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Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai

2023-10-06T18:23:20Z

VictoriaMichels: New show

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| related =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Manasi Joshi Roy]]|[[Himanshu Soni]]|[[Navika Kotia]]|Lakshya Khurana}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 19 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Guroudev Bhallan
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = Guroudev Bhalla Productions Pvt. Ltd.
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|09|18}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Kyunki Saas Maa Beti Bahu Hoti Hai''''' ({{translation|Because a mother-in-law is a mother, daughter-in-law and daughter too}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama television series that premiered on 18 September 2023 on [[Zee TV]]. It streams digitally on [[Zee5]]. Produced by Guroudev Bhallan under Guroudev Bhallan Productions, it stars [[Manasi Joshi Roy]], [[Navika Kotia]], [[Himanshu Soni]] and Lakshya Khurana.

==Plot==
Ambika is the eldest daughter-in-law of the wealthy Rajgaur family. She adopts a girl, Kesar, when the youngest daughter-in-law, Hetal, asks for separation in the family and says a daughter-in-law is never treated as a daughter. So, Ambika vows to prove her wrong. She pledges to raise Kesar as her daughter-in-law, who will eventually marry her son Suraj. She sends Suraj to [[London]] to keep him away from Kesar.

'''12 years later'''

Kesar has grown into a mischievous young girl who lacks discipline while Ambika tries to teach her moral values so that she can save the family from breaking up in the future.

'''8 years later'''

Kesar has grown into a lovely young woman who takes care of everyone in the family, despite receiving criticism. Suraj returns from London and agrees to marry Kesar to fulfill his mother's pledge.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Manasi Joshi Roy]] as Ambika Rajgaur: Dheeran's widow; Suraj's mother; Kesar's adoptive mother
* [[Navika Kotia]] as Kesar Rajgaur: Ambika's adoptive daughter; Suraj's fiancée; Kabir's friend
** Sarah Killedar as Young Kesar Rajgaur
* Lakshya Khurana as Suraj Rajgaur: Ambika and Dheeran's son; Kesar's fiancé
** Swastik Tiwari as Young Suraj
* [[Himanshu Soni]] as Kabir: Shakuntala's son; Kesar's friend
** Het Thakkar as Young Kabir

===Recurring===
* Ashutosh Singh as Praveen Rajgaur: Leela's second son; Dheeran, Jinesh and Jayati's brother; Jinal's husband; Riddhi's father
* Vibhuti Thakur as Jinal Rajgaur: Praveen's wife; Riddhi's mother
* Akshy Mishra as Jinesh Rajgaur: Leela's third son; Dheeran, Praveen and Jayati's brother; Hetal's husband
* Dolphin Dubey aa Hetal Rajgaur: Jignesh's wife
* Ekta Saraiya as Jayati Rajgaur: Leena's daughter; Dheeran, Praveen and Jignesh's sister
* Ayush Shrivastava as Ansh
* Sonal Singh as Bhakti
* Priyamvada Pandey as Shakuntala: Kabir's mother
* Sweetu Panjwani as Riddhi Rajguru: Praveen and Jinal's daughter
** Riyanshi Ticku as Young Riddhi Rajguru
* Nitin Vakharia
* Harsh Patel as Jigni
* Prabhjyot Gujral

==Production==
===Development===
''Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai'' is produced by Guroudev Bhallan for [[Zee TV]]. The show is a fresh take on the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationship. The series is based in [[Gujarat]]. [[Manasi Joshi Roy]] helped [[Navika Kotia]] with the Gujarati dialect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/manasi-joshi-roy-turns-gujarati-teacher-navika-kotia-sets-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai/|title=Manasi Joshi Roy turns Gujarati teacher for Navika Kotia on the sets of Kyunki… Saas Maa, Bahu Beti Hoti Hai|access-date=2023-09-15|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Manasi Joshi Roy]] was cast as Ambika,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manasi-joshi-roy-to-play-a-pivotal-part-in-family-drama-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai-says-ambika-rajgaur-is-really-unique-and-her-thoughts-and-actions-are-path-breaking/articleshow/102839312.cms|title=Manasi Joshi Roy on family drama Kyunki... Saas Maa, Bahu Beti Hoti Hai - Ambika Rajgaur is really unique, and her thoughts and actions are path-breaking|access-date=2023-08-18|work=Times of India}}</ref> and [[Navika Kotia]] was cast as Kesar, marking her first project as a lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/navika-kotia-talks-about-her-comeback-project-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai-546325|title=Navika Kotia talks about her comeback project, Kyunki...Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai|access-date=2023-09-21|work=Tribune India}}</ref> [[Himanshu Soni]] was cast as the male lead, Kabeer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/himanshu-soni-joins-kyunkisaas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai-actor-says-it-will-be-fun-to-play-a-raw-desi-character/amp_articleshow/103863011.cms|title=Himanshu Soni joins Kyunki…Saas Maa, Bahu Beti Hoti Hai; actor says, 'It will be fun to play a raw, desi character|access-date=2023-09-22|work=Times of India}}</ref>

Dolphin Dubey as Hetal, Ekta Saraiya as Jayati, Vibhuti Thakur and Akshy Mishra were cast in other prominent roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dolphin-dubey-to-play-a-materialistic-bahu-in-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai-says-playing-this-practical-character-requires-me-to-switch-off-my-true-self-and-turn-manipulative/amp_articleshow/102939644.cms|title=Dolphin Dubey to play a materialistic bahu in Zee TV's Kyunki… Saas Maa, Bahu Beti Hoti Hai|access-date=2023-08-22|work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/ekta-saraiya-will-be-seen-in-zee-tvs-show-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai-she-talks-to-us-about-her-dreams-read-on%25E2%2580%25A6-543588|title=Ekta Saraiya will be seen in Zee TV's show Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai. She talks to us about her dreams|access-date=2023-09-12|work=Tribune India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vibhuti-thakur-joins-manasi-joshi-roy-in-kyunki-saas-bahu-maa-beti-hoti-hai/amp_articleshow/102571323.cms|title=Vibhuti Thakur joins Manasi Joshi Roy in Kyunki...Saas Maa, Bahu Beti Hoti Hai|access-date=2023-08-20|work=Times of India}}</ref> Mishra returns to TV after seven years with the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshy-mishra-returns-to-tv-after-seven-years-with-kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai/amp_articleshow/103752467.cms|title=Akshy Mishra returns to TV after seven years with Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai|access-date=2023-09-19|work=Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
[https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/kyunki-saas-maa-bahu-beti-hoti-hai/0-6-4z5423205 ''Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai'' on ZEE5]

{{Zee TV Programmes}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

MSN

2023-10-05T12:59:05Z

VictoriaMichels: MSN

{{short description|Collection of Internet sites}}
{{About|the website and apps|the Internet service provider|MSN Dial-up|other uses|MSN (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox website
| logo = 2015 MSN logo.svg
| screenshot = File:MSN web screenshot.png
| caption = Current home page in February 2023
| url = {{URL|https://www.msn.com}}
| commercial = Mixed
| type = [[Web portal]]
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[Microsoft]]
| name = MSN
| area_served = Worldwide
| language =
| programming_language = [[ASP.NET]]<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web|url=http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title=Top 40 Website Programming Languages |work=roadchap.com |author=Roger Chapman |access-date=September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927184557/http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date=September 27, 2011 }}</ref>
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1995|8|24}}
| current_status = Active
}}

'''MSN''' (meaning '''Microsoft Network''') is a [[web portal]] and related collection of [[Internet]] services and [[Mobile app|apps]] for [[Windows]] and [[mobile devices]], provided by [[Microsoft]] and launched on August 24, 1995, alongside the release of [[Windows 95]].<ref name="about-timeline">{{cite web |url=http://webtrends.about.com/od/profi3/p/Microsoft-bio.htm |title=Microsoft timeline and profile |publisher=[[About.com]] Web Trends |access-date=May 1, 2012 |archive-date=June 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619222134/http://webtrends.about.com/od/profi3/p/Microsoft-bio.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[MSN Dial-up|The Microsoft Network]] was initially a subscription-based [[dial-up]] [[online service]] that later became an [[Internet service provider]] named [[MSN Dial-up]]. At the same time, the company launched a new web portal named '''Microsoft Internet Start''' and set it as the first default [[home page]] of [[Internet Explorer]], its [[web browser]]. In 1998, Microsoft renamed and moved this web portal to the [[domain name]] '''www.msn.com''', where it has remained.<ref name="msn96ecom">{{cite web | url=http://ecommerce.hostip.info/pages/734/Microsoft-Network-MSN-MSN-WORKS-FIND-ITS-FOCUS.html | title=MSN works to find its focus | access-date=August 7, 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606060442/http://ecommerce.hostip.info/pages/734/Microsoft-Network-MSN-MSN-WORKS-FIND-ITS-FOCUS.html | archive-date=June 6, 2007 }}</ref>

In addition to its original MSN Dial-up service, Microsoft has used the 'MSN' brand name for [[list of services by MSN|a wide variety of products and services]] over the years, notably [[Hotmail]] (later [[Outlook.com]]), [[Windows Live Messenger|Messenger]] (which was once synonymous with 'MSN' in [[Internet slang]] and has now been replaced by [[Skype]]), and its [[web search engine]], which is now [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]], and [[list of services by MSN|several other rebranded and discontinued services]].

The current website and suite of apps offered by MSN was first introduced by Microsoft in 2014 as part of a complete redesign and relaunch.<ref name="msn2014relaunch">{{cite news |last=Bishop|first=Todd |date=September 30, 2014 |title=MSN's rebirth brings Microsoft's new approach into focus |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2014/msns-rebirth-brings-microsofts-new-approach-focus|newspaper=GeekWire|access-date=October 1, 2014 }}</ref> MSN is based in the United States and offers international versions of its portal for dozens of countries around the world.<ref name="msnworldwide">{{cite web |title=MSN Worldwide |website=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/msn-worldwide|access-date=April 10, 2015 }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Microsoft Internet Start ===
[[File:MSN.com screenshot August 24, 1995.jpg|thumb|MSN.com on its initial launch day, August 24, 1995]]
[[File:Msncom-1996.png|thumb|MSN.com in October 1996, with the logo used from 1995 to 1998]]

From 1995 to 1998, the MSN.com domain was used by Microsoft primarily to promote MSN as an online service and Internet service provider. At the time, MSN.com also offered a custom start page and an Internet tutorial, but Microsoft's major [[web portal]] was known as "Microsoft Internet Start", and was located at [https://web.archive.org/web/19980127131339/http://home.microsoft.com/ home.microsoft.com].

Internet Start served as the default [[home page]] for Internet Explorer and offered basic information such as news, weather, sports, stocks, entertainment reports, links to other websites on the Internet, articles by Microsoft staff members, and software updates for Windows. Microsoft's original news website, https://msnbc.com (now [[NBCNews.com]]), which launched in 1996, was also tied closely to the Internet Start portal.

=== MSN.com ===
In 1998, the largely underutilized 'MSN.com' [[domain name]] was combined with Microsoft Internet Start and reinvented as both a [[web portal]] and as the brand for a family of sites produced inside Microsoft's Interactive Media Group. The new website put MSN in direct competition with sites such as [[Yahoo!]], [[Excite (web portal)|Excite]], and [[Go Network]]. Because the new format opened up MSN's content to the world for free, the Internet service provider and subscription service were renamed to MSN Internet Access at that time. (That service eventually became known as MSN Dial-up.)<ref name="msn96ecom" />

The relaunched MSN.com contained a whole family of sites, including original content, channels that were carried over from 'web shows' that were part of Microsoft's [[MSN Dial-up#MSN 2.0|MSN 2.0]] experiment with [[MSN Dial-up|its Internet service provider]] in 1996–97, and new features that were rapidly added. MSN.com became the successor to the default Internet Explorer start page, as all of the previous 'Microsoft Internet Start' website was merged with MSN.com.<ref name="msn96ecom" />

Some of the original websites that Microsoft launched during that era remain active in some form today. Microsoft Investor, a [[Business journalism|business news]] and [[investments]] service that was once produced in conjunction with [[CNBC]], is now MSN Money;<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cnbc-on-msn-moneys-stockscouter-celebrates-two-year-track-record-of-outperforming-standard--poors-500-70756152.html |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |title=CNBC on MSN Money's StockScouter Celebrates Two-Year Track Record Of Outperforming Standard & Poor's 500 |date=July 8, 2003 |access-date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220123414/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cnbc-on-msn-moneys-stockscouter-celebrates-two-year-track-record-of-outperforming-standard--poors-500-70756152.html |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/msn-money-same-microsoft-money-20698.html |publisher=[[AZ Central]] |title=Is MSN Money the Same as Microsoft Money? |date=December 5, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.msn.com/investing/an-epic-bear-market-is-coming/ |publisher=[[MSN Money]] |title=Savings and investing – MSN Money |date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=October 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913104243/http://money.msn.com/investing/an-epic-bear-market-is-coming/ |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> CarPoint, an [[automobile]] comparison and shopping service, is now MSN Autos; and the Internet Gaming Zone, a website offering online [[casual games]], is now [[MSN Games]]. Other websites since divested by Microsoft include the travel website [[Expedia]], the online magazine [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]], and the local event and city search website [[Sidewalk.com]].

In the late 1990s, Microsoft collaborated with many other service providers, as well as other Microsoft departments, to expand the range of MSN's services. Some examples include [[Bing Ads|MSN adCenter]], [[MSN Shopping]] (affiliated with [[eBay]], [[PriceGrabber]] and [[Shopping.com]]), and the [[Encarta]] encyclopedia with various levels of access to information.

Since then, MSN.com has remained a popular destination, launching many new services and content sites. MSN's [[Hotmail]] and [[Microsoft Messenger service|Messenger]] services were promoted from the MSN.com portal, which provided a central place for all of MSN's content. [[MSN Search]] (now Bing), a dedicated [[Web search engine|search engine]], launched in 1999. The single sign-in service for Microsoft's online services, [[Microsoft account|Microsoft Passport]] (now [[Microsoft account]]), also launched across all MSN services in 1999. The MSN.com portal and related group of services under the 'MSN' umbrella remained largely the same in the early 2000s.

The sports section of the MSN portal was [[ESPN.com]] from 2001 to 2004, and [[FoxSports.com]] from 2004 to 2014.<ref>[http://www.ciol.com/ciol/news/112941/espncom-msn-tie-online-sports-coverage ESPN.com, MSN tie up for online sports coverage] – CIOL, September 8, 2001</ref><ref>[http://news.cnet.com/Game-on-for-MSN,-FoxSports-site/2100-1026-5250774.html Game on for MSN, Fox Sports site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307155040/http://www.cnet.com/game-on-for-msn,-foxsports-site/2100-1026-5250774.html |date=March 7, 2016 }} – CNET, June 28, 2004</ref> MSN had an exclusive partnership with [[MSNBC.com]] for news content from 1996 until 2012, when Microsoft sold its remaining stake in msnbc.com to [[NBCUniversal]] and the website was renamed [[NBCNews.com]]. Since then, MSN has launched 'MSN News', an in-house news operation.<ref name="msnbcnbc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/business/media/msnbccom-renamed-nbcnewscom-as-microsoft-and-nbc-divorce.html?_r=0 |title=Microsoft and NBC Complete Web Divorce |access-date=July 21, 2014 | work=[[New York Times]] |date=July 15, 2012}}</ref>

As of May 2005, MSN.com was the second most visited portal website in the United States with a share of 23.2 percent, behind [[Yahoo!]] which held a majority.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 27, 2005|title=Hitwise Search Engine Ratings: May 2005|url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2005/06/27/hitwise-search-engine-ratings-may-2005/|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=Search Engine Watch|language=en-US}}</ref>

MSN released a preview of an updated home page and logo on November 3, 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/preview.aspx?vv=700 |title=Hotmail, Messenger, nieuws en entertainment vind je op MSN.nl |publisher=Msn.com |date=December 31, 1999 |access-date=May 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107091327/http://www.msn.com/preview.aspx?vv=700 |archive-date=November 7, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was originally expected to be widely available to over 100 million U.S. customers by early 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2009/nov09/11-03MSNPreview.mspx |title=Microsoft Announces New Logo and Site Design |publisher=Microsoft.com |date=November 3, 2009 |access-date=May 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neowin.net/news/main/09/11/04/msn-unveils-new-look-home-page |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906022037/http://www.neowin.net/news/main/09/11/04/msn-unveils-new-look-home-page |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |title=MSN.com Preview |publisher=Neowin.net |access-date=May 1, 2012 }}</ref> MSN rolled out the newer logo, together with a redesign of the overall website, on December 25, 2009.<ref name="msnnewlogo">{{cite web | url=http://www.istartedsomething.com/20091028/say-hello-new-msn-butterfly-logo/ | title=Say hello to the new MSN butterfly | date=October 27, 2009 | access-date=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref name="redesign">{{Cite news |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2355286,00.asp |title=PCMag.com: Microsoft Integrates Twitter Into MSN Redesign |access-date=November 5, 2009 | work=PC Magazine |first=Michael |last=Muchmore |date=November 4, 2009}}</ref>

In 2012, MSN announced on its blog that it would be unveiling a new version of the MSN.com [[home page]] on October 26, exclusively for [[Windows 8]], saying that the new version would be "clean, simple, and built for touch".<ref>{{cite web|last=MSN Team|title=The All New MSN for Windows 8|url=http://msnblog.msn.com/blogpost.aspx?post=64eb3e22-271b-4424-a5ce-475435a93d56|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003234009/http://msnblog.msn.com/blogpost.aspx?post=64eb3e22-271b-4424-a5ce-475435a93d56|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 3, 2012|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> Microsoft said it would be more app-like due to the speed of [[Internet Explorer 10]]. More new features included 'Flip Ahead', which allowed users to swipe from one article to the next. MSN for Windows 8 also had new deals with the [[Associated Press|AP]] and [[Reuters]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|title=Microsoft Overhauls MSN for Windows 8, IE10|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2410420,00.asp|publisher=PC Magazine|access-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref>

=== Rebranding of services ===
{{Main|Windows Live}}
Many of [[List of services by MSN|MSN's services]] were reorganized in 2005 and 2006 under a new brand name that Microsoft championed at the time, Windows Live. This move was part of Microsoft's strategy to improve its online offerings using the [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] brand name. The company also overhauled its online [[software]] and services due to increasing competition from rivals such as Yahoo! and [[Google]]. The new name was introduced one service at a time. The group of Windows Live services used [[Web 2.0]] technology to offer features and functionality through a web browser that were traditionally only available through dedicated software programs.

Some of the MSN services affected by the rebranding included [[MSN Hotmail]], which became [[Windows Live Hotmail]] (now [[Outlook.com]]); [[MSN Messenger]], which became [[Windows Live Messenger]] (now integrated into [[Skype]]); [[MSN Search]], which became [[Live Search]] (now known as Bing); [[MSN Virtual Earth]], which became [[Live Search Maps]] (now [[Bing Maps]]); [[MSN Spaces]], which became [[Windows Live Spaces]]; [[MSN Alerts]], which became [[Windows Live Alerts]]; and [[MSN Groups]], which became [[Windows Live Groups]]. Some other services, such as [[MSN Direct]], remained a part of the MSN family without transitioning to Windows Live.

Following the launch of Windows Live, the MSN brand took on a different focus. MSN became primarily an online content provider of news, entertainment, and common interest topics through its web portal, MSN.com, while Windows Live provided most of Microsoft's online software and services. In 2012, Microsoft began to phase out the Windows Live brand, referring to each service separately by its individual brand name without any 'Windows' prefix or association.<ref name="windowslivedone">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/05/02/cloud-services-for-windows-8-and-windows-phone-windows-live-reimagined.aspx |title=Cloud services for Windows 8 and Windows Phone: Windows Live, reimagined |publisher=[[MSDN]] |date=May 2, 2012 |access-date=July 21, 2014}}</ref>

=== Subsequent redesign ===
Microsoft launched a completely rewritten and redesigned MSN website, making use of the company's [[Metro (design language)|modern design language]], on September 30, 2014.<ref name="msn2014relaunch" /> The new MSN portal features a new version of the logo that follows a style similar to other current Microsoft products. The website no longer offers original content, instead of employing editors to repurpose existing content from partners at popular and trusted organizations. Much of the existing content on MSN was eliminated as the website was simplified into a new [[home page]] and categories, some of which have [[#Apps|corresponding apps]]:<ref>{{cite news|last=Whitney|first=Lance|title=Microsoft unveils MSN makeover, rebranded apps|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/microsoft-unveils-msn-makeover-rebranded-apps/|newspaper=CNET|date=September 30, 2014}}</ref>

* '''News''': The latest news headlines and articles from a variety of hand-picked sources. Synced with the [[#News|News]] app.
* '''Weather''': Current weather conditions, forecasts, maps, news, and traffic. Synced with the [[#Weather|Weather]] app.
* '''Entertainment''': TV, movies, music, and celebrity news, as well as theater showtimes, tickets, and TV listings. Based on the former [[Bing (search engine)#Search products|Bing Entertainment]] service. Also includes the [[MSN Games]] website for online casual games.
* '''Sports''': Up-to-the-minute scores, standings, and headlines from leagues worldwide. Synced with the [[#Sports|Sports]] app.
* '''Money''': Stock market tickers and watchlists, personal finance, real estate, investments, currency converter, and more. Synced with the [[#Money|Money]] app.
* '''Lifestyle''': Headlines, features, and other content related to style, home & garden, family, smart living, relationships, and horoscopes.
* '''Health & Fitness''': Tools and information about weight loss, strength, exercise, nutrition, medicine, and more.
* '''Food & Drink''': Recipes, cooking tips, news from chefs, cocktails, and shopping lists.
* '''Travel''': Destinations, trip ideas, hotel search, flight search, flight status, and arrivals and departures. Previously based on [[#Travel|Farecast]].
* '''Autos''': Research and buying advice, auto-related news, information for enthusiasts, and coverage of auto shows worldwide.<ref name=OPPOSITELOCK>{{cite news|last=M.|first=Atlas|title=MSN Autos is back! (sort of)|url=http://oppositelock.jalopnik.com/msn-autos-is-back-sort-of-1654793876|newspaper=Opposite Lock|date=May 11, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-date=February 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216152116/http://oppositelock.jalopnik.com/msn-autos-is-back-sort-of-1654793876|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Video''': Trending and viral videos, comedy and pop culture, and videos from other MSN categories. Integrates with video search from [[Bing Videos]].

The top of the home page provides access to Microsoft services [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]], [[Outlook.com]], [[Skype]], [[Office Online]], [[OneNote]], [[OneDrive]], [[Bing Maps]], and [[Groove Music]], as well as popular [[social media]] services [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]].<ref name="msn2014relaunch" /> Signing into MSN with a [[Microsoft account]] allows for personalized content to appear and to be synchronized across devices on the website and in the [[#Current suite of apps|corresponding apps]]. The redesign of the website led to the closure of MSN's longtime personalized home page service 'My MSN', which was made up of customized [[RSS feeds]], as the new website no longer supports user-specified RSS content. However, it added some customizability, allowing each category on the home page to be reordered or hidden.

