhumkuriya Ranchi'' also gave him the title ''D.Lit''. Odiya Sahitya Academy also awarded him for his literary contribution. Professor Martin Orens, a distinguished anthropologist of the University of California USA, called him a theologian. Mr. M.D. Julius Tigga called him a "great developer and Dramatist".<ref name=raghu-docu/>

He died on 2 February 1982.<ref name="wbgov" />

==Notable works==
His most notable work is the development of [[Ol Chiki script]] itself. He also created some other notable works regarding the [[Santali language|Santali]] literature and script. These works include ''Ol Chemed'' (primary syllabus of Ol Chiki), ''Parsi Poha'' (essential elements of Ol Chiki), ''Dare Ge Dhon'' (drama), ''Sido Kanhu'' (patriotic drama), ''Bidu Chandan'' (famous love drama), ''Kherwal Bir'' (patriotic drama), ''Hital'' (scripture of evolution of the Earth and human being of Kherwals myth), ''Hor Serenj' ''(Santali literature songs), ''Ronor'' (Santali grammar), ''Elkha'' (Santali mathematics). His first book is the ''Hor Serenj''' and his first play is the ''Bidu Chandan''. His last book is ''Rah Andorh''.<ref name=gomke/>

==Legacy==
The Government of India has included the Santali language in the Eighth Schedule of the constitution of India on 22 December 2003. After that, many state governments of India, specifically [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], and [[Bihar]], gave recognition to the Santali language. The government of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], and [[West Bengal]] included the [[Santali language]] as a medium of instruction at the primary and high school levels in the santal-dominated area. Many universities and colleges of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha are now offering courses on the Santali literature using [[Ol Chiki script]].<ref name=olchiki/>

[[File:Santhali books.jpg|thumb|Santali books in [[North Odisha University]] library]]

In 2016, Odisha chief minister declared the birthday of Pandit Raghunath Murmu (every year full moon day on the month of May which is popularly called as "Guru Kunami", "Guru Purnima" and "Baishakh Kunami") as an optional holiday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha Government Portal|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/calender|access-date=4 July 2020|website=Odisha Government Portal|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805135855/https://www.odisha.gov.in/calender|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TimesOfIndiaMay2016" />

Various institutions named after Raghunath Murmu.

* [[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital]], [[Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]]
* [[Nayagram Pandit Raghunath Murmu Government College]], [[Jhargram]], [[West Bengal]]
* [[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Smriti Mahavidyalaya]], [[Bankura]], [[West Bengal]]
* [[Pt. Raghunath Academy Of Santali Cinema & Art]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{YouTube|id=n8yNXRtJ4_0|title=An Inspiration - a documentary on Pt. Raghunath Murmu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, Raghunath}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]
[[Category:Creators of writing systems]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]

Urushringa

2026-02-19T20:06:14Z

Victornkd: Created first article needs work

{{italic title}}
[[Image:Architecture of the Khajuraho temples.jpg|thumb|right|500px|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], Khajuraho, with 84 ''urushringa'' around the ''shikhara'']]
[[File:Kandariya Mahadev, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|Detail of the same temple]]
'''''Urushringa''''' ({{langx|sa|उरुशृङ्ग|lit=having high peak}}, {{IAST3|uruśṛṅga}}) is a subsidiary tower springing from the sides of the main ''[[shikhara]]'' tower in the [[Hindu temple architecture]] of northern India.<ref>Harle, 219</ref><ref name=zaidi>[http://idejeh.hu/sikhsp/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/zaidi_khajurao.pdf Pdf file about the Khajuraho temples]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Overview==
The urushringa is smaller and narrower than the shikhara, and "engaged" or connected to it where they meet, except right at the top. It strengthens the feeling of height given by the temple, and may give some structural support by acting like a [[buttress]], as well as adding to the visual symbolism of the temple as a sacred mountain.<ref>Michell, 69-70</ref>

They often reflect the complex shape of the sanctuary structure at ground level, following the [[Ratha (architecture)|''ratha'']] projections up into the shikhara. The style of shikhara with urushringas is known as [[Sekhari (architecture)|sekhari]]. Many of the temples in the famous [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]] have sekhari towers, though others do not. On the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] there are 84 urushringas around the shikhara.<ref>Harle, 233-235; Michell, 121-123</ref><ref name=zaidi/> The urushringa echoes the form of the main shikhara, and often has its own [[amalaka]] and kalasha at the top, as in the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Michell, George, (1977) ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]

Ashok Kamat

2026-02-18T05:15:26Z

Victornkd: creating stub.

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashok Kamat
| birth_place = [[Curchorem]], [[Goa]], India
| occupation = Writer, academic scholar
| known_for = ''Ghannaghai Niyatiche''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2008)
}}

'''Ashok Kamat''' is an Indian writer and academic scholar recognized for his contributions to [[Konkani literature]] and saint literature. He is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], India's national literary honour, for his writing in the [[Konkani language]].<ref name="TOI_Konkani">{{cite news |title=Ashok Kamat's Konkani novel bags top honours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ashok-kamats-konkani-novel-bags-top-honours/articleshow/3882749.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2008-12-24 |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref name="Lokmat_Hindi">{{cite news |title=Hindi Sahitya Akademi Award announced to Saints literature analyst Dr. Ashok Kamat |url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/hindi-sahitya-akademi-award-announced-saints-literature-analyst-dr-ashok-kamat/ |work=Lokmat |date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref>

== Career and scholarship ==
Kamat has a background in academia, having served as the head of the Sant Namdev Adhyasan (Saint Namdev Chair) at [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]]. He is regarded as a scholar of both [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]]. In his professional capacity, he has also served as the president of the Gurukul Pratishthan.<ref name="TOI_Konkani" /><ref name="Lokmat_Hindi" />

As a literary figure, Kamat hails from [[Curchorem]], Goa. He is the author of the Konkani novel ''Ghannaghai Niyatiche'', which is translated as "Cruel blows of destiny". The work was noted for its literary significance when it received national recognition in 2008.<ref name="TOI_Konkani" /><ref name="Lokmat_Hindi" />

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2008): Conferred by the national academy of letters for his Konkani novel ''Ghannaghai Niyatiche''.<ref name="TOI_Konkani" /><ref name="Lokmat_Hindi" />
* Maharashtra State Hindi Sahitya Akademi Award: Announced in recognition of his work as an analyst of saint literature.<ref name="TOI_Konkani" /><ref name="Lokmat_Hindi" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamat, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tara Mohanan

2026-02-12T03:12:22Z

Victornkd: Created first entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian linguist}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tara Mohanan
| occupation = Linguist, entrepreneur
}}

'''Tara Mohanan''' is a [[linguistics|linguist]] and co-founder of ThinQ, an educational organisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=People |url=https://www.thinq.education/people |website=ThinQ: Think, Inspire, Question |publisher=ThinQ |access-date=16 December 2021 |date=2020}}</ref> She is known for work on [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], and other South Asian languages in the fields of [[semantics]], [[syntax]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], and [[phonology]]. Her husband is linguist [[K. P. Mohanan (linguist)|K. P. Mohanan]].

== Academic career ==
Mohanan did her Bachelor's and Master's in English Literature at [[Calicut University]], followed by an MLitt. in Linguistics at the [[Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages]] (now EFLU). Mohanan completed her doctorate in linguistics at [[Stanford University]] in 1990, with her thesis entitled ''Arguments in Hindi''. In that, she introduced a unique grammatical formalism to describe Hindi syntax based on empirical data.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramchand |first1=Gillian |title=Tara Mohanan, Argument structure in Hindi. (Dissertations in Linguistics.) Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, 1994. Pp. 269. |journal=Journal of Linguistics |date=1996 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=530–532 |doi=10.1017/S0022226700016066 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|s2cid=145604682 }}</ref> She taught linguistics at the [[National University of Singapore]] until 2006, where she designed an undergraduate program in linguistics with K. P. Mohanan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Praveen |title=Praveen Singh (PS) Talks to Dr. Tara Mohanan (TM) |journal=Language and Language Teaching |date=2020 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=59 |url=https://llt.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/LLT18.pdf}}</ref>

=== Contributions to Hindi syntax ===
Mohanan's dissertation, ''Arguments in Hindi'' (published as a book entitled ''Argument Structure in Hindi'' in 1994), has had a lasting influence on the study of the syntax of Hindi and other South Asian languages. Some of the major issues in Hindi linguistics that she considers in her dissertation are:
* [[Case marking]]: notably, [[differential object marking]] with the Hindi accusative case marker ''ko''.
* [[Verb agreement]]: including foundational theoretical work on the noun + verb construction in Hindi, analysed as [[object incorporation]].
* [[Quirky subject|Non-nominative subjects]]: claims that Hindi has genitive and dative-marked subjects, besides the prototypical nominative/ergative-marked one.

Her later paper on [[object incorporation]] in Hindi further expanded her theoretical separation of grammatical categories and grammatical functions: a case-less object + verb construction in Hindi could be analysed as serving the function of the verb, while retaining syntactic properties that allow the verb to agree with the incorporated noun.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Mohanan|1995}}</ref> She distinguished this from the [[complex predicate]] in Hindi, wherein a noun + verb or verb + verb construction results in combined argument structure that neither could have by itself (e.g. the complex N+V predicate ''yād karnā'' "to remember" in Hindi can take an object of its own).

Her analyses of Hindi complex predicates and incorporated objects has been retained in more recent work, such as that by [[Miriam Butt]] on complex predicates in Urdu–Hindi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butt |first1=Miriam |chapter=The Light Verb Jungle: Still Hacking Away |date=2010 |title=Complex Predicates: Cross-linguistic Perspectives on Event Structure |editor1=Mengistu Amberber |editor2=Brett Baker |editor3=Mark Harvey |url=https://www.ling.uni-konstanz.de/typo3temp/secure_downloads/82191/0/8710d896f59e60896f41c1882246f4d0d72ec32c/cp-volume.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Modern dependency annotation schemes for South Asian languages, which have been used to make [[syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)|syntactically parsed]] treebanks for computational analysis, also reference her work.<ref>{{cite conference|first1=Rafiya|last1=Begum|first2=Samar|last2=Husain|first3=Arun|last3=Dhwaj|first4=Dipti Misra|last4=Sharma|first5=Lakshmi|last5=Bai|first6=Rajeev|last6=Sangal|year=2008|title=Dependency Annotation Scheme for Indian Languages|conference=Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing|url=https://aclanthology.org/I08-2099.pdf}}</ref>

==Works==
* {{cite journal|title=Syllable structure in Malayalam|journal=Linguistic Inquiry|pages=589–625|year=1989|last=Mohanan|first=Tara|author-mask=1|ref=none}}
* {{cite thesis|title=Arguments in Hindi|last=Mohanan|first=Tara|type=PhD|publisher=Stanford University|author-mask=1|year=1990|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title=Argument structure in Hindi|series=Dissertations in Linguistics|publisher=CSLI Publications|location=Stanford, CA|year=1994|last=Mohanan|first=Tara|author-mask=1|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|title=Wordhood and lexicality: Noun incorporation in Hindi|journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory|volume=13|number=1|pages=75–134|year=1995|last=Mohanan|first=Tara|doi=10.1007/BF00992779|s2cid=170667125|url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/21920 |author-mask=1}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.thinq.education/ ThinQ homepage]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanan, Tara}}
[[Category:Linguists of Hindi]]
[[Category:Dravidologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National University of Singapore]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women linguists]]

{{linguist-stub}}

T. R. Sharma

2026-02-12T03:10:39Z

Victornkd: Created initial bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian plant biologist (Born:1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = T. R. Sharma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|5|20}}
| birth_place = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Plant biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya|CSK HPKV]] | [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology | [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] | National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute | [[Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | Government High School, Ladraur | [[Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya|CSK HPKV]] | [[University of Alberta]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[genomics]] and plant disease resistance
| awards = {{ublist| 1998 [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|NAAS]] Young Scientist Award | 1999 Young Scientist Award | 2001 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] Umakant Sinha Memorial Award | 2007 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2008 [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|NAAS]] Recognition Award | 2011 [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|VASVIK Award]] | 2011 [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award]] | 2013 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-[[Reliance Industries|Reliance]] Platinum Jubilee Award }}
}}
'''Tilak Raj Sharma''' (born 20 May 1965) is an Indian plant biologist, the deputy director general (CS) of ICAR and former executive director and chief executive officer of the National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), and [[Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing]] (CIAB) respectively, both autonomous institutes under the [[Department of Biotechnology]]. Known for his studies in the fields of [[genomics]] and plant disease resistance, Sharma is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. In 2007, Sharma received the National Bioscience Award for Career Development from the Department of Biotechnology, recognizing his contributions to biosciences.

== Biography ==
[[File:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.jpg|thumb|left|Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]]
[[File:J Sendra with Magnaporthe grisea.jpeg|thumb|235px|J. Sendra rice affected by ''[[Magnaporthe oryzae]].'']]
T. R. Sharma was born on 20 May 1965 at [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] in the north-east Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="NAAS Fellows - T. R. Sharma">{{Cite web |url=http://naasindia.org/detail.php?id=465 |title=NAAS Fellows - T. R. Sharma |date=2017-12-20 |website=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences |access-date=2017-12-20}}</ref> After completing early schooling at the Government High School in Ladrour in 1980, he joined the College of Agriculture of [[Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya]] (CSK HPKV) from where he earned a BSc in agriculture in 1985, an MSc in 1987 and a PhD in 1990, working on a Dr. K. S. Krishnan fellowship from [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]].<ref name="Indian fellow - T. R. Sharma">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P13-1625 |title=Indian fellow - T. R. Sharma |date=2017-12-21 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|His PhD thesis was on the ''Induction and transfer of resistance to [[Alternaria solani|Alternaria blight]] of [[Mustard seed|mustard]]'' which won the University Gold Medal and Certificate of Honor}} Subsequently, he started his career by joining CSK HPKV as an assistant professor in 1991 where he served in various capacities until 2014. During this period, he did his post-doctoral studies at the [[University of Alberta]] in Edmonton, Canada from 1994 to 1996 as a research associate of the [[Department of Biotechnology]], held the positions of a senior scientist from 1999 to 2007, and of a principal scientist until 2014 when he was appointed as the principal scientist on deputation<ref name="Principal Scientist (On deputation)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nrcpb.res.in/scientic/dr-t-r-sharma-0 |title=Principal Scientist (On deputation) |date=2017-12-24 |website=National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> and the project director of the National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]], housed in the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi.<ref name="Dr. TR Sharma joins as Executive Director">{{Cite web |url=http://nabi.res.in/pdffiles/Dr.T.R.Sharmaprofile/Dr.T.R.Sharma.pdf |title=Dr. TR Sharma joins as Executive Director |date=2017 |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> He served the research centre for almost three years and moved to the National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), an autonomous institute under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in [[Mohali]], in January 2017 as its executive director,<ref name="Executive Director-NABI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nabi.res.in/trsharma.aspx |title=Executive Director-NABI |date=2017-12-24 |website=www.nabi.res.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> a position he holds to date.<ref name="Faculty and Scientists">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nabi.res.in/Faculty.aspx |title=Faculty and Scientists |date=2017-12-24 |website=National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> Simultaneously, he also serves as the chief executive officer of the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), another DBT institution in Mohali.<ref name="Chief Executive Officer - CIAB">{{Cite web |title=Chief Executive Officer - CIAB |date=2017-12-24 |website=Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing }}</ref> He also had two stints in the US in 2001 and 2004, as a visiting scientist at the Genome Research Centre of the [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] where he worked on ''Rice genome sequencing, genome sequence finishing and genome analysis''.<ref name="Indian fellow - T. R. Sharma" />

Sharma resides in the Executive Director's Residence in NABI Campus at Knowledge City in Mohali, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-12-21 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-21 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Sharma's research has been focusing the fields of [[genomics]] and plant disease resistance and he has worked on the crop improvement of rice.<ref name="Chief Executive Officer - CIAB" /> Sharma’s research on rice blast disease caused by the [[Magnaporthe grisea|''Magnaporthe oryzae'']] fungus identified the Pi54 (Pi-kh) gene, which demonstrated resistance to the disease. He cloned this gene from the ''Indica Rice Line Tetep'' using positional cloning techniques.<ref name="Executive Director-NABI" /><ref name="Gene construct of rice blast resistance gene Pi54rh and rice transgenic lines">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nrcpb.res.in/writereaddata/files/rice%20blast.pdf |title=Gene construct of rice blast resistance gene Pi54rh and rice transgenic lines |date=2017-12-24 |website=National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> He developed new [[DNA marker]]s namely SSR, STMS and SNP and isolated Pi54rh and Pi54of, two new [[alleles]], from wild rice which showed resistance to ''Magnaporthe oryzae''.<ref name="Principal Scientist (On deputation)" /> Working on the [[sheath blight of rice|sheath blight disease of rice]] caused by [[Rhizoctonia solani]], the team led by him mapped a new gene, QTL qSBR11-1, which helped in the development of disease resistant rice varieties such as ''Pusa [[Basmati]] 1637'' and ''HPR 2880''.<ref name="Indian fellow - T. R. Sharma" /> The development of a new [[cloning]] protocol for Avr-Pi54 gene from Magnaporthe oryzae as well as sequencing techniques of genes of rice, [[tomato]], [[pigeon pea]], [[Magnaporthe]], and [[Puccinia]] were some of his other contributions.<ref name="Executive Director-NABI" /> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed more than 200 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/T_Sharma |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref> He also holds six Indian patents for the processes he has developed.<ref name="Chief Executive Officer - CIAB" />

Sharma is the chief editor of the Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology of [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Media]]<ref name="Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Editorial Board)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/journal/13562/PSE?detailsPage=editorialBoard |title=Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology (Editorial Board) |date=2017-12-24 |website=springer.com |language=en |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> and sits in the editorial board of the Biotech Today journal.<ref name="Indian Journals">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:bto&type=eboard |title=Indian Journals |date=2017-12-24 |website=www.indianjournals.com |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> He is a life member of several scientific societies including the Biotechnology Society of India, the Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, the Association for the Promotion of DNA Fingerprinting and other DNA Technologies (APDFDT) and the Indian Phytopathological Society.<ref name="Indian fellow - T. R. Sharma" /> Besides, he has mentored many post-graduate and doctoral research scholars in their studies<ref name="Dr. TR Sharma joins as Executive Director" /> and has delivered plenary or invited speeches at seminars which included the lecture on ''a lecture on ‘Cloning and Characterization of Genes and their Application in Rice Improvements - A Success Story'', delivered as a part of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|NAAS]] lecture series at [[Punjab Agricultural University]] campus on 1 March 2017.<ref name="NAAS SERIES LECTURE AT PAU BY EMINENT BIOTECHNOLOGIST Dr T R SHARMA">{{Cite web |url=http://cityairnews.com/content/naas-series-lecture-pau-eminent-biotechnologist-dr-t-r-sharma |title=NAAS SERIES LECTURE AT PAU BY EMINENT BIOTECHNOLOGIST Dr T R SHARMA |date=2 March 2017 |website=cityairnews.com |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Sharma received the Young Scientist Award of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] in 1998<ref name="Previous Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://naasindia.org/page.php?pageid=25 |title=Previous Awardees |date=2017-12-24 |website=naasindia.org |language=en |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> and the Young Scientist Award of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] the next year.<ref name="Indian fellow - T. R. Sharma" /> In 2001, he was selected for the Professor Umakant Sinha Memorial Award of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] and two years later, he received the 2003 International Technology Award of the World Technology Network.<ref name="Chief Executive Officer - CIAB" /> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2007.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The National Academy of Agricultural Sciences honored him again with the NAAS Recognition Award in 2008<ref name="Previous Awardees" /> and he was chosen for the [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] in 2011.<ref name="Agriculture- Vasvik Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vasvik.org/agricultural_sciences%20_%26_technology.html |title=Agriculture - Vasvik Award |date=2017-12-24 |publisher=Vasvik |access-date=2017-12-24 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823010251/http://www.vasvik.org/agricultural_sciences%20_%26_technology.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received one more award in 2011 in the form of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award]]<ref name="Principal Scientist (On deputation)" /> and he received the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-[[Reliance Industries|Reliance]] Platinum Jubilee Award in 2013.<ref name="NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/ripja.htm |title=NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award |date=2017-12-24 |website=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-24 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234730/http://www.nasi.org.in/ripja.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sharma was elected as a fellow by the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 2007,<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-17 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> the same year as he received the elected fellowship of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences.<ref name="NAAS Fellows - T. R. Sharma" /> He received the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] in 2013 and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] elected him as a fellow the same year.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> The award orations delivered by him include the 2016 edition of the Prof MGK Menon Lecture of the National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute.<ref name="Prof MGK Menon Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nabi.res.in/Lectureaward.aspx |title=Prof MGK Menon Lecture |date=2017-12-24 |website=www.nabi.res.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref>

Gupta SK, Rai AK, Kanwar SS, Chand D, Singh NK, Sharma TR (2012) The single blast resistance gene Pi54 activates complex defense mechanism in rice. J Exp Bot 63:757-772

Kiran, K., Rawal, H. C., Dubey, H., Jaswal, R., Devanna, B. N........Sharma, T. R (2016) Draft genome of the wheat rust pathogen (Puccinia triticina) unravels genome-wide structural variations during evolution Genome Biol Evol(2016) doi: 10.1093/gbe/evw197.

