Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Shankh Air

2026-05-08T02:49:03Z

VictoriaCoward4: Put up a entry

{{Short description|Indian airline}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

{{Infobox airline
| airline = Shankh Air
| logo = ShankhAir Logo.png
| logo_caption =
| logo_upright =
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt =
| image =
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| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| callsign =
| founded =
| commenced =
| ceased =
| aoc =
| bases =
| hubs =
| secondary_hubs =
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| alliance =
| subsidiaries =
| fleet_size =
| destinations =
| parent = Shankh Aviation Pvt. Ltd.
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| headquarters =
| key_people = [[Sharvan Kumar Vishwakarma]] (Chairman and Managing Director)
| founder =
| founders =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| profit =
| assets =
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| website = https://shankhair.com/
| notes =
}}

'''Shankh Air''' is an [[India|Indian]] full-service [[regional airline]] company planning to serve the flight routes in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is authorized by [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] under [[UDAN]] scheme to enhance regional connectivity in the country.<ref name="mint261225">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anubhav |title=India to get 3 new airlines soon - Shankh Air, Al Hind Air and FlyExpress — Key things to know about them |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-to-get-3-new-airlines-soon-shankh-air-al-hind-air-and-flyexpress-key-things-to-know-about-them-11766657554404.html |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=mint |date=25 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FE261225">{{cite news |title=Al Hind Air, FlyExpress, Shankh Air to enter Indian skies—can they dent IndiGo, Air India’s dominance? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation/shankh-air-al-hind-air-flyexpress-to-enter-indian-skiescan-they-dent-indigo-air-indias-dominance/4087537/ |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=The Financial Express |date=25 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> As of December 2025, there were nine operational scheduled domestic carriers in Indian aviation sector.<ref>{{cite news |title=Al Hind Air, FlyExpress get NOCs; Shankh Air targets Q1 2026 launch as govt pushes more competition |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/shankh-air-eyes-q1-2026-launch-al-hind-air-flyexpress-get-government-clearance/cid/2139425 |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=24 Dec 2025 |quote=At present, India has nine operational scheduled domestic airlines. Apart from [[IndiGo]], [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]] and state-owned [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], other carriers include [[Akasa Air]], [[SpiceJet]], [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]], [[Fly91]] and IndiaOne Air, according to the latest Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) data.}}</ref>

Initial report suggests that this domestic airline carrier will operate from [[Gorakhpur]], [[Lucknow]] & [[Varanasi]] with flights scheduled to commence in first quarter of 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will new airlines like Shankh Air, Al Hind Air, FlyExpress help break up the IndiGo-Air India duopoly?- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2025/12/25/will-new-airlines-like-shankh-air-al-hind-air-fly-express-help-break-up-the-indigo-air-india-duopoly.html |work=www.theweek.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After IndiGo crisis, govt gives nod to 3 new airlines: Al Hind Air, FlyExpress and Shankh Air |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aviation-ministry-gives-nod-to-2-new-airlines-al-hind-air-and-flyexpress-what-we-know-101766567177463.html |access-date=26 December 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 IndiGo disruption]]
* [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]]
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of airlines of India]]
* [[Aviation in India]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Transport in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Airlines of India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Companies|Aviation}}

[[Category:Low-cost carriers]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Airlines of India]]
[[Category:2026 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2026]]

{{India-company-stub}}
{{Asia-airline-stub}}

List of governors of West Bengal

2026-05-07T21:06:45Z

VictoriaCoward4:

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor
| native_name =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of West Bengal]]
| image = R.N. Ravi.jpg
| incumbent = [[R. N. Ravi]]
| incumbentsince = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|3|12}}
| abbreviation = GoWB
| style = [[The Honourable]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Governor]] {{small|(informal)}} [[Excellency|His/Her Excellency]]
| residence = {{plainlist|
*[[Lok Bhavan, Kolkata]] {{small|(primary)}}
*[[Lok Bhavan, Darjeeling]] {{small|(summer)}}}}
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| precursor = [[Governor-General of India]]
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1947|08|15}}
| salary = {{INRConvert|350000}} (per month)
| inaugural = [[Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]]
| website = {{url|http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in}}
| body = West Bengal
| status = [[Head of state]]
}}
The '''governor of West Bengal''' is the nominal head of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The governor is appointed by the [[President of India]]. [[R. N. Ravi]] is the incumbent governor since 12 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2026 |title=New Governors in states, UT: TN’s Ravi replaces Bose in Bengal ahead of polls, Hasnain for Bihar, Sandhu gets Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-governors-in-states-ut-tns-ravi-replaces-bose-in-bengal-ahead-of-polls-hasnain-for-bihar-sandhu-gets-delhi-10566960/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Powers and functions==
{{See also|Governors of India#Powers and functions}}
The governor enjoys many different types of powers:

*'''Executive powers''' related to administration, appointments and removals,
*'''Legislative powers''' related to lawmaking and the state legislature, that is Vidhan Sabha or Vidhan Parishad, and
*'''Discretionary powers''' to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor.

===''Ex officio'' role of governor===
In his ''ex officio'' capacity, the governor of West Bengal is Chancellor of the universities of West Bengal (at present{{clarify timeframe|date=November 2019}} 16) as per the Acts of the Universities. The Universities are:

* [[University of Calcutta]]
* [[Jadavpur University]]
* [[University of Burdwan]]
* [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]
* [[North Bengal University]]
* [[University of Kalyani]]
* [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
* [[Vidyasagar University]]
* [[Netaji Subhas Open University]]
* [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
* [[Aliah University]]
* [[Bankura University]]
* [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]]
* [[Diamond Harbour Women's University]]
* [[University of Gour Banga]]
* [[Kazi Nazrul University]]
* [[Raiganj University]]
* [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]]
* [[The Sanskrit College and University]]
* [[Baba Saheb Ambedkar Education University]]
* [[Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya]]
* [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya]]
* [[West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences]]
* [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
* [[West Bengal State University]]

* For [[Visva Bharati]], the governor is the [[Rector (academia)|Pradhana (Rector)]].

The governor is also the chairman or president of some organisations, such as [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial Hall]], [[Indian Museum]], [[Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture]], Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies]] (MAKAIAS), Calcutta Cultural Centre (Kolkata Kala Kendra), Special Fund for R&R of Ex-servicemen, West Bengal Rajya Sainik Board, Sri Aurobindo Samiti, [[Indian Red Cross]] Society - West Bengal State Branch, [[St. John Ambulance Brigade]] No. II (West Bengal) District, [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]], and the Bengal Tuberculosis Association.

The governor of West Bengal’s Welfare Fund has the governor as its chairman. Contributions from this fund are given to the needy people for meeting, to some extent, the cost of their treatment. Besides the above, at his discretion, the governor accepts the position of Chief [[Patron]]/Patron or other posts in the honorary capacity, in various organisations that are rendering [[yeoman]] service to society in different fields.

==List==

;Legend
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Resigned/removed

;Color key
*{{legend2|wheat}} indicates acting/additional charge

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
! rowspan="2"| {{abbr|#|Number}}
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:14em" | Name (born{{spaced ndash}}died)
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Home state
! colspan="3"| Tenure in office
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Appointer (President)
|-
! style="width:7em"| From
! style="width:7em"| To
! style="width:5em"| Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]''' {{small|(1878{{ndash}}1972)}}
| [[Madras Presidency]]
| {{small|15 August}} 1947
| {{small|21 June}} 1948{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}{{efn-lg|Resigned to become the [[Governor-General of India]]}}
| '''{{ayd|15 Aug 1947|21 Jun 1948}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Lord Mountbatten]] {{small|(Governor-General)}}
|-
! 2
| [[File:Kailash Nath Katju.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kailash Nath Katju]]''' {{small|(1887{{ndash}}1968)}}
| [[Central Provinces and Berar]]
| {{small|21 June}} 1948
| {{small|1 November}} 1951
| '''{{ayd|21 Jun 1948|1 Nov 1951}}'''
|-
! 3
| [[File:Harendra Coomar Mookerjee.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]]''' {{small|(1887{{ndash}}1956)}}
| [[West Bengal]]
| {{small|1 November}} 1951
| {{small|7 August}} 1956{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| '''{{ayd|1 Nov 1951|7 Aug 1956}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Rajendra Prasad]]
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 4
| [[File:Phani Bhusan Chakravartti.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}} '''[[Phani Bhusan Chakravartti]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1981)}} (Acting)
| [[West Bengal]]
| {{small|8 August}} 1956
| {{small|3 November}} 1956
| '''{{ayd|8 Aug 1956|3 Nov 1956}}'''
|-
! 5
| [[File:Padmaja Naidu.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Padmaja Naidu]]''' {{small|(1900{{ndash}}1975)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|3 November}} 1956
| {{small|1 June}} 1967
| '''{{ayd|3 Nov 1956|1 Jun 1967}}'''
|-
! 6
| [[File:Dharma Vir, ICS.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Dharma Vira]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd.) (1906{{ndash}}2000)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|1 June}} 1967
| {{small|1 April}} 1969
| '''{{ayd|1 Jun 1967|1 Apr 1969}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Zakir Husain]]
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 7
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}} '''[[Deep Narayan Sinha]]''' (Acting)
| [[West Bengal]]
| {{small|1 April}} 1969
| {{small|19 September}} 1969
| '''{{ayd|1 Apr 1969|19 Sep 1969}}'''
|-
! 8
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Shanti Swaroop Dhavan]]''' {{small|(1906{{ndash}}1978)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|19 September}} 1969
| {{small|21 August}} 1971
| '''{{ayd|19 Sep 1969|21 Aug 1971}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[V. V. Giri]]
|-
! 9
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Anthony Lancelot Dias]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd.) (1910{{ndash}}2002)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|21 August}} 1971
| {{small|6 November}} 1979
| '''{{ayd|21 Aug 1971|6 Nov 1979}}'''
|-
! 10
| [[File:Tribhuvan Narayan Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1982)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|6 November}} 1979
| {{small|12 September}} 1981
| '''{{ayd|6 Nov 1979|12 Sep 1981}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
! 11
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[B. D. Pande|Bhairab Dutt Pande]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd.) (1917{{ndash}}2009)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|12 September}} 1981
| {{small|10 October}} 1983{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]}}
| '''{{ayd|12 Sep 1981|10 Oct 1983}}'''
|-
! 12
| [[File:Anant Sharma Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anant Sharma|Anant Prasad Sharma]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1988)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|10 October}} 1983
| {{small|16 August}} 1984
| '''{{ayd|10 Oct 1983|16 Aug 1984}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Zail Singh]]
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 13
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}} '''Satish Chandra''' (Acting)
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|16 August}} 1984
| {{small|1 October}} 1984
| '''{{ayd|16 Aug 1984|1 Oct 1984}}'''
|-
! 14
| [[File:Uma Shankar Dikshit Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Shankar Dikshit]]''' {{small|(1901{{ndash}}1991)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|1 October}} 1984
| {{small|12 August}} 1986{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|1 Oct 1984|12 Aug 1986}}'''
|-
! 15
| [[File:Saiyid Nurul Hasan 30.jpg|98x98px]]
| '''[[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1993)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|12 August}} 1986
| {{small|20 March}} 1989{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Orissa]]}}
| '''{{ayd|12 Aug 1986|20 Mar 1989}}'''
|-
! 16
| [[File:T. V. Rajeswar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[T. V. Rajeswar]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd.) (1926{{ndash}}2018)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|20 March}} 1989
| {{small|7 February}} 1990{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|20 Mar 1989|7 Feb 1990}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
! 17
| [[File:Saiyid Nurul Hasan 30.jpg|98x98px]]
| '''[[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1993)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|7 February}} 1990
| {{small|3 January}} 1991
| '''{{ayd|7 Feb 1990|3 Jan 1991}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 18
| [[File:K. V. Raghunatha Reddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2002)}} (Acting)
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|4 January}} 1991
| {{small|23 January}} 1991
| '''{{ayd|4 Jan 1991|23 Jan 1991}}'''
|-
! 19
| [[File:Saiyid Nurul Hasan 30.jpg|98x98px]]
| '''[[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1993)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|24 January}} 1991
| {{small|3 January}} 1992
| '''{{ayd|24 Jan 1991|3 Jan 1992}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 20
| [[File:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi, Governor of Madhya Pradesh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]''' {{small|(1928{{ndash}}2016)}} (Acting)
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{small|3 January}} 1992
| {{small|23 January}} 1992
| '''{{ayd|3 Jan 1992|23 Jan 1992}}'''
|-
! 21
| [[File:Saiyid Nurul Hasan 30.jpg|98x98px]]
| '''[[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1993)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|24 January}} 1992
| {{small|12 July}} 1993{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| '''{{ayd|24 Jan 1992|12 Jul 1993}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 22
| [[File:B. Satya Narayan Reddy portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2012)}} (Additional Charge)
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|13 July}} 1993
| {{small|14 August}} 1993
| '''{{ayd|13 Jul 1993|14 Aug 1993}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
! 23
| [[File:K. V. Raghunatha Reddy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2002)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|14 August}} 1993
| {{small|27 April}} 1998
| '''{{ayd|14 Aug 1993|27 Apr 1998}}'''
|-
! 24
| [[File:A. R. Kidwai in 2009 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2016)}}
| [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
| {{small|27 April}} 1998
| {{small|18 May}} 1999{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|27 Apr 1998|18 May 1999}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
! 25
| [[File:Shyamal Kumar Sen - Kolkata 2012-10-03 0512.JPG|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}} '''[[Shyamal Kumar Sen]]''' {{small|(born 1940)}}
| [[West Bengal]]
| {{small|18 May}} 1999
| {{small|4 December}} 1999
| '''{{ayd|18 May 1999|4 Dec 1999}}'''
|-
! 26
| [[File:Viren J Shah - Kolkata 2004-05-02 1366.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Viren J. Shah]]''' {{small|(1926{{ndash}}2013)}}
| [[Gujarat]]
| {{small|4 December}} 1999
| {{small|14 December}} 2004
| '''{{ayd|4 Dec 1999|14 Dec 2004}}'''
|-
! 27
| [[File:Gopalkrishna Gandhi - Chatham House 2010 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]''' {{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd.) (born 1945)}}
| [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
| {{small|14 December}} 2004
| {{small|14 December}} 2009
| '''{{ayd|14 Dec 2004|14 Dec 2009}}'''
| [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 28
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee attending the Launching Ceremony of Agriculture Road Map of Bihar (2012-2017), at Patna, in Bihar. The Governor of Bihar, Shri Devanand Konwar and the Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar are also seen (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Devanand Konwar]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2020)}} (Additional Charge)
| [[Assam]]
| {{small|14 December}} 2009
| {{small|23 January}} 2010
| '''{{ayd|14 Dec 2009|23 Jan 2010}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
! 29
| [[File:Mayankote Kelath Narayanan - Kolkata 2014-02-04 8384.JPG|105x105px]]
| '''[[M. K. Narayanan]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd.) (born 1934)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|24 January}} 2010
| {{small|30 June}} 2014{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|24 Jan 2010|30 Jun 2014}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 30
| [[File:Shri D.Y. Patil (cropped, 3x4).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[D. Y. Patil]]''' {{small|(born 1935)}} (Additional Charge)
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|3 July}} 2014
| {{small|17 July}} 2014
| '''{{ayd|3 Jul 2014|17 Jul 2014}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
! 31
| [[File:Keshari Nath Tripathi - Kolkata 2016-07-01 5591.JPG|105x105px]]
| '''[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2023)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|24 July}} 2014
| {{small|29 July}} 2019
| '''{{ayd|24 Jul 2014|29 Jul 2019}}'''
|-
! 32
| [[File:Shri JDhankhar.png|92x92px]]
| '''[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]''' {{small|(born 1951)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|30 July}} 2019
| {{small|17 July}} 2022{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}{{efn-lg|Resigned to become the [[Vice President of India]]}}
| '''{{ayd|30 Jul 2019|17 Jul 2022}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 33
| [[File:La Ganesan Ji (cropped).jpg|84x84px]]
| '''[[La. Ganesan]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2025)}} (Additional Charge)
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|18 July}} 2022
| {{small|17 November}} 2022
| '''{{ayd|18 Jul 2022|17 Nov 2022}}'''
|-
! 34
| [[File:Governor C. V. Ananda Bose at PMO.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]''' {{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd.) (born 1951)}}
| [[Keralam]]
| {{small|18 November}} 2022
| 11 March
2026{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|18 Nov 2022|11 March 2026}}'''
| Rowspan=2|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
! 35
| [[File:R.N. Ravi.jpg|95x95px]]
|'''[[R. N. Ravi]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd.) (born 1952)}}
|[[Bihar]]
|12 March
2026
|''Incumbent''
| '''{{ayd|12 Mar 2026}}'''
|}

{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==See also==
*[[West Bengal]]
*[[Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in Raj Bhavan's (Governor's residence) official website]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190646/http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/html/const_role.htm Constitutional role of Governor]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190654/http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/html/ex_off.htm ''Ex officio'' role of Governor]
** [https://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/html/pastgov1912_new.html title=Governors of Bengal from 1912 up to the present day]

{{Governors_and_Lt_Governors_of_Indian_States}}
{{Governors of West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Governors of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:West Bengal politics-related lists|Governors]]
[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states|West Bengal]]

List of cities in Maharashtra by population

2026-05-07T17:38:53Z

VictoriaCoward4: started entry!

{{Short description|none}}
{{One source|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

The following is a '''list of the most populous cities in [[Maharashtra]] state''' of [[India]] as per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]. There are 43 cities in Maharashtra which have a population over 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php|title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

== List of cities ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank (2011)
!City
!District
!Population 2011
!Population 2001
!Population 1991
|-
|1
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|12,442,373
|11,978,450
|9,925,891
|-
|2
|[[Pune]]
|[[Pune district|Pune]]
|3,124,458
|2,538,473
|1,566,651
|-
|3
|[[Nagpur]]
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|2,405,665
|2,052,066
|1,624,752
|-
|4
|[[Thane]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|1,841,488
|1,262,551
|803,369
|-
|5
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
|[[Pune district|Pune]]
|1,727,692
|1,012,472
|517,083
|-
|6
|[[Nashik]]
|[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|1,486,053
|1,077,236
|656,925
|-
|7
|[[Kalyan-Dombivli]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|1,247,327
|1,193,512
|1,014,557
|-
|8
|[[Vasai-Virar]]
|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|1,222,390
|–
|–
|-
|9
|[[Aurangabad]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|1,175,116
|873,311
|573,272
|-
|10
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|1,120,547
|704,002
|304,724
|-
|11
|[[Solapur]]
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|951,558
|872,478
|604,215
|-
|12
|[[Mira-Bhayandar]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|809,378
|520,388
|175,605
|-
|13
|[[Bhiwandi|Bhiwandi-Nizampur]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|709,665
|598,741
|379,070
|-
|14
|[[Amravati]]
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|647,057
|549,510
|421,576
|-
|15
|[[Nanded|Nanded-Waghala]]
|[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
|550,439
|430,733
|275,083
|-
|16
|[[Kolhapur]]
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|549,236
|493,167
|406,370
|-
|17
|[[Ulhasnagar]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|506,098
|473,731
|369,077
|-
|18
|[[Sangli]]
|[[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|502,793
|436,781
|193,197
|-
|19
|[[Malegaon]]
|[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|471,228
|409,403
|342,595
|-
|20
|[[Jalgaon]]
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|460,228
|368,618
|242,193
|-
|21
|[[Akola]]
|[[Akola district|Akola]]
|425,817
|400,520
|328,034
|-
|22
|[[Latur]]
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|382,940
|299,985
|197,408
|-
|23
|[[Dhule]]
|[[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|375,559
|341,755
|278,317
|-
|24
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|350,859
|307,615
|181,339
|-
|25
|[[Chandrapur]]
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|320,379
|289,450
|226,105
|-
|26
|[[Parbhani]]
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|307,170
|259,329
|190,255
|-
|27
|[[Ichalkaranji]]
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|287,353
|257,610
|214,950
|-
|28
|[[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|285,577
|235,795
|174,985
|-
|29
|[[Ambernath]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|253,475
|203,804
|–
|-
|30
|[[Bhusawal]]
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|187,421
|172,372
|145,143
|-
|31
|[[Panvel]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|180,020
|104,058
|58,986
|-
|32
|[[Badlapur]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|174,226
|97,948
|–
|-
|33
|[[Beed]]
|[[Beed district|Beed]]
|146,709
|138,196
|112,434
|-
|34
|[[Gondia]]
|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|132,813
|120,902
|109,470
|-
|35
|[[Satara (city)|Satara]]
|[[Satara district|Satara]]
|120,195
|108,048
|95,180
|-
|36
|[[Barshi]]
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|118,722
|104,785
|88,810
|-
|37
|[[Yavatmal]]
|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|116,551
|120,676
|108,578
|-
|38
|[[Achalpur]]
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|112,311
|107,316
|96,229
|-
|39
|[[Osmanabad]]
|[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
|111,825
|80,625
|68,019
|-
|40
|[[Nandurbar]]
|[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|111,037
|94,368
|78,378
|-
|41
|[[Wardha]]
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|106,444
|111,118
|102,985
|-
|42
|[[Udgir]]
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|103,550
|91,933
|70,453
|-
|43
|[[Hinganghat]]
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|101,805
|92,342
|78,715
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of districts of Maharashtra]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in India]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by population]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.census2011.co.in/ Census 2011]

{{Cities of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cities in Maharashtra by population}}
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by population|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Maharashtra|Population]]
[[Category:Maharashtra-related lists]]

Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond

2026-05-04T18:08:35Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added some details initial version - done

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ranneeti_Balakot_&_Beyond.jpg
| genre = [[war drama film|War drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = [[2019 Balakot airstrike|Balakot airstrike]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Aniruddha Guha]]
| story = Sanjay Chopra, Sudeep Nigam
| director = Santosh Singh
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] [[Ashutosh Rana]] [[Lara Dutta]] [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music = Joel Crasto
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| producer = {{ubl|Comall Sunjoy Waddhwa|Sunnjana Waadhwaa|Sunjoy Waddhwa}}
| executive_producer = Bandissh Rajyaguru
| cinematography = [[Tanveer Mir]]
| editor = Unnikrishnan Payoor Parameswaran
| company = Clockwork Film [[Sphere Origins|Sphereorigins Multivision]]
| network = [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|04|25|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| open_theme =
}}

'''''Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond''''' is a [[Hindi]]-language [[war drama film|war drama]] [[Web series|streaming television series]] directed by Santosh Singh for [[JioCinema]]. The series stars [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Aakanksha Singh]], [[Mir Sarwar]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] and others.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prakash |first=Priya |title=New War, New Plan: 'Ranneeti - Balakot & Beyond' To Release On This Date |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/film-theatre/ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-plot-lara-dutta |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[SheThePeople]] |date=18 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JioCinema teases war room drama 'Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jiocinema-teases-war-room-drama-ranneeti-balakot-beyond/article67887908.ece |access-date=27 February 2024 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=5 Years of Balakot airstrike: JioCinema shares a preview of Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond starring Lara Dutta, Jimmy Shergill, Ashutosh Rana and more : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/5-years-balakot-airstrike-jiocinema-shares-preview-ranneeti-balakot-beyond-starring-lara-dutta-jimmy-shergill-ashutosh-rana/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond Web Series {{!}} Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at JioCinema |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-web-series-120814 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=27 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The series was premeiered on 25 April 2024 on [[JioCinema]].

==Plot==
The show centers on an R&AW agent and his group as they retaliate against [[Pakistan]] following the devastating [[Pulwama]] assault. In the midst of hybrid warfare and Pakistan's deceptions in the media, the spies attempt to rescue a captured pilot while exposing the cunning neighbor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond Season 1 Review : A riveting and taut tale of patriotism, politics, and modern warfare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/ranneeti-balakot-beyond/season-1/seasonreview/109535493.cms?_gl=1*1e8jzl3*_ga*VExEZUhDNjBwYlozUHVLVjc5SnBGbGYteUVVX25XM0VRcjFXQzhoSldFT2M2QmNTaE1ydkpWWjVpa1hweHBpeA..#synopsis |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[National Security Advisor (India)|NSA]] chief Madhusudan Dutta<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajpal |first1=Roktim |title=Who Stars in 'Ranneeti Balakot and Beyond'? Meet the cast |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/who-stars-in-ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-meet-the-cast/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=The Daily Guardian |date=26 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Raqib Hamid Askani
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Kashyap Sinha
* [[Lara Dutta]] as Manisha Bharadwaj
* [[Ashok Kumar Beniwal]] as Mir Gul
* [[Aakanksha Singh]] as Richa Singh
* [[Elnaaz Norouzi]] as Fahima Naqvi / Netra Dhar, [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] agent
* [[Jason Tham]] as Victor Maisnam
* Mandeep Singh as [[Major general|Major General]] Arif Ghafaar, portraying Pakistani [[Inter-Services Public Relations|military spokesman]] [[Major general|Major General]] [[Asif Ghafoor]]
* Mark Bennington as Nick Campbel
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Hammad Wadhera
* [[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]] as [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]]
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as [[Wing commander]] Abhimanyu Vardhan, portraying [[Abhinandan Varthaman]]
* [[Priya Bathija]] as Aayesha
* Purnendu Bhattacharya as [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Hari Kumar
* Rajendra Bhatia as Balvinder Singh Gill
* [[Satyajeet Dubey]] as Iqbal Dar / Kabir Mir, a RAW agent
* Sandeep Chatterjee as Asif Gazali
* Samvedna Suwalka as Shireen
* Saadhika Syal as Zara Rizvi
* Shahid Malik as Ehtesham
* Smaran Sahu as [[Wing commander]] Haider
* Snehil Dixit Mehra as Shipra
* [[Spruha Joshi]] as Poonam Sinha
* Suneel Sinha as Gurtek Sodhi
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Pakistani Prime Minister]], portraying [[Imran Khan]]
* Umar Sharif as Yakub
* Vibhor Sharma as [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] Ashish Houda
* Samvedna Suwalka as shireen
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as [[Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|Pakistan Air Chief]] Marshal Anwar Khan, portraying [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] [[Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief]] [[Mujahid Anwar Khan]]

== Production ==
The series was announced by [[Lara Dutta]] on 13 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arya |first=Prachi |title=Lara Dutta announces new series 'Ranneeti Balakot and Beyond' with a teaser. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/lara-dutta-announces-new-series-ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-with-teaser-watch-2420498-2023-08-13 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On that day, Dutta also shared the first teaser of the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lara Dutta unveils teaser of her upcoming series Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/lara-dutta-unveils-teaser-upcoming-series-ranneeti-balakot-beyond-101691930645538.html |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lara Dutta announces new series Ranneeti: Balakot and Beyond |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/aug/15/lara-dutta-announces-new-series-ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-46598.html |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=15 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The official teaser was released on 26 February 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title='Ranneeti Balakot and Beyond' teaser: Lara Dutta's show explores India's mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-teaser-lara-duttas-show-delves-into-indias-mission-2507262-2024-02-26 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Devanshi |title=JioCinema's Upcoming Web Series Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond Teaser Trailer Released |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jiocinema-upcoming-series-ranneeti-balakot-124022726.html |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=[[List of Yahoo!-owned sites and services|Yahoo Entertainment]] |date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was released on 25 April 2024 on [[JioCinema]] with dubbed versions in [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranneeti Balakot & Beyond trailer: Lara Dutta and Jimmy Shergill take us behind the scenes of Balakot airstrike |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranneeti-balakot-beyond-trailer-lara-dutta-and-jimmy-shergill-9276153/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Got Goosebumps While Shooting For Ranneeti: Balakot And Beyond': Ashish Vidyarthi |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/got-goosebumps-while-shooting-for-ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-ashish-vidyarthi-8865623.html |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=25 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the series 1.5 stars and stated that "Another cross-border sub-plot featuring a couple of undercover agents has car chases, and shoot-outs, and fireworks. This ratchets the temperature a little, which overall remains tepid, and predictable."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Ranneeti Balakot and Beyond review: Jimmy Sheirgill, Lara Dutta show drowns in predictability, deafening background music |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-review-jimmy-sheirgill-lara-dutta-show-drowns-in-predictability-deafening-background-music-9292175/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 April 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 2.5 stars to the series and opined that "Balakot And Beyond veers between intriguing and boring."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Ranneeti: Balakot And Beyond Review: India Shines Again |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-review/20240425.htm |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=25 April 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 and stated that "The series does have a few predictable and far-fetched moments, especially regarding one of its pivotal characters."<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |title=Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond Season 1 Review : A riveting and taut tale of patriotism, politics, and modern warfare |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/ranneeti-balakot-beyond/season-1/seasonreview/109535493.cms |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 April 2024}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 2.5/5 and wrote in his review "The aerial action, most recently seen in Operation Valentine and Fighter, fail to ignite any sense of panic or patriotism."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra |title=JioCinema's 'Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond' review: Jimmy Shergill and Lara Dutta's show needed to be crisper |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jiocinemas-ranneeti-balakot-beyond-review-jimmy-shergill-and-lara-duttas-show-needed-to-be-crisper-13762724.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=25 April 2024 |language=en-us}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Rishil Jogani for ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated 3/5 and wrote that "A show like Ranneeti has very little margin for error because it is inspired by true events and something that is added only for dramatic effect, makes it less believable, overall."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |title=Ranneeti Review: Jimmy Shergill-Lara Dutta show is bingeworthy despite a few shortcomings |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ranneeti-review-jimmy-shergill-lara-datta-show-is-bingeworthy-despite-a-few-shortcomings-1298697 |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=25 April 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=28681409}}

[[Category:Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Aizawl South 2 Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T09:48:43Z

VictoriaCoward4:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aizawl South 2
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Aizawl South 2 highlighted).png
| constituency_no = 19
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| established = 2008
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Lalchhuanthanga]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:21232}}
}}
'''Aizawl South 2''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Aizawl district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Laldenga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| Zosangzuala
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|rowspan=2| [[Lalchhuanthanga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl South 2<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mizoram-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2023- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lalchhuanthanga]]|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Denghmingthanga|party=Mizo National Front|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Lalmalsawma Nghaka|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl South 2<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalchhuanthanga]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.712|92.720|display=title}}

[[Category:Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Vorasamni

2026-05-01T01:57:40Z

VictoriaCoward4: Put up new data...

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vorasamni
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|47|50|N|72|52|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
| subdivision_name3 = Vagra
| area_total_km2 = 5.446
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 2514
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 392012
| area_code = 91 (0)2642
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Vorasamni''' is a village located in [[Vagra]] [[Taluka]] of [[Bharuch District]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is located to the northwest of the city of [[Bharuch]]. At the 2011 census, its population was 2,514.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Vorasamni is located to the north of [[Narmada River]]. It covers an area of 544.6 hectares of land.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/606/download/2072/DH_2011_2913_PART_A_DCHB_DAVANAGERE.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Gujarat District Census Handbook Bharuch |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Gujarat |pages=214 |access-date=2024-12-25}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of the 2011 Indian census, vorasamni had 2,514 residents. The literacy rate of the village was 74.58%, slightly lower than the Gujarat state average of 78.03%.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharuch-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Bharuch district]]

Sultan Sadik

2026-04-21T22:44:53Z

VictoriaCoward4: Put up a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sultan Sadik
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[Moniram Pathori]]
| successor1 = [[Sanjay Raj Subba]]
| constituency1 = [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| children =
| source =
}}
'''Sultan Sadik''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha constituency]] in the [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as an Independent candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4007-assam-2001/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=assamassembly>{{cite web |title=Members 2001-2006 |website=Assam Legislative Assembly |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2001-06.html |accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoque |first=Mahibul |date=2023-08-03 |title=Assam Delimitation: Muslim leaders allege ECI flouted guidelines, says "public hearing an eyewash" |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/assam-delimitation-muslim-leaders-allege-eci-flouted-guidelines-says-public-hearing-an-eyewash/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadik, Sultan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Simon C. Fernandes

2026-04-21T12:22:40Z

VictoriaCoward4: Put up entry

{{Short description|Indian medical practitioner and politician (1909–1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Simon C. Fernandes
| image = Simon C. Fernandes.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Fernandes during his later years
| birth_name = Simon Cypriano Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Calangute, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|10|10|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1983|8|27|1909|10|10|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Medical practitioner|journalist|playwright|director|theatre critic|politician}}
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]] (now Mumbai), India
| office1 = [[Mayor of Bombay]]
| term_start1 = 4 April 1957
| term_end1 = 13 May 1957
| predecessor1 = [[Abdul Kader Salebhoy]]
| successor1 = M. V. Donde
| office2 = [[Municipal councillor (India)|Municipal councillor]] for [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]]
| constituency2 = [[Dhobi Talao]]
| term_start2 = 1948
| term_end2 = 1973
| committees = {{hlist|[[Chairman]] of Improvements Committee|Constitutory and [[special committee]] of Bombay Municipal Corporation}}
| children = 2
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]
| party = [[United Goans Party]]
| known_for = Role in [[Goa liberation movement]] and [[Goa Opinion Poll]]
| spouse = Helena Fernandes
| nickname = Simon Cipriano Fernandes
}}

'''Simon Cypriano Fernandes''' (10 October 1909 – 27 August 1983), popularly known as '''Dr. Simon C. Fernandes''', was an Indian medical practitioner, journalist, playwright, theatre director, [[theatre critic]], [[Freedom fighters in Goa|freedom fighter]], pianist, [[orator]], and politician who served as the [[mayor of Bombay]] from April to May 1957 in [[Bombay State]]. A long-time [[councilman]], he served as a [[Municipal councillor (India)|councillor]] of the [[Dhobi Talao]] constituency for over two decades, having been first elected in 1948 till 1973. Apart from his political career, Fernandes was known for his contributions as a journalist in [[History of India (1947–present)|post-independence India]] and as a playwright of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]s'' staged in [[Bombay, British India]] and [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] [[Goa]].