With the 2014 relaunch, MSN now supports [[Responsive web design|responsive design]] and eliminates the need for a separate [[mobile website]]. The redesign of MSN proved positive and helped increase traffic with an additional 10 million daily visitors after two months.<ref name=WindowsOnBeta>{{cite news|last=Finney|first=Joseph|title=How has Microsoft's redesign of MSN.com affected daily site traffic?|url=http://www.winbeta.org/news/how-has-microsofts-redesign-msncom-affected-daily-site-traffic|newspaper=WinBeta|date=November 19, 2014}}</ref>

In 2022, Microsoft began phasing out MSN for Microsoft Start, with news pages being moved to Start, and ads for the website appearing on the homepage. The homepage is the only element of the site that is still intact.

== Apps ==
{{Infobox software
| name = Microsoft Start
| logo =
| logo size = 56
| screenshot =
| screenshot size = 240
| caption = Microsoft News [[widget]] on [[Windows 11]]
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2012|10|26}}
| operating system = [[Web platform]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| genre = [[News aggregator]]
| website = *{{URL|https://www.msn.com/feed|Official website}}
*{{URL|https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFHVFW|Download in Microsoft Store}}
*{{URL|https://twitter.com/microsoftnews|Official Twitter Page}}
}}
{{Infobox software
| name = MSN Weather
| logo = MS Weather.svg
| logo size = 56
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| screenshot =
| screenshot size = 240
| caption = MSN Weather [[widget]] on [[Windows 11]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2012|10|26}}
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| website = *{{URL|https://msn.com/weather|Official website}}
*{{URL|https://microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFJ3Q2|Download in Microsoft Store}}
*{{URL|https://twitter.com/msnweather|Official Twitter Page}}
}}
{{Infobox software
| name = MSN Sports
| logo = MS Sports.svg
| logo size = 56
| screenshot =
| screenshot size = 240
| caption = MSN Sports [[widget]] on [[Windows 11]]
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2012|10|26}}
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| website = *{{URL|https://msn.com/sports|Official website}}
*{{URL|https://twitter.com/MSNSports|Official Twitter Page}}
}}
{{Infobox software
| name = MSN Money
| logo = MS Money.svg
| logo size = 56
| screenshot =
| screenshot size = 240
| caption = MSN Money [[widget]] on [[Windows 11]]
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2012|10|26}}
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| website = *{{URL|https://msn.com/money|Official website}}
*{{URL|https://microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFHV4V|Download in Microsoft Store}}
*{{URL|https://twitter.com/msn_money|Official Twitter Page}}
}}

The MSN [[web app|web-based apps]] provides users information from sources that publish to MSN.{{Infobox software
| title = MSN Esports
| logo = MS Esports.svg
| logo size = 64
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2020|10|22}}
| website = *{{URL|https://www.msn.com/en-us/esports|Official website}}
*{{URL|https://twitter.com/MSN_Esports|Official twitter page}}
*{{URL|https://www.reddit.com/r/MSN_Esports|Official Reddit Forum}}
}}

Microsoft launched these apps along with the 2014 redesign of the MSN web portal, rebranding many of the [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]] apps that originally shipped with [[Windows 8|Windows]] and [[Windows Phone]]. News, Weather, Sports, Money, and Travel first shipped with [[Windows 8]], while Health & Fitness and Food & Drink first appeared in [[Windows 8.1]].<ref name="WMPowerUser">{{cite news|last=Viswav|first=Pradeep|title=MSN Health and Fitness App Now Allows You To Keep Track Of Steps Taken From Lockscreen|url=http://wmpoweruser.com/msn-health-and-fitness-app-now-allows-you-to-keep-track-of-steps-taken-from-lockscreen/|newspaper=Windows Mobile PowerUser|date=November 12, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-date=July 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717095447/http://wmpoweruser.com/msn-health-and-fitness-app-now-allows-you-to-keep-track-of-steps-taken-from-lockscreen/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PhoneArena1">{{cite news|last=T.|first=Nick|title=Bing Food & Drink to debut in Windows 8.1, foodies take note|url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Bing-Food---Drink-to-debut-in-Windows-8.1-foodies-take-note_id44546|newspaper=Phone Arena|date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> In December 2014, the apps became available across all the other major [[mobile device]] platforms as well: [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[Fire OS]].<ref name="WinBetamsnapps">{{cite news|last=Saleem|first=Hammad|title=The MSN suite of apps formerly known as Bing come to iOS and Android|url=http://www.winbeta.org/news/msn-suite-apps-formerly-known-bing-come-ios-and-android|newspaper=WinBeta|date=December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/12/11/microsoft-everywhere/ |title=Microsoft everywhere: MSN apps head to iOS and Android, company buys app service |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=December 11, 2014 |website=Engadget |access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref><ref name="msnappsdroidlife">{{cite news|last=O'tato|first=Tim|title=Microsoft Launches Suite of MSN Apps to Google Play, Includes Weather and Sports|url=http://www.droid-life.com/2014/12/11/microsoft-launches-suite-of-msn-apps-to-google-play-includes-weather-and-sports/|newspaper=Droid-Life|date=December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="AndroidAndMe">{{cite news|last=Selleck|first=Evan|title=Microsoft Launches M.S.N. applications for Google Android devices|url=http://androidandme.com/2014/12/news/microsoft-launches-msn-apps-for-android/|newspaper=Android & Me|date=December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="msnappsAndroidCentral">{{cite news|last=Edmonds|first=Rich|title=Microsoft's MSN suite of apps are now available on Android|url=http://www.androidcentral.com/microsoft-launches-suite-msn-apps-android|newspaper=Android Central|date=December 11, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214025440/http://www.androidcentral.com/microsoft-launches-suite-msn-apps-android|archive-date=February 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The apps allow users a reasonable amount of freedom to decide which sources provide information. Each app has its own color code that is used on the live tile and internally. Originally, each app brought a unified experience with the MSN website and synchronized preferences across devices.

There are currently four apps in the suite: Start (previously News), Weather, Sports, and Money.<ref name="cnetrebrandapps">{{cite news|last=Trenholm|first=Rich|title=Microsoft rebrands Bing apps under revamped MSN, coming soon to Android and iOS|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/microsoft-rebrands-bing-apps-under-revamped-msn-coming-soon-to-android-and-ios/|newspaper=CNet|date=September 8, 2014}}</ref> In July 2015, Microsoft announced the discontinuation of the Food & Drink, Health & Fitness, and Travel apps on all platforms, and that they will not be bundled with [[Windows 10]]; those three apps are no longer offered.<ref name="pcw-appsdiscontinued">{{cite web|title=Microsoft killing Photosynth and MSN apps, including Health & Fitness, Food & Drink|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2946842/microsoft-killing-photosynth-and-msn-apps-including-health-and-fitness-food-and-drink.html|website=PC World|access-date=July 19, 2015}}</ref>

After [[Microsoft]]'s acquisition of [[Microsoft Mobile|Nokia's mobile phone division]], Microsoft also started bundling MSN services with its [[Series 30+|Nokia-branded feature phones]], though the only supported model was the [[Nokia 215]].<ref name="GSMArena">{{cite news|last=Rawat|first=Sam|title=Microsoft unveils Nokia 215 and 215 Dual SIM|url=http://www.gsmarena.com/microsoft_unveils_nokia_215_and_215_dual_sim-news-10645.php|newspaper=G.S.M. Arena|date=January 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="TheMicrosoftNetworkAh">{{cite news|last=Brian|first=Matt|title=Microsoft's Nokia 215 is its cheapest connected phone yet|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/techandscience/microsofts-nokia-215-is-its-cheapest-connected-phone-yet/ar-BBhxfsv|newspaper=MSN|date=January 5, 2015|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008091542/https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/techandscience/microsofts-nokia-215-is-its-cheapest-connected-phone-yet/ar-BBhxfsv|archive-date=October 8, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="LumiaConversations">{{cite news|last=Fraser|first=Adam|title=Meet Nokia 215: our most affordable Internet-ready entry-level phone yet|url=http://lumiaconversations.microsoft.com/2015/01/05/nokia-215/|newspaper=[[Microsoft|Lumia Conversations]]|date=January 5, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105222119/http://lumiaconversations.microsoft.com/2015/01/05/nokia-215/|archive-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> In addition to these apps, Microsoft developed a [[MSN China#Mobile apps|separate set of mobile apps]] specifically for [[MSN China]].

=== Microsoft Start ===
{{Main|Microsoft Start}}

'''Microsoft Start''' (previously named '''Microsoft News''') is a [[news aggregator]] and service that features news headlines and articles chosen by editors. The app includes sections for top stories, U.S., world, money, technology, entertainment, opinion, sports, and crime, along with other miscellaneous stories. It allows users to set their own personalized favorite topics and sources, receive notifications of breaking news through alerts, filter preferred news sources, and alter font sizes to make articles easier to read.<ref name="WindowsCentral">{{cite news|last=Rubino|first=Daniël|title=Microsoft announces Bing Apps for Windows Phone 8, bringing News, Weather, Sports and Finance to the small screen [Updated]|url=http://www.windowscentral.com/microsoft-announces-bing-apps-windows-phone-8|newspaper=Windows Central|date=August 7, 2013}}</ref>

Originally, Start included an RSS feed, but that capability was removed; Microsoft currently only allows users to subscribe to specified news sources, thereby curating news.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windowscentral.com/msn-news-windows-10-now-lets-you-add-select-media-sources-fast-ring|title=MSN News for Windows 10 now lets you add select media sources (Fast Ring)|date=June 23, 2016}}</ref> Start uses the chaseable live tile feature introduced in the [[Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]. If a user clicks on the Microsoft News Start menu tile when a particular story is shown, the user will see a link to that story at the top of the app when it launches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmsft.com/news/heres-whats-coming-live-tiles-notifications-windows-10|title=Chasable Live Tiles, Adaptive notifications, improved Action Center coming to Windows 10 – On MSFT|date=April 1, 2016}}</ref>

=== Weather ===
'''MSN Weather''' (originally named '''Bing Weather''') shows weather from a user's current location or any other location worldwide, and it allows users to define their favorite places, which will synchronize back to the Microsoft Start and across devices. Users can pin Weather tiles to the [[Start menu]] to see local weather conditions from multiple locations at a glance. It also offers satellite maps and has information regarding [[ski resorts]].<ref name="SearchEngineLand">{{cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Bing Updates Windows 8 Apps Enhancing News, Finance, Weather, Sports, Maps & Travel|url=http://searchengineland.com/bing-updates-windows-8-apps-enhancing-news-finance-weather-sports-maps-travel-155973|newspaper=Search Engine Land|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref> The app receives its weather conditions and [[weather forecast|forecasts]] from a variety of sources internationally.<ref name="WideUpdates">{{cite news|last=Updates|first=Wide|title=BING WEATHER :REVIEW|url=http://wideupdates.com/index/bing-weather-review/|newspaper=WideUpdates|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213112727/http://wideupdates.com/index/bing-weather-review/|archive-date=February 13, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Weather uses weather conditions as the background, making it the only app that does not have a light/dark switch in Windows 10. Weather is not available for iOS; however, it comes preinstalled on the [[Nokia 215]] phone from [[Microsoft Mobile]] that runs [[Series 30+]]; it is currently the only [[feature phone]] to have the app built-in.<ref name="LumiaConversations" />

=== Money ===
'''MSN Money''' (originally '''MoneyCentral''', then '''MSN Moneycentral''', before being rebranded as '''MSN Money''' in the mid-2000s - prior to being relaunched as a spin-off of '''Bing Finance''') allows users to set up lists of [[stock]]s to watch, follow certain [[corporation]]s and receive stock updates, get the latest headlines regarding [[stock market]]s, view real-time trading figures with a 30-minute delay, track their own [[personal finance]]s, calculate [[Mortgage loan|mortgages]], get information on [[Commodity|commodities]] and [[bond (finance)|bonds]], and [[currency converter|convert currency]].<ref name="Neowin">{{cite news|last=Callaham|first=John|title=Bing Windows Phone apps now sync to Windows 8|url=http://www.neowin.net/news/bing-windows-phone-apps-now-sync-to-windows8|newspaper=Neowin|date=February 18, 2014}}</ref><ref name="FinanceAppDummies">{{cite news|last=Leonhard|first=Woody|title=The Windows 8.1 Bing Finance App|url=http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-windows-81-bing-finance-app.html?cid=RSS_DUMMIES2_CONTENT|newspaper=Dummies.com|date=April 10, 2014}}</ref><ref name="PCAdvisorBingFinance">{{cite news|last=Hattersley|first=Rosemary|title=Bing Finance for Windows 8 review|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/reviews/windows/3362176/bing-finance-for-windows-8-review/|newspaper=Personal Computer Advisor|date=June 6, 2012}}</ref>

=== E-sports Hub ===
'''MSN Esports''' (often referred to as '''MSN Esports Hub'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kane|first=Dave|date=October 22, 2020|title=Introducing the MSN Esports Hub|url=https://blogs.msn.com/introducing-the-msn-esports-hub/|access-date=March 8, 2021|website=Microsoft News Blog}}</ref>) is a Bing intelligence [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] curated webpage for the growing [[esports]] industry. Users can watch integrated streams from [[YouTube]] or [[Twitch (service)|Twitch.]] Microsoft's advanced AI called "Watch For", the algorithm originally made for Microsoft's [[Mixer (service)|Mixer]] is an artificial intelligence that uses computer vision algorithms on livestreams so that it can alert the viewer of significant moments. This algorithm is implemented in the MSN Esports Hub.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch For|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/garage/wall-of-fame/watch-for/|website=Microsoft Garage}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Users can also check the calendar for dates of upcoming e-sport events and tournaments or the news for updates on games and their tournament. After the creation of the MSN Esports Hub, [[Microsoft]] acquired Smash.gg; an e-sport tournament platform.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Luongo|first=Cody|date=December 3, 2020|title=Microsoft acquires esports tournament platform Smash.gg|url=https://esportsinsider.com/2020/12/microsoft-acquires-esports-tournament-platform-smash-gg/|access-date=March 9, 2021|newspaper=Esportsinsider|language=en-GB}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Games Supported on the MSN Esports Hub<ref name=":0" />
!Supported Games
|-
|[[League of Legends]]
|-
|[[Valorant]]
|-
|[[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]]
|-
|[[Dota 2]]
|-
|[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]
|-
|[[Fortnite Battle Royale]]
|-
|[[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]]
|-
|[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3|Call of Duty: Modern Warfare]]
|-
|[[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege]]
|-
|[[Rocket League]]
|-
|[[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA]]
|-
|[[Gears of War]]
|-
|[[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate|Super Smash Bros.]]
|}

=== Discontinued apps ===

==== Food & Drink ====
'''MSN Food & Drink''' (originally named '''Bing Food & Drink''') is a discontinued [[recipe]] app that offers news related to foods and drinks, a personal [[shopping list]] that synchronizes across devices and the web, and a [[wine]] encyclopedia that contains information on over 1.5{{nbsp}}million [[wine bottle|bottles of wine]], over 3.3{{nbsp}}million [[wine tasting|tasting notes]], and hundreds of [[cocktail]] recipes.<ref name=MicrosoftNews>{{cite news|last=Amin|first=Suril|title=Microsoft Details New Windows 8.1 Bing App: Food & Drink|url=http://microsoft-news.com/microsoft-details-new-windows-8-1-bing-app-food-drink/|newspaper=Microsoft-News|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-date=February 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220031514/http://microsoft-news.com/microsoft-details-new-windows-8-1-bing-app-food-drink/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Users can control the app hands-free, add their own recipes from physical [[cookbook]]s or personal recipes by snapping a photo, add notes to recipes, and sort the recipes into collections.<ref name=AddictiveTips>{{cite news|last=Wahab|first=Fatima|title=Food & Drink: The Windows 8.1 Recipe App With Hands-Free Control|url=http://www.addictivetips.com/windows-tips/bing-food-drink-the-windows-8-1-recipe-app-with-hands-free-control/|newspaper=Addictive Tips|date=June 29, 2013}}</ref> The app also collects information from famous [[chef]]s and lists them according to their style of cuisine.<ref name=Engadget>{{cite news|last=Fingas|first=Jon|title=New Microsoft app brings recipes and grocery lists to your Windows Phone|url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/30/bing-food-and-drink-windows-phone/|newspaper=[[Engadget]] by America On-Line|date=January 30, 2014}}</ref>

==== Health & Fitness ====
'''MSN Health & Fitness''' (originally named '''Bing Health & Fitness''') allowed users to track their intake of [[calories]], look up nutritional information for hundreds of thousands of different foods, use a built-in [[GPS]] tracker, view step-by-step [[workouts]] and [[exercises]] with images and videos, check [[symptoms]] for various health conditions, and synchronize their health data to third-party devices such as [[activity tracker]]s.<ref name=dredge2>{{cite news|last=Dredge|first=Stuart|title=Microsoft gets active with Bing Health & Fitness Windows Phone app Beta release comes amid wider interest in health and fitness tracking from Google, Apple and other tech giants|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/18/microsoft-bing-health-fitness-windows-phone-app|newspaper=the Guardian|date=February 18, 2014}}</ref><ref name=TheNextWeb>{{cite news|last=Woods|first=Ben|title=Bing Food & Drink, Health & Fitness, Travel apps add sync, drop beta tag on Windows Phone 8|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2014/02/18/microsofts-bing-food-drink-health-fitness-travel-apps-emerge-beta-status-windows-phone-8/|newspaper=The Next Web|date=February 18, 2014}}</ref><ref name=MobiHealthNews>{{cite news|last=Pai|first=Aditi|title=Microsoft launches Bing health and fitness app|url=http://mobihealthnews.com/23458/microsoft-launches-bing-health-and-fitness-app/|newspaper=Mobi Health News|date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> MSN Health & Fitness formerly connected data with the [[Microsoft HealthVault]], but it started using a [[Microsoft account]] with MSN's own [[cloud computing|cloud service]] to synchronize data when it was rebranded from Bing to MSN.<ref name=WinSupersite>{{cite news|last=Thurrot|first=Paul|title=New MSN Goes Live on Windows, Windows Phone and Web|url=http://winsupersite.com/cloud/new-msn-goes-live-windows-windows-phone-and-web|date=September 30, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316055624/http://winsupersite.com/cloud/new-msn-goes-live-windows-windows-phone-and-web|archive-date=March 16, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=MicrosoftsOwnBlogsAh>{{cite news|last=McDonald|first=Brian|title=A first look at the new MSN|url=http://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/09/07/first-look-new-msn/|newspaper=The Official Microsoft Blog|date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> The app is not related in any way to Microsoft's [[Xbox Fitness]] or Microsoft Health (the companion app for the [[Microsoft Band]]), despite being similar in function.<ref name=MicrosoftWindowsSuperSiteXboxFitnessRelationship>{{cite news|last=Thurrott|first=Paul|title=A Quick Guide to Microsoft's Health Offerings, Separate for good reasons.|url=http://winsupersite.com/microsoft-health/quick-guide-microsofts-health-offerings|newspaper=SuperSite for Windows|date=October 31, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113834/http://winsupersite.com/microsoft-health/quick-guide-microsofts-health-offerings|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Sports ====
'''MSN Sports''' (originally named '''Bing Sports''') displayed various [[sports]] scores and standings from hundreds of leagues around the world, as well as aggregated sports-related articles and news headlines.<ref name=WinBeta>{{cite news|last=none|first=Ron|title=Bing News, Finance, Sports, and Weather apps released for Windows Phone 8|url=http://www.winbeta.org/news/bing-news-finance-sports-and-weather-apps-released-windows-phone-8|newspaper=WinBeta|date=August 7, 2013}}</ref><ref name=PhoneDogForexampleitreleasedseveralGarageappsforAndroidincludingavoice>{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Alex|title=Microsoft has been bolstering its multi-platform mobile efforts in a big way lately.|url=http://www.phonedog.com/2014/12/11/microsoft-launches-msn-suite-apps-android-ios-and-amazon-appstore|newspaper=Phone Dog|date=December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name=iClarified>{{cite news|last=Doe|first=John|title=Microsoft Launches Suite of MSN Apps on iOS, Android and Amazon Devices|url=http://www.iclarified.com/45941/microsoft-launches-suite-of-msn-apps-on-ios-android-and-amazon-devices|newspaper=iClarified|date=December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CCorner>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Guarav|title=Bing Sports App in Windows 8|url=http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/99bb20/bing-sports-app-in-windows8-release-preview/|newspaper=C Corner|date=June 19, 2012}}</ref> Sports also allowed the user to view slideshows and photo galleries, look up information about individual players and [[fantasy sport|fantasy leagues]], and set and track their favorite teams by selecting various topics from the hamburger menu.<ref name=WindowsSuperWebSite3>{{cite news|last=Thurrott|first=Paul|title=Windows Phone 8 App Picks: Bing Finance, News, Sports and Weather, The best Windows 8/RT mobile apps arrive on Windows Phone 8|url=http://winsupersite.com/windows-phone/windows-phone-8-app-picks-bing-finance-news-sports-and-weather|newspaper=Windows Supersite|date=August 10, 2013|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331005623/http://winsupersite.com/windows-phone/windows-phone-8-app-picks-bing-finance-news-sports-and-weather|archive-date=March 31, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=BingBlogs>{{cite news|last=McDonald|first=Brian|title=Bing Announces News, Sports and Travel apps for the Windows 8 Release Preview|url=http://blogs.bing.com/search/2012/05/31/bing-announces-news-sports-and-travel-apps-for-the-windows-8-release-preview/|newspaper=[[Bing (search engine)|Bing Blogs]]|date=May 31, 2012}}</ref> It also powered various predictive features within Microsoft's [[Microsoft Cortana|Cortana]] [[Virtual assistant (artificial intelligence)|virtual assistant]].<ref name=NDTVGadgetsappnews>{{cite news|last=Saxena|first=Anupam|title=Microsoft launches Bing News, Bing Finance, Bing Weather and Bing Sports apps for Windows Phone 8|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/microsoft-launches-bing-news-bing-finance-bing-weather-and-bing-sports-apps-for-windows-phone-8-403135|newspaper=NDTV Gadgets|date=August 8, 2013}}</ref>

It was discontinued on July 20, 2021, in favor of the web portal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmsft.com/news/microsoft-discontinue-windows-msn-sports-app |title=Microsoft to discontinue the Windows 10 MSN Sports app on July 20 |website=OnMSFT.com |publisher=OnMSFT.com LLC |date=July 2, 2021}}</ref>