International Rice Genome Sequencing Consortium (Matsumoto..A.K. Tyagi...N. K. Singh,.. T R Sharma et al.)(2005) The map-based sequence of the rice genome. Nature 436: 793-800

Sharma TR, Madhav MS, Singh BK, Shanker P, Jana TK, Dalal V, Pandit A, Singh A, Gaikwad K, Upreti HC, Singh NK (2005) High-resolution mapping, cloning and molecular characterization of the Pi-k(h) gene of rice, which confers resistance to Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Genet Genomics 274: 569–578.

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Genetic marker]]
* [[Gene mapping]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology|Agriculture}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/international-symposium-on-membrane-biology-from-dec-3/505887.html |title=International symposium on membrane biology from Dec 3 |date=30 November 2017 |work=The Tribune |format=News report |access-date=2017-12-24}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.moef.nic.in/divisions/csurv/biosafety/SAU/Presentations/Bangalore/TRS.pdf |title=GM Crops Information Sharing - Needs and Challenges |last=Sharma |first=T. R. |date=2017-12-24 |publisher=National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology |pages=73 |access-date=2017-12-24}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=169689 |title=Inauguration of National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute – Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (NABI-CIAB) Campus by Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister for Science & Technology & Earth Sciences, Environment, Forest & Climate Change |date=6 August 2017 |website=pib.nic.in |access-date=2017-12-24}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://nielit.gov.in/nielit-news-gallery?gallery=9867 |title=Visit of Dr T R Sharma, Executive Director, NABI Mohali to NIELIT Chandigarh on 12th July, 2017 |date=12 July 2017 |website=National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Chandigarh |access-date=2017-12-24}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.nuffoodsspectrum.in/inner_view_single_details.php?page=&content_type=panel&vrtcl_panel_nm=TOP%20STORIES&ele_id=NOR_59895977386449.05682584&heading=National%20Agri-Food%20Biotechnology%20Institute%20&%20Center%20of%20Innovative%20and%20Applied%20Bioprocessing%20Campus%20inaugurated%20by%20Harsh%20Vardhan |title=National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute & Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing Campus inaugurated by Harsh Vardhan |date=8 August 2017 |website=NuffooDS Spectrum |access-date=2017-12-24}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, T. R.}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Alberta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

Deepika Kundaji

2026-02-07T18:38:20Z

Victornkd: made stub.

{{short description|Indian farmer (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepika Kundaji
| image = Nari Shakti Puruskar 2017 to Ms. Deepika Kundaji, Auroville, Tamil Nadu, at a function, on the occasion of the International Women’s Day, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Deepika Kundaji in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 1963
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| other_names =
| known_for = transforming land in India
| education = archaeology
| employer =
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'''Deepika Kundaji''' (born {{circa|1963}}) is an Indian farmer whose methods gained national attention. The [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] award is India's highest civilian award for women, presented by the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind, for contribution made by her in the field of farming.

==Early & personal Life==
She was born in about 1963 and spent her childhood in [[Karnataka]]. She trained to be an archaeologist and she is married.<ref name=nyt>{{Cite web|title=For Farmers Fearing Drought, Auroville Offers Some Lessons|url=https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/for-farmers-fearing-drought-auroville-offers-some-lessons/|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Anupama|date=2013-05-30|website=India Ink|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref>

== Work ==
She has created the Pebble Garden in [[Auroville]] near [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] which is an experiment. The Pebble Garden is built on dry valueless land.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deepika Kundaji - Nari Shakti Awardee 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dLaSmtELJ8|last=Ministry of Women & Child Development Govt of India|date=19 March 2018|website=You Tube - Ministry of Women & Child Development Govt of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> She is transforming the land without using external chemicals or even natural [[compost]]. She knows that plants are mostly created from the air and only a small part of them comes from the soil. If she can get a few varieties to thrive then they will create compost as they die and are replaced. Once this has started then other varieties can be introduced. She has worked with her husband Bernard Declercq since 1994 and they do not use external labour on their 9 acres of ''Pebble garden''. The seven acres they own is an example of a type of land that was ruined they say by deforestation by French and British colonists. If they find out how to fix their land then there is 93 million hectares of land in India that also needs to be restored to productive and sustainable use.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Holding the Cosmos in Our Hands|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/25/holding-the-cosmos-in-our-hands/|date=2017-05-25|website=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-16|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811225205/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/05/25/holding-the-cosmos-in-our-hands/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2009 she had spoken about the importance of seeds. She believes that the local farmers in [[Auroville]] need to concentrate on preserving their seeds. The poor land is being transformed slowly using 80-90 different seed varieties but to achieve success they need to save and distribute about 3,000 packets of seeds.<ref name=seeds>{{Cite web|title=Sowing seeds of consciousness - Presentations from the South Asia Conference on "Outstanding Organic Agriculture Techniques", Bangalore organised by OFAI (2009)|url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/sowing-seeds-consciousness-presentations-south-asia-conference-outstanding-organic|last=|first=|date=2009|website=India WaterPortal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516223437/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/sowing-seeds-consciousness-presentations-south-asia-conference-outstanding-organic|archive-date=16 May 2017|access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> She ensures that the hardiest of varieties are conserved so that they can transform the land. She understands climate change is coming but it isn't new - climate does change. Kundaji notes that humans have been cultivating crops for 10,000 years and we need to exploit the varieties of crops that are available.<ref name=nyt/>

== Award & recognition ==
Deepika received the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], from President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]], in the Durbar Room of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on [[International Women's Day]]. The award is India's highest civilian award for women.<ref name="thirty">{{Cite news|title=Nari Shakti of 30 women to be honoured at Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/08/nari-shakti-of-30-women-to-be-honoured-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-1783788.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=8 March 2018|access-date=2023-04-18}}</ref> She had not been expecting the award. She had flown to New Delhi the night before after an official had contacted her at the start of March to mention the award. She had been dealing with both her brother and her mother who had needed her support when the phone call came.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prestigious government award for Deepika Kundaji {{!}} Auroville|url=https://www.auroville.org/contents/4468|website=www.auroville.org|access-date=2020-05-16}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kundaji, Deepika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian women farmers]]
[[Category:People from Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Permaculturalists]]
[[Category:21st-century women farmers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:20th-century women farmers]]

Jataka tales

2026-02-04T13:23:54Z

Victornkd: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Traditional narratives of the previous lives of Buddha}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Jataka'' tales}}
{{about|the literature of Jātaka across Buddhist traditions|the canonical Pali Jātaka of the Theravāda tradition|Jātaka (Pali Canon)}}
{{Infobox Buddhist term|title=Jātaka tales|ko-Latn=|vi=|bo-Latn=|bo=|th=ชาดก|ta=|si-Latn=Jātaka Kathā|si=ජාතක කථා|shn-Latn=|shn=|mnw-Latn=|mnw=|lo=|ko=|en=Birth history|km-Latn=Chéadâk|km=ជាតក|ja-Latn=|ja=|zh-Latn=|zh=|my-Latn=|my=ဇာတက|bn=|sa-Latn=Jātaka|sa=जातक|pi=|id=|th-Latn=Chadok}}
[[File:Southern India, Andhra Pradesh, possibly Amaravati, Satavahana period - Buddha's Previous Life as a Woodpecker- Javasakunda Jataka - 1970.350 - Cleveland Museum of Art (cropped).tif|thumb|In a previous life, as a [[woodpecker]], the Buddha removes a bone from the throat of a lion, [[Amaravati art|Amaravati style]], c. 175–225 CE]]
{{Early Buddhism}}
The '''''Jātaka''''' ([[Sanskrit]] for "of the Birth", "Birth-Related" or "Birth Stories") are a voluminous body of literature native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] which mainly concern the previous births of [[Gautama Buddha]] in both human and animal form. Jataka stories were depicted on the railings and [[Toran (art)|torans]] of the stupas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Appleton |first=Naomi |title=Jātaka |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0020.xml |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508222617/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0020.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" /> According to Peter Skilling, this genre is "one of the oldest classes of Buddhist literature."<ref name=":7">Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' pp. 161–162.</ref> Some of these texts are also considered great works of literature in their own right.<ref name="Shaw, Sarah 2006">Shaw, Sarah (2006). ''The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta'', p. xxii. Penguin UK.</ref> The various Indian Buddhist schools had different collections of jātakas. The largest known collection is the ''[[Jātaka (Pali Canon)|Jātakatthavaṇṇanā]]'' of the Theravada school, as a textual division of the [[Pāli Canon]], included in the ''[[Khuddaka Nikaya]]'' of the ''[[Sutta Pitaka]]''.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:020 Vessantara Jataka (33927149585).jpg|thumb|Vessantara Jataka, [[Sanchi]]]]

In these stories, the future Buddha may appear as a king, an outcaste, a [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]], an animal—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jataka |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301580/Jataka |access-date=2011-12-04 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=2011-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130062425/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301580/Jataka |url-status=live }}</ref> Often, Jātaka tales include an extensive cast of characters who interact and get into various kinds of trouble – whereupon the Buddha character intervenes to resolve all the problems and bring about a [[happy ending]]. The Jātaka genre is based on the idea that the Buddha was able to recollect all his past lives and thus could use these memories to tell a story and illustrate his teachings.<ref name=":4">Robert E. Buswell (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1,'' pp. 400–401.</ref>

For the Buddhist traditions, the jātakas illustrate the many lives, acts and spiritual practices which are required on the long path to [[Buddhahood]].<ref name=":1" /> They also illustrate the great qualities or [[Pāramitā|perfections]] of the Buddha (such as [[Dāna|generosity]]) and teach Buddhist moral lessons, particularly within the framework of [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]] and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Appleton |first=Naomi |date=2016-08-31 |title=Jātaka |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-182 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.182 |isbn=978-0-19-934037-8 |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807003957/https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-182 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jātaka stories have also been illustrated in [[Buddhist architecture]] throughout the Buddhist world and they continue to be an important element in popular [[Buddhist art]].<ref name=":2" /> Some of the earliest such illustrations can be found at [[Sanchi]] and [[Bharhut]].

According to Naomi Appleton, Jātaka collections also may have played "an important role formation and communication of ideas about [[buddhahood]], karma and merit, and the place of the Buddha in relation to other buddhas and [[bodhisattva]]s."<ref name=":2" /> According to the traditional view found in the Pali ''Jātakanidana'', a prologue to the stories, Gautama made a vow to become a Buddha in the future, in front of past Buddha [[Dipankara]]. He then spent many lifetimes on the path to Buddhahood, and the stories from these lives are recorded as Jātakas.<ref name=":11">Shaw, Sarah (2006). ''The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta'', p. xix. Penguin UK.</ref>

Jātakas are closely related to (and often overlap with) another genre of Buddhist narrative, the [[Avadana|avadāna]], which is a story of any karmically significant deed (whether by a bodhisattva or otherwise) and its result.<ref name=":6">Straube, Martin. ''Narratives: South Asia'' in Silk, Jonathan A. (Editor-in-chief) "Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism". Vol. I: Literature and Language. Leiden, Boston 2015</ref><ref name=":12">Appleton, N 2015, ''<nowiki/>'The "Jatakvadanas" of the Avadanasataka: An exploration of Indian Buddhist narrative genres''', Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 38, pp. 9–31.</ref> According to Naomi Appleton, some tales (such as those found in the second and fourth decade of the ''[[Avadanasataka|Avadānaśataka]]'') can be classified as both a jātaka and an avadāna.<ref name=":12" />

== Overview ==
[[File:East_Gateway_and_Railings_Bharhut_Stupa.jpg|thumb|The railings of the [[Bharhut]] Stupa contain roundels with ''jātaka'' illustrations]]

=== Dating ===
''Jātaka'' tales may be quite ancient. The term appears as part of a schema of Buddhist literary forms called the nine component genres of the Buddha's teaching (''navaṅga-buddhasāsana''), and depictions of them appear in early [[Indian art]] (as early as the second century BCE).<ref name=":4" /><ref>Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' p. 171.</ref> They are also widely represented in ancient Indian [[Epigraphy|inscriptions]].<ref name=":15">Bhikkhu Anālayo. ''Canonical Jātaka Tales in Comparative Perspective– The Evolution of Tales of the Buddha's Past Lives.'' Fuyan Buddhist Studies, No. 7, pp. 75–100 (2012), Hsinchu: Fuyan Buddhist Institute, {{ISSN|2070-0512}}.

</ref> According to Straube, "the presumably oldest specimens of fully elaborated narratives are dispersed throughout the [[Vinaya Piṭaka|Vinayapiṭakas]] and [[Sutta Piṭaka|Sūtrapiṭakas]] of the canonical collections of the [[Early Buddhist schools|different Buddhist schools]]. These texts are transmitted in various Indian dialects and stem from a prior oral tradition."<ref name=":6" />

Furthermore, while these texts cannot be dated in a precise manner, "the fact that many narratives are passed on in almost identical form within the canons of the different schools shows that they date back to the time before the [[schism]]s between the schools took place."<ref name=":6" /> Sarah Shaw, writing on the Pali ''Jātaka'', states that the earliest part of the ''Jātaka'', the verse portions, are "considered amongst the very earliest part of the Pali tradition and date from the fifth century BCE" while "the later parts were incorporated during the period up to the third century CE."<ref name=":11" />

According to [[A. K. Warder]], ''jātaka'' are the precursors to the various legendary biographies of the Buddha, which were composed at later dates.<ref name="autogenerated332">Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. pp. 332–333</ref> Although many ''jātaka'' were written from an early period, which describe previous lives of the Buddha, very little biographical material about Gautama's own life has been recorded.<ref name="autogenerated332" /> ''Jātaka'' tales also assimilate many traditional Indian [[fable]]s and [[folklore]] that are not specifically Buddhist. As the genre spread outside of India, it also drew on local folk tales.<ref name=":4" />

=== Literary features and themes ===
The Mahayana author [[Asanga|Asaṅga]] provides a working definition of ''jātaka'' in his ''[[Yogacarabhumi-sastra|Śrāvakabhūmi]]'':<ref>Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' p. 172</ref><blockquote>What is ''jātaka''? That which relates the austere practices and bodhisattva practices of the Blessed One in various past births: this is called ''jātaka''.</blockquote>The idea that ''jātaka'' are taught in order to illustrate the bodhisattva path is an ancient one and is contained in sources like the ''[[Mahāvastu|Mahavastu]]'', which states: "the supreme ones [Buddhas], who are skilled in jātakas and other doctrines, teach the course of practice of a bodhisattva."<ref name=":15" />
Many jātakas are told with a common threefold plot schema which contains:<ref name=":6" />
* a "narrative in the present" (''paccupannavatthu''), with the Buddha and other figures,
* a "narrative in the past" (''atītavatthu''), a story from a past life of the Buddha
* a "link" (''samodhāna'') in which there is an "identification of the past protagonists with the present ones."<ref name=":6" />

In the ''jātaka'' found in the [[Sutta Piṭaka|''Suttapitaka'']], which are almost always in prose, the Buddha is almost always depicted as a person of high rank in a past life (and not an animal).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":15" /> He is almost never portrayed as having been female.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strong |first=John S. |title=The Buddha: a beginner's guide |date=2015 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-626-1 |edition=Reprint |series=Oneworld Beginner's Guides |location=London|page=24}}</ref> Some of these also include past lives of some of the Buddha's disciples.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":15" /> One famous example is the Pali ''Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra'', which includes the story of Mahāsudarśana.<ref name=":6" /> Unlike Sutra collections, Vinaya sources like the ''Vinayavastu'' contain more varied jātakas, including ones in which the Buddha is depicted as an animal.<ref name=":6" />

Many ''jātaka'' contain elements of both verse and prose. According to Martin Straube "the division into canonical verses and postcanonical prose points to the old Indian narrative form of ākhyāna, which has a fixed wording of the stanzas only, whereas the actual story is to be shaped anew during each oral performance."<ref name=":6" /> The plots of the ''jātaka'' range from simpler [[Aesop]]ic style animal tales to longer more complex dramas which resemble epics or novels with intricate dialogue, characters and poetry. Despite the diversity of the plots and characters, they are all unified by the character of the heroic bodhisattva Gautama (whose identity is generally only revealed at the end of the story) and his struggles on the quest for [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|awakening]].<ref name="Shaw, Sarah 2006"/> In spite of this, Gautama is not always the central character of all these stories and sometimes only plays a minor role.<ref name=":16">Crosby, Kate (2013). ''Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' p. 100. Wiley-Blackwell.</ref> Other recurring characters include important [[disciples of the Buddha]], [[Devadatta]] (generally as a [[villain]]) and members of Gautama's family, like his wife [[Yaśodharā|Yasodharā]] and son [[Rāhula]].<ref name=":16" />

Another important element of the stories are the various Buddhist virtues, called perfections, that were cultivated by the bodhisattva Gautama throughout his previous lives, and which serve as the lessons taught by the jātakas.<ref>Shaw, Sarah (2006). ''The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta'', p. xxix. Penguin UK.</ref> Other jātakas, such as those found in the ''[[Buddhavaṃsa]]'' (''Chronicle of Buddhas''), focus on Gautama's meeting, serving and venerating past Buddhas and serve to place his bodhisattva path in a chronology of past Buddhas. These stories generally focus on acts of devotion to past Buddhas and how this generates much [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] which many positive outcomes in the future.<ref name=":12" /> A smaller number of jātakas illustrate various mistakes or bad actions that the bodhisattva committed in a past life (and the subsequent karmic retribution) and thus demonstrate the bodhisattva's past imperfections.<ref name=":12" />

Regarding the intended audience of these texts, Martin Straube notes that even though there is a widespread view that jātakas arose due to monks "catering to the needs and tastes of the illiterate lay practitioners of Buddhism as propagandistic means of preaching or converting" there is no historical evidence for this.<ref name=":6" /> Instead, the opposite might be true, since "the prose portions of the Pali jātakas not infrequently have as their audience monks and nuns, who sometimes reach high levels of spiritual realization after listening to a jātaka story."<ref name=":6" /> Naomi Appleton, in her analysis of the second and fourth decade of the ''[[Avadanasataka|Avadānaśataka]]'', notes that both sets of stories "assume a monastic audience."<ref name=":12" /> Likewise, Kate Crosby writes that "the format of the Jātaka in fact suggests that their original inclusion in the canonical collection was primarily for the benefit of monks."<ref name=":17">Crosby, Kate (2013). ''Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' pp. 103–105. Wiley-Blackwell.</ref> Crosby notes that many of these stories are connected with monastic behavior and decorum, some of them are also meant to illustrate specific rules in the [[Vinaya]]. In spite of this main intended audience, their simple format also made them easily adaptable for other uses. Thus, they were repackaged as artistic entertainment and teaching devices for laypersons, as [[paritta]]s (protective chants) and as [[Vaṃsa|chronicle (vamsa) literature]].<ref name=":17" />

Straube also notes that the rock caves of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and Bagh were inhabited by monks and it was them who ordered and directed the jātaka murals found there. There is also evidence from inscriptions on old stūpas at various Indian sites (such as [[Sanchi]] and [[Bharhut]]) with jātaka motifs which indicate that they were built due to the patronage of monks and nuns, some of them of high rank such as [[bhāṇaka]] (reciter).<ref name=":6" /> Some scholars have also concluded that Jātaka reciters were part of their own division of reciters.<ref name=":15" />

=== History ===
Jātakas were originally transmitted in [[prakrit]] languages and various forms of Sanskrit (from [[Sanskrit|classical]] to [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]]). They were then translated into central Asian languages (such as Khotanese, Tocharian, Uighur, and Sogdian)''.''<ref name=":8">Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' p. 165.</ref> Various jātaka stories and source texts were also translated into [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] for the [[Kangyur|Tibetan]] and [[Chinese Buddhist canon]]s.<ref name=":4" /> They were some of the first texts to be translated into Chinese. [[Kang Senghui|Kāng Sēnghuì]] (who worked in [[Nanjing|Nanking]] c. 247) was one of the first Chinese translators of Jātakas. Perhaps his most influential translation is the ''Scripture of the Collection of the Six Perfections.''<ref name=":8" />

The various Indian Buddhist schools had different collections of jātakas. The largest known collection is the ''Jātakatthavaṇṇanā'' of the Theravada school.<ref name=":2" /> In [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]], the Jātakas are a textual division of the [[Pāli Canon]], included in the ''[[Khuddaka Nikaya]]'' of the ''[[Sutta Pitaka]]''. The term ''Jātaka'' may also refer to a traditional commentaries (''[[Atthakatha]]'') on this book. The tales are dated between 300 BCE and 400 CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jataka Tales |url=https://www.pitt.edu/~dash/jataka.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005233546/https://www.pitt.edu/~dash/jataka.html |archive-date=5 October 2019 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=www.pitt.edu}}</ref>[[File:Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_the_Jataka_Tales,_18th-19th_Century,_Phajoding_Gonpa,_Thimphu,_Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Bhutanese painted [[thangka]] of the Jātakas, 18t–19th century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan]]

[[Mahāsāṃghika|The Mahāsāṃghika]] [[Caitika]] sects from the [[Andhra Pradesh|Āndhra]] region also had Jātakas as part of their canon and they are known to have rejected some of the Theravāda Jātakas which dated past the time of King [[Ashoka]].<ref>{{citation |last=Sujato |first=Bhante |title=Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools |page=51 |year=2012 |publisher=Santipada |isbn=9781921842085 |author-link=Bhante Sujato}}</ref> The Caitikas claimed that their own Jātakas represented the original collection before the Buddhist tradition split into various lineages.<ref name="autogenerated286">Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. pp. 286–287</ref>