==Early life==
Simon Cypriano Fernandes was born on 10 October 1909 in the town of [[Calangute, Goa]] which at the time was located within the [[Portuguese colonial]] territory of [[Portuguese India]], part of [[Portuguese Empire]] (now located in India).<ref name=":0" /> Fernandes spent the first approximately 25 years of his life residing in the Goa region. In 1934, Fernandes and his family relocated to the city of [[Bombay]], which was then part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] under [[British India|British colonial rule]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India). The family settled in the Cooper Building in the [[Dhobi Talao]] neighborhood of Bombay.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Freedom fighter Simon is Simancy. So what? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/freedom-fighter-simon-is-simancy.-so-what--17941161 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520033518/https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/freedom-fighter-simon-is-simancy.-so-what--17941161 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to 1958, Fernandes completed his [[Medical education|medical training]] and earned the [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS) degree, though the precise year of this achievement is unclear from the available information.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39fbWldbWasC&q=Simon+C+Fernandes+MBBS |title=The Bombay Civic Journal |date=1973 |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay. |pages=46 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-20 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520033510/https://books.google.com/books?id=39fbWldbWasC&q=Simon+C+Fernandes+MBBS |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Fernandes was a 20th-century medical practitioner and journalist based in [[Bombay, British India]]. In addition to his work as a doctor, Fernandes held [[editorial]] roles at two Bombay-based publications - ''The Goan Tribune'', an English-language newspaper, and ''The Goa Times'', a [[Konkani-language]] newspaper.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Sharon |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=150–151}}</ref> Fernandes made significant contributions to the development of Konkani theater, known as ''[[tiatr]]''. He was responsible for creating and overseeing several ''tiatr'' shows, which involved adapting works from English playwright [[William Shakespeare]] into the Konkani language. The shows took place in Bombay and [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] [[Goa]], highlighting the skills of popular ''tiatr'' performers. Fernandes Konkani translations included works such as ''Venice Xaracho Vepari'' (''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''), ''Zoit Khorkhos Ostorechem'' (''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''), ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=261–262 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-19 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fernandes was known for his contributions to [[Konkani literature]] through the creation of a variety of [[liturgical drama|religious plays]], including works like ''Pontius Pilate'' and ''Bernadette of Lourdes'', among others. Additionally, he authored original Konkani ''tiatrs'', with his play ''Poskem'' (Adopted) becoming a classic in the genre. Beyond his creative output, Fernandes made significant contributions to the advancement of Konkani theater by actively engaging in [[critical analysis]] and commentary on ''tiatr'' productions in his newspaper writings.<ref name=":1" /> Through his efforts, he aimed to foster growth and refinement within the art form. Fernandes administered a [[medical facility]] in the [[Chandanwadi, Mumbai|Chandanwadi sector]] of Bombay while living in the [[Sonapur, Bhandup|Sonapur region]] near [[Princess Street (Mumbai)|Princess Street]] in [[Dhobitalao]], Bombay.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes was a [[Goan]] doctor who had a passion for theatre and the [[performing arts]]. He drew inspiration from the [[literary work]]s of [[William Shakespeare]] and went on to create the "Goan Dramatic Amateur Group", which featured popular [[Konkani language|Konkani]] artists such as [[Valente Mascarenhas]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Ophelia Cabral]], [[Cyriaco Dias]], Diogo Mascarenhas, [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony De Sa]], [[Vincent de Saligão]], Joe Louis and Joe Rose. Fernandes also authored several ''[[tiatr]]s'', which are traditional Konkani plays, focusing on [[liturgical drama|religious themes]]. Some of his best-known works include ''Judas Iscariot'', ''Sant Sebastiaum'', ''Fatima Saibinn'', and ''Santa Philomena'', all of which were very popular with audiences. In addition to his theatrical writings, Fernandes was an author who produced written works in [[Multilingual writer|both the Konkani and English languages]]. Fernandes significantly impacted the evolution and enrichment of the [[Konkani language]] and the ''tiatr'' theatrical tradition in [[Goa]] through his critical analysis and commentary.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes was considered a respected and influential figure in those aforementioned cultural spheres. He was also actively involved in the [[Goa liberation movement|Goan independence movement]]. During the [[Goa Opinion Poll]], he founded a chapter of the [[United Goans Party]] (UGP) in [[Bombay]] and journeyed to various cities like [[Poona]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], and [[Calcutta]] to educate and garner backing from the [[Goan]] community [[Goans#Geographical distribution|dispersed across these areas]] against the potential [[Merger (politics)|amalgamation]] of Goa with [[Maharashtra]]. Beyond his literary and political pursuits, Fernandes was a [[pianist]] and a proficient [[orator]] in both Konkani and English. He was a popular choice as a [[toastmaster]] at [[Culture of Goan Catholics|Goan weddings]], showcasing his skills in music and [[public speaking]] on various occasions.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes was a popular journalist and [[political figure]] active in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), India during the mid-20th century. From 1956 to 1965, he worked as an editor for two [[Weekly newspaper|weekly publication]]s based in Bombay - ''The Goan Tribune'' and ''Goa Times Press''. He would operate from his office situated at 1st Marine Street in Bombay for The Goan Tribune. His journalistic work focused on reporting general-news and covering [[Current affairs (news format)|current affairs]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGgeAQAAMAAJ&dq=Simon+C+Fernandes&pg=PA367 |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1971 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |pages=367 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520033519/https://books.google.com/books?id=RGgeAQAAMAAJ&dq=Simon+C+Fernandes&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q=Simon%20C%20Fernandes&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to his career in media, Fernandes was involved in [[Local government in India|local politic]]s in Bombay. In 1948, he secured his initial election to the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]], representing the [[Dhobi Talao]] constituency. Fernandes would go on to serve continuously as a [[Municipal councillor (India)|municipal councilor]] for the next 25 years, until 1973. During his tenure, he held several leadership positions, including serving as the [[mayor of Bombay]] for a period of 39 days from 4 April to 13 May 1957. Fernandes also chaired the Improvements Committee and participated in several [[statutory]] and [[special committee]]s of the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] during his tenure.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH45AAAAIAAJ&dq=Simon+C+Fernandes&pg=RA1-PA41 |title=Civic Affairs |date=1983 |publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press |pages=41 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520033511/https://books.google.com/books?id=FH45AAAAIAAJ&dq=Simon+C+Fernandes&pg=RA1-PA41#v=onepage&q=Simon%20C%20Fernandes&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beyond his work in [[journalism]] and politics, Fernandes was a supporter of the [[Konkani language]] and [[Culture of Goa|Goan cultural heritage]]. In 1982, he had the honor of welcoming and introducing the chief guest at an event reviewing the progress of a [[Konkani-language]] institute. The institute's president, A. J. Souza-Roy, noted the [[Goans#Geographical migration|widespread migration]] of [[Goans]] to cities and regions across the world during this period.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvoAAAAMAAJ |title=Goa Today |date=1982 |publisher=Goa Publications |pages=28 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520033512/https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvoAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fernandes himself was recognized as being among the select few playwrights who carried on the legacy of the popular Konkani theater artist [[J. P. Souzalin]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-19 |title=Religious tiatr traces its roots back to the 1960s |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/religious-tiatr-traces-its-roots-back-to-the-1960s/articleshow/46292164.cms |access-date=2024-05-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017104327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/religious-tiatr-traces-its-roots-back-to-the-1960s/articleshow/46292164.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Fernandes contributed significantly to the diverse realms of [[Goan]] artistic innovation within the artistic community of [[Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomes |first=Olvinho |title=Scripting the Goan Tiatr {{!}} Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Goa, India |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.artandculture.goa.gov.in |archive-date=2023-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921102726/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout his multifaceted career, Fernandes made contributions to the public life and cultural fabric of Bombay, leaving an impact on the city's Goan community and beyond.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Fernandes was a [[Catholic]] by faith and a philanthropist who was known for his religious devotion and contributions to religious infrastructure in the city of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). Fernandes was recognized for his amiable and religious character, displaying a strong commitment to [[Mother Mary]] and the [[Christian Cross|Holy Cross]] located at the [[Cross Maidan]] in Bombay. His significant contributions included obtaining consent from the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] for the erection of a [[Canopy (architecture)|canopy]] around the Holy Cross and designing the [[blueprint|architectural plans]] for this structure.<ref name=":0" /> In 1968, Fernandes published an advertisement in the India News and Features Alliance (INFA) publication, where he expressed his [[editorial]] policy as an [[independent nationalist]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZtZAAAAMAAJ |title=INFA Press and Advertisers Year Book |date=1968 |publisher=INFA Publications. |pages=124 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520033515/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZtZAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fernandes was married to Helena, and together they had two sons late Joseph, a medical practitioner, and Ivor, a retired individual. After Helena Fernandes' death in 2008, a property she had owned in [[Penha de Franca, Goa]] prior to 1976 was distributed among Ivor, his spouse, and Joseph' children.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Deed of Sale |url=https://rera.goa.gov.in/reraApp/download?DOC_ID=AD1d9tWnfWn4aX2Tji9thQ== |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=Goa Rera |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520033515/https://rera.goa.gov.in/reraApp/download?DOC_ID=AD1d9tWnfWn4aX2Tji9thQ== |url-status=live }}</ref>

"Voilo Wado" was the property that was owned by Helena, the wife of Fernandes. In September 2022, plans were announced for a new [[building project]] called Arc Supremous to be constructed on this property.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manerker |first=Shivprasad Vassudev |date=17 September 2022 |title=Title verification and search report |url=https://rera.goa.gov.in/reraApp/download?DOC_ID=rMTRJB/pB5Ao5YxvEZo7eQ== |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=Goa Rera |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520034516/https://rera.goa.gov.in/reraApp/download?DOC_ID=rMTRJB/pB5Ao5YxvEZo7eQ== |url-status=live }}</ref> The Voilo Wado property was previously sold in August 2021 for {{INRConvert|99|l|year=2021}}. The sale proceeds were divided among Ivor and his children. The property was purchased by Arc Builders, a partnership firm based in [[Porvorim, Goa]] and owned by Shabbir Shaikh and Dolcy.<ref name=":4" /> Fernandes held a career as a medical practitioner in addition to other professional pursuits.<ref name=":0" /> He and his family resided at the Cooper Building in the [[Dhobi Talao]] area of Bombay. Fernandes was also involved in theater and politics, and was known for his [[charitable work]].<ref name=":2" /> Fernandes died on 27 August 1983, aged 73 in Bombay.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Simon C.}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:20th-century mayors of places in India]]

Angad Hasija

2026-04-21T10:41:53Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added A Article

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Angad Hasija
| image = Angad Hasija at the launch of Telly Calendar 2014.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|05|31|df=yes}}
| occupation = [[Television actor]]
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse = {{marriage|''Parneet Hasija''|2007}}
| parents = ''Babli Hasija'' (mother)
| children = ''Vaishnavi Hasija'' (daughter)
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}
}}

'''Angad Hasija''' (born 31 May 1984) is an Indian television actor. He is known for his work for portraying Alekh, in ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' in 2007 and portraying Jimmy Dhillon "JD", in ''Tera Rang Chadeya'' in 2020 on [[Zee Punjabi]]

In 2018, Angad also appeared in the Hindi music video ''Tere Jism'' with [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]].

He was recently seen on the web series ''[[Ishq Aaj Kal]]'' on [[ZEE5]].

Angad played the lead role of Jimmy Dhillon "JD" in [[Zee Punjabi]]'s serial ''Tera Rang Chadeya''. It marks the first time Angad is acting in a Punjabi show. This serial is available to watch on [[ZEE5]].

On 24 September 2020, Angad Hasija and TV actress [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] were reportedly summoned by the Indian [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] (NCB) for questioning in relation to a drug probe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/exclusive-sara-khan-angad-hasija-say-their-names-unnecessarily-dragged-into-bollywood-drug-probe-1725425-2020-09-25|title=Sara Khan and Angad Hasija say their names unnecessarily dragged in to Bollywood drug probe|accessdate= 25 September 2020|work=www.indatoday.in}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2007
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|
| Cameo Role<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=I became an actor because of my mother: Angad Hasija|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/I-became-an-actor-because-of-my-mother-Angad-Hasija/articleshow/16126040.cms|access-date=|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
| rowspan = "2" | Alekh Rajvansh
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Guest Appearance
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Phulwa]]''
| Shankar
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi]]''
| Aditya Gandhi
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2013
| ''[[Savitri – Ek Prem Kahani]]''
| Dev
|
|-
| ''[[Amrit Manthan]]''
| Angad Malik / Karan Chabara
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''
| Rajveer
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[SauBhagyalaxmi]]''
| Shrenik
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''
| Chandar
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series) | Laal Ishq]]''
| Akash Verma (Episode 36)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2020
| ''Tera Rang Chadeya''
| Jimmy "JD" Dhillon
| Punjabi serial
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
| Kundan
| Negative Role<ref>{{cite web|title=Angad Hasija on entering Ziddi Dil Maane Na|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/some-exciting-twists-353940|access-date=2022-03-17|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2022
| ''[[Dharm Yoddha Garud]]''
| [[Takshaka | Takshak Naag]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Angad Hasija on playing Takshak Naag and his debut in Mythological genre|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-was-scared-of-foraying-into-the-mythological-genre-says-angad-hasija-who-has-joined-dharm-yoddha-garud/articleshow/89645725.cms|access-date=2022-03-16|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rang Jaun Tere Rang Mein]]''
| Rudrapratap "Rudra" Srivastav
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke]]''
| Paras Durani
| rowspan = "3" | Negative Role
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye]]''
| Abhiraj "Raj" Sharma
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Suman Indori]]''
| Vikram Chauhan
|-
| 2026–present
| ''[[Tumm Se Tumm Tak]]''
| Yashvardhan
|
|-
|}

=== Reality Shows ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]''
| Contestant
|-
| 2018
| ''Juzzbaatt – Sangeen Se Namkeen Tak''
| Angad Hasija
|-
| 2021
| ''Zee Punjabi Antakshari''
| Contestant
|-
|}

=== Web Series ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Ishq Aaj Kal]]''
| Arshad Ali Khan
| Lead Role
|-
|2021
|''[[CyberSquad]]''
|Shubham
|Supporting Role
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9901835}}

{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasija, Angad}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

Nizam Uddin Bhat

2026-04-20T06:20:08Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added a details v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nizam Ud'din Bhat
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bandipora Assembly constituency|Bandipora]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| predecessor = [[Usman Abdul Majid]]
| office1 = Chief Whip, [[Indian National Congress]] in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
| term_start1 = November 2024
| office2 = Chairman, Parliamentary Committee, [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Conference]]
| term_start2 = 2021
| term_end2 = 2024
| office3 = Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
| constituency3 = Bandipora
| term_start3 = 2008
| term_end3 = 2014
| predecessor3 = Usman Abdul Majid
| successor3 = Usman Abdul Majid
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2024–present)
| other_party = [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (2003–2021)
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Nizam Ud'din Bhat''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Bandipora Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bandipora, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Nizam Uddin Bhat with 9919 defeats Independent candidate Usman Abdul Majid |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bandipora-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612881-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bandipora Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bandipora-election-result-2024-live-update-9077400.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora">{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Nizam Uddin}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Bandipore district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]

{{JammuKashmir-INC-politician-stub}}

Norman G. Barrier

2026-04-19T12:54:37Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added new info first draft

{{Short description|American historian and Indologist}}
'''Norman Gerald Barrier''', popularly known as '''Jerry Barrier''', (22 August 1940{{snd}}6 June 2010) was an American historian, author, and Indologist, known for writing on Punjab related topics including the [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900]], [[Sikhism]], [[Arya Samaj]], and [[History of Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sikh Review |date=2010 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre |pages=65–66 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXpgdH2QsQ4C&pg=PA65 |language=en |chapter=Prof. Norman G. Barrier}}</ref><ref name=Jones1968>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Kenneth W. |title=The Punjab Alienation of Land Bill of 1900. By Norman G. Barrier |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=May 1968 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=649–650 |doi=10.2307/2051196 |jstor=2051196 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/punjab-alienation-of-land-bill-of-1900-by-norman-g-barrier-durham-duke-university-program-in-comparative-studies-on-southern-asia-1966-monograph-and-occasional-paper-series-number-two-vii-125-pp-select-bibliography-np/641EB2531AD2BB2F52AC29AB708CC292 |language=en |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Sikh2010>{{cite web |title=sikhchic.com {{!}} Article Detail |url=https://www.sikhchic.com/our_best_friends/n_gerald_jerry_barrier_sikh_scholar_historian |website=www.sikhchic.com |access-date=31 March 2026|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Singh2010">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=A Tribute to Professor Norman Gerald Barrier (1940–2010) |journal=Sikh Formations |date=December 2010 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2010.530516 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17448727.2010.530516|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Selected publications==
*''Aspects of India : Essays in Honor of Edward Cameron Dimock, Jr.'', edited by Margaret Case and N. Gerald Barrier. New Delhi: Manohar Publications for American Institute of Indian Studies, 1986. ISBN: 818505407X
*''British Imperial Policy in India and Sri Lanka'', 1858-1912: A Reassessment / editors, Robert I. Crane and N. Gerald Barrier. New Delhi: Heritage Publishers, [1981]
*''The Census in British India: New Perspectives'', edited with an introduction by N. Gerald Barrier. New Delhi: Manohar, 1981.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=LUX: Yale Collections Discovery |url=https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/d9802125-aa62-4202-b5f6-b4b31b30375e |website=lux.collections.yale.edu |access-date=31 March 2026 |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barrier, Norman G.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:American Indologists]]

{{US-bio-stub}}

Ramjal Setu link project

2026-04-16T13:03:38Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added the info basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian state project}}
{{Infobox canal
| name = Ramjal Setu Link Project (RSLP)
| image = ERCP MAP.jpg 
| location = Eastern districts of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| status = Under consideration
}}
'''Ramjal Setu Link Project''' or '''RSLP''' (previously known as: ''Parvati-Kalisindh-Chambal-Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project'' ('''PKC-ERCP''')),<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|title=ERCP-PKC Link Project renamed Ramjal Setu Link Project|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ercp-pkc-link-project-renamed-ramjal-setu-link-project/articleshow/117467977.cms/}}</ref> a joint [[Indian rivers interlinking project|river interlinking project]] initiative of [[Government of Rajasthan]] and [[Government of India]] to provide water to 17 eastern districts of the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]] benefiting 40% of Rajasthan's population,<ref>{{cite news|title=What is the ERCP, the Rajasthan rivers project that CM Gehlot has urged PM Modi to decide on?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ercp-rajasthan-rivers-project-ashok-gehlot-narendra-modi-8440734/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project takes political twist after Centre's directive to stop work|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/eastern-rajasthan-canal-project-takes-political-twist-after-centres-directive-to-stop-work/article65600112.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CM Gehlot approves financial proposal for construction of East Rajasthan Canal Project|url=https://theprint.in/india/cm-gehlot-approves-financial-proposal-for-construction-of-east-rajasthan-canal-project/1435452/}}</ref> with [[interbasin transfer]] of water within the [[Chambal River|Chambal basin]] by utilising surplus monsoon water available in sub-basins of [[Kali Sindh River|Kalisindh]], [[Parbati River (Rajasthan)|Parbati]], [[Mej River|Mej]] and [[Chakan River|Chakan]] rivers and diverting it into water deficit sub-basins of [[Banas River|Banas]], [[Utangan River|Gambhiri]], [[Banganga River|Banganga]] and [[Parbati River (Rajasthan)|Parbati]] rivers. Project involves building Navnera Barrage on the Kalisindh River to store and divert water to reservoirs like Bisalpur and Isarda, and the construction of 2,280-meter, three-storey [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] across the Chambal River between [[Kota]] (Samel village) and [[Bundi]] (Guhata village) in Rajasthan. The aqueduct component, costing ₹2,330 crore which will lift water from the already-completed Navnera Barrage on Kali Sindh River and carry it over the Chambal, began construction in May 2025, with a target completion by June 2028. In addition to water transfer, the aqueduct is designed to function as a road.<ref name=basinr1/>

== History ==

===2016-22: Conception ===

In November 2017, Detailed project report (DPR) of Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) was submitted by [[Government of Rajasthan]] to the central government, which did not move forward due to its not meeting the criteria for inclusion in the under National Projects scheme.<ref name=conc1/>

In December 2022, the Special Committee for Interlinking of Rivers approved the proposal of considering the modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) link project integrated with ERCP, as a part of National Perspective Plan, and declared the phase-I of the project as a priority interlinking project. A draft pre-feasibility report of modified PKC link project and a draft MoU for preparing the detailed project report (DPR) of the link project was sent to both the States and Central Water Commission (CWC) in January, 2023. A joint meeting with the States was held in February, 2023 and framework for initiating the work of preparation of DPR of modified PKC link has been finalized during the meeting.<ref name=conc1>[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1942156 ERCP], accessed 25 Jun 025.</ref>

===2024: Inauguration ===

ERCP and its 24 projects, with a value of ₹46300 crore, were inaugurated on 17 December 2024 and the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]] laid a foundation stone in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi inaugurates projects worth ₹46,300 crore in Rajasthan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-lay-foundation-of-projects-worth-rs46300-crore-in-rajasthan/article68994586.ece/}}</ref>

=== 2025: Renaming of project ===

[[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]] announced on 22 January 2025 that Parvati-Kalisindh-Chambal-Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP) Link Project has been renamed ''Ramjal Setu Link Project (RSLP)'' to commemorate the first anniversary of the grand [[Consecration of the Ram Mandir|consecration of Bhagwan Shri Ram]] at [[Ayodhya]]'s [[Ram Janmabhoomi]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

==Benefits==

Ramjal Setu Link Project envisages irrigation in about 2.82 lakh hectare area (new culturable command area of 2,02,498 hectare and stabilization of irrigation in 80,000 hectare).<ref name=basinr1>{{cite news |title=GRANT OF NATIONAL PROJECT STATUS TO EASTERN RAJASTHAN CANAL PROJECT |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1942156/}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of canals in India]]
** Rajasthan
*** [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] (Rajasthan Canal)
*** [[Ganga Canal (Rajasthan)]] (Gang Nahar)
** [[Indus Water Treaty]] (IWT), impacts water supply in Rajasthan
* [[List of rivers in India]]
** [[List of rivers of Rajasthan]]
** [[Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir|Rivers and dams of Jammu and Kashmir]]
** [[Rigvedic rivers]]
* [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
** [[Irrigation in India]]
** [[Indian rivers interlinking project|river interlinking project]]
** [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
** [[List of megaprojects in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Aqueducts in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Rajasthan]]

Nowshera Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:12Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added first data basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nowshera
| mla = [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| union_territory = Jammu and Kashmir
| district = [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag - Rajouri]]
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 84
}}
'''Nowshera''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a northern [[Union Territory]] of [[India]]. Nowshera is also part of [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Nowshera Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/nowshera.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=6 | Master Beli Ram Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Radhay Sham Sharma
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Romesh Chander Sharma
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Radhay Sham Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Ravinder Raina]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=35,069 |percentage=54.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravinder Raina]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,250 |percentage=42.09% |change={{decrease}}7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,456 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haq Nawaz |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=425 |percentage=0.66% |change={{decrease}}36.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=222 |percentage=0.34% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,819 |percentage=12.08% |change= {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,748 |percentage=74.85% |change= {{decrease}}4.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,506 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravinder Raina]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,374 |percentage=49.51% |change={{increase}}30.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=27,871 |percentage=36.92% |change={{increase}}33.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Kumar Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,342 |percentage=7.08% |change={{decrease}}13.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,208 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhay Sham Sharma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,099 |percentage=1.46% |change={{decrease}}25.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Pal |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=697 |percentage=0.92% |change={{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashwani Kumar Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=484 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=423 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,503 |percentage=12.59% |change= {{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,481 |percentage=79.68% |change= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,729 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}23.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhay Sham Sharma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,511 |percentage=26.47% |change={{decrease}}5.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Chander Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,691 |percentage=20.35% |change={{decrease}}19.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,186 |percentage=19.54% |change={{increase}}16.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishwinder Dev |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,701 |percentage=18.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=3,109 |percentage=4.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajeet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,970 |percentage=3.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arshad Mehmood |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,896 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,820 |percentage=6.13% |change= {{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,365 |percentage=73.07% |change= {{increase}}15.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,347 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Chander Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,511 |percentage=40.25% |change={{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhey Sham Sharma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,037 |percentage=31.47% |change={{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishwinder Dev |party=Independent politician |votes=9,424 |percentage=18.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,228 |percentage=6.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yesh Paul |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,757 |percentage=3.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,474 |percentage=8.78% |change= {{decrease}}15.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,957 |percentage=57.86% |change= {{decrease}}4.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,099 |ref = |change= {{increase}}36.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhay Sham Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,238 |percentage=50.70% |change={{decrease}}9.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,702 |percentage=26.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,984 |percentage=20.00% |change={{increase}}13.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=549 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Dass |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=313 |percentage=0.78% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,536 |percentage=23.89% |change= {{decrease}}22.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,921 |percentage=62.63% |change= {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,532 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,053 |percentage=60.51% |change={{increase}}30.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,808 |percentage=14.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,545 |percentage=11.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Paul Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,633 |percentage=6.62% |change={{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,619 |percentage=4.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khem Raj Khajuria |party=Janata Party |votes=537 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Goria |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=368 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,245 |percentage=45.90% |change= {{increase}}36.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,749 |percentage=68.54% |change= {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,942 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}30.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,395 |percentage=30.05% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rachpal Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,202 |percentage=20.82% |change={{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,310 |percentage=18.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,337 |percentage=15.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,544 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,223 |percentage=3.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Dass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,065 |percentage=3.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,193 |percentage=9.23% |change= {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,597 |percentage=65.39% |change= {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,078 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,832 |percentage=30.89% |change={{decrease}}13.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,416 |percentage=29.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj |party=Janata Party |votes=6,077 |percentage=23.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kumar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,790 |percentage=14.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdev Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=416 |percentage=1.64% |change= {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,357 |percentage=60.01% |change= {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,048 |ref = |change= {{increase}}36.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,563 |percentage=44.04% |change={{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,512 |percentage=43.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Paul Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,570 |percentage=8.07% |change={{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarlok Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=800 |percentage=4.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=51 |percentage=0.26% |change= {{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,445 |percentage=63.53% |change= {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,539 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,454 |percentage=38.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kumar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=5,060 |percentage=30.45% |change={{increase}}18.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Nath |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=3,441 |percentage=20.71% |change={{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Paul Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,660 |percentage=9.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,394 |percentage=8.39% |change= {{decrease}}22.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,615 |percentage=64.45% |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,836 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}22.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}15.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Nowshera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,608 |percentage=54.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Dev Sethi |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=4,939 |percentage=23.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kumar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=2,651 |percentage=12.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Prakash |party=Jammu Praja Parishad |votes=1,622 |percentage=7.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Behari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=557 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,669 |percentage=31.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,377 |percentage=62.44% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,800 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.16|74.24|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Selvaraj V.

2026-04-12T05:10:57Z

VictoriaCoward4: Put up new details...

{{Short description|Member of Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Selvaraj V
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[M. Selvarasu]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5800?from=members
}}
'''Selvaraj V''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2229.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jun/05/cpis-v-selvaraj-wins-nagapattinam-in-debut-general-election-with-overwhelming-margin |title=CPI's V Selvaraj wins Nagapattinam in debut general election with overwhelming margin |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="eci"/> In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election of India]], he defeated Sursith Sankar G of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] by 208957 votes.<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nagapattinam-election-result-2024-vs-2019-nagapattinam-winner-vote-share-check-party-wise-performance-article-110740788 |title=Nagapattinam Election Result 2024 Vs 2019 |date=5 June 2024 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses">{{cite news|title=Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|accessdate=1 June 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601170808/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|archivedate=1 June 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Communist Party of India]]
*[[2024 Indian general election]]
*[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:V, Selvaraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-07T18:42:25Z

VictoriaCoward4: Created Some Post Basic Info.

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Chandauli {{Small|UP-76}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| mp = [[Virendra Singh (Varanasi)|Virendra Singh]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Chandauli.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency
| assembly_cons = [[Mughalsarai Assembly constituency|Mughalsarai]] [[Sakaldiha Assembly constituency|Sakaldiha]] [[Saiyadraja Assembly constituency|Saiyadraja]] [[Ajagara Assembly constituency|Ajagara]] 
[[Shivpur Assembly constituency|Shivpur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Virendra Singh.jpg
| established = 1957
}}

'''Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/076_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-76-Chandauli|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|380
|[[Mughalsarai Assembly constituency|Mughalsarai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|[[Ramesh Jaiswal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|381
|[[Sakaldiha Assembly constituency|Sakaldiha]]
|[[Prabhunarayan Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|382
|[[Saiyadraja Assembly constituency|Saiyadraja]]
|Sushil Singh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|385
|[[Ajagara Assembly constituency|Ajagara]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|[[Tribhuvan Ram|Tribhuwan Ram]]
|-
|386
|[[Shivpur Assembly constituency|Shivpur]]
|[[Anil Rajbhar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandauli (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Chandauli Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/chandauli.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1959^
|Prabhu Narain Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Bal Krishna Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Nihal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Sudhakar Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Narsingh Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Nihal Singh
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Chandra Tripathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Kailash Nath Singh Yadav|Kailash Nath Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Ananda Ratna Maurya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Jawahar Lal Jaiswal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Kailash Nath Singh Yadav|Kailash Nath Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Ramkishun|Ramkishun Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Virendra Singh (Varanasi)|Virendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Chandauli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 76 - Chandauli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2476.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=3 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chandauli Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/chandauli |accessdate=18 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618082620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/chandauli |archivedate=18 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Chandauli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2476.htm |accessdate=18 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618082635/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2476.htm |archivedate=18 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chandauli election results 2024 live updates: SP's Birendra Singh wins with 4.7 lakh votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/chandauli-election-results-2024-uttar-pradesh-chandauli-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-birendra-singh-sp-mahendra-nath-pandey-bjp-satyendra-kumar-maurya-bsp/articleshow/110671232.cms |accessdate=18 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618082700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/chandauli-election-results-2024-uttar-pradesh-chandauli-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-birendra-singh-sp-mahendra-nath-pandey-bjp-satyendra-kumar-maurya-bsp/articleshow/110671232.cms |archivedate=18 June 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Virendra Singh (Varanasi)|Virendra Singh]]|votes=4,74,476|percentage=42.50|change={{decrease}}3.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,52,911|percentage=40.57|change={{decrease}}6.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Satyendra Kumar Maurya|votes=1,59,903|percentage=14.32|change={{increase}}14.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=9,005|percentage=0.81|change={{increase}}0.10}}
{{Election box majority||votes=21,565|percentage=1.93|change={{increase}}0.65}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,16,499|percentage=60.57|change={{decrease}}1.26}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Samajwadi Party
|loser =Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandauli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandauli Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chandauli-lok-sabha#2019 |website=resultuniversity.com |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahendranath Pandey]]
|votes = 5,10,733
|percentage = 47.07
|change = +4.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh Chauhan
|votes = 4,96,774
|percentage = 45.79
|change = +24.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Jan Adhikar Party
| candidate = Shivkanya Kushwaha
| votes = 22,291
| percentage = 5.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
| candidate = Ramgovind
| votes = 18,985
| percentage = 2.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,218
|percentage = 1.03
|change = +0.71
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,959
|percentage = 1.28
|change = -14.70
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,86,193
|percentage = 61.83
|change = +0.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +4.84
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Chandauli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
|votes = 4,14,135
|percentage = 42.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Maurya
|votes = 2,57,379
|percentage = 26.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ramkishun]]
|votes = 2,04,145
|percentage = 20.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tarunendra Chand Patel
|votes = 27,194
|percentage = 2.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Irshad
|votes = 15,598
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 3,186
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,56,756
|percentage = 15.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,80,654
|percentage = 61.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chandauli district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/chandauli/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Chandauli lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Varanasi division topics}}

{{Coord|25.15|83.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chandauli district]]

Super Singer Junior season 3

2026-04-07T00:21:41Z

VictoriaCoward4: Put up a details

{{Broader|Airtel Super Singer Junior}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television season
| image =
| caption =
| network = [[STAR Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|10|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2012|10|26|df=y}}
}}

The third season of '''''Airtel Super Singer Junior''''' - {{Transliteration|und|Thamizhagathin Chellakuralukkana Thedal}} ('the search for the sweet voice of [[Tamil Nadu]]') premiered on 17 October 2011 and 26 October 2012. The music competition reality TV show was again telecast on [[Vijay TV]], and [[Bharti Airtel]] returned to sponsor the show. Episodes were telecast between Monday to Friday each week at 9:00pm. Children from the age of 6 years to the age of 14 years were permitted to audition to showcase their talent on [[Vijay TV]]'s platform.<ref name="Hindu29Oct2011">{{cite news|title=On a song - Chennai - The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 October 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-a-song/article2577995.ece|accessdate=2015-12-30}}</ref> Apart from gaining recognition from acclaimed names of the music industry and being a child singing icon, the show promised that its winner would be honored with a 3-bedroom Villa worth [[rupee|Rs.]]60 [[lakh]]s from its sponsor, Arun Excello Temple Green Township. Aajeedh Khalique was crowned the winner of Airtel Super Singer Junior Season 3. Pragathy Guruprasad was the first runner up.

[[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] returned as a permanent voice trainer, and playback singers [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Malgudi Subha]] returned as permanent judges during the main competition rounds of the show. [[Makapa Anand]], Kalyani Nair, and [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]] were hosts for the season. A number of eminent playback singers and music directors appeared during the season as guest judges, including [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Sudha Raghunathan]], [[Sowmya]], [[Aruna Sairam]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, Rajkumar Bharathi, and [[Bombay Sisters]]. Stars from [[Airtel Super Singer|the senior version of the show]] also appeared as judges during the season, including former contestants, and permanent judge [[P. Unnikrishnan]].

== Launch week (season 3) ==
The grand opening week was hosted by actresses and television anchors, [[Poornitha|Kalyani]] and [[Ramya Subramanian|Ramya]]. Judges throughout launch week were [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, and [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]].

{{Episode table |background=#003366 |overall= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|17}}
|ShortSummary=After playing footage of [[Airtel Super Singer 3]] winner [[Saicharan]] being honoured with his prize, semi-finalists Srinisha, Priyanka, Srikanth, and Shravan from ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior (season 2)]]'' performed in this episode to promote and celebrate the opening of season 3 of the show. Child actress [[Baby Sara|Sara]] made a special guest appearance during this episode following her performance in the 2011 Tamil language film, ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]''.
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|18}}
|ShortSummary=Actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]], a former host of [[Airtel Super Singer 3]], appeared as a special guest host during this episode. Winners of ''Jodi Junior'', Madan and Gabriela, performed a dance routine before former finalist from ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior (season 2)]]'' performed the song ''Pattatthu Rani''. Former contestants of Junior Superstars, Nikhil and Rakshitha sung ''Yemmadi Aathaadi''. Audition judges from the episode performed, and judged a few auditions, and footage from ground level auditions which took place in certain villages in [[Tamil Nadu]] judged by ''[[Airtel Super Singer 2008]]'' contestant Prasanna was also telecast.
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|19}}
|ShortSummary=Contestants who had given auditions in previous seasons came in for auditions this year to get a chance to get into the competition. Former contestants of Junior Superstars, Balasarangan and Lakshmi sang the song "Swaasame Swaasame", and semi-finalist Srinisha from ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior (season 2)]]'' sang the song "Rahathula Rahathula".
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|20}}
|ShortSummary=Semi-finalist Priyanka from ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior (season 2)]]'' sang "Chinna Thaayaval" after which it was revealed she recorded her second song as a playback singer for music director [[D. Imman]]. Runner-up from that season, Shravan, also sang the song "Something Something" in between the several auditions which took place, and the footage from ground level auditions in [[Tamil Nadu]] village [[Kancheepuram]] was also telecast.
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|21}}
|ShortSummary=Great-granddaughters of [[D. K. Pattammal]], Tejashree and Tanujashree, appeared with their mother [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], as special guests in this episode. Tejashree and Tanujashree gave their debut performance for [[Vijay TV]] singing [[Papanasam Sivan]]'s composition "Engal Naatu" to conclude the launch week, before passing an inpromptu test set by judges Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy and Manikka Vinayagam. Prior to their appearance, actor [[Senthil Kumar|Mirchi Senthil]] also briefly appeared as a special guest to promote the soon-to-be released Vijay TV serial, ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]''; several former contestants of Junior Superstars, including Roshan, Parvati, Balasarangan, Lakshmi, Rakshita and Nikhil performed the song "Thaiya Thaiya"; and familiar contestants from earlier seasons of Airtel Super Singer Junior who could not get into the show in last seasons came in for a special audition to see if they directly qualified for main level auditions.
|LineColor=003366
}}
}}

== Auditions (season 3) ==
Auditions took place in [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Trichy]].