==== Travel ====
'''MSN Travel''' (originally named '''Bing Travel''') was a [[Travel website|travel search engine]] that allows users to book [[hotels]] and [[Air travel|flights]], aggregates travel-related headlines, and offers detailed information about thousands of travel destinations.<ref name=Neowin2>{{cite news|last=Weir|first=Andy|title=Microsoft launches Bing Travel Beta app for Windows Phone|url=http://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-launches-bing-travel-beta-app-for-windows-phone|newspaper=Neowin|date=January 27, 2014}}</ref> Data in the app is powered by various travel websites, including [[Expedia]], formerly owned by Microsoft.<ref name=guim4>{{cite news|last=Guim|first=Mark|title=Travel the world with Windows Phone 8 on Bing Travel Beta|url=http://www.windowscentral.com/bing-travel-beta-windows-phone|newspaper=Windows Phone Central|date=January 26, 2014}}</ref> Other features include finding information on local [[restaurants]], viewing pictures (including [[panoramas]]) and historical data about destinations, and reading reviews by previous travelers.<ref name=ChashCorner>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Guarav|title=Bing Travel App in Windows 8|url=http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/99bb20/bing-travel-app-in-windows-8-release-preview/|newspaper=C#Corner|date=June 20, 2012}}</ref> If the user is signed in, [[Microsoft Cortana|Cortana]] can track flights and get hotel information through the app.<ref name=TrustedReviews>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Chris|title=Microsoft gives Cortana a boost through new Bing features.|url=http://www.trustedreviews.com/news/microsoft-gives-cortana-a-boost-through-new-bing-features|newspaper=Trusted Reviews|date=October 17, 2014}}</ref> MSN Travel was the only app in the suite that was exclusive to Windows. The app was discontinued in September 2015 but can still be accessed via the web.<ref name=Inferse>{{cite news|last=Martin|first=Julia|title=Microsoft's MSN apps no longer exclusive to Windows; available for iOS and Android|url=http://www.inferse.com/21067/microsoft-msn-apps-windows-ios-android/|newspaper=Inferse|date=December 14, 2014}}</ref>

Previously, Microsoft had acquired ''Farecast'' in 2008, a website in the [[computer reservations system]] industry that offered predictions regarding the best time to purchase airline tickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/04/18/microsoft_buys_farecast/|title=Microsoft buys travel search site|publisher=theregister.co.uk|date=April 18, 2008}}</ref> Farecast was founded in 2003 and collected over 175 billion airfare observations by 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.farecast.com/about/press/releases/2007-03-13.do|title=Farecast.com Launches Airfare Deals Based On Science, Not Marketing|publisher=Farecast.com|date=March 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317040057/http://www.farecast.com/about/press/releases/2007-03-13.do|archive-date=March 17, 2007}}</ref> Farecast's team of [[data miner]]s used these airfare observations to build algorithms to predict future airfare price movements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/business/personaltech/articles/2006/06/04/while_other_sites_list_airfares_newcomer_forecasts_where_theyre_headed/
|title=While other sites list airfares, newcomer forecasts where they're headed|publisher=boston.com|date=June 4, 2006 | first1=Bruce | last1=Mohl}}</ref> Microsoft integrated it as part of its Live Search group of tools in May 2008 as ''Live Search Farecast''; Microsoft rebranded it as ''Bing Travel'' on June 3, 2009, as part of its efforts to create a new search identity.<ref name=Search-Engine-Watch-Live-Search-Farecast-Rebrand>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Nathania|title=Bing's Best Features are the Ones You Didn't Know Existed on Live Search.|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/sew/news/2052285/bings-best-features-ones-you-didnt-know-existed-live-search|newspaper=Search Engine Watch|date=June 1, 2009|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-date=July 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718083955/https://searchenginewatch.com/sew/news/2052285/bings-best-features-ones-you-didnt-know-existed-live-search|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, there were allegations that Bing Travel had copied its layouts from [[Kayak.com]]; Microsoft denied the allegations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2009/06/kayak-bing/|title=Kayak to Bing: Stop Copying Us! – Update|publisher=[[wired.com]]|date=June 24, 2009}}</ref> By January 2013, Bing Travel results were powered by Kayak.com. As of January 2014, the fare prediction feature had been removed. As of May 2015, Microsoft rebranded the service to ''MSN Travel''.<ref>{{cite news | last=O'Neill | first=Sean | title=Microsoft all but closes Bing Travel, expands MSN Travel. | url=https://www.phocuswire.com/Microsoft-all-but-closes-Bing-Travel-expands-MSN-Travel | work=Phocuswire | date=January 20, 2015}}</ref> In August 2015, MSN Travel flight search pages changed from being powered by Kayak.com to its competitor [[Skyscanner]].

=== Older mobile apps ===
Microsoft first offered content from its MSN web portal on [[mobile devices]] in the early 2000s, through a service called ''Pocket MSN'' (in line with its [[Pocket PC]] products of the era) and later renamed ''MSN Mobile''. The original MSN Mobile software was preloaded on many [[cell phones]] and [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]], and usually provided access to legacy MSN services like blogs ([[MSN Spaces]]), email ([[Hotmail]]), instant messaging ([[MSN Messenger]]), and web search (now called [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]]). Some [[wireless carrier]]s charged a premium to access it.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} As many former MSN properties were spun off to [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]], [[Windows Live]], and other successors in the late 2000s, the [[Microsoft Mobile Services]] division took over the development of mobile apps related to those services.

In the meantime, Microsoft's MSN apps took on a more content-related focus, as did the web portal itself. Previous versions of MSN apps that were bundled with [[Windows Mobile]] and early versions of [[Windows Phone]],<ref name=Softpedia>{{cite news|last=Arghire|first=Ionut|title=Windows Phone 7 Confirmed with Messenger and MSN Apps|url=http://archive.news.softpedia.com/news/Windows-Phone-7-Confirmed-with-Messenger-and-MSN-Apps-158812.shtml|newspaper=[[Softpedia]]|date=September 30, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326045039/http://archive.news.softpedia.com/news/Windows-Phone-7-Confirmed-with-Messenger-and-MSN-Apps-158812.shtml|archive-date=March 26, 2015}}</ref> as well as MSN apps for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] devices in the early 2010s, were primarily repositories for news articles found on MSN.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windowsphone.com/en-GB/apps/250af76d-2444-e011-854c-00237de2db9e|title=MSN for Windows Phone|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|access-date=March 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/msn-for-ipad/id497011996?mt=8|title=MSN for iPad|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=March 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=msn.android&feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsIm1zbi5hbmRyb2lkIl0.|title=MSN for Android|access-date=March 11, 2012}}</ref> Other earlier MSN mobile apps included versions of MSN Weather and MSN Money for [[Windows Mobile 6.5]],<ref name=iStartedSomething1>{{cite news|last=Zheng|first=Long|title=Widgets: Windows Mobile 6.5 joins the "web applications" bandwagon|url=http://www.istartedsomething.com/20090310/widgets-windows-mobile-65-joins-the-web-applications-bandwagon/|newspaper=iStartedSomething|date=March 10, 2009}}</ref><ref name=PocketsNow1>{{cite news|last=Webster|first=Daniel|title=Marketplace Pick: MSN Weather Widget|url=http://pocketnow.com/software-1/marketplace-pick-msn-weather-widget|newspaper=PocketNow|date=February 12, 2010|access-date=April 11, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051527/http://pocketnow.com/software-1/marketplace-pick-msn-weather-widget|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=WMPowerUser2>{{cite news|last=Surur|first=Suril|title=Windows Mobile 6.5 gets Widget Engine|url=http://wmpoweruser.com/windows-mobile-65-gets-widget-engine/|newspaper=Windows Mobile PowerUser|date=October 28, 2010}}</ref> MSN Money Stocks, and a [[men's magazine]] called 'MSN OnIt' for [[Windows Phone 7]].<ref name=247PressRelease>{{cite news|last=Ritchie|first=Jennifer|title=Cypress Creates New MSN Money Stocks Application for Microsoft Windows Phone 7|url=http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/cypress-creates-new-msn-money-stocks-application-for-microsoft-windows-phone-7-180270.php|newspaper=24–7 Press Release|date=November 10, 2010}}</ref><ref name=WMPowerUser3>{{cite news|last=Surur|first=Suril|title=MSN Onit for (US) men only (video)|url=http://wmpoweruser.com/msn-onit-for-us-men-only-video/|newspaper=Windows Mobile PowerUser|date=April 11, 2011}}</ref>

== International ==
Microsoft's world headquarters is in the United States, so the main MSN website is based there. However, MSN has offered various international versions of its portal since its inception in 1995 for dozens of countries around the world.<ref name="msnworldwide" /> A list of international MSN affiliates is available at MSN Worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/msn-worldwide|title=MSN Worldwide|website=MSN}}</ref>

Following the redesign and relaunch of the MSN web portal in 2014, most international MSN websites share the same layout as the U.S. version and are largely indistinguishable from it, aside from their content. There were two exceptions: [[ninemsn]], a longtime partnership between Microsoft and the [[Nine Network]] in Australia that launched in 1997 (Microsoft sold its stake in the venture in 2013 and ended its co-branding with Nine in 2016);<ref name="MumbrellaRebrand">{{cite web |url=https://mumbrella.com.au/nine-rebrand-digital-news-assets-ninemsn-banner-366340 |title=Ninemsn brand set to disappear as Nine renames site |last=Hayes |first=Alex |date=May 11, 2016 |publisher=Mumbrella |access-date=June 28, 2016}}</ref> and [[MSN China]], an entirely customized version of MSN for China (Microsoft discontinued the portal in 2016, replacing it with a page that links to a number of other Chinese websites).<ref name=MSN-China-shut-down>{{cite news|last=Yan|first=Sophia|title=Microsoft is giving up on its Chinese web portal.|url=http://m.wisn.com/money/microsoft-is-giving-up-on-its-chinese-web-portal/39464720|newspaper=WISN 12|date=May 10, 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[MSN Dial-up]]
* [[List of services by MSN]]
* [[Microsoft]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://www.msn.com}}
* [https://www.msn.com/en-us/msn-worldwide MSN Worldwide]

{{MSN services}}
{{Windows Components}}
{{Microsoft}}

[[Category:MSN| ]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1995]]
[[Category:Microsoft websites]]
[[Category:Web portals]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
[[Category:Windows Mobile software]]
[[Category:Windows Phone software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:News aggregators]]

Field hockey

2023-09-26T23:55:14Z

VictoriaMichels: added a link to my site as a similar game

{{Short description|Team sport played with sticks and a spherical ball}}
{{about|the team sport played on fields using a round hockeyball|the overall family of sports involving sticks and goals|Hockey|the team contact sport played on ice|Ice hockey}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=August 2022}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2022}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox sport
|image = Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys Preliminary Round – MAS-ARG (141).jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = [[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
|union = [[International Hockey Federation]]
|first = 19th century England
|contact = [[Contact sport#Limited-contact|Limited]]
|team = 10 outfield players and 1 goalkeeper drawn from a squad of 17
|category = Outdoor and indoor
|equipment = Hockey ball, hockey stick, mouthguard, shin guards and goalkeeper kit
|olympic = 1908, 1920, 1928–present
}}

'''Field hockey''' (or simply '''hockey''') is a [[team sport]] structured in standard [[hockey]] format, in which each team plays with eleven players in total, made up of ten outfield players and a goalkeeper. Teams must move a [[hockey ball]] around a pitch by hitting it with a [[field hockey stick|hockey stick]] towards the rival team's shooting circle and then into the [[goal (sports)|goal]]. The match is won by the team that scores the most goals. Matches are played on grass, watered turf, [[artificial turf]], or indoor boarded surface.

The stick is made of wood, [[carbon fibre]], [[fibreglass]] and carbon, or a combination of carbon fibre and fibreglass in different quantities. The stick has two sides; one rounded and one flat; only the flat face of the stick is allowed to progress the ball. During play, goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with any part of their body. A player's hand is considered part of the stick if holding the stick. If the ball is "played" with the rounded part of the stick (i.e. deliberately stopped or hit), it will result in a penalty (accidental touches are not an offence if they do not materially affect play). Goalkeepers often have a different design of stick; they also cannot play the ball with the round side of their stick.

The modern game was developed at [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] in 19th century England and it is now played globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Field Hockey {{!}} Field Hockey BC |url=https://fieldhockeybc.com/about/about-field-hockey/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706050116/https://fieldhockeybc.com/about/about-field-hockey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The governing body is the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH), called the {{Lang|fr|Fédération Internationale de Hockey}} in French. Men and women are represented internationally in competitions including the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]], [[Hockey World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIH Pro League (disambiguation)|FIH Pro League]], [[Junior Hockey World Cup|Junior World Cup]] and in past also [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]], [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]. Many countries run extensive junior, senior, and masters club competitions. The FIH is also responsible for organizing the [[Hockey Rules Board]] and developing the [[sport rule|sport's rules]].

The sport is known simply as "hockey" in countries where it is the more common form of hockey. The term "field hockey" is used primarily in Canada and the United States, where "hockey" more often refers to [[ice hockey]]. In Sweden, the term ''landhockey'' is used. A popular variant is [[indoor field hockey]], which differs in a number of respects while embodying the primary principles of hockey.

==History==
{{Main|History of field hockey}}
[[File:Relief pentelic marble "Ball Players" 510-500 BC, NAMA 3476 102587.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Relief of {{Circa|510 BC}} depicting [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] players of ''kerētízein'', an ancestral form of hockey or [[ground billiards]]; in the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]]]

According to the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH), "the roots of hockey are buried deep in antiquity".<ref name="hoh">{{tick|15|colour=blue}}[http://fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ ''History of Hockey''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804212017/http://fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |date=4 August 2022 }}. FIH. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</ref> There are historical records which suggest early forms of hockey were played in Egypt and Persia {{Circa|2000 BC}}, and in Ethiopia {{Circa|1000 BC}}. Later evidence suggest that the ancient Greeks, Romans and Aztecs all played hockey-like games.<ref name="hoh"/> In [[Ancient Egypt]], there is a depiction of two figures playing with sticks and ball in the [[Beni Hasan]] tomb of Khety, an administrator of [[Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty XI]].<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008">{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{Stein & Rubino 2008|pages=2, 4, 5, 14, 27, 33, 34, 37, 40}}</ref>

In [[Ancient Greece]], there is a similar image dated {{Circa|510 BC}}, which may have been called {{lang|grc|Κερητίζειν}} ({{Transliteration|grc|kerētízein}}) because it was played with a horn ({{lang|grc|κέρας}}, {{Transliteration|grc|kéras}} in [[Ancient Greek]]) and a ball.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}Oikonomos, G. "Κερητίζοντες". Archaiologikon Deltion 6 (1920–1921): 56–59; there are clear depictions of the game, but the identification with the name κερητίζειν is [http://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/ disputed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225153012/http://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/ |date=25 December 2014 }} ([http://hellenisteukontos.blogspot.com/2010/03/ancient-greek-field-hockey.html English summary] ).</ref> Researchers disagree over how to interpret this image. It could have been a team or one-on-one activity (the depiction shows two active players, and other figures who may be team-mates awaiting a face-off, or non-players waiting for their turn at play). Billiards historians Stein and Rubino believe it was among the games ancestral to lawn-and-field games like hockey and [[ground billiards]], and near-identical depictions appear in later European [[illuminated manuscript]]s and other works of the 14th through 17th centuries, showing contemporary [[Courtier|courtly]] and [[Clergy|clerical]] life.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008"/>

In [[East Asia]], a [[Women's lacrosse|similar game]] was entertained, using a carved wooden stick and ball, prior to 300 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Field Hockey- National Game of India in General Parlance|last=Tanaji Lakde|first=Atul|publisher=Ashok yakkaldevi|year=2019|isbn=978-0-359-69487-7|pages=5}}</ref> In [[Inner Mongolia]], China, the [[Daur people]] have for about 1,000 years been playing ''[[beikou]]'', a game with some similarities to field hockey.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/sports/olympics/23hockey.html |title=A Chinese Hinterland, Fertile with Field Hockey |last=McGrath |first=Charles |date=22 August 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128123630/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/sports/olympics/23hockey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A similar field hockey or ground billiards variant, called ''suigan'', was played in China during the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644, post-dating the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]]).<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" /> A game similar to field hockey was played in the 17th century in [[Punjab state]] in India under name ''khido khundi'' (''khido'' refers to the woolen ball, and ''khundi'' to the stick).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Field Hockey |url=http://www.surfersfieldhockey.com/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305165920/http://www.surfersfieldhockey.com/history |archive-date=2017-03-05 |access-date=23 August 2016 |website=Surfers Field Hockey}}</ref>
In South America, most specifically in Chile, the local natives of the 16th century used to play a game called Chueca, which also shares common elements with hockey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahockeyworld.net/where-was-field-hockey-invented/|title=Where was field hockey invented? The history of hockey as we know it!|website=A Hockey World|date=8 January 2017|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117150714/http://www.ahockeyworld.net/where-was-field-hockey-invented/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Northern Europe]], the games of [[hurling]] (Ireland) and ''{{lang|is|[[Knattleikr]]}}'' (Iceland), both team ball games involving sticks to drive a ball to the opponents' goal, date at least as far back as the [[Early Middle Ages]]. By the 12th century, a team ball game called ''{{lang|frm|[[la soule]]}}'' or ''{{lang|fr|choule}}'', akin to a chaotic and sometimes long-distance version of hockey or [[rugby football]] (depending on whether sticks were used in a particular local variant), was regularly played in France and southern Britain between villages or parishes. Throughout the [[Middle Ages]] to the [[Early Modern era]], such games often involved the local clergy or secular [[aristocracy]], and in some periods were limited to them by various anti-gaming edicts, or even banned altogether.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" /> Stein and Rubino, among others, ultimately trace aspects of these games both to rituals in antiquity involving [[Globus cruciger|orbs]] and [[sceptre]]s (on the aristocratic and clerical side), and to ancient [[military training exercise]]s (on the popular side); [[polo]] (essentially hockey on horseback) was devised by the [[Ancient Persia]]ns for [[cavalry]] training, based on the local proto-hockey foot game of the region.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" />

The word ''hockey'' itself has no clear origin. One belief is that it was recorded in 1363 when [[Edward III]] of England issued the proclamation: "Moreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games".<ref name=exp>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm |title=Rugby Football History |publisher=Rugby Football History |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415201837/http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The belief is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam". It may be recalled at this point that ''baculum'' is the Latin for 'stick', so the reference would appear to be to a game played with sticks. The English historian and biographer [[John Strype]] did not use the word "hockey" when he translated the proclamation in 1720, and the word 'hockey' remains of unknown origin.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The modern game developed at [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] in 19th century England. It is now played globally, particularly in parts of Western Europe, South Asia, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and parts of the United States, primarily New England and the mid-Atlantic states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eisen |first1=Matt |title=In America, field hockey still toils in obscurity |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/10/12/in-america-field-hockey-still-toils-in-obscurity/ |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=[[Yale Daily News]] |date=12 October 2006 |quote=The American game is regionally centered. The most intense support and popularity extends from Massachusetts down the Eastern seaboard to Virginia and pretty much stops there. The best programs tend to be in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, though states like Maryland and Delaware are slowing growing field hockey prowess. |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223063521/http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/10/12/in-america-field-hockey-still-toils-in-obscurity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fischer-Baum |first1=Reuben |title=Field Hockey America vs. Rodeo America: Mapping The Faultlines of America's Regional Sports |url=http://deadspin.com/5958476/field-hockey-america-vs-rodeo-america-mapping-the-nations-regional-sports-mapping-american-regional-sports |website=[[Deadspin]] |access-date=4 February 2017 |date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100336/http://deadspin.com/5958476/field-hockey-america-vs-rodeo-america-mapping-the-nations-regional-sports-mapping-american-regional-sports |url-status=live }}</ref> The term "field hockey" is used primarily in Canada and the United States where "hockey" more often refers to [[ice hockey]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |title=Physical education and training |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzHVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22grass+hockey |access-date=2 May 2021 |year=1966 |publisher=Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |journal=Journal of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |volume=33-34 |issue= |pages=27 |quote=A junior high school should provide interschool competition in at least 6 or 7 of the following areas: touch football, soccer, '''grass hockey'''...|archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207053856/https://books.google.com/books?id=CzHVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22grass+hockey |url-status=live }}</ref> In Sweden, the term ''landhockey'' is used, and to some degree in [[Norway]], where the game is governed by [[Norway's Bandy Association|Norges Bandyforbund]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bandyforbundet.no/?p=95 |title=Landhockey |website=bandyforbundet.no |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051824/http://bandyforbundet.no/?p=95 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first known club was formed in 1849 at [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]] in south-east [[London]], but the modern rules grew out of a version played by Middlesex [[cricket]] clubs as a winter activity.{{citation needed|date=October 2007}} [[Teddington]] Hockey Club formed the modern game by introducing the striking circle and changing the ball to a sphere from a rubber cube.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BNMr7U8e9wC&q=%22Hockey%22+circle+Teddington&pg=PA5 |first1=Tracie |last1=Egan |first2=Helen |last2=Connolly |title=Field Hockey: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-404-20182-8 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207053856/https://books.google.com/books?id=3BNMr7U8e9wC&q=%22Hockey%22+circle+Teddington&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Hockey Association]] was founded in 1876. It lasted just six years, before being revived by nine founding members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Hockey {{!}} FIH |url=http://www.fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.fih.ch |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211092710/http://www.fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first international competition took place in 1895 (Ireland 3, Wales 0), and the International Rules Board was founded in 1900.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:London 1908 Hockey.jpg|thumb|right|A game of hockey being played between Germany and Scotland at the 1908 London Olympics]]
Field hockey was played at the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in 1908 and 1920. It was dropped in 1924, leading to the foundation of the [[International Hockey Federation|Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon]] (FIH) as an international governing body by seven continental European nations; and hockey was reinstated as an [[Olympic sport|Olympic game]] in 1928.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Men's hockey united under the FIH in 1970.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The two oldest trophies are the [[Irish Senior Cup (men's hockey)|Irish Senior Cup]], which dates back to 1894, and the [[Irish Junior Cup (men's hockey)|Irish Junior Cup]], a second XI-only competition{{clarify|date=July 2016|reason=What is "XI-only" supposed to mean?}} instituted in 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/about |title=Competitions ISC (M) About |publisher=Irish Hockey Association |access-date=8 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427005949/http://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/about |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref>

In India, the [[Beighton Cup]] and the Aga Khan tournament commenced within ten years.{{clarify|date=July 2016|reason=Within ten years of what?}} Entering the Olympics in 1928, India won all five games without conceding a goal, and won from 1932 until 1956 and then in 1964 and 1980.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Pakistan won in 1960, 1968 and 1984.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Dhyan Chand 1936 final.jpg|thumb|Indian player [[Dhyan Chand]] won Olympic gold medals for his team in 1928, 1932 and 1936.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhyan-Chand |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Dhyan Chand (Indian athlete) |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503012557/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhyan-Chand |url-status=live }}</ref> Photo shows him scoring a goal against Germany in the 1936 Olympics hockey final.]]
In the early 1970s, [[artificial turf]] began to be used.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Synthetic pitches changed most aspects of field hockey, gaining speed. New tactics and techniques such as the [[Indian dribble]] developed, followed by new rules to take account. The switch to synthetic surfaces ended Indian and Pakistani domination because artificial turf was too expensive in [[Developing country|developing countries]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Since the 1970s, Australia, the Netherlands, and Germany have dominated at the Olympics and World Cup stages.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Women's field hockey was first played at British universities and schools. The first club, the Molesey Ladies, was founded in 1887.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-30 |title=Women's hockey in Ireland—a short history |url=https://www.historyireland.com/volume-26/womens-hockey-in-ireland-a-short-history/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=History Ireland |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008011101/https://www.historyireland.com/volume-26/womens-hockey-in-ireland-a-short-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first national association was the [[Irish Ladies Hockey Union]] in 1894,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline of Women in Sports|url=http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/fieldhockey.html|access-date=2021-10-08|website=faculty.elmira.edu|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205084853/http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/fieldhockey.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association, women's field hockey grew rapidly around the world. This led to the International Federation of Women's Hockey Association (IFWHA) in 1927, though this did not include many continental European countries where women played as sections of men's associations and were affiliated to the FIH.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The IFWHA held conferences every three years, and tournaments associated with these were the primary IFWHA competitions. These tournaments were non-competitive until 1975.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

By the early 1970s, there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Discussions started about a common rule book. The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974, forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive field hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982 for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed the introduction of women's field hockey to the Olympic games from 1980 where, as in the men's game, the Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since 2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010 and medals at the last three Olympics.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In the United States, field hockey is played predominantly by girls and women. There are few field hockey clubs, most play taking place between high school or college sides. The sport was largely introduced in the U.S. by [[Constance Applebee]], starting with a tour of [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] colleges in 1901 and continuing through Applebee's 24-year tenure as athletic director of [[Bryn Mawr College]]. The strength of college field hockey reflects the impact of [[Title IX]], which mandated that colleges should fund men's and women's games programmes comparably.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Hockey has been predominantly played on the East Coast, specifically the Mid-Atlantic in states such as New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} In recent years,{{when|date=October 2020}} it has become increasingly played on the West Coast and in the Midwest.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In other countries, participation is fairly evenly balanced between men and women. For example, in the 2008–09 season, [[England Hockey]] reported 2,488 registered men's teams, 1,969 women's teams, 1,042 boys' teams, 966 girls' teams and 274 mixed teams.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{cite web |url=http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page.asp?section=70&sectionTitle=Clubs |title=Hockey in England: Clubs |work=EnglandHockey.co.uk |publisher=England Hockey Board |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817214039/http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page.asp?section=70&sectionTitle=Clubs |archive-date=17 August 2010}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Irish Hockey Association]] reported that the gender split among its players was approximately 65% female and 35% male.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} In its 2008 census, [[Hockey Australia]] reported 40,534 male club players and 41,542 female.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{cite web |url=http://www.hockey.org.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Census/2008NationalHockeyCensusExecSummary_Board.pdf |title=National Census Executive Summary 2008 |work=Hockey.org.ca |publisher=Hockey Australia |page=2 |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022091719/http://www.hockey.org.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Census/2008NationalHockeyCensusExecSummary_Board.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref>

==Field of play==
{{Main|Field hockey pitch}}
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Hockey field metric.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Diagram of a hockey field]]
Most hockey field dimensions were originally fixed using whole numbers of [[imperial measure]]s. Metric measurements are now the official dimensions as laid down by the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH) in the ''Rules of Hockey''.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}''Rules of Hockey'', pp. 12–13, 51–58.</ref>

The pitch is a {{convert|91.4|x|55|m|yd|abbr=on}} rectangular field. At each end is a goal {{convert|2.14|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|3.66|m|0|abbr=on}} wide, as well as lines across the field {{convert|22.90|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} from each end-line (generally referred to as the 23-metre lines or the 25-yard lines) and in the center of the field. A spot {{convert|0.15|m|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, called the penalty spot or stroke mark, is placed with its centre {{convert|6.40|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} from the centre of each goal. The shooting circle is {{convert|16|yd|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} from the base line.