In the [[Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism|Northern Buddhist tradition]], Jātakas eventually came to be composed in classical [[Sanskrit]]. Perhaps the most influential and important Sanskrit Jātaka text is the ''[[Jātakamālā]]'' (''Garland of Jātakas'') of Āryaśūra which includes 34 Jātaka stories.<ref name=":0">Kern, Hendrik (1943) [[iarchive:jatakamala015656mbp|THE JATAKA–MALA]]. Harvard University Press</ref> This work differs from earlier sources in that it is a highly sophisticated poem which makes use of various Sanskrit literary devices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jataka Stories |url=https://jatakastories.div.ed.ac.uk/textual-collections/aryasuras-jatakamala/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=jatakastories.div.ed.ac.uk |archive-date=2021-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507021120/https://jatakastories.div.ed.ac.uk/textual-collections/aryasuras-jatakamala/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Jātakamālā]]'' was quite influential and was imitated by later authors who wrote their own jātakamālās'','' mainly Haribhaṭṭa and Gopadatta. These works are all written in a classical Sanskrit genre known as campū, which is a blend of prose and verse in various meters. The jātakamālās all also use the six perfections (pāramitā) as their main framework.<ref name=":6" /> The influence of the ''jātakamālās'' can be seen in the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta Cave]] complex, where illustrations of Jātakas are inscribed with quotes from Āryaśūra,<ref>Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism: From Winternitz, Sylvain Levi, Huber, By Gushtaspshah K. Nariman, Moriz Winternitz, Sylvain Lévi, Edouard Huber, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1972 p. 44</ref> with script datable to the sixth century. The ''[[Jātakamālā]]'' was also translated into Chinese in 434 CE. [[Borobudur]], a massive 9th century Buddhist site in [[Java]], contains depictions of all 34 Jatakas from the ''[[Jātakamālā]]''.<ref>Jataka/Avadana Stories&nbsp;— Table of Contents {{cite web |title=The Sigala Jataka and the Mati-Posaka Jakata |url=http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm |archive-date=2005-12-22 |access-date=2005-12-22}}</ref>

Two other Sanskrit authors associated with the jātaka genre are [[Kumāralāta]] (2nd century CE), author of the ''Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā Dṛṣṭāntapaṅkti'' (''Collection of Examples, Adorned with an Artistic Arrangement'') and Saṅghasena's (date unknown) ''Pusa benyuan jing'' (菩薩本縁經; ''Sūtra of the Bodhisattva's Avadānas''). Both works exist only in Chinese translation (but there are Sanskrit fragments). These texts are a kind of predecessor to the ''[[Jātakamālā]]'' and are less poetically sophisticated.<ref name=":6" />

Later Sanskrit authors continued to write in the genre. One such late text is Kṣemendra's (c. 1036–1065) ''Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā (Wish-Fulfilling Creeper Consisting in Avadānas of the Bodhisattva),'' a unique jātaka text written completely in verse. This work was influential on the Tibetan tradition.<ref name=":6" />

Jātaka are also important in [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. They were one of the main sources of teaching and study for the popular [[Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)|Kadam]] school and later Tibetan authors produced abridged collections such as [[Karmapa]] [[Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama|Rangjung Dorje]]'s ''Hundred Births'' and Padma Chopel's summary of the ''Avadānakalpalatā.''<ref name=":10"/>

== Classic Jātaka sources ==
[[File:Manuscript fragment of the Buddhist Jatakamala, Sanskrit language in the Gilgit-Bamiyan-Typ II Protosarada script, Toyuk, probably 8th-9th century - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01754.JPG|thumb|[[Jatakamala]] manuscript 8th–9th century]]
[[File:Suvannasama Jataka in Khom Thai script.jpg|thumb|Pali manuscript of the Suvannasama Jataka, [[Khom Thai script]] (Khmer Mul script), [[Central Thailand]], 18th century]]
[[File:Thai_-_Mahajanaka_Jataka_-_Walters_2010127.jpg|thumb|Thai painting of the [[Mahanipata Jataka|Mahajanaka Jataka]]]]

There are numerous sources for classic or canonical Jātaka tales, including:<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Appleton |first=Naomi |title='Jātakas in and beyond Pali Literature', Transnational Network of Theravada Studies |date=18 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqxLZCpSeEY |language=en |access-date=2022-05-09 |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807004049/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqxLZCpSeEY |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" />
* The various [[Vinaya Piṭaka|Vinayapiṭakas]] and [[Sutta Piṭaka|Sūtrapiṭakas]] of the different canons of the [[early Buddhist schools]]
* The [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts|Gandharan Buddhist texts]] contain many Jātaka narratives, though here they are more commonly termed pūrvayogas ("former connection")
* The ''Jātakatthavaṇṇanā,'' the [[Theravada]] Jātaka collection (part of the ''[[Khuddaka Nikāya]]'') contains 547 Jātakas in mixed verse ([[Gatha (India)|gāthās]]) and prose and was collected around 500 CE. It is preceded by the ''Nidānakathā'', which is a biography of the Buddha which relates the stories to his life. It is the largest collection of Jātakas.<ref name=":2" />
* The ''[[Cariyāpiṭaka]],'' a treatise on the bodhisattva [[Pāramitā|paramis]], which includes 35 Jātakas.<ref name=":4"/>
* Kumāralāta's (2nd century CE) ''Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā Dṛṣṭāntapaṅkti'' (''Collection of Examples, Adorned with an Artistic Arrangement'')
* Saṅghasena's (date unknown) ''Pusa benyuan jing'' (菩薩本縁經; ''Sūtra of the Bodhisattva's Avadānas'')
* An untitled collection of Sanskrit avadānas and jātakas found in the [[Merv|Merv oasis]] dated to the 5th century CE
* All the Pali commentaries ([[Atthakatha|Aṭṭhakathā]]) on the Vinayapiṭaka and Suttapiṭaka contain Jātakas, the commentary on the [[Dhammapada]] is a popular and well known source.
* The ''[[Buddhavaṃsa]] (Chronicle of the Buddhas)'' a hagiographical text of the Sinhalese Theravada school
* The ''[[Mahāvastu]]'' (''Great Event''), a text of the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahāsāṅghika]] [[Lokottaravāda]] school, contains many jātakas and avadānas
* The ''[[Vinayavastu]]'' of the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]] school (which only survives in complete form in Tibetan translation), contains many jātakas and avadānas
* The ''[[Avadanasataka|Avadānaśataka]]'' (''The Hundred Avadānas,'' c. 2nd–6th century CE) contains various "Jātakāvadānas".<ref>'The "Jātakāvadānas" of the ''Avadānaśataka'': An Exploration of Indian Buddhist Narrative Genres', ''Journal of the International Association for Buddhist Studies'' 38 (2015): 9–31.</ref>
* The ''[[Karmaśataka]]''
* The ''[[Divyavadana|Divyāvadāna]] (Heavenly Avadānas)''
* The commentary on the [[Udanavarga|Udānavarga]] by Prajñāvarman (8th century), which survives in Tibetan, contains numerous Jātakas
* [[Lalitavistara Sūtra|''Lalitavistara'']] (''The Play in Full''), a biography of the Buddha containing various Jātakas.
* The ''Liu du ji jing'' (六度集經, ''Scripture of the Collection of the Six Perfections'', Taisho 152), translated by Kang Senghui (?–280) in the third century CE.<ref name=":9">Ching-mei Shyu (2008). ''A Few Good Women: A Study of the Liu Du Ji Jing (a Scripture on the Collection of the Six Perfections) from Literary, Artistic, and Gender Perspectives,'' pp. 5–6. Cornell University.</ref>
* ''Jātaka Sūtra'' (''Sheng jing'', 生經, [[Taishō Tripiṭaka|Taisho Tripitaka]] 154), a Chinese collection of 55 Jātakas translated into Chinese by [[Dharmarakṣa|Dharmaraksa]] (3rd century).<ref name=":9" />
* The ''Xian yu jing'' (賢愚經, Taisho 202), with 69 stories.<ref name=":9" />
* The ''Da zhuang yan lun jing'' (大莊嚴論經, ''*Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā'', Taisho 201), translation by [[Kumārajīva]], with 90 stories.<ref name=":9" />
* The ''[[Jātakamālā]] (Garland of Jātakas),'' a series of classical Sanskrit [[kāvya]] poems by Āryaśūra (4th century), contains 34 Jātakas.<ref name=":0" />
* Haribhaṭṭa's ''Jātakamālā'' (Sanskrit)
* Sarvarakṣita's ''Maṇicūḍajātaka'' (12th-century), a [[Pudgalavada|Sāṃmitīya]] school text in 376 kāvya style stanzas.
* ''The Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish'' (Skt. ''Damamūka-nidāna-sūtra''; Tibetan: ''mdo mdzangs blun''; Chinese: ''hsien-yü ching'')
* Many [[Mahayana sutras]] contain Jātakas embedded into them. For example, the ''Bodhisattvapiṭaka-sutra'' contains numerous Jātakas which are used to illustrate the various bodhisattva qualities.<ref>Pagel, Ulrich (1992). ''The Bodhisattvapiṭaka: Its Doctrines, Practices and Their Position in Mahāyāna Literature,'' pp. 76–85. Institute of Buddhist Studies.</ref> Likewise, Jātakas are an important element in the ''Large'' ''[[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā sutra]]'', the ''[[Golden Light Sutra|Suvarṇaprabhāsa sūtra]]'' and the ''[[Bhadrakalpika Sūtra|Bhadrakalpikasūtra]]''.<ref name=":7" /> The ''Bhadrakalpikasūtra'' has a long section on the six perfections which includes around one hundred past life stories, including jātakas, pūrvayogas, and [[Avadana|avadānas]].<ref>Skilling, Peter; Saerji. [https://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/en/search/search_detail.jsp?seq=627807 Jātakas in the Bhadrakalpika-sūtra: A provisional inventory(1).] 創価大学国際仏教学高等研究所年報 Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University (ソウカダイガクコクサイブッキョウガクコウトウケンキュウジョネンポウ). 2019, pp. 125–169</ref>
* The [[Da zhidu lun|''Dà zhìdù lùn'']] (大智度論) a massive [[Mahāyāna]] [[Buddhist]] treatise and commentary which survives in Chinese translation by [[Kumārajīva|Kumarajiva]], contains numerous Jātakas which are used to illustrate the six perfections as well as other topics.<ref>Bhikshu Dharmamitra (trans.) (2008). ''Marvelous Stories from The Perfection of Wisdom: 130 Didactic Stories from Ārya Nāgārjuna's Exegesis on the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra''. Kalavinka Press.

</ref>
* Kṣemendra's (c. 1036–1065) ''Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā (Wish-Fulfilling Creeper Consisting in Avadānas of the Bodhisattva)''

=== Late Jātakas ===
Within the Pali tradition, there are also many non-canonical Jātakas of later composition (some dated even to the 19th century) but these are treated as a separate category of literature from the "official" Jātaka stories that have been more or less formally canonized from at least the 5th century — as attested to in ample [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] and archaeological evidence, such as extant illustrations in [[bas relief]] from ancient temple walls. Apocryphal Jātakas of the Pali Buddhist canon, such as those belonging to the ''[[Paññāsa Jātaka]]'' collection, have been adapted to fit local culture in certain [[South East Asia]]n countries and have been retold with amendments to the plots to better reflect Buddhist morals.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xt3YAAAAMAAJ |title=The Tale of Prince Samuttakote: A Buddhist Epic from Thailand |date=1993 |publisher=Ohio University Center for International Studies |isbn=9780896801745 |via=Google Books |access-date=2020-11-28 |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807003956/https://books.google.com/books?id=xt3YAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/the_tham_vessantara_jataka_-_a_critical_study_of_the_vj_and_its_influence_on_kengtung_buddhism_eastern_shan_state.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004201000/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/the_tham_vessantara_jataka_-_a_critical_study_of_the_vj_and_its_influence_on_kengtung_buddhism_eastern_shan_state.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The Tham Vessantara-jAtaka|archive-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> According to Kate Crosby, "there is also a collection of Jātaka of ten future Buddhas, beginning with [[Maitreya|Metteyya]], which though less well-known today clearly circulated widely in the Theravada world."<ref name="Crosby, Kate 2013 p. 102">Crosby, Kate (2013). ''Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' p. 102. Wiley-Blackwell.</ref>

There are also late compositions based on classic Jātakas, such as the ''[[Kavsiḷumiṇa]],'' a poem based on the Kusa Jātaka in archaic [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] written King [[Parakramabahu II of Dambadeniya|Parākkamabāhu II]] (13th century) and the ''[[Mahachat Khamluang|Mahachat kham luang]]'', the 'royal version' of the ''Vessantara jātaka,'' which was composed at the court of King Paramatrailokanātha (c. 1482). The art of putting classic Jātakas into [[Thai poetry|Thai verse]] remains a living tradition to this day.<ref>Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' pp. 174–176.</ref><ref name="Crosby, Kate 2013 p. 102"/>

== Important Jātakas ==
{{Main|List of Jatakas}}

[[File:SAAM_103.JPG|thumb|Sama cares for his blind parents, an illustration of one of the ''[[Mahanipata Jataka|Mahānipāta jātakas]]'']]

=== In Theravada ===
{{Main|Jātaka (Theravāda)}}

The Theravāda Jātakas comprise 547 poems, arranged roughly by an increasing number of verses. According to Professor von Hinüber,<ref>''Handbook of Pali Literature'', Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1996</ref> only the last 50 were intended to be intelligible by themselves, without commentary. The commentary gives stories in prose that it claims provide the context for the verses, and it is these stories that are of interest to [[folklorists]]. Alternative versions of some of the stories can be found in another book of the Pali Canon, the ''[[Cariyapitaka]]'', and a number of individual stories can be found scattered around other books of the Canon. Many of the stories and motifs found in the Jātaka such as the [[Moon Rabbit|Rabbit in the Moon]] of the Śaśajātaka (Jataka Tales: no.316),<ref>Source: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/j3/j3017.htm sacred-texts.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131223526/http://sacred-texts.com/bud/j3/j3017.htm |date=2010-01-31 }} (accessed: Saturday January 23, 2010)</ref> are found in numerous other languages and media.

The following list includes some important jātakas of the Pali tradition:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[The Ass in the Lion's Skin]] (''Sīhacamma Jātaka'')
* [[The Banyan Deer]]
* [[The Cock, the Dog and the Fox|The Cock and the Cat]] (''Kukkuṭa Jātaka'')
* [[The Crab and the Crane]]
* [[The Elephant Girly-Face]]
* [[Mahakapi Jataka|The Monkey King]] (''Mahakapi Jataka'')
* [[Henny Penny|The Foolish, Timid Rabbit]] (''Daddabha Jātaka'')
* [[Four harmonious animals|Four Harmonious Animals]]
* [[The Great Ape]]
* [[How the Turtle Saved His Own Life]]
* [[The Fox and the Crow (Aesop)|The Jackal and the Crow]] (''Jambu-Khādaka Jātaka'')
* [[The Lion, the Bear and the Fox|The Jackal and the Otters]] (''Dabbhapuppha Jātaka'')
* [[The King's White Elephant]]
* [[The Wolf and the Crane|The Lion and the Woodpecker]] (''Javasakuṇa Jātaka'')
* [[The Measure of Rice]]
* [[The Merchant of Seri]]
* [[The Monkey and the Crocodile]]
* [[The Ass and the Pig|The Ox Who Envied the Pig]] (''Muṇika-Jātaka'')
* [[The Ox Who Won the Forfeit]]
* [[The story of Romaka pigeon]] (''Romaka Jātaka'', previous life of the Buddha as a pigeon).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-1930-3 |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtqvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |language=en |access-date=2019-12-28 |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807004001/https://books.google.com/books?id=rtqvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Prince Sattva]]
* [[The Princes and the Water-Sprite]]
* [[The Quarrel of the Quails]]
* [[The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs|The Swan with Golden Feathers]] (''Suvaṇṇahaṃsa Jātaka'')
* [[Sibi Jataka|King Sibi]]
* [[Dasharatha Jataka|King Dasharatha]]
* [[The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal]]
* [[The Tortoise and the Birds|The Turtle Who Couldn't Stop Talking]] (''Kacchapa Jātaka'')
* [[The Twelve Sisters]]
* [[The Wise and the Foolish Merchant]]
* [[Vessantara Jataka]]
* [[Why the Owl Is Not King of the Birds]]
{{div col end}}

===Āryaśūra's Jātakamālā===
Āryaśūra's ''Jātakamālā'', a very influential Sanskrit work that was depicted throughout the Buddhist world, contains the following Jātakas (which teach various virtues):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jatakamala or Garland of Birth Stories Home Page |url=https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Garland-of-Birth-Stories/index.htm |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807004016/https://ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Garland-of-Birth-Stories/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* The Story of the Tigress (focuses on the perfection of [[Dāna]], giving)
* The Story of the King of the Śibis (Dāna)
* The Story of the Small Portion of Gruel (Dāna)
* The Story of the Head of A Guild (Dāna)
* The Story of Aviṣahya, the Head of a Guild (Dāna)
* The Story of the Hare (Dāna)
* The Story of Agastya (Dāna)
* The Story of Maitrībala (Dāna)
* The Story of Viśvantara (Dāna)
* The Story of the Sacrifice (teaches [[Buddhist ethics|Śīla]], morality)
* The Story of Sakra ([[Karuṇā]], compassion)
* The Story of the Brāhman ([[Hrī (Buddhism)|Hrī]], self-respect)
* The Story of Unmādayantī (Dhairya, "self-control")
* The Story of Supāraga ([[Sacca (Buddhism)|Sacca]], truth)
* The Story of the Fish (Sacca, truth)
* The Story of the Quail's Young (Sacca, truth)
* The Story of the Jar (Vāra, excellence)
* The Story of the Childless One (Praviveka, seclusion)
* The Story of the Lotus-Stalks (Praviveka)
* The Story of the Treasurer (Hrī)
* The Story of Cuḍḍabodhi ([[Khanti]], patient acceptance)
* The Story of the Holy Swans ([[Maitrī]], loving-kindness)
* The Story of Mahābodhi (Khanti)
* The Story of the Great Ape (Anukampā, compassion)
* The Story of the Śarabha (Anukampā)
* The Story of the Ruru-Deer (Dayā, kindness)
* The Story of the Great Monkey (Anuvartinā, obedience)
* The Story of Kṣāntivādin (Khanti)
* The Story of the Inhabitant of the Brahmaloka (Anukampā)
* The Story of the Elephant (Karuṇā)
* The Story of Sutasoma (Satsaṁga, goodness)
* The Story of Ayogṛha ([[Saṃvega]], spiritual urgency)
* The Story of the Buffalo (Khanti)
* The Story of the Woodpecker (Khanti)
{{div col end}}

== Jātakas in art and culture ==
[[File:Sibi Jataka - Limestone - Ikshvaku Period - Circa 3rd-4th Century AD - Nagarjunakonda - Archaeological Museum - Nagarjunakonda - Andhra Pradesh - Indian Buddhist Art - Exhibition - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-12-21 2341.JPG|thumb|[[Sibi Jataka]] in limestone at [[Nagarjunakonda]] (c. 3rd–4th Century CE), [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
Jātakas have been important as a way to spread Buddhist teachings and they were widely used as part of sermons, rituals, festivals, and various forms of art. Kate Crosby writes that they have been depicted in varied forms as "apocryphal literature, vernacular retellings, performance, temple art, temporary street and festival art, films, comics, and cartoons."<ref>Crosby, Kate (2013). ''Theravada Buddhism_ Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' p. 99. Wiley-Blackwell.</ref> The sponsorship of Jātaka recitations, copyings and art eventually grew to be seen as an act which generated merit for lay Buddhists. These acts are more common around important festivals like [[Vesak]].<ref>Crosby, Kate (2013). ''Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' p. 105. Wiley-Blackwell.</ref>
[[File:Mahakapi Jataka.jpg|thumb|Mahakapi Jataka, [[Sanchi]]]]

The earliest archeological findings which depict Jātakas are the illustrations found on the [[Bharhut]] stupa railing as well as at [[Sanchi Stupa No. 2|Sanchi]] (c. late 2nd – 1st century BCE), which also include inscriptions.<ref name=":5">Robert E. Buswell (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1,'' pp. 401–402.</ref><ref name=":6" /> After this, Jātakas appear at many Buddhist sites, like at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]]. Similar Jātaka tales are found in murals of [[Silk Road]] sites of the pre-Tang period (ca. 421–640 C.E.), such as at [[Kucha]]. They are also found in early Southeast Asian sites, especially at [[Pagan Kingdom|Bagan]] sites. [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Burmese Buddhism]] has an extensive tradition of Jātaka illustration, one of the best examples being the illustrations found at [[Ananda Temple]] (which depicts 554 tales).<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Bharhut Bull and Tiger Jataka.jpg|thumb|[[Bharhut]], Bull and Tiger Jataka]]

Jātaka tales are often associated with specific locations. Originally, this applied to specific places in India, which served as [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites]]. Later traditions expanded this to include other places throughout the Buddhist world. According to Naomi Appleton, the fact that Jātaka tales lack specific references to specific places allowed them to be easily transported and re-localized. This flexibility contributed to the lasting popularity of the Jātakas.<ref name=":14">Appleton, Naomi. ''A place for the Bodhisatta: the local and the universal in jātaka stories.'' Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 8.1 (2007): 109–122.</ref> This tradition of associating Jātaka tales with regions outside of India played an important part in the promotion and legitimisation of Buddhism in these regions.<ref name=":14" />