===Open auditions in Tamil Nadu===
Open auditions were held across [[Tamil Nadu]].

The ground level auditions in Trichy and Coimbatore were judged by former contestants of ''[[Airtel Super Singer 2]]'', being [[Ajeesh]], Prasanna, Srinivas and Ragini.<ref name="Hindu17Oct2011">{{cite news|author=G. Prasad|title=Children Pitch It Right At Audition - TAMIL NADU - The Hindu |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 October 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/children-pitch-it-right-at-audition/article2544394.ece|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref>

The ground level auditions in Chennai were judged by former winners and finalists from each season of the senior version of the show, ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]'', including [[Nikhil Mathew]] and Anitha from season 1, [[Ajeesh]], Raginisri, and Prasanna, from season 2, as well as [[Saicharan]], Santhosh Hariharan, Sathyaprakash, Pooja, and Malavika from season 3.

{{Episode table |background=#003366 |overall=5 |title=18 |aux1=55 |airdate=22 |overallT=Episode # |aux1T=Audition Judges |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6 and 7
|Title=[[Trichy]] Auditions (first level)
|Aux1=[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], or Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|24}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|10|25}}
|ShortSummary=First round auditions which were held in Trichy required auditioning contestants to perform a song before a single audition judge. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round. This round was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana.
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8, 9 and 10
|Title=[[Trichy]] Auditions (second level)
|Aux1=[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], and Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|26}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|10|28}}
|ShortSummary=Second round auditions which were held in Trichy required auditioning contestants to perform a song before a panel of three audition judges. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round. The 21 waitlisted auditioning contestants were given training by permanent voice trainer [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] after which they were asked to perform to demonstrate their learning capacity; the voice trainer selected 5 of the waitlisted auditioning contestants. This round was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]], and Bhavana who failed to announce the total count of children or selections.
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=11 and 12
|Title=[[Coimbatore]] Auditions (first level)
|Aux1=[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]], or [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|31}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|11|01}}
|ShortSummary=First round auditions which were held in Coimbatore required auditioning contestants to perform a song before a single audition judge. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round. 45 out of 100 auditioning contestants were selected from this level of auditions. This round was hosted by actress [[Poornitha|Kalyani]] and Anandakannan.
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=13, 14, and 15
|Title=[[Coimbatore]] Auditions (second level)
|Aux1=[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, [[Manikka Vinayagam]], and [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|11|02}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|11|04}}
|ShortSummary=Second round auditions which were held in Coimbatore required auditioning contestants to perform a song before a panel of four judges. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round. Waitlisted auditioning contestants were given training by permanent voice trainer [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] after which they were asked to perform to demonstrate their learning capacity; the voice trainer made selections after those performances. 27 auditioning contestants were selected from Coimbatore. In total, it was announced 58 auditioning contestants were selected from both Coimbatore and Trichy, and that it was intended that the 31 auditioning contestants shortlisted from Trichy was intended to be further shortlisted to 15. This round was hosted by actress [[Poornitha|Kalyani]] and Anandakannan.
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=16 and 17
|Title=[[Chennai]] Auditions (first level)
|Aux1=[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], or Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|11|07}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|11|08}}
|ShortSummary=First round auditions which were held in Chennai required auditioning contestants to perform a song before a single audition judge. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round. This round was hosted by actress [[Ramya Subramanian|Ramya]] and [[Makapa Anand]].
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=18, 19, and 20
|Title=[[Chennai]] Auditions (second level)
|Aux1=Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], and [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]; or [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], and [[Sowmya]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|11|09}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|11|11}}
|ShortSummary=Second round auditions which were held in Chennai required 235 auditioning contestants to perform a song before one of two panels each with three judges. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round, with a total of 40 contestants to be selected by the conclusion of the round. Waitlisted auditioning contestants were given training by permanent voice trainer [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] after which they were asked to perform to demonstrate their learning capacity; the voice trainer made selections after those performances. This round was hosted by actress [[Ramya Subramanian|Ramya]] and [[Makapa Anand]].
|LineColor=003366
}}
}}

===Main level auditions===
All main level auditions were held in [[Chennai]].

{{Episode table |background=#003366 |overall=5 |title=18 |aux1=55 |airdate=22 |overallT=Episode # |aux1T=Audition Judges |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=21, 22, 23
|Title=Main Level Auditions (round 1)
|Aux1=[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], and [[Pop Shalini]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|11|14}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|11|16}}
|ShortSummary=First round main level auditions were held in Chennai required auditioning contestants to perform a song and impress a panel of five audition judges within 120 seconds. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round. Waitlisted auditioning contestants were given training by permanent voice trainer [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] after which they were asked to perform to demonstrate their learning capacity; the voice trainer made selections after those performances. This round was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Ramya Subramanian|Ramya]].
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=24, 25
|Title=Main Level Auditions (round 2)
|Aux1=[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, and [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|11|17}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|11|18}}
|ShortSummary=Second round main level auditions were held in Chennai required auditioning contestants to perform a song and impress a panel of five audition judges within 120 seconds. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round. Waitlisted auditioning contestants were given training by permanent voice trainer [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] after which they were asked to perform to demonstrate their learning capacity; the voice trainer made selections after those performances. At the conclusion of this round, 60 contestants were selected. This round was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Ramya Subramanian|Ramya]].
|LineColor=003366
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=26, 27, 28, 29, 30
|Title=Final Level Auditions
|Aux1=[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, and [[Pop Shalini]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|df=yes|2011|11|21}} - {{End date|df=yes|2011|11|25}}
|ShortSummary=Third round main level auditions were held in Chennai required the 60 auditioning contestants to perform a song and compete with two other auditioning contestants, and impress a panel of five audition judges. Contestants were either spot-selected, rejected, or wait-listed until the conclusion of the round. Waitlisted auditioning contestants were given training by permanent voice trainer [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] after which they were asked to perform to demonstrate their learning capacity; the voice trainer made selections after those performances. At the conclusion of this round, the list of 60 contestants would be further shortlisted to 30 finalists. This round was hosted by [[Deepak Dinkar|Deepak]] and [[Divyadarshini]].
|LineColor=003366
}}
}}

== Finalists ==
Aajeedh Khalique (winner)
{{Expand section|date=September 2023}}

== Finals ==

===Main Competition Performance Rounds===

====Introduction Round (28 November 2011 – 2 December 2011)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Poornitha|Kalyani]] and [[Makapa Anand]]
* '''Special Guest Audition Judges:''' [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], and Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[K. S. Chithra]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Special guest audition judges appeared on the show to introduce the 30 selected finalists, while the permanent judges returned to greet the selected contestants for the first time.

====Fast Songs Round (5 December 2011 – 9 December 2011)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Poornitha|Kalyani]] and [[Ramya Subramanian|Ramya]]
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 36 to 40.

====Rajini Hits Round (12 December 2011 – 16 December 2011)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Poornitha|Kalyani]] and [[Makapa Anand]]
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 41 to 45.

====Koothu Songs Round (19 December 2011 – 23 December 2011)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Poornitha|Kalyani]] and [[Makapa Anand]]
* '''Special Guest Judge:''' Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 46 to 50.

====Christmas and New Year Special: Western Songs Round (26 December 2011 – 30 December 2011)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Makapa Anand]]
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer & Santa:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 51 to 55.

====Hits Of 2011 Round (2 January 2012 – 6 January 2012)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer & Santa:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 56 to 60.

====Folk Songs Round (9 January 2012 – 13 January 2012)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 61 to 65.

====Rain Songs Round (16 January 2012 – 20 January 2012)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 66 to 70.

====Other Language Songs Round (23 January 2012 – 27 January 2012)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 71 to 75.

====Semi-Classical Round (30 January 2012 – 3 February 2012)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 76 to 80.

====Nenjil Nindra Raagangal Round (6 February 2012 – 10 February 2012)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 81 to 85.

====Valentine's Week: Dedication Round (13 February 2012 – 17 January 2012)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]], and [[Malgudi Subha]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

Episodes 86 to 90.

====Classical Round (20 August 2012 – 24 August 2012)====
* '''Hosts:''' [[Makapa Anand]] and Bhavana
* '''Special Guest Performance by:''' special guest judge [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (vocal) and actress [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] (dance)
* '''Special Guest Judges:''' [[Bombay Sisters]], [[Rajkumar Bharathi]], [[Sudha Raghunathan]], [[Aruna Sairam]], and Nithyasree Mahadevan
* '''Special Guest Instrumentalists:''' [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]] (veena), Umashankar (ghatam), K.L. Vijay (flute), Ramakrishnan (mridangam), Madhu (tabla), Chitti Prakash (vibraphone), and Biju (keyboard)
* '''Permanent Judge:''' [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
* '''Permanent voice trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Performances:'''

:{{Color box|lightskyblue|border=silver}} – Non-competition performance
:{{Color box|palegreen|border=silver}} – Highlight performance

This round required the top 7 contestants to sing songs which fitted in the [[Carnatic music]] ("classical") genre. This week's orchestra accompanying the contestants consisted of 7 special guest performers (instrumentalists). The best Carnatic singer title of the season was also promised to the best performing contestant of the week.

At the conclusion of this week's performances, the 7 special guest judges decided not to eliminate any contestant based on this week's performances. Consequently, the scores would be carried over to the next week, and a decision would then be made as to which contestant would be eliminated.

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Air date
!Order
!Non-contestant performer
!Contestant(s)
!Song
!Original artist
!Lyricist 
!Music director
!Movie (year)
|-
|rowspan=4 |20 August 2012
|-
| 1
|
| SSJ10 Gowtham
|"Mudhal Mudhal Raaga Deepam"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|[[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]'' (1982)
|-
| 2
|
| SSJ06 Anu
|"Maraindhirundhu Paakum"
|[[P. Susheela]]
|[[Kannadasan]] 
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Thillana Mohanambal#Music|''Thillana Mohanambal'']] (1968)
|-
| 3
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ07 Sukanya
|"Ezhu Swarangalukkul"
|[[Vani Jayaram]]
|Kannadasan 
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Apoorva Raagangal#Music|''Apoorva Raagangal'']] (1975)
|-
|rowspan=6 |21 August 2012
|-
| 1
|
| SSJ06 Anu
|"Sri Ranga Ranganathanin"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]; [[Uma Ramanan]]; [[Shobana Vignesh]]
|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|''Mahanadi'']] (1994)
|-
| 2
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ07 Suganya
|"Sowkiyamaa Kannae"
|[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]
|[[Vairamuthu]] 
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Sangamam (1999 film)|''Sangamam'']] (1999)
|- style="background:lightskyblue"
! scope="row" | 3
| [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]
| none {{avoid wrap|(solo special)}}
| excerpt from virutthams "Vaanathin Meedhu" and "Sooriyan Vandhu"
|Nithyasree Mahadevan
|{{avoid wrap|Ramalinga Swamigal}}; Vairamuthu
|(Traditional); {{avoid wrap|A. R. Rahman}}
|{{avoid wrap|''Sangamam'' (1999);}} (traditional)
|-style="background:lightskyblue"
! scope="row" | 4
| Shravan R. Pratap
| none {{avoid wrap|(solo special)}}
| Om Namo Narayana
|Traditional composition in [[raga]] Karnaranjani 
| [[Ambujam Krishna]]
|[[Charumathi Ramachandran]]
| Traditional
|-
| 5
|
| SSJ01 Jeyanth
|"Avaloru Menagai"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|Vaali
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|''[[Natchathiram]]'' (1980)
|-
|rowspan=6 |22 August 2012
|-
| 1
|
| SSJ03 Anjana
|"Kanda Naal Mudhalaal"
|Subiksha & Pooja
|Remix of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] song, written and composed by N. S. Chidambaram
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' (2005)
|- style="background:lightskyblue"
! scope="row" | 2
| [[Sudha Raghunathan]]
| none {{avoid wrap|(solo special)}}
| excerpt from "Kanda Naal"
|Sudha Raghunathan
| N. S. Chidambaram
|Traditional
| Traditional
|-
| 3
|
| SSJ01 Jeyanth
|"Nadha Vinodhangal"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|Vairamuthu 
|Ilaiyaraaja
|[[Salangai Oli (soundtrack)|''Salangai Oli'']] (1983)
|-
| 4
|
| SSJ09 Yazhini
|"Kaatrodu Kuzhalin"
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|Pulamaipithan
|Ilaiyaraaja
|''[[Kodai Mazhai]]'' (1986)
|-
| 5
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ04 Pragathi
|"Mannavan Vanthanadi"
|P. Susheela
|Kannadasan
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' (1967)
|-
|rowspan=6 |23 August 2012
|-style="background:lightskyblue"
! scope="row" | 1
|[[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] (with [[Bharatha Natyam]] dance by actress [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]])
|
|"Ramanukku Mannan"
|Nithyasree Mahadevan
|Arunachala Kavi
|Traditional
|Traditional [[Carnatic music]] composition
|-
| 2
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ09 Yazhini
|"Ninnaichcharan Adainthen"
|[[Bombay Jayashri]]
|[[Subramania Bharathi]]
|Ilaiyaraaja
|[[Bharathi (2000 film)|''Bharathi'']] (2000)
|-
| 3
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ04 Pragathi
|"Shivashankari"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|[[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]
|[[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]'' (1961)
|-
| 4
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ10 Gowtham
|"Ullathil Nalla"
|[[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|Kannadasan
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[Karnan (1964 film)#Soundtrack|''Karnan'']] (1964)
|-
| 5
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ03 Anjana
|"Thunbam Nergaiyil"
|M. S. Rajeswari & V. J. Varma
|[[Bharathidasan]]
|R. Sudharsanam
|''[[Or Iravu]]'' (1980)
|-
|-
|rowspan=8 |24 August 2012
|-
| 1
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ04 Pragathi
|"Yellam Inbamayam"
|[[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] & [[P. Leela]]
|
|[[C. R. Subburaman]]
|''Manamagal'' (1951)
|-
| 2
|
| SSJ10 Gowtham
|"Bikshai Paathiram"
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Ilaiyaraaja
|[[Naan Kadavul#Soundtrack|''Naan Kadavul'']] (2009)
|-
| 3
|
|style="background:palegreen" | SSJ07 Suganya
|"Ennai Yenna"
|[[Sudha Raghunathan]]
|Vaali 
|Ilaiyaraja
|[[Ivan (2002 film)#Soundtrack|''Ivan'']] (2002)
|-style="background:lightskyblue"
! scope="row" | 4
| Sudha Raghunathan
| SSJ07 Suganya
| excerpt from "Ennai Yenna"
|Sudha Raghunathan
|Vaali 
|Ilaiyaraja
|''Ivan'' (2002)
|-style="background:lightskyblue"
! scope="row" | 5
| (repeat)
| SSJ04 Pragathi
|"Shivashankari"
|Ghantasala
|Pingali Nagendra Rao
|Pendyala Nageswara Rao
|''Jagadeka Veeruni Katha'' (1961)
|-style="background:lightskyblue"
! scope="row" | 6
|(repeat)
| SSJ07 Sukanya
|"Ezhu Swarangalukkul"
|Vani Jayaram
|Kannadasan 
|M. S. Viswanathan
|''Apoorva Raagangal'' (1975)
|-style="background:lightskyblue"
! scope="row" | 7
|(repeat)
| SSJ10 Gowtham
|"Ullathil Nalla"
|Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|Kannadasan
|Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
|''Karnan'' (1964)
|-
|}

====Live Grand Finale (26 October 2012)====

=====Grand Final Results (season 3)=====

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Airtel Super Singer}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Super Singer seasons]]

Mines Rescue Rules, 1985

2026-03-25T19:06:17Z

VictoriaCoward4:

{{Short description|Indian law}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
The '''Mines Rescue Rules, 1985'''<ref>[https://www.dgms.net/Mines%20Rescue%20Rules.pdf], [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=78693]</ref> came into force with effect from 2 April 1985 in [[India]], replacing the previous Coal Mines Rescue Rules, 1959, to provide for rescue of work persons in the event of explosion, fire etc. in the Mines. <ref>{{cite web|author= |date=18 July 2014 |title=The Mines Rescue Rules, 1985 |url=http://www.novamining.com/knowledgebase/indian-mining-regulations/director-general-of-mines-safety/legislation/mines-rescue-rules-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914064702/http://www.novamining.com/knowledgebase/indian-mining-regulations/director-general-of-mines-safety/legislation/mines-rescue-rules-1985/ |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Nova Mining |url-status=dead}}</ref>

These rules apply to coal and metalliferous underground mines to provide for the establishment of rescue stations and conduct of rescue work. In case of explosion or fire, an inrush of water or influx of gases, services of specially trained men with special rescue apparatuses are required.

==Salient features==
Chapter I - Preliminary

Chapter II - Rescue Stations and Rescue Rooms

Chapter III - Duties and Responsibilities of Superintendents etc.

Chapter IV - Organisation and Equipment in Mines

Chapter V - Conduct of Rescue Work

Chapter VI – Miscellaneous<ref>{{cite web|author= |date=2008|title=India, Mines Rescue Rules, 1985 |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=78693 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606133231/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=78693 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |access-date=2024-10-24|website=International Labour Organization |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Coal Mines Regulation Act 1908]]
* [[Quecreek Mine rescue]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Mine-rescue-training(MSHA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msha.gov/training-education/mine-rescue-training |title=Mine Rescue Training {{pipe}} Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) |publisher=Msha.gov |date= |accessdate=2016-11-28}}</ref>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mines Rescue Rules 1985, The}}
[[Category:Coal mining law]]
[[Category:Mine safety]]
[[Category:Safety engineering]]
[[Category:Indian legislation]]
[[Category:Mining in India]]

Rajendra Singh Babu

2026-03-17T08:20:12Z

VictoriaCoward4: adjust details additionally based on references

{{short description|Indian film producer and director}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajendra Singh Babu
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = M. Venkaiah Naidu at the inauguration of the Indian Panorama, during the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa (1).jpg
|bSize = 1350
|cWidth = 200
|cHeight = 250
|oTop = 350
|oLeft = 700
|Location=center
}}
| caption = S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[47th International Film Festival of India|2016]])
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_names = Babu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1952|10|22}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1972–present
| spouse = Anuradha
| children = 3, including [[Aditya (actor)|Adithya]] and [[Rishika Singh|Rishika]]
| occupation = Filmmaker, actor
}}

'''Shankar Singh Veera Rajendra Singh''', known as '''S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu''' (born 22 October 1952), is an Indian filmmaker and occasional actor who works primarily in [[Kannada cinema]]. He was born and brought up in [[Mysore]]. His father Shankar Singh produced many films under the banner Mahatma Pictures (Mysore). Babu has written directed movies of different genres in Kannada and in Hindi that include [[Romance film|love stories]], [[War films|war]], [[suspense thriller]]s and comedy movies. Many of his films have been adapted from novels or short stories.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070626114349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/16/stories/2007031601760100.htm Article on Babu's family in The Hindu news paper]</ref> Babu has won numerous awards for his films. His sister is producer and actress [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]], and brother-in-law, actor [[Jai Jagadish]].

==Early life==
Rajendra Singh Babu born in [[Mysore]] in a [[Rajput]] family.<ref>{{cite web|agency=DNA India|title=राजपूताना के योद्धा आए, देखे और ठहरे रहे|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-warriors-from-rajputana-came-saw-and-stayed-on-1381257|date=10 May 2010|language=hi}}</ref> His father, the late Shankar Singh, was a producer and director of [[Kannada]] films. His mother, [[Prathima Devi]], was an actress in Kannada cinema. In an interview, Babu mentioned that his father wanted him to become a doctor, but his own passion for the camera propelled him to the film industry. Hailing from a family of movie makers, Babu was fascinated with films such as ''The Great Escape'', ''Guns of Navarone'' and ''The Bridge on the River Kwai.'' He believes that cinema should go near the audience.<ref>[http://www.supergoodmovies.com/9615/sandalwood/S-V-Rajendra-Singh-Babu-Director-Excellence-Exclusives-Details " His view on cinema]</ref> He appeared as a child artist in movies like ''[[Shivasharane Nambekka]]'' (1955) and ''[[Bhakta Chetha]]''(1961).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angadi |first1=Jagadish |date=17 August 2021 |title=Rajendra Singh Babu: I gave Kannada many firsts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html#google_vignette |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606092422/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;" | Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px;" | Film
! colspan="3" style="width:195px;" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:80px;" | Language
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! width="65" | Director
! width="65" | Screenplay
! width="65" | Producer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975 || ''[[Nagakanye]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || rowspan="7" | [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mahadeshwara Pooja Phala]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angadi |first1=Jagadish |date=17 August 2021 |title=Rajendra Singh Babu: I gave Kannada many firsts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html#google_vignette |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606092422/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Nagara Hole]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Kiladi Jodi]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981 || ''[[Bhaari Bharjari Bete]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || <ref>[http://www.24framesmovies.com/abut_films.html Babu's Movies in International Film Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902220437/http://www.24framesmovies.com/abut_films.html |date=2 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||[[Hindi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1982 || ''Thirugu Baana'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] || Remake of ''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]''
|-
| ''[[Tony (1982 film)|Tony]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1984 || ''Kaliyuga'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] || Remake of ''[[Avtaar]]''
|-
| ''[[Gandu Bherunda]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bandhana]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sharara]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Faisla]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''[[Ek Se Bhale Do]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Pithamaha]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Brahma Vishnu Maheshwara]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1986 || ''[[Karna (1986 film)|Karna]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Nee Begane Baro]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Maneye Manthralaya]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''[[Kurukshetra (1987 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Yuga Purusha]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1990 || ''[[Bannada Gejje]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Yuddham]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Muthina Haara]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''Sri Satyanarayana Poojaphala''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]]||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Mallige Hoove]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]]||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Hoovu Hannu]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]]||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Mahakshathriya]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Himapatha]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Kalyanothsava'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[Doni Saagali]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomi Thayiya Chochchala Maga]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Mechanic Mavayya]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Love (2004 film)|Love]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kanchana Ganga (2004 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Mohini 9886788888]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Buddhivantha]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Thipparalli Tharlegalu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rebel (2015 film)|Rebel]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Raktha Kashmira]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
|}

==Awards==

===National Film Awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Movie
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bandhana]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Muthina Haara]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|}

===Karnataka State Film Awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Movie
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | 1981–82
! scope="row" | ''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1990–91
! scope="row" | ''[[Muthina Haara]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|Best Film (First)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1993–94
! scope="row" | ''[[Hoovu Hannu]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1996–97
! scope="row" |
| [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1998–99
! scope="row" | ''[[Doni Saagali]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film|Best Film (Third)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1998–99
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhoomi Thayiya Chochchala Maga]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Special Film of Social Concern|Best Social Concern Film]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1998–99
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhoomi Thayiya Chochchala Maga]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story Writer]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 2000–01
! scope="row" | ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film|Best Film (Third)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 2001–02
! scope="row" | ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| align="center" |
|-
|}

===Filmfare Awards (South)===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Movie
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | 1993
! scope="row" | ''[[Hoovu Hannu]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/download/41stAnnualFilmfareBestTeluguFilmKannadaActorActressDirector/41st%20annual%20filmfare%20best%20telugu%20film%20kannada%20actor%20actress%20director.jpg | format=JPG | title=41st annual filmfare - Best telugu film - Kannada actor/actress/director}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1994
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahakshathriya]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/42ndFilmfareKannadaFilmsWinners |title=42nd Filmfare Kannada Films Winners : Santosh : Free Download & Strea… |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170207135904/https://archive.org/details/42ndFilmfareKannadaFilmsWinners |archive-date=7 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2001
! scope="row" | ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-06/hyderabad/27122602_1_filmfare-film-award-actor-award | url-status=live | archive-date=21 September 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards | date=6 April 2002}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Books ==
Rajendra Singh Babu wrote the book ''Nenanpina Muthina Hara'' in memory of the Kannada actor [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]. The book is a tribute to Vishnuvardhan, where Babu shares his numerous experiences with Vishnuvardhan, and describes Babu's drive to work on meaningful cinema.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Organizations /committees==
<ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/stock_shots/awards_dir_report.shtml KFDA and KFCC info] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924223047/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/stock_shots/awards_dir_report.shtml |date=24 September 2009 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Committees !! Role
|-
| Karnataka Film Director's Association (6 times)
| President
|-
| Karnataka Film and T.V. Technicians
| President
|-
| Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce (2 times)
| Executive-Committee
|-
| [[International Film Festival of India]], 1992, Bangalore
| Nominated member by State Govt.
|-
| [[Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy]]
| President
|-
| [[52nd International Film Festival of India]], 2021, Goa
| Feature film jury, Chairperson<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769681 |title=Indian Panorama Announces Official Selection for 52nd IFFI, 2021 |date=5 November 2021|access-date=9 November 2021|via=Press release|newspaper=PIB GOI}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1119681|S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Rajendra Singh}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2005]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

K. B. Desai

2026-03-14T17:18:47Z

VictoriaCoward4: adding new info v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian independence activist and doctor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. B. Desai
| image =
| birth_name = Khandubhai Bhimbhai Desai
| birth_date = {{birth date|1897|9|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sarbhan]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Gujarat]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1979|11|5|1897|9|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Navsari]], Gujarat, India
| occupation = Medical doctor
| title = President of Navsari [[Municipal Council]]
| party = [[Congress party|Congress]]
| spouse = Lilavati Desai
}}

'''K. B. Desai''' (3 September 1897 – 5 November 1979) was an Indian medical doctor, a local leader of [[Congress party|Congress]] from [[Navsari]] during the [[Indian independence movement]], and a social reformer. He was a [[Gandhians|Gandhian]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

==Freedom struggle==
[[Vallabhbhai Patel]] was imprisoned in the wake of the [[Salt March]] in 1930. Desai acted as a spokesperson for [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Navsari]], organizing the local police as a strategy to help release Patel. He was imprisoned on multiple occasions for his role in the freedom struggle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Vallabhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCluAAAAMAAJ |title=The Collected Works of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: 1932-1934 : Civil Disobedience Movement and Sardar Patel's Second Incarceration Death of Mother and Brother Vithalbhai |date=1994 |publisher=Konark Publishers |isbn=978-81-220-0343-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLu1AAAAIAAJ |title=Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement in India: Mahatma Gandhi. pts. 1-7 |date=1969 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJYMp9OrIscC |title=Svātantrya saṅgrāmanā laḍavaiyā: Gujarāta Rājya |date=1969 |publisher=Māhitī Khātuṃ, Gujarāta Sarakāra |language=gu}}</ref>

==President of Navsari Municipal Council==
After independence in 1947, he served as President of Navsari Municipal Council (Nagarpalika Pramukh).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Chiman N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouFaDwAAQBAJ |title=I Did It My Ways: An Autobiography with Controversies |date=2018-05-16 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-776-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==Medical career==
Desai graduated with an [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S]]. from [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (Mumbai) in 1922. He obtained further medical training from [[Dublin]] and [[Vienna]]. Desai provided surgical, obstetric, dental and non-surgical care. He built and ran K. B. Desai Hospital in Navsari.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvofAQAAMAAJ |title=The Maharashtra Medical Register |date=1968 |publisher=Maharashtra Medical Council. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiggAQAAMAAJ |title=The Medical Directory ...: London, Provinces, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Abroad, Navy, Army & Air Force |date=1961 |publisher=J. & A. Churchill, Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaura |first1=Ajīta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAkuAAAAYAAJ |title=Directory of Indian Women Today, 1976 |last2=Caur |first2=Arpana |date=1976 |publisher=India International Publications |language=en}}</ref>

==Social reform==
Desai was actively involved in social reform movements. He opposed the caste system, admitting patients of all castes to his hospital and serving them food from a single kitchen using one set of utensils.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-To8AAAAMAAJ |title=Jīvana Tathā Saṃskr̥ti: Śrī Paṃ. Ānandapriya Abhinandana-grantha |date=1976 |publisher=Śrī. Paṃ. Ānandapriya Abhinandana Grantha Samiti |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

L2: Empuraan (soundtrack)

2026-03-14T03:40:43Z

VictoriaCoward4: adding a details from scratch

{{Short description|2025 soundtrack album by Deepak Dev}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = L2: Empuraan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cover = L2- Empuraan (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2025|4|24}}
| recorded = 2023–2025
| venue =
| studio = {{ubl|Dev's Wonderland, [[Kochi]]|The Audio Guys, Mumbai}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=27|s=25}}
| language = {{hlist|Malayalam|Hindi|}}
| label = [[Aashirvad Cinemas|Aashirvad Records]]
| producer = [[Deepak Dev]]
| prev_title = [[Idiyan Chandhu]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = L2: Empuraan
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Phir Zinda
| single1date = 25 March 2025
| single2 = Kaavalaai Chekavar
| single2date = 29 March 2025
| single3 = Azrael
| single3date = 3 April 2025
| single4 = Empuraane
| single4date = 12 April 2025
}}
}}
{{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|FcuiulFG-0w|Audio Jukebox}}
}}

'''''L2: Empuraan''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Deepak Dev]] for the 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Political film|political]] [[Gangster film|gangster]] [[action thriller film]] of [[L2: Empuraan|the same name]] directed by [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], starring [[Mohanlal]]. The album comprises seven tracks written by Tanishk Nabar, [[Murali Gopy]], [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] and Prithviraj himself, with six of them being released as singles. The soundtrack was digitally released by [[Aashirvad Cinemas]] on 24 April 2025.

== Production ==
''L2: Empuraan'' is Deepak Dev's eleventh collaboration with Mohanlal, and third with Prithviraj as a director, after ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019) and ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' (2022). Dev mentioned that Prithviraj envisioned a Hollywood-style musical experience, opting for live orchestral recordings and other sophisticated elements, instead of relying on conventional beats produced by high-end keyboards.<ref name="Joy-2025">{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=29 March 2025 |title=Empuraan composer Deepak Dev on the trolling he's facing for the background score of Mohanlal-led film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/empuraan-composer-deepak-dev-on-the-trolling-hes-facing-for-the-background-score-of-mohanlal-led-film/5cf241769d561 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=[[OTTplay]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2023, Dev stated that he had commenced work on the music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=News18 Malayalam |date=19 March 2023 |title=Empuraan {{!}} സാറെ എമ്പുരാന്‍റെ വര്‍ക്ക് തുടങ്ങിയോ? 'എന്‍റെ പണി തുടങ്ങി'യെന്ന് സംഗീത സംവിധായകന്‍ ദീപക് ദേവ് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/music-director-deepak-dev-give-update-on-mohanlal-prithviraj-movie-empuraan-shooting-and-music-composing-ak-590196.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326121342/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/music-director-deepak-dev-give-update-on-mohanlal-prithviraj-movie-empuraan-shooting-and-music-composing-ak-590196.html |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[News18 Malayalam]] |language=ml}}</ref>

During an interview with [[Red FM (India)|Red FM Malayalam]], he revealed that the soundtrack would not include an [[item song]], unlike ''[[Lucifer (soundtrack)|Lucifer]]''. He further stated that Mohanlal would feature in a few songs that align with the film's tone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=8 June 2024 |title=L2 Empuraan - Deepak Dev opens up about working with Prithviraj Sukumaran; drops major updates on Mohanlal starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-deepak-dev-opens-up-about-working-with-prithviraj-sukumaran/406215a87d505 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618113648/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-deepak-dev-opens-up-about-working-with-prithviraj-sukumaran/406215a87d505 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[OTTplay]] |language=en}}</ref> He noted that the songs in ''Empuraan'' would differ in style from those in its predecessor. "There will be a distinct style for ''Empuraan'', and it will be heavier than before. Prithviraj and Antony have encouraged a more innovative approach", said Dev, during a conversation with [[94.3 Club FM]] in September 2024. The first song had already been completed by that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2024 |title=Empuraan is a 'heavy' film: Prithviraj is cooking something special, says Deepak Dev |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/empuraan-is-a-heavy-film-prithviraj-is-cooking-something-special-says-deepak-dev-1724af28 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The tracks "Azrael" and "Sancharame," sung by [[Usha Uthup]] and [[Jakes Bejoy]] respectively, were recorded in March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=18 March 2025 |title=Jakes Bejoy turns singer for Empuraan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/18/jakes-bejoy-turns-singer-for-empuraan |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The song "Empuraane", featuring vocals by Prithviraj's daughter Alankrita Menon Prithviraj, was initially intended to be rendered by an adult female singer. However, the emotional intensity of the scene prompted a creative change. Upon recognising that the scene called for a child's cry, the team felt that Alankrita's vocals would lend the desired emotional depth. Once introduced to the song, she was able to perform it within five minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=Yes, it's Alankrita! Deepak Dev confirms Prithviraj's 10-year-old daughter sang for L2: Empuraan |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/empuraan-song-sung-by-prithviraj-daughter-alankrita-ec10c6a9 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref> Also, Prithviraj's niece, Prarthana Indrajith, contributed her vocals to the film's teaser theme, featuring lyrics penned by Prithviraj himself, marking his debut as a lyricist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavithran |first=Lekshmy |date=28 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan music: Prithviraj's daughter Alankrita makes debut! Deepak Dev confirms |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/l2-empuraan-music-prithvirajs-daughter-alankrita-makes-debut-deepak-dev-confirms-1.500075362 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
Of the seven tracks featured on the album, six were released individually as singles. "L2: Empuraan Teaser Theme", the first single, was released on 27 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan Teaser Theme by Deepak Dev, Prarthana Indrajith & Prithviraj Sukumaran |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/l2-empuraan-teaser-theme/1810472212 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506042245/https://music.apple.com/in/song/l2-empuraan-teaser-theme/1810472212 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> It was followed by "L2: Empuraan Trailer Theme" on 24 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan Trailer Theme by Deepak Dev & Anand Sreeraj |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/l2-empuraan-trailer-theme/1810472230 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506042120/https://music.apple.com/in/song/l2-empuraan-trailer-theme/1810472230 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> The third single was a Hindi song, "Phir Zinda", which was released on 25 March 2025, two days prior to the film's theatrical premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan's 'Phir Zinda' drops and fans can't get enough: 'Ente moone... oru toofan vibe!' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/first-single-of-empuraan-out-phir-zinda-94aa1850 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref> The fourth single, "Kaavalaai Chekavar", followed on 29 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Kaavalaai Chekavar (From "L2: Empuraan") by Deepak Dev, Job Kurian & Murali Gopy |url=https://music.apple.com/ae/song/kaavalaai-chekavar-from-l2-empuraan/1805338681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430015329/https://music.apple.com/ae/song/kaavalaai-chekavar-from-l2-empuraan/1805338681 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> The fifth single, "Azrael", was released on 3 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title='Azrael' song from Mohanlal-Prithviraj's L2: Empuraan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/04/azrael-song-from-mohanlal-prithvirajs-l2-empuraan-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430015741/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/04/azrael-song-from-mohanlal-prithvirajs-l2-empuraan-out |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> "Empuraane" was the final single, released on 12 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2025 |title=അലങ്കൃതയുടെ ഹൃദ്യമായ ശബ്ദം; എമ്പുരാനിലെ പ്രേക്ഷകർ കാത്തിരുന്ന ഗാനം പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/empuraan-empuraane-song-release-1.10505250 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415092200/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/empuraan-empuraane-song-release-1.10505250 |archive-date=15 April 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |language=ml}}</ref> The only non-single track "Sancharame" was released along with the soundtrack on 24 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Sancharame by Deepak Dev, Jakes Bejoy & Vinayak Sasikumar |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/song/sancharame/1810471935 |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=Apple Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/l2-empuraan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1810471571 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
=== Malayalam ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:25
| title1 = Phir Zinda
| length1 = 5:34
| lyrics1 = Tanishk Nabar
| extra1 = Anand Sreeraj
| title2 = Kaavalaai Chekavar
| length2 = 4:04
| lyrics2 = [[Murali Gopy]]
| extra2 = [[Job Kurian]]
| title3 = Azrael
| length3 = 4:52
| lyrics3 = Murali Gopy
| extra3 = [[Usha Uthup]]
| title4 = Empuraane
| length4 = 2:45
| lyrics4 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra4 = Anand Sreeraj, Alankrita Menon Prithviraj
| title5 = Sancharame
| length5 = 3:59
| lyrics5 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| extra5 = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| title6 = L2: Empuraan Teaser Theme
| length6 = 2:19
| lyrics6 = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| extra6 = Prarthana Indrajith
| title7 = L2: Empuraan Trailer Theme
| length7 = 3:52
| lyrics7 = Instrumental
| extra7 = Anand Sreeraj, Alankrita M. Sukumaran
}}