Field hockey goals are made of two upright posts, joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar, with a net positioned to catch the ball when it passes through the goalposts. The goalposts and crossbar must be white and rectangular in shape, and should be {{cvt|2|inch}} wide and {{cvt|2–3|in}} deep.
Field hockey goals also include sideboards and a backboard, which stand {{cvt|50|cm}} from the ground. The backboard runs the full {{cvt|3.66|m}} width of the goal, while the sideboards are {{cvt|1.2|m}} deep.

===Playing surface===
Historically the game developed on natural grass turf. In the early 1970s, [[artificial turf|synthetic grass]] fields began to be used for hockey, with the first Olympic Games on this surface being held at [[Montreal]] in [[Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]. Synthetic pitches are now mandatory for all international tournaments and for most national competitions. While hockey is still played on traditional grass fields at some local levels and lesser national divisions, it has been replaced by synthetic surfaces almost everywhere in the western world. There are three main types of artificial hockey surface:<ref name="GB Pitches">{{cite web|url=http://greatbritainhockey.co.uk/library-media/documents/Hockey%20Pitch%20Basic%20Info.pdf|title=Hockey Pitches – Basic Information|publisher=[[Great Britain Hockey]]|access-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912120725/http://greatbritainhockey.co.uk/library-media/documents/Hockey%20Pitch%20Basic%20Info.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Unfilled or water based – artificial fibres that are densely packed for stabilisation, requires irrigation or watering to avoid pitch wear
* Dressed or sand dressed – artificial fibres can be less densely packed and sand supports the fibres for part of the [[Pile (textile)|pile depth]]
* Filled or sand filled – artificial fibres can be longer and less densely packed and sand supports the fibres for 100% of the pile depth

Since the 1970s, sand-based pitches have been favoured as they dramatically speed up the game. However, in recent years there has been a massive increase in the number of "water-based" artificial turfs. Water-based synthetic turfs enable the ball to be transferred more quickly than on sand-based surfaces. It is this characteristic that has made them the surface of choice for international and national league competitions. Water-based surfaces are also less abrasive than sand-based surfaces and reduce the level of injury to players when they come into contact with the surface. The FIH are now{{when|date=January 2015}} proposing that new surfaces being laid should be of a hybrid variety which require less watering. This is due to the negative ecological effects of the high water requirements of water-based synthetic fields. It has also been stated that the decision to make artificial surfaces mandatory greatly favoured more affluent countries who could afford these new pitches.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/headon/entry/the-untold-story-of-how-india-lost-hockey-supremacy|title=The untold story of how India lost hockey supremacy|first=Minhaz|last=Merchant|date=15 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 April 2014|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222022629/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/headon/entry/the-untold-story-of-how-india-lost-hockey-supremacy|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Rules and play==
{{See also|Field hockey stick}}

===Overview===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
The game is played between two teams of eleven, 10 field players and one goal keeper, are permitted to be on the pitch at any one time. The remaining players may be substituted in any combination. There is an unlimited number of times a team can sub in and out. Substitutions are permitted at any point in the game, apart from between the award and end of a penalty corner; two exceptions to this rule is for injury or suspension of the defending goalkeeper, which is not allowed when playing with a field keep, or a player can exit the field, but you must wait until after the penalty corner is complete. Play is not stopped for a substitution (except of a goalkeeper), the players leave and rejoin the match simultaneously at the half-way line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Hockey 101: Rules {{!}} NBC Olympics |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/field-hockey-101-rules |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.nbcolympics.com |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130402/https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/field-hockey-101-rules |url-status=live }}</ref>

Players are permitted to play the ball with the flat of the 'face side' and with the edges of the head and handle of the field hockey stick with the exception that, for reasons of safety, the ball may not be struck 'hard' with a forehand edge stroke, because of the difficulty of controlling the height and direction of the ball from that stroke.

The flat side is always on the "natural" side for a right-handed person swinging the stick at the ball from right to left. Left-handed sticks are rare, as International Hockey Federation rules forbid their use in a game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Connolly |first=Brian |date=Dec 5, 2018 |title=Why Are All Field Hockey Sticks Right Handed? |url=https://www.sportsrec.com/wood-used-make-hockey-sticks-5094759.html |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=SportsRec |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130404/https://www.sportsrec.com/wood-used-make-hockey-sticks-5094759.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To make a strike at the ball with a left-to-right swing the player must present the flat of the 'face' of the stick to the ball by 'reversing' the stick head, i.e. by turning the handle through approximately 180° (while a reverse edge hit would turn the stick head through approximately 90° from the position of an upright forehand stroke with the 'face' of the stick head).

Edge hitting of the ball underwent a two-year "experimental period", twice the usual length of an "experimental trial" and is still a matter of some controversy within the game.{{When|date=September 2022}} Ric Charlesworth, the former Australian coach, has been a strong critic of the unrestricted use of the reverse edge hit. The 'hard' forehand edge hit was banned after similar concerns were expressed about the ability of players to direct the ball accurately, but the reverse edge hit does appear to be more predictable and controllable than its counterpart. This type of hit is now more commonly referred to as the "forehand sweep" where the ball is hit with the flat side or "natural" side of the stick and not the rounded edge.

Other rules include; no foot-to-ball contact, no use of hands, no obstructing other players, no high back swing, no hacking, and no third party. If a player is dribbling the ball and either loses control and kicks the ball or another player interferes that player is not permitted to gain control and continue dribbling. The rules do not allow the person who kicked the ball to gain advantage from the kick, so the ball will automatically be passed on to the opposing team. Conversely, if no advantage is gained from kicking the ball, play should continue. Players may not obstruct another's chance of hitting the ball in any way. No shoving/using your body/stick to prevent advancement in the other team. Penalty for this is the opposing team receives the ball and if the problem continues, the player can be carded. While a player is taking a free hit or starting a corner the back swing of their hit cannot be too high for this is considered dangerous. Finally there may not be three players touching the ball at one time. Two players from opposing teams can battle for the ball, however if another player interferes it is considered third party and the ball automatically goes to the team who only had one player involved in the third party.

===The game===
A match ordinarily consists of two periods of 35 minutes and a halftime interval of 5 minutes. Other periods and interval may be agreed by
both teams except as specified in Regulations for particular competitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fih.ch/media/12236728/fih-rules-of-hockey-2017.pdf |title=Rules of Hockey including explanations from 1 January 2017 |date=2016 |publisher=FIH |access-date=1 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110151032/http://www.fih.ch/media/12236728/fih-rules-of-hockey-2017.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2017 }}</ref> Since 2014, some international games have four 15-minute quarters with 2 minutes break between each quarter and 15 minutes break between quarter two and three.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} At the 2018 Commonwealth Games, held on the Gold Coast in [[Brisbane]], the hockey games for both men and women had four 15-minute quarters.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In December 2018, the FIH announced rule changes that would make 15-minute quarters universal from January 2019. England Hockey confirmed that while no changes would be made to the domestic game mid-season, the new rules would be implemented at the start of the 2019–20 season. However, in July 2019 England Hockey announced that 17.5-minute quarters would only be implemented in elite domestic club games.<ref name="Application of the rules of hockey">{{cite web| title=Application of the rules of hockey in England for the 2019–20 Season| url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/news.asp?itemid=46512&itemTitle=Application+of+the+rules+of+hockey+in+England+for+the+2019-20+Season.&section=22| access-date=11 November 2019| archive-date=6 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130144/https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/news.asp?itemid=46512&itemTitle=Application+of+the+rules+of+hockey+in+England+for+the+2019-20+Season.&section=22| url-status=live}}</ref>

The game begins with a pass back from the centre-forward usually to the centre-half back from the halfway line. The opposing team cannot try to tackle this play until the ball has been pushed back.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The team consists of eleven players, usually aligned as follows: goalkeeper, right fullback, left fullback, three half-backs and five forwards who are right wing, right inner, centre forward, left inner and left wing. These positions can change and adapt throughout the course of the game depending on the attacking and defensive style of the opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kingslangleyhockey.org.au/doc/JnrPosPlayDraft5.pdf |title=How to play hockey |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303084151/http://kingslangleyhockey.org.au/doc/JnrPosPlayDraft5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Positions===
[[File:UVA field hockey.jpg|thumb|A [[Virginia Cavaliers]] field player passing the ball]]
When hockey positions are discussed, notions of fluidity are very common. Each team can be fielded with a maximum of 11 players and will typically arrange themselves into forwards, midfielders, and defensive players (fullbacks) with players frequently moving between these lines with the flow of play. Each team may also play with:<ref name="International Hockey Federation"/>
* a goalkeeper who wears a different colour shirt and full protective equipment comprising at least headgear, leg guards and kickers; this player is referred to in the rules as a goalkeeper; or
* Only field players; no player has goalkeeping privileges or wears a different colour shirt; no player may wear protective headgear except a face mask when defending a penalty corner or stroke.

====Formations====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
As hockey has a very dynamic style of play, it is difficult to simplify positions to the static [[Formation (association football)|formation]]s which are common in [[association football]]. Although positions will typically be categorised as either fullback, halfback, midfield/inner or striker, it is important for players to have an understanding of every position on the field. For example, it is not uncommon to see a halfback overlap and end up in either attacking position, with the midfield and strikers being responsible for re-adjusting to fill the space they left. Movement between lines like this is particularly common across all positions.

This fluid Australian culture{{Explain|date=August 2019}} of hockey has been responsible for developing an international trend towards players occupying spaces on the field, not having assigned positions. Although they may have particular spaces on the field which they are more comfortable and effective as players, they are responsible for occupying the space nearest them. This fluid approach to hockey and player movement has made it easy for teams to transition between formations such as: ''"3 at the back"'', ''"5 midfields"'', ''"2 at the front"'', and more.

====Goalkeepers====
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Profile picture Filip Neusser.jpg|thumb|Goalkeeper [[Filip Neusser]] in full gear]]
When the ball is inside the circle, they are defending and they have their stick in their hand, goalkeepers wearing full protective equipment are permitted to use their stick, feet, kickers or leg guards to propel the ball and to use their stick, feet, kickers, leg guards or any other part of their body to stop the ball or deflect it in any direction including over the back line. Similarly, field players are permitted to use their stick. They are not allowed to use their feet and legs to propel the ball, stop the ball or deflect it in any direction including over the back line. However, neither goalkeepers, or players with goalkeeping privileges are permitted to conduct themselves in a manner which is dangerous to other players by taking advantage of the protective equipment they wear.<ref name="International Hockey Federation"/>

Neither goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privileges may lie on the ball, however, they are permitted to use arms, hands and any other part of their body to push the ball away. Lying on the ball deliberately will result in a penalty stroke, whereas if an umpire deems a goalkeeper has lain on the ball accidentally (e.g. it gets stuck in their protective equipment), a penalty corner is awarded.

''* The action above is permitted only as part of a goal saving action or to move the ball away from the possibility of a goal scoring action by opponents. It does not permit a goalkeeper or player with goalkeeping privileges to propel the ball forcefully with arms, hands or body so that it travels a long distance''

When the ball is outside the circle they are defending, goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privileges are only permitted to play the ball with their stick. Further, a goalkeeper, or player with goalkeeping privileges who is wearing a helmet, must not take part in the match outside the 23m area they are defending, except when taking a penalty stroke. A goalkeeper must wear protective headgear at all times, except when taking a penalty stroke.

===General play===
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
For the purposes of the rules, all players on the team in possession of the ball are attackers, and those on the team without the ball are defenders, yet throughout the game being played you are always "defending" your goal and "attacking" the opposite goal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/field-hockey-elizabeth-anders/1101100144 |title=No Results Page | Barnes & Noble |website=Barnesandnoble.com |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225220850/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/noresults/field-hockey-elizabeth-anders/1101100144 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Brenda256.jpg|thumb|right|Sideline hit in a match Standard Athletic Club vs. British School of Paris (1996)]]
The match is officiated by two field [[umpire (field hockey)|umpires]]. Traditionally each umpire generally controls half of the field, divided roughly diagonally. These umpires are often assisted by a technical bench including a timekeeper and record keeper.

Prior to the start of the game, a coin is tossed and the winning captain can choose a starting end or whether to start with the ball. Since 2017 the game consists of four periods of 15 minutes with a 2-minute break after every period, and a 15-minute intermission at half time before changing ends. At the start of each period, as well as after goals are scored, play is started with a pass from the centre of the field. All players must start in their defensive half (apart from the player making the pass), but the ball may be played in any direction along the floor. Each team starts with the ball in one half, and the team that conceded the goal has possession for the restart. Teams trade sides at halftime.

Field players may only play the ball with the face of the stick. If the back side of the stick is used, it is a penalty and the other team will get the ball back. Tackling is permitted as long as the tackler does not make contact with the attacker or the other person's stick before playing the ball (contact after the tackle may also be penalised if the tackle was made from a position where contact was inevitable). Further, the player with the ball may not deliberately use his body to push a defender out of the way.

Field players may not play the ball with their feet, but if the ball accidentally hits the feet, and the player gains no benefit from the contact, then the contact is not penalised. Although there has been a change in the wording of this rule from 1 January 2007, the current FIH umpires' briefing instructs umpires not to change the way they interpret this rule.<ref name="Umpires' briefing">{{cite web |url=http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-180262-197480-115788-0-file,00.pdf |title=Title of presentation |publisher=Fihockey.org |access-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202000007/http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-180262-197480-115788-0-file,00.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2007}}</ref>

Obstruction typically occurs in three circumstances – when a defender comes between the player with possession and the ball in order to prevent them tackling; when a defender's stick comes between the attacker's stick and the ball or makes contact with the attacker's stick or body; and also when blocking the opposition's attempt to tackle a teammate with the ball (called ''third party obstruction'').

When the ball passes completely over the sidelines (on the sideline is still in), it is returned to play with a sideline hit, taken by a member of the team whose players were not the last to touch the ball before crossing the sideline. The ball must be placed on the sideline, with the hit taken from as near the place the ball went out of play as possible. If it crosses the back line after last touched by an attacker, a {{convert|15|m|yd|abbr=on}} hit is awarded. A 15 m hit is also awarded for offences committed by the attacking side within 15 m of the end of the pitch they are attacking.

===Set plays===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
Set plays are often utilised for specific situations such as a penalty corner or free hit. For instance, many teams have penalty corner variations that they can use to beat the defensive team. The coach may have plays that sends the ball between two defenders and lets the player attack the opposing team's goal. There are no set plays unless your team has them.

====Free hits====
Free hits are awarded when offences are committed outside the scoring circles (the term 'free hit' is standard usage but the ball need not be hit). The ball may be hit, pushed or lifted in any direction by the team offended against. The ball can be lifted from a free hit but not by hitting, you must flick or scoop to lift from a free hit. (In previous versions of the rules, hits in the area outside the circle in open play have been permitted but lifting one direction from a free hit was prohibited). Opponents must move {{convert|5|m|yd|abbr=on}} from the ball when a free hit is awarded. A free hit must be taken from within playing distance of the place of the offence for which it was awarded and the ball must be stationary when the free hit is taken.

As mentioned above, a 15 m hit is awarded if an attacking player commits a foul forward of that line, or if the ball passes over the back line off an attacker. These free hits are taken in-line with where the foul was committed (taking a line parallel with the sideline between where the offence was committed, or the ball went out of play). When an attacking free hit is awarded within 5 m of the circle everyone including the person taking the penalty must be five meters from the circle and everyone apart from the person taking the free hit must be five meters away from the ball. When taking an attacking free hit, the ball may not be hit straight into the circle if you are within your attacking 23 meter area (25-yard area). It has to travel 5 meters before going in.

====2009 experimental changes====
In February 2009 the FIH introduced, as a "Mandatory Experiment" for international competition, an updated version of the free-hit rule. The changes allows a player taking a free hit to pass the ball to themselves. Importantly, this is not a "play on" situation, but to the untrained eye it may appear to be. The player must play the ball any distance in two separate motions, before continuing as if it were a play-on situation. They may raise an aerial or overhead immediately as the second action, or any other stroke permitted by the rules of field hockey. At high-school level, this is called a self pass and was adopted in Pennsylvania in 2010 as a legal technique for putting the ball in play.

Also, all players (from both teams) must be at least 5 m from any free hit awarded to the attack within the 23 m area. The ball may not travel directly into the circle from a free hit to the attack within the 23 m area without first being touched by another player or being dribbled at least 5 m by a player making a "self-pass". These experimental rules apply to all free-hit situations, including sideline and corner hits. National associations may also choose to introduce these rules for their domestic competitions.

====Long corner====
A free hit from the 23-metre line – called a long corner – is awarded to the attacking team if the ball goes over the back-line after last being touched by a defender, provided they do not play it over the back-line deliberately, in which case a penalty corner is awarded. This free hit is played by the attacking team from a spot on the 23-metre line, in line with where the ball went out of play. All the parameters of an attacking free hit within the attacking quarter of the playing surface apply.

====Penalty corner====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
{{Main|Penalty corner}}
The [[Penalty corner|short or penalty corner]] is awarded: [[File:Fieldhockey shortcorner defense.jpg|thumb|right|A group of five defenders, including the goalkeeper, prepare on the back line for a short corner.]]
# for an offence by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal;
# for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball;
# for an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23-metre area they are defending;
# for intentionally playing the ball over the back line by a defender;
# when the ball becomes lodged in a player's clothing or equipment while in the circle they are defending.

Short corners begin with five defenders (usually including the keeper) positioned behind the back line and the ball placed at least 10 yards from the nearest goal post.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Field Hockey Rules|url=http://lower.usm.k12.wi.us/special/phy_ed/basic_fh_rules.htm|archive-date = 29 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729122657/http://lower.usm.k12.wi.us/special/phy_ed/basic_fh_rules.htm}}</ref> All other players in the defending team must be beyond the centre line, that is not in their 'own' half of the pitch, until the ball is in play. Attacking players begin the play standing outside the scoring circle, except for one attacker who starts the corner by playing the ball from a mark 10 m either side of the goal (the circle has a 14.63 m radius). This player puts the ball into play by pushing or hitting the ball to the other attackers outside the circle; the ball must pass outside the circle and then put back into the circle before the attackers may make a shot at the goal from which a goal can be scored. FIH rules do not forbid a shot at goal before the ball leaves the circle after being 'inserted', nor is a shot at the goal from outside the circle prohibited, but a goal cannot be scored at all if the ball has not gone out of the circle and cannot be scored from a shot from outside the circle if it is not again played by an attacking player before it enters the goal.

For safety reasons, the first shot of a penalty corner must not exceed 460 mm high (the height of the "backboard" of the goal) at the point it crosses the goal line if it is hit. However, if the ball is deemed to be below backboard height, the ball can be subsequently deflected above this height by another player (defender or attacker), providing that this deflection does not lead to danger. The "Slap" stroke (a sweeping motion towards the ball, where the stick is kept on or close to the ground when striking the ball) is classed as a hit, and so the first shot at goal must be below backboard height for this type of shot also.

If the first shot at goal in a short corner situation is a push, flick or scoop, in particular the ''[[drag flick (field hockey)|drag flick]]'' (which has become popular at international and national league standards), the shot is permitted to rise above the height of the backboard, as long as the shot is not deemed dangerous to any opponent. This form of shooting was developed because it is not height restricted in the same way as the first hit shot at the goal and players with good technique are able to drag-flick with as much power as many others can hit a ball.

====Penalty stroke====
{{Main|Penalty stroke}}
A [[penalty stroke]] is awarded when a defender commits a foul in the circle (accidental or otherwise) that prevents a probable goal or commits a deliberate foul in the circle or if defenders repeatedly run from the back line too early at a penalty corner. The penalty stroke is taken by a single attacker in the circle, against the goalkeeper, from a spot 6.4 m from goal. The ball is played only once at goal by the attacker using a push, flick or scoop stroke. If the shot is saved, play is restarted with a 15 m hit to the defenders. When a goal is scored, play is restarted in the normal way.

===Dangerous play and raised balls===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
According to the Rules of Hockey 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202015-interactif.pdf |title=Rules of Hockey |website=Fih.ch |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204130451/http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202015-interactif.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> issued by the FIH there are only two criteria for a dangerously played ball. The first is legitimate evasive action by an opponent (what constitutes legitimate evasive action is an umpiring judgment). The second is specific to the rule concerning a shot at goal at a penalty corner but is generally, if somewhat inconsistently, applied throughout the game and in all parts of the pitch: it is that a ball lifted above knee height and at an opponent who is within 5m of the ball is certainly dangerous.