Thus, many [[stupa]]s in Nepal and northern India are said to mark locations from the Jātaka tales. Chinese pilgrims like [[Xuanzang]] and [[Faxian]] reported several of these and discussed the stories connected with them. Sites discussed by these figures include the "four great stupas" as well as stupas in [[Pushkalavati]], Mangalura, Hadda Mountain, and Sarvadattaan.<ref name="A.A. Knopf">{{cite book |last1=Bernstein |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-D0Tsbmep7QC&q=Mankiala+tiger |title=Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment |date=2001 |publisher=A.A. Knopf |isbn=9780375400094 |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504054143/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D0Tsbmep7QC&q=Mankiala%20tiger |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harv|John Strong|2004|pp=52–53}}</ref>

According to Naomi Appleton, the "four great stupas" visited by [[Faxian]] (337–422 CE) are: <blockquote>the first (in 'So-ho-to') was where the Buddha ransomed the life of a dove with his own flesh; the second (in [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]]) was where he gave away his eyes to a blind beggar; and the third and fourth (in [[Taxila|Takshaśilā]]) were where he gave away his head to a man and his whole body to a starving tigress who was about to eat her own cubs, and where 'kings, ministers, and peoples of all the kingdoms around vie with one another in making offerings'. A century later, [[Songyun (monk)|Songyun]] writes of the same four sites and also mentions a whole area associated with the ''Vessantara-jātaka''.<ref name=":14" /> </blockquote>

=== Artistic depictions at major sites ===
Numerous Indian Buddhist archeological sites contain illustrations of Jātakas, and thus they are important artistic sources for Jātakas. Some of the main sites include:<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

* [[Ajanta Caves]]
* [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]]
* [[Bagh Caves]]
* [[Bharhut]]
* Goli
* [[Kanaganahalli]]
* [[Art of Mathura|Mathura]]
* [[Nagarjunakonda]]
* [[Sanchi]]

Other ancient sites outside of India which contain Jataka illustrations include [[Borobudor]], [[Dunhuang]] (the [[Mogao Caves|Mogao caves]]), [[Polonnaruwa|Polonnoruwa]], [[Anuradhapura]], [[Bagan|Bagan city]], and [[Nakhon Pathom]].<ref>Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' pp. 161–169.</ref> Jataka illustrations (especially of the last 10 stories of the canonical Pali collection) are widespread in the Theravada Buddhist world, adorning many temples, [[wat]]s and key sites.<ref name="ReferenceA">Shaw, Sarah (2006). ''The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta'', p. xxi. Penguin UK.</ref>

=== Performance ===
According to the Chinese pilgrim [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]], who visited India in the 7th century, jātaka plays were performed 'throughout the five countries of India'. This culture of performance spread to other regions as well.<ref name=":10">Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' p. 167.</ref>

In Tibet, the ''Viśvāntara-jātaka'' was transformed into a popular play called the ''Dri med kun ldan''. Other popular jataka plays include Nor bzaṅ or Sudhana and the story of Prince Maṇicūḍa (Lokānanda).<ref name=":10" />

In [[Theravada]] countries, several of the longer tales such as "[[The Twelve Sisters]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nang Sip Song Prarath Meri |url=http://art.culture.go.th/becontrol/images/artist/multimedia_img/original/2006104115921159934342.86bkd.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005120852/http://art.culture.go.th/becontrol/images/artist/multimedia_img/original/2006104115921159934342.86bkd.jpg |archive-date=October 5, 2013}}</ref> and the ''[[Vessantara Jataka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance Troupe Prepares for Smithsonian Performance |url=http://www.voanews.com/khmer-english/news/Dance-Troupe-Prepares-for-Smithsonian-Perfomance-99476064.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126141425/http://www.voanews.com/khmer-english/news/Dance-Troupe-Prepares-for-Smithsonian-Perfomance-99476064.html |archive-date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2011-09-17}}</ref> are still performed in dance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Account Suspended |url=http://www.petchprauma.com/contents/literatures/prasuton.html |website=www.petchprauma.com |access-date=2012-09-16 |archive-date=2020-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722012005/http://www.petchprauma.com/contents/literatures/prasuton.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> theatre, puppetry,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and formal (quasi-ritual) recitation.<ref>Rev. Sengpan Pannyawamsa, ''Recital of the Tham Vessantara Jātaka: a social-cultural phenomenon in Kengtung, Eastern Shan State, Myanmar'', Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies, (University of Kelaniya), Sri Lanka</ref> Such celebrations are associated with particular holidays on the [[lunar calendar]] used by [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Laos]]. The recitation of the ''Vessantara Jataka'' remains an important ceremony in Theravada countries today.<ref>Skilling, Peter (2010). ''Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,'' p. 173.</ref>

===Gallery===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:015 Chaddanta Jataka (32969347194).jpg|Chaddanta Jataka, Sanchi
File:048 The Sama Jataka (32999350973).jpg|Sama Jataka, Sanchi
File:Syama Jataka Sanchi Stupa 1Western Gateway.jpg|Syama Jataka Sanchi Stupa
File:Muga Pakha Jataka 2.jpg|Muga Pakha Jataka, Bharhut
File:Vessantara Jataka - Sandstone - ca 2nd Century BCE - Sunga Period - Bharhut - ACCN 421-422 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1537.JPG|Vessantara Jataka, Bharhut, [[Shunga Empire|Shunga period]]
File:Ajanta Cave 1 Mahajanaka Jataka painting.jpg|Ajanta Cave 1, Mahajanaka Jataka
File:Hamsa jâtaka, Ajanta, India.jpg|Hamsa jataka, Ajanta Caves
File:Ajanta cave I Chanpeyya Jataka.jpg|Ajanta cave 1, Chanpeyya Jataka
File:Sibi Jataka BM OA 1912.12-21.1 n01.jpg|Sibi Jataka, Gandhara
File:The Aristocratic Women, Illustration of the tale of 'The Necklace of Thread', From the Maha-Ummagga Jataka (Story of the Great Tunnel)? LACMA AC1999.3.1 (1 of 6).jpg|Maha-Ummagga Jataka, Gandhara, 2nd century CE
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Dipankara Jataka, Jamalgarhi (9220936094).jpg|Dipankara Jataka, [[Jamal Garhi|Jamalgarhi]]
File:Tumshuq, illustrazione del visvamtara-jataka, da toqquz-sarai, 500-610 ca..JPG|Tumshuq, Toqquz-sarai monastery, Visvamtara-jataka
fILE:Nine-colored deer jataka. Northern Wei. Mogao cave 257.jpg|Nine-colored deer jataka. Northern Wei. [[Mogao Caves|Mogao cave]] 257
File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|[[Thangka]] of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales in the background, [[Tibet]], 13th-14th century.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf Borobudur TMnr 60042617.jpg|Khudda-bodhi-Jataka, [[Borobudur]]
File:Jataka - Level 1 Balustrade Top - 050 Jataka, South Wall (8596158673).jpg|Borobudur Jataka, Level 1 Balustrade, South Wall
File:Jataka - Level 1 Balustrade Top - 051 Jataka, South Wall (panels) (8597265312).jpg|Borobudur Jataka, Level 1 Balustrade, South Wall
File:Kucha Turtle King Jataka.jpg|[[Kucha]], Turtle King Jataka
File:Jataka tales panels, Dhamma Nagajjuna, Nagarjuna Sagar Telangana, India - 4.jpg|Modern era rendition of the Jataka tales by a Myanmar-based Vipassana center in India
File:Thai - Vessantara Jataka, Narrative Scroll - Walters 35256 - View H.jpg|Thai Vessantara Jataka Narrative Scroll
fILE:006 Virtue, King Bhuridatta although caught by Alambayana maintains his Virtue (9273711196).jpg|King Bhuridatta although caught by Alambayana maintains his Virtue, Bhuridatta Jataka
File:Thai - Vessantara Jataka, Chapter 3 - Vessantara Gives Away the Chariot - Walters 35233.jpg|Thai Vessantara Jataka painting
File:Sessen Dōji-zu by Soga Shōhaku.jpg|"The snow-covered mountain child", by Soga Shōhaku circa 1764
File:The Story of King Mandhatar; The Story of King Candraprabha; The Tale of the Island of Vadaradvipa, Painting from an Avadana Kalpalata Jataka Series LACMA M.82.9.jpg|The Story of King Mandhatar; The Story of King Candraprabha; The Tale of the Island of Vadaradvipa, Tibetan Painting from an Avadana Kalpalata Jataka Series
File:Tibetan - Buddha Shakyamuni with "Jataka" Tales - Walters 35140.jpg|Tibetan Buddha Shakyamuni with "Jataka" Tales
File:Round Bowl Depicting the Vessantara Jataka - Silver Alloy - 18th-19th Century CE - Myanmar - ACCN R 8367 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1813.JPG|Round Bowl Depicting the Vessantara Jataka - Silver Alloy - 18th-19th Century CE - Myanmar.
</gallery>

== English Translations ==
The standard Pali collection of jātakas, with [[Canon law|canonical]] text embedded, has been translated by [[Edward Byles Cowell|E. B. Cowell]] and others, originally published in six volumes by [[Cambridge University Press]] (1895–1907) and reprinted in three volumes, by the [[Pali Text Society]] (Bristol).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pali Text Society Home Page |url=http://www.palitext.com/ |website=www.palitext.com |access-date=2015-04-09 |archive-date=2015-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921151757/http://www.palitext.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also numerous English translations of selections and individual stories from various sources.

Some of the main translations of jātakas available in English include:
* Bhikshu Dharmamitra, trans. ''Marvelous Stories from The Perfection of Wisdom: 130 Didactic Stories from Ārya Nāgārjuna's Exegesis on the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra''. Kalavinka Press, 2008.
* Burlingame, E.W., trans., ''Buddhist Legends: Translated from the Original Pali Text of the Dhammapada Commentary'' , 3 vols., HOS 28–30, Cambridge MA, 1921.
* Cowell, E.B., & R.A. Neil, eds.,''The Jātaka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births,'' 6 vols., Cambridge UK, 1895–1907.
* Cowell, E.B., & R.A. Neil, eds., ''The Divyâvadâna: A Collection of Early Buddhist Legends,'' Cambridge UK, 1886.
* Cone, Margaret. ''The Perfect Generosity of Prince Vessantara: A Buddhist Epic'', Clarendon Press (1977)
* Frye, Stanley. ''Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish'', Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 2006.
* Schiefner, F. Anton von. ''Tibetan Tales Derived from Indian Sources, translated from the Tibetan Kah Gyur'' (translated from the German by W.R.S. Ralston) (repr. Delhi: Sri Satguru, 1988)
* Hahn, M., ed., ''Poetical Vision of the Buddha's Former Lives: Seventeen Legends from Haribhaṭṭa's Jātakamālā,'' New Delhi, 2011.
* Horner, I.B., trans., ''The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon: Part III: Chronicle of Buddhas (Buddhavaṁsa) and Basket of Conduct (Cariyāpiṭaka),'' SBB 31, London, 1975.
* Horner, I.B., & H.S. Gehman, trans., ''The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon: Part IV: Vimānavatthu: Stories of the Mansions,'' SBB 30, London 1974.
* I. B. Horner, trans, ''Minor Anthologies'' III, 2nd edition, 1975, [[Pali Text Society]], Bristol.
* Jayawickrama, N.A., trans., ''The Story of Gotama Buddha: The Nidāna-kathā of the Jātakaṭṭhakathā,'' Oxford, 1990.
* Jayawickrama, N.A., ed., ''Buddhavaṃsa and Cariyāpiṭaka'', PTSTS 166, London, 1974.
* Jones, J.J., trans., ''The Mahāvastu: Translated from the Buddhist Sanskrit'', 3 vols., SBB 16, 18 & 19, London, 1949–1956.
* Kern, H., ed., ''The Jātaka-Mālā or Bodhisattvāvadāna-Mālā'' by Ārya-Çūra, HOS 1, Boston, 1891.
* Khoroche, P., trans., ''Once the Buddha Was a Monkey: Ārya Śūra's Jātakamālā'', London, 1989.
* Naomi Appleton, ''Many Buddhas, One Buddha: A Study and Translation of Avadānaśataka 1–40'' (Sheffield: Equinox, 2020)
* Naomi Appleton and Sarah Shaw (trans.), ''The Ten Great Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta'' (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Press, 2015).
* Appleton, Naomi; Shaw, Sarah. ''The Ten Great Birth Stories of the Buddha: The Mahanipata of the Jatakatthavanonoana;'' Silkworm Books, (2016)
* Ñāṇamoli, ''The Life of the Buddha according to the Pali Canon'', Kandy, 1992.
* Rotman, A., trans., ''Divine Stories: Divyāvadāna: Part 1: Classics of Indian Buddhism,'' Boston, 2008.
* Rotman, A., trans. ''Divine Stories, Part 2'', Wisdom Publications, 2017.
* Tatelman, J., ed. & trans., ''The Heavenly Exploits: Buddhist Biographies from the Divyāvadāna,'' vol. I, New York, 2005.

== In other religions ==
Stories which are similar to the jātakas are also found in [[Jainism]], which has stories focused on [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] path to enlightenment in previous lives.<ref name=":13">Appleton, Naomi. ''The Multi-life Stories of Gautama Buddha and Vardhamāna Mahāvīra'', Buddhist Studies Review ISSN (online) 1747-9681.</ref> The Jain stories include Mahavira's numerous forms of rebirth, such as animals as well as encounters with past liberated beings ([[Tirthankara|jinas]]) which predict Mahavira's future enlightenment.<ref name=":13" /> However, a major difference here is that, while Mahavira gets a prediction of future enlightenment, he does not make a vow to become a jina in the future, unlike the bodhisattva Gautama.<ref name=":13" /> There is also no equivalent idea of a bodhisattva path in Jainism, in-spite of the existence of some narratives about Mahavira's past lives.<ref name=":13" />

A similar collection of Indian animal [[fable]]s is the Hindu [[Panchatantra|''Pañcatantra'']], which has been dated to around 200 BCE.<ref name="Olivelle1999xii">{{cite book |author=Patrick Olivelle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC |title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-283988-6 |pages=xii–xiii |author-link=Patrick Olivelle}}</ref>

Some Buddhist jātakas were also adopted and retold by Islamic (and later Christian) authors, such as the 10th century Shia scholar [[Ibn Babawayh|Ibn Bābūya]], who adapted a jātaka into a story titled Balawhar wa-Būdāsf, which became the Christian narrative of [[Barlaam and Josaphat|Barlaam and Joasaph]].<ref>Crosby, Kate (2013). ''Theravada Buddhism Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' p. 101. Wiley-Blackwell.</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Aesop's Fables]]
* [[Avadana]]
* [[Avadanasataka]]
* [[Apadāna]]
* [[Divyavadana]]
* [[Kalila and Demna]]
* [[Mahanipata Jataka]]
* [[Mahāvastu]]
* [[Panchatantra]]
* [[Paññāsa Jātaka]]
* [[Puranas]]
* [[Robert Chalmers, 1st Baron Chalmers]]
* [[Edward Byles Cowell]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== General sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=John Strong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC |title=Relics of the Buddha |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-691-11764-0}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Cowell, E. B.; ed. (1895). "The Jataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births, Vol. 1–6, Cambridge at the University Press. [[iarchive:jatakaorstoriesofb01cowe|Vol. 1]], [[iarchive:jatakaorstoriesofb02cowe|vol. 2]], [[iarchive:jatakaorstoriesofb03cowe|vol. 3]], [[iarchive:jatakaorstorieso06cowe|vol. 6]]
* Francis, Henry Thomas (1916). [[iarchive:pts jatakatales 3720-0698|Jātaka tales]], Cambridge: University Press
* Gaffney, Sean (2018) [http://natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/NLNZ:NLNZ:NLNZ_ALMA21311447560002836 sKyes pa rabs kyi gleṅ gźi (Jātakanidāna): a critical edition based on six editions of the Tibetan bKa' 'gyur]. Indica et Buddhica Jātakanidāna, vol. I. Oxford: Indica et Buddhica. {{ISBN|978-0-473-44462-4}} (Open Access PDF).
* Gaffney, Sean (2019) [https://natlib-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/1s57t7d/NLNZ_ALMA21334292660002836 sKyes pa rabs kyi gleṅ gźi (Jātakanidāna): Prologue to the Birth Stories: an English translation of a critical edition based on six editions of the Tibetan bKa' 'gyur]. Indica et Buddhica Jātakanidāna, vol. II. Oxford: Indica et Buddhica. {{ISBN|978-0-473-50261-4}} (Open Access PDF).
* Grey, Leslie (1990). ''Concordance of Buddhist Birth Stories'', Oxford : Pali Text Society. (Tabulates correspondences between various jataka collections)
* Horner, Isaline Blew; Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1985). ''Apocryphal Birth-stories (Paññāsa-Jātaka)'', London; Boston: Pali Text Society, distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul. {{ISBN|9780860132332}}
* {{citation |last=Jacobs |first=Joseph |title=The earliest English version of the Fables of Bidpai |url=https://archive.org/details/earliestenglishv00doniuoft |year=1888 |place=London}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=nX9bAAAAQAAJ Google Books] (edited and induced from ''The Morall Philosophie of Doni'' by Sir Thomas North, 1570)
* [[Noor Inayat Khan|Khan, Noor Inayat]] (1939). ''Twenty Jataka Tales'', George G. Harrap & Co, London
* Martin, Rafe (1998) "The Hungry Tigress: Buddhist Myths, Legends and Jataka Tales". {{ISBN|0938756524}}
* Rhys Davids, T.W. (1878). [[iarchive:buddhistbirth00daviuoft|Buddhist birth-stories: Jataka tales]]. The commentarial introd. entitled "Nidanakatha; the story of the lineage". Translated from V. Fausböll's ed. of the Pali text, London: G. Routledge
* Shaw, Sarah (2006). ''The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta'', New Delhi: Penguin Books
* Skilling, Peter (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150409131504/http://www.palitext.com/JPTS_scans/JPTS_28_2006.pdf Jataka and Pannasa-jataka in South-East Asia], Journal of the Pali Text Society 28, 113–174

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/j1/index.htm Jataka – volume I], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/j2/index.htm vol. II], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/j3/index.htm vol. III], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/j4/index.htm vol. IV], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/j5/index.htm vol. V], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/j6/index.htm vol. VI], trad. [[Robert Chalmers]], edit. E. B. Cowell, 1895 - 1907.
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/jt/index.htm Jataka Tales – by Ellen C. Babbitt 1912]
* [http://www.jatakkatha.com/ Jataka Tales – English Animation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408094102/http://www.jatakkatha.com/ |date=2019-04-08 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607011401/http://ignca.nic.in/jatak.htm "The Illustrated Jataka & Other Stories of the Buddha" by Dr C. B. Varma – Illustrated, English]
* [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/j/jaataka.htm Jataka: from Pali Proper Names]
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/bt_conts.htm Buddhist tales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807003958/http://www.buddhanet.net/bt_conts.htm |date=2024-08-07 }}
* [http://jathakakatha.lk/english/ jathakakatha.lk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316184256/http://jathakakatha.lk/english/ |date=2019-03-16 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWAj22H4qWg Learning From Borobudur documentary] about the stories of Jatakas, [[Lalitavistara]] and [[Gandavyuha]] from bas-reliefs of [[Borobudur]], YouTube
* [https://jatakastories.div.ed.ac.uk/ Jātaka Stories], a database of Jataka tales maintained by the University of Edinburgh
* {{librivox book | dtitle=Jataka tales | stitle=Jataka}}

{{Aesop}}
{{Panchatantra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jataka tales| ]]
[[Category:Early Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist literature]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Lists of stories]]
[[Category:Pali Buddhist texts]]
[[Category:Theravada Buddhist texts]]

Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-28T19:42:15Z

Victornkd: added new entry initial version

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mumbai North East Lok Sabha
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Mumbai North East.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai North East Lok Sabha Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]] [[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]] [[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]] [[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]] [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]] [[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation =
| incumbent_image = 
| mp = [[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| electors = 16,36,871(2024)
| preceded_by = [[Manoj Kotak]]
}}

'''Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaivoice.com/mumbai-north-east-lok-sabha-election-2014 |title=Mumbai North East |publisher=Mumbai Voice}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Mumbai North East constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|155
|[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|[[Mihir Kotecha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|156
|[[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]]
|[[Sunil Raut]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|157
|[[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]]
|[[Ashok Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|169
|[[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]]
|[[Ram Kadam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|170
|[[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]]
|[[Parag Shah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|171
|[[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]]
|[[Abu Azmi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Sadashiv Govind Barve|S. G. Barve]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1967{{efn|bypoll}}
|[[Tara Govind Sapre]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Rajaram Gopal Kulkarni
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Subramanian Swamy]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Gurudas Kamat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Jayawantiben Mehta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Gurudas Kamat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Gurudas Kamat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Kirit Somaiya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Gurudas Kamat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Kirit Somaiya]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Manoj Kotak]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
| rowspan="1" |[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|}

==Election results==
===Lok Sabha 1967===
* S. G. Barve (INC) : 171,902 votes (Died in March 1967)
* V. K. Krishna Menon (IND) : 158,733<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1967-election-results.html |title = 1967 India General (4th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* M S Agaskar (Jana Sangh) : 78,796 (Came in third position)

====By-poll 1967====
* Tara Sapre (INC) : 156,313 votes (S G Barve's sister)
* V. K. Krishna Menon (IND) : 141,257