=== Tamil ===
{{Track listing
| all_writing = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:44
| title1 = Kaappavar
| length1 = 4:05
| extra1 = [[Palakkad Sreeram]]
| title2 = Azrael
| length2 = 4:52
| extra2 = Usha Uthup
| title3 = Empuraane
| length3 = 2:45
| extra3 = Anand Sreeraj, Alankrita Menon Prithviraj
| title4 = Oh Payaname
| length4 = 4:01
| extra4 = Jakes Bejoy
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| all_writing = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:45
| title1 = Rakshakudedi
| length1 = 4:05
| extra1 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| title2 = Azrael
| length2 = 4:52
| extra2 = Usha Uthup
| title3 = Empuraane
| length3 = 2:45
| extra3 = Anand Sreeraj, Alankrita Menon Prithviraj
| title4 = Sancharame
| length4 = 4:01
| extra4 = Jakes Bejoy
}}

=== Kannada ===
{{Track listing
| all_writing = Hridaya Shiva
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:45
| title1 = Kaavalugaaranu
| length1 = 4:04
| extra1 = Yazin Nizar
| title2 = Azrael
| length2 = 4:52
| extra2 = Usha Uthup
| title3 = Empuraane
| length3 = 2:45
| extra3 = Anand Sreeraj, Alankrita Menon Prithviraj
| title4 = Sanjarave
| length4 = 4:02
| extra4 = Jakes Bejoy
}}

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| all_writing = Tanishk Nabar
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:43
| title1 = Maseeha
| length1 = 4:04
| extra1 = [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
| title2 = Azrael
| length2 = 4:52
| extra2 = Usha Uthup
| title3 = Empuraane
| length3 = 2:45
| extra3 = Anand Bhaskar, Alankrita Menon Prithviraj
| title4 = Kya Yeh Safar
| length4 = 4:00
| extra4 = Deepak Dev
}}

== Non-album singles ==
The song "The Devil's Arrival," performed by Anand Sreeraj, was released on 7 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2025 |title=The Devil's Arrival (From "L2: Empuraan") - Single by Deepak Dev & Anand Sreeraj |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/the-devils-arrival-from-l2-empuraan-single/1807032517 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The following day, "The Jungle Pwoli – Kadavule Pole Reprise," featuring vocals by [[Jakes Bejoy]] and Sreeraj, was also released. It was the only song from the film distributed under the Goodwill Entertainments label.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=The Jungle Pwoli - Kadavule Pole (From "L2: Empuraan") (Reprise) - Single by Deepak Dev, Jakes Bejoy, Anand Sreeraj, Jeff J Panikulam, Rhyko & Logan |url=https://music.apple.com/fj/album/the-jungle-pwoli-kadavule-pole-from-l2-empuraan/1807361735 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Apple Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2025 |title=മുണ്ട് മടക്കി കുത്തി സ്റ്റീഫന്റെ താണ്ഡവം; സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയ കത്തിച്ച് 'ജംഗിൾ പൊളി' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/04/09/the-jungle-pwoli-song-from-the-movie-empuraan.html |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 5:13
| title1 = The Devil's Arrival
| length1 = 1:36
| lyrics1 = Instrumental
| extra1 = Anand Sreeraj
| title2 = The Jungle Pwoli – Kadavule Pole Reprise
| length2 = 3:37
| lyrics2 = Jeff J. Panikulam, Rhyko, Logan
| extra2 = [[Jakes Bejoy]], Anand Sreeraj
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

For ''[[Pinkvilla]]'', Goutham S stated, "The true soul of the movie became music composer Deepak Dev, who managed to create awe and excitement in every frame of the movie. His skills and reputation truly leave a lot more to be explored."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Goutham |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Movie Review: Mohanlal starrer acts as mirror to socio-political narrative with string of new foes lining up to vanquish Khureshi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-starrer-acts-as-mirror-to-socio-political-narrative-with-string-of-new-foes-lining-up-to-vanquish-khureshi-1379417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327084616/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-starrer-acts-as-mirror-to-socio-political-narrative-with-string-of-new-foes-lining-up-to-vanquish-khureshi-1379417 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

"Deepak Dev's music and background score enhance every scene, creating a pulsating atmosphere", said critic Pratyusha Sista, writing for ''[[Telangana Today]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sista |first=Pratyusha |date=27 March 2025 |title=Movie Review: Prithviraj Sukumaran's L2: Empuraan – A thrilling sequel that expands beyond borders |url=https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-prithviraj-sukumarans-l2-empuraan-a-thrilling-sequel-that-expands-beyond-borders |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' felt "Deepak Dev's music perfectly matches the brilliantly visualised scenes; we get involved in Khureshi's quests and get a feel for the mood, thanks to this."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan Movie Review : Empuraan doesn't quite match the punch of Lucifer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/l2-empuraan/movie-review/119585684.cms |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff]]'' too praised the soundtrack stating, "Deepak Dev's rousing, orchestral score is the perfect match for the stately, epic filmmaking that treats each narrative with similar attention."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=27 March 2025 |title=Empuraan Review: Return Of The King |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/empuraan-review-return-of-the-king/20250327.htm |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan, a chief film critic at ''[[OTTplay]]'', stated, "Just like ''Lucifer'', Deepak Dev's songs 'Kadavule Pole' and 'Empuraane' play with a more frenetic tempo and succeed in sending the fans into a frenzy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=27 March 2025 |title=Empuraan review: Prithviraj's Lucifer follow-up is ambitious but heavy-handed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/l2-empuraan-movie-review-prithviraj-sukumaran-elevates-the-stakes-with-an-ambitious-but-less-nuanced-follow-up-to-lucifer/0b4199ae9e192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328184026/https://www.ottplay.com/review/l2-empuraan-movie-review-prithviraj-sukumaran-elevates-the-stakes-with-an-ambitious-but-less-nuanced-follow-up-to-lucifer/0b4199ae9e192 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=[[OTTplay]] |language=en}}</ref> Rohit Panikker, reviewing for ''[[Times Now]]'', felt "The soundtrack by Deepak Dev has its ebbs and flow, where it offers some peak moments, sometimes feeling quite intrusive and wrongly-placed."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panikker |first=Rohit |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Review: An Action-Packed Visual Spectacle That Expands The Lucifer Universe |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/l2-empuraan-review-an-action-packed-visual-spectacle-that-expands-the-lucifer-universe-review-119591695 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327111405/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/l2-empuraan-review-an-action-packed-visual-spectacle-that-expands-the-lucifer-universe-review-119591695 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote "Deepak Dev's music has no scope. 'Phir Zinda', however, is well-utilized. Deepak Dev's background score is powerful and elevates impact in several scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2E: Empuraan Movie Review: L2: Empuraan boasts mass appeal, grandeur, and stellar performances |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/l2e-empuraan/critic-review/l2e-empuraan-movie-review/l2-empuraan-boasts-mass-appeal-grandeur-and-stellar-performances/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327091547/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/l2e-empuraan/critic-review/l2e-empuraan-movie-review/l2-empuraan-boasts-mass-appeal-grandeur-and-stellar-performances/ |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> In his musical analysis, Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' concludes: "[[Stunt Silva]]'s action choreography is underwhelming as well, though not as much as Deepak Dev's uninspired background score, which is one of the film's most glaring weaknesses. The absence of a truly electrifying score has significantly diminished ''Empuraan'''s dramatic and massy impact."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=27 March 2025 |title=Empuraan movie review: Mohanlal and Prithviraj's visual spectacle could have benefitted from better writing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/empuraan-review-mohanlal-prithvirajs-visual-spectacle-could-have-benefitted-from-better-writing-9907468/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327175239/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/empuraan-review-mohanlal-prithvirajs-visual-spectacle-could-have-benefitted-from-better-writing-9907468/ |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Audience response ===
The music as well as the background score, without considering the movie itself, were negatively received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sakshi |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan X Review: Here's what netizens have to say about Mohanlal and Prithviraj Sukumaran's movie |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/l2-empuraan-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-s-movie-shah-rukh-khan-lucifer-malayalam-2025-03-27-982549 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=Audience verdict is in: 'Empuraan' dazzles as rave reviews pour in |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/27/empuraan-release-social-media-reactions-mohanlal-prithviraj.html |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Joy-2025" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Malayalam film soundtracks]]

Mu. Metha

2026-03-14T03:16:16Z

VictoriaCoward4: updated page

{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1945)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Muhammed Metha
| birth_name = Muhammed Metha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|9|5}}
| birth_place = [[Periyakulam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Poet]] lyricist
| children = 5
| years_active = 1981–present
}}

'''Muhammed Metha''' (born 5 September 1945) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet and Cinema Song lyricist.

== Early life ==
Metha was born in Theni in 1945. He completed an M.A., in Tamil Literature and worked as a Tamil professor at Presidency College, Chennai, for 35 years.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=5 September 2019 |title="கண்ணீர்ப் பூக்கள் கிடைத்தது எப்படி?" - மு.மேத்தா பிறந்த தின சிறப்புப் பகிர்வு |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/tamil-poet-mu-metha-birthday-special-article}}</ref>

== Career ==
He popularised modern poetry (Pudukavithai) in the 1970s and wrote more than 30 books, including novels, short stories, and essays. He also wrote 400 songs for films. He was part of the 'Vanampaadi' literary movement, which aimed to write poems with a Marxist perspective and a global vision.

His debut film as a lyricist was [[Agaya Gangai (film)|Agaya Gangai]] in 1982.<ref name=":0" />

== Published works ==

# Kaneerpookal (1974)
# Oorvalam (1977)
# Manacharagu (1978)
# Avargalvarukirarkal (1980)
# Mughathukku Mugham (1981)
# Nadantha Nadagangal (1982)
# Kathiiruntha Katru (1982)
# Oru Vaanam Iru Siragu (1983)
# Thiruvizhavil Therupadagan (1984)
# Nandavana Natkal (1985)
# Idhayathil Natkali (1985)
# Ennudaya Pothimarangal (1987)
# Kanavukkuthiraigal (1992)
# Kamban Kaviarangil (1993)
# En Pillai Tamil (1994)
# Ottrai Thikkuchi (1997)
# Manithanai Thedi (1998)
# Agahyathukkuadutha Veedu (2004)
# Mu.Metha Kavithaigal (2007)
# Kalaigarukku Tamil Endru Pear(2010)
# Kanavukalin Kaiezhuthu (2016)

== Filmography ==
=== Lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Music composer
! Remarks
|-
| 1981
| Anichamalar
| [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| Debut as a lyricist
|-
| 1982
| [[Agaya Gangai (film)|Aagaya Gangai]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Thennaruviyil Nanaithidum Malaro
|-
| 1985
| [[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Pon Maane Sangeetham
|-
| 1985
| [[Idaya Kovil]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Yaar Veetil Roja
|-
| 1985
|[[Udaya Geetham]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Paadu Nilave
|-
| 1985
|[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Moonu Vela Soru, Malare Malare
|-
| 1986
| Maragatha Veenai
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Oru Poovanakkuyil Maamarathula
|-
| 1987
| [[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Rajaraja Cholan Naan
|-
|1987
|Michael Raj
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|All songs
|-
| 1987
| [[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikkaran]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| All songs
|-
| 1987
| Krishnan Vanthan
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Thaniyaaga Paduthu
|-
| 1987
| siraipparavai
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Anandam Pongida
|-
| 1988
| kaliyugam
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|
|-
|1988
|Kainattu
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|All Songs
|-
|1988
|Maduraikara Thambi
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|All Songs
|-
| 1988
| [[Solla Thudikkuthu Manasu]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Vayakatti Vayathakatti
|-
| 1988
| Thaippasam
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|
|-
|1989
|Idhaya Deepam
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|All Songs
|-
| 1990
| [[Periya Veetu Pannakkaran]]
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Nikkattumaa Pogattuma
|-
| 1994
| [[Maindhan (1994 film)|Maindhan]]
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| All Songs
|-
|1994
|Thendral Varum Theru
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|All Songs
|-
| 1997
| [[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|Surya Vamsam]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|Natchathira Jannalil
|-
|-
| 1999
| [[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Nenachu Nenachu, Sethuvukku Sethuvukku
|-
| 1999
| [[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| Chittu Parakkuthu
|-
| 2000
| Bharathi
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Mayil Pola Ponnu onnu
|-
|-
| 2001
| [[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|En Mana Vaanil/Naan Kaanum Ulagangal
|-
|-
| 2002
| [[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Ulagame Nee
|-
|-
| 2003
| [[Pithamagan]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Adadaa Aghangaara Arakka Kaigalil
|-
|-
| 2005
| [[Chidambarathil Oru Appasamy]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Nalla Vaazhvu
|-
|-
| 2009
| Azhagar Malai
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Muthama
|-
|-
| 2010
| Nandalala
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Onnukkonnu
|-
|}

=== Writer & producer ===
*''[[Thendral Varum Theru]]'' (1994)

== Recognition ==
His awards include the [[Bharathidasan]] Award from the state government of [[Tamil Nadu]].

== See also ==
* [[Tamil literature#Modern era|Modern Tamil literature]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070326104518/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/03/stories/2006090309790200.htm Syed Muthahar Saqaf, ''Modern poetry brought life to the lifeless'', The Hindu, Sept 3, 2006]
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Tamil}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Metha, Mu}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency College, Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Gokula Jat

2026-03-13T18:19:56Z

VictoriaCoward4: Created Some Details Added Tags.

{{Short description|Indian rebel leader of Tilpat (died 1670)}}
{{for-multi|the village|Gokul|the 2009 Indian Kannada-language film|Gokula (film)}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Veer
| name = Gokula Jat
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = गोकुल जाट
| native_name_lang = hi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tilpat]], [[Mughal Empire]] ({{smaller|present-day [[Tilpat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]}})
| death_date = 1 January 1670
| death_place = [[Agra Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] ({{smaller|present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]}})
| death_cause = [[Dismemberment]]
| birth_name = Gokul Dev
| known_for = Leading the Jat uprising of 1669 against the Mughals
| relations =
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Gokula Jat''' (died 1 January 1670), also known as '''Gokul Dev''', was a [[zamindar]] and [[Tribal chief|chieftain]] who led a rebellion against the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in the late 17th century. Gokula emerged as a symbol of resistance against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] oppression, particularly their discriminatory religious and economic policies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Khari |first=Rahul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lGgAAAAMAAJ&q=gokula+jat |title=Jats and Gujars: Origin, History and Culture |date=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |isbn=978-81-8405-031-8 |language=en |quote=Gokula , the Zamindar of Tilpat assumed the leadership of the Jats in 1669. An independent Jat state of Bharatpur was established in the early 18th Century . Gokula collected an army of 20,000 youths to organize the Jats}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=L. L. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPuxSgAACAAJ |title=Bharatpur: History of Bharatpur, Jat History, 1669 Jat Uprising, Maharani Kishori, Bharatpur, India, Deeg, Battle of Bharatpur, D |date=2010 |publisher=General Books LLC |isbn=978-1-157-78118-9 |language=en |quote=The rise of Jat power in India, which started at the 1669 Jat uprising as a resistance against narrow and over-centralised despotic regime of Aurangzeb under the leadership of Gokula, resulted ultimately into the formation of Jat State in Bharatpur.}}</ref> His leadership in the uprising of 1669 marked one of the earliest organised revolts against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in India, influencing later rebellions and the rise of the [[Kingdom of Bharatpur]].<ref>[[R. C. Majumdar]], H.C. Raychaudhari, Kalikinkar Datta: [[An Advanced History of India]], 2006, p.490</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. Natwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZ_PwAEACAAJ |title=Maharaja Suraj Mal, 1707-1763: His Life and Times |date=2001 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-7167-510-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1669, Gokula rallied approximately 20,000 [[Jats]] and other local farmers to resist oppressive [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] taxation and religious policies.<ref name=":0" /> His forces achieved early successes, defeating and killing the Mughal [[Faujdar]] Abdul Nabi Khan at the [[Battle of Tilpat (1669)|Battle of Tilpat]] and destroying the [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]] cantonment.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pickthall |first1=Marmaduke William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYJCAAAAYAAJ&q=gokula+jat+killed+abdul+nabi+khan |title=Islamic Culture |last2=Asad |first2=Muhammad |date=1990 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |language=en |quote=Abd al - Nabi, the fawjdar of Mathura, was killed in an encounter and the rebellion became serious. It spread to Agra district and Awrangzib himself marched to Mathura in November. Gokula jat was taken prisoner and executed}}</ref> However, the rebellion was crushed following the Tilpat's siege, where Gokula was captured after a four-day battle. Gokula was executed by [[dismemberment]] in [[Agra]] on 1 January 1670.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathee |first=Ravindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9r-EAAAQBAJ&dq=gokula+jat+executed&pg=PT50 |title=True to Their Salt: Indian Soldiers and the British Empire |date=2022-08-15 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-3981-1426-5 |language=en |quote=The peasant rebellion of Jats in the north was crushed by heavy artillery, personally commanded by Aurangzeb in 1669. The captured Jat rebel leader Gokula Singh was publicly tortured and executed in Agra}}</ref>

==Early life==
Gokula (originally ''Ola'' or ''Gokul Dev'') was born in a [[Hindu Jat]] family of [[Tilpat]] region (of Haga/Agre/Agha gotra) to Madu Haga and was the second of the family's four sons.<ref name="Narendra Singh Verma 1986, p. 5">Narendra Singh Verma: Virvar Amar Jyoti Gokul Singh (Hindi), Sankalp Prakashan, Agra, 1986, p. 5</ref>

== Background ==
In the mid-17th century, the [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Aurangzeb]] faced growing discontent among its subjects, particularly in rural areas. The [[Jats]], a predominantly [[Agrarian society|agrarian]] community in the [[Mathura]] region (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]]), bore the brunt of heavy land revenue demands, often exceeding 50% of their produce. Aurangzeb’s reimposition of the [[jizya]] (a tax on non-Muslims) in 1669, coupled with forced [[Islam]]ic conversions, destruction of [[Hindu temple]]s and prohibition on [[Hindu festivals]],<ref>''Mirat-i-Ahmedi'' by Ali Muhammad Khan, (trans. by M.R. Lokhandwala Gaekwad Oriental Series, No. 146, 223; Manucei tStona, II, 144), “however, claims that Holi was stopped altogether.”</ref> deepened the sentiments among [[Hindus|Hindu]] communities, mostly the [[Jats]], who revered [[Mathura]] as a sacred center of lord [[Krishna]] worship. The spark for rebellion came in 1669 when mughal Abdul Nabi’s oppressive measures, including excessive tax collection and interference in local religious practices, pushed the [[Jats]] to the breaking point.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wIN0QEACAAJ |title=Maasir-I-Alamgiri - a History of the Emperor Aurangezib-Alamgir (reign 1658-1707 AD) of Saqi Must'AD Khan |date=2024-11-20 |publisher=Manohar Publications |isbn=978-93-94262-02-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwivedi |first=Girish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apdLQwAACAAJ |title=The Jats: Their Role in the Mughal Empire |date=2003 |publisher=Originals |isbn=978-81-88629-11-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Rebellion ==
In early 1669, Gokula, as the [[Tribal chief|chieftain]] of [[Tilpat]], emerged as the leader of a peasant uprising against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] oppression. The rebellion was sparked by Abdul Nabi’s excesses and the burdensome tax regime. Gokula mobilised approximately 20,000 [[Jats|Jat]] farmers, along with [[Gurjar|Gujjars]] and [[Ahir]]s. In May 1669, the rebels attacked Mughal outposts. An early victory came at the ''Battle of Sahora'', where Gokula’s forces killed Abdul Nabi, while he attempted to capture the village. The rebels destroyed the Mughal cantonment at [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]], sacking regions around [[Mathura]] and disrupting Mughal control.This inspired the [[Hindus]] to fight against the Mughal rulers, who were there to destroy all Hindu rebels and this fight continued for five months.<ref>Narendra Singh Verma: Virvar Amar Jyoti Gokul Singh (Hindi), Sankalp Prakashan, Agra, 1986, p. 34</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |page=188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reddy |first=Krishna |title=Indian History |date=1960 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-132923-1}}</ref>

==1st Battle of Tilpat (1669)==
{{Main|Battle of Tilpat (1669)}}

The [[Battle of Tilpat (1669)|Battle of Tilpat]] was fought between [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Jats]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1669.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jahan|first=Dr.Ishrat|publisher= Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-22280-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZiCDwAAQBAJ&dq=Battle+of+tilpat&pg=PA52|title=Socio-Cultural life in Medieval History|date=29 December 2018 |page=52}}</ref> Under [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule, Mughal [[Subahdar]]s (governors) imposed heavy taxes ([[jizya]]) on the non-Muslim farmers of this region due to [[Decline of the Mughal Empire|unhealthy financial conditions]] of the empire resulting from the continuous military expansion in the southern regions of the [[indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. Due to the imposition of heavy taxation and restriction on Hindu religious practices, dissatisfaction and anger arose among the Jats and it took the form of rebellion against the [[Mughal Empire]] during [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign. In an effort to suppress the rebellion, [[Aurangzeb]] sent his commander Hasan Ali Khan with a large army contingent of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] soldiers as a reinforcement to the [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]] cantonment commanded by Abdul Nabi Khan, who would later be killed by the Jats. Gokula Jat, son of [[Tilpat]] Zamindar Madu Singh, led the rebellion of farmers along with his uncle Uday Singh Jat. The first confrontations of the rebellion continued for 4 days with the seizing of [[Tilpat]] and the farmers' counterattacks. Gokula's leadership in the Jat uprising of 1669 marked one of the earliest organised revolts against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in India by [[Hindus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagar |first=Ishwardas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWSmb4AKKMYC&q=battle+of+tilpat |title=Ishwardas Nagar's Futuhat-i-Alamgiri |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |year=1978 |editor=Tasneem Ahmad |page=83}}</ref>

== 2nd Battle of Tilpat ==
In 1669, Gokula Dev, with 20,000 [[Jats|Jat]] farmers, fought the Mughals, about 20 miles from [[Tilpat]]. Abdul Nabi Khan, a Mughal [[faujdar]], attacked them. While Khan was initially successful, he was killed by the Jats on 12 May 1669 (21st [[Dhu al-Hijja|Dhu al Hijja]], 1079 A.H.).<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|last1=Sarkar|first1=Jadunath|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri A history of emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir|url=https://archive.org/stream/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir_djvu.txt|website=AhleSunnah Library|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111095728/http://archive.org/stream/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir_djvu.txt|archive-date=11 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfUvAQAAIAAJ&q=Jat+women+committed+Jauhar.+Gokula+offered+pardon+if+he+accepted+Islam. |publisher=Anmol |year=1996 |isbn= 978-81-7041-859-7|page=121 |language=hi |title=जाट महिलाओं ने जौहर किया। गोकुला ने इस्लाम स्वीकारने से मना कर दिया |trans-title=Jat women committed Jauhar. Gokula refused to accept Islam }}</ref> Gokula Dev and his followers then retreated to Tilpat, where Hasan Ali Khan, an [[Aurangzeb]]-appointed Mughal officer, followed and besieged them with reinforcements of 10,000 musketeers, 5,000 [[Mysorean rockets|rocketmen]], and 250 artillery pieces. Amanulla, the [[Faujdar]] of the environs of [[Agra]], was also sent to reinforce Hasan Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharmaji|first1=Gautama|title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army|date=1990|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-140-0|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLrTzZd0j1kC&q=aurangzeb+Tilpat&pg=PA152|access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> Gokula and his followers were captured alive and taken first to [[Delhi]], and then to [[Agra]], where Gokula was executed by [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]]'s decree.

==Death==
Gokula was brought to [[Agra]], following his capture by the Mughal forces at the Battle of Tilpat. He was executed by having his [[dismemberment|limbs cut off]], one by one, on a public platform in [[Agra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pratap |first=Bhanu |date=18 December 2019 |title=औरंगजेब ने जहां वीर गोकुला जाट का अंग-अग कटवाया था, उसे आज फव्वारा कहते हैं {{!}} |url=https://www.patrika.com/agra-news/story-of-veer-gokula-jaat-ancestor-of-maharaja-surajmal-5522992 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language= |quote=आगरा किले में औरंगजेब ने वीर गोकुला जाट ते सामने शर्त रखी कि जान की सलामती चाहते तो इस्लाम धर्म स्वीकार कर लो। गोकुल सिंह ने वीरतापूर्वक इनकार कर दिया। फिर एक जवनरी, 1670 को गोकुल सिंह, उनके चाचा उदय सिंह और अन्य को बंदी बनाकर कोतवाली के चबूतरे पर लाया गया। गोकुल सिंह को जंजीरों में जकड़ा हुआ था। उनके शरीर का एक-एक अंग काटा गया।}}</ref> Gokula's son and daughter were forcibly converted to [[Islam]] by the Mughal authorities under [[Aurangzeb]]. These conversions were not voluntary and were part of the broader context of Mughal policies toward non-Muslim rebels during [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb’s]] reign. In addition, Gokula's followers were imprisoned. Meanwhile, innocent people involved in the fighting were released after proper inquiries, and the elderly and children were handed over to a court [[eunuch]] for care.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5pI8BfpOYcC&q=Sarkar,+Jadunath+(1928).+History+of+Aurangzib:+Volume+III+%E2%80%93+Northern+India,+1668-1681 |title=History of Aurangzib: Northern India, 1658-1681. 3d ed. rev., and corr. 1928 |date=1928 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar |language=en |quote=The Jat leader’s limbs were hacked off one by one on the platform of the police office of Agra, his family was forcibly converted to Islam, and his followers were kept in prison in charge of the provost of the imperial camp.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfUvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |page=121 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Collier Great Mughals">{{cite book |last1=Collier |first1=Dirk |title=The Great Mughals and Their India |year=2016 |publisher=Hay House |isbn=978-93-84544-98-0}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
A [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] poet, Balveer Singh Karuna, in his book ''Samarveer Gokula'' wrote that:<ref name=":1" />
{{Blockquote|text=Slowly the water of self-respect started to awaken,
I decided to rebel by refusing to pay taxes.
You die only once in one birth
And wait in the graves till the doomsday
But we are immortal forever, the soul will not die
Only it will change its body and clothes again and again|author=Balveer Singh Karuna|title=Samarveer Gokula|source=<ref name="y248">{{cite book | last1=Karuṇa | first1=Balavīrasiṃha | title=Samaravīra Gokulā: Prabandha kāvya | website=Google | date=2008 | publisher=Amr̥ta Prakāśana | isbn=978-81-8280-064-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2qnPgAACAAJ | access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Rajaram of Sinsini]]
* [[Churaman]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People executed by dismemberment]]
[[Category:Rebels from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1670 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Jat]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Agra Subah]]

Shitlakhet

2026-03-09T22:25:27Z

VictoriaCoward4: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Almora district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Nagalapuram mandal

2026-03-09T13:05:05Z

VictoriaCoward4:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagalapuram mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Ind}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Srikalahasti revenue division|Srikalahasti]]
| mapframe = yes
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Nagalapuram mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].
==History==
The mandal used to be a part of [[Chittoor district]] and was made part of the newly formed [[Tirupati district]] on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-26 |title=Nivar impact: Water touches precarious levels in Chittoor reservoirs |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nivar-impact-water-touches-precarious-levels-in-chittoor-reservoirs/article33187819.ece |access-date=2022-04-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Ministry of Information Technology (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T16:14:20Z

VictoriaCoward4: started new data

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Information Technology}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय माहिती तंत्रज्ञान विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Information Technology [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Ashish Shelar]]'''
| minister1_pfo = Cabinet Minister
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced-dy-cm-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-aaditya-thackeray-allotted-tourism-and-environment-ministry-7861731.html |title= Maharashtra Cabinet portfolios announced}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministry-list-governor-approved-allocation-of-portfolios-proposed-by-cm-uddhav-thackeray-729069 |title= महाराष्ट्र मंत्रिमंडळ खातेवाटप जाहीर}}</ref>
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Information Technology''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for preparing annual plans for the development of [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Objectives of Information Technology Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://information/|url-status=dead|access-date=2023-09-28|archive-date=2016-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112183636/http://www.information/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=Information Technology Department, Government of Maharashtra, India}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. [[Ashish Shelar]] is Current Minister of Information Technology.