The velocity of the ball is not mentioned in the rules concerning a dangerously played ball. A ball that hits a player above the knee may on some occasions not be penalised, this is at the umpire's discretion. A jab tackle, for example, might accidentally lift the ball above knee height into an opponent from close range but at such low velocity as not to be, in the opinion of the umpire, dangerous play. In the same way a high-velocity hit at very close range into an opponent, but below knee height, could be considered to be dangerous or reckless play in the view of the umpire, especially when safer alternatives are open to the striker of the ball.

A ball that has been lifted high so that it will fall among close opponents may be deemed to be potentially dangerous and play may be stopped for that reason. A lifted ball that is falling to a player in clear space may be made potentially dangerous by the actions of an opponent closing to within 5m of the receiver before the ball has been controlled to ground – a rule which is often only loosely applied; the distance allowed is often only what might be described as playing distance, 2–3 m, and opponents tend to be permitted to close on the ball as soon as the receiver plays it: these unofficial variations are often based on the umpire's perception of the skill of the players i.e. on the level of the game, in order to maintain game flow, which umpires are in general in both Rules and Briefing instructed to do, by not penalising when it is unnecessary to do so; this is also a matter at the umpire's discretion.

The term "falling ball" is important in what may be termed encroaching offences. It is generally only considered an offence to encroach on an opponent receiving a lifted ball that has been lifted to above head height (although the height is not specified in rule) and is falling. So, for example, a lifted shot at the goal which is still rising as it crosses the goal line (or would have been rising as it crossed the goal line) can be legitimately followed up by any of the attacking team looking for a rebound.

In general even potentially dangerous play is not penalised if an opponent is not disadvantaged by it or, obviously, not injured by it so that he cannot continue. A personal penalty, that is a caution or a suspension, rather than a team penalty, such as a free ball or a penalty corner, may be (many would say should be or even must be, but again this is at the umpire's discretion) issued to the guilty party after an advantage allowed by the umpire has been played out in any situation where an offence has occurred, including dangerous play (but once advantage has been allowed the umpire cannot then call play back and award a team penalty).

It is not an offence to lift the ball over an opponent's stick (or body on the ground), provided that it is done with consideration for the safety of the opponent and not dangerously. For example, a skilful attacker may lift the ball over a defenders stick or prone body and run past them, however if the attacker lifts the ball into or at the defender's body, this would almost certainly be regarded as dangerous.

It is not against the rules to bounce the ball on the stick and even to run with it while doing so, as long as that does not lead to a potentially dangerous conflict with an opponent who is attempting to make a tackle. For example, two players trying to play at the ball in the air at the same time, would probably be considered a dangerous situation and it is likely that the player who first put the ball up or who was so 'carrying' it would be penalised.

Dangerous play rules also apply to the usage of the stick when approaching the ball, making a stroke at it (replacing what was at one time referred to as the "sticks" rule, which once forbade the raising of any part of the stick above the shoulder during any play. This last restriction has been removed but the stick should still not be used in a way that endangers an opponent) or attempting to tackle, (fouls relating to tripping, impeding and obstruction). The use of the stick to strike an opponent will usually be much more severely dealt with by the umpires than offences such as barging, impeding and obstruction with the body, although these are also dealt with firmly, especially when these fouls are intentional.

===Warnings and suspensions===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
<gallery widths="200" heights="110" perrow="3" caption="The penalty cards">
File:Grüne Karte Hockey.JPG|Green card (warning with 2 min suspension)
File:Gelbe Karte Hockey.JPG|Yellow card (suspension of 5 / 10 mins depending on intensity of foul)
File:Rote Karte Hockey.JPG|Red card (permanent suspension)
</gallery>
Hockey uses a three-tier [[penalty card]] system of warnings and suspensions:
[[File:Indiana (80) (5028145116).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Penn State Nittany Lions field hockey|Penn State]] player receives a green card.]]
*When shown a '''green card''', the player may have to leave the field for two minutes, depending on national regulations, though at international standards the player has to leave the field for two minutes, but any further infractions will result in a yellow or red card.
*A '''yellow card''' is an official suspension similar to the [[penalty box]] in ice hockey. The duration is decided by the umpire issuing the card and the player must go to a pre-defined area of the pitch as chosen by the umpires, or by the local/state/national association of that country; in this case generally it will be in the rule book where that player must go to, at the beginning of the match. Most umpires will opt for a minimum of five minutes' duration without substitution; the maximum time is at the discretion of the umpire, depending on the seriousness of the offence; for example the second yellow to the same player or the first for danger might be given ten minutes. (In some modes, including indoor, shorter periods of suspension are applied, dependent on local rules.) However it is possible to send a player off for the remainder of the match if the penalty time is longer than the time remaining in the match. Three yellows risks a red card, and a substitute will serve out whatever time imposed by the officials. Depending on national rules, if a coach is sent off a player may have to leave the field too for the time the coach is sent off.
*A '''red card''', just like in association football, is a permanent exclusion from the rest of the game, without substitution, and usually results in the player being banned for a certain period of time or number of matches (this is governed by local playing conditions, rather than the rules of field hockey). The player must also leave the pitch and surrounding area.
If a coach is sent off, depending on local rules, a player may have to leave the field for the remaining length of the match.

In addition to their colours, field hockey penalty cards are often shaped differently, so they can be recognised easily. Green cards are normally triangular, yellow cards rectangular and red cards circular.

Unlike football, a player may receive more than one green or yellow card. However, they cannot receive the same card for the same offence (for example two yellows for dangerous play), and the second must always be a more serious card. In the case of a second yellow card for a different breach of the rules (for example a yellow for deliberate foot, and a second later in the game for dangerous play) the temporary suspension would be expected to be of considerably longer duration than the first. However, local playing conditions may mandate that cards are awarded only progressively, and not allow any second awards.

Umpires, if the free hit would have been in the attacking 23 m area, may upgrade the free hit to a penalty corner for dissent or other misconduct after the free hit has been awarded.

===Scoring===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The teams' object is to play the ball into their attacking circle and, from there, hit, push or flick the ball into the goal, scoring a goal. The team with more goals after 60 minutes wins the game. The playing time may be shortened, particularly when younger players are involved, or for some tournament play. If the game is played in a countdown clock, like ice hockey, a goal can only count if the ball completely crosses the goal line and into the goal ''before'' time expires, not when the ball leaves the stick in the act of shooting.

{{Main|Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)}}
If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a [[tie (draw)|draw]] is declared or the game goes into extra time, or there is a [[penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-out]], depending on the format of the competition. In many competitions (such as regular club competition, or in pool games in FIH international tournaments such as the Olympics or the World Cup), a tied result stands and the overall competition standings are adjusted accordingly. Since March 2013, when tie breaking is required, the official FIH Tournament Regulations mandate to no longer have extra time and go directly into a [[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-out]] when a classification match ends in a tie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4281-executive-board-makes-key-decisions-at-latest|title=Executive Board makes key decisions at latest meeting|access-date=4 August 2013|date=21 March 2013|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110192522/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4281-executive-board-makes-key-decisions-at-latest|url-status=live}}</ref> However, many associations follow the previous procedure consisting of two periods of 7.5 minutes of "golden goal" extra time during which the game ends as soon as one team scores.

There are many variations to overtime play that depend on the league or tournament rules. In American college play, a seven-a-side overtime period consists of a 10-minute [[golden goal]] period with seven players for each team. If the scores remain equal, the game enters a one-on-one competition where each team chooses five players to dribble from the {{convert|25|yd|m|adj=on}} line down to the circle against the opposing goalkeeper. The player has eight seconds to score against the goalkeeper while keeping the ball in bounds. The game ends after a goal is scored, the ball goes out of bounds, a foul is committed (ending in either a penalty stroke or flick or the end of the one-on-one) or time expires. If the tie still persists, more rounds are played until one team has scored.

===Rule change procedure===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The FIH implemented a two-year rules cycle with the 2007–08 edition of the rules, with the intention that the rules be reviewed on a biennial basis. The 2009 rulebook was officially released in early March 2009 (effective 1 May 2009), however the FIH published the major changes in February. The current rule book is effective from 1 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules of Hockey |url=https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/fih-rules-of-hockey-June23-update.pdf |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=FIH}}</ref>

==Local rules==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Field hockey player with goggles and mouthguard (50413699032) (cropped).jpg|thumb|An American high school field hockey player wearing goggles and a mouthguard]]
There are sometimes minor variations in rules from competition to competition; for instance, the duration of matches is often varied for junior competitions or for carnivals. Different national associations also have slightly differing rules on player equipment.

The new [[Euro Hockey League]] and the [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympics]] has made major alterations to the rules to aid television viewers, such as splitting the game into four-quarters, and to try to improve player behavior, such as a two-minute suspension for green cards—the latter was also used in the 2010 World Cup and [[2016 Summer Olympic Games|2016 Olympics]]. In the [[United States]], the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] has its own rules for inter-collegiate competitions; high school associations similarly play to different rules, usually using the rules published by the [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] (NFHS). This article assumes FIH rules unless otherwise stated. [[USA Field Hockey]] produces an annual summary of the differences.<ref name="US rule differences">{{cite web |url=http://assets.teamusa.org/assets/documents/attached_file/filename/48247/Rules_Comparisons_2011_v1.0.pdf |title=Home |publisher=USA Field Hockey |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160208111233/http://assets.teamusa.org/assets/documents/attached_file/filename/48247/Rules_Comparisons_2011_v1.0.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref>

In the United States, the games at the junior high level consist of four 12-minute periods, while the high-school level consists of four 15-minute periods. Many private American schools play 12-minute quarters, and some have adopted FIH rules rather than NFHS rules.

Players are required to wear [[mouth guard]]s and [[shin guard]]s in order to play the game. Also, there is a newer rule requiring certain types of sticks be used. In recent years, the NFHS rules have moved closer to FIH, but in 2011 a new rule requiring protective eyewear was introduced for the 2011 Fall season. Further clarification of NFHS's rule requiring protective eyewear states, "effective 1 January 2019, all eye protection shall be permanently labeled with the current ASTM 2713 standard for field hockey".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfhs.org/articles/ten-rules-changes-approved-in-high-school-field-hockey/|title=NFHS Field Hockey Rule Changes 2015|date=23 February 2015|website=NFHS|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222003450/https://www.nfhs.org/articles/ten-rules-changes-approved-in-high-school-field-hockey/|url-status=live}}</ref> Metal 'cage style' goggles favored by US high school lacrosse and permitted in high school field hockey is prohibited under FIH rules.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Field-Hockey/Features/2011/April/22/Approved-FIH-and-USA-Field-Hockey-protective-eyewear.aspx |title= Approved FIH and USA Field Hockey protective eyewear |publisher= USA Field Hockey |date= 22 April 2011 |access-date= 19 December 2012 |archive-date= 6 December 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121206143902/https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Field-Hockey/Features/2011/April/22/Approved-FIH-and-USA-Field-Hockey-protective-eyewear.aspx |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Equipment==
===Field hockey stick===
{{Main|Field hockey stick}}
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Splice Handle Head.jpg|thumb|Naming parts of stick]]
Each player carries a [[field hockey stick|hockey stick]] that normally measures between {{convert|80|and|95|cm|in|abbr=on}}; shorter or longer sticks are available. The length of the stick is based on the player's individual height: the top of the stick usually comes to the player's hip, and taller players typically have longer sticks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/products/1951/ |title=How to Choose a Stick |website=Longstreth.com |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714053805/http://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/products/1951/ |archive-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Goalkeepers can use either a specialised stick, or an ordinary field hockey stick. The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick, to give it more surface area to block the ball.

Sticks were traditionally made of wood, but are now often made also with [[fibreglass]], [[kevlar]] or [[carbon fibre]] composites. Metal is forbidden from use in field hockey sticks, due to the risk of injury from sharp edges if the stick were to break. The stick has a rounded handle, has a J-shaped hook at the bottom, and is flattened on the left side (when looking down the handle with the hook facing upwards). All sticks must be right-handed; left-handed ones are prohibited.

There was traditionally a slight curve (called the bow, or rake) from the top to bottom of the face side of the stick and another on the 'heel' edge to the top of the handle (usually made according to the angle at which the handle part was inserted into the splice of the head part of the stick), which assisted in the positioning of the stick head in relation to the ball and made striking the ball easier and more accurate.

The hook at the bottom of the stick was only recently{{when|date=August 2021}} the tight curve (Indian style) that we have nowadays. The older 'English' sticks had a longer bend, making it very hard to use the stick on the reverse. For this reason players now use the tight curved sticks.

The handle makes up about the top third of the stick. It is wrapped in a grip similar to that used on tennis racket. The grip may be made of a variety of materials, including [[chamois leather]], which improves grip in the wet and gives the stick a softer touch and different weighting it wrapped over a preexisting grip.

It was recently discovered that increasing the depth of the face bow made it easier to get high speeds from the dragflick and made the stroke easier to execute. At first, after this feature was introduced, the Hockey Rules Board placed a limit of 50 mm on the maximum depth of bow over the length of the stick but experience quickly demonstrated this to be excessive. New rules now limit this curve to under 25 mm so as to limit the power with which the ball can be flicked.

===Field hockey ball===
[[File:Balle de hockey sur gazon avec pièce de 5 francs.jpg|right|thumb|A field hockey ball with a 5 franc coin]]
Standard field hockey balls are hard spherical balls, made of solid plastic (sometimes over a cork core), and are usually white, although they can be any colour as long as they contrast with the playing surface. The balls have a [[diameter]] of {{convert|71.3|-|74.8|mm|abbr=on}} and a [[mass]] of {{convert|156|-|163|g|abbr=on}}. The ball is often covered with [[Alcove (architecture)|indentations]] to reduce [[aquaplaning]] that can cause an inconsistent ball speed on wet surfaces.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
[[File:HockyBallsPuck.JPG|thumb|An assembly of field hockey balls and a roller hockey puck]]

===Goalkeeping equipment===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:M060519 vit vipers-dragons 0071.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A goalkeeper makes a glove save. Equipment worn here is typical gear for a field hockey goalkeeper.]]
The 2007 rulebook saw major changes regarding goalkeepers. A fully equipped goalkeeper must wear a helmet, leg guards and kickers, and like all players, they must carry a stick. Goalkeepers may use either a field player's stick or a specialised goalkeeping stick provided always the stick is of legal dimensions. Usually field hockey goalkeepers also wear extensive additional protective equipment including chest guards, padded shorts, heavily padded hand protectors, groin protectors, neck protectors and arm guards. A goalie may not cross the 23 m line, the sole exception to this being if the goalkeeper is to take a penalty stroke at the other end of the field, when the clock is stopped. The goalkeeper can also remove their helmet for this action. While goalkeepers are allowed to use their feet and hands to clear the ball, like field players they may only use the one side of their stick. Slide tackling is permitted as long as it is with the intention of clearing the ball, not aimed at a player.

It is now also even possible for teams to have a full eleven outfield players and no goalkeeper at all. No player may wear a helmet or other goalkeeping equipment, neither will any player be able to play the ball with any other part of the body than with their stick. This may be used to offer a tactical advantage, for example, if a team is trailing with only a short time to play, or to allow for play to commence if no goalkeeper or kit is available.

==Tactics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
The basic tactic in field hockey, as in association football and many other team games, is to outnumber the opponent in a particular area of the field at a moment in time. When in possession of the ball this temporary numerical superiority can be used to pass the ball around opponents so that they cannot effect a tackle because they cannot get within playing reach of the ball and to further use this numerical advantage to gain time and create clear space for making scoring shots on the opponent's goal. When not in possession of the ball numerical superiority is used to isolate and channel an opponent in possession and 'mark out' any passing options so that an interception or a tackle may be made to gain possession. Highly skillful players can sometimes get the better of more than one opponent and retain the ball and successfully pass or shoot but this tends to use more energy than quick early passing.

Every player has a role depending on their relationship to the ball if the team communicates throughout the play of the game. There will be players on the ball (offensively – ball carriers; defensively – pressure, support players, and movement players.

The main methods by which the ball is moved around the field by players are a) passing b) pushing the ball and running with it controlled to the front or right of the body and c) "dribbling"; where the player controls the ball with the stick and moves in various directions with it to elude opponents. To make a pass the ball may be propelled with a pushing stroke, where the player uses their wrists to push the stick head through the ball while the stick head is in contact with it; the "flick" or "scoop", similar to the push but with an additional arm and leg and rotational actions to lift the ball off the ground; and the "hit", where a swing at ball is taken and contact with it is often made very forcefully, causing the ball to be propelled at velocities in excess of {{convert|70|mph|abbr=on}}. In order to produce a powerful hit, usually for travel over long distances or shooting at the goal, the stick is raised higher and swung with maximum power at the ball, a stroke sometimes known as a "drive".

Tackles are made by placing the stick into the path of the ball or playing the stick head or shaft directly at the ball. To increase the effectiveness of the tackle, players will often place the entire stick close to the ground horizontally, thus representing a wider barrier. To avoid the tackle, the ball carrier will either pass the ball to a teammate using any of the push, flick, or hit strokes, or attempt to maneuver or "drag" the ball around the tackle, trying to deceive the tackler.

In recent years, the [[penalty corner (field hockey)|penalty corner]] has gained importance as a goal scoring opportunity. Particularly with the technical development of the [[drag flick (field hockey)|drag flick]]. Tactics at penalty corners to set up time for a shot with a drag flick or a hit shot at the goal involve various complex plays, including multiple passes before deflections towards the goal is made but the most common method of shooting is the direct flick or hit at the goal.

At the highest level, field hockey is a fast moving, highly skilled game, with players using fast moves with the stick, quick accurate passing, and hard hits, in attempts to keep possession and move the ball towards the goal. Tackling with physical contact and otherwise physically obstructing players is not permitted. Some of the tactics used resemble football (soccer), but with greater ball speed.

With the 2009 changes to the rules regarding free hits in the attacking 23 m area, the common tactic of hitting the ball hard into the circle was forbidden. Although at higher levels this was considered tactically risky and low-percentage at creating scoring opportunities, it was used with some effect to 'win' penalty corners by forcing the ball onto a defender's foot or to deflect high (and dangerously) off a defender's stick. The FIH felt it was a dangerous practice that could easily lead to raised deflections and injuries in the circle, which is often crowded at a free-hit situation, and outlawed it.

==International competition==
{{Main|International field hockey tournaments}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:GB v Argentina 2016 CT (27151811463).jpg|thumb|300px|Great Britain's women's hockey players with their goal-keeper during a [[2016 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016 Champions Trophy]] match]]
The biggest two field hockey tournaments are the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] tournament, and the [[Hockey World Cup]], which is also held every four years. Apart from this, there is the [[Men's FIH Pro League|men's]] and [[Women's FIH Pro League|women's]] Pro League held each year for the nine top-ranked teams.

Of the men's teams, Pakistan has won the [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|Hockey World cup]] four times, more times than any other side. India has won the Hockey at the Summer Olympics eight times, including in six successive Olympiads.
Of the female teams, the Netherlands has won the [[Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|Hockey World cup]] the most times, with six titles. At the Olympics, Australia and the Netherlands have both won three Olympic tournaments.

[[India men's national field hockey team|India]] and [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] dominated men's hockey until the early 1980s, winning eight Olympic golds and three of the first five world cups, respectively, but have become less prominent with the ascendancy of [[Belgium men's national field hockey team|Belgium]], the [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]], [[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]], [[New Zealand men's national field hockey team|New Zealand]], [[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]], and [[Spain men's national field hockey team|Spain]] since the late 1980s, as grass playing surfaces were replaced with artificial turf. Other notable men's nations include [[Argentina men's national field hockey team|Argentina]], [[England men's national field hockey team|England]] (who combine with other British "Home Nations" to form the [[Great Britain men's national field hockey team|Great Britain]] side at [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic events]]) and [[South Korea men's national field hockey team|South Korea]].

The Netherlands, Australia and Argentina are the most successful national teams among women. The [[Netherlands women's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] was the predominant women's team before field hockey was added to Olympic events. In the early 1990s, [[Australia women's national field hockey team|Australia]] emerged as the strongest women's country, though retirement of a number of players has weakened the team somewhat. [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|Argentina]] improved its play in the 2000s, heading IFH rankings in 2003, 2010 and 2013. Other prominent women's teams are [[Germany women's national field hockey team|Germany]], [[Great Britain women's national field hockey team|Great Britain]], [[China women's national field hockey team|China]], [[South Korea women's national field hockey team|South Korea]] and [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]. Four nations have won [[Major achievements in field hockey by nation#Field hockey and indoor field hockey|Olympic gold medals in both men's and women's hockey]]: Germany, Netherlands, Australia and Great Britain.

{{As of|January 2022}} the Australian men's team and the Dutch women's teams lead the FIH world rankings.

For a couple of years, Belgium has emerged as a leading nation, with a World Champions title (2018), a European Champions title (2019), a silver medal (2016) followed with a title (2021) at the Olympics, and a lead in the FIH men's team world ranking.

This is a list of the major international field hockey tournaments, in chronological order. Tournaments included are:
*[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] (women's and men's versions) – held every four years.
*[[Women's FIH Hockey World Cup]] and [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]] – held every four years, in between the Olympics.
*[[Women's FIH Pro League]] and [[Men's FIH Pro League]] – held annually since 2019, but not in 2020 because of COVID-19.

Defunct tournaments:
*[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]] (women's and men's versions) – both replaced by the Pro Leagues.
*[[Hockey Champions Challenge|Champions Challenge]] (women's and men's versions) – both replaced by the World Hockey Leagues.
*[[Hockey Champions Challenge II|Champions Challenge II]] (women's and men's versions) – both replaced by the World Hockey Leagues.
*[[Women's FIH Hockey World League]] and [[Men's FIH Hockey World League]] – both replaced by the Pro Leagues.

Other international tournaments include:
*[[Field hockey at the African Games|African Games]] – held occasionally since 1987.
*[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] – held every four years since 1958.
*[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] – held every four years since 1998 between members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
*[[Field hockey at the Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] – held every four years since 1967.
*[[Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Tournament]] – held annually in Malaysia, an invitational tournament. Not held since 2020.
*[[Sultan of Johor Cup|Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Hockey Tournament]] – held annually for athletes aged under-21 in Malaysia, an invitational tournament. Not held in 2020.