===Lok Sabha 1971===
* Rajaram Gopal Kulkarni of the Congress (2,83,792 votes)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/field-marshal-km-cariappa-political-ambition-as-well-as-mistrust-of-politicians-6243387/ | title=Field Marshal KM Cariappa: Political ambition as well as mistrust of politicians | date=31 January 2020 }}</ref>
* Mukundrao Sundarrao Agaskar of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1,08,513)
* [[K. M. Cariappa|General Cariappa]] (Independent, w Shiv Sena support) : finished third (90,110 votes)

===Lok Sabha 1977===
* Subramanian Swamy (Janata Party) : 260,699 votes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1977-election-results.html |title = 1977 India General (6th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Rajaram Gopal, urf Raja, Kulkarni of the Congress (137,577 votes)

===Lok Sabha 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North East}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gurudas Kamat]]
|votes = 5,25,911
|percentage = 51.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
|votes = 4,78,459
|percentage = 46.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Garud Vilas Govid
|votes = 5,427
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 47,452
|percentage = 4.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,29,784
|percentage = 53.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North East}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kirit Somaiya|Dr. Kirit Somaiya]]
|votes = 4,00,436
|percentage = 43.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gurudas Kamat]]
|votes = 3,93,160
|percentage = 42.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Dr. Rammanohar Tripathi
|votes = 1,02,513
|percentage = 11.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| candidate = Dattatray Bhojraj Waghmare
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
| votes = 13,406
| percentage = 1.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sayyad Shamim Jaffrey
| votes = 8,501
| percentage = 0.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,276
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,29,417
|percentage = 46.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North East<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gurudas Kamat]]
|votes = 4,93,420
|percentage = 53.30
|change = +11.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kirit Somaiya]]
|votes = 3,94,020
|percentage = 42.57
|change = -0.51
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 99,400
|percentage = 10.73
|change = +9.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,25,659
|percentage = 46.88
|change = +0.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +11.00
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North East}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
|votes = 2,13,505
|percentage = 31.97
|change = 5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kirit Somaiya]]
|votes = 2,10,572
|percentage = 31.53
|change = -10.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
|candidate = [[Shishir Shinde]]
|votes = 1,95,148
|percentage = 29.22
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,933
|percentage = 0.44
|change = -10.29
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,67,904
|percentage = 42.46
|change = -4.42
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = -21.33
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai North East<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1328.htm?ac=28|title=Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha Election 2014) |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Kirit Somaiya]]
|votes = 5,25,285
|percentage = 60.95
|change = +29.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
|votes = 2,08,163
|percentage = 24.16
|change = -7.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Medha Patkar]]
|votes = 76,451
|percentage = 8.87
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,114
|percentage = 0.83
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,17,122
|percentage = 36.79
|change = +36.35
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,61,761
|percentage = 51.65
|change = +9.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing = +28.98
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2019===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mumbai|Mumbai North East]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/trends/statewiseS133.htm |title=Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha Election 2019) |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Manoj Kotak|Manoj Kishorbhai Kotak]]
|votes=5,14,599|percentage=56.61
|change=-4.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate=[[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
|votes=2,88,113 |percentage=31.70
|change=+7.54}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Niharika Khondalay
|votes=68,239
|percentage=7.51
|change=''N/A''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=12,466|percentage=1.37|change=+0.54}}

{{Election box majority||votes=2,26,486|percentage=24.91|change=-11.88}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,09,181|percentage=57.23|change=+5.58}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -4.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Mumbai North East<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Mumbai North East">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Mumbai North East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1328.htm |accessdate=26 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226075906/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1328.htm |archivedate=26 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|candidate=[[Sanjay Dina Patil]]|votes=4,50,937|percentage=48.67|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party||candidate=[[Mihir Kotecha]]|votes=4,21,076 |percentage=45.45|change={{down}}11.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
|candidate =Daulat Kadar Khan
|votes =14,657
|percentage = 1.58
|change ={{down}}5.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =10,173
|percentage = 1.10
|change ={{down}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=29,861|percentage=3.22|change={{down}}21.69}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,27,267|percentage=56.63|change={{down}}0.60}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==See also==
* [[Mumbai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Timeline of Mumbai events]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20211003013243/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/mumbai_north_east/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Mumbai North-East lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.13|72.93|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Mumbai]]

Malahalli

2026-01-05T07:50:59Z

Victornkd: added a data needs work

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Malahalli''' is a village located in [[Mudigere]] Talluk of [[Chikkamagaluru district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is situated 15 km away from sub-district headquarter Mudigere and 26 km away from district headquarter Chikkamagaluru. As per the 2009 census, Nandipura is the gram panchayat of Malahalli village. The nearest post office to Malahalli is Buskal, Pin code - 577132.

The total geographical area of village is 151.08 hectares. Malahalli has a total population of around 120 people. There are about 25 houses in Malahalli village. Mudigere is nearest town to Malahalli which is approximately 15 km away.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

Map Reference: [https://www.google.com:443/maps?q=Malahalli,+Karnataka+577111&ftid=0x3bbad56404747d41:0x2b6c45995f619377&hl=en&gl=us]

[[Category:Villages in Chikmagalur district]]
{{Settlements in Chikkamagaluru district}}

{{Chikkamagaluru-geo-stub}}

Hathway

2026-01-03T02:33:54Z

Victornkd: cleanup section additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian cable TV service operator}}
{{for|the surname|Hathway (surname)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hathway
| logo = Hathway Cable & Datacom logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|HATHWAY}} {{BSE|533162}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| founder = {{ubl|Pheroza Billimoria|Roopesh Rao}}
| owner = [[Reliance Industries]] (71.95%)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-26 |title=How RIL's acquisition of Hathway Cable, DEN Networks hurts rivals |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/telecom/story/how-ril-acquisition-of-hathway-cable-den-networks-hurts-rivals-150287-2018-10-26 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
| area_served = India
| industry = [[Telecommunications]]
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Cable television]]|[[Broadband Internet]]|[[Home networking]]|[[FTTH]]|[[Internet service provider]]}}
| homepage = {{official URL}}
| Electronic City =
}}

'''Hathway Cable & Datacom Ltd''', formerly BITV Cable Networks, is an Indian [[cable television]] and [[broadband]] service provider based in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hathway.com/corporate/pdfs/annual-2009-10.pdf|title=Hathway Cable & Datacom Ltd Annual Report 2009-2010|access-date=4 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005075236/http://www.hathway.com/corporate/pdfs/annual-2009-10.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-10-17 |title=Hathway Cable Q2 Results: Net profit falls 33.7% to ₹20 cr, revenue up 2% YoY |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/company-results/hathway-cable-q2-results-net-profit-falls-33-7-to-rs-20-crore-revenue-up-2-yoy-11697554925572.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019030209/https://www.livemint.com/companies/company-results/hathway-cable-q2-results-net-profit-falls-33-7-to-rs-20-crore-revenue-up-2-yoy-11697554925572.html |archive-date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> It was the first company to provide Internet using the [[Cable television|CATV network]] in India, and the first cable operator to launch a digital platform in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Major |first=Rose |date=2009-03-12 |title=Hathway offers India's first cable PVR |url=http://www.rapidtvnews.com/index.php/200903123356/hathway-offers-indias-first-cable-pvr.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018054031/http://www.rapidtvnews.com/index.php/200903123356/hathway-offers-indias-first-cable-pvr.html |archive-date=2010-10-18 |website=Rapid TV News}}</ref> Hathway Broadband Internet was the first cable [[Internet service provider|ISP]] in India. Business India Television (BITV) Cable Networks Pvt Ltd was acquired by Hathway in 1999. As of 2007, the company had a 51% stake in Bhupendran Bhaskar Multinet and a 50% stake in Gujarat Telelinks Pvt Ltd (GTPL).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} GTPL|url=https://www.gtpl.net/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=www.gtpl.net|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101101114/https://www.gtpl.net/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GTPL about |url=https://www.gtpl.net/about}}</ref> In 2011, Hathway GTPL entered Assam with an MoM with V&S Cable Pvt Ltd, and started operations in West Bengal as they acquired KCBPL (Kolkata Cable & Broadband Pariseva Ltd) to create a subsidiary, GTPLKCBPL, responsible for providing services in [[West Bengal]].<ref>https://www.goodreturns.in/company/gtpl-hathway/history.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406093306/https://www.goodreturns.in/company/gtpl-hathway/history.html |date=6 April 2019 }} History of GTPL Hathway</ref>

==Other services==
In the second half of 2011, Hathway launched its HDTV services in [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Indore]], [[Kolkata]]; in [[Gujarat]] in 2013, and [[Odisha]] in 2015. Their new '''''HD DVR''''' [[set-top box]] initially provided 8 HD channels, with availability increasing to sixteen in March 2012. There are thirty channels available as of 2020. With this addition, Hathway is now the provider with the most HD channels in its Indian market.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Hathway Broadband Internet was one of the earliest cable ISP services in the Indian cities of [[Delhi]], Mumbai, Indore, [[Bhopal]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Kolkata]]. As of 2024, the highest possible speed provided via fiber is 300 Mbit/s. It uses [[Cisco]]'s [[DOCSIS|Docsis]] 3 technology in three cities, where the speeds exceed 50 Mbit/s.

There are around 11 million subscribers, of which around 1.77 million currently have wireless/broadband internet available. Approximately 430,000 of these users are using Hathway broadband services.

Hathway was the first Indian digital cable service provider to release [[digital video recorder]] ('''DVR''') services, on March 12, 2009, powered by [[Cisco Videoscape|NDS]] XTV.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090311005058/en/Hathway-Indian-Digital-Cable-Service-Provider-Launch|title=Business Wire Hathway Press Release|access-date=16 Dec 2020|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716085150/https://www.businesswire.com/resourcenotfound|url-status=live}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=August 2023}}

== Acquisition by Reliance Industries ==
Hathway was the [[List of multiple-system operators|multi-service operator]] owned by the Rajan Raheja Group.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Indian Media Business|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7619-9650-7|location=|pages=90|language=en}}</ref> In 2003, it stood as one of the largest multi-system operators in India alongside the [[Hinduja Group]] companies of RPG Cable and InCablenet, and the [[Essel Group]] controlled [[Siti Networks]],<ref name=":22"/> and also one of the three major cable distributors in India alongside [[DEN Networks]] and InCablenet.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Indian Media Business|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7619-9650-7|location=|pages=67|language=en}}</ref>

On October 17, 2018, [[Reliance Industries]] announced that it had acquired a 51.34% stake in Hathway for {{INRConvert|2940|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reliance acquires 58.92% stake in Den Networks, 51.34% share in Hathway |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/reliance-acquires-58.92-stake-in-den-networks-51.34-share-in-hathway/story/286130.html |website=Business Today |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117083853/https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/reliance-acquires-58.92-stake-in-den-networks-51.34-share-in-hathway/story/286130.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Reliance |title=Reliance Media Release |url=http://www.ril.com/getattachment/30b9a86d-eb92-4ac6-8a20-62fbbdef58b2/RIL-announces-strategic-investment-in-and-partners.aspx/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=APRODCT000702&RevisionSelectionMethod=Latest&Rendition=primary |website=ril.com |access-date=11 Jan 2019 |format=PDF |date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175635/http://www.ril.com/getattachment/30b9a86d-eb92-4ac6-8a20-62fbbdef58b2/RIL-announces-strategic-investment-in-and-partners.aspx/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=APRODCT000702&RevisionSelectionMethod=Latest&Rendition=primary |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kundu |first1=Rhik |title=What Hathway and Den deals mean for Reliance Jio |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/CbIho0Mzxon95xTKoUh2EL/What-Hathway-and-Den-deals-mean-for-Reliance-Jio.html |website=Mint |access-date=7 April 2019 |language=en |date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032047/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/CbIho0Mzxon95xTKoUh2EL/What-Hathway-and-Den-deals-mean-for-Reliance-Jio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The acquisition received approval from the [[Competition Commission of India]] in January 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |title=Reliance Industries gets CCI nod to acquire Hathway, DEN |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-industries-gets-cci-nod-to-acquire-hathway-den/articleshow/67643807.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=7 April 2019 |date=22 January 2019}}</ref> Reliance acquired an additional 20.61% stake in Hathway through an open offer worth {{INRConvert|1180.42|c}} in March 2019, taking its total stake in the company to 71.95%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reliance Jio acquires another 12% of Den Networks |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/cable-tv/multi-system-operators/reliance-jio-acquires-another-12-of-den-networks-190309 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |access-date=7 April 2019 |language=en |date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reliance increases shareholding in DEN, Hathway, GTPL through open offer Ashwini|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/reliance-increases-shareholding-in-den-hathway-gtpl-through-open-offer/|website=TelevisionPost|access-date=7 April 2019|date=11 March 2019|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407031211/https://www.televisionpost.com/reliance-increases-shareholding-in-den-hathway-gtpl-through-open-offer/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.hathway.com/}}

{{Network 18}}
{{Reliance Industries Limited}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}
{{DTH in India}}
{{CATV}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cable television companies of India]]
[[Category:Reliance Media]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries]]
[[Category:Internet service providers of India]]

Paramardivarman (Chandela emperor)

2026-01-02T23:04:08Z

Victornkd: typo fix

{{Short description|King of Jejakabhukti from 1165 to 1203}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Paramardivarman
| title = Param-bhattaraka, Parameshwara, Param-Maheshwara, Maharajadhiraja, Srīkalanjaradhipati
| succession = [[Chandela| King of Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
| reign = c. 1165-1202 CE
| predecessor = [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]
| successor = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| issue = Sabhajitvarman Bramhadevavarman Trailokyavarman
| regnal name = Paramardin
| full name = Srīmat Paramardi Varman Deva [[Sanskrit]]: श्रीमत-परमर्दी-वर्म-देव
| dynasty = [[Chandela|Chandel]]
| house = [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| father = Yashovarman II
| mother =
| religion = [[Shaivism]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
}}
'''Paramardivarman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScYJAQAAQBAJ&dq=paramardivarman&pg=PT671 |title=The Past Before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India |date=2013-11-04 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72652-9 |language=en}}</ref> (reigned {{circa}} 1165–1203), [[IAST]]: Paramardi), known as Parmardideva, and famous in folklores as Parmala, while Parimal in Hindu scriptures, was the last greatest king of the [[Chandela|Chandel]] dynasty of Jejakabhukti. He succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] as the king of the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Jejakabhukti Kingdom]]. In 1182, [[Prithviraja III|Prithviraj Chauhan III]] raided and plundered the Madanpura city, which Paramardivarman recaptured after defeating [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] in few months. Paramardi signed the Treaty of Kalinjar around 1202–03 during the siege by the Ghurid general Qutbuddin Aibak, but died before the treaty was finalised.

== Early life ==

Paramardi Varman's [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshvar]] inscription suggests that he succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]]. However, other Chandela inscriptions (including those of his own) suggest that he succeeded his grandfather [[Madanavarman]]. It is possible that Yashovarman ruled for a very short period, or did not rule at all, having died while Madanavarman was still alive.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=139-140}}

According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Paramardi ascended the throne at the age of 5 years. An [[Ajaygarh]] inscription appears to corroborate this claim: it states that Paramardi was a leader even as a child (''bāl-opi netā'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=140}}

He is mentioned as Paramardi-[[deva (Hinduism)|deva]] in inscriptions. The medieval bardic legends such as [[Alha-Khand]] call him Paramala or Parimala. In modern [[vernacular]]s, he is also known as Paramardideva, Parmar, Paramal Deo and Parimal Chandel (because of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]). A gold coin issued by him, featuring a seated goddess, gives his name as ''Srimat Paramardi''.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=54-55}}

== Reign ==
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the inscriptions from Paramardi's reign{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119, 124}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="79.63" latitude="25.47">
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Paramardi Varman was the last of the powerful Chandela rulers, and has been mentioned in several legendary texts such as ''Paramala Raso'' (''Parmal Raso'' or ''Mahoba Khand''), ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' and ''Alha-Khand'' (''Alha Raso'' or Ballad of Alha). While these texts are based on historical events, much of their content has been fabricated to glorify either [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. Thus, these texts are of doubtful historicity, and therefore, much of Paramardi Varman's reign is shrouded in obscurity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

Several Chandela inscriptions also mention Paramardi Varman, but these contain little historical information. For example, the Semra copper-plate inscription vaguely eulogizes him as someonoe who surpassed [[Kamadeva|Makaradhvaja]] (the god of love) in handsomeness, the ocean in depth, the lord of heaven in majesty, [[Brihaspati]] in wisdom, and [[Yudhishthira]] in truthfulness. The Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription credits him with military victories and states that other kings bowed to him, but does not name any of these kings.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} The Ajaygarh inscription of his grandson's wife Kalyanadevi similarly describes him as a universal sovereign, whose enemies were left in a pitiful condition.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} Such claims of extensive conquests are not corroborated by historical evidence.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Early career ===

The inscriptions from the first few years of Paramardi Varman's reign have been found at Semra (1165-1166 CE), [[Mahoba]] (1166-1167 CE), [[Ichhawar]] (1171 CE), Mahoba (1173 CE), Pachar (1176 CE) and [[Charkhari]] (1178 CE).{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119}} All of these inscriptions use the imperial titles for him: ''Paramabhattaraka-[[Maharajadhiraja]]-Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati Shrimanmat Paramardideva''. This indicates that in the early part of his reign, Paramardi retained the territories that he had inherited from his grandfather Madanavarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

An 1183 CE [[Mahoba]] inscription states that the lord of Tripuri fainted whenever he heard the songs about Paramardi Varman's bravery. This suggests that Paramardi Varman defeated a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri king of Tripuri]], possibly [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

=== Chahamana invasion ===
During 1182-1183 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the Chandela kingdom of Jejakabhukti. The Chandela records do not mention this invasion, presumably to avoid describing the humiliating defeat of their king.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}

Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela territory via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}

Prithviraj then started a march towards Mahoba. Facing an imminent defeat, Paramardi and his nobles sought a truce on the advice of his chief queen Malhan Devi. Prithviraj agreed to the truce, but remained encamped on the banks of the [[Betwa River]] in the Chandela territory. The Chandelas, meanwhile, requested Alha and Udal to come back from Kannauj.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}} The two brothers were initially hesitant, but agreed to return after their mother appealed them to honour their allegiance to the Chandelas. Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons, to support the Chandelas. Paramardi himself became nervous, and retreated to the [[Kalanjara]] fort with some of his soldiers. His son Brahmajit, along with Alha and Udal, led the Chandela army against Prithviraj Chauhan. In the ensuing battle, the Chandelas were defeated. Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of Jaichand were killed in the conflict. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked the Chandela capital of Mahoba.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}

Next, Prithviraj dispatched his general Chavand Rai to Kalanjara. The Chauhan army captured the fort, took Paramardi as prisoner, and marched back towards Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Alha's son Indal Kumar launched a surprise attack on the returning Chauhan army, and freed Paramardi. Out of shame, Paramardi later committed suicide at the Gajraj temple.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} ''Parmal Raso'' states that his 50 wives committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) after his death.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}} According to [[Chand Bardai]], he retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and died there.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} The ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that Prithviraj appointed Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son Samarjit recaptured Mahoba with help of Narasimha, an officer of Jaichand. Samarjit then ruled the territory between Kalanjara and Gaya. However, no such prince is mentioned in the Chandela records.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable, but it is known that Prithviraj Chauhan indeed sacked Mahoba. This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the prolonged occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} Moreover, it is known that Paramardi did not die or retire immediately after the Chauhan victory. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi Varman managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

=== Ghurid invasion and death ===
{{See also|Siege of Kalinjar}}

According to a [[Kalanjara]] inscription, while one of Paramardi Varman's predecessors had imprisoned the wives of the earthly rulers, Paramardi Varman's heroics made even the divine rulers anxious about the safety of their wives. As a result, the gods let loose an army of [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners) against him, and made him face a defeat.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

Prithviraj Chauhan was killed after [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192. After defeating the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned an invasion of Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], and accompanied by strong generals such as [[Iltutmish]], besieged the Chandela fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar (Paramardivarman) initially offered some resistance, but then fled to the safety of the fort. Subsequently, he surrendered before ruler of Delhi, and agreed to be his vassal.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} He promised to pay a tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the ruler of Delhi after his death. The dewan was finally forced to surrender as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Sultanate's victory, temples were converted into mosques and 50,000 men were taken as slaves. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202–1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 or 1203.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}
== Administration ==

According to the Baghari inscription, Paramardivarman placed the burden of government on his prime minister Sallakshana, who was a [[Brahmin]] of [[Vashistha]] [[gotra]].On Paramardivarman's orders Sallakshana commissioned temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. After his death, his son Purushottama inherited his post.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

The Baghari inscription also mentions one Gadadhara as Paramardivarman's minister of war and peace (''sandhna-vigraha-sachiva''). According to the [[Ajaygarh]] inscription of [[Bhojavarman]], a [[Kayastha]] named Gangadhara was the Kancukin ([[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]) of Paramardi. Gangadhara and his brother Jaunadhara are said to have fought at Kalanjara, possibly in the battle against the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=149-150}}

Ajayapala and Madanapala, the sons of a former [[senapati]] (general) Kilhana, were two Brahmin senapatis of Paramardivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} Ajayapala is also known to have been a senapati of Paramardi's grandfather [[Madanavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=136}} Muslim chronicles mention Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) as a [[dewan]] who continued to resist the Delhi forces after Paramardivarman's death. The medieval bardic tradition also mentions [[Alha]] and [[Udala]] (or Udal) as his generals. Other officers mentioned in the historical records include Mahipala and an ''amatya'' named Vatsaraja.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}}

Paramardivarman was a learned man, and is attributed as the author of a eulogy to [[Shiva]], inscribed on a stone at [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} He patronized a number of scholars, including:{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

* Vatsaraja, the author of ''Rupa-Kashatakam'' (a collection of six plays)
* Gadadhara, a poet styled as ''Kavi-Chakravarti''
* Jaganika, the author of ''Alha-Khanda''
* Gunabhadra Munipa Saiddhanti, the [[Jain]] author of ''Dhanya-Kumara-Charita''

Although himself a [[Shaivite]], Paramardivarman was tolerant towards Buddhists, Jains and Vaishnavites. A copper-plate inscription shows that when he granted a village to a [[Brahmin]], he respected the rights of a Buddhist shrine located in that village. Several images of the Jain [[tirthankara]]s were set up at various places during his reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}} The best known of these are at the [[Aharji]] Jain Tirth Near [[Tikamgarh]].{{cn|date=December 2020}} His minister Sallakshana commissioned a [[Vishnu]] temple.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA53 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Malcolm Lyall Darling

2025-12-29T03:20:44Z

Victornkd: added initial pg nd citations

{{Short description|Member of the Indian Civil Service (1880-1969)}}
{{Other uses|Malcolm Darling}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
[[File:Malcolm Lyall Darling.jpg|thumb|Malcolm Lyall Darling, a 1942 photo by [[Walter Stoneman]]]]
'''Sir Malcolm Lyall Darling''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} (10 December 1880 – 1 January 1969) was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) who was appointed Assistant Commissioner of the [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[British India]], in 1904. Having held numerous other posts, he became Financial Commissioner of the same province in 1936 and retired from the ICS in 1940. Thereafter, he was engaged in various roles, including as chairman of the [[Plunkett Foundation|Horace Plunkett Foundation]], and was for some time head of the [[BBC]] India Section.