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = Ministry of Information Technology
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Information Technology}} '''मंत्री माहिती तंत्रज्ञान'''
|image= Photo with Shri Devendra Fadnavis & Shri Ashish Shelar (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = [[Ashish Shelar]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], 
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]] on the advice of the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' 
(2024-2024)
| deputy = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Information Technology
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
||'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March 1985}} 1960
|{{small|03 June 1985}} 1962
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 08 - [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Manohar Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar Constituency No. 181]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|31 January}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|01|31}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|15}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2007
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 201p
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
||{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Photo with Shri Devendra Fadnavis & Shri Ashish Shelar (cropped).jpg|78px]]
|'''[[Ashish Shelar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Information Technology
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Satejpatil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Satej Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Kolhapur Local Authorities Constituency No. 06 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Ashish Shelar]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

==List of Ministers For Communications (1960 - 1977)==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Communications
|-
!colspan="10"| Starting on 1 May 1960
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Ending on 16 April 1977
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Lilong Assembly constituency

2026-03-04T07:31:08Z

VictoriaCoward4: expand details and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lilong
| mla = [[Muhammad Abdul Nasir]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:36006}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 30
}}

'''Lilong Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is a part of [[Thoubal district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[Mohammed Alimuddin]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mohammed Alimuddin || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Mohammed Alimuddin || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Md. Helaluddin Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Alauddin || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Md. Helaluddin Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Md. Helaluddin Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Alauddin || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Dr. Md. Maniruddin Shaikh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Md. Helaluddin Khan || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Muhammad Abdul Nasir]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Muhammad Abdul Nasir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]]{{Efn|by-election}}<ref name="Manipur Bypolls: BJP wins 4 out of 5 Assembly seats in Wango, Singhat, Saitu and Wangjing Tentha">{{cite news |last1=India TV |first1= |last2= |date=10 November 2020 |title=Manipur Bypolls: BJP wins 4 out of 5 Assembly seats in Wango, Singhat, Saitu and Wangjing Tentha |language=en |work= |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-manipur-bypolls-bjp-wins-4-out-of-5-assembly-seats-oinam-lukhoi-singh-wango-singhat-saitu-wangjing-tentha-663836 |access-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228082701/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-manipur-bypolls-bjp-wins-4-out-of-5-assembly-seats-oinam-lukhoi-singh-wango-singhat-saitu-wangjing-tentha-663836 |archive-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
|[[Y. Antas Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="Manipur Assembly election result 2022: Complete list of winning candidates">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/manipur-assembly-election-result-2022-complete-list-of-traling-leadding-leaders-101646888500518.html|title=Manipur Assembly election result 2022: Complete list of winning candidates|last1=Hindustan Times|date=10 March 2022|accessdate=19 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219104445/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/manipur-assembly-election-result-2022-complete-list-of-traling-leadding-leaders-101646888500518.html|archivedate=19 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Manipur Assembly Election Result 2022: Check Full List of Winners From 60 Constituencies">{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/manipur-assembly-election-result-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-leading-candidates-from-60-constituencies-5274319/|title=Manipur Assembly Election Result 2022: Check Full List of Winners From 60 Constituencies|last1=India TV|date=11 March 2022|work=|accessdate=19 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219104700/https://www.india.com/news/india/manipur-assembly-election-result-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-leading-candidates-from-60-constituencies-5274319/|archivedate=19 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>|| Muhammad Abdul Nasir || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2022 Assembly election|2022]]|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|49.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#2020 Assembly by-election|2020]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|54.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#2017 Assembly election|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#2012 Assembly election|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#2007 Assembly election|2007]]|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|41.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#2002 Assembly election|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#2000 Assembly election|2000]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|35.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#1995 Assembly election|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1990 Assembly election|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984 Assembly election|1984]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|27.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980 Assembly election|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|59.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1974 Assembly election|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|57.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#1972 Assembly election|1972]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|56.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967 Assembly election|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.02}}}}

=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Abdul Nasir]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=16,886 |percentage=49.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Antas Khan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,316 |percentage=48.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Anwar Hussain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=445 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=140 |percentage=0.41% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=570 |percentage=1.68% |change= {{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,969 |percentage=94.34% |change= {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,006 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2020 elections in India#Manipur|2020 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Lilong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Antas Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=17,106 |percentage=54.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Abdul Nasir |party=Independent politician |votes=14,028 |percentage=44.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=153 |percentage=0.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,078 |percentage=9.84% |change= {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,276 |percentage=93.83% |change= {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,506 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Abdul Nasir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,765 |percentage=36.69% |change={{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Antas Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,497 |percentage=32.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Anwar Hussain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,456 |percentage=28.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Kheiruddin |party=North East India Development Party |votes=369 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=100 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,268 |percentage=4.32% |change= {{decrease}}11.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,337 |percentage=94.08% |change= {{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,182 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Abdul Nasir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,668 |percentage=42.28% |change={{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Azizul Haque Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,711 |percentage=26.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Alauddin |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=6,332 |percentage=25.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Khalid |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=604 |percentage=2.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Azizur Rahman Shah |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=582 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Badaruddin |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,957 |percentage=15.68% |change= {{increase}}9.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,233 |percentage=90.61% |change= {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,849 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Helaluddin Khan |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=9,848 |percentage=41.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Md. Maniruddin Shaikh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,283 |percentage=34.75% |change={{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Alauddin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,708 |percentage=23.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,565 |percentage=6.56% |change= {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,839 |percentage=92.65% |change= {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,730 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Md. Maniruddin Shaikh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,561 |percentage=38.65% |change={{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Helaluddin Khan |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=6,066 |percentage=31.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Badaruddin |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=5,465 |percentage=27.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ismail |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=115 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,495 |percentage=7.64% |change= {{increase}}6.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,565 |percentage=92.45% |change= {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,162 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Alauddin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,706 |percentage=35.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Md. Maniruddin Shaikh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,553 |percentage=35.07% |change={{decrease}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Helaluddin Khan |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=5,084 |percentage=27.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=153 |percentage=0.82% |change= {{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,687 |percentage=91.51% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,420 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Helaluddin Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,371 |percentage=37.06% |change={{decrease}}16.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alauddin |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,369 |percentage=31.23% |change={{decrease}}12.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,422 |percentage=19.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Badaruddin |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,485 |percentage=8.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Jabar |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=162 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,002 |percentage=5.83% |change= {{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,192 |percentage=93.16% |change= {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,455 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Helaluddin Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,814 |percentage=53.87% |change={{increase}}28.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alauddin |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,178 |percentage=43.87% |change={{increase}}16.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,636 |percentage=10.00% |change= {{increase}}7.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,362 |percentage=94.86% |change= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,248 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Alauddin |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,369 |percentage=27.80% |change={{increase}}26.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Helaluddin Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,041 |percentage=25.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habibur Rhaman |party=Janata Party |votes=3,439 |percentage=21.88% |change={{decrease}}14.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ismain |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=2,244 |percentage=14.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laidhram Goshai Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=969 |percentage=6.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=328 |percentage=2.09% |change= {{decrease}}20.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,717 |percentage=88.79% |change= {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,701 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}31.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Helaluddin Khan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=7,629 |percentage=59.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammed Alimuddin]] |party=Janata Party |votes=4,680 |percentage=36.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Alauddin |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=111 |percentage=0.86% |change={{decrease}}56.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,949 |percentage=22.97% |change= {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,841 |percentage=87.96% |change= {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,598 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammed Alimuddin]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,989 |percentage=57.44% |change={{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Quadir Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,111 |percentage=39.43% |change={{decrease}}2.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,878 |percentage=18.01% |change= {{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,426 |percentage=86.20% |change= {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,095 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= {{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammed Alimuddin]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,456 |percentage=56.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,289 |percentage=41.69% |change={{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,167 |percentage=14.79% |change= {{increase}}13.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,890 |percentage=88.05% |change= {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,961 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}43.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammed Alimuddin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,199 |percentage=38.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Rahaman |party=Independent politician |votes=4,984 |percentage=36.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Jatra |party=Independent politician |votes=3,116 |percentage=22.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=215 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,674 |percentage=85.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,985 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Thoubal district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

{{coord|24.71|93.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Paanch Adhyay

2026-03-04T00:22:21Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added the post initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paanch Adhyay
| image = Paanch Adhyay poster.jpg

| alt = Paanch Adhyay poster featuring Dia Mirza
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| producer = Kaustuv Roy
| writer = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] [[Dia Mirza]] [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cinematography = Ananda Chakravarti
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2012|10|19|df=y|[[Kolkata]]}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Paanch Adhyay''''' (lit. five chapters) is a 2012 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] romantic drama set in Kolkata. The film marks the Bengali language debut for [[Bollywood]] actress [[Dia Mirza]].<ref name="Dia Mirza debuts in Bengali films with 'Paanch Adhyay'">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paanch-adhyay-dia-mirzas-debut-bengali-film/295784-8-73.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002070750/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paanch-adhyay-dia-mirzas-debut-bengali-film/295784-8-73.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2012|title=Dia Mirza debuts in Bengali films with 'Paanch Adhyay'|publisher=IBNLive|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Dia Mirza debuts in Bengali films">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/dia-mirza-debuts-in-bengali-films-with-paanch-adhyay-118504-2012-10-11|title=Dia Mirza debuts in Bengali films|publisher=India Today|access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> The film is written and directed by [[Pratim D. Gupta]], the resident film critic of ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' newspaper in Kolkata and produced by Kaustuv Roy. The music of the film has been scored by [[Shantanu Moitra]]. Besides a successful six-week run in Bengal, ''Paanch Adhyay'' was selected as the Centerpiece Premiere at the South Asian International Film Festival in New York and in the New Voice in Indian Cinema section at the [[Mumbai Film Festival]].<ref name="Dia Mirza's Paanch Adhyay selected for Mumbai Film Fest">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/regional-movies/dia-mirzas-paanch-adhyay-chosen-for-mumbai-film-fest/7bb94ba1-1f3c-4f77-a145-4d7de54789bd/index.htm|title=Dia Mirza's Paanch Adhyay selected for Mumbai Film Fest|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> ''Paanch Adhyay'' also won the Best Film Award at the prestigious Kalakar Awards.<ref name="Paanch Adhyay wins Best Film at Kalakar Awards">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36372868_1_paanch-adhyay-pratim-d-gupta-swanand-kirkire|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063312/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36372868_1_paanch-adhyay-pratim-d-gupta-swanand-kirkire|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Paanch Adhyay wins Best Film at Kalakar Awards|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Paanch Adhyay'' is the story of love found and lost in the lives of a contemporary Indian couple, told in moments past and present. Plunged into passion from the moment they meet in [[Kolkata]], Arindam ([[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]) and Ishita's ([[Dia Mirza]]) different ideologies - towards life and art - push them apart.

== Cast ==
* [[Dia Mirza]] as Ishita Roy Chowdhury
* [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] as Arindam Roy Chowdhury
* [[Sampurna Lahiri]] as Ranjabati Sen
* [[Anubrata Basu]] as Rajat
* Anindya Bannerjee as Suri
* Shibnath Dey as Kalyan
* Kaushal Kumbhat as Mr Mehta
* Seema Sapru as Principal
* [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]] as Dr. Bakshi
* Ritoban Das as Ad Assistant
* [[Neel Bhattacharya]] as Footballer
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Hrishi-da

==Reception==

===Critical reception===

''Paanch Adhyay'' received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and filmmakers alike. Director [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] called the film "Bangla cinema's modern Charulata" and wrote "Wonderful lyrics and singing. Music strikes a quirky balance of a modern and traditional. Detailed and effective art work, thoughtful camera compositions and a rapid pace make the movie an emotional experience."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Imtiaz|title=Review: Paanch Adhyay|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121027/jsp/entertainment/story_16126354.jsp#.UIu1Db_HZ7k|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132702/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121027/jsp/entertainment/story_16126354.jsp#.UIu1Db_HZ7k|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2012|accessdate=29 October 2012}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', Dola Mitra gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote in her review – "The film begins promisingly, but falters midway, picks up momentum again and ends in a crescendo of emotions.".<ref>{{cite news|last=Mitra|first=Dola|title=Paanch Adhyay|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?283046|accessdate=4 December 2012}}
</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave ''Paanch Adhyay'' 3.5 stars praising the novel storytelling and the soulful music.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paanch Adhyay
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[RP Music]]
| producer = Shantanu Moitra
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], consisting of four Bengali songs written by Anindya Chatterjee & Chandril Bhattacharya, two Hindi songs written by [[Swanand Kirkire]] and one English song written by [[Pratim D. Gupta]]. ''Paanch Adhyay'' songs received high positive reviews from critics and audience and the song ''Uda jaay'' was a high critical and commercial success.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Track# !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyric(s) !! Duration
|-
| 1 || "Baavri" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || Anindya-Chandril || 4:07
|-
| 2 || "Agontuk" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || Anindya-Chandril || 3:51
|-
| 3 || "Uda jaay" || [[Swanand Kirkire]] || Anindya-Chandril || 5:22
|-
| 4 || "Phire paoar gaan" || [[Ash King]] || Anindya-Chandril || 4:17
|-
| 5 || "Rahoon tere peechhe" || [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]] || || 4:31
|-
| 6 || "Urey jaaye" || [[Shubha Mudgal]] || Anindya-Chandril || 6:01
|-
| 7 || "You & Me" || [[Usha Uthup]] || || 4:03
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2187003}}
{{Pratim D. Gupta}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shantanu Moitra]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pratim D. Gupta]]

Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge

2026-03-03T23:58:46Z

VictoriaCoward4: basic expand citations per sources and fixed typos after review

{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge
| image =Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge.jpg
| writer =
| starring = [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Padmini Kolhapure]] [[Ashok Kumar]]
| director = [[Vijay (director)|Vijay Reddy]]
| producer =
| music =
| released = {{Film date|1986|07|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge''''' is a 1986 Indian Hindi film directed by [[Vijay (director)|Vijay Reddy]] and released in 1986. The movie stars [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]] and [[Anita Raj]]. It is a remake of the director's own hit Kannada movie ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]''.

==Plot==
Anand is a Hindu orphan living with a Muslim guardian, Abdul Rehman, in northernmost India. Anand is a champion skier, and one day Usha watches him ski, and falls in love with him. When they are introduced, Anand too falls in love with Usha. When Usha's mother, Annapurnadevi discovers this romance, she instructs Usha not to step out of the house without her permission, and forbids her to ever see Anand again. When Anand persists, Annapurna relents and tells them that she will arrange their marriage, but instead she forces Usha to marry the son of N.N. Shukla. When Anand finds out he is devastated, and finds solace in the company of his boss's daughter, Shobha. Years later, Anand and Usha meet and tell each other that they are happily married with children. But the tragic truth lies elsewhere.

==Cast==
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Anand
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] as Usha
* [[Anita Raj]] as Shobha
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Abdul Rehman
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Annapurnadevi
* Baby Guddu as baby Usha

==Songs==
#"Sau Saal Tak Rahe Ye Zamana" - [[Shabbir Kumar]]
#"Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge" - [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Shabbir Kumar
#"Mithi Mithi Sardi Hai Bhigi Bhigi Rate Hai" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Aziz]]
#"Tujhko Mai Ye Dile Barbad" - Shabbir Kumar
#"Meri Chhoti Si Bagiya Ki Nanhi Kali" - Mohammed Aziz
#"Tujhko Mai Ye Dile Barbad (Version 2)" - Shabbir Kumar

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0091806|Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pukar (2000 film)

2026-03-03T12:02:30Z

VictoriaCoward4: rework layout based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pukar
| image = Pukar poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| producer = [[Surinder Kapoor]] [[Boney Kapoor]]
| story = Rajkumar Santoshi
| screenplay = Rajkumar Santoshi [[Anjum Rajabali]]
| writer = '''Dialogues''': Rajkumar Santoshi Anjum Rajabali [[K.K. Raina]]
| starring = [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Namrata Shirodkar]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Om Puri]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Ashok Mehta]] [[Santosh Sivan]] [[Baba Azmi]] [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Rajkumar Santoshi
| distributor = [[Eros International]] [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2000|02|4|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| studio = [[Surinder Kapoor|S K Film Enterprises]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = $4.9 million<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|date=18 February 2000|page=10|title=Hindi budget costs take off|last=Lall|first=Bhuvan}}</ref>
}}

'''''Pukar''''' ({{lit|The Call}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller]] film co-written and directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] with cinematography by [[Ashok Mehta]], [[Santosh Sivan]], [[Baba Azmi]] and [[Chota K. Naidu]]. It stars [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Shivaji Satam]] and [[Om Puri]]. The [[film score|score]] and [[soundtrack]] were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].

''Pukar'' was released on 4 February 2000, received positive reviews from critics, but was an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2000.htm |title=Box office 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224234536/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2000.htm|archive-date=24 December 2006}}</ref>

At the [[48th National Film Awards]], ''Pukar'' won 2 [[National Film Awards]] – the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Kapoor). At the [[46th Filmfare Awards]], ''Pukar'' received 2 nominations – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Kapoor) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Dixit).

== Plot ==

A group of armed terrorists led by Abhrush ([[Danny Denzongpa]]) has been cornered by the [[Indian Army]] on a mountain. In order to carry out further operations, the army has blocked all the entries and exits of the mountain. At this time, Minister Mishra [[Govind Namdeo]] arrives at the mountain and wishes to enter to visit the temple to do a prayer. The guardians initially refuse him entry, citing the imminent danger of the terrorists. But after Mishra insists, the guardians, considering his high position in the government, let him in. Mishra is later attacked and kidnapped by Abhrush's men in the mountains, who demand a safe passage to Pakistan.

The Indian army then sends [[Para (Special Forces)]] led by officer Major Jaidev Rajvansh (aka Jai, [[Anil Kapoor]]) to secretly enter the mountain rescue minister Mishra and arrest the terrorists. During the operation, the army learns that the information about it has been leaked and Abhrush had known about it, but the team manages to complete the mission, with a few casualties.

Due to the fact that the army has learned they have mole working for Abhrush's organization, [[Colonel]] Iqbal Hussain ([[Om Puri]]), Jai's superior, gives the information of Abhrush's whereabout high confidentiality: they shift him from one prison to another every week, and the destination and route information is directly sent from their army headquarters to Jai directly, without letting anyone else know. Jai also suspects that Mishra is working for Abhrush, and his kidnapping was a staged plan to make Abhrush escape. But Jai has no evidence to prove it.

Jai is given one week off and returns home to stay with his family. During the off, Jai meets Pooja Mallapa ([[Namrata Shirodkar]]), the daughter of retired [[General officer|General]] Mallapa (K.D Chandran), at an event, and they later fall in love with each other. Jai's childhood friend Anjali ([[Madhuri Dixit]]) also loves Jai. But Jai's eyes are blinded by the high social class of Pooja's family, thus showing little interest in Anjali. Anjali eventually learns about Jai and Pooja's relationship and is heartbroken. Mishra's assistant Tiwari ([[Anjan Srivastav]])then approaches Anjail to give her an idea to win Jai back:

He claims to be a businessman asks Anjail to steal a code from Jai's files, which contains contract information of the army, He says that if she does this, the army will lose the contract, which he will get, and Jai will be suspended for a few days due to his mistake, and Pooja's family will break the relationship because they wouldn't allow their daughter to marry a suspended soldier. Anjali agrees, but she doesn't know the code that Tiwari asks her to steal is actually the coded information about Abhrush's custody and transfer route.

Anjail later successfully steals the code and gives it to Tiwari. With the code, Abhrush's men learn about his transfer route, and later ambush the transfer van and rescue Abhrush. Jai is suspended, and due to the evidence planted by Abhrush's men, he is later arrested for treason. Pooja and her family break their tie with him. Jai's family also faces harassment and judgement from others due to his alleged treason. Jai is eventually sentenced to 7 years in jail.

After learning that Tiwari made a mistake by leaving Anjali alive, Abhrush orders his men to kill both. Meanwhile, overwhelmed by guilt, Anjali confesses everything to Colonel Hussain. Hussain feels angry about her act and Mishra's involvement in terrorism. They go to Tiwari’s house to arrest him, but are attacked by Abhrush's men, who are there to kill Tiwari. Tiwari and Hussain are both shot. Before death, Tiwari reveals that Abhrush is planning to bomb the town hall during the Independence Day celebration.

Hussain and Anjali rush to jail and tell Jai everything. Hussain tells Jai to stop Abhrush's plan before dying from the gunshot. Abhrush's men also arrive and attack the guards. During the gun fight, many guards and Abrush's men are killed. Anjali is shot while trying to protect Jai. They then both escape, and Abhrush's men keep chasing.

At their hideout, Jai, seeing that injured Anjali is dying, finally recognizes his love for her and proposes to her. Anjali is treated and later wakes up and tells Jai that she stole the code. Abhrush's men arrive and attack them. Jai manages to escape, but Anjali is captured. They then decide to keep Anjali alive to lure Jai out.

Jai goes to Mishra's residence and confronts him. He beats Mishra and ties a bomb around his body as a threat. He demands that Mishra take him to the town hall during the Independence Day celebration. Mishra has no choice but to agree.

With Mishra's help, Jai enters the town hall during the celebration and then goes backstage to stop Abhrush's plan. Meanwhile, Hussain's superior, [[Major general|Major General]] ([[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]), who is also at the scene and senses something is wrong, also goes backstage to check. Jai finds Abhrush's men and bombs. He takes down some of them and defuses some bombs. Fearing being unable to defeat Jai, Abhrush uses Anjali as a hostage to disarm Jai. Major General arrives at the scene and shoots Abhrush. Together, they kill Abhrush and manage to defuse the main bomb before it goes off. Jai forgives Anjali and confesses his love for her. Major General then appear to the public and tells the crowd what happened. He clears Jai's alleged treason and declares him a hero.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Jaidev Rajvansh (Jai)
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Anjali
* [[Namrata Shirodkar]] as Pooja Mallapa
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Abhrush (Ruthless Terrorist)
* [[Om Puri]] as [[Colonel]] Iqbal Hussain (Commanding Officer of the Unit)
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as [[Major General]] PC Acharya in the Indian Army (serving as Colonel Commandant)
* [[Sudhir Joshi]] as Anjali's Father
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Suraj Dev Rana (2IC of the Unit)
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Gayetri Rajvansh
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Mrs Mallapa (Pooja's Mother)
* [[Girish Karnad]] as [[Lieutenant General]] (retd.) I.D.Rajvansh
* [[Govind Namdeo]] as Mr. Mishra
* [[Anjan Srivastav]] as Tiwari (Mishra's Assistant)
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Bakshi (Abhrush's Assistant)
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Kartar Singh
* K.D Chandran as [[General]] Mallapa (Pooja's Father)
* [[Major Ravi]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] C.J. Joseph
* [[Viju Khote]] as Dayanand Awasthi
* [[Neeraj Vora]] as Mayor
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as himself in song, "Kay Sera Sera"
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]] as herself in song, "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa"
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Sunny Deol]] was the first choice to play the male lead, Major Jaidev Rajvansh, opposite Madhuri Dixit in Pukar, but when he declined the offer, Rajkumar Santoshi went to producer Boney Kapoor and completed the film with Anil Kapoor as the male lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-25 |title= Sunny Deol rejected these 7 movies: Section 3 - Pukar |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gadar-2-actor-sunny-deol-rejected-these-7-movies |work=GQ India |language=en-us }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pukar
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 November 1999 (India)
| recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Venus]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Alai Payuthey]]
| next_year = 2000
}}

The music is given by [[A. R. Rahman]], while the lyrics were written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] and [[Javed Akhtar]]. The song Kay Sera Sera is based on "Kadhal Niagara" from ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]''. [[A. R. Rahman|Rahman]] reused the song "Oh Bosnia" as "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa". The song was composed and performed by Rahman in his [[Malaysia]]n concert in 1996, that was in aid of [[Bosnians|Bosnian]] victims. The [[piano]] was played by Rahman himself. "Hai Jaana" has two parts within the film version and soundtrack version. The song "Sunta Hai Mera Khuda" was shot at [[Arches National Park]] in [[Utah]], United States. The song " Kismat Se Tum Humko Mile Ho" was shot at [[Mount Marcus Baker]] in [[Alaska]], United States.

=== Track list ===
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! No !! Song !! Artist(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1
| "Kay Sera Sera"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| [[Javed Akhtar]]
| 06:51
|-
| 2
| "Sunta Hai Mera Khuda"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| rowspan=6|[[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| 06:36
|-
| 3
| "Humrahi Jab Ho Mastana"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Hema Sardesai]]
| 04:26
|-
| 4
| "Hai Jaana" (Soundtrack Version)
| [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| 04:18
|-
| 5
| "Kismat Se Tum"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| 06:20
|-
| 6
| "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Children
| 06:29
|-
|7
|"Hai Jaana"(Film Version)
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|
|-
|}

==Reception==
[[Sify]] gave the film three out of five, writing, "Its ultimately the actors who carry the film through. Not that the plot does not work, in fact its engrossing, but it simply fails to carry you through."<ref>{{cite web |title=Pukar |website=[[Sify]] |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pukar-review-bollywood-pcltT5ciifjjj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429020547/https://www.sify.com/movies/pukar-review-bollywood-pcltT5ciifjjj.html |archive-date=29 April 2022}}</ref> V Gangadhar of [[Rediff.com]] praised the first half but criticed the second half, writing, "The film falls to pieces in the second half. The action scenes are highly contrived. Abrush tries to project a larger-than-life presence by constantly rolling his huge eyes and grunting with vigour. And Santoshi's handling of the military scenes is rather amateurish. Does the army strip a court-martialled officer even of his clothes?"<ref>{{cite web |title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: The Pukar review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/feb/04pukar.htm |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429015223/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/feb/04pukar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
! class="unsortable"| {{nowrap|{{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[46th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|{{cn|date=January 2025}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Madhuri Dixit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2nd IIFA Awards]]
|Best Actor
|Anil Kapoor
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://server1.msn.co.in/iifa/nominee/index.html |title=2nd IIFA Awards 2001 Nominations |work=[[MSN]] |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010826062906/http://server1.msn.co.in/iifa/nominee/index.html |archive-date=26 August 2001 |agency=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Madhuri Dixit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Namrata Shirodkar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[48th National Film Awards]]
|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|[[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232402/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Anil Kapoor
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=6|[[7th Screen Awards]]
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Anil Kapoor
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/svawards/winom.htm |title=The 7th Annual Screen–Videocon Awards Nominations and Winners |date=2001 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040219220635/http://www.screenindia.com/svawards/winom.htm |archive-date=19 February 2004 |access-date=27 July 2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Madhuri Dixit
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|[[Rohini Hattangadi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] for "Kay Sera Sera"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Choreography 
|[[Prabhu Deva]] for "Kay Sera Sera"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Publicity Design
|Himanshu Nanda and Rahul Nanda
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0218533|Pukar}}
{{Karan Malhotra}}
{{Rajkumar Santoshi}}
{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 action drama films]]
[[Category:2000 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajkumar Santoshi]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]
[[Category:Films shot in Utah]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alaska]]
[[Category:Best Film on National Integration National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films produced by Bharat Shah]]
[[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]

Thirumbi Paar (1996 film)

2026-03-03T04:50:04Z

VictoriaCoward4: Put up a post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| writer = Rama Narayanan Pugazhmani (dialogues)
| producer = N. Ramasami
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]|[[Yuvarani]]}}
| cinematography = Baby Philips
| editing = Baburaj
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|01|15}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thirumbi Paar''''' ({{translation|Look back}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Rama Narayanan]]. The film stars [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] and [[Yuvarani]], with [[Silk Smitha]], [[Manivannan]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandresekhar]] and [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 15 January 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumbi Paar ( 1996 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1984 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820222202/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1984 |archive-date=2004-08-20 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Avuthu Nayagam is a wealthy politician who lives with his second wife Vasantha. Vasantha is a miser and cunning woman, she buys many properties around her village, she even forces the villagers to sell it to her at low prices. Nayagam's first wife Valliamai and son Veeraiyan live in a small house. Veeraiyan, an ardent fan of actor [[Rajinikanth]], works as a bus conductor and hates Vasantha who brainwashed his father's mind.

One day, Vasantha's assistants Chokku, Kanakku and Azhagu try to buy a free school owned by the retired military officer Karnal Raja. Raja refuses to sell it, and he is beaten up by the assistants. Veeraiyan intervenes in time, saves him and his school from the assistants. Frustrated by the incident, Vasantha immediately buys the bus company where Veeraiyan is working, and her brother Ashok becomes Veeraiyan's bus company manager. Vasantha hates Veeraiyan more than anything but she is acting to her husband Nayagam as she is Veeraiyan's well-wisher.

A few days later, Karnal Raja is heavily injured by Vasantha's henchmen. Veeraiyan tries to save him, but Karnal Raja died on the way to the hospital. Later, Ashok dismissed Veeraiyan from the bus company, Veeraiyan decides to become a milkman and begins to manage Karnal Raja's school himself. In the meantime, Veeraiyan and Chokku's niece Madhavi fall in love with each other. Soon, Vasantha wants her brother to marry her brother Ashok. The conflict between Ashok and Vasantha becomes worst. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Veeraiyan
*[[Yuvarani]] as Madhavi
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Vasantha
*[[Manivannan]] as Chokku
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Avuthu Nayagam
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Kanakku
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Karnal Raja (guest appearance)
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandresekhar]] as Appadurai
*[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Ashok
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Valliamai
*B. Ashokarajan as Azhagu
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*Master Saravanan
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*Thillai Rajan
*Bangalore Chidambaram
*Veerabhadran
*Ali
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=சிலுக்கு ஸ்மிதா! (12) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/silku-smitha-12/51446 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417120309/https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/silku-smitha-12/51446 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumbi Paar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/thirumbi-paar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714060806/https://gaana.com/album/thirumbi-paar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Anne Anne Thirumbi Paarunga" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 2:42
|-
| "Nallavanga Kaatum" || rowspan=2|Krishnaraj || 4:11
|-
| "Anna Sonnaru" || 4:32
|-
| "Vala Vayasukulla" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:36
|-
| "Kaaramada Pakkama" || Sushmitha || 3:07
|}

== Reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director Rama Narayanan takes a mighty swipe at the political scenario in Tamil Nadu, Pugazhmani's veiled digs at the people at helm, hitting the bull's eye through the screenplay of the director in `Thenandal Pictures' ''Thirumbipaar''. The minute the director exhausts all his ammunition, the proceeding loses its sting and concludes on expected lines".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=20 January 1996 |title=Cinema: Coimbatore Maapplaye/Vaanmathi/Thirumbipaar/Ullathai Alli |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960120/03/1926a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221142927/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960120/03/1926a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Rama Narayanan}}

[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1996 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Lianphunga

2026-02-26T04:59:35Z

VictoriaCoward4: started new article

{{Short description|Western Lushai chief}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lianphunga
| image =
| title = Chief of Lungtian {{lang|lus|Lungtian Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Suakpuilala]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = Suaknuna
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Reiek]]
| death_date = 12 February 1891
| death_place = [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribagh Jail, Bihar]]
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue =
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = [[Suakpuilala]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}
'''Lianphunga''' (d. 1891; {{langx|en|Lengpunga}}) was a western Mizo chief. He was known for his raids inciting the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]] and his participation in the [[Lushai Rising]].
==Early life==
Lianphunga was the second living son of [[Suakpuilala]]. During the [[Lushai Expedition]] the western chiefs including Lianphunga supported the British with informers and guides.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=131}}
==Chieftainship==
===East-West War===
With the breakout of the East-West war of the Lushai Hills, Lianphunga was established with a village at Parvatui. He had previously advised his father Suakpuilala to move back from Tachhip which was too close to the eastern chiefs such as Liankhama who was encouraged to attack the closely settled jhum plots. However, Lianphunga sided with his father and began to clear the jungle to settle jhum plots. Chief Buangcheuva of Hmunpui attacked and chased away the cultivators but Lianphunga resumed clearing the forest. A second attack was mounted but Lianphunga laid out an ambush and managed to shoot and kill one of them which officially began to war between the east and west Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=18}}

===Anti-Sailo Rebellion===
After villagers began to depose their chiefs, Vanphunga of Hmawngkhawn fled to Lianphunga's village of Lungtian. Panphunga declared that Lianphunga was free to take whatever he wanted. Lianphunga was accompanied by Lalhuma and visited Hmawngkhawn which was fortified by the people and armed at the entrance. Lianphunga was threatened that if he crossed the bamboo line at the entrance he would be shot. Lalhluma declared his name and stepped beyond the line. A gun misfired upon him and the villagers subjugated themselves. Lianphunga took whatever he wanted that belonged to Vanphunga and restored his chieftainship once more.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=83}}
===Chengri Valley raid===
Lianphunga established his chiefdom on the borders of the south Lushai Hills bordering the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. He was influential over his younger brother Zahrawka. The [[Reang]]s inhabiting the Chengri Valley were raided jointly by Lianphunga and his brother Zahrawka in January 1888.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=131}} Lianphunga is said to have made his son Suaknuna spear the opposing chief's son after they were captured during the raid and brought back to the village.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=53}} Sialianpuia, the brother of Lianphunga was also invited to partake in the raid, but upon declining cooperation was dubbed "wearers of women's clothes" for the caution.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=54}}

The raid resulted in the death of 101 people and the capture of 60 captives to become [[Bawi system|bawis]]. The reasoning for the Chengri Valley raid was the protection of land claims and preventing the settlement of others on such land. In particular, the land was known as an elephant hunting ground, which was being converted into grassland, which the chiefs did not like.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=25}} The journey saw seven captives die along the way to his village. He refused to free more captives upon British capture claiming it cost him {{currency|3,300|INR}} and that he would not free them until it was paid.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=12}} An agent of [[Hill Tipperah]], which took a loan from him and his subjects, failed to pay him back, and this encouraged him to raid. Lianphunga released several captives in return for money. He received {{currency|185|INR}} but released captives on the conditions that he would be owed a further {{currency|515|INR}}.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1540}}

Interrogated in capture, Lianphunga claimed that Zahrawka laid claim to the land of the Chengri Valley and that they assumed, since they weren't under British protection or Tripura, that they asserted their right to the land as an elephant hunting ground. After the Chengri Valley inhabitants began to hover close to the jhum plots, Lianphunga advised Zahrawka to subjugate the villagers and lent some of his warriors.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=12}}

===Chin-Lushai Expedition===
{{main|Chin-Lushai Expedition}}
During the Chin-Lushai Expedition, Mr. Daly arrived at Lianphunga's village before Colonel Skinner did. However, Daly was not ordered to interact with Lianphunga with any consequence as this was assigned to Skinner. Lianphunga met with Daly and promised to hand over the captives to him in return for amnesty. Daly however leaning towards an arrest led Lianphunga to argue that the interpreter told him Daly would not arrest him during personal negotiations. Daly agreed on this basis on a promise that Lianphunga would give up to Colonel Skinner. However, Skinner arrived a day earlier than expected and Lianphunga escaped while burning down his village.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=58}}
===Lushai Rising===
{{main|Lushai Rising}}
After the annexation of the Lushai Hills, Captain [[H.R. Browne]] was assigned political officer of the North-Lushai Hills. He was tasked with punishing Lianphunga based on an investigation of his input in the Chengri Valley raid. Browne summoned a conference of western Lushai chiefs.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=58}} Browne stated in the conference that Lianphunga was to be deposed of chieftainship for five years and that his son Suaknuna would be chief in his stead. A fine of 50 guns were imposed on Lianphunga.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=39}}

Lianphunga was captured by R.B. McCabe who was sent with his brother [[Khalkam]] and Thanghula to Hazaribagh Jail. Lianphunga was deported on the basis that previous punishments were not an effective deterrent. Lianphunga had rebuilt his villages despite being deposed from chieftainship.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=27}} Lianphunga was arrested under the Bengal Regulation III of 1818.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=}}

==Death==
Lianphunga excused himself to go to the latrines with Khalkam while Thanghula stayed behind. Both had committed suicide by hanging themselves with the cloth of their [[dhoti]]. The rope was fixed around the ventilation openings of the latrines up to five feet long. The guards found Khalkam dead on arrival. Lianphunga was found struggling but succumbed shortly afterwards.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1529}}
==Genealogy==
{{sukpilal family tree}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |date=2005 |publisher=Publicans Division, Ministry of information and broadcasting |location=India |isbn=978-81-230-1309-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/culturefolkloreo00lalt/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=12 February 2025}}

*{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Anandaroop |date=2022 |title=Insurgent Law: Bengal Regulation III and the Chin-Lushai Expeditions (1872-1898) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6E08E60BC55AD0A436790CC655A249F8/S0026749X21000366a.pdf/div-class-title-insurgent-law-bengal-regulation-iii-and-the-chin-lushai-expeditions-1872-1898-div.pdf |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1515–1555 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X21000366 |access-date=18 December 2024}}

{{Lushai frontier}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lianphunga}}
[[Category:Western Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]

Karikili Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-22T23:57:06Z

VictoriaCoward4: adding some data and citations

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Karikili Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in Map of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Kancheepuram District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|35|51|N|79|50|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_ha = 58.4
| established = 1988
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Karikili Bird Sanctuary
| designation1_date = 8 April 2022
| designation1_number = 2480<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Karikili Bird Sanctuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2480|access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Karikili Bird Sanctuary''' is a {{convert|61.21|ha|adj=on}} protected area located in the [[Chengalpattu District]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/pages/view/karikili_bs |title=TNFOREST :: Tamil Nadu Forest Department |publisher=Forests.tn.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2021-05-28}}</ref> The sanctuary is about {{Convert|75|km}} from [[Chennai]], south of [[Chengalpattu]]. About 100 species were recorded from this sanctuary<ref>https://ebird.org/ebird/india/hotspot/L2591448{{dead link|date=May 2021}}</ref>

Karikili is situated about 10 km from Vedanthangal, and there are two tanks combined established as the bird sanctuary in 1988.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tamil-Nadu.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912194726/http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tamil-Nadu.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This region is surrounded by open areas, paddy fields and scrub forest. Several [[migratory birds]] such as [[Northern Pintail]], [[Garganey]], [[Common Sandpiper]] were recorded from Karikili.

Karikili Bird Sanctuary along with [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]] has been identified as one of the [[Important Bird Area]]s of Tamil Nadu (IBA Site Code-29, A1, IBA criteria – A4iii).<ref name="auto"/> Several waterbirds use Vedanthangal as a nesting site and Karikili as a foraging site. The sanctuary has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2022.<ref name="RSIS"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Eastern Ghats}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1988]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Telugu Yoddhas

2026-02-14T16:09:34Z

VictoriaCoward4: Put up a pg

{{Short description|Team in Ultimate Kho Kho}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox sports team
| name = Telugu Yoddhas
| full_name = Telugu Yoddhas
| image = Telugu Yoddhas.jpg
| nickname = Yoddhas
| short_name= TY
| founded = 2022
| city = [[Andhra Pradesh]] / [[Telangana]]
| sport = Kho kho
| league = [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]
| owner =
| coach =
| captain =
| titles =
}}
The '''Telugu Yoddhas''' ('''TY''') are a team in [[Ultimate Kho Kho]] (UKK). Pratik Waikar is the captain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Farzan |date=2023-12-24 |title=Telugu Yoddhas aim for maiden title under Pratik Waikar's leadership in Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kho-kho/news-telugu-yoddhas-aim-maiden-title-pratik-waikar-s-leadership-ultimate-kho-kho-season-2 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Season
!League stage
position
!Furthest
stage reached
!Opponent
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
|3rd
|Final
|Odisha Juggernauts
|Lost 46-45
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telugu Yoddhas Set To Dominate Season 2 With Power-Packed Roster |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/telugu-yoddhas-set-to-dominate-season-2-with-power-packed-roster-247335.html |work=myKhel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-09-04 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2022: Telugu Yoddhas emerge runner-up |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-telugu-yoddhas-emerge-runner-up |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023-24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023-24]]
|4th
|Semifinal 2
|Chennai Quick Guns
|Lost 31-29
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Farzan |date=2024-01-12 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2024: Chennai Quick Guns stage late comeback to defeat Telugu Yoddhas; set up final against Gujarat Giants |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kho-kho/news-ultimate-kho-kho-2024-chennai-quick-guns-stage-late-comeback-defeat-telugu-yoddhas-set-final-gujarat-giants |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Ultimate Kho Kho}}
[[Category:Ultimate Kho Kho teams]]

Hinduism in England

2026-02-12T16:38:01Z

VictoriaCoward4: Creating stub

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Population
|type =
|footnote = Religious Affiliation was not recorded prior to 2001.
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source =
|2001 | 546,982
|2011 | 806,199
|2021 | 1,020,533
}}{{Use British English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}{{Hinduism by country}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Hinduism in England''' is the third largest religion in the country, with over 1,020,533 followers as of the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]]. This represents over 1.8% of the English population, up from 1.5% in 2011 and 1.1% in 2001. Hindus are predominantly in the cities of [[London]] and [[Leicester]], where they make up greater proportions of the population. England has a number of [[Hindu temple]]s, including the [[Neasden Temple|Hindu temple at Neasden]] which is a large [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple in [[Europe]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml Hindu London], BBC, 6 June 2005. URL accessed on 5 June 2006.</ref> In 2007, the largest Hindu [[Mandir]] in the North of England,<ref>[http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/search/display.var.760410.0.3m_hindu_temple_soon_to_take_shape.php largest mandir in the North to open in Bradford]</ref> the [[Bradford Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple]] opened in [[Bradford]],<ref>[http://www.bradfordmandir.org/ details of opening ceremony]</ref> [[West Yorkshire]].