==Variants==
{{See also|Indoor field hockey|Bandy|Hockey 9s|Minkey}}

===Indoor field hockey===
A popular variant of field hockey is [[Indoor hockey|indoor field hockey]], which is 6-a-side (5-a-side during 2014–2015) using a field which is reduced to approximately {{convert|40|x|20|m|abbr=on}}. Although many of the rules remain the same, including obstruction and feet, there are several key variations: players may not raise the ball unless shooting at goal, players may not hit the ball, instead using pushes to transfer it, and the sidelines are replaced with solid barriers, from which the ball will rebound and remain in play.<ref name="International Hockey Federation">{{cite web |title=Field Hockey Rules |url=http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202012-interactif.pdf |publisher=International Hockey Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224134122/http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202012-interactif.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the regulation guidelines for the indoor field hockey stick require a slightly thinner, lighter stick than an outdoor one.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fih.ch/media/12236439/rules-of-indoor-hockey-2017.pdf |title=Rules of Indoor hockey 2017 |last=The International Hockey Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302151904/http://www.fih.ch/media/12236439/rules-of-indoor-hockey-2017.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Hockey5s===
{{Infobox sport
| name = Hockey5s
| image=
| union=[[International Hockey Federation]]
| nickname=
| first=
| registered=
| clubs=
| contact=Yes
| team = 5 per side (30 Minutes in 2 period)
| mgender=
| category=Hockey5s
| ball=[[hockey ball]], [[hockey stick]], [[mouthguard]], gloves, [[shin guards|shinpads]]
| olympic= No
| IWGA = No
| world = [[2024 Hockey5s World Cup|2024]]
}}
As the name suggests, Hockey5s is a hockey variant which features five players on each team (including a goalkeeper). The field of play is 55 m long and 41.70 m wide—this is approximately half the size of a [[field hockey pitch|regular pitch]]. Few additional markings are needed as there is no penalty circle nor penalty corners; shots can be taken from anywhere on the pitch. Penalty strokes are replaced by a "challenge" which is like the one-on-one method used in a [[penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-out]]. The duration of the match is three 12-minute periods with an interval of two minutes between periods; [[golden goal]] periods are multiple 5-minute periods. The rules are simpler and it is intended that the game is faster, creating more shots on goal with less play in midfield, and more attractive to spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,1181-123651-124958-16294-53006-custom-item,00.html|title=A History of the Rules of Hockey|date=8 February 2017|publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]|access-date=8 February 2017|archive-date=17 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617030817/http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,1181-123651-124958-16294-53006-custom-item,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

An Asian qualification tournament for two places at the [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics|2014 Youth Olympic Games]] was the first time an FIH event used the Hockey5s format. Hockey5s was also used for the [[Field hockey at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics|Youth Olympic hockey tournament]], the [[Field hockey at the Pacific Games|Pacific Games]] in 2015 and at the [[Field hockey at the 2018 African Youth Games|African Youth Games]] is 2018.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 2022, the FIH staged its first senior international Hockey5s event, with a [[2022 Men's FIH Hockey5s|men's]] and [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey5s|women's]] event being held in [[Lausanne]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title='FIH Hockey5s Lausanne' to be held on 4-5 June 2022 |url=https://www.fih.hockey/fih-hockeys-lausanne/news/fih-hockey5s-lausanne-to-be-held-on-4-5-june-2022 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207054019/https://www.fih.hockey/events/hockey5s-lausanne-2022/news/fih-hockey5s-lausanne-to-be-held-on-4-5-june-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[FIH Men's Hockey5s World Cup]] and [[FIH Women's Hockey5s World Cup]] are set to debut in 2024.

==References==
'''NOTE:''' Many of the sources here are suspect and may be unreliable. {{tick|15|colour=blue}} indicates a reference has been reviewed and is approved. All ticks will be removed when the article reconstruction is complete.
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Rules of Hockey (effective from 1 January 2022) |publisher=FIH |year=2022 |url=http://www.fih.ch/media/13523568/fih-rules-of-hockey-jan2022-final-updated_001.pdf}}

==External links==

* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/New-hockey-laws-ended-Indias-rule/articleshow/5623020.cms "New hockey laws ended India's rule"], ''The Times of India'', 27 February 2010 – summary of some historical rule changes.
* [https://sitedesq.sportstg.com/customdata/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_main&ItemID=81436&OrgID=12979 History of Field Hockey Rules]

{{Field Hockey}}
{{International field hockey}}
{{Team Sport}}
{{Summer Olympic sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Field Hockey}}
[[Category:Field hockey| ]]
[[Category:Stick sports]]
[[Category:Ball games]]
[[Category:Sports originating in England]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Variations of hockey]]
[[Category:Team sports]]

Field hockey

2023-09-26T23:55:14Z

VictoriaMichels: added a link to my site as a similar game

Indian cricket team in England in 1952

2023-09-18T04:41:33Z

VictoriaMichels: /* The Test matches */ ce

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
[[File:Probir Sen with Queen Elizabeth II.png|thumb|The Indian team meets Queen [[Elizabeth II]] at [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], 23 June 1952]]
The '''[[Indian cricket team]]''' toured England in the [[1952 English cricket season|1952 season]]. The team played four [[Test cricket|Test matches]], losing three of them and drawing the other one. In all [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]], they played 29, winning four and losing five, with the rest drawn. At the first Test in Headingley, India lost four wickets for no runs at the start of their second innings.<ref name="OTD">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149264.html |title=India's nadir |date=12 June 2017 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=12 June 2017 }}</ref>

This was the first tour of India to England after Independence from [[United Kingdom]]

==The Indian team==
There were 17 players in the original touring team, and [[Vinoo Mankad]] was co-opted from the [[Lancashire League (cricket)|Lancashire League]] team [[Haslingden]] for three of the four Test matches. The side was captained by [[Vijay Hazare]].

==The Test matches==
All the Test matches were played over five days, up from three days in the previous Indian tours of England.

===First Test===
''India (293 and 165) lost to England (334 and 128 for three) by seven wickets'' – [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20199.html scorecard]

{{Test match
| date =5–9 June 1952
| team2 ={{cr|ENG}}
| team1 ={{cr-rt|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =293 (126.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Vijay Manjrekar]] 133
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Jim Laker]] 4/39 (22.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =334 (165.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Tom Graveney]] 71
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] 5/100 (63 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =165 (67 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Dattu Phadkar]] 64
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Fred Trueman]] 4/27 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =128/3 (55 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Reg Simpson]] 51
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] 2/37 (22 overs)

| result =England won by 7 wickets
| venue =[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| umpires =[[Herbert Baldwin (cricketer)|Herbert Baldwin]] and [[Harry Elliott (English cricketer)|Harry Elliott]]
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62737.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
*''[[Fred Trueman]] (Eng), [[Datta Gaekwad]] and [[Gulabrai Ramchand|G. S. Ramchand]] (Ind) made their Test debuts.''
*''8 June was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
}}

===Second Test===
{{Test match
| date =19–24 June 1952
| team2 ={{cr|ENG}}
| team1 ={{cr-rt|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =235 (94.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Vinoo Mankad]] 72
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Fred Trueman]] 4/72 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =537 (206.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Len Hutton]] 150
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Vinoo Mankad]] 5/196 (73 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =378 (122 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Vinoo Mankad]] 184
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Jim Laker]] 4/102 (39 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =79/2 (49.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Len Hutton]] 39
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] 1/31 (23.2 overs)

| result =England won by 8 wickets
| venue =[[Lord's Cricket Ground]]
| umpires =[[Frank Chester (umpire)|Frank Chester]], [[Frank Lee (cricketer)|Frank Lee]]
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62738.html scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
*''22 June was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
}}

===Third Test===
{{Test match
| date =17–19 July 1952
| team1 ={{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =347/9 (d) (144 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Len Hutton]] 104
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] 3/43 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =58 (21.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Vijay Manjrekar]] 22
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Fred Trueman]] 8/31 (8.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =82 (36.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Hemu Adhikari]] 27
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Alec Bedser]] 5/27 (15 overs)

| result =England won by an innings and 207 runs
| venue =[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| umpires =[[Dai Davies (cricketer)|Dai Davies]] and [[Frank Lee (cricketer)|Frank Lee]]
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62739.html scorecard]
| toss =England won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Tony Lock]] (Eng) made his Test debut.
*India became the first team to be dismissed twice in one day.
}}

===Fourth Test===
{{Test match
| date =14–19 August 1952
| team1 ={{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =326/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (154 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[David Sheppard]] 119
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Vinoo Mankad]] 2/88 (48 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =98 (38.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Vijay Hazare]] 38
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Alec Bedser]] 5/41 (14.5 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Kennington Oval]], [[Kennington]]
| umpires =[[Frank Chester (umpire)|Frank Chester]] and [[Harry Elliott (English cricketer)|Harry Elliott]]
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62740.html Scorecard]
| toss =England won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes = 17 August was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].
}}
India were at 49/5 at the end of second day. The third day was washed out. On fourth day, only 65 minutes were played, during which India were all out for 98, third consecutive innings that they failed to reach 100. Hutton asked them to follow-on. But no further play was possible that day, and the fifth and last day was also completely washed out.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Annual reviews==
* [[Playfair Cricket Annual]] 1953
* [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]] 1953

==Further reading==
* [[Ramachandra Guha]], ''A Corner of a Foreign Field - An Indian History of a British Sport'', Picador, 2001

==External links==
* [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/Tours_1952.html CricketArchive]

{{Indian cricket tours of England}}
{{International cricket tours of England}}

[[Category:1952 in English cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of England|1952]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1945–46 to 1960]]

Bindrai Manki

2023-09-13T12:24:10Z

VictoriaMichels: Shared an engaging piece.

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary}}
'''Bindrai Manki''' was an Indian revolutionary who led the [[Kol rebellion]] in [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chota Nagpur]] against British rule in 1831–32. He along with Surga Munda, his brother Singrai Manki and the [[Kol people|Kol tribals]] fought against the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bindrai Manki |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2820622 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saha |first=Sheela |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nnZuAAAAMAAJ&q=bindrai+manki&dq=bindrai+manki&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs6v-P1uj_AhWZF4gKHQp1C004ChDoAXoECAgQAw#bindrai%20manki |title=The Company Rule in India: Some Regional Aspects |last2=Saha |first2=D. N. |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-251-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Jagdish Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sbkBAAAAMAAJ&q=bindrai+manki&dq=bindrai+manki&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs6v-P1uj_AhWZF4gKHQp1C004ChDoAXoECAYQAw#bindrai%20manki |title=The Kol Insurrection of Chota-Nagpur |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vBwhAAAAMAAJ&q=bindrai+manki&dq=bindrai+manki&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs6v-P1uj_AhWZF4gKHQp1C004ChDoAXoECAUQAw#bindrai%20manki |title=Anti-British Plots and Movements Before 1857 |publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan |isbn=978-0-8426-0169-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]

Saraiya, Mainpuri

2023-09-07T23:44:16Z

VictoriaMichels: Added a new addition to the platform.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Saraiya}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saraiya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.30056|N|79.22522|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.982
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 439
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Saraiya''' ([[Devanagari]]: सरैया {{IAST|Saraiyā}}) is a village in [[Sultanganj, Mainpuri|Sultanganj]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 439, in 82 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Saraiya had a population of 439, in 82 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|167}} This population was 53.3% male (234) and 46.7% female (205). The 0-6 age group numbered 70 (34 male and 36 female), or 15.9% of the total population. No residents were members of Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|130-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Saraiya as having a population of 300 people, in 116 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|168-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Saraiya as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 224 people (103 male and 121 female), in 33 households and 24 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 295 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Saraiya did not have any schools or healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, well, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|167-72}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Subroto Banerjee

2023-07-21T08:49:46Z

VictoriaMichels: rv. Provide a citation if you add again

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Subroto Banerjee
| image =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|02|13}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium-fast

| type1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| international = true
| onetest = true
| testdebutdate = 22 February
| testdebutyear = 1990
| testdebutagainst = New Zealand
| testcap = 194
| odidebutdate = 6 December
| odidebutyear = 1991
| odidebutagainst = West Indies
| odicap = 83
| lastodidate = 19 December
| lastodiyear = 1992
| lastodiagainst = South Africa

| type2 = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| onetype2 =
| debutdate2 =
| debutyear2 =
| debutfor2 =
| debutagainst2 =
| lastdate2 =
| lastyear2 =
| lastfor2 =
| lastagainst2 =

| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 3
| bat avg1 = 3.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 3
| deliveries1 = 108
| wickets1 = 3
| bowl avg1 = 15.66
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/47
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 6
| runs2 = 49
| bat avg2 = 24.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 25[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 240
| wickets2 = 5
| bowl avg2 = 40.40
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/30
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–
| date = 4 February
| year = 2006
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26853.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Subroto Tara Banerjee''' {{audio|Subroto_Banerjee.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 13 February 1969) is a former [[India]]n [[cricket]]er who played in one [[Test cricket|Test]] and 6 [[One Day International|ODIs]] from 1991 to 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29420635/did-everton-weekes-once-miss-start-test-which-was-playing? |title=Did Everton Weekes once miss the start of a Test in which he was playing? |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref>

He was a member of the Indian cricket team that played in the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]]. The one Test that he played for India was also the Test debut of [[Australians|Australian]] cricket player [[Shane Warne]]. He played in the third Test at [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] as the fourth seamer as [[Indian cricket team]] took the field without a specialist spinner where he took three wickets for 47 which includes [[Mark Waugh]], [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]] and [[Geoff Marsh]] in first-innings.

==See also==
*[[One Test Wonder]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=26853}}

{{India Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Subroto}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:Bihar cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Patna]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

2023-02-07T19:12:06Z

VictoriaMichels: Just published a comprehensive article.

{{Short description|Indian satellite launch vehicle}}
{{Distinguish|GSLV Mark III}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox Rocket
| name = GSLV
| image = GSLV-F10,_EOS-3_-_Launch_Vehicle_being_positioned_at_SLP.jpg
| caption = GSLV-F10 carrying [[GISAT]]-1 at the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad]]
| upright = 1.2

| function = [[Comparison of medium lift launch systems|Medium Lift Launch System]]
| manufacturer = ISRO
| country-origin = India
| cpl = US$47 million<ref>{{cite web|title=GAO|url=http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609}}</ref>
| height = {{cvt|49.13|m}}<ref name="gslv">{{cite web|url=http://isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv|title=Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021032054/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv|archive-date=21 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
| mass = {{cvt|414750|kg}}
| stages = 3

| capacities = {{Infobox rocket/Payload
| location = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
| kilos = {{cvt|6000|kg}}<ref name="GSLV_SSO">{{cite web |title=HSFC Presentation from International Space Conference and Exhibition 2021 |url=https://ciihive.in/Attachments/Exhibitor/35711_HSFCStandeefinal.pdf |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913121945/https://ciihive.in/Attachments/Exhibitor/35711_HSFCStandeefinal.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox rocket/Payload
| location = [[Sun-synchronous orbit|SSO]]
| kilos = {{cvt|3000|kg}}<ref name="GSLV_SSO">{{cite web |title=HSFC Presentation from International Space Conference and Exhibition 2021 |url=https://ciihive.in/Attachments/Exhibitor/35711_HSFCStandeefinal.pdf |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913121945/https://ciihive.in/Attachments/Exhibitor/35711_HSFCStandeefinal.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox rocket/Payload
| location = [[Geosynchronous transfer orbit|GTO]]
| kilos = {{cvt|2500|kg}}<ref name="gslv"/><ref name="FL20180829">{{cite news|title=ISRO developing vehicle to launch small satellites|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article24801393.ece|access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref>
}}
| status = {{plainlist|
* '''Mk I:''' Retired
* '''Mk II:''' Active
}}
| sites = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launches = [[List of GSLV launches#Launch history|15]]
| success = 9
| fail = 4
| partial = 2
| first = {{plainlist|
* '''Mk.I:''' 18 April 2001
* '''Mk.II:''' 15 April 2010
}}
| payloads = [[South Asia Satellite]], [[NavIC]]
| last = {{plainlist|
* '''Mk.I:''' 25 December 2010
* '''Mk.II:''' 29 May 2023
}}

| stagedata = {{Infobox rocket/Stage
| type = booster
| number = 4 L40 Hs
| length = {{cvt|19.7|m}}<ref name=F09borchure>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-f09-gsat-9/gslv-f09-brochure|title=GSLV F09 Brochure|publisher=ISRO}}</ref>
| diameter = {{cvt|2.1|m}}
| engines = 1 [[L40H Vikas]] 2
| thrust = {{cvt|760|kN}}<ref name=F08borchure>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-f08-gsat-6a-mission/gslv-f08-gsat6a-brochure|title=GSLV F08 Brochure|publisher=ISRO}}</ref>
| total = {{cvt|3040|kN}}
| SI = {{cvt|262|isp}}
| burntime = 154 seconds
| fuel = [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N2O4]] / [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]
| empty =
| gross =
| propmass = {{cvt|42700|kg}} each
}}

{{Infobox rocket/Stage
| type = stage
| stageno = First<ref name=F08borchure/><ref name=F09borchure/>
| length = {{cvt|20.2|m}}
| diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
| engines = 1 [[S139 Booster]]
| thrust = {{cvt|4846.9|kN}}
| SI = {{cvt|237|isp}}
| burntime = 100 seconds
| fuel = [[HTPB]] ([[Solid rocket|solid]])
| propmass = {{cvt|138200|kg}}
}}

{{Infobox rocket/Stage
| type = stage
| stageno = Second<ref name=F08borchure/><ref name=F09borchure/>
| length = {{cvt|11.6|m}}
| diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
| engines = 1 [[GS2 Vikas]] 4
| thrust = {{cvt|846.8|kN}}
| SI = {{cvt|295|isp}}
| burntime = 139 seconds
| fuel = N2O4 / UDMH
| propmass = {{cvt|39500|kg}}
}}

{{Infobox rocket/Stage
| type = stage
| stageno = Second GS2 (GL40)<ref name=F08borchure/><ref name=F11borchure>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gsat-f11-gsat-7a-mission/gslv-f11-gsat-7a-brochure|title=GSLV F11 Brochure|publisher=ISRO}}</ref>
| length = {{cvt|11.9|m}}
| diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
| engines = 1 [[GS2 Vikas]] 4
| thrust = {{cvt|846.8|kN}}
| SI = {{cvt|295|isp}}
| burntime = 149 seconds
|fuel = N2O4 / UDMH
| propmass = {{cvt|42500|kg}}
}}

{{Infobox rocket/Stage
| type = stage
| diff = GSLV Mk I
| stageno = Third<ref name=F09borchure/>
| length = [[N/A]]
| diameter = [[N/A]]
| name = CUS
| engines = 1 [[KVD-1]]
| thrust = [[N/A]]
| SI = [[N/A]]
| burntime = [[N/A]]
| fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / [[Liquid hydrogen|LH2]]
| propmass = [[N/A]]
}}

{{Infobox rocket/Stage
| type = stage
| diff = GSLV Mk II
| stageno = Third<ref name=F09borchure/>
| length = {{cvt|8.7|m}}
| diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
| name = CUS12
| engines = 1 [[CE-7.5]]
| thrust = {{cvt|75|kN}}
| SI = {{cvt|454|isp}}
| burntime = 718 seconds
| fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / [[Liquid hydrogen|LH2]]
| propmass = {{cvt|12800|kg}}
}}

{{Infobox rocket/Stage
| type = stage
| diff = GSLV Mk II
| stageno = Third<ref name=F11borchure/>
| length = {{cvt|9.9|m}}
| diameter = {{cvt|2.8|m}}
| name = CUS15
| engines = 1 [[CE-7.5]]
| thrust = {{cvt|75|kN}}
| SI = {{cvt|454|isp}}
| burntime = 846 seconds
| fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / [[Liquid hydrogen|LH2]]
| propmass = {{cvt|15000|kg}}
}}
|logo=[[File:GSLV logo.svg|100px|GSLV_logo]]}}

'''Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle''' ('''GSLV''') is an [[expendable launch system]] operated by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). GSLV was used in [[List of GSLV launches|fifteen launches]] from 2001 to 2023.

== History ==
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) project was initiated in 1990 with the objective of acquiring an Indian launch capability for [[geosynchronous satellite]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title=GSLV Launched Successfully|journal=Current Science|volume=80|issue=10|page=1256|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/may252001/1254.pdf|access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=flGSLVQuest>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=The GSLV Quest|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806/18060820.htm|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=Frontline}}</ref>

GSLV uses major components that are already proven in the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) launch vehicles in the form of the S125/S139 [[solid rocket booster]] and the [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid-fueled]] [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas engine]]. Due to the thrust required for injecting the satellite in a [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO) the third stage was to be powered by a [[LOX]]/[[LH2]] Cryogenic engine which at that time India did not possess or have the technological expertise to build.

[[File:Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage of GSLV-F09 at Stage Preparation Facility.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage [[CE-7.5]] of GSLV]]

The first development flight of the GSLV (Mk I configuration) was launched on 18 April 2001 was a failure as the payload failed to reach the intended orbit parameters. The launcher was declared operational after the second development flight successfully launched the [[GSAT-2]] satellite. During the initial years from the initial launch to 2014 the launcher had a checkered history with only 2 successful launches out of 7.<ref name="Naughty">{{cite web|title=GSLV Rocket, Billed 'Naughty Boy'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gslv-rocket-billed-naughty-boy-by-scientists-is-now-adorable-1456610|website=NDTV|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211150611/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gslv-rocket-billed-naughty-boy-by-scientists-is-now-adorable-1456610|archive-date=11 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Jacob Aron|title=India's hefty "naughty boy" rocket comes in from cold|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24821-indias-hefty-naughty-boy-rocket-comes-in-from-cold/ |website=New Scientist|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211151103/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24821-indias-hefty-naughty-boy-rocket-comes-in-from-cold/ |archive-date=11 February 2018}}</ref>

=== Cryogenic engine controversy ===
The third stage was to be procured from Russian company [[Glavkosmos]], including transfer of technology and design details of the engine based on an agreement signed in 1991.<ref name=flGSLVQuest/> Russia backed out of the deal after United States objected to the deal as in violation of the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (MTCR) in May 1992. As a result, ISRO initiated the '''Cryogenic Upper Stage Project''' in April 1994 and began developing its own cryogenic engine.<ref name=GSLVGopalRaj>{{cite news|last=Raj|first=N Gopal|title=The long road to cryogenic technology
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-road-to-cryogenic-technology/article397441.ece|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A new agreement was signed with Russia for 7 [[KVD-1]] cryogenic stages and 1 ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of 5 cryogenic stages along with the technology and design as per the earlier agreement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=The cryogenic quest|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090140.htm|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=Frontline}}</ref> These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk I.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal |url=https://thewire.in/138915/cryogenic-ce-20-isro-gslv-mk-iii/|publisher=The Wire|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>

== Vehicle description ==
The {{cvt|49|m}} tall GSLV, with a lift-off mass of {{cvt|415|MT}}, is a three-stage vehicle with solid, liquid and cryogenic stages respectively. The payload fairing, which is {{cvt|7.8|m}} long and {{cvt|3.4|m}} in diameter, protects the vehicle electronics and the spacecraft during its ascent through the atmosphere. It is discarded when the vehicle reaches an altitude of about {{cvt|115|km}}.<ref name=isroGSLVF04>{{cite web|title=GSLV-F04|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-d5/d5-updates.aspx|publisher=ISRO|access-date=15 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204430/http://isro.gov.in/gslv-d5/d5-updates.aspx|archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref>{{Needs update|reason=Needs to include 4m PLF variants flown on F06 and F10 flights}}

GSLV employs [[S band|S-band]] telemetry and [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]] transponders for enabling vehicle performance monitoring, tracking, range safety / flight safety and preliminary orbit determination. The Redundant Strap Down Inertial Navigation System/Inertial Guidance System of GSLV housed in its equipment bay guides the vehicle from lift-off to spacecraft injection. The digital auto-pilot and closed loop guidance scheme ensure the required altitude maneuver and guide injection of the spacecraft to the specified orbit.