Recognised as something of a maverick in comparison to most of his colleagues in India, Darling sought to improve the life of rural villagers and was an expert on the subject of peasant agriculture. He wrote several books, including some that are considered to be classic studies and which have been republished with introductions from academic writers in the 21st century.

== Early life ==
Malcolm Lyall Darling was born on 10 December 1880<ref name="dewey"/> into a wealthy literary family.<ref name="gould"/> His parents were the Reverend Thomas Darling, the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] of the church of [[St Michael Paternoster Royal]] in London, and Mildred, née Ford, whose father, Richard, had been president of the [[Law Society of England and Wales]].<ref name="dewey">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HGvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |page=102 |title=Anglo-Indian Attitudes: Mind of the Indian Civil Service |first=Clive |last=Dewey |publisher=A. & C. Black |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-82643-254-4}}</ref> [[Alfred Comyn Lyall]], who was an administrator in India and literary figure, was his uncle, guardian and a significant influence on his [[humanist]] education.<ref name="zastougil">{{cite journal |title= Review: Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service by Clive Dewey |first=Lynn |last=Zastoupil |journal=Victorian Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |year=1995 |pages=598–599 |jstor=3829387 }}</ref> He was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]], prior to joining the ICS in 1904<ref name="dewey"/> after sitting the competitive examination.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27729 |date=1 November 1904 |page=7032 |supp=y}}</ref>

== Career summary ==
Appointed as an Assistant Commissioner, Darling was initially posted to the Punjab. He was a subdivisional officer in [[Rajanpur]] in 1906 and then from 1907 was tutor and guardian to the [[Raja]] of [[Dewas State (Senior)]],<ref name="dewey"/> [[Tukojirao III]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Framing the Other: History and Literary Verisimilitude in E. M. Forster's "The Hill of Devi" |first=Ashish |last=Roy |journal=Criticism |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=1994 |pages=265–289 |jstor=23116269 }}</ref> Darling later wrote about these early years in his book ''Apprentice to Power'', in which it is apparent that his appointment as tutor and guardian to the 19-year old was a stroke of luck that significantly affected his future activities in the country. He learned as much, if not more, from the raja than he taught. It was while acting as tutor that he invited [[E. M. Forster]] to India, with whom he had been friends at college in Cambridge. While in Dewas, Forster wrote ''[[The Hill of Devi]]'', which he dedicated to Darling,<ref name="stape"/> and his stay also inspired much of ''[[A Passage to India]]''. Forster noted in the former that Dewas {{blockquote|transformed [Darling]. When he arrived, he had the feeling of racial superiority which was usual among Englishmen at the time. In a few months he lost it, and it never returned.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Review: Apprentice to Power: India 1904–1908. by Malcolm Darling |first=Francis G. |last=Hutchins |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=41 |issue=1 |year=1968 |pages=129–130 |doi=10.2307/2754754 |jstor=2754754 }}</ref>}}

Somewhat in contradiction to this, Lynn Zastougil sees Darling as preferring Indian society to that of the "conservative, racist opinions" that prevailed in the ICS precisely because of his humanist upbringing, and says that he subsequently became disenchanted with the behaviour of his royal charge.<ref name="zastougil"/>

In 1911, Darling was appointed as an undersecretary in the Political Department before moving to [[Sirsa]] in 1913 as a subdivisional officer. He joined the Co-operative Department as an assistant registrar in 1916, working with the new rural co-operative credit movement, and became registrar of co-operative societies in 1927.<ref name="times">{{cite news |work=The Times |title=Sir Malcolm Darling |date=2 January 1969 |page=10 |issue=57448}}</ref>

In 1930, Darling was appointed to chair a commission of inquiry — the Punjab Banking Inquiry Committee — following a series of banking failures in the province. He became a commissioner in [[Rawalpindi]] in 1931 and in 1935 was put on special duties with the Government of India to report on the co-operative movement. He was Finance Commissioner of the Punjab between 1936 and 1939, and acted as chairman of the Punjab Land Revenue Board in 1938. He was twice appointed vice-chancellor of the [[University of the Punjab]], in 1931 and 1937,<ref name="dewey"/><ref name="times"/> and in 1934 spent some time in [[Burma]] investigating co-operative farming movements.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Achievement of Burma |first=Maurice |last=Collis |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=92 |issue=4671 |date=4 August 1944 |pages=465–473 |jstor=41362888 }}</ref>

Upon his retirement from the ICS in 1940,<ref name="dewey"/> Darling headed the Indian Section of the BBC Eastern Service<ref name="stape">{{cite book |title=E. M. Forster: Interviews and Recollections |editor-first=J. H. |editor-last=Stape |publisher=St Martins Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-34912-850-1 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WX2wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19}}</ref> between 1940 and 1944,<ref name="times"/> where he worked with both Forster and [[George Orwell]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=E. M. Forster and the BBC |first=Mary |last=Lago |journal=The Yearbook of English Studies |volume=20 |year=1990 |pages=132–151 |doi=10.2307/3507526 |jstor=3507526 }}</ref> In 1947 he became chairman of the Horace Plunkett Foundation, which was involved with agricultural co-operation, and between 1951 and 1960 he was involved with missions to Egypt, Greece, India, Pakistan and Yugoslavia.<ref name="dewey"/>

== Work in India ==
Darling, who has been described as a pioneer of [[community development]],<ref>{{cite journal |title= Community Development: A New Philosopher's Stone? |first=Hugh |last=Tinker |journal=International Affairs |volume=37 |issue=3 |date=July 1961 |pages=309–322 |doi=10.2307/2610926 |jstor=2610926 }}</ref> was not typical of the ICS administrators in Punjab during his time. A variety of changes, such as understaffing by financial pressures after the World War and an increasing preference by talented people to seek opportunities in Britain rather than abroad, together with political changes in Delhi and London, meant that, according to historian Christopher Harding, "most civil servants in Punjab [were] striving simply to hold the provincial administration together and [were] generally cynical of any grand plans that harked back to the "good old days" of the early Punjab administrators". That was not the case with Darling.<ref>{{cite book |title=Religious Transformation in South Asia: The Meanings of Conversion in Colonial Punjab: The Meanings of Conversion in Colonial Punjab |first=Christopher |last=Harding |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19156-333-1 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWoIBlYFJdUC&pg=PA50}}</ref> Tensions were high because the British authorities were desperately trying to stem the tide of [[Indian nationalism|nationalism]] with piecemeal reforms, and communal disputes between Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were increasing. In the toxic environment, where the authorities were almost entirely concerned with maintaining law and order, Darling and a colleague, [[Frank Lugard Brayne]], stood out as mavericks for their attempts to improve the conditions in rural villages.<ref>{{cite book |title=National Development and Local Reform: Political Participation in Morocco, Tunisia, and Pakistan |first=Douglas Elliott |last=Ashford |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |orig-year=1967 |isbn=978-1-40087-457-6 |pages=101–102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQXWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101}}</ref>

In Darling's case, he was affected by the knowledge of the debt burden that was carried by many peasant farmers, some of whom owed more than 20 times their annual incomes.<ref name="ashford"/> He believed that the perceived necessity of holding elaborate and expensive celebrations for life events such as birth, circumcision, marriage and death lay at the heart of the indebtedness. Debt was also affected by matters of prestige such as land ownership itself, which caused people to buy tracts that were uneconomic, and the role of [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] moneylenders, who also acted as agents for the payment of taxes and often dealt with those matters, without reference to the peasant. A cycle of increasing debt resulted from heavy interest payments on existing debt, which forced the cash-poor peasant to take on even more debt.<ref>{{cite journal |title= 'The Omnipresent Bania:' Rural Moneylenders in Nineteenth-Century Sind |first=David |last=Cheesman |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |year=1982 |pages=445–462 |jstor=312116 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00015262|s2cid=145722413 }}</ref> The more prosperous the peasant was, the more credit-worthy they were and so the more debt they accrued.<ref name="dhanagare"/>

Darling thought that moneylenders were exploiting the situation and that the peasants were particularly exposed to problems should they suffer some natural or personal calamity, with debts sometimes doubling within a space of five years because of interest charges and families potentially being faced with repayments over several generations. He want to expand the co-operative credit facilities to improve the situation as well as to set up courts for arbitration and to introduce measures to increase prosperity without recourse to debt, such as animal breeding centres.<ref name="ashford">{{cite book |title=National Development and Local Reform: Political Participation in Morocco, Tunisia, and Pakistan |first=Douglas Elliott |last=Ashford |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |orig-year=1967 |isbn=978-1-40087-457-6 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQXWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103}}</ref> He estimated that the number of moneylenders and dependants in Punjab had quadrupled between 1868 and 1911, and the decline in prices for agricultural produce that followed the end of World War I made the repayment of debt even more difficult.<ref>{{cite book |title=National Development and Local Reform: Political Participation in Morocco, Tunisia, and Pakistan |first=Douglas Elliott |last=Ashford |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |orig-year=1967 |isbn=978-1-40087-457-6 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQXWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214}}</ref> He noted that the moneylenders were generally Hindus and the peasants were mostly Muslim, a situation that prevailed despite the intent of the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900|Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1901]].<ref>{{cite book |title=South Asia in the New World Order: The Role of Regional Cooperation |first=Shahid Javed |last=Burki |author-link=Shahid Javed Burki |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-13681-971-1 |pages=81–82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RDgNNHu8YAC&pg=PA81}}</ref> His attitude to the moneylenders was not, however, entirely negative: he recognised the significance of their accessibility and the historic good that they had brought to regional development. At the same time, he was criticising their usurious nature, which, he thought, was being implicitly accepted by the unwillingness of the Raj authorities to intervene. His 1925 book, ''The Punjab Peasant in Prosperity and Debt'', is a classic work of research, analysis and prescription, which demonstrated, according to D. N. Dhanagare, that he was "far ahead of his time".<ref name="dhanagare">{{cite journal |title= Review: Prosperity and Debt in Rural Punjab |first=D. N. |last=Dhanagare |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=1/2 |year=1979 |pages=120–130 |jstor=23619356 |doi=10.1177/0038022919790108|s2cid=157115078 }}</ref>

It was while working with the Punjab Banking Inquiry Committee that Darling was able to persuade the introduction of co-operative credit in every village of the province.<ref name="dhanagare"/> In 1942, Darling noted that the Raj simply pumping financial resources into Indian agriculture was not an optimal policy. He agreed with [[Bryce Burt]] that it was desirable to preserve the way of life while nonetheless encouraging technological progress, but he added that in India {{blockquote|any extra money that is made by improved cultivation tends to pass into the hands of the moneylender, the lawyer, and the factory owner ... It seems to me that the cultivators must be taught to protect themselves, and there is only one way in which that can be done, namely, through education and co-operation. In co-operative societies they have some protection against those who come to the village to exploit them.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Agricultural Progress in India During the Decade 1929—1939 |first=Bryce |last=Burt |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=90 |issue=4607 |date=20 February 1942 |pages=202–223 |jstor=41359862 }}</ref>}}

While the decline in agricultural prices following World War I was a factor in the debt problems that Darling saw and tried to alleviate, he noted later that it was the rise in those prices during World War II that finally put an end to the necessity of debt among the Punjabi peasantry.<ref name="kamtekar"/> He said that {{blockquote|The three hundred per cent rise in prices, which set in sharply in 1942, had put more cash into the peasant's pocket than had ever been there before, and he had wisely used it to pay his debts and redeem his land, and in the canal colonies of the Punjab, where almost every drop of water produced a rupee, to buy land in Bawahalpur, Bikaner or Sind. For the first time for at least two generations, debt was no longer a millstone round the peasant's neck.<ref>{{cite book |first=Malcolm Lyall |last=Darling |title=At Freedom's Door |year=1949 |page=333 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>}}

Darling tried always to befriend and understand the native population of India and spoke several of their languages. To that end, he made several long-distance tours of the country on horseback.<ref name="longriders"/> One, in 1946–1947 began in [[Peshawar]] and ended, {{convert|1400|mi|km}} later, in [[Jubbulpore]]<ref name="gould">{{cite journal |title=At Freedom's Door, by Malcolm Lyall Darling |first=William |last=Gould |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=128 |issue=530 |date=February 2013 |pages=217–218 |doi=10.1093/ehr/ces373}}</ref> where he visited his friend [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Believing in fair play, he found himself at odds with other British people in India when he denounced [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Dyer's massacre of civilians]] at [[Amritsar]] in 1919.<ref name="longriders">{{Cite web | url=http://www.thelongridersguild.com/historical%20members/Historical_D.htm | title=Historical Long Riders | access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Lyall was appointed as a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1934<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34056 |date=1 June 1934 |page=3560 |supp=y}}</ref> and as a Knight Commander of the same order in 1939.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=15559 |date=6 January 1939 |page=14 |supp=y |city=e}}</ref> Having held an [[Exhibition (scholarship)|Exhibition]] while a student at King's College, he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the college in 1957.<ref name="dewey"/>

== Family ==
Darling married Jessica, daughter of [[Alexander Low, Lord Low]] of the Laws, [[Berwickshire]] in 1909. The couple had a daughter and two sons. Jessica died in 1932<ref name="dewey"/> around the time that Darling was commissioner in Rawalpindi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest Wills |work=The Times |date=14 July 1933 |page=9 |issue=46496}}</ref> Darling died on 1 January 1969, aged 88.<ref name="times"/>

== Publications ==
Darling wrote several official reports, including:
*''Report on Certain Aspects of Co-operative Movement in India''
*''Report on Labour Conditions in Agriculture in Pakistan'' (1955), for the [[Government of Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Report on the Land Tenure Situation in Pakistan and India |first=Lee R. |last=Martin |journal=Journal of Farm Economics |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=May 1956 |pages=438–447 |jstor=1234383 |doi=10.2307/1234383 }}</ref>

In addition, Darling wrote several books among them some "classic works on the Punjab peasantry", in the opinion of Indivar Kamtekar.<ref name="kamtekar">{{cite journal |title= A Different War Dance: State and Class in India 1939–1945 |first=Indivar |last=Kamtekar |journal=Past & Present |issue=176 |date=August 2002 |pages=187–221 |doi=10.1093/past/176.1.187 |jstor=3600730 }}</ref> Some of these have been republished by [[Oxford University Press]] in the 21st century with introductions by academic writers. Among his published books are:<ref name="times"/>

*''Some Aspects of Co-operation in Germany, Italy and Ireland'' (1922)<ref name="dewey"/>
*''The Punjab Peasant In Prosperity And Debt'' (1925)
*''Rusticus Loquitur, or, The Old Light and The New in the Punjab Village'' (1930)
*''Wisdom and Waste in the Punjab Village'' (1934)
*''At Freedom's Door'' (1949)
*''Apprentice to Power: India, 1904–1908'' (1966)

His journal articles include:
*{{cite journal |title=The Indian Village and Democracy |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=91 |issue=4645 |date=6 August 1943 |pages=486–497 |jstor=41361965 |last1=Darling |first1=Malcolm }}
*''Co-operative Farming in Italy'' (1953)<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Co-operative Farming in Italy |title=Yearbook of Agricultural Co-operation |publisher=Howard Plunkett Foundation |year=1953}}</ref>
Darling's wife, Jessica, wrote ''Love In A Mist'', published in 1921.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Baldovinetti's View Without a Room: E.M. Forster and Roger Fry |first=Caroline |last=Elam |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=149 |issue=1246 |date=January 2007 |pages=23–31 |jstor=20074686 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Punjab Canal Colonies]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal |title=The British and the Moneylender in Nineteenth-Century India |first=Thomas R. |last=Metcalf |author-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=34 |issue=4 |date=December 1962 |pages=390–397 |jstor=1880056 |doi=10.1086/239182|s2cid=145246030 }}
*{{cite book |title=India, 1900–1947. Un Britannique au cœur du Raj |publisher=Autrement |year=2002 |first=Arundhati |last=Virmani |author-link=Arundhati Virmani}} – about Darling's career

{{Authority control}}
{{Vice-Chancellors of University of the Punjab}}

[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:BBC people]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century British writers]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of the Punjab]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in India]]
[[Category:Economy of British India]]

1975 IFA Shield final

2025-12-23T21:22:05Z

Victornkd:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1975 IFA Shield final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[IFA Shield|1975 IFA Shield]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 5
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 30 September 1975
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal, India|West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Shyam Thapa]]
| attendance = 30,000 (approx.)
| weather =
| previous = [[1974 IFA Shield final|1974]]
| next = 1976
}}
The '''1975 IFA Shield final''' was the 79th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 30 September 1975 at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] in Kolkata.