==History==
[[Hinduism]] has been in [[England]] since the early 19th century. Occasionally there were Hindu scholars, philosophers, reformers and also visitors from the princely states of [[India]]. [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] (born in India in 1772) was founder of a [[Hindu reform movement]] in India. He was in England in 1829 to visit his Christian friends. He also had audience with King [[William IV]]. Roy died in [[Stapleton, Bristol]] four years later.

The orientalist and reformer [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar|Sir R.G. Bhandarkar]] visited London in 1874. In 1879 [[Aurobindo]] went to England as a boy with his two brothers to study, living in Manchester, London ([[St. Paul's School, London|St. Paul's School]]) and Cambridge ([[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]]) where he stayed until 1893. [[Swami Vivekananda]] visited England in 1895 and 1896, having addressed the [[World's Parliament of Religions]] in Chicago in 1893.<ref>[[Romain Rolland]] (1997), The life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (translated from the original French by E.F. Malcolm-Smith), page 86, fifteenth impression published by Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta (first published in 1931).</ref> In England Vivekananda's talk on [[Hindu philosophy]] and particularly on [[Vedanta]] deeply influenced Miss Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who was later known as [[Sister Nivedita]].<ref>Pravrajika Atmaprana (1992), Sister Nivedita of Ramakrishna-Vivekananda, page 5, published by Sister Nivedita Girls' School, 5 Nivedita Lane, Calcutta 3 (first published in 1961).</ref>

Early Hindus in England were usually students. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (later a [[Nobel Laureate]]) went to England in 1878, returning to India in 1880. Fifty years later Tagore was at Oxford <ref>Sen K. M. (1961), Hinduism, The World's Oldest Faith, page 109, Penguin Books, London, England</ref> delivering [[Hibbert Lectures]] (1930) on the Religion of Man.<ref>Tagore, Rabindranath (1963), The Religion of Man, Unwin Books, London England (first published in 1931)</ref> [[Ramanujan]], a mathematical genius and an orthodox Hindu, spent almost five years (1914–19) at [[Cambridge University]]. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Professor Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] was [[Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics]] at the [[University of Oxford]] from 1939 until 1952. Hinduism had already received widespread attention in the [[Victorian era]] largely due to the work of the [[Theosophical Society]] and emergence of the new field, [[Indology]]. In 1878 [[Max Muller]], an Indologist, delivered inaugural Hibbert Lectures at Oxford on the Religions of India.

In 1929 Dr. Hari Prasad Shastri (1882-1956),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hari Prasad Shastri: Life and Work|url=http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/authors/Hari-Prasad-Shastri.aspx|access-date=2020-08-27|website=www.worldwisdom.com}}</ref> who was a highly learned teacher ([[Acharya]]) of Adhyatma Yoga in India, went to England having taught for many years in Japan at [[Imperial University of Tokyo|Imperial]] and [[Waseda University|Waseda]] Universities and then in China also as a professor of philosophy. Hari Prasad Shastri founded Shanti Sadan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Center of Non Duality {{!}} Advaita Vedanta {{!}} London|url=https://www.shantisadan.org/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=Shanti Sadan|language=en-GB}}</ref> (temple of inner peace) in London. [[Trevor Leggett]], an English [[Judo]] teacher, met Shastri in 1936. He was deeply influenced by Hari Prasad Shastri's yoga teachings.

In 1935 [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] visited England, returning from the USA. In London he addressed a large meeting at Caxton Hall introduced by [[Sir Francis Younghusband]]. He again visited England in 1936 addressing more meetings and especially a large gathering at Whitefield Congregational Church, organised by the British National Council of the World Fellowship of Faiths. A [[Self-Realization Fellowship]] Centre in London was formed after Yogananda's departure. In his [[Autobiography of a Yogi|autobiography]] Yogananda commented that the 'English tenacity has an admirable expression in a spiritual relationship'.<ref>Paramahansa Yogananda (1986), [[Autobiography of a Yogi]] (sixth impression), pages 360, 465, published by Jaico Books, Bombay (first Indian edition in English was puiblished in 1963).</ref>

There have been three waves of migration of Hindus to England. The first wave was before [[India independence|India's Independence]] in 1947. Before the [[Second World War]] Hindu migration to England was minuscule and largely temporary. During the [[post-war era]], economic conditions compelled many Indians including Hindus to leave their country in search of better opportunities. The fact that Indians, as [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] [[citizens]], didn't require a [[Visa (document)|visa]] to enter or live in the United Kingdom was a factor. In the early 1960s, in order to save the [[National Health Service|NHS]], the Conservative Health Minister [[Enoch Powell|The Rt Hon Enoch Powell]] recruited a large number of [[Medical doctor|doctors]] including Hindus from the Indian sub-continent

The second wave of migration occurred in the 1970s after [[Idi Amin]]'s [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expulsion]] of [[Gujarat]]i and other Asians (who were [[British nationality law|British Overseas Citizens]]) from [[Uganda]]. Initially, Hindu Immigration was limited to Punjabis and Gujaratis. Later Hindu communities from other regions of the Indian sub-continent and countries like [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Fiji]] could be found in England.

The last wave of migration began in the 1990s with two types of people settling in England – [[Tamil people|Tamil]] refugees from [[Sri Lanka]] and professionals including doctors and software engineers from [[India]].

Leicester's [[Chanda Vyas]] became the first female Hindu priest, or ''[[purohita]]'', to conduct ceremonies including [[Hindu wedding|weddings]] and [[Antyesti|funerals]], in the United Kingdom, conducting ceremonies in both the [[English language|English]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-03-08 |title=City's first female Hindu priest |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/leicester/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_8544000/8544260.stm |access-date=2026-02-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chanda Vyas... |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Opinion/Columnists/Keith-Vaz/Chanda-Vyas |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=www.asian-voice.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Geographical Distribution===
According to the 2011 [[Census]] of England, there are some 806,199 Hindus living there.<ref>2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales: Table KS209EW</ref> The two major cities of Hindus are London and Leicester.<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=956 Minority religions mainly in London]. National Statistics. Accessed 5 Jun 2006.</ref> Within London, Hinduism is found in [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] and [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] where Hindus make up a fifth of the population, and to a lesser extent, in [[Southall]], [[Hounslow]], [[Ilford]], [[East Ham]], [[Croydon]], [[Hendon]], and [[Wembley]]. Outside London, [[Leicester]] has a significant concentration of Hindus, largely from East Africa and India, with over 45,000 living in the city.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/leicestershire/3146704.stm] BBC News 28 September 2003</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ British Hindus by [[Regions of England|English Region]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Regions of England|Region]]
! colspan="2" |[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS030 - Religion Edit query|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030|access-date=2022-11-29|website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2001 United Kingdom census|2001]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>
|-
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!Number
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Greater London]]
| 453,034
| 5.1%
| 411,291
| 5.0%
| 291,977
| 4.1%
|-
| [[South East England|South East]]
| 154,748
| 1.7%
| 92,499
| 1.1%
| 44,575
| 0.6%
|-
| [[East Midlands]]
| 120,345
| 2.5%
| 89,723
| 2.0%
| 66,710
| 1.6%
|-
| [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
| 88,116
| 1.5%
| 72,247
| 1.3%
| 56,668
| 1.1%
|-
| [[East of England|East]]
| 86,631
| 1.4%
| 54,010
| 0.9%
| 31,386
| 0.6%
|-
| [[North West England|North West]]
| 49,749
| 0.7%
| 38,259
| 0.5%
| 27,211
| 0.4%
|-
| [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
| 29,243
| 0.5%
| 24,074
| 0.5%
| 15,797
| 0.3%
|-
|[[South West England|South West]]
| 27,746
| 0.5%
| 16,324
| 0.3%
| 8,288
| 0.2%
|-
|[[North East England|North East]]
| 10,924
| 0.4%
| 7,772
| 0.3%
| 4,370
| 0.2%
|-
!'''{{flag|England}}'''
! '''1,020,533'''
! '''1.8%'''
! '''806,199'''
! '''1.5%'''
! '''546,982'''
! '''1.1%'''
|-
|}

===Ethnic group===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+British Hindus by Ethnic group
!rowspan="2"|Ethnic group
!colspan="2"|[[2001 United Kingdom census|2001]]
!colspan="2"|[[2011 United Kingdom census|2011]]
!colspan="2"|[[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
||||||||||||
|-
!align=left|Asian|| 528,521 || 96.62 || 771,496 || 95.70 || 954,900 || 93.57
|-
|align=left| – [[British Indian|Indian]]|| 462,097 || 84.48 || 613,802 || 76.14 || 846,412 || 79.62
|-
|align=left| – [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]]|| 1,686 || 0.31 || 3,966 || 0.49 || 6,165 || 0.60
|-
|align=left| – [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]]|| 540 || 0.10 || 3,848 || 0.48 || 1,391 || 0.14
|-
|align=left| – [[British Chinese|Chinese]]|| 151 || 0.03 || 2,798 || 0.35 || 328 || 0.03
|-
|align=left| – Other Asian|| 64,047 || 11.71 || 147,082 || 18.24 || 158,435 || 15.52
|-
!align=left|White|| 6,947 || 1.27 || 11,601 || 1.44 || 6,455 || 0.63
|-
|align=left| – [[White British|British]]|| 5,552 || 1.02 || 6,552 || 0.81 || 4,795 || 0.47
|-
|align=left| – [[White Irish|Irish]]|| 144 || 0.03 || 272 || 0.03 || 193 || 0.02
|-
|align=left| – [[Irish Travellers|Gypsy and Irish Traveller]]|||| || 98 || 0.01 || 83 || 0.01
|-
|align=left| – [[Romani people in the United Kingdom|Roma]]|||| || || || 58 || 0.01
|-
|align=left| – [[Other White]]|| 1,251 || 0.23 || 4,679 || 0.58 || 1,326 || 0.13
|-
!align=left|Mixed|| 5,647 || 1.03 || 9,636 || 1.20 || 10,794 || 1.06
|-
|align=left| – White and Asian|| 3,460 || 0.63 || 6,311 || 0.78 || 7,854 || 0.77
|-
|align=left| – White and Black Caribbean|| 141 || 0.03 || 385 || 0.05 || 206 || 0.02
|-
|align=left| – White and Black African|| 166 || 0.03 || 333 || 0.04 || 205 || 0.02
|-
|align=left| – Other Mixed|| 1,880 || 0.34 || 2,607 || 0.32 || 2,529 || 0.25
|-
!align=left|Black|| 2,968 || 0.54 || 5,414 || 0.67 || 1,887 || 0.18
|-
|align=left| – African|| 984 || 0.18 || 1,856 || 0.23 || 705 || 0.07
|-
|align=left| – [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean ]]|| 1,639 || 0.30 || 1,314 || 0.16 || 783 || 0.08
|-
|align=left| – Other Black|| 345 || 0.06 || 2,244 || 0.28 || 399 || 0.04
|-
!align=left|Other||2,899 || 0.53 || 8,052 || 1.00 || 47,400 || 4.54
|-
|align=left| – [[British Arab|Arab]]|| || || 1,025 || 0.13 || 103 || 0.01
|-
|align=left| – Other Ethnic group|| 2,899 || 0.53 || 7,027 || 0.87 || 46,297 || 4.53
|-
||||||||||||
|-
!align=left| TOTAL || 546,982 || 100.0 || 806,199 || 100.0 || 1,020,533 || 100.0
|}

==Hindu organisations==
[[File:Gopuram and vimana at Shri Venkateswara (Balaji) Temple United Kingdom.jpg|thumb|[[Gopuram]] and [[vimana]] at [[Shri Venkateswara (Balaji) Temple]] United Kingdom]]
Many regional umbrella organisations have been set up to bring local Hindu organisations in a town or region together to engage with local government. These include the Hindu Council of Brent, Hindu Council of Harrow, Hindu Council of Birmingham and the Hindu Council of the North.

At the more local level, Hindus have many organisations that are based on community or linguistic identities. They usually cater to the cultural and community needs of a particular [[Hindu denomination]] or sub-community. Examples of such organisations include the [[Arya Samaj]], Brahmin Society North London, Shree Kutch Leva Patel Community, Great Prajapati Association, International Punjabi Society, South Indian Association, Maharashtra Mandal of London and many others. They usually operate from own or rented premises and arrange large festivals and events, besides providing services to their communities, including religious discourses, match-making services, weddings and others.

There are a number of Hindu organisations that provide various services to different audiences in the fields of education, health care, counselling, advocacy and other areas. These include the [[Chinmaya Mission]], which offers classes on the Hindu Scriptures, [[BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha]], [[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]], [[ISKCON|ISKCON Educational Services]], [[City Hindus Network]], [https://www.nhsf.org.uk National Hindu Students' Forum (UK)] and the [[International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation]].

==Temples==
{{main|List of Hindu temples in England}}
[[Image:Neasden Temple - Shree Swaminarayan Hindu Mandir - Power Plant.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[Neasden Temple|Swaminarayan Temple]] at Neasden, London which is the largest Hindu Temple in Europe]]
There are over 150 Hindu temples in England which provide a wide range of services to different communities within the Hindu community. Some of the larger and more famous temples include the [[Neasden Temple|Swaminarayan]] Temple in [[Neasden]], the [[Bhaktivedanta Manor]] ([[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]]) Temple in [[Letchmore Heath]] near Watford, the [[Venkateswara|Balaji]] Temple in Birmingham, the Sanatan Mandir in Leicester, the Vishwa Hindu Mandir in Southall, the [[Murugan]] Temple in Manor Park and the Gujarat Hindu Society [[Krishna]] Temple in [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]]. There are also 6 [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, London|Shri Swaminarayan Temples]] in different areas of London, not to be confused with the famous Swaminarayan [[Neasden Temple]].

The temples are centres of excellence where the community regularly congregates to worship, learn and socialise. In addition to large festivals like the [[Janmashtami]] festival at Bhaktivedanta Manor which attracts 80,000 visitors or the [[Diwali]] festival at Neasden which attracts 50,000 people, many temples provide services like [[Hindu wedding|weddings]], [[Hindu samskara|Hindu sacraments]], language classes, further education, computer classes, [[yoga]], counselling and various other services.

In 2008, a campaign was launched to raise funds to establish a temple to serve the 2,500 Hindus in [[Oxfordshire]].<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/oxfordshire/7616637.stm Hindu worshippers in first prayer] BBC News, 15 September 2008</ref>

In 2020, [[Historic England]] (HE) published ''A Survey of Hindu Buildings in England'' with the aim of providing information about buildings that Hindus use in England so that HE can work with communities to enhance and protect those buildings now and in the future. The scoping survey identified 187 Hindu temples in England.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh, Jasjit; Tomalin, Emma|date=2020|title=A Survey of Hindu Buildings in England. Historic England Research Report 203/2020|url=https://research.historicengland.org.uk/Report.aspx?i=16739&ru=/Results.aspx?n=10&ry=2020&p=2|access-date=2020-06-16|website=research.historicengland.org.uk}}</ref>

==Encyclopedia of Hinduism==
The [[Encyclopedia of Hinduism]] was unveiled in October 2014 by the British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] at a [[Diwali]] function held in London at the [[Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre]] near Westminster. The function was hosted by [[Lord Andrew Feldman]], the Chairman of the Conservative Party and attended by more than 1000 guests. PM Cameron and his wife [[Samantha Cameron|Samantha]] lit a ceremonial [[Diya (light)|''diya'']] at the event.<ref>Joanna Sugden (reported by), Britain's PM David Cameron Unveils Encyclopedia of Hinduism, The Wall Street Journal, 28 October 2014.</ref>

==Hindu schools==
{{Main|Avanti Schools Trust}}

[[Krishna Avanti Primary School, Harrow|Krishna Avanti Primary School in Harrow]] is the first state-funded Hindu school in England was approved in 2005,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4334330.stm First UK Hindu school in London] BBC News, 12 October 2005</ref> to be run by the [[Avanti Schools Trust]].<ref>{{cite news|title=North London Hindu school will be 'the first of many' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8486375.stm |publisher=BBC |date=25 April 2020 }}</ref> Construction of the £10 Million [[Krishna Avanti Primary School, Harrow|Krishna Avanti Primary School]] in [[Edgware]], north west London, began in 2008 with the first pupils starting later that year in temporary accommodation.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/7440327.stm Hindu state school beginning work] BBC News, 6 June 2008</ref> In total there are 6 Hindu schools in England.

==See also==
{{portal|England|Hinduism}}
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Hinduism in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Hinduism in Northern Ireland]]
*[[Hinduism in Scotland]]
*[[Hinduism in Wales]]
*[[Sanskrit in the West]]
*[[Vedanga]]
*[[Hinduism in Vietnam]]
*[[Hinduism by country]]
*[[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]]
*[[List of Hindu festivals]]
*[[I-Foundation]]
*[[Hindu Organisations a Survey]]
*[[Religion in England]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hinducounciluk.org/ Hindu Council UK]
*[http://www.hinduforum.org.uk/ Hindu Forum of Britain]
*[http://www.hcb.org.uk Hindu Council Birmingham]
*[http://www.chinmayauk.org/ Chinmaya Mission UK - Prominent Hindu Organisation based in Hendon, London]
*[http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/1173 British Asians: Hindus, ‘Desis’ or What] Atul Cowshish
*[http://www.cuhcs.org.uk/ Cambridge University Hindu Cultural Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207032256/http://www.cuhcs.org.uk/ |date=2008-12-07 }}
*[http://www.rathayatra.co.uk/ Rathayatra] ([[Temple car|chariot]] festival) Site
*[http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/Onlineresources/RWWC/themes/1301/1141 Reassessing what we collect website – Hindu London] History of Hindu London with objects and images
*[http://www.bsnl.org.uk/ Brahmin Society North London]
*[http://www.southindianassociation.org/ South Indian Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119022159/http://www.southindianassociation.org/ |date=2018-01-19 }}
*[http://www.mmlondon.co.uk/ Maharashtra Mandal London]
*[http://www.sklpc.com/ Shree Kutch Leva Patel Community]

{{Hinduism footer small}}
{{Hinduism in Europe}}

[[Category:Hinduism in England| ]]

Deepu Pradeep

2026-02-07T18:39:17Z

VictoriaCoward4: Created A Article Initial Version.

{{short description|Indian script writer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepu Pradeep
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Deepu_Pradeep.jpeg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| other_names =
| parents =
| spouse =
| education = [[B Tech]], [[MES College of Engineering]]
| occupation = [[Script Writer]]
| years_active = 2013–present
| website = {{URL|http://deepupradeep.com}}
}}

'''Deepu Pradeep''' (born 12 November 1989) is an Indian [[script writer]] active in the [[Malayalam film industry]].

== Career ==
Deepu began his career as a blogger in 2007 and has written various short stories on his blog. It was after reading one of the short stories that director [[Basil Joseph]] approached him for writing the screenplay for his debut movie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-11 |title=ബസിലോ തീവണ്ടിയിലോ വെച്ച് കഥയെഴുതുമ്പോഴാവും വിചാരിക്കാത്ത ക്ലൈമാക്സ് ഉണ്ടാവുന്നത് -ദീപു പ്രദീപ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/writer-deepu-pradeep-about-his-film-career-1.9315492 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

By then he had already written the screenplay for two short films: ''Athekaranathaal'' and ''Unnimoolam''. The screenplay for his first movie ''[[Kunjiramayanam]]'' was based on 5 short stories posted in his blog -''Paathirathriyile Premam (2010)'', ''Salsamukku (2011)'', ''Just Married (2012)'', ''Cut Piece kuttan (2012)'', and ''Gundakal Karayaarilla (2013)''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=K S |date=17 August 2017 |first1=Aravind |title='Crazy' blogger to screenwriter |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150817/entertainment-mollywood/article/%E2%80%98crazy%E2%80%99-blogger-screenwriter |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208220523/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150817/entertainment-mollywood/article/%E2%80%98crazy%E2%80%99-blogger-screenwriter |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the success of his debut movie,<ref>{{cite web |first1=Litty |last1=Simon |title='Kunjiramayanam': Sreenivasan brothers fight it out |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kunjiramayanam-movie-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-dhyan-sreenivasan-fight-it-out.html |website=Manorama Online |date=28 August 2015 |accessdate=7 February 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108212804/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kunjiramayanam-movie-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-dhyan-sreenivasan-fight-it-out.html |archivedate=8 November 2019 |url-status=deviated}}</ref> he co-wrote ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]'' with Shyam Menon and the movie was released in March 2021.<ref name="newindianexpress.2020.01.14">{{cite web |title=Mammootty's next thriller titled The Priest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/14/mammoottys-next-thriller-titled-the-priest-2089116.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 January 2020 |accessdate=20 April 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823112829/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jan/14/mammoottys-next-thriller-titled-the-priest-2089116.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of short film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''Athekaranathal'' || [[script writer]] || [[Malayalam]] || Jeevaj Raveendran ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Unnimoolam'' || [[script writer]] || [[Malayalam]] || Vipin Das || Starring [[Aju Varghese]], [[Idavela Babu]]
|}

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of feature film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kunjiramayanam]]'' || [[script writer]]|| [[Basil Joseph]] || Debut as a screenwriter
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]'' || Screenplay & Dialogues || Jofin T Chacko|| Co written with Shyam Menon<ref name="newindianexpress.2020.01.14"/>
|-
|2023 || ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]'' || [[script writer]] || [[Senna Hegde]]||<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Kunchacko Boban's Padmini |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-kunchacko-bobans-padmini/article66524628.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |accessdate=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420074417/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-kunchacko-bobans-padmini/article66524628.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2024 || ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' || [[script writer]]|| [[Vipin Das]]||<ref>{{cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Basil Joseph and Prithviraj team up with Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey director Vipin |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/basil-joseph-and-prithviraj-team-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-director-vipin-171490 |website=[[The News Minute]] |accessdate=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420074418/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/basil-joseph-and-prithviraj-team-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-director-vipin-171490 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]'' || Additional Screenplay ||Jithin Lal || <ref>{{cite web |first1=Jayabhuvaneshwari |last1=B |date=12 March 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Ajayante Randam Moshanam Padmini |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/12/its-a-wrap-for-ajayante-randam-moshanam-40942.html |work=[[Cinema Express]] |accessdate=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420074418/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/12/its-a-wrap-for-ajayante-randam-moshanam-40942.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Cast
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2024|| ''[[Perilloor Premier League (Indian TV series)|Perilloor Premier League]]'' || [[script writer]] || [[Malayalam]] || [[Nikhila Vimal]],
[[Sunny Wayne]] || <ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=Sunny Wayne, Nikhila Vimal's upcoming series titled 'Perilloor Premier League'; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-wayne-nikhila-vimals-upcoming-series-titled-perilloor-premier-league-first-look-out/article67528240.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |accessdate=22 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222080834/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-wayne-nikhila-vimals-upcoming-series-titled-perilloor-premier-league-first-look-out/article67528240.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite news |first1=Anasuya |last1=Menon |title=A hitting tale told truthfully |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-hitting-tale-told-truthfully/article4606209.ece |date=12 April 2013 |accessdate=17 February 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |ref=none}}
* {{cite news |first1=Nita |last1=Sathyendran |title=In The Big League |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-the-big-league/article7113213.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=17 April 2015 |accessdate=17 February 2016 |ref=none}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5854857}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradeep, Deepu}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Bujji & Bhairava

2026-01-31T09:17:38Z

VictoriaCoward4: Created First Entry Initial Version

{{short description|2024 Indian animated television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bujji and Bhairava poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]]
* [[Science fiction comedy|Comedy]]
* [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
}}
| creator = [[Nag Ashwin]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Sahen Upadhyay}}
| director = {{plainlist|
*Nag Ashwin
}}
| voices = {{plainlist|
*[[Prabhas]]
*[[Keerthy Suresh]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu Hindi English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 2
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rahul Odak Bharath Laxmipati
| producer = [[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| company = [[Vyjayanthi Movies|Vyjayanthi Animation]] [[Green Gold Animation]]
| runtime = 14 minutes
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|05|31|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| related = ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
}}

'''''Bujji & Bhairava''''' (stylized onscreen as '''''B&B: Bujji & Bhairava''''') is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Animated series|animated]] [[Science fiction on television|science fiction]] [[Television comedy|comedy]] television [[miniseries]] created and directed by [[Nag Ashwin]] and, written by Sahen Upadhyay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Devasankar |date=2024-05-27 |title=Prabhas' Kalki 2898 AD animated prelude Bujji and Bhairava to release on THIS date; new teaser promises something BIG |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prabhas-kalki-2898-ad-animated-prelude-bujji-and-bhairava-to-release-on-this-date-new-teaser-promises-something-big-1310270 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719084814/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prabhas-kalki-2898-ad-animated-prelude-bujji-and-bhairava-to-release-on-this-date-new-teaser-promises-something-big-1310270 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is produced by [[Vyjayanthi Movies|Vyjayanthi Animation]] and [[Green Gold Animation]]. The series is a prelude to the 2024 film ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'', and has a narrative primarily about Bhairava and his [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] [[Android (robot)|droid]]/[[Self-driving car|vehicle]] companion BU-JZ-1 (Bujji).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Prabhas-starrer Kalki 2898 AD prelude, titled Bujji and Bhairava, to stream on OTT soon - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/prabhas-starrer-kalki-2898-ad-prelude-titled-bujji-and-bhairava-to-stream-on-ott-soon-19418782.htm/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530145805/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/prabhas-starrer-kalki-2898-ad-prelude-titled-bujji-and-bhairava-to-stream-on-ott-soon-19418782.htm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The series is part of ''The Kalki Cinematic Universe'' and premiered on 31 May 2024 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rahul |date=2024-05-30 |title='Bujji & Bhairava' Trailer Enters the Retro-Futuristic World of 'Kalki 2898 AD' |url=https://collider.com/kalki-2898-ad-prequel-trailer/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719084910/https://collider.com/kalki-2898-ad-prequel-trailer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The show emerged as the most-watched Telugu show in India, in the first 6 months of 2024, with 49 [[lakh]] (4.9 million) views.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-07-22 |title=Kalki 2898 AD's animation prelude B&B: Bujji & Bhairava is the MOST-watched Telugu show in the first half of 2024 2898 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kalki-2898-ads-animation-prelude-bb-bujji-bhairava-watched-telugu-show-first-half-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The series is set two years before the events of the film in the year [[2896]], in [[Varanasi|Kasi]].{{Efn|Kasi/Kashi is another name for the holy city of [[Varanasi]], one of the oldest cities in India.<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Kasi}}</ref>}} Bhairava is a [[bounty hunter]] with dreams of getting into the Complex, an inverted pyramid structure located in the heart of the city, by collecting a million "units" needed for gaining access inside.{{Efn|A type of universal [[world currency]] in the Kalki universe.<ref name="ys"/>}} BU-JZ1 is an [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] pilot of a [[cargo plane]], waiting for her promotion at the Complex. At their lowest point, these two unlikely souls, find each other to set of a crackling story of ambition, adventure, partnership, and mainly friendship.

== Voice cast and characters ==
* [[Prabhas]] as Bhairava
* [[Keerthy Suresh]] as BU-JZ-1 alias Bujji, Bhairava's companion [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] [[Android (robot)|droid]]/[[Self-driving car|vehicle]]
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Rajan, Bhairava's landlord
* [[Pasupathy]] as Veeran, a rebel from [[Shambhala]]<ref name="ys">{{Cite web |last=Nadia |date=2024-06-01 |title=Bujji And Bhairava Review: Finally, clarity on the characters 'Bujji and Bhairava'… if it clicks, it's a super hit! |url=https://telugu.yousay.tv/en/bujji-and-bhairava-review-finally-clarity-on-the-characters-bujji-and-bhairava-if-it-clicks-its-a-super-hit.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Yousay |language=en-US |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719084802/https://telugu.yousay.tv/en/bujji-and-bhairava-review-finally-clarity-on-the-characters-bujji-and-bhairava-if-it-clicks-its-a-super-hit.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Efn|Shambhala or [[Sambhal]], near Kasi in northern India, is prophesied to be the birthplace of [[Kalki]], the future avatar of [[Vishnu]], in Hindu scriptures. This concept was later borrowed into the [[Kalachakra]] tradition of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] where it is described a mystical kingdom somewhere beyond the [[Himalayas]] and also as a state of mind.<ref>"शम्भल." [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary]]. 1899.</ref><ref>{{Dictionary.com|shambhala}}</ref>}}
* [[Anna Ben]] as Kyra, Veeran's associate
* Nayantara Manchala as Archie
* Y. J. Sai Charan as:
**Goku
**Wong
**Rickshaw
* Mahesh as Pilot
* Vishak as Bar Owner
* Srinivas Eetha as Raider

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #B30514
| link1 = #Season 1 (2024)
| episodes1 = 2
| released1 = {{Start date|2024|05|31|df=yes}}
}}
{{Episode table|background=#B30514|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Crash and Burn
|DirectedBy = [[Nag Ashwin]]
|WrittenBy = Sahen Upadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Partners
|DirectedBy = Nag Ashwin
|WrittenBy = Sahen Upadhyay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|05|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B30514
}}}}

== Release ==
The show was released on 31 May 2024 on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] along with [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]-language versions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2024-05-31 |title=Bujji and Bhairava: Prabhas' animated show raises expectations for 'Kalki 2898 AD' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-nag-ashwin-bujji-bhairava-review-keerthy-suresh-2546192-2024-05-31 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719084801/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-nag-ashwin-bujji-bhairava-review-keerthy-suresh-2546192-2024-05-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Giving a positive response, Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', praised Nag Ashwin's work and the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=31 May 2024 |title=Bujji and Bhairava review: Decoding the world of Nag Ashwin's Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/bujji-and-bhairava-review-decoding-the-world-of-nag-ashwins-kalki-2898-ad-101717150081426.html |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Echoing the same, ''[[The Hindu]]'''s Sangeetha Devi Dundoo opined that the series has succeeded in introducing the world of ''Kalki'' and the franchise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-06-01 |title='B&B: Bujji & Bhairava' is a smart, fun-filled prelude to Nag Ashwin's 'Kalki 2898 AD' starring Prabhas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bb-bujji-bhairava-is-a-smart-fun-filled-prelude-to-kalki-2898-ad/article68238678.ece |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719084809/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bb-bujji-bhairava-is-a-smart-fun-filled-prelude-to-kalki-2898-ad/article68238678.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0TKO3BTER9J7380G88F8COK02J/}}
*{{IMDb title|id=32501022|title=Bujji & Bhairava}}
{{Amazon Video original series|state=collapsed}}{{Nag Ashwin}}

[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2024 animated television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 29th century]]
[[Category:Television series about artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Television series about bounty hunters]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fiction about flying cars]]
[[Category:Prequel television series]]
[[Category:Animated television shows based on films]]
[[Category:Cyberpunk television series]]
[[Category:Animated television series set in the future]]
[[Category:Dystopian animated television series]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic animated television series]]
[[Category:Indian animated television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 web series endings]]
[[Category:Animated science fiction web series]]
[[Category:2020s animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Science fantasy web series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated adventure television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological television series]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Television shows about rebellions]]
[[Category:Green Gold Animation]]
[[Category:Military science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Television series about totalitarianism]]
[[Category:2020s science fiction comedy television series]]
[[Category:Fantasy adventure television series]]
[[Category:Fantasy comedy television series]]
[[Category:Religious comedy television series]]
[[Category:Megacities in fiction]]
[[Category:Animated television series about robots]]

Abijeet

2026-01-18T09:47:27Z

VictoriaCoward4: expanded page for accuracy and added references

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1988)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abijeet Duddala
| image = Abijeet Photo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Abijeet in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|10|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]]), India
| alma_mater = Malla Reddy College Northeastern University (M.S.)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Television personality}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| awards = Bigg Boss Telugu 4 – Winner (2020)
}}
'''Abijeet Duddala''' (born 11 October 1988) is an [[Indian actor]] and television personality who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his debut as a lead actor in the film ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'', directed by Sekhar Kammula in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/lib-abhijeet.html|title=Abhijeet (Life is Beautiful) interview - Telugu film actor|website=idlebrain.com}}</ref> He starred in the [[web series]] ''Pelli Gola'' (2017–19), ''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]'' (2022), and ''[[Miss Perfect]]'' (2024). In 2020, Abijeet emerged as the winner of [[Star Maa]]’s reality TV show [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)|''Bigg Boss 4'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 4 winner: Actor Abhijeet Duddala wins the trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-4-winner-actor-abhijeet-duddala-wins-the-trophy/articleshow/79827289.cms|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Abijeet was born on 11 October 1988 in [[Hyderabad]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} His ancestors were involved in assisting in the construction of the [[Charminar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abijeet's Charminar connection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/Abijeets-Charminar-connection/articleshow/33195958.cms|access-date=2020-09-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He was enrolled in Chaitanya Vidyalaya for kindergarten. He completed his Schooling from [[Rishi Valley School]], [[Madanapalle]] and then completed his [[Twelfth Grade#India|Intermediate]] from [[Little Flower Junior College]], and graduated from Malla Reddy College{{Which|date=August 2021}} with a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[Aeronautics|aeronautical engineering]].<ref name=":2" />

During his final year of college, he accompanied his friend to the audition for the film ''Life Is Beautiful'' where he was selected for the main lead role by Sekhar Kammula's team. He subsequently was cast as the main lead of the film in 2012, as [[Amala Akkineni]]'s character's son.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Abijeet Duddala shares how beautiful is his life – Life is Beautiful Hero Exclusive Interview|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/interviews/1127/abijeet-duddala-shares-how-beautiful-is-his-life.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=14 August 2021|website=Ragalahari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217161705/https://www.ragalahari.com/interviews/1127/abijeet-duddala-shares-how-beautiful-is-his-life.aspx |archive-date=17 December 2020 }}</ref>

In 2015, Abijeet attended [[Northeastern University]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] to get a [[Master of Science]] in Engineering Management.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Career==
Abijeet made his debut in the Telugu feature film ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' directed by [[Sekhar Kammula]].<ref name=":1" /> He then signed up for the film ''Areyrey'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2013-04-07|title=etcetera|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article4589744.ece|access-date=2020-09-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> titled after a song from ''[[Happy Days]]'', under the direction of Sashi Kiran Tikka, and produced by [[Neelima Tirumalasetti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140407/entertainment-tollywood/gallery/actor-abhijeets-hot-new-look|title=Actor Abhijeet's hot new look|date=7 April 2014}}</ref> The film remains unreleased.<ref>''The Times of India'', Hyderabad Times, 19 February 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-19/news-interviews/37178744_1_second-film-lover-boy-amala-akkineni Abijeet bag's a lead role]</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web|title=Areyrey on the cards|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2013/apr/02/areyrey-on-the-cards-464349.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2015, he starred in the romantic films [[Ram Leela (2015 Telugu film)|''Ram Leela'']], and ''[[Mirchi Lanti Kurradu]]'' alongside [[Pragya Jaiswal]].<ref name=":3" /> Regarding his performance in the latter film, a critic noted that "Abhijit, nevertheless did a decent job and has a high energy in the film. He did a decent job in NASA and showcased good energy levels throughout the film. His comic timing is good and he displayed good emotions throughout the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mirchi-lanti-kurradu/movie-review/48314740.cms|title=Mirchi Lanti Kurradu Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Mirchi Lanti Kurradu|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2017, Abijeet made his television debut with [[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]'s web series ''Pelli Gola'' opposite ''[[Varshini Sounderajan]]''. The series was successful and he went on to feature in two more seasons.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Veronica |first=D. Shreya |date=2018-12-02 |title=There is so much gola |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2018-12-02/There-is-so-much-gola/450929 |access-date=2020-09-10 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Abijeet entered the [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)|fourth season]] of the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu]]'' as a contestant,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 4 contestant Abhijeet: From his Charminar connection to films, all you need to know about the aeronautical engineer-turned-actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-4-contestant-abhijeet-from-his-charminar-connection-to-films-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-aeronautical-engineer-turned-actor/articleshow/77929237.cms|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and emerged as the winner.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Abhijeet Duddala is Bigg Boss Telugu 4 winner, wins a bike and Rs 25 lakh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/abhijeet-duddala-is-bigg-boss-telugu-4-winner-wins-a-bike-and-rs-25-lakh-1751606-2020-12-21|access-date=2020-12-21|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' || Srinu || Debut film
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-15|title='Life Is Beautiful' – 2012 version of 'Happy Days' (Telugu Movie Review)|url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/life-is-beautiful-2012-version-of-happy-days-telugu-movie-review-457314.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Ram Leela (2015 Telugu film)|Ram Leela]]'' || Krish ||
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-02-27|title=Ram Leela: What were they thinking?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ram-leela-what-were-they-thinking/article6941049.ece|access-date=2020-09-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mirchi Lanti Kurradu]]'' || Siddhu ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mirchi Lanti Kurradu Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Mirchi Lanti Kurradu by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mirchi-lanti-kurradu/movie-review/48314740.cms|access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Network
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2017–2019
|''Pelli Gola''
|Varun
|[[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title='Pelli Gola 2' will revolve around the ups and downs of marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pelli-gola-2-will-revolve-around-the-ups-and-downs-of-marriage/articleshow/64493627.cms|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]''
| Contestant
|[[Star Maa]]
| Winner
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Modern Love Hyderabad]]''
|Ashwin
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Under Segment "What Clown Wrote This Script?"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Love Hyderabad: Aadhi Pinisetty, Nithya Menen and Ritu Varma Team Up for a New Amazon Prime Video’s Telugu Series! |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/modern-love-hyderabad-aadhi-pinisetty-nithya-menen-and-ritu-varma-team-up-for-a-new-amazon-prime-videos-telugu-series-3645256.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Miss Perfect]]''
|Rohit Varma
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Bigg Boss Agnipariksha]]''
|Judge
|[[JioHotstar]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Telugu 9: Meet the judges of the pre-show, “Agnipariksha” |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-9-meet-the-judges-of-the-pre-show-agnipariksha/photostory/123373075.cms |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5586707|Abijeet Duddala}}
*{{Instagram|abijeet11}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Bigg Boss Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) winners]]
[[Category:Northeastern University alumni]]
[[Category:Rishi Valley School alumni]]

List of Telugu films of 1994

2026-01-07T04:26:01Z

VictoriaCoward4: enhance content per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the Telugu film industry) in the year [[1994 in film|1994]].