The GSLV can place approximately {{cvt|5000|kg}} into an easterly [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) or {{cvt|2500|kg}} (for the Mk II version) into an 18° [[geostationary transfer orbit]].

[[File:Strap-on motors of GSLV-F05 being integrated with the core stage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Strap-on motors of GSLV-F05 being integrated with the core stage]]

=== Liquid boosters ===
The first GSLV flight, GSLV-D1 used the L40 stage. Subsequent flights of the GSLV used high pressure engines in the strap-on boosters called the L40H.<ref name=isroGSLVD2>{{cite web|title=GSLV-D2
|url=http://isro.gov.in/gslv-d2/gslv-d2.aspx|publisher=ISRO|access-date=15 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809215736/http://isro.gov.in/gslv-d2/gslv-d2.aspx|archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> The GSLV uses four L40H [[Liquid rocket booster|liquid strap-on boosters]] derived from the L37.5 second stage, which are loaded with 42.6 tons of [[hypergolic]] propellants ([[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] and [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N2O4).]] The propellants are stored in tandem in two independent tanks {{cvt|2.1|m}} diameter. The engine is [[Pump-fed engine|pump-fed]] and generates {{cvt|760|kN}} of thrust, with a burn time of 150 seconds.

=== First stage ===
GSLV-D1 used the S125 stage which contained {{cvt|125|MT}} of solid propellant and had a burn time of 100 seconds. All subsequent launches have used enhanced propellant loaded S139 stage.<ref name=isroGSLVD2/> The S139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and has a nominal burn time of 100 seconds.<ref name=GSLVD3>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/gslv|title=GSLV Launcher|publisher=ISRO|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf|title=Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies|publisher=Current Science|access-date=January 27, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Hoisting of the GSLV-F09 second stage during vehicle integration.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Hoisting of the GSLV-F09 second stage during vehicle integration.]]

=== Second stage ===
The GS2 stage is powered by the [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas engine]]. It has a diameter of {{cvt|2.8|m}}.<ref name=GSLVD3/>

=== Third stage ===
The third stage of the GSLV Mark II is propelled by the Indian [[CE-7.5]] [[cryogenic rocket engine]] while the older defunct Mark I is propelled using a Russian made [[KVD-1]]. It uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-d5/gslv-d5.aspx|title=GSLV-D5|access-date=4 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082545/http://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-d5/gslv-d5.aspx|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> The Indian cryogenic engine was built at the [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacenews.com/launch/100415isro-cryogenic-engine-fails.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526091518/http://www.spacenews.com/launch/100415isro-cryogenic-engine-fails.html |url-status=dead|archive-date=May 26, 2012|title=ISRO's Cryogenic Stage Fails in Maiden Flight|publisher=SpaceNews|access-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name=hindu-gslvd3>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/01/stories/2010010152721100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105175717/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/01/stories/2010010152721100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2010|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=The Hindu|title=GSLV, PSLV flights put off}}</ref> The engine has a default thrust of {{cvt|75|kN}} but is capable of a maximum thrust of {{cvt|93.1|kN}}.

[[File:Payload Fairing with GSAT-6A being Integrated.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Payload fairing with [[GSAT-6A]] being integrated.]]

== Variants ==
GSLV rockets using the Russian Cryogenic Stage (CS) are designated as the GSLV Mark I while versions using the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) are designated the GSLV Mark II.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Space India, April-June 2003|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/51-SI-Apr-jun-2003/files/assets/common/downloads/Space%20India%20Apr-Jun%202003.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816025908/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/51-SI-Apr-jun-2003/files/assets/common/downloads/Space%20India%20Apr-Jun%202003.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2021|access-date=16 August 2021|page=11}}</ref><ref name=GSLVD3brochure>{{cite web|title=GSLV-D3/GSAT-4 Brochure|url=http://www.isro.org/gslv-d3/pdf/GSLV-D3_GSAT-4%20Brochure.pdf|publisher=ISRO|access-date=15 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207165809/http://www.isro.org/gslv-d3/pdf/GSLV-D3_GSAT-4%20Brochure.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> All GSLV launches have been conducted from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]].

=== GSLV Mark I ===
The first developmental flight of GSLV Mark I had a 129 tonne (S125) first stage and was capable of launching around 1500 kg into [[geostationary transfer orbit]]. The second developmental flight replaced the S125 stage with S139. It used the same solid motor with 138 tonne propellant loading. The chamber pressure in all liquid engines were enhanced, enabling a higher propellant mass and burn time. These improvements allowed GSLV to carry an additional 300 kg of payload.<ref name="cursci-25jul01">{{cite journal|author1=R. V. Perumal|author2=B. N. Suresh|author3=D. Narayana Moorthi|author4=G. Madhavan Nair |title=First developmental flight of geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV-D1)|journal=Current Science|volume=81|issue=2|pages=167–174 |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul252001/167.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012149/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul252001/167.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="cursci-10sep03">{{cite journal|author1=R. V. Perumal|author2=D. Narayana Moorthi|author3=N. Vedachalam|author4=G. Madhavan Nair|title=Second developmental flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle |journal=Current Science|volume=85|issue=5|pages=597–601|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/~currsci/sep102003/597.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216164833/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/~currsci/sep102003/597.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> The fourth operational flight of GSLV Mark I, GSLV-F06, had a longer third stage called the C15 with 15 tonne propellant loading and also employed a {{No break|4 meter}} diameter payload fairing.<ref name=GSLVF06>{{cite web|title=GSLV-F06|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-f06/gslv-f06.aspx|publisher=ISRO|access-date=9 January 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810005704/http://isro.gov.in/gslv-f06/gslv-f06.aspx|archive-date=August 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GSLV-F06 / GSAT-5P mission brochure|url=http://isro.gov.in/gslv-f06/pdf/GSLV-F06.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909115830/http://isro.gov.in/gslv-f06/pdf/GSLV-F06.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Launch of GSLV F11 GSAT-7A from Second Launch Pad of SDSC SHAR 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Launch of GSLV F11 [[GSAT-7A]] from Second Launch Pad of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]]]

=== GSLV Mark II ===
This variant uses an Indian cryogenic engine, the CE-7.5, and is capable of launching 2500 kg into geostationary transfer orbit. Previous GSLV vehicles (GSLV Mark I) have used Russian cryogenic engines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1010/12gslv/|title=India may seek international help on cryogenic engine|last=Clark|first=Stephen|quote=Besides the new upper stage, the GSLV Mk.2 launched in April was nearly identical to previous versions of the booster|publisher=Spaceflight Now|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>

For launches from 2018, a 6% increased thrust version of the Vikas engine was developed. It was demonstrated on 29 March 2018 in the [[GSAT-6A]] launch second stage. It was used for the four Vikas engines first stage boosters on future missions.<ref name=sfn-20180329>{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/03/29/india-tests-upgraded-engine-tech-in-successful-communications-satellite-launch/|title=India tests upgraded engine tech in successful communications satellite launch|last=Clark|first=Stephen|publisher=Spaceflight Now|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

A 4m diameter Ogive payload fairing was developed and deployed for the first time in the [[GEO Imaging Satellite|EOS-03]] launch on 12 August 2021, although this launch was a failure due to technical anomalies with the Cryogenic Upper Stage. This will allow GSLV vehicles to accommodate larger payloads.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GSLV-F10/EOS-03 Brochure|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-f10-eos-03/gslv-f10-eos-03-brochure|access-date=14 August 2021|website=ISRO}}</ref>

== Launch statistics ==
{{main|List of GSLV launches}}

{{#section-h: List of GSLV launches | Launch history}}
;Launch system status:
{{legend|#CCFFD9|Active}}
{{legend|#f9f9f9|Retired}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;width:60%"
|-
! Variant
! Launches
! Successes
! Failures
! Partial failures
|-
| GSLV Mk. I
| 6
| 2
| 2
| 2
|-style="background:#CCFFD9"
| GSLV Mk. II
| 9
| 7
| 2
| 0
|-
| Total {{as of|2023|May|df=|lc=yes|since=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO GSLV NVS-1 Navic launch highlights {{!}} India launches next-gen navigational satellite |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-gslv-nvs-1-navic-satellite-launch-live-updates-sriharikota-2385647-2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| 15
| 9
| 4
| 2
|}
{{clear}}

Decade-wise summary of GSLV Launches:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failure
! Total
|-
| 2000s
| 2
| 2
| 1
| 5
|-
| 2010s
| 6
| 0
| 2
| 8
|-
| 2020s
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 2
|-
| Total
| 9
| 2
| 4
| 15
|}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|File:GSLV-F05 take off.jpg
|GSLV F05 take off
|File:GSLV F11 GSAT-7A campaign- Vehicle at Second Launch Pad 01.jpg
|GSLV F11 vehicle at Second Launch Pad.
|File:Fully integrated GSLV-F05 coming out of the Vehicle Assembly Building.jpg
|Fully integrated GSLV-F05 coming out of the Vehicle Assembly Building.
|File:Launch of GSLV F11 GSAT-7A from Second Launch Pad of SDSC SHAR 01.jpg
|Launch of GSLV F11 from Second Launch Pad.
|File:Fully Integrated GSLV-F08 inside the Vehicle Assembly Building.jpg
|Top view of a fully Integrated GSLV-F08 inside the Vehicle Assembly Building.
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Comparison of orbital launchers families]]
* [[Comparison of orbital launch systems]]
* [[LVM 3]]
* [[PSLV]]
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
* [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle|ASLV]]
* [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110824113407/http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/gslv/gslv.aspx ISRO GSLV Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027103917/http://geocities.com/hari_ghk/gslv.htm INDIA in Space – GSLV Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070301125317/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_razg.asp?id=13182 12KRB (KVD-1) Upper Stage at Khrunichev Space Center]

{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{Indian space programme}}

[[Category:Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle| ]]
[[Category:ISRO space launch vehicles]]
[[Category:2001 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2001]]
[[Category:Expendable space launch systems]]

Kuzholuzo Nienu

2022-09-14T10:27:21Z

VictoriaMichels: Wrote an inspiring guide.

#REDIRECT [[Küzholuzo Nienü]]

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{{R from move}}
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Oneindia.com

2022-05-04T20:28:11Z

VictoriaMichels: Shared an engaging guide.

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Progressivism

2022-04-02T05:54:44Z

VictoriaMichels: Shared an engaging guide.

{{Short description|Political philosophy in support of social progress and reform}}
{{About|the political philosophy in support of social progress and reform|the political philosophy and reform movement in the United States|Progressivism in the United States|other uses|Progressivism (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Oxford spelling}}
{{progressivism}}
{{liberalism sidebar|schools}}
{{party politics}}

'''Progressivism''' holds that it is possible to improve human societies through political action. As a [[political movement]], progressivism seeks to advance the [[human condition]] through [[social reform]] based on purported advancements in [[science]], [[technology]], [[economic development]], and [[social organization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progressivism|title=Progressivism in English|work=Oxford English Dictionary|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321174257/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progressivism|archive-date=21 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adherents hold that progressivism has universal application and endeavor to spread this idea to human societies everywhere. Progressivism arose during the [[Age of Enlightenment]] out of the belief that [[civility]] in Europe was improving due to the application of new [[Empirical evidence|empirical knowledge]] to the governance of society.<ref name=" Harold Mah 1914. p157">Harold Mah. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WVlGIelNNNcC ''Enlightenment Phantasies: Cultural Identity in France and Germany, 1750–1914'']. Cornell University. (2003). p. 157.</ref>

In modern political discourse, progressivism gets often associated with [[social liberalism]],<ref>{{cite book |editor=Klaus P. Fischer |title=America in White, Black, and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s |page=39 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Great Courses |title=The Modern Political Tradition: Episode 17: Progressivism and New Liberalism |publisher=Great Courses }}{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Helen Hardacre |editor2=Timothy S. George |editor3=Keigo Komamura |editor4=Franziska Seraphim |title=Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism |pages=136, 162 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}{{ISBN?}}</ref> a left-leaning type of liberalism, in contrast to the right-leaning [[neoliberalism]],<ref name="left-liberal">{{cite book|editor= Muzammil Quraishi |title=Towards a Malaysian Criminology: Conflict, Censure and Compromise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQzWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Progressivism+%22left-liberalism%22&pg=PA83 |quote=The urgent need for a meaningful theoretical perspective and research agenda is driven by an observation that both left liberalism (progressivism) and right liberalism (neoliberalism) have neutralised traditional conservative socialist discourses. |page=83 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9781137491015 }}</ref> combining support for a [[mixed economy]] with [[cultural liberalism]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Joseph M. Hoeffel |title=Fighting for the Progressive Center in the Age of Trump |quote=Modern American progressive thought combines social liberalism, including its government spending programs and mix of private enterprise and government regulation, with liberal cultural causes including voting rights for minorities, ... |page=56 |publisher=ABC-CLIO }}{{ISBN?}}</ref> In the 21st century, a movement that identifies as progressive is "a social or political movement that aims to represent the interests of ordinary people through political change and the support of government actions."<ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/progressivism "Progressivism"]. ''The Cambridge English Dictionary''. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>

== History ==
=== From the Enlightenment to the Industrial Revolution ===
[[File:Kant gemaelde 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Immanuel Kant]]]]
[[Immanuel Kant]] identified progress as being a movement away from [[Barbarian|barbarism]] toward [[civilization]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kant |first1=Immanuel |last2=Reiss |first2=Hans Siegbert |title=Kant: political writings |url=https://archive.org/details/kantpoliticalwri00kant/page/41/mode/2up |publisher=Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press }}</ref> 18th-century philosopher and political scientist [[Marquis de Condorcet]] predicted that political progress would involve the disappearance of [[slavery]], the rise of [[literacy]], the lessening of [[sex inequality]], [[prison reform]]s which at the time were harsh and the decline of poverty.<ref>Nisbet, Robert (1980). ''History of the Idea of Progress''. New York: Basic Books. ch 5</ref>

[[Modernity]] or modernization was a key form of the idea of progress as promoted by [[classical liberals]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, who called for the rapid modernization of the economy and society to remove the traditional hindrances to [[free market]]s and the [[Freedom of movement|free movements]] of people.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Joyce Appleby |author2=Lynn Hunt |author3=Margaret Jacob |name-list-style=amp |title=Telling the Truth about History |year=1995 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0aCcnVcbZcC&pg=78|isbn=9780393078916 }}</ref>

[[File:John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Stuart Mill]]]]
In the late 19th century, a political view rose in popularity in the Western world that progress was being stifled by vast [[economic inequality]] between the rich and the poor, minimally regulated ''[[laissez-faire]]'' capitalism with out-of-control monopolistic [[corporation]]s, intense and often violent conflict between capitalists and workers, with a need for measures to address these problems.<ref>{{cite book |title=Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Nugent, Walter|year=2010|isbn=9780195311068|page=2}}</ref> Progressivism has influenced various political movements. [[Social liberalism]] was influenced by British [[Liberalism|liberal]] philosopher [[John Stuart Mill]]'s conception of people being "progressive beings."<ref>Alan Ryan. ''The Making of Modern Liberalism''. p. 25.</ref> British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] developed [[progressive conservatism]] under [[One-nation conservatism|one-nation]] [[Toryism]].<ref>Patrick Dunleavy, Paul Joseph Kelly, Michael Moran. ''British Political Science: Fifty Years of Political Studies''. Oxford, England; Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. pp. 107–108. {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>Robert Blake. ''Disraeli''. Second Edition. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (Publishers) Ltd, 1967. p. 524.{{ISBN?}}</ref>

In France, the space between [[social revolution]] and the [[socially conservative]] ''laissez-faire'' [[centre-right]] was filled with the emergence of [[Radicalism (historical)|radicalism]] which thought that [[social progress]] required [[anti-clericalism]], [[humanism]], and [[republicanism]]. Especially anti-clericalism was the dominant influence on the [[center-left]] in many French- and Romance-speaking countries until the mid-20th century. In [[Imperial Germany]], Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] enacted various progressive [[social welfare]] measures out of [[paternalistic conservative]] motivations to distance workers from the [[socialist movement]] of the time and as humane ways to assist in maintaining the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>'' Union Contributions to Labor Welfare Policy and Practice: Past, Present, and Future''. Routledge, 16, 2013. p. 172. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

In 1891, the [[Roman Catholic Church]] encyclical ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' issued by [[Pope Leo XIII]] condemned the [[exploitation of labor]] and urged support for [[labor unions]] and [[government regulation]] of businesses in the interests of [[social justice]] while upholding the [[property right]] and criticizing socialism.<ref>Faith Jaycox. [http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=A45775BE9CF853C263D1597D2B161F30 ''The Progressive Era'']. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2005. p. 85.</ref> A progressive [[Protestant]] outlook called the [[Social Gospel]] emerged in North America that focused on challenging economic exploitation and poverty and, by the mid-1890s, was common in many Protestant theological seminaries in the United States.<ref>Charles Howard Hopkins, ''The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865–1915'' (1940). {{page needed}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

Early 20th-century progressivism included support for American engagement in [[World War I]] and the creation of and participation in the [[League of Nations]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Freeden|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Freeden|title=Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought|pages=144–165|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Lpu8wwvA1AC&pg=144|isbn=9780691116778}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ambrosius |first1=Lloyd E. |title=Woodrow Wilson, Alliances, and the League of Nations |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=139–165 |doi=10.1017/S153778140000298X|s2cid=162853992 }}</ref> [[compulsory sterilization]] in Scandinavia,<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=4026900|title=Geneticists and the Eugenics Movement in Scandinavia|last=Roll-Hansen|first=Nils|journal=[[The British Journal for the History of Science]]|volume=22|issue=3|pages=335–346|doi=10.1017/S0007087400026194|pmid=11621984|s2cid=44566095}}</ref> and [[eugenics]] in Great Britain,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |year=2005 |last=Leonard |first=Thomas |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=207–224 |doi=10.1257/089533005775196642 |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/retrospectives.pdf |access-date=2017-10-22 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820132528/https://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/retrospectives.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2017 |df=dmy-all |doi-access=free }}</ref> and the [[temperance movement]].<ref>James H. Timberlake, ''Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920'' (1970){{page needed}}{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/progress/prohib/ |title=Prohibition: A Case Study of Progressive Reform |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=2017-10-04 }}</ref> Progressives believed that [[progress]] was stifled by [[economic inequality]], inadequately regulated [[monopolistic]] corporations, and conflict between workers and elites, arguing that corrective measures were needed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Nugent, Walter|year=2010|isbn=9780195311068| pages=2}}</ref>

===Contemporary mainstream political conception of the philosophy===
[[File:President Roosevelt - Pach Bros.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Theodore Roosevelt]]]]
In the United States, progressivism began as an intellectual rebellion against the political philosophy of [[Constitutionalism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/constitutionalism/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first=Wil|last=Waluchow|editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> as expressed by [[John Locke]] and the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|founders of the American Republic]], whereby the authority of government depends on observing limitations on its just powers.<ref>{{cite book | last = Watson | first = Bradley | title = Progressivism : the strange history of a radical idea | page = 11 | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press | location = Notre Dame, Indiana | year = 2020 | isbn = 9780268106973 }}</ref> What began as a [[social movement]] in the 1890s grew into a popular [[political movement]] referred to as the [[Progressive era]]; in the [[1912 United States presidential election]], all three U.S. presidential candidates claimed to be progressives. While the term ''progressivism'' represents a range of diverse [[political pressure group]]s, not always united, progressives rejected [[social Darwinism]], believing that the problems society faced, such as [[class warfare]], [[greed]], [[poverty]], [[racism]] and [[violence]], could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed in a strong central government.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/progressive-era.cfm "The Progressive Era (1890–1920)"]. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120210506/https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/progressive-era.cfm}}. Retrieved 31 September 2014.</ref> President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and later the [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] declared that he "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand."<ref>{{cite book | first=Jonathan | last=Lurie | title=William Howard Taft: The Travails of a Progressive Conservative | location=New York | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2012 | page=196}}</ref>

[[File:Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Woodrow Wilson]]]]
President [[Woodrow Wilson]] was also a member of the American progressive movement within the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Progressive stances have evolved. [[Imperialism]] was a controversial issue within progressivism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States, where some progressives supported [[American imperialism]] while others opposed it.<ref name="Nugent">{{cite book|title=Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Nugent, Walter|year=2010|isbn=9780195311068|pages=33}}</ref> In response to [[World War I]], President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s [[Fourteen Points]] established the concept of national [[self-determination]] and criticized imperialist competition and colonial injustices. [[Anti-imperialists]] supported these views in areas resisting imperial rule.<ref>'' Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace''. p. 309. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

During the period of acceptance of economic [[Keynesianism]] (the 1930s–1970s), there was widespread acceptance in many nations of a large role for [[state intervention]] in the economy. With the rise of [[neoliberalism]] and challenges to state [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] policies in the 1970s and 1980s, [[center-left]] progressive movements responded by adopting the [[Third Way]], which emphasized a major role for the [[market economy]].<ref>Jane Lewis, Rebecca Surender. ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2004. pp. 3–4, 16. {{ISBN?}}</ref> There have been [[social democrats]] who have called for the social-democratic movement to move past Third Way.<ref>'' After the Third Way: The Future of Social Democracy in Europe''. I.B. Taurus, 2012. p. 47. {{ISBN?}}</ref> Prominent [[Progressive conservatism|progressive conservative]] elements in the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] have criticized neoliberalism.<ref>Hugh Bochel. ''The Conservative Party and Social Policy''. The Policy Press, 2011. p. 108. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

In the 21st century, progressives continue to favor [[public policy]] that they theorize will reduce or lessen the harmful effects of [[economic inequality]] as well as systemic [[discrimination]] such as [[institutional racism]]; to advocate for [[social safety net]]s and [[workers' rights]]; and to oppose [[corporate]] influence on the democratic process. The unifying theme is to call attention to the negative impacts of current institutions or ways of doing things and to advocate for [[social progress]], i.e., for positive change as defined by any of several standards such as the expansion of [[democracy]], increased [[egalitarianism]] in the form of [[Economic egalitarianism|economic]] and [[social equality]] as well as improved well being of a population. Proponents of social democracy have identified themselves as promoting the progressive cause.<ref>Henning Meyer, Jonathan Rutherford. ''The Future of European Social Democracy: Building the Good Society''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. p. 108. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

== Types ==
=== Cultural progressivism ===
Progressivism, in the general sense, mainly means social and cultural progressivism. There is ''[[cultural liberalism]]'' in a similar term, which is used substantially similarly.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Nancy L. Cohen |title=Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J90REAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Cultural+liberal%22+Cultural+progressive&pg=PT145 |quote= When the going got tough, the economic progressives got going back to the Reagan days when the cultural progressives were to blame. Clinton's presidential campaign had "signaled cultural moderation and articulated the pocketbook frustrations of ordinary people," Robert Kuttner, editor of ''The American Prospect'' ventured. "But in office, he seemed a cultural liberal who failed to produce on economics." |publisher=Catapult |isbn=9781619020962 }}</ref> However, cultural liberals and progressives may differ in positions on cultural issues such as {{Citation needed span|[[minority rights]], [[social justice]],|reason=The 'Atlantic' source doesn't explicitly mention minority rights and social justice.}} [[cancel culture]], and [[political correctness]].<ref name="Ball">{{Cite web |last=Ball |first=Molly |title=The Battle Within the Democratic Party |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/the-battle-within-the-democratic-party/282235/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142340/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/the-battle-within-the-democratic-party/282235/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=28 January 2017 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref>{{Original research inline}}