East Bengal won the final 5–0 to claim their 14th IFA Shield title. Shyam Thapa scored a brace while Surajit Sengupta, Ranjit Mukherjee and Subhankar Sanyal scored one each as East Bengal defeated their arch-rivals Mohun Bagan in a record margin to lift their fourth consecutive IFA Shield title.<ref>{{cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|date=2 February 2011|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/high-five-memorable-kolkata-derbies/|title=HIGH FIVE : MEMORABLE KOLKATA DERBIES|work=The Hard Tackle|accessdate=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=7 April 2020|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|title=Indian Football: Down the memory lane - East Bengal's 'Golden era' of 1970s|work=Goal|accessdate=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=10 February 2017|url=https://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3056297/best-matches-of-the-kolkata-derby-between-mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal|title=Best of the Kolkata derby: Bhutia's kiss, Manna's unwelcome embrace, and Chuni's biryani|work=ESPN|accessdate=10 November 2021}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{see also|IFA Shield}}

===East Bengal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 23 September 1975
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Quarter-Final
| Police AC
| 5–0
|-
| 26 September 1970
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| Behala Youth
| 7–0
|}

East Bengal entered the 1975 IFA Shield as the three times defending champions, and started their campaign directly from the quarter-final stage. East Bengal faced Police AC in the last eight and defeated them 5–0 with Surajit Sengupta scoring a hattrick for the team while Samaresh Chowdhury and [[Shyam Thapa]] scored the other two. In the semi-final, East Bengal faced Behala Youth and won 7–0 with Surajit Sengupta scoring four goals and Ranjit Mukherjee, Pradip Dutta and Subhankar Sanyal scoring one each as East Bengal reached the IFA Shield final for the twenty-second time.<ref name=ifa75>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=28 January 2021|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|title=India - List of IFA Shield Final|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref>

===Mohun Bagan===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 25 September 1975
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Quarter-Final
| [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat Club]]
| [[Walkover|w/o]]
|-
| 27 September 1970
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
| 4–1
|}

Mohun Bagan entered the 1975 IFA Shield as one of the Kolkata giants and was supposed to start their campaign directly from the quarter-finals against Kalighat Club however, Kalighat had informed the [[Indian Football Association]] about their inability to field a team and Mohun Bagan received a walkover into the semi-finals. In the semi-final, Mohun Bagan defeated [[Tollygunge Agragami]] 4–1 with Sisir Guha Dastidar scoring twice and Bijoy Dikpati and Johor Das scoring one each as Mohun Bagan reached the finals. Srikumar Chakraborty scored the only goal for Tollygunge in the defeat.<ref name=ifa75/>

==Match==
===Details===
{{football box
|date=30 September 1975
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report= [https://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3056297/best-matches-of-the-kolkata-derby-between-mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal Report]
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 5–0
|goals1=[[Surajit Sengupta|Sengupta]] {{goal|6}} [[Shyam Thapa|Thapa]] {{penmiss}} 14', {{goal|24||50}} [[Ranjit Mukherjee|Mukherjee]] {{goal|38}} [[Subhankar Sanyal|Sanyal]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2=
|penaltyscore=
|location=[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium=[[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|referee=Babul Barmese (Assam)
|attendance=35,000 (est.)
}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _collargreen
| pattern_la =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 006633
| body = 990000
| rightarm = 006633
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Bose
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Karmakar
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ashokelal Banerjee ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Ghosh
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kajal Dhali || || {{suboff|75}}
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gautam Sarkar]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samaresh Chowdhury
|-
|LF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surajit Sengupta]]
|-
|RF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjit Mukherjee
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Thapa]] || || {{suboff|80}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mridul Mutsuddi || || {{subon|75}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subhankar Sanyal || || {{subon|80}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Ganguly]] || {{suboff|51}}
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bijoy Dikpati
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nimai Goswami || {{suboff|75}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Bhattacharya]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dilip Palit
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Bose
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasun Banerjee]]
|-
|LF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayanswami Ulaganathan]]
|-
|RF || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kesto Mitra
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Johor Das
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sisir Guha Dastidar ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Prasanta Mitra || {{subon|51}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Compton Dutta || {{subon|75}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' [[Shyam Thapa]] (East Bengal)

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
|}

==See also==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html IFA Shield Finals]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{IFA Shield}}
{{SC East Bengal}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]
[[Category:1975–76 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]

Ottachilambu

2025-10-27T13:45:59Z

Victornkd: new

{{cleanup reorganize|date=August 2018}}
{{how-to|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama|Horror TV series]]
| producer = Prakash Menon [[M. C. Arun]]
| story = Rajesh Puthanpurayil
| writer = Rajesh puthanpurayil
| director = Binu Vellathooval/Sujith sunder
| company = [[Line of Colours]] P.M.Productions
| starring =
| open_theme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 159
| network = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| country = India
| location = [[Piravom]] - Paduthol Mana [[Adimaly]], [[Kerala]]
| language = Malayalam
| cinematography = Anpu Mani
| editor = Ranju
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|10|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|6|2|df=y}}
| related = [[Suryaputra Karn|Karnan]]
}}

'''''Ottachilambu''''' (ml; ഒറ്റച്ചിലമ്പ്‌) is an [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[television series|horror television series]] in [[Malayalam Language]] launched on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] channel on 24 October 2016 .It aired from Monday to Friday at 08:30 .P.M.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalamserials.in/ottachilambu-i-coming-soon-i-mazhavil-manorama/|title=OTTACHILAMBU coming soon...|work=www.keralatv.in}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
A 6-year child is born "Devooty" who is born in same star sign and date of the mesmerising beauty called "Syamandakam"; who incubates into the body of the child. Syamandakam was burnt alive in the historically old ‘Eloor’ palace. Syamandakam takes a revenge note through Devooty to those who killed her & her family. In the process she falls in love with a young guy Adikeshavan; who helps her to take the revenge. The story puts light at the core to the
aspirations and ambitions of those who die before fulfilling their lives

==Plot==
Ambika (Manju Satheesh) is a charming, lovely girl from Eloor kovilakam, her parents died years back and she lives with her aunt and uncle who are thampuran and thampuratti (Urmila) of Kovilakam. She has a liking towards her Malayalam teacher Andrews (Anand) and they plan to leave the town and marry. After years they have a daughter (Manjadi), they live in Adivaram In a rental house. They plan to buy a new house after which Ambika plans to go and meet her aunty, she is pregnant but unfortunately both dies in a bike accident. Devooty is all alone, is admitted in a hospital due to pneumonia, their neighbors who took her to hospital refuse to pay money for her operation. Kiran who is devooty's friend stole money from temple for this purpose and is caught by police .Deva goes back home and see that the owner has locked the house, she takes her bag and leave the city to Kodungaloor to meet Thampuratti. Fortunately she meets Swami in a bus to ernakulam and tell her story. He takes her with him promising to take her to the kovilakam, she became favorite of everyone in the temple where the swami took her.

Meanwhile, Adhikeshavan comes to stay in Chavadi and opens the room even after Chinmaya's restriction (where Syamanakam is lies) .He talks to the spirit and understands her feeling.
Arundhati(Sarika) and Ravi(Rajeev) and all other family members reunite in the kovilakam for the partition of properties which Thampuratti restricts. Thampurayti on her visit to temple with Chinmayi and Adiyodi meets Devooty and identity who she is and takes her to kovilakam as Adhi's daughter
Syamadakam takes her real form to take revenge.

==Production ==
The promos of the series was already telecast-ed through channels official YouTube page and through the television.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Ottachilambu-on-Mazhavil-Manorama/articleshow/54877500.cms|title='Ottachilambu' on Mazhavil Manorama|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=16 October 2016 }}</ref> This show replaced on-air series titled ''Ponnambili'' .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatv.in/2016/10/ottachilambu-serial-mazhavil-manorama/|title='Ottachilambu', a new horror series on Mazhavil Manorama|work=www.cinetrooth.in|date=10 October 2016 }}</ref>
;Casting
Malayalam actress [[Nithya Das]] signed into play lead role which marked her come back to Malayalam industry after 5 years. She has done a few television serials before and currently she is doing a Tamil serial too.
[[Urmila Unni]] also plays a pivotal role in the series, it is the first time she is doing a role a thampuratty.

Popular TV actors Rajeev Parameshwar and Harishanth plays the male leads. Harishanth who was last seen in ''Ente Penn'' 2014 TV series is playing a strong character named Aadhikeshavan, who investigates in ghosts. Newcomer - Child artist Manjadi plays one of the lead roles in this series.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Actor || Role||Character sketch
|-
|[[Nithya Das]] ||Symandakam / Seemanthini||Lakshmi-Ravindra Varma's illegitimate daughter / Ghost
|-
|Baby Manjadi Joby||Devashilpa a.k.a. Devootty ||Ambika-Andrews daughter
|-
|Sharran Puthumana||Adhikeshavan||Resident at Chavady
|-
|[[Urmila Unni]] || Umayamma thamburatty||Queen of Eloor Kovilakam
|-
|Angel Mariya Joseph ||Dr.Chinmaya Pisharody ||Adv.Pisharody's daughter
|-
|[[Rajeev Parameshwar]]an ||Ravindra Varma(Ravi)||Thampuratti's son /Syamandakam's father
|-
|[[Sharika | Sharika Menon]] ||Arundhathi||Ravi's wife
|-
|[[Sajitha Betti]]||Anna Rose||Andrew's sister
|-
|Shameem Poovath|| Mahadeva Varma(Devan/Mani) || Thampuratti's son in law
|-
| Ram mohan||Dharma deva Varma||Elayachan
|-
|Ardra Das/Anshitha||Sandhya ||Thampurati's younger daughter
|-
|Sethu Lakshmi ||Sudharma Mahadevan||Thampuratti's daughter
|-
|[[Anand Narayan (actor)|Anand Narayan]]||Sidharth(Sidhu)||Sandhya's lover
|-
|Thirumala Ramachandran||Adiyodi||Karyasthan
|-
|Varsha Abhay||Lalitha||Mahadevan's second wife
|-
|[[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]]||Devamma (Paatti) ||Kaveri's care taker
|-
|Vyjayanthi ||Sreelakshmi ||Bhagavathar Thirumanass's daughter/Ravindra varma's lover /Syamandakam's mother
|-
|Ann Mariya ||Sarada||Servant of eloor kovilakam
|-
|Manju Satheesh || Ambika||Eloor Thamburan's niece
|-
|Anand Kumar ||Andrews||Ambika's professor /Husband
|-
|Deepika Mohan||Chinnamma || House owner
|-
|Parameshwaran Kurithy||Swami||Swami who saves Devootty
|-
|Mini Sreekumar ||Principal||Kovilakam school in charge
|-
|Hashim Malayil||Amoorthan||Durmanthravadi
|-
|Master Kiran ||Kiran||Devutty's friend
|-
| Devan|| Vasudevan Bhagavathar||Raveendran's music teacher
|-
|Vanchiyoor Praveen Kumar|| Adv Sadashiva Pisharady||Family consultant of Eloor kovilakam
|-
|Daveed John ||Doctor ||At the hospital where devooty was admitted
|-
|Baby Vedika ||Kalyani|| Devooty's friend
|-
|Kalamandalam Sheena||Vimala teacher||Devooty's class teacher
|-
|Arun Hirosh C.S
|rowspan=2|inspector
|rowspan=2|Policemen in Kodungalloor police station
|-
|Sajan Kalady
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt12319134}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Mazhavil Manorama original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]

2014 I-League U19

2025-10-17T05:10:25Z

Victornkd: minor rework content based on references for clarity

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox sports season
| title = 2014 I-League U19
| league = 2014 I-League U19
| sport = [[Association football]]
| logo =
| logo_size = 300px
| duration = 2014
| no_of_teams = 28
| attendance =
| TV =
| season = I-League U19 season
| league_champs = [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]] (2nd title)
| league_champ_name= Champions
| top_scorer = [[Udanta Singh]] ([[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]) (9 goals)
| seasonslist = List of I-League U19 seasons
| seasonslistnames = I-League U19
| prevseason_link = 2013 I-League U20
| prevseason_year = 2013
| nextseason_link = 2014–15 I-League U19
| nextseason_year = 2014–15
}}

The '''2014 I-League U19''' was the sixth season of the Indian '''[[I-League U19]]''' competition. The season ran alongside the [[2013–14 I-League]] season. [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune F.C.]] were defending champions, but were knocked out in zonal stage. [[Tata Football Academy]] won the league.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=13213|title=Tata Academy Win U-19 I-League|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429210006/http://i-league.org/?p=13213|archive-date=29 April 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The League was played in a new format and had 29 teams contest for top honours in a two-tier run to the title. The five zones include, [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Shillong]], [[Goa]] and Rest of [[India]]. The four city-named zones engaged themselves in a home-away format with the winner advancing to the final leg was held in [[Jamshedpur]]. The Rest of [[India]] zone played a single-leg in [[Jamshedpur]] that began on 8 April with the Top 2 advancing. On 8 January 2014 [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers U19]] pulled out from the tournament. The league began on 10 February.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=12177|title=U-19 I-League: Over the Years|date=25 March 2014|work=[[I-League]]|access-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190213/http://i-league.org/?p=12177|archive-date=25 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Final-leg of the [[I-League U19]], which included 6 teams was held in mid-April in [[Jamshedpur]] and played on a single-leg.

==Teams==
{|class=wikitable
!Goa Zone
!Kolkata Zone
!Maharashtra Zone
!Rest of India Zone
!Shillong Zone
|-
|
*[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]
*[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]
*[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar 19]]
*[[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
*[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]
|
*[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]
*[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
*[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]
*[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]
*[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]
*[[United S.C.|United U19]]
|
*[[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF U19]]
*[[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]
*[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]
*[[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]
*[[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]
|
*[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl U19]]
*[[Bengaluru FC Academy|Bengaluru U19]]
*[[Eagles F.C.|Eagles U19]]
*[[Garhwal F.C.|Garhwal U19]]
*[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]]
*[[MP United FC (India)|MP United U19]]
*[[Tata Football Academy|Tata U19]]
|
*[[Green Valley F.C.|Green Valley U19]]
*[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United U19]]
*[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh U19]]
*[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|}

==Group stage==
===Goa Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
!width="20"| Qualification
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left|'''[[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]'''
|8||6||2||0||20||5||+15||'''20''' || Final Round
|-
|align=left| [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]
|8||4||1||2||15||4||+11||'''16'''
|-
|align=left| [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]
|8||4||1||3||9||12||–3||'''13'''
|-
|align=left| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]
|8||1||1||6||9||20||–11||'''4'''
|-
|align=left| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]
|8||0||3||5||5||17||–12||'''3'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Team 1 !! Score!! Team 2
|-
|10/2/14 || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]|| 2–0 || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]
|-
|11/2/14 || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]|| 0–5 || [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|-
|14/2/14 || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]|| 1–3 || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]
|-
|14/2/14 || [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]|| 0–1 || [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|-
|18/2/14 || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]|| 1–2 || [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]
|-
|18/2/14 || [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]|| 1–1 || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]
|-
|21/2/14 || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]|| 0–1 || [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]
|-
|21/2/14 || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]|| 4–0 || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]
|-
|24/2/14 || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]|| 0–1 || [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]
|-
|24/2/14 || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]|| 0–0 || [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|-
|27/2/14 || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]|| 0–3 || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]
|-
|27/2/14 || [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]|| 3–1 || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]
|-
|7/3/14 || [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]|| 5–1 || [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]
|-
|7/3/14 || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]|| 4–0 || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]
|-
|10/3/14 || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]|| 0–1 || [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|-
|10/3/14 || [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]|| 1–1 || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]
|-
|14/3/14 || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]|| 1–1 || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]
|-
|14/3/14 || [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]|| 0–2 || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar U19]]
|-
|19/3/14 || [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa U19]]|| 3–2 || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo U19]]
|-
|19/3/14 || [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]|| 4–2 || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers U19]]
|}

Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140323160845/http://i-league.org/?page_id=10812 I-League]

===Kolkata Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
!width="20"| Qualification
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| '''[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]'''
|10||7||1||2||16||5||+11||'''22''' || Final Round
|-
|align=left| [[United S.C.|United U19]]
|10||6||2||2||17||7||+10||'''20'''
|-
|align=left| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]
|10||4||4||2||14||9||+5||'''16'''
|-
|align=left| [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]
|10||4||1||5||11||14||-3||'''13'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]
|10||3||2||5||11||14||–3||'''11'''
|-
|align=left| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]
|10||1||0||9||8||28||-20||'''3'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Team 1 !! Score!! Team 2
|-
|11/2/14 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]|| 2-0 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]
|-
|11/2/14 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]|| 0-1 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]
|-
|12/2/14 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]|| 2-0 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]
|-
|14/2/14 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]|| 1-1 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]
|-
|14/2/14 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]|| 0-1 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|-
|15/2/14 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]|| 0-2 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]
|-
|18/2/14 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]|| 2-1 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]
|-
|18/2/14 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]|| 3-0 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]
|-
|19/2/14 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]|| 0-0 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]
|-
|21/2/14 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]|| 4-1 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]
|-
|21/2/14 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]|| 0-2 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|-
|22/2/14 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]|| 4-2 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]
|-
|25/2/14 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]] || 1-2 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]
|-
|25/2/14 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]] || 1-2 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|-
|26/2/14 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]] || 2-1 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]
|-
|28/2/14 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]] || 1-0 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]
|-
| 28/2/14 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]] || 0-1 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]
|-
| 1/3/14 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]] || 3–0 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]
|-
|7/3/14 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]|| 0-0 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]
|-
|7/3/14 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]|| 1-0 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]
|-
|8/3/14 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]|| 3–0 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]
|-
|11/3/14 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]|| 1–5 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]
|-
|11/3/14 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]|| 2–2 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]
|-
|14/3/14 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]|| 3–0 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]
|-
|15/3/14 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]|| 0–2 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|-
|15/3/14 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]|| 1–0 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]
|-
|18/3/14 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]|| 2–2 || [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan U19]]
|-
|19/3/14 || [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore U19]]|| 0–1 || [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS U19]]
|-
|19/3/14 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]|| 5–1 || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan U19]]
|-
|20/3/14 || [[United S.C.|United U19]]|| 2-1 || [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|}

Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140319081913/http://i-league.org/?page_id=10667 I-League]

===Maharashtra Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
!width="20"| Qualification
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| '''AIFF Academy'''
|8||7||0||1||26||7||+19||'''21''' || Final Round
|-
|align=left| [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]
|8||5||2||1||18||11||+7||'''17'''
|-
|align=left| [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]
|8||4||0||4||18||17||+1||'''12'''
|-
|align=left| [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]
|8||2||1||5||15||27||-12||'''7'''
|-
|align=left| [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]
|8||0||1||7||5||20||-15||'''1'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Team 1 !! Score!! Team 2
|-
|14/1/14 || [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]|| 1-2 || [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]
|-
|15/1/14 || AIFF Academy|| 4-0 || [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]
|-
|17/1/14 || [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]|| 0-3 || [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]
|-
|18/1/14 || AIFF Academy|| 2-0 || [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]
|-
|20/1/14 || [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]|| 4-1 || [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]
|-
|21/1/14 || [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]|| 2-5 || AIFF Academy
|-
|11/2/14 || AIFF Academy|| 3-1 || [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]
|-
|12/2/14 || [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]|| 1-5 || [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]
|-
|14/2/14 || [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]|| 0-0 || [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]
|-
|18/2/14 || [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]|| 2-1 || [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]
|-
|19/2/14 || [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]|| 0-2 || AIFF Academy
|-
|21/2/14 || [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]|| 4-4 || [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]
|-
|22/2/14 || [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]|| 0-4 || AIFF Academy
|-
|24/2/14 || [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]|| 1-2 || [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]
|-
|24/2/14 || AIFF Academy|| 5-2 || [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]
|-
|28/2/14 || [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]|| 2-1 || AIFF Academy
|-
|1/3/14 || [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]|| 3-1 || [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]
|-
|4/3/14 || Mumbai U19|| 4–1 || Kenkre U19
|-
|7/3/14 || [[PIFA F.C.|PIFA U19]]|| 1-2 || [[Pune F.C. Academy|Pune U19]]
|-
|8/3/14 || [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre U19]]|| 2-4 || [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai U19]]
|}

Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140314062041/http://i-league.org/?page_id=10407 I-League]

===Rest of India Zone===
====Zone A====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
!width="20"| Qualification
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| '''[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]]'''
|3||2||1||0||5||2||+3||'''7''' || Final Round
|-
|align=left| [[Bengaluru FC Academy|Bengaluru U19]]
|3||1||1||1||5||6||–1||'''4'''
|-
|align=left| [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl U19]]
|3||0||2||1||3||4||–1||'''1'''
|-
|align=left| [[Garhwal F.C.|Garhwal U19]]
|3||0||2||1||1||2||–1||'''1'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Team 1 !! Score!! Team 2
|-
|8/4/14 || [[Bengaluru FC Academy|Bengaluru U19]] || style="text-align: center;"|2 – 2 || [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl U19]]
|-
|8/4/14 || [[Garhwal F.C.|Garhwal U19]] || style="text-align: center;"|0 – 0|| [[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]]
|-
|10/4/14 || [[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]] || style="text-align: center;"|2 – 1|| [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl U19]]
|-
|10/4/14 || [[Garhwal F.C.|Garhwal U19]] || style="text-align: center;"|1 – 2 || [[Bengaluru FC Academy|Bengaluru U19]]
|-
|12/4/14 || [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl U19]] || style="text-align: center;"|0 – 0 || [[Garhwal F.C.|Garhwal U19]]
|-
|12/4/14 || [[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]] || style="text-align: center;"| 3 – 1 || [[Bengaluru FC Academy|Bengaluru U19]]
|}

Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080947/http://i-league.org/?page_id=12419 I-League]

====Zone B====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
!width="20"| Qualification
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| '''[[Tata Football Academy|Tata U19]]'''
|2||2||0||0||9||1||+8||'''6''' || Final Round
|-
|align=left| [[MP United FC (India)|MP United U19]]
|1||0||0||1||1||5||–4||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| [[Eagles F.C.|Eagles U19]]
|1||0||0||1||0||4||-4||'''0'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Team 1 !! Score!! Team 2
|-
|9/4/14 || [[Tata Football Academy|Tata U19]] || style="text-align: center;"|4 – 0 || [[Eagles F.C.|Eagles U19]]
|-
|11/4/14 || [[MP United FC (India)|MP United U19]] || style="text-align: center;"|1 – 5 || [[Tata Football Academy|Tata U19]]
|-
|13/4/14 || [[Eagles F.C.|Eagles U19]] || style="text-align: center;"|1 – 1 || [[MP United FC (India)|MP United U19]]
|}

Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080949/http://i-league.org/?page_id=12422 I-League]

===North-East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
!width="20"| Qualification
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| '''[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]'''
|6||6||0||0||15||5||+10||'''18''' || Final Round
|-
|align=left| [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh U19]]
|6||4||0||2||15||4||+11||'''12'''
|-
|align=left| [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United U19]]
|6||1||1||4||10||13||-3||'''4'''
|-
|align=left| [[Green Valley F.C.|Green Valley U19]]
|6||0||1||5||4||2||-18||'''1'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Team 1 !! style="text-align: center;"| Score!! Team 2
|-
|11/2/14 || [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|1-0 || [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United U19]]
|-
|12/2/14 || [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|2-0 || [[Green Valley F.C.|Green Valley U19]]
|-
|18/2/14 || [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|0-1 || [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|-
|19/2/14 || [[Green Valley F.C.|Green Valley U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|0-0 || [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United U19]]
|-
|25/2/14 || [[Green Valley F.C.|Green Valley U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|1-5 || [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh U19]]
|-
|26/2/14 || [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|2-3 || [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|-
|4/3/14 || [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|4-0 || [[Green Valley F.C.|Green Valley U19]]
|-
|5/3/14 || [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|0-2 || [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh U19]]
|-
|11/3/14 || [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|2-0 || [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh U19]]
|-
|12/3/14 || [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|7-1 || [[Green Valley F.C.|Green Valley U19]]
|-
|17/3/14 || [[Green Valley F.C.|Green Valley U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|2-3 || [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|-
|18/3/14 || [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh U19]]|| style="text-align: center;"|5-0 || [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United U19]]
|}

Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140327020303/http://i-league.org/?page_id=10763 I-League]

==Final round==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="30"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
!width="20"| Champions
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA U19]]
|5||4||1||0||12||3||+9||'''13''' || Champions
|-
|align=left| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]

|5||3||3||1||13||5||+8||'''10''' ||
|-
|align=left| [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|5||3||0||2||15||8||+7||'''9''' ||
|-
|align=left| [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|5||2||0||3||9||7||+2||'''6''' ||
|-
|align=left| AIFF Academy

|5||2||0||3||8||12||–4||'''6''' ||
|-
|align=left| [[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]]
|5||0||0||5||3||25||–22||'''0''' ||
|}

Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140423164252/http://i-league.org/?page_id=12901 I-League]

===Round 1===
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=21 April 2014
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|score=0 – 0
|report=
|team2=[[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA U19]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=21 April 2014
|team1=[[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|score=2 – 1
|report=
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|goals1= Garrison {{goal|24}} Jason {{goal|74}}
|goals2= Zodingliana {{goal|64}}
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date= 21 April 2014
|team1= AIFF Academy
|score=2 – 1
|report=
|team2= [[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]]
|goals1= Gill {{goal|74}} [[Malsawmzuala]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2= Johnson {{goal|45}}
|stadium= [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Round 2===
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=23 April 2014
|team1=[[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA U19]]
|score=4 – 1
|report=
|team2=AIFF Academy
|goals1= [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal|5||43||67}} Samrat {{goal|58}}
|goals2=Suman {{goal|65}}
|stadium= [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=23 April 2014
|team1=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]]
|score=1 – 5
|report=
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|goals1=Tilak {{goal|41}}
|goals2= Zodingliana {{goal|12}} [[Redeem Tlang|Tlang]] {{goal|22}} Angaou {{goal|35}} [[Bipin Singh|B. Singh]] {{goal|50||80}}
|stadium= [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date= 23 April 2014
|team1= [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|score=2 – 3
|report=
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|goals1=Jaison {{goal}} Colaco {{goal}}
|goals2=Roy {{goal}} Murmu {{goal}} Somnath {{goal}}
|stadium= [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Round 3===
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=25 April 2014
|team1=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]]
|score=1 – 7
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=13061 Report]
|team2=[[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|goals1= Tilak {{goal|49}}
|goals2= Cardozo {{goal|30||33||61}} Colaco {{goal|44||57||69||82}}
|stadium= [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=25 April 2014
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|score=1 – 2
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=13061 Report]
|team2=[[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA U19]]
|goals1= [[Lalrammuana]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2= [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal|50||69}}
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date= 25 April 2014
|team1= AIFF Academy
|score=3 – 2
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=13061 Report]
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|goals1= Gurshirmat {{goal|15||90+3}} Milan {{goal|41}}
|goals2= Murmu {{goal|34}} Nayek {{goal|36}}
|stadium= [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Round 4===
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=27 April 2014
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|score=2 – 1
|report=[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5632 Report]
|team2=AIFF Academy
|goals1=Rupert Nongrum {{goal|77}} Nim Dorjee Tamang {{goal|16}}
|goals2=Bidyananda Singh {{goal|33|pen.}}
|stadium= [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=27 April 2014
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|score=7 – 0
|report=
|team2=[[Hindustan F.C.|HindustanU19]]
|goals1= Murmu {{goal|32||34||53||78}} Somnath {{goal|50}} Bag {{goal|74}} Sana {{goal|86}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date= 27 April 2014
|team1= [[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|score=1 – 2
|report=
|team2= [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA U19]]
|goals1= Martins {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2= Asil {{goal|72||78}}
|stadium= [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Round 5===
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=29 April 2014
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong U19]]
|score=0 – 1
|report=
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal U19]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Murmu {{goal|18}}
|stadium= [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date=29 April 2014
|team1=[[SESA F.A.|SESA U19]]
|score=3 – 1
|report=
|team2=AIFF Academy
|goals1= Jaison {{goal}} Olvin {{goal}} Estevan {{goal}}
|goals2= Milan {{goal}}
|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox_collapsible
|date= 29 April 2014
|team1= [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA U19]]
|score=4 – 0
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=13213 Report]
|team2= [[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan U19]]
|goals1= [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal|36||39||61||80}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Youth League U18}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2013–14 in Indian football}}

[[Category:2013–14 in Indian football]]
[[Category:I-League U19 seasons]]

Anwar Sadath

2025-09-04T21:22:19Z

Victornkd:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1975)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anwar Sadath
| image = Anwar Sadath MLA.jpg
| caption = Sadath in January 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|02|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]]
| residence = Aluva, Ernakulam
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Aluva]]
| term = 2011–present
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| father = Abdhul Sattar
| mother = Ayesha Beevi
| spouse = Sabeena Sadath
| children = 2
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| website = [http://anwarsadath.in/ Anwar Sadath]
| title = Chief Whip UDF
}}

'''Anwar Sadath''' (born 18 February 1975) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|15th Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anwar Sadath|url=https://www.anwarsadath.in/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=www.anwarsadath.in}}</ref> He is affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]] and represents [[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anwar Sadath MLA|url=http://www.anwarsadath.in/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.anwarsadath.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Anwar Sadath was born on 18 February 1975 as the son of Shri. Abdul Sathar and Smt. Aisha Beevi. He was School Unit President, [[Kerala Students Union|Kerala Student Union]] (KSU) and School Leader. He progressed to become the District Level; Taluk Secretary and District Executive Committee Member of KSU and later on he became the Block Secretary, District Secretary and State Secretary of [[Youth Congress Party|Youth Congress]]. He also became a Member of the Chengamanad Grama Panchayat and Zilla Panchayat, Nedumbassery Division.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/members/anwar_sadath.htm|access-date=2021-05-04|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the 2011 assembly election, he defeated AM Yusuf of the CPI (M). In the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Kerala Assembly election]] he defeated Advocate V. Salim by 18835 votes and was re-elected as an MLA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anwar Sadath: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/anwar-sadath-4181.html|access-date=2021-05-04|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, Anwar Sadath has won from Aluva, defeating [https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/kerala/ar-shelna-nishad-aluva-candidate-s11a076c007/ Ar Shelna Nishad],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aluva, Kerala Assembly election result 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/aluva-kerala-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797684-2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-04|website=India Today|date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and is the Chief Whip of [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (opposition party) 15th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

==References==
<references />
{{Commonscat}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadath, Anwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kochi]]

Doma, Chandrapur

2025-08-13T01:33:37Z

Victornkd: made data.

{{Short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Further|Muktai Waterfall}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Doma''' ({{langx|mr|डोमा}}) is a large village of [[Chimur]] Taluka in [[Chandrapur district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Doma Village Population - Chimur - Chandrapur, Maharashtra |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/540482-doma-maharashtra.html |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Map Taluka: Chimur District: Chandrapur |url=https://mrsac.gov.in/writereaddata/MRSAC/map/15648269995d455d77718baTH_CHP_Chimur.pdf |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=mrsac.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Doma
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| official_name =
| governing_body = Doma Gram Panchayat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} District Chandrapur, Government Of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://chanda.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| population_total = 2,298
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_demonym = Domawashi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics2_info1 = 70.24%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 442903<ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: KHAPARI, Post Doma BO (Chandrapur, Maharashtra) |url=https://pincodearea.in/KHAPARI-Pincode-PO-Doma-BO |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DOMA Pin Code - 442903, Chimur All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search CHANDRAPUR Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/maharashtra/chandrapur/doma-pincode-442903.html |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 278
| settlement_type = Village
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-7170]]
| population_density_km2 = 104
| area_land_ha = 421
| area_total_ha = 1472.95
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.5806693|N|79.5052940|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidharba]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Talukas of Maharashtra|Tahsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chimur]]
| registration_plate = MH-34<ref>{{Cite web |title=MH 34 Chandrapur RTO Code, Office Details, Vehicle Registration Area with Pin Code |url=https://rtocodelist.in/mh-34-registration-area-rto-chandrapur-maharashtra/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=rtocodelist.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 census of India]], there are total 563 families residing in the village Doma. The total population of Doma is 2,298 out of which 1,153 are males and 1,145 are females. The Average Sex Ratio of Doma is 993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=Area, pincode and population of Doma village in Chimur tehsil of Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India based on census of India 2011 |url=http://villageinindia.com/india/maharashtra/chandrapur/chimur/chimur-doma/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Village in India}}</ref>

The population of Children of age 0-6 years in Doma village is 228 which is 10% of the total population. There are 126 male children and 102 female children between the age 0-6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Doma is 810 which is less than Average Sex Ratio (993) of Doma village.<ref name=":0" />

As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Doma is 70.2%. Thus Doma village has lower literacy rate compared to 71.6% of Chandrapur district. The male literacy rate is 74.88% and the female literacy rate is 65.68% in Doma village.<ref name=":0" />

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chandrapur district]]

Dharmaram, Peddapalli district

2025-07-24T23:09:26Z

Victornkd: made a place

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharmaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.736005|N|79.219437|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Peddapalli|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2803_PART_B_DCHB_Peddapalli.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=11 June 2016|pages=12,50|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.78
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11537
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = TS–22
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dharmaram''' is a town in Dharmaram mandal of [[Peddapalli district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Peddapalli district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Peddapalli.pdf |website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=5 March 2016|format=PDF}}{{dead link|date=June 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Telangana}}{{Peddapalli district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Peddapalli district]]

Queen Mary's College, Chennai

2025-07-19T20:03:22Z

Victornkd: update structure per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Government-run college in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| motto = “Common sense and consideration” <ref name="Ramakrishnan 2019">{{cite web | last=Ramakrishnan | first=Venkatesh | title=The birth of Queen Mary’s College and its reluctant, but legendary, principal - - The birth of Queen Mary’s College and its reluctant, but legendary, principal | website=DT next | date=9 Jun 2019 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2019/06/09/the-birth-of-queen-marys-college-and-its-reluctant-but-legendary-principal | access-date=15 Mar 2023}}</ref>
| name = Queen Mary's College
| image = QueenMarysCollege.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Queen Mary's College entrance, as seen from Marina Beach
| established = {{Start date and age|14 July 1914}}
| type =
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 30 acres<ref>{{Cite news | last = Sujatha | first = R. | title = Queen Mary's makeover plan in limbo | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | pages = 3 | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 25 November 2019 | url = https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20191125/281659666888620 | access-date = 29 December 2019}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| faculty =
| Total students=
| mascot =
| principal = B. Uma Maheswari
| founder = [[Dorothy de la Hey]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/16/stories/2003041600070400.htm | title=Trail-blazer in women's education | date=16 April 2003 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=25 May 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Documentation on Women, Children, and Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVzaAAAAMAAJ|access-date=25 May 2018|year=2003|publisher=Sandarbhini, Library and Documentation Centre, All India Association for Christian Higher Education|page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.queenmaryscollege.edu.in/Principalslist.html | title=PRINCIPAL'S LIST QUEEN MARY'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI-4 | publisher=Queen Mary's college | access-date=25 May 2018 | archive-date=25 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133631/http://www.queenmaryscollege.edu.in/Principalslist.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|affiliations= [[University of Madras]]
| campus area =
| website = [http://www.queenmaryscollege.edu.in queenmaryscollege.edu.in]
}}
[[File:Queen-Marys-College-Chennai-Queen-Mary-Statue.JPG|thumb|240px|Bust of Queen Mary (by Nagappa), Queen Mary's College]]
'''Queen Mary's College''' is a government-run college in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Established in 1914, it is the first women's college in the city and the third oldest women's college in India and second-oldest in South India after [[Sarah Tucker College]].
The college is located on junction of Kamarajar Salai and Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai facing the [[Marina Beach]].

==History==
It was founded by [[Dorothy de la Hey]] with the support of the [[List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras|Governor of Madras Presidency]] [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland|Lord Pentland]] in 1914 as Madras College for Women. It was later renamed as Queen Mary's College in 1917. The first three child widows to graduate from South India, Ammukutty, Lakshmi and Parvathy graduated from this college.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madras-miscellany/article7546955.ece | title=Madras miscellany: Three who led the way | publisher=The Hindu | work=[[S. Muthiah]] | date=16 August 2015 | access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Felton2003">{{cite book|author=Monica Felton|title=A Child Widow's Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTTmLnroQEC&pg=PA171|access-date=25 May 2018|year=2003|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-87649-91-5|pages=171–}}</ref> Originally the residence of Lt Col Francis Capper in the mid-19th century, the building later housed a hotel before becoming a college in 1914. Known as the Capper House, the building was preserved as a heritage building. The college grew significantly under [[Dorothy de la Hey]] with many new buildings: Pentland House, Stone House and Jeypore House being built, and by 1923 Science subjects were also taught here. Physics and Chemistry laboratories were also built. In 1928, it was the first college in India to offer a two-year intermediate course in Indian music and in 1930 the music department was formally opened.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Melody-on-the-Marina/article14983720.ece | title=Melody on the Marina | publisher=The Hindu | work=Suganthy Krishnamachari | date=15 September 2016 | access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Queen-Marys-College-the-home-of-musicians-on-song/articleshow/45755468.cms | title=Queen Mary's College, the home of musicians, on song | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=B Sivakumar | date=5 January 2015 | access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> By the time [[Dorothy de la Hey]] left in 1936 the college had grown significantly.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madrass-first-womens-college/article5617593.ece | title=Madras's first women's college | publisher=The Hindu | work=S. Muthiah | date=26 January 2014 | access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> Capper House was later demolished to construct a new administrative office for the college known as the Kalaignar Maaligai, which was inaugurated in July 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/one-hundred-years-of-fortitude/article5901785.ece | title=One hundred years of fortitude | publisher=The Hindu | work=Anusha Parthasarathy | date=11 April 2014 | access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kalaignar-Maaligai-unveiled-in-Queen-Marys-college/articleshow/6202988.cms?referral=PM | title=Kalaignar Maaligai unveiled in Queen Mary's college | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 July 2010 | access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> After her, Miss Myers became the Principal till 1946. The first Indian Principal was [[Nallamuthu Ramamurthi]].

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=College
|NIRF_C_2022=47}}
The college is ranked 71st among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Yashodhara Dasappa]], politician, [[Padma Bhushan]] receipt
* [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], freedom fighter, [[Padma Vibhusan]] recipient
*[[Indira Joseph Venniyoor]], [[All India Radio]] broadcaster
* [[Janaki Ammal]], scientist
* [[Lakshmi Sahgal]], freedom fighter
* [[Charumathi Ramachandran]], musician
* [[Nimi McConigley]], first Indian American women to serve in any American State legislature
* [[Vani Jairam]], musician
* [[Anuradha Sriram]], musician
* [[M. Narmadha]], musician
* [[A. Kanyakumari]], musician
* [[R. Sivabhogam]], first women chartered accountant in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|13.0451|80.2791|display=title}}

[[Category:Arts and Science colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:1914 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1914]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Madras]]

Sudhir Srivastava

2025-07-15T04:48:52Z

Victornkd: refined content and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhir Srivastava
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Scientist]]
| known_for =
}}
'''Sudhir Srivastava''' is chief of the Cancer Biomarkers Research Group of the Division of Cancer Prevention at the United States [[National Cancer Institute|NCI]].<ref name=DCP>{{cite web|url=http://dcp.cancer.gov/about/staff/srivastava-sudhir|title=Division of Cancer Prevention Staff: Sudhir Srivastava|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130626171858/http://dcp.cancer.gov/about/staff/srivastava-sudhir|archivedate=2013-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prevention.cancer.gov/about/staff/cb|title=Cancer Biomarkers Research Group|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008101346/http://prevention.cancer.gov/about/staff/cb|archivedate=2012-10-08}}</ref> Srivastava has held this position since 2000. He is a co-author of the Bethesda Guidelines for the diagnosis of [[Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer]] (HNPCC).<ref name=DCP/>

Srivastava is an elected member of the [[American Joint Committee on Cancer]] (AJCC), responsible for developing cancer staging criteria, and serves on the AJCC Executive Committee and the All Ireland-NCI Consortium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allirelandnci.com/Results.aspx|title=All Ireland-NCI Consortium}}</ref> Srivastava is a founding member of [[HUPO]], participated in the Plasma Proteome and the Liver Proteome Projects, and supported several HUPO-supported initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hupo.org/research/psi/people.asp|title=HUPO-supported initiatives|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130415091638/http://www.hupo.org/research/psi/people.asp|archivedate=2013-04-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|
refs=
1. "[http://www.indiaroboticsurgery.com/pages?cname=chairmans-profile.]"

2. "[http://prevention.cancer.gov/about/staff/cb.]"

3. "[http://www.ucsf.edu/.]"

4. "[http://www.allirelandnci.com/Results.aspx.]"

5. "[http://www.hupo.org/research/psi/people.asp.]"

6. "[https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/.]"

}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, Sudhir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American medical researchers]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Virginia Commonwealth University alumni]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, San Francisco faculty]]
[[Category:University of Arizona faculty]]
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

To the Fourth of July

2025-05-22T19:05:37Z

Victornkd: Created initial info v1

{{short description|1898 poem by Swami Vivekananda}}
{{italic title}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox poem
|name = ''To the Fourth of July''
|image = Swami Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = 
|author =  [[Swami Vivekananda]]
|original_title = 
|translator = 
|first =  December 1898
|illustrator = 
|cover_artist = 
|country = India
|language = English
|series = 
|subject = 
|genre = 
|publisher = 
|publication_date = 
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"'''To the Fourth of July'''" is an English poem written by Indian monk and social reformer [[Swami Vivekananda]]. Vivekananda wrote the poem on 4 July 1898 on the anniversary of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|United States' independence]].<ref name="Sarup">{{cite book|title=Studies in Indian Poetry in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aLEGhrJNkQC&pg=PA25|access-date=31 May 2013|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-265-2|page=25}}</ref><ref name="Banhatti1995">{{cite book|author=Gopal Shrinivas Banhatti|title=Life And Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jK5862eV7_EC&pg=PA239|access-date=31 May 2013|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-291-6|page=239}}</ref>

In this poem, Vivekananda praised and glorified liberty, and the poem is described as a passionate utterance of his powerful longing for freedom. Coincidentally, Vivekananda himself died on 4 July 1902.<ref name="Badrinath2006">{{cite book|author=Chaturvedi Badrinath|title=Swami Vivekananda: The Living Vedanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC&pg=PA409|access-date=31 May 2013|year=2006|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306209-7|page=409}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{See also|Swami Vivekananda#Back in India (1897–1899)|label 1=Swami Vivekananda Back in India}}
In 1893, Vivekananda went to the United States to represent India and Hinduism in the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]]. After getting overwhelming success in the Parliament, from 1893 to 1897 he travelled through the United States and England, and gave a series of lectures on religion and [[Vedanta]]. He returned to India in 1897 and travelled extensively there between 1897 and 1899, visiting many states.

In 1898, he went to [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], where he stayed on a houseboat on [[Dal Lake]]. While travelling in Kashmir with some American and English disciples, Vivekananda wrote this poem on 4 July 1898, as a part of a celebration of the anniversary of the United States' independence and asked it be read aloud during that day's breakfast.<ref name="Regarding Swami's death">{{cite web|title=Regarding Swami's death|url=http://www.vivekananda.net/Biographical/JulyFourth.html|publisher=Vivekananda.net|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="ikashmir Poems written by Vivekananda">{{cite web|title=Poems written by Vivekananda|url=http://ikashmir.net/chanderbhat/svpoems.html|publisher=ikashmir|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=Vedantadc>{{cite web|title=To the Fourth of July poem|url=http://vedantadc.org/to-the-fourth-of-july|publisher=Vedantadc|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref>

== Poem ==
'''''To The Fourth of July''''' (excerpt)
<poem>
Behold, the dark clouds melt away,
That gathered thick at night, and hung
So like a gloomy pall above the earth!
Before thy magic touch, the world
Awakes. The birds in chorus sing.
The flowers raise their star-like crowns—
Dew-set, and wave thee welcome fair.
The lakes are opening wide in love
Their hundred thousand lotus-eyes
To welcome thee, with all their depth.
All hail to thee, thou Lord of Light!
</poem>
* Read '''[[:wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Writings: Prose and Poems/To The Fourth of July|the full poem]]''' at [[Wikisource]]

== Theme ==
[[File:Swami Vivekananda Kashmir Houseboat 1898.jpg|thumb|right|Swami Vivekananda in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] in 1898.]]
The poem addresses and glorifies America's liberty. In the poem, Vivekananda used two different words: "freedom" and "liberty". The poem reflects the poet's powerful urge for liberty, and it has been described as a passionate utterance of his powerful longing for freedom.<ref name=Banhatti1995 /><ref name="Swami Vivekananda in Kashmir">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda in Kashmir|url=http://vitasta.org/2002/1.1.html|publisher=Viasta, Kashmir Sabha|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> According to author Carebanu Cooper though, Vivekananda addressed the Fourth of July in this poem, but the poem presented "a blending of the concrete and the abstract responses to a national event and to eternal concepts."<ref name="ikashmir Poems written by Vivekananda" />

In this poem, Vivekananda beholds the dark clouds are melting away, and a new day has come – a day of liberty. He also gives a detailed description of the bright new day.<ref name=Vedantadc /> In the last lines of the poem, he prays for "freedom" for every country, every man and woman of the earth.<ref name=Sarup />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:1898 poems]]
[[Category:Independence Day (United States)]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Works by Swami Vivekananda]]