==Released films==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Music director !! Sources
|-
|''[[Aame]]'' || [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Ooha]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
|''[[Aavesam]]'' || [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Madhoo]], [[Nagma|Naghma]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Alibaba Aradajanu Dongalu]]'' || [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Bharathi, Ravali || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
|''[[Allari Premikudu]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Soundarya]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]]||
|-
|''[[Allarodu]]''||K. Ajay Kumar||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Surabhi|| ||
|-
|''[[Ammayi Kapuram]]''||Muthyala Subbaiah||[[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Maheswari]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Angarakshakudu]]'' || [[Joshi|Joshi(Malayalam)]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]'' || [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Gouthami Tadimalla]], [[Roja Selvamani]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]]||
|-
|''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' || [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] ||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Roja Selvamani]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]|| [[Madavapeddi Suresh]] ||
|-
|''[[Bhale Pellam]]'' || [[Kranthi Kumar]] || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] ||
|-
|''[[Bobbili Simham]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Roja Selvamani]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Brahmachari Mogudu]]'' || [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]], [[Satyanarayana Kaikala]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]''||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]||[[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Ranjitha]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Criminal (1995 film)|Criminal]]''|| [[Mahesh Bhatt]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Manisha Koirala]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Erra Sainyam]]'' || [[R. Narayana Murthy]] || R. Narayana Murthy, [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] || [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] ||
|-
|''[[Gandeevam]]''|| [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Balakrishna Nandamuri|Balakrishna]], [[Mohanlal]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Gangmaster (film)|Gangmaster]]''||[[B. Gopal]]||[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Nagma]], [[Brahmanandam]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Gharana Alludu]]'' || [[Muppalaneni Shiva]] || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], Malasri || [[M. M. Keeravani]]||
|-
|''[[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]]''|| [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Sridevi]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Soundarya]], [[Ramya Krishna]]|| [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Jailor Gaari Abbayi]]''||[[Sarath Babu]]||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Ramya Krishna]]|| ||
|-
|[[Kishkindha Kanda (film)|''Kishkindha Kanda'']]||T. Prabhakar||[[Anand Babu]], Padmasri, [[Chinna (Telugu actor)|Chinna]]|| [[M. M. Keeravani]]||
|-
|''[[Lucky Chance]]''||[[Siva Nageswara Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Kanchan (actress)|Kanchan]]|| ||
|-
|''[[M. Dharmaraju M.A.]]''|| [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Maa Voori Maaraju]]'' || [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Soundarya]], [[Priya Raman]] || [[Raj-Koti]]
|-
|''[[Madam (1994 film)|Madam]]''||[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Soundarya]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Maga Rayudu]]''||[[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]||[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Vijayashanti]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Muddula Priyudu]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Nagma|Naghma]], [[Roja Selvamani]], [[Ramya Krishna]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
|''[[Number One (1994 film)|Number One]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Soundarya]] || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] ||
|-
|''[[Palnati Pourusham]]'' || [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] || [[A. R. Rahman]] ||
|-
|''[[Pelli Koduku]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], Divya Vani, [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Punya Bhoomi Naa Desam]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Raj Kumar (Telugu actor)|Raj Kumar]] || [[Bappi Lahiri]] ||
|-
|''[[S. P. Parasuram]]''|| [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty|Raviraja Pinisetty]]|| [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sridevi]], [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Subhalagnam]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Aamani]], [[Roja Selvamani]] || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] ||
|-
|''[[Super Police]]''|| [[K. Muralimohan Rao]] || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Nagma|Naghma]] || [[A. R. Rahman]] ||
|-
|''[[Teerpu]]''||[[Uppalapati Narayana Rao]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jagapathi Babu]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Top Hero]]''|| [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Balakrishna Nandamuri|Balakrishna]], [[Soundarya]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] ||
|-
|''[[Vaddu Bava Thappu]]''||[[K. Ajay Kumar]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Ravali]], [[Indraja]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Yamaleela]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Satyanarayana Kaikala]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Indraja]] || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Telugu cinema|horiz}}
{{1994 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1994]]
[[Category:Lists of 1994 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1994 in Indian cinema]]

Sudhir Mishra

2025-12-31T07:44:35Z

VictoriaCoward4: adjusted content for consistency as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhir Mishra
| image = Sudhir Mishra 2010 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Mishra in 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|01|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], India
| occupation = Filmmaker
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Sushmita Mukherjee]]|1978|end=div}}
*{{marriage|[[Renu Saluja]]|1988|2000|reason=died}}
}}
| relatives = [[D. N. Mishra|Devendra Nath Mishra]] (father) [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]] (grandfather)
| years_active = 1980–present
}}

'''Sudhir Mishra''' (born 22 January 1959) is an Indian filmmaker. His most notable films include ''[[Dharavi (1992 film)|Dharavi]]'' (1992), ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' (2003), ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'' (2004), and ''[[Serious Men (film)|Serious Men]]'' (2020). His work has been recognised with three national awards by the Indian government and the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] by the French government.

==Early life==
Sudhir Mishra was born in [[Lucknow]] on 22 January 1959. He has a younger brother named Sudhanshu. His father, [[D. N. Mishra|Devendra Nath Mishra]] (died 2020), was a mathematics professor who served as the 19th [[vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]] and co-founded the Lucknow Film Society.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/straight-answers/articleshow/1502303.cms Straight Answers: Sudhir Mishra, Filmmaker on Indian cinema] TNN, ''[[The Times of India]]'', 24 April 2006.</ref> His grandfather, [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]] (1901–1988), was a politician and journalist who served as the 4th [[chief minister of Madhya Pradesh]].

After spending 18 months under the tutelage of theatre director [[Badal Sircar]], Mishra moved to [[Pune]], Sudhanshu was a student at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]]; though he never studied at the institute himself, he spent the majority of his free time there and later credited Sudhanshu with teaching him much of his filmmaking knowledge.<ref>[http://passionforcinema.com/film-making-influences-life-and-people/ Passion for Cinema] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014213638/http://passionforcinema.com/film-making-influences-life-and-people/ |date=14 October 2007 }}</ref> He later gained a [[Master of Philosophy]] from an institute in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi rocks for Sudhir - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Delhi-rocks-for-Sudhir/articleshow/5105879.cms|access-date=2020-07-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Mishra moved to [[Mumbai]] in 1980 and started his career as an assistant director and scriptwriter in [[Kundan Shah]]'s comedy ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro|Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron]]'' (1983). He later worked with [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]] in ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'' (1984) and with [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] in ''[[Khamosh]]'' (1985). He made his [[directorial debut]] with ''[[Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin]]'' (1987), which won the National Film Award for Best First Film of a Director.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-01|title=Sudhir Mishra to remake Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sudhir-mishra-remake-first-film-yeh-woh-manzil-to-nahin-twitter-students-6194299/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Mishra went on to make films including ''[[Main Zinda Hoon]]'' (1988), [[Dharavi (1992 film)|''Dharavi'']] (1991), ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]'' (1996), ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'' (2003), ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' (2003),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parasuraman|first=Prathyush|date=2020-04-14|title=Sudhir Mishra On 15 Years Of Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi: Where Is The Promised Revolution?|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/sudhir-mishra-on-15-years-of-hazaaron-khwaishein-aisi-where-is-the-promised-revolution/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20201208073238/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2005/05/08/stories/2005050800220500.htm INTERVIEW: Search for understanding]}} [[The Hindu]], 8 May 2005.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/cinema-should-excite-minds/articleshow/1499991.cms 'Cinema should excite minds'] SHAMBHU SAHU, TNN, ''[[The Times of India]]'', 22 April 2006.</ref> ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]'' (2007), ''[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-05|title=Streaming Guide: Sudhir Mishra movies|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/streaming-guide-sudhir-mishra-movies-6668366/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]'' (2013). He then wrote and directed ''[[Daas Dev]]'' (2018) starring [[Rahul Bhat]] and [[Richa Chadda|Richa Chaddha]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Mishra|first=Sudhir|title=Daas Dev|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4979110/|type=Drama, Thriller|publisher=Saptarishi Cinevision|access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref> After this, he directed ''[[Hostages (Indian TV series)|Hostages]]'', an adaptation of the Israeli show [[Hostages (Israeli TV series)|of the same name]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Hostages|date=2019-05-31|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9094282/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|type=Crime, Drama, Mystery|publisher=Applause Entertainment Ltd., Applause Entertainment Ltd., Banijay Asia|access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref> The show got mixed reviews but received critical acclaim for the performances of [[Ronit Roy]] and [[Tisca Chopra]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} A second season for the show was made in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-06|title=Hostages 2: Ronit Roy & Sudhir Mishra Promise To Take Thrills To The Next Level!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/hostages-2-ronit-roy-sudhir-mishra-promise-to-take-thrills-to-the-next-level/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref>

Mishra next adapted [[Manu Joseph]]'s award-winning novel ''[[Serious Men]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-02|title=Manu Joseph's controversial tale of caste wins Indian literary prize|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/nov/02/manu-joseph-india-serious-men|access-date=2022-01-20|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> in co-production with Bombay Fables for [[Netflix India]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-06-03|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui to star in Netflix's 'Serious Men' adaptation|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nawazuddin-siddiqui-to-star-in-netflix-s-serious-men-adaptation-119060300566_1.html|access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref> The film, released in October 2020, received favorable reviews by critics and viewers. Indian film critic [[Mayank Shekhar]] said, "This is a subtle, mature satire, rather than [a] LOL [[comedy of manners]] (would've enjoyed some of the latter too) [...] in all its overt simplicity, this is also a complex story — about failure, first; and on the underclass, only later."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Serious Men Movie Review: My favourite men; seriously|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/serious-men-movie-review-my-favourite-men-seriously-23019240|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref> The film won Best Web Original Film Award at [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]] 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of Filmfare OTT Awards 2021|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/winners|access-date=2022-01-19|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref> and Best Editing and Best Cinematography at the [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Asian Academy Creative Awards 2021: Manoj Bajpayee, Hansal Mehta's Scam 1992 win big|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/asian-academy-creative-awards-2021-manoj-bajpayee-scam-1992-winners-7547822/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] received a nomination at the [[International Emmy Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-01|title=Sudhir Mishra on Nawaz bagging Emmy nod for Serious Men: It gives quality certificate to projects|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sudhir-mishra-on-nawaz-bagging-emmy-nod-for-serious-men-it-gives-quality-certificate-to-projects-101633098216251.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and won best actor at the [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]] 2021 for his performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nawazuddin, Manoj Bajpayee, Jaideep Ahlawat, Amol Parashar at the MyGlamm Filmfare OTT Awards|url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/nawazuddin-manoj-bajpayee-jaideep-ahlawat-amol-parashar-at-the-myglamm-filmfare-ott-awards-51743.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mishra married actress [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] in 1978; they divorced at an unknown date, but remained friends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14576442|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220154156/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14576442|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2007|title=Sudhir Mishra still enamoured by ex-wife's humour|date=16 December 2007|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He was then married to editor [[Renu Saluja]] from 1988 until her death from stomach cancer in August 2000.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000817/spotlite.htm Film editor Renu Saluja dead], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|''The Tribune'']], 17 August 2000.</ref>

==Awards==
* 1987 [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]]: [[Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin]] (1987)<ref>[[34th National Film Awards]]</ref>
* 1988 [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]]: [[Main Zinda Hoon]] (1988)<ref>[[36th National Film Awards]]</ref>
* 1991 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]: [[Dharavi (1992 film)|Dharavi]] (1991)<ref>[[39th National Film Awards]]</ref>
* 2006 [[Filmfare Best Story Award]]: [[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]] (2005)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|title=Filmfare Award Winners from 1953 to 2018}}</ref>
* 2010 [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] (French government)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/sudhir-mishra-ketan-mehta-felicitated-by-french-government_100397001.html|title=Sudhir Mishra, Ketan Mehta felicitated by French government|date=16 July 2010|access-date=17 July 2010|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170354/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/sudhir-mishra-ketan-mehta-felicitated-by-french-government_100397001.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2016 [[Yash Bharti Award]] by the Government of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>[[Yash Bharti Award]] 2016 Awards - Sudhir Mishra: film direction</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
; As director
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Screenwriter
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro|Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Khamosh]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Main Zinda Hoon]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Dharavi (1992 film)|Dharavi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
| ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Nyaay]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| TV series
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Calcutta Mail]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Remake of ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]''
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|2007
| ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Tera Kya Hoga Johnny]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
| ''[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Segment: ''The Ball''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| ''Kirchiyaan''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Short film
|-
| 2017
| ''Life Support''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Short film
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Daas Dev]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Serious Men (film)|Serious Men]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| Adaptation of ''[[Serious Men]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|date=2020-09-27|title='Serious Men': Sudhir Mishra and Nawazuddin Siddiqui on their new film|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/-serious-men-sudhir-mishra-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-on-their-new-film-11601123447561.html|access-date=2021-04-08|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Afwaah]]''
| {{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|}

; As actor
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Khamosh]]''
|
|-
|2007
| ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''
| Haji Bhaijaan
|-
|2010
| ''[[Raat Gayi, Baat Gayi?]]''
|Archana's dad
|-
|}

=== TV series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Network
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2004
|''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|Mentor
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Hostages (Indian series)|Hostages]]''
|[[Hotstar]]
|Director
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Tanaav]]''
|[[SonyLIV]]
|Director
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Jehanabad - Of Love & War]]''
|[[SonyLIV]]
|Showrunner
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Crime Beat]]''
|[[Zee5]]
|Director
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0592803|Sudhir Mishra}}
* [https://archive.today/20130203145651/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main36.asp?filename=hub221207Moon.asp Moon And Sixpence, Nisha Susan on the shambling creativity of Sudhir Mishra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050418185714/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=10213 Interview with Sudhir Mishra on his film ''Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070527215511/http://passionforcinema.com/author/sudhir/ Sudhir's Blog at PassionforCinema]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071123120532/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/879/3/director/1307/ Sudhir Mishra comments on his films]
{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sudhir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Artists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Director whose film won the Best Debut Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)

2025-12-31T04:26:08Z

VictoriaCoward4: updated citations per sources and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian state government department}}
{{Self-published|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Land & Land Reforms
| type = Department
| seal =
| seal_width = 150px
| seal_caption = [[Emblem]] of West Bengal
| preceding1 = [[Ministry of Land & Land Revenue (West Bengal)|Ministry of Land & Land Revenue]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = [[Writers' Building]], [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], [[India]]
| minister1_name = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| website = https://banglarbhumis.com
}}

The '''Department of Land & Land Reforms & Refugee Relief & Rehabilitation of West Bengal''' is a [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government department]].<ref name="WBGOV.com">[http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view Official Departmental Website of the Ministry of Land & Land Reforms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407213738/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view |date=7 April 2014 }} [[Government of West Bengal]] (2011-05-25)</ref> It is a ministry mainly responsible for the formulation of policies, Acts, Rules and procedures relating to land matters, namely, land records and survey, land revenue, land reforms, land use and management of government lands.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

== Ministry ==
The ministry also headed the department of requisition and acquisition of land as well as their implementation by way of preparation and revision of Records of right, including recording of sharecroppers (bargadars); vesting and distribution of ceiling surplus land; determination of the requirement of land by tea gardens, factories etc.; mutation of ownership and conversion of classification of land; assessment and collection of land revenue and cesses; requisition and acquisition of land administration of the Calcutta Thika and other Tenancies and Lands (Acquisition & Regulation) Act, 1981, the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997, the West Bengal Public Demand Recovery, 1913 and other Acts. The ministerial team at the MHA is headed by the Cabinet Minister for Land & Land Reforms, who may or may not be supported by Ministers of State. Civil servants are assigned to them to manage the ministers' office and ministry.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

== Ministerial History ==
Previously, Ministry of Land & Land Reforms was known as [[Ministry of Land & Land Revenue (West Bengal)|Ministry of Land & Land Revenue]], and [[Hare Krishna Konar]] held the first position during the [[United Front (West Bengal)|United Front]] rule from 1967 to 1970. After the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], the title of the office was renamed to Ministry of Land & Land Reforms, and the Land Revenue department merged into this department and was held by [[Benoy Choudhury]] until his resignation in 1991. From 1991, [[Abdur Razzak Molla]] held this position till 2011.

== List of Ministers of Land & Land Reforms ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! Portrait
! colspan=2|Term of office
! colspan=2|Party
! Chief Minister
|- style="height: 50px;"

| 1
| [[Benoy Choudhury]]
| [[File:বিনয় কৃষ্ণ চৌধুরী.jpg|60px]]
| 21 June 1977
| 24 April 1991
| rowspan=3|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=2|[[Jyoti Basu]]
|- style="height: 50px;"

| rowspan=2|2
| rowspan=2|[[Abdur Razzak Molla]]
| rowspan=2|
| 24 April 1991
| 6 November 2000
|- style="height: 50px;"

| 6 November 2000
| 13 May 2011
| rowspan=1|[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
|- style="height: 50px;"

| 3
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| [[File:Official portrait of Mamata Banerjee (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| 13 May 2011
| ''Incumbent''
| rowspan=3|[[Trinamool Congress]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan=2|''Herself''
|- style="height: 50px;"
|}

== See also ==
* [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)]]
* [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)]]
* [[Department of North Bengal Development]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Land and Land Reforms (West Bengal)}}
[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Land management ministries|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Land management in India|West Bengal, Ministry of Land and Land Reforms]]
[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Katra Masjid

2025-12-05T18:12:57Z

VictoriaCoward4: adding some info v1 - done

{{Short description|Former caravanserai, mosque and tomb in Murshidabad, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Katra Masjid
| image = Katra Masjid panoramic view.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The former caravanserai and mosque, in 2017
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former caravanserai and mosque in [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates ={{coord|24.184722|88.288056|region:IN-WB_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Shia Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| locale =
| location = [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]]
| deity =
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition =
| festival = 
| country = [[India]]
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = [[Caravanserai]], [[mosque]] and tomb
| functional_status = '''Inactive'''; ''(in partial ruins)''
| heritage_designation =
| ownership = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect = Murad Farash Khan
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| founded_by = [[Murshid Quli Khan|Nawab Murshid Quli Khan]]
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{AH|1137|link=on}}
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Five {{small|(two destroyed)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Four {{small|(two destroyed)}}
| minaret_height = {{cvt|70|ft|m|order=flip}}
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| shrine_quantity = One {{small|(Tomb of [[Murshid Quli Khan|Nawab Murshid Quli Khan]])}}
| inscriptions = Two
| materials = Brick; [[basalt]]
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| footnotes =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Tomb and Mosque of Murshid Quli Khan (also Katra Masjid) | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-WB-120 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Katra Masjid''' is a former [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[caravanserai]], [[mosque]] and tomb, in a partial ruinous state, located in the north eastern side of the city of [[Murshidabad]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. The complex contains the tomb of its founder, Nawab [[Murshid Quli Khan]], and is one of the largest caravanserais in the [[Indian subcontinent]], with capacity for 700 readers at any one time. Built in {{AH|1137|link=on}}, when the [[early modern]] [[Bengal Subah]] was a major hub of trade in [[Eurasia]], the most striking feature of the structure are the two large corner towers having loopholes for musketry. The structure was significantly damaged by the [[1897 Assam earthquake|1897 Indian earthquake]].<ref name=india9>{{cite web |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Katra-Masjid-24822.htm |title=Katra Masjid |work=India9.com |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

The site is a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Monument of National Importance]], maintained and protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] since 1910, and the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/ |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |format=Item no. 120 |date= |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>

== Location ==
[[Hazarduari Palace]] and its associated sites in the Kila Nizamat area is the centre of attraction in Murshidabad. Just a little away are Katra Masjid, [[Fauti Mosque]], [[Jama Masjid, Motijheel|Jama Masjid]] and the [[Motijhil]] area. There is a group of attractions in the northern part of the town. Some attractions such as [[Khushbagh]], [[Rosnaiganj]], [[Baranagar, Murshidabad|Baranagar]], [[Kiriteswari Temple]], [[Karnasuvarna]] and others are on the other side of the river and there are attractions in the neighbouring [[Berhampore]] area also.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://offbeatweekend.com/mushidabad/ |title=Offbeat Weekend in Murshidabad |work=Outskirts of Killa Nizamat (Northern part) |publisher=Offbeat Weekend |date= |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721035644/https://offbeatweekend.com/mushidabad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:KatraMasjidexterior.jpg|thumb|250px|Katra Masjid]]
[[File:Katra Masjid Dome Destroyed.jpg|thumb|250px|A dome, destroyed in the [[1897 Assam earthquake|1897 earthquake]]]]
[[Murshid Quli Khan]], on reaching old age, expressed his desire to construct his tomb adjacent to a mosque. He entrusted the responsibility for constructing the mosque to his trusted follower who was an architect, Murad Farash Khan.

The former mosque is reportedly a copy of the [[Kartalab Khan Mosque]] in Dhaka,<ref name=BP/> also built by Murshid Quli Khan, approximately 25 years earlier. The Katra Masjid stands on a square plinth, built of brick, and surrounded by double storied domed cells that were built for those who read the [[Quran]], like a ''[[madrasa]]''. Up to 700 Quran readers can be accommodated in these rooms that from a cloister to the huge courtyard.<ref name=india9 />

Four large [[Minaret|minar]]s stood at the four corners, of which two have since been partially destroyed. These are octagonal in plan and taper upwards. The two towers or the minarets in front of the mosque are {{convert|70|ft|m|order=flip}} high and {{convert|25|ft|m|order=flip}} in diameter. The whole mosque is quadrangular in shape, has no pillars, and is supported by a raised platform below the mosque and by several arches. The mosque was, however, partially destroyed in the 1897 earthquake. Each minar has a winding staircase which leads to the top, and a major part of the city of Murshidabad may be viewed from the top of the minars. At the two ends of the mosque, the two minarets are in a dilapidated condition, and they had bulbous domes, also destroyed in the 1897 earthquake. In 1780 CE, a traveller named [[William Hodges]] wrote that 700 Quran readers lived in the mosque. In his book, ''Select Views of India'', Hodges described the mosques as "''a grand seminary of Musalman learning, adorned by a mosque which rises high above all the surrounding buildings''".<ref name=AO>{{cite web |author=Gahatraj, Diwash |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/katra-masjid |title=Katra Masjid |work=Atlas Obscura |date=February 17, 2023 |access-date=2 March 2025 }}</ref>

The former mosque is rectangular in plan. The dimensions are {{convert|45.5|by|7.32|m}}. It was divided into five [[Bay (architecture)|bays]], each with an arched entrance and the central one is the most prominent one as it has a slender turret. The mosque has five domes. Some of them have been destroyed others have survived the great earthquake of 1897, which almost destroyed most of the building. The total site area is {{convert|19.5|acre|ha}}. The mosque can accommodate 2,000 [[Namaz]] readers, with 2,000 squared type mats depicted on the floor, each of them used by a single Namaz reader.

The cells in the former mosque, locally called ''Katra'',<ref name=BP/> are two storied and are {{convert|20|sqft|m2}}; and each have six arched doorways. There are fifteen steps edged with stones lead up to the gate with five arches on either sides and a stone paved pathway which leads to the central door of the mosque. The open spaces between these cells and the mosque are {{convert|13|ft|m|order=flip}} wide on either sides and {{convert|42|ft|m|order=flip}} wide at the back of the mosque. The terrace in front of the mosque is {{convert|166|by|110|ft|m|order=flip}}.

The former mosque has two inscriptions on [[basalt]] slabs, that translated from [[Persian language|Persian]], state that the mosque was constructed by Nawab Nazim Murshid Quli Khan in {{AH|1137|link=on}};<ref name=BP>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Katra_Mosque,_Murshidabad |title=Katra Mosque, Murshidabad |work=Banglapedia |date=17 June 2021 |access-date=2 March 2025 }}</ref> and, that translated from [[Arabic language|Arabic]], read, ''"Muhammad, the Arabian, is the glory of both worlds. Dust be on the head of him who is not the dust of his portal."''<ref name=AO/>

=== Tomb ===
The eastern entrance to the mosque is by a flight of fourteen stairs. Nawab Murshid Quli Khan was buried under these stairs.<ref name=india9 /> The Nawab's humble wish was to repentant for his misdeeds. He wanted to be buried in a place where he could be trodden on and could get the foot prints and the touch of the feet of the noble men who climb those stairs and enter the mosque. He was buried under the stairs in 1725 CE.

== Communal uprising ==
The mosque has been protected and maintained by the ASI since 1910, used only as a centre for scholarly pursuits. At the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]], the [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]] was successful in gaining a seat in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] on a platform of allowing constituents the right to pray at all mosques, including the Katra Masjid and another eleven mosques in West Bengal managed by the ASI. The Muslim League submitted to government authorities requests for the right to pray at Katra Masjid that were ignored, and in response, the government tightened security around the mosque. Permission for a protest march was granted to the Muslim League to gather at a village near [[Berhampore]], some {{convert|12|km}} from the mosque. Approximately 35,000 Muslims turned up to protest. A group of Muslims broke away from the march and clashed with local [[Indian Hindus|Hindus]], resulting in the death of at least 12 (and possibly up to 21) unarmed Muslims in [[Cossimbazar]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Engineer, Asghar Ali |title=Communalism and Communal Violence, 1997 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=33 |number=1/2 |year=1998 |pages=11–13 |jstor=4406256 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4406256 |access-date=2 March 2025 }}</ref> The Muslim League blamed the state government authorities, ''"Either the Government must allow us to pray at Katra Masjid or scrap the right to religion from the Constitution."''<ref>{{cite news |author=Rattan, Kamaljeet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880731-deadly-communal-clash-over-right-of-worship-at-mosque-in-west-bengal-797512-1988-07-30 |title=Deadly communal clash over right of worship at mosque in West Bengal |work=[[India Today]] |date=31 July 1998 |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Katra debaditya chatterjee.jpg|The mosque
Katra_Mosque_By_Ansuman_Bhattacharya.jpg|Katra Mosque plaque by the ASI
Katra_Mosque_ventilation_window_-_Murshidabad.jpg|Mosque ventilation window
The Arch Supported Katra Mosque.JPG|The arch supported Mosque
Floor Asanas in Katra Masjid.JPG|The square type mats depicted on the floor
Arabian Inscription Written in Katra Masjid That Means Arab's Muhhamad Is World's Glory!!.JPG|The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] inscription that reads: "''Muhammad, the Arabian, is glory of both worlds. Dust be on the head of him who is not the dust of his portal''"<ref name=AO/>
The Persian Inscription In The Katra Mosque Destroyed In An Earthquake.JPG|The [[Persian language|Persian]] inscription states that the mosque was constructed by [[Murshid Quli Khan|Nawab Nazim Murshid Quli Khan]]
The Entrance..of the Katra Mosque.JPG|The open space or the terrace between the mosque and the entrance in the east
Murshidabad.gif|Early 19th-century view of the Katra Mosque
Katra Masjid Mosque.jpg|One of the towers, where the dome fell in, due to the 1897 earthquake
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Shia Islam|India}}}}
* [[Shia Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
* [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Katra Mosque (Murshidabad)|Katra Mosque}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}
* {{cite web |title=Website of Katra Mosque |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/places-topic-places-zone-three.htm#katra-mosque |access-date=29 March 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108074010/http://murshidabad.net/history/places-topic-places-zone-three.htm#katra-mosque |url-status=dead }}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Tourist attractions in Murshidabad}}

[[Category:1724 establishments in India]]
[[Category:18th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1720s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Murshidabad]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1724]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad]]
[[Category:Shia mosques in India]]

Music of Odisha

2025-11-25T22:56:00Z

VictoriaCoward4: improve lead based on references and updated info per sources

#REDIRECT [[Odissi music]]
[[Category:Music of Odisha| ]]
[[Category:Music of India by state or union territory|Odisha]]

Culture of Gujarat

2025-11-15T05:39:49Z

VictoriaCoward4:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup rewrite|date=July 2015}}
{{original research|date=February 2011}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

The '''culture of Gujarat''' is Vadodara, new, and modern.

==Gujarati engagement ceremony==
Gol Dhana ({{Script|Gujarati|ગોળ-ધાણા}}) is a Gujarati tradition in which [[jaggery]] and [[Coriander|coriander seeds]] are eaten to celebrate a couple's engagement. They are distributed to the guests of the ceremony by the family of the groom. <ref>{{cite web |title=Anant Ambani, Radhika Merchant's Gol Dhana Ceremony to Take Place Today; Know What It Is |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/anant-ambani-radhika-merchants-gol-dhana-ceremony-to-take-place-today-know-what-it-is-6868279.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=19 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Gol Dhana, the ceremony which will be performed by Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/what-is-gol-dana-the-ceremony-which-will-be-performed-by-anant-ambani-and-radhika-merchant-12010342.html |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |date=19 January 2023}}</ref> The giving of Gol Dhana symbolizes auspicious beginnings. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/anant-ambani-radhika-merchant-gol-dhana-ceremony-today-spiritual-significance-of-this-pre-wedding-rasam-article-97124411 |title=Anant Ambani, Radhika Merchant Gol Dhana Ceremony today, spiritual significance of this pre-wedding rasam |date=19 January 2023 }}</ref>

==Gujarati Hindu wedding ceremony==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2015}}
Marriage is a highly auspicious occasion in Indian culture. According to the [[Vedas]], the Hindu scriptures, marriage is a sacred, lifelong commitment that unites two souls. It is considered to be the strongest of all social bonds and is the initiation into a lifetime of togetherness.

The Vedic wedding ceremony consists of prayers, invocations, and vows recited in [[Sanskrit]], the most ancient surviving language. The Vedic wedding ceremony dates back to over five thousand years and is performed under a decorated canopy, the ''mandap''. The four pillars that surround the ''mandap'' represent the parents of the bride and groom. This signifies the important part they have played in raising their children to become the responsible adults they are today. The ceremony is performed before a sacred fire, or ''agniaa'', which is the eternal witness of the marriage, and all vows are taken.

===Parts of the ceremony===
Every Hindu ceremony begins with the worship of [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]], the deity of peace and wisdom. This is done so that people can find strength within themselves to remove any obstacles that may arise.

;''Varghodo'' (Wedding Procession)
The original form of a ''barat'' is a procession from the groom's house to the bride's house for the wedding ceremony. The wedding day begins with the Mangal-Vadya, the playing of the Shehnai (a traditional wind instrument) and the Dhol (an Indian drum).

;Swagatam (Welcoming the groom and his family)
The groom and his family are greeted at the doors of the [[Hindu temple|mandir]] (temple) by the bride's parents and family. The mother of the bride then greets and welcomes the groom and his family into her own family. She blesses the groom by placing a [[Tilaka|tilak]] (a red dot) on his forehead. The groom is then led to the ''mandap,'' where the wedding ceremony will take place.