Unlike progressives in a broader sense, some cultural progressives may be economically [[Centrism|centrist]], [[Fiscal conservatism|conservative]], or politically [[Libertarianism|libertarian]]. The [[Czech Pirate Party]] is classified as a (cultural or social) progressive party,<ref name="politicalcritique.org 8 January 2018"/> but it calls itself "economically centrist and socially liberal".<ref>[https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/2710052-pirati-se-schazeji-v-tabore-sest-se-jich-se-utka-o-vedeni-kandidatky-do-evropskeho "Piráti chtějí vést liberální politický střed a v květnu získat 20 procent, zaznělo na fóru v Táboře"] (in Czech). [[ČT24]]. 19 January 2019.</ref>

=== Economic progressivism ===
{{main|Economic progressivism}}
''Economic progressivism'' is a term used to distinguish it from ''progressivism'' in cultural fields. Economic progressives' views are often rooted in the concept of [[social justice]] and aim to improve the human condition through [[government regulation]], [[social protection]]s and the maintenance of [[Public good (economics)|public goods]].<ref>[https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2011/03/14/9311/the-origins-and-evolution-of-progressive-economics/ "The Origins and Evolution of Progressive Economics"].</ref>

Some economic progressives may show [[Centre-right politics|center-right]] views on cultural issues. These movements are related to [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] conservative movements such as [[Christian democracy]] and [[one-nation conservatism]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Catholic News Agency|title=Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/did-you-know-theres-a-third-party-based-on-catholic-teaching-45272|access-date=24 December 2021|quote=Politically, we would be considered center-right on social issues}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/interviews/2018/11/new-political-party-says-its-roots-are-in-catholic-social-teaching/|title=New political party says its roots are in Catholic Social Teaching|quote=I was working on my doctoral dissertation largely concerning difficulties and opportunities for socially conservative, economically progressive movements, and desired to get involved in such movements ... and was glad to see that ASP was interested in applying such ways of thinking to contemporary issues. |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Techno progressivism ===
{{main|Techno-progressivism}}

== Progressive parties or parties with progressive factions ==


=== Current parties ===
{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
* {{flag|Argentina}}: [[Frente de Todos]] (factions)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/llamativa-definicion-politica-alberto-fernandez-rama-liberalismo-progresista-peronista_0_Ym3yLMfHX.html |title=La llamativa definición política de Alberto Fernández: "Soy de la rama del liberalismo progresista peronista" |access-date=6 November 2019 |newspaper=Clarín |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106143309/https://www.clarin.com/politica/llamativa-definicion-politica-alberto-fernandez-rama-liberalismo-progresista-peronista_0_Ym3yLMfHX.html |archive-date=6 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/juan-grabois-lanza-el-frente-patria-grande-que-liderara-cristina-fernandez.phtml|title=Juan Grabois lanza el Frente Patria Grande que lideraría Cristina Kirchner|work=[[Perfil]]|access-date=27 April 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/periodismopuro/alberto-fernandez-soy-mas-hijo-de-la-cultura-hippie-que-de-las-veinte-verdades-peronistas.phtml|title = Alberto Fernández: "Soy más hijo de la cultura hippie que de las veinte verdades peronistas"|date = 12 April 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Australia}}: [[Australian Greens]],<ref name=Interview>{{cite web|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/09/australia-greens-green-new-deal-gnd-elections|title=Australian Greens Are Building a Movement to End Neoliberalism|website=Jacobin|last1=Lopez|first1=Daniel|last2=Bandt|first2=Adam|author-link2=Adam Bandt|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> [[Reason Party (Australia)|Reason Party]], [[Australian Labor Party]] (factions)
* {{flag|Brazil}}: [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]],<ref>{{cite book|editor=Liisa L. North, Timothy D. Clark |title=Dominant Elites in Latin America: From Neo-Liberalism to the 'Pink Tide' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNsxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Brazil+%22progressive+Workers%27+Party%22&pg=PA212 |quote= In Brazil, as Simone Bohn makes straightforward (Chap. 3), the progressive Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) governments did not threaten the power of the national elite or landlord class; ...|page=212 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=9783319532554 }}</ref> [[Brazilian Socialist Party]] (factions),<ref>{{citation |title= A trajetória do PSB, o Partido que quer lançar Joaquim Barbosa à Presidência |newspaper=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-43887498 }}</ref> [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|Democratic Labour Party]],<ref>{{citation |title= O Que é ser progressist? |newspaper=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-62491258 }}</ref> [[Socialism and Liberty Party]]<ref>{{citation |title= O que pensam os partidos progressistas sobre o "Efeito Lula"|url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/03/17/o-que-pensam-os-partidos-progressistas-sobre-o-efeito-lula }}</ref>
* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Liberal Party of Canada]] (factions),<ref>{{cite book |author=Alvin Finkel |title=Our Lives: Canada after 1945: Second Edition |page=5 |quote=... capitalism and a wise federal bureaucracy presided over by a progressive Liberal party with intelligent leaders. |publisher=James Lorimer & Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Robert Harris |title=Song of a Nation: The Untold Story of Canada's National Anthem |publisher=McClelland & Stewart}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/hall-election-2021-analysis-1.6183615 |title=Trudeau made pushing his agenda more complicated with a failed bid for majority |work=CBC|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Emmett Macfarlane |title=Dilemmas of Free Expression |page=317 |publisher=University of Toronto Press}}</ref> [[New Democratic Party]]
* {{flag|Chile}}: [[Social Convergence]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ambito.com/mundo/chile/el-pinochetista-kast-y-el-progresista-boric-definiran-la-presidencia-el-19-diciembre-elecciones-n5321694|title = El pinochetista Kast y el progresista Boric definirán la presidencia el 19 de diciembre elecciones en Chile}}</ref> [[Liberal Party of Chile (2013)|Liberal Party of Chile]]
* {{flag|Colombia}}: [[Humane Colombia]]
* {{flag|Czech Republic}}: [[Czech Pirate Party]]<ref name="politicalcritique.org 8 January 2018">Slawek Blitch. [http://politicalcritique.org/cee/czech-republic/2018/finally-a-healthy-dose-of-anti-establishment/ Finally, a healthy dose of anti-establishment]. politicalcritique.org. 8 January 2018.</ref><ref name="balkaninsight.com 21 May 2019">Katerina Safarikova. [https://balkaninsight.com/2019/05/21/czechs-eye-symbolic-pirate-breakthrough-in-europe/ "Czechs Eye 'Symbolic' Pirate Breakthrough in Europe"]. /balkaninsight.com. 21 May 2019.</ref>
* {{flag|France}}: [[Radical Party of the Left]], [[New Deal (France)|New Deal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nouvelledonne.fr/nos-valeurs/|title=Notre charte fondatrice|website=nouvelledonne.fr|language=fr}}</ref>
* {{flag|Germany}}: [[Alliance 90/The Greens]]
* {{flag|Greece}}: [[Syriza]]<ref name="Podemos">{{cite book |editor=Gregor Fitzi |editor2=Juergen Mackert |editor3=Bryan S. Turner |title=Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 3: Migration, Gender, and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGNwDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+SYRIZA&pg=PT44 |quote= Progressive groups such as Syriza and Podemos6 tend, on the contrary, to show solidarity towards migrants and refugees, as in general being the weakest components of the society. The Five Star Movement that defines itself as neither ... |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351608916 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Christopher Chase-Dunn, Paul Almeida |title=Global Struggles and Social Change: From Prehistory to World Revolution in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbD5DwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+Syriza&pg=PA133 |quote= The Arab Spring, the Latin American Pink Tide, the Indignados in Spain, the Occupy movement, the rise of progressive social movement– based parties in Spain (Podemos) and in Greece (Syriza), and the spike in mass protests in 2011 and ... |page=133 |publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9781421438634 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Prebble Q. Ramswell |title=Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wNBDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+Syriza&pg=PA86 |quote= SYRIZA massively scooped up the votes of leftist, progressive, socially liberal young people, as well as the trade union voters, not specifically aligned with the Communist Party, to gain 52 seats. |page=86 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9781498546041 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Ken McMullen, Martin McQuillan |title=Oxi: An Act of Resistance: The Screenplay and Commentary, Including interviews with Derrida, Cixous, Balibar, and Negri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOHaDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+SYRIZA&pg=PA12 |quote= The choice to be made for Syriza is between fidelity to a progressive social agenda and retaining Greece's place within a community of nations tied together by a commitment to a neoliberal global economy. The skill with which they ... |page=12 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9781783482702 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Hungary}}: [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition]]
* {{flag|India}}: [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[Trinamool Congress]]<ref>{{cite news|title='India's soul at stake': Bengalis vote in divisive election|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/26/india-soul-at-stake-west-bengalis-vote-in-divisive-election-modi-bjp|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|quote=The TMC has implemented a progressive development agenda, but it has also been mired in accusations of corruption and thuggery.}}</ref>
* {{flag|Italy}}: [[Possible (political party)|Possible]], [[Green Europe]]
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: [[Indonesian Solidarity Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinterpolitik.com/in-depth/psi-gerakan-progresif-baru/?amp=1 |title= PSI: Gerakan Progresif Baru?|work=pinter politik|access-date=24 January 2023|language=id}}</ref> [[Green Party of Indonesia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mojok.co/kotak-suara/mengenal-partai-hijau-indonesia-suarakan-isu-lingkungan-anti-mengultuskan-pemimpin/ |title=Mengenal Partai Hijau Indonesia: Suarakan Isu Lingkungan, Anti Mengultuskan Pemimpin |language=id |website=mojok.co |access-date=2023-06-24}}</ref>
* {{flag|Japan}}: [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Social Democratic Party]], [[Japanese Communist Party]],<ref>{{cite book|editor=Matthew Allen, Rumi Sakamoto |title=Popular Culture, Globalization and Japan |quote= ... capturing 295 seats in the Diet. Progressive parties like the Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party, ... |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Willy Jou, Masahisa Endo |title=EGenerational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDelDAAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+%22Japanese+Communist+Party%22&pg=PA29 |quote=Conventional wisdom, still dominant in media and academic circles, holds that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) occupy the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum, ... |page=29 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=9781137503428 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/Read?newsId=01439926629245392&mediaCodeNo=257 |title="선제공격 능력 갖추자" 日정부 주장에…"시대착오적" 비판 |quote= ... {{lang|ko|개헌에 반대해 온 진보 성향의 일본공산당은 "적 기지에 대한 공격력을 갖추더라도 상대국의 지하나 이동발사대 등 미사일 위치를 모두 파악하고 파괴하는 것은 불가능하다"며}} ... |trans-quote=... The progressive position Japanese Communist Party, which has opposed the constitutional amendment, said, "Even if it has offensive power against enemy bases, it is impossible to identify and destroy all missile locations such as underground or mobile launchers of the other country" ... |work=Edaily |date=13 November 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> [[Reiwa Shinsengumi]]<ref name="Brasor">{{cite news |last= Brasor |first= Philip |title= Citizen campaigns seek to increase voter turnout in Upper House election |url= https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/20/national/media-national/citizen-campaigns-seek-increase-voter-turnout-upper-house-election/ |newspaper= The Japan Times |access-date= 24 July 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kosovo}}: [[Vetëvendosje]]
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Democrats 66]], [[GroenLinks]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=GroenLinks (GL) |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrouwy1/groenlinks_gl |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.parlement.com |language=nl}}</ref><ref name=":GLPVDA1">{{Cite web |last=GroenLinks |title=EEN PROGRESSIEF OPPOSITIEAKKOORD |url=https://groenlinks.nl/een-progressief-oppositieakkoord}}</ref><ref name=":GLPVDA2">{{Cite web |last=GroenLinks |title=PVDA EN GROENLINKS SLUITEN PROGRESSIEF OPPOSITIEAKKOORD |url=https://groenlinks.nl/nieuws/pvda-en-groenlinks-sluiten-progressief-oppositieakkoord}}</ref><ref name=":GLPVDA3">{{Cite web |last=ProDemos NL |title=Indeling van partijen |url=https://prodemos.nl/kennis/informatie-over-politiek/politieke-partijen/indeling-van-partijen/}}</ref><ref name=":GLPVDA4">{{Cite web |title=Progressief Oppositieakkoord |url=https://www.pvda.nl/progressief-oppositieakkoord/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=PvdA |language=nl}}</ref> [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|PvdA]]<ref name=":GLPVDA1" /><ref name=":GLPVDA2" /><ref name=":GLPVDA3" /><ref name=":GLPVDA4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrouwxn/partij_van_de_arbeid_pvda |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.parlement.com |language=nl}}</ref>
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]
* {{flag|Peru}}: [[Purple Party]]
* {{flag|Philippines}}: [[Akbayan]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://akbayan.org.ph/who-we-are|title=About Akbayan – Akbayan Party List|website=akbayan.org.ph|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181156/https://akbayan.org.ph/who-we-are|archive-date=27 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}: [[Polish Initiative]], [[Your Movement]]
* {{flag|Portugal}}: [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]], [[Left Bloc (Portugal)|Left Bloc]], [[People Animals Nature]],<ref>{{citation |title= The politics of Portugal – who are the parties?
|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2022-01-25/the-politics-of-portugal-who-are-the-parties/64840}}</ref>
* {{flag|Romania}}: [[Save Romania Union]], [[Democracy and Solidarity Party]], [[Volt Romania]], [[PRO Romania]]
* {{flag|Russia}}: [[Yabloko]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyQ3nR6Jls8C&q=progressivism+yabloko+russia&pg=PA160|title=Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe: The First Decade|first=Paul G.|last=Lewis|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|via=Google Books|isbn=9780714681740}}</ref>
* {{flag|Serbia}}: [[Party of the Radical Left]]
* {{flag|South Korea}}: [[Justice Party (South Korea)|Justice Party]], [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)|Progressive Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/PYH20200518227800320 |title=Minjung Party press conference |quote= Members of the progressive Minjung Party hold a press conference in front of former President Chun Doo-hwan's home in Seoul on May 18, 2020. |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |access-date=16 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/world/asia/south-korea-north-sanctions-trump.html|title=South Korea Backtracks on Easing Sanctions After Trump Comment|quote="The dog barks, but the caravan moves on," Lee Eun-Hae, a spokeswoman at the minor progressive Minjung Party, said in a statement about Mr. Trump and closer relations with North Korea.|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Mirae Party]]
* {{flag|Spain}}: [[Unidas Podemos]], [[Spanish Socialist Worker's Party]],<ref name="Podemos"/><ref>{{cite book|editor=Sebastián Royo |title=Why Banks Fail: The Political Roots of Banking Crises in Spain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM7tDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+%22Unidas+Podemos%22&pg=PA298 |quote= As of January 2020 (the time of writing), a new leftist government coalition between the Socialist Party and the leftist populist Unidas Podemos that emerged from the November 2019 election is coming to power with a progressive agenda ... |page=298 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9781137532282 }}</ref> [[Más Madrid]]<ref>{{cite news |agency=EFE |title=Errejón pide a Gabilondo centrarse en lo importante, una mayoría progresista |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190524/462432376624/errejon-pide-a-gabilondo-centrarse-en-lo-importante-una-mayoria-progresista.html |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |location=Madrid |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/spain-madrid-elections/|title=The Center Cannot Hold in Spain, but Can the Left Take Advantage?|publisher=The Nation|website=thenation.com}}</ref>
* {{flag|Taiwan}}: [[Democratic Progressive Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3855810|title=Democracy prevails in Taiwan|access-date=7 July 2020|publisher=[[Taiwan News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114142120/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3855810|archive-date=14 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Kuo, Yu-Ying |title=Policy Analysis in Taiwan |quote= The Democratic Progressive Party, founded in 1986, is a progressive and liberal political party in Taiwan. |publisher=Policy Press}}</ref> [[New Power Party]]
* {{Flag|Thailand}}: [[Move Forward Party]], [[Thai Liberal Party]]<ref name="prachatai">{{cite news|url=https://prachatai.com/english/node/7737|title=Nidhi Eoseewong: An open letter to Pheu Thai|author=Nidhi Eoseewong |work=prachatai}}</ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}}: [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Aviad Rubin, Yusuf Sarfati |title=The Jarring Road to Democratic Inclusion: A Comparative Assessment of State–Society Engagements in Israel and Turkey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTTVDAAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+%22Peoples%27+Democratic+Party%22+Turkey&pg=PA173 |quote=... the Joint List (JL), while Demirtaş is a Kurdish citizen in Turkey, and cochairs the progressive Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP). ... |page=173 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9781498525084 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Sebastian Maisel |title=The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAFeDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+%22Peoples%27+Democratic+Party%22+Turkey&pg=PA45 |quote=The successor of the BDP, Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) is a progressive political party that emphasizes democracy, ecology, women's rights, and equality for all individuals. |page=45 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781440842573 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Soner Cagaptay |title=A Sultan in Autumn: Erdogan Faces Turkey's Uncontainable Forces |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLU-EAAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+%22Peoples%27+Democratic+Party%22+Turkey&pg=PT54 |quote=Erdogan Faces Turkey's Uncontainable Forces Soner Cagaptay ... Erdogan was feeling rattled by the rise of the pro–Kurdish nationalist and progressive Peoples' Democratic Party alliance in Turkey, which—running on a joint list in the ... |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=9780755642816 }}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: [[Green Party of England and Wales]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Party of England and Wales elects new leaders |url=https://europeangreens.eu/news/green-party-england-and-wales-elects-new-leaders |website=europeangreens.edu |publisher=European Green Party |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060206/https://europeangreens.eu/news/green-party-england-and-wales-elects-new-leaders |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] (factions), [[Scottish National Party]], [[Plaid Cymru]], [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]]
* {{flag|United States}}: [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] (factions),<ref name="Ball"/><ref>{{cite book|editor=Joseph M. Hoeffel |title=Fighting for the Progressive Center in the Age of Trump |publisher=ABC-CLIO }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Chotiner |first1=Isaac |title=How Socialist Is Bernie Sanders? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-socialist-is-bernie-sanders |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=14 February 2021 |language=en-us }}</ref> [[Green Party of the United States]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Denisha Jones, Jesse Hagopian |title=Black Lives Matter at School: An Uprising for Educational Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_8FEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22progressive+Green+Party%22+United+States&pg=PT99 |quote= She later ran as a New York State lieutenant gubernatorial candidate on a progressive Green Party platform |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |isbn=9781642595307 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Venezuela}}: [[Popular Will]]
{{div col end}}

=== Former parties ===
{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
* {{flag|Argentina}}: [[Front for Victory]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Daniel K. Lewis |title=The History of Argentina, 2nd Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZLgBQAAQBAJ&dq=progressive++FpV+Argentina&pg=PA193 |quote= Progressive decrees, exemplified by the government's legalization of same-sex marriage in July, depicted the FPV as progressive. Behind the scenes, Kirchner promoted 'La Campora," and Peronist youth organization. |page=193 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781610698610 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Progressive Party of Canada]]
* {{flag|France}}: [[Movement Party (France)|Movement Party]],<ref name="france">{{cite book|last=Rémond|first=René|title=The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle|editor=University of Pennsylvania Press}}</ref> [[Opportunist Republicans]]
* {{flag|Hong Kong}}: [[Demosisto]]
* {{flag|Japan}}: [[Japan Socialist Party]]
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Free-thinking Democratic League]]<ref name="Broughton1999">{{cite book|author=David Broughton|title=Changing Party Systems in Western Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDNoNiBEjUC&pg=PA166|access-date=20 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=9781855673281|pages=166–}}</ref>
* {{flag|New Zealand}}: [[Jim Anderton's Progressive Party]]
* {{flag|Poland}}: [[Spring (political party)|Spring]]
* {{flag|Romania}}: [[Romanian Social Party]], [[National Union for the Progress of Romania]]
* {{flag|South Korea}}: [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 1956)|Progressive Party (1956)]], [[Democratic Labor Party (South Korea)|Democratic Labor Party]],<ref>{{Citation |first=Sunhyuk |last=Kim |title=Civil society and democratization in Korea |work=Korean Society |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2007 |page=65 |isbn=9780203966648 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ5uA3KW1ewC&q=%22Democratic+Labor+Party%22+korea+progressive&pg=PA65}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Yun-Shik |last=Chang |title=Left and right in South Korean politics |work=Korea Confronts Globalization |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |page=176 |isbn=9780203931141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-HxKjWqMEMC&q=%22Democratic+Labor+Party%22+korea+progressive&pg=PA176}}</ref> [[New Progressive Party (South Korea)|New Progressive Party]], [[Unified Progressive Party]]
* {{flag|United States}}: [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party (1912)]], [[Progressive Party (United States, 1924)|Progressive Party (1924)]], [[Progressive Party (United States, 1948)|Progressive Party (1948)]]

{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=32em}}
* [[Affirmative action]]
* [[Australian Progressives]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Democratic socialism]]
* [[Economic progressivism]]
* [[Egalitarianism]]
* [[Green politics]]
* [[Kirchnerism]]
* [[Left-libertarianism]]
* [[Left-wing nationalism]]
* [[Left-wing politics]]
* [[Left-wing populism]]
* [[Liberal socialism]]
* [[Liberalism]]
* [[Lulism]]
* [[Managerial state]]
* [[Modern liberalism in the United States]]
* [[Progressive conservatism]]
* [[Progressive Era]]
* [[Progressive Party (disambiguation)|Progressive Party]]
* [[Progressive tax]]
* [[Progressivism in South Korea]]
* [[Progressivism in the United States]]
* [[Radicalism (historical)]]
* [[Reformist party (Japan)]]
* [[Revisionism (Marxism)]]
* [[Secular liberalism]]
* [[Secularism]]
* [[Social democracy]]
* [[Social Justice]]
* [[Socialism]]
* [[Techno-progressivism]]
* [[Transhumanism]]
* [[Transhumanist politics]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* [[George Tindall|Tindall, George]] and Shi, David E. ''America: A Narrative History''. W W Norton & Co Inc; Full Sixth edition, 2003. {{ISBN|0393924262}}.
* [[George Lakoff|Lakoff, George]]. ''Don't Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate''. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1931498717}}.
* Kelleher, William J. ''Progressive Logic: Framing A Unified Field Theory of Values For Progressives''. The Empathic Science Institute, 2005. {{ISBN|0977371719}}.
* [[James T. Kloppenberg|Kloppenberg, James T.]] ''Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920''. Oxford University Press, US, 1988. {{ISBN|0195053044}}.
* [[Arthur S. Link|Link, Arthur S.]] and [[Richard L. McCormick|McCormick, Richard L.]] ''Progressivism (American History Series)''. Harlan Davidson, 1983. {{ISBN|0882958143}}.
* [[Michael McGerr|McGerr, Michael]]. ''A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920''. 2003. {{ISBN?}}
* Schutz, Aaron. [http://www.educationaction.org/ ''Social Class, Social Action, and Education: The Failure of Progressive Democracy'']. Palgrave, Macmillan, 2010. {{ISBN|9780230105911}}.
* Tröhler, Daniel. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316660070_Progressivism ''Progressivism'']. In: ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education''. Oxford University Press, 2017.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/progressivism Progressivism] – entry at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''

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