;Ganesh Puja (The worship of Lord Ganesh)

;Madhuparka (Welcoming the groom)
While the groom is sitting under the ''mandap,'' the ''madhuparka'' is performed where his feet are washed by the bride's parents. He is then offered ''panchamrut'', a drink composed of milk, yogurt, ghee, honey, and sugar.

[[File:Kanyadaan Ceremony in a Gujarati, Hindu Wedding Ceremony.jpg|thumb| Kanyadaan Ceremony in a Gujarati, Hindu Wedding Ceremony]]

;Kanyaa Daan (Giving away of the daughter)
The bride accepts her change of status from an unmarried woman to a wife by spreading [[turmeric]] powder on her hands. Kanya Daan is performed by the father (or uncle or guardian) of the bride in the presence of a large gathering that is invited to witness the wedding.

;Vivaaha (Wedding)
The bride and the groom face each other, and the priest ties their garments (the bride's saree to the groom's shirt) in a knot, symbolizing the sacred union—the bride and the groom garland each other and exchange the rings. Next, the nuptial fire, symbolizing the divine witness, and the sanctifier of the sacrament, is installed and worshipped.

Both the bride and the groom grasp their hands together and pray to God for His blessings. Samagree, consisting of crushed sandalwood, herbs, sugar, rice, ghee (clarified butter), and twigs, is offered into the sacred fire to seek God's blessings for the couple.

;Mangal Phera (Circumambulation of the sacred fire)
The groom holds the bride by the hand, and both walk four times around the sacred fire. Both offer oblations and recite appropriate Vedic hymns to Gods for prosperity, good fortune, and conjugal fidelity. They touch each other's hearts and pray for the union of their hearts and minds.

;Saptapadi (Seven sacred steps)
This is the most important rite of the entire ceremony. Here the bride and the groom take seven steps together around the sacred fire (Agni) and make the following seven promises to each other:
As per the Vedic rituals, the groom sings, "With God as our guide, let us take":

# The first step to nourish each other
# The second step to grow together in strength
# The third step to preserve our wealth
# The fourth step to share our joys and sorrows
# The fifth step to care for our children
# The sixth step to be together forever
# The seventh step to remain lifelong friends
# The perfect halves to make a perfect whole!

The Satapadi ceremony concludes with a prayer that the union is indissoluble. At the end of this ceremony, the groom and the bride become husband and wife.

;Mangal Sutra
The Mangal Sutra Dharana is the tying of the thread containing the marks of the Vishnu or Shiva on the neck of the bride by the groom.

;Suhaag or Sindhoordana
The groom places sindoor (red powder) on the bride's hair, symbolizing her as a married woman.

'''Aashirvaad (Blessing)'''

The groom's parents bless the couple and offer clothes or flowers to the bride, symbolizing her joining the groom's family. All those assembled at the ceremony shower flowers on the couple and blessed them completing the marriage.

==Music and dance==
{{main|Music of Gujarat}}
[[File:Navratri Garba.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Garaba Raas]]

The traditional folk dance forms include [[Garba (dance)|Garba]], [[Dandiya Raas]], [[Tippani dance|Tippani]], [[Padhar dance|Padhar]], Sidi, and Dangi.

;Dandiya Raas
Dandiya Raas is a romantic, very energetic, colourful, and playful dance originating in the state of Gujarat. Its roots lay from the days of Lord Krishna, who played raas on the shores of [[Yamuna]] river on a moonlit night with his beloved Gopis.

Men and women dressed in colorful clothes dance in two concentric circles - one moving clockwise, one moving counter-clockwise. Men and women carry two bamboo sticks called dandiyas in their hands. In addition to footwork, one of the most enjoyable parts of this dance is the creative use of dandiyas.

The song sung on occasion is essentially an amorous one. Raas is a very playful dance providing the opportunity for acting and exchanging messages through eye contact. It is no wonder that many romances bloom during [[Navratri]] and hence the popularity of the dance among the younger generation.

;Garba
Garba is a very graceful form of dance mainly performed by females in a circular formation. It is in reverences of goddess Ambaji. The basics of the dance are singing and clapping rhythmically while going around the goddess. Today many modifications are prevalent to the basic pattern, and even men are free to join in. Women are dressed in exquisitely embroidered, set in mirrors cholis, ghaghras, and bandhani dupattas! Extensive jewelry in the form of necklaces, bracelets and anklets are also worn. The typical dress code of men is kehediyu, chudidar, and a turban.

;Garbi
Originally men used to perform this dance. It was on the way back from a battle that the victorious army would start dancing to couplets and amorous songs sung by the Charanswar, or the narrators who used to go to the front to raise the spirit during the battle by singing songs of valour. The dance was characteristic for its forceful movements, which would fascinate viewers. Today, however, even females participate in the dance.

;Padhar
It is performed by a rural community living around Nal Lake. In it, performers simulate the rhythmic movements of roving mariners and the undulating sea waves. The Bhil tribes, who live close to border tracts, and the Adivasis of Dangs district, have particularly lively folk dances.

==Theatre==
{{main|Gujarati theatre}}
The traditional forms of theatre include [[Bhavai]] and [[Akhyana]].

==Gujarati cinema==
{{Main|Gujarati cinema}}
[[File:Narshinh Mehta 1932 the first Gujarati film poster.jpg|thumb|Narshinh Mehta 1932 was the first Gujarati film ]]
Before the arrival of [[talkies]], there were several silent films that were closely related to Gujarati people and culture. Many film directors, producers, and actors who are associated with silent films were Gujarati and Parsi. There were twenty leading film companies and studios owned by Gujaratis between 1913 and 1931. They were mostly located in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]). There were at least forty-four leading Gujarati directors during this period.<ref name="Ro2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA99|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|pages=88–99}}</ref>

The Gujarati cinema dates back to 9 April 1932, when the first Gujarati film ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' was released.<ref name="Ro2013"/><ref>{{Cite news|title='Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=22 April 2007}}</ref> ''Leeludi Dharti'' (1968) was the first colour film of Gujarati cinema.<ref name="dnac2012">{{cite web | title=Gujarati cinema: A battle for relevance | website=dna | date=16 December 2012 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment-gujarati-cinema-a-battle-for-relevance-1777960 | access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> After flourishing through the 1960s to 1980s, the industry saw a decline. The industry is revived in recent times. The film industry has produced more than one thousand films since its inception.<ref name="Thou2011">{{cite web | title=Golly! Gujarati films cross 1k mark | website=The Times of India | date=2011-07-29 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms | access-date=2015-07-15}}</ref> In 2005, the [[Government of Gujarat]] announced a 100% entertainment [[tax exemption]] for Gujarati films.<ref name="Roy 2005">{{cite news | last=Roy | first=Mithun | title=Crisis-hit Gujarati film industry gets 100% tax rebate | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=3 May 2005 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html | access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref>

Gujarati cinema is chiefly based on scripts from mythology to history and social to political. Since its origin, Gujarati cinema has experimented with stories and issues from Indian society. The films are generally targeted at the rural audience but after recent revival also caters audience with urban subjects.<ref name="Ro2013"/>

==Languages of Gujarat==
Gujarat is inhabited by people belonging to varied castes, religions, and communities. Due to that, a number of varied languages are spoken in the state. The official language of the state is Gujarati. It is an Indo-Aryan language derived from Sanskrit. Gujarati is the 26th-most widely spoken language in the world. In addition, it has eleven dialects, spoken in different parts of the state.

Gujarat shares its borders with the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Therefore, there is a small population that speaks the respective languages of the different states also, namely Marwari, Hindi, and Marathi. Apart from this, Urdu and Sindhi are also spoken in Gujarat. [[Kutch district|Kutch]] is one of the important areas in the state. It has an independent identity and is growing popular among tourists. The mother tongue of the people of Kutch is Kachchi. It is an important language of the region.

Another part of Gujarat is Saurashtra, which is also referred to as West Gujarat or Kathiyawad. The mother tongue of these people is Kathiyawadi Gujarati which is spoken in seven different districts in Saurashtra. Rajkot is the financial capital of Saurashtra. Saurashtra is also known for giving many saints and great men like Mahatma Gandhi. The young population migrated to different cities like Ahmedabad, Surat, and Vadodara due to employment problems.

==Literature==
{{main|Gujarati literature}}
Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 AD. Since then, literature has flourished till date. Well-known laureates of Gujarati literature are [[Hemachandra|Hemchandracharya]], [[Narsinh Mehta]], [[Mirabai]], [[Akha Bhagat|Akho]], [[Premanand Bhatt]], [[Shamal Bhatt]], [[Dayaram]], [[Dalpatram]], [[Narmadashankar Dave|Narmad]], [[Govardhanram Tripathi]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K. M. Munshi]], [[Umashankar Joshi]], [[Suresh Joshi]], [[Pannalal Patel]], and [[Rajendra Shah (author)|Rajendra Keshavlal Shah]] .

[[Kavi Kant]] and [[Kalapi]] are famous [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] poets.

[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]], and [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] are [[Ahmedabad]] based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature. [[Saraswatichandra (novel)|Saraswatichandra]] is a landmark novel by [[Govardhanram Tripathi]]. Writers like Suresh Dalal, Jyotindra Dave, Tarak Mehta, [[Harkisan Mehta]], [[Chandrakant Bakshi]], Vinod Bhatt, Kanti Bhatt, Makarand Dave, and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers.

A huge contribution to Gujarati language literature came from the [[Swaminarayan]] paramhanso, like Bramhanand, Premanand, with prose like [[Vachanamrut]] and poetry in the form of [[bhajan]]s.

Gujarati theatre owes a lot to bhavai. [[Bhavai]] is a musical performance of stage plays. Ketan Mehta and Sanjay Leela Bhansali explored the artistic use of bhavai in films such as ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'', ''[[Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!]]'' and ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation, reflecting on human nature.

==Religions==
In Gujarat, there has been several great religious figures. [[Dadu Dayal|Sant Dadu Dayal]] (1554–1660) a saint-poet and a major [[Bhakti]] figure from Ahmedabad, treated equally both Rama as names of God and became popular in Northern India. He wrote, "The illusion of Rama hath been dispelled by my mind; since I see Thee in all."<ref>p. 400 ''History of Medieval India'' By S. Chand</ref>

Gujarat is also the home of Gandhi, who preached unity between all religions and became a worldwide figure for peaceful struggle against tyranny.

===Hinduism===
[[File:Shiva as the Shaiva Sage Lakulisha LACMA AC1992.57.1.jpg|thumb|Lakulisha was born in modern-day Gujarat]]
Gujarat is a part of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Many Hindu religious traditions developed in Gujarat.

Gujarat is the birthplace of Lord Shiva's [[Avatar]] [[Lakulisha|Lakulisa]] (''Staff-God''). He established the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pasupata Shaivite]] tradition (one of the six major schools of Shaivism) in 2 A.D. or 3 A.D. According to some traditions he was born in Kayarohana or Kayavatara in Saurashtra while other traditions hold that it was Karavana, in the modern-day town of Dabhoi Taluka near Baroda,<ref>Dasgupta, p. 7, ''A History of Indian Philosophy''</ref> another that it was Ulkapuri (modern Avakhal)<ref>Dyczkowski, p. 23 ''Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika Tantras of the Western Kaul Tradition''</ref> and another that it was in Braoch or Bharuch.<ref>Farquhar, p. 146, ''An Outline of the Religious Literature of India''</ref> From Gujarat, it spread north to Kashmir,<ref>[[Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai|P. N. K. Bamzai]], p. 202, ''Culture and Political History of Kashmir''</ref> South to Tamil Nadu,<ref>Shah, p. xi, ''Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U''</ref> East to Nepal<ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/3/1994-3-09.shtml "Pashupata Saivism"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820005608/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/3/1994-3-09.shtml |date=20 August 2008 }} ''Hinduism Today'', March 1994</ref> (where the [[Pashupatinath Temple]] stills exist popularly.)

====Bhakti movement====
The Bhakti movement was very popular in Gujarat, where devotees of both Islam and Hinduism focused on the worship of God, trying to rid any separations based on faith in God.

[[Chakradhar Swami|Swami Chakradhara]] was another major figure of the Bhakti movement, born in Gujarat in 1194 A.D.<ref>p. 113 ''Social Life in Maharashtra Under the Peshwas'' By Sudha Vishwanath Desai</ref> and he is believed to be the avatar of Vishnu. Chakradhar Swami established the [[Mahanubhava]], Vaishnavite sect, which spread to Maharashtra as well. The sect still exists today in Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Sant Kilha was another Vaishnavite saint of Gujarat born to a Subedar (army man) father.<ref>p. 78 ''The Aryan Path'' By Sophia Wadia, Indian Institute of World Culture</ref> He was the disciple of Krishnasdas (of Jaipur) and became his successor at the seat of Galta - Kilha's branch became known as the "Tapasa branch".<ref>Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1 By Sahitya Akademi</ref> Besides Ram Bhakti (devotion to [[Rama|Lord Rama]]), he was also inclined towards yog-[[sadhana]] and this is why he was made acharya of the [[Galta Gaddi]].<ref>p. 107 ''History of Rajasthani Literature'' By Hiralal Maheshwari</ref> He is said to be the founder of the [[Khati sect]].<ref>p. 453 ''The Modern Review'' By Ramananda Chatterjee</ref>

[[Jalaram]], a devotee of Lord Rama is another popular figure. Jalarama's birthday is still celebrated by Gujarati (in Gujarat and abroad) as Jalaram Jayanti.

Swami Sahajanand, better known as [[Swaminarayan]] settled in Gujarat from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Today the Swaminarayan movement is very large in Gujarat.

===Jainism===

Gujarat is home to one of the largest Jain communities in India.

[[Shrimad Rajchandra]] was a Jain poet, philosopher, scholar, and reformer, best known for his teachings on [[Jainism]] and as a spiritual guide of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

Gandhi's mother was also Jain.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

===Zoroastrianism===
[[Zoroastrianism in India|Zoroastrianism]] first arrived in Gujarat around 9th century AD. Parsis migrated from Greater Iran to Gujarat and Sindh between the 8th and 10th century CE to avoid the persecution of Zoroastrians following the Muslim conquest of Persia. Since then, the Zoroastrians have flourished in the present day Gujarat and Mumbai.
The holy cities of Parsis are also located in Gujarat, like Udvada, their primary site.

'''''Arrival in Gujarat'':''' According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, the only existing account of the early years of Zoroastrian refugees in India composed at least six centuries after their tentative date of arrival, the first group of immigrants originated from Greater Khorasan.[18] This historical region of Central Asia is in part in northeastern Iran, where, it constitutes modern Khorasan Province, part of western/northern Afghanistan, and in part in three Central-Asian republics, namely Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. According to the Qissa, the immigrants were granted permission to stay by the local ruler, Jadi Rana, on the condition that they adopt the local language (Gujarati), that their women adopt local dress (the sari), and that they henceforth cease to bear arms.[19] The refugees accepted the conditions and founded the settlement of Sanjan, which is said to have been named after the city of their origin (Sanjan, near Merv, modern Turkmenistan).[18] This first group was followed by a second group from Greater Khorasan within five years of the first, and this time having religious implements with them (the alat). In addition to these Khorasanis or Kohistanis "mountain folk", as the two initial groups are said to have been initially called,[20] at least one other group is said to have come overland from Sari, Iran.[21]
This religion founded by [[Zoroaster|Zarathustra Spitma]] (better known as "Zoroaster") resembles Hinduism in many ways (although differing as a strict monotheism too.)

For example, in this religion, the cow is very sacred. In the 9th chapter of the ''Vendidad'' of the ''Avesta'', the purificatory power of cow urine is dilated upon.<ref name="Bhandarkar P. 72">Bhandarkar, p. 72 ''Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture''</ref> It is declared to be a panacea for all bodily and moral evils. It is drunk as well as applied externally as is done by Hindus also.<ref name="Bhandarkar P. 72"/> The urine of the bull, called "nirang," is brought to the house of an orthodox Parsi every morning and is (like cow milk) applied to the face, hands, and feet.<ref name="Bhandarkar P. 72"/>

The Zoroastrians—a.k.a. [[Parsi]] and [[Irani (India)|Irani]], due to their ancient heritage—entered Gujarat from the Persian Empire.

They have many businesses in India and are economically very powerful.

===Gujarati Muslims===
{{Main|Gujarati Muslims}}

The term "Gujarati Muslim" is usually used to signify an Indian [[Muslim]] from the State of Gujarat who speaks the [[Gujarati language]] as a mother-tongue (first language) and follows certain customs different from the rest of Indian Muslims.

Gujarat was one of the first places the Muslims came to India. King Arjun of Gujarat permitted a Muslim trader from Ormuz to build a mosque in Gujarat and even paid for the expenses of a certain Shiite festival. (p. 185 ''[[An Advanced History of India]]'' By Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Kalikinkar Datta, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri)

The Sufi saints are very popular in Gujarat. Shaykh Makhu was a Sufi saint of the Shattari lineage (p. 185 ''An Advanced History of India'' By Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Kalikinkar Datta, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri). Since Gujarat is situated on the western border of India, there was a direct interaction with the people of Arabia and Persia. Many Gujarati Saints and Sufis became famous. Among them, the names of Sheikh Ganjul lim (1381), Syed Burhanuddin (1411), and Sheikh [[Wajihuddin Alvi]] are well known.<ref>''Islam and Indian Culture'', p. 169, By Mohammad Shujaat, Shujaat Muhammad</ref>

Gujarati Muslims are very prominent in industry and sports, and there is a very large Gujarati Muslim community in Mumbai. Several Gujarati Muslim communities are:
* [[Memon people|Memon]]
* [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
* [[Khoja]]
* [[Sunni Bohra|Sunni Vora]] (aka "[[Vora Patel]]")
* [[Surti Muslims]]
* [[Pashtuns|Pathan]]

There are many famous Gujarati Muslims:
* [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
* [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] (translator and commentator of the [[Quran]])
* [[Azim Premji]] (son of founder of multinational [[Wipro]] and current [[chairman]])
* [[Badruddin Tyabji]]
* [[Ismail Merchant]]
* [[Tiger Memon]] (infamous)
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
* [[Farooq Sheikh|Farooq Shaikh]]
* [[Parveen Babi]]
* [[Ismail Darbar]]

==Fairs and festivals==

===Fairs===
Around more than a 1000 festivals are celebrated in Gujarat—the state is known as the land of fairs and festivals. Some of these fairs and festivals are as follows:

;Bhavnath Mahadev Mela (February)

The Bhavnath Mahadev Temple, situated at the foot of Mount Girnar in the city of Junagadh, is the site of the Bhavnath Mahadev fair held for five days in February, during the festival of Mahashivratri. The Mahapuja of Lord Shiva takes place at midnight in this temple on the 14th day of the dark half of the month of Magh. When the puja (prayer ceremony), Naga Bavas (naked sages) living nearby move towards the fair seated on elephants, holding flags and blowing conch shells. It is firmly believed that Lord Shiva himself visits the shrine on this occasion. Visitors are served free meals by the organizers. Special stalls sell idols, rosaries, or holy beads (brought by vendors from Ayodhya and Mathura), utensils of brass and copper, sweets, and fruits. The Bhavnath Mahadev Temple is surrounded by many equally ancient and holy places.

;Dangs Darbar (March)

Dangs Darbar is the name of the annual fair held every year in Ahwa, the most important town in the Dangs, a few days before Holi. The Dangs is one of the most delightful districts of Gujarat and is located high in the Saputara hills, the original home of the adivasis, the tribal population of Gujarat. The name "Darbar" dates back to the time of the British, when a darbar of Rajas and Naiks of neighbouring area used to assemble there. Today it is called Jamabandi Darbar, and the District Collector officiates at it. Thousands of tribal people flock to Ahwa from all over the district, dressed in bright colours, sounding the Shehnai, and beating their drums. Folk dances, dramas, and songs enliven the air during the festival.

;Chitra — Vichitra Mela (March)

This fair, one of the largest purely Adivasi (tribal) fairs, is attended by around 60,000 to 70,000 tribal people. It takes place every year in the village of Gunbhakhari in Sabarkantha district, very near the borders of Rajasthan. It is held a fortnight after Holi, the festival of colours. The site of the fair is attractive as the temple overlooks the rivers Sabarmati, Akul, and Vyakul. The name of the fair is derived from Chitrangada and Vichitraviraya, the sons of King Shantanu, who are believed to have lived there and been cured of diseases which afflicted them. The fair attracts large numbers of Bhils (tribals) who come from all the surrounding districts using every imaginable form of transport. The Garasis and Bhil tribals dress in their customary colourful costumes. The costume of the men generally consists of a blue shirt, dhoti, and a red or saffron turban. Women don ghaghras (embroidered skirts), which have a circumference of as much as {{convert|20|yd}} and are covered from head to foot with ornate and heavy silver jewellery. They use liquid kumkum (vermilion) to colour their cheeks and lips a brilliant red, while their eyes are outlined with kajal (kohl). Every group that comes to the fair carries its own drum making the atmosphere come alive with the incessant beat of numerous drums. The women sing folk songs, and everyone dances. The dancing and drumming continue for hours until everyone is exhausted. Over a hundred stalls hold food and drink and sweets of various kinds. Silver ornaments can be bought, and household articles, as well. Here, as in other fairs, there is a giant wheel and a merry-go-round which never ceases to spin.

;Dhrang Fair (April)

Around 40 km from Bhuj, it is known for the samadhi of the famous saint [[Mekran Dada]] who served the community with great love and dedication and won their devotion. He was supposed to be the incarnation of Lakshmanji. A large fair is held on Magh Vad when a large number of Dada's followers from different parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan come to the Samadhi and participate in religious rituals.

;Trinetreshwar Mahadev Fair (September–October)

The small hamlet of Tarnetar, about 75 kilometers from Rajkot, is the site for one of Gujarat's most well-known annual fairs, held here during the first week of Bhadrapad (September–October). This fair is primarily a "marriage mart" or "Swayamvar" for the tribal youth of today who still visit Tarnetar, to find them a suitable bride. The tribal youth elegantly dressed in colourful dhotis, waistcoats, and eye-catching turbans come to be chosen by village belles dressed in colourful finery. Like all important tribal fairs, it is attended by tribes from the adjoining areas who indulge in dancing, competitive sports, and other such forms of entertainment. There are over 300 stalls selling food, refreshments, exhibiting embroidery and cattle shows. The bachelors are usually identified by their large, colourful embroidered umbrellas and their distinctive hairstyles. These umbrellas, which have become emblems of the fair, are embroidered by the tribal youth for over a year. The fair is held around the Trinetreshwar Temple, which was dedicated to the three-eyed Lord Shiva and built at the beginning of the century. There is a kund (reservoir) here, and it is popularly believed that a dip in its waters is as holy as a dip in the sacred River Ganges. The reservoir is also known as papanshu (the destroyer of sins).

;Vautha Mela (November)

This fair is held every year at Vautha where two rivers, the Sabarmati and the Vatrak, meet. Like most fair sites in India, this also has both mythological and current religious associations. The Vautha Mela site is {{convert|3|sqmi|km2}} in the area. Legends hold that Kartik Swami or Kartikeya, the son of Lord Shiva, visited the site. This is why the fair is held during Kartika Purnima, the full moon night of the month of Kartik, corresponding to November. The site, also known as Saptasangam, is at the confluence of seven rivers. The most important Shiva temple here is the temple of Siddhanath.

What is most significant about this fair is that it is the only major animal trading fair in Gujarat and is on par with the famous camel fair at Pushkar, Rajasthan. However, the only animals traded here are donkeys. About 4,000 donkeys are brought every year for sale, usually by Vanjara (gypsy) traders. The pilgrims who visit Vautha during the fair are from several communities and include farmers, labourers, and people belonging to several castes.

;Shamlaji Melo (November)

The Shamlaji Melo, also called the Kartik Purnima fair, is held in the month of November every year and lasts for about two weeks. It is attended by almost two hundred thousand people from adjoining districts and even from Rajasthan. Devotees belong to various castes and communities, including the Garasias and Bhils throng to this festival. These pilgrims come in groups, singing devotional songs and carrying religious banners to have a darshan (worship) of the deity at the Shamlaji Temple. The Shamlaji Temple is a renowned Vaishnav Shrine, and the deity housed here is known by various names included Gadadhar (bearer of the mace) and Shaksi Gopal. The fair is also popular with the tribal people of the area, particularly the Bhils, who revere Shamlaji, the deity they refer to as "Kalio Bavji", the dark divinity. The temple is of great archaeological significance as it was built in the 11th century. Apart from a darshan of the deity in the temple, the pilgrims consider a bath in the river Meshwo essential.

;Tarnetar Fair

[[File:Tarnetar Fair 09.jpg|thumb|A man in traditional costumes during [[Tarnetar]] fair.]]
The venkatareddy Tarnetar Fair is one of the most happening events in Gujarat and is held at the Temple of Shiva or Trinetreshwar (three-eyed god), popularly known as Tarnetar. Popular belief associates the village with the Swayamwar (marriage) of Draupadi after Arjun performed the Mastsyavedh, an unparalleled feat of archery. Villagers from all over the state, dressed in their brilliant traditional costumes and exquisite jewelry, flock to Tarnetar. A veritable feast for the eyes is the Rasada, a captivating folk dance performed by hundreds of women moving gracefully in a single circle, dancing gaily to the accompaniment of four drums and jodja pava (double flutes). It is in district [[Surendranagar]].

;Kutch Utsav

The Kutch Mahotsava, is usually organized during the end of February and the beginning of March. The Kutch region in Gujarat abounds with splendid beaches, fascinating wildlife, and beautiful palaces and monuments.

;Sanskruti kunj Fair

The Sanskruti kunj Festival shows the different cultures of the states of India. It is organized in the winter session in the capital city, Gandhinagar. All the competitors of India come during this fair and show their state's culture & dance.

It is a 10-day long festival, and this located on the bank of river Sabarmati over 12-hector landscaped land. Timing for sanskruti kunj between 2.00 pm to 10.00 pm and every evening from 7.30 pm, the folk song and dance performances would be presented.

;Shamlaji Fair

The Shamlaji shrine and the site boast of an ancient and glorious heritage. Thousands of tribal people flock to the Shamlaji fair. (Shamalaji is also known as Gadadhar Dev, whose Name is also reflected in the Thousand Name of Lord Vishnu Also known as Vihnu Sahastra Nama, who Created Bhrahma, and Bhrahma Created This World. Those who had crossed Bhrahma Is known as Parbhrahma, who claim Himself as Allah but He also does not know that in Lord Vishnu, who seems to be idle in whom Thousands of Universe takes birth every moment and get destroyed every moment. Still, he fulfills the desire of Bhakta. Bhakta associates or joins himself with Lord Vishnu, who is also known as Shree Krishna. Famous Saint Narsimh Mehta write Hundi on the name of Shmalia Sheth in the time of his distress, a type of promissory note which was honored by Shree Krishna. Shri Narsimh Mehta wrote poetry in the honor of Shri Krishna that became Mahatma Gandhi's prayer song.

;Vautha No Melo

Situated at the confluence of two rivers near Ahmedabad, the site attracts people of all communities. Animals, particularly donkeys and camels, are sold in large numbers during this fair.

===Festivals===
Other than nationally observed festivals, some festivities are specific to Gujarat.

;Makar Sankranti and Kite Flying Festival (14 January)

The [[Kite]] Flying Festival takes place in mid-January and marks the time when the sun's direct rays reach the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] after the [[winter solstice]]. It is celebrated with much [[folk music]], dance and kite flying. People of Gujarat gather on terraces to fly kites of various colours to celebrate [[Makar Sankranti|Makar Sakranti]] or Uttrayana, the welcome to the sun after the cold winter months. Glass-strengthened threads of the Indian fighter kites are matched against each other in the air — the kite fighter who cuts the other thread is the victor. At night, kites with [[Paper lantern|Chinese lanterns]] are flown and held aloft. Food such as Undhiya, sugar cane juice, and local sweets is typically served to celebrate the day.

;Dance Festival — Modhera (January)

Resting on a knoll in the village of [[Modhera]] are the ruins of the 11th-century Sun Temple. The outer walls of the temple are covered with sculptures in which the figures of [[Surya]], the sun god, are prominent. The Sun Temple is the site of an annual festival of Indian classical dances organized by the Tourism Corporation of Gujarat. The idea is to present classical dance forms in the atmosphere they were originally presented in.

;The Kutch Mahotsav (February–March)

The 'Kutch Festival' or the 'Rann festival' is celebrated at the time of the Shiv Ratri in February/ March. The centre of the festival is Bhuj in [[Kutch district|Kutch]]. It has crafts, fairs, and folk dances and music and cultural shows, all organized by the Gujarat Tourism. Tours are also conducted out to the ruins of Dhola Vera, a city that was once a part of the Indus Valley civilization.

;Bhadra Purnima (September)

The full moon of Bhadrapad is one of the four most important festival days of the year when farmers and agriculturists come to [[Ambaji]], a place that derives its name from Goddess Ambaji, whose shrine is located there. On this occasion, a large fair is organized on full moon days. In the evening, performances of Bhavai, the folk drama of the state are held, and Garba programmes are organized. The devout attend readings of the Saptashati, the seven hundred verses in praise of the goddess, and visit the temple for a darshan (worship) of her. The Ambaji shrine is the principal shrine of the goddess in Gujarat, and its origins are still unknown. The Temple of Ambaji is recognized as one of the original Shakti Pithas (religious texts) where, according to the ancient Scriptures, the heart of the goddess Ambaji fell to earth when her body was dismembered. A triangular Vishwa Yantra, inscribed with figures and the syllable 'Shree' in the centre, represents the deity. There is no idol, which testifies the temple's antiquity. Idol worship became popular much later.

==Gujarati cuisine==
{{main|Gujarati cuisine}}

The food served in the South of Gujarat is influenced by the cuisine of Maharashtra. In South Gujarat, people usually consume Jowar, whereas, in Saurashtra and North Gujarat, the diet consists mainly of Bajra and Maize. In Baroda, you will find a blend of all tastes due to its location. In earlier times, wheat was consumed only by the elite and by the middle class during the festive season. With changing time, things have changed. Today, wheat forms an integral part of the Gujarati platter and is used in a number of ways.

[[File:Gulab Jamun.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gulab Jamun]]
[[File:Jalebi 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Jalebi]]]]
[[File:Kachori.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Kachori]]]]
[[File:Pav bhaji.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Pav Bhaji]]]]
[[File:Pakoras.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Bhajias ([[Pakoras]])]]
'''Sweets'''
* Basundi
* Doodh Pak
* [[Gajar ka halwa|Gajar ka Halwa]]
* [[Gulab jamun|Gulab Jambu]]
* [[Jalebi]]
* [[Laddu|Ladoo]]
**Bundi na Ladoo
**Churma na Ladoo
**Tal na Lado
**Sing na Ladoo
* Chikki
**Dalia ni Chikki
**Shing Ni Chikki
**Tal ni Chikki(particularly for winter)
* Puran Puri
* Vedvi (similar to Puran Poli but fully dipped in ghee)
* ShriKhand (particularly in Summer)
* Mohan Thal
* Magas
* [[Barfi]]
* Ghari
**Surati Ghari
**Bhavnagari Ghari
* Sutarfeni
* Kaju Katri
* Golpapdi (jeggari and wheat-flour )
* Barfi Churmu
* Rabdi
* Khaja
* Dudhi no Halwo (and Mung Dal No Halwo Particularly for Marriage)
* Badam Ni Chaki(Particularly Offer to Lord Shrinathji of Nathdwara)
* Pista Ni Chaki(Particularly Offer to Lord Shrinathji of Nathdwara)
* Morning Sherow (Wheat Halwo)
* MaisurPack

'''Snacks'''
* Bhajias/Pakoras
* Pav Bhaji
* Chana Dal Wada
* [[Dabeli|Kutchi Dabeli]]
* [[Dal Wada]]
* [[Dhokla]]
* [[Locho]]
* Farsi Puri
* Ganthias
* [[Handvo]]
* [[Kachori]]
* Khandvi
* Muthias
* Sev-Usual
* [[Bhelpuri|Bhel]]
* [[Panipuri]]
* Fafda
* Chevdo
* Bhakharvadi
* Chavanu/Surti bhusu
* Jain Chevdo
* Patra
* Gatha
'''Pulses (Dals)'''Kadhi
* Mixed [[Dal]]
* [[Mung bean|Moong]] Dal
* Plain Dal
* Tuver Dal
* Udad Dal
* Kadhi
* Dhal Dhokli

'''Vegetables'''
* Batata Suki Bhaji
* [[Cabbage]] Peas
* [[Cauliflower]]-Green Peas
* Methi Mutter
* [[Okra]]
* Sev-[[Tomato]]es
* Undhiyu

==The chewing of Betel leaves (paan) in Gujarat==

The chewing of the betel leaf, known as ''paan'' in Gujarati, is part of many Asian cultures, especially those of China and Vietnam. Preparation techniques vary from using hands to feet to help in grinding and extracting exotic flavours. The nut is either slivered or grated, often flavored with spices according to local tradition and usually wrapped in a betel leaf (betel leaf comes from the betel pepper plant, ''Piper betle'', which is not botanically related to the betel palm, ''Areca catechu''), along with some lime (calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide) to better extract the alkaloids. Some people also chew tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine along with betel nut. After about 20 minutes of chewing, the fibrous residue which remains of the nut is spat out onto the street, where it remains visible due to its characteristic bright red color.

In Gujarat, betel (''paan'') chewing is as popular as tobacco smoking is global. Paan is often served wrapped in a betel leaf.

In Gujarat and the rest of India, paan has played an important part in social life and customs for hundreds of years. In the courts of Medieval Rulers, the betel leaf or paan was offered as part of hospitality, friendship, and love. Kings also relished betel leaves after sex.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

The different types of paans are:
* '''Saada paan''', a mixture of cardamom, betel nut, and cloves.
* '''Chutney paan''', a mixture of cardamom, betel nut, and spicy mint paste.
* '''Meetha paan''', a mixture of grated coconut, dates, gulkand (rose petal and sugar syrup), and jellied fruit.
* '''thook paan''', a special mixture of sugar, and amylase
* '''Tobacco paan''', a mixture of tobacco of different brands, and betel nut.

Using paan with tobacco significantly increases the risk of mouth cancers. Even without tobacco, the use of paan has been associated with changes in the lining of the mouth that increase the risk of cancer of the mouth.

==See also==
* [[Architecture of Gujarat]]
* [[Godadi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture of Gujarat}}
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat| ]]
[[Category: Indian wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Engagement]]

Priyadarshini-class patrol vessel

2025-10-31T14:20:28Z

VictoriaCoward4:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Priyadarshini''-class patrol vessel}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2013}}
{{Short description|Patrol Vessel class of the Indian Coast Guard}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Priyadarshini_Class_ICG.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''''Priyadarshini''-class patrol vessels''' (also referred to as [[Jija Bai class patrol vessel|''Jija Bai'' Mod 1 class]]) are a series of 8 mid-shore fast patrol boats, built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Goa Shipyard Limited]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]] for [[Indian Coast Guard]] between 1991 and 1998.

==Design==
The 46 metre-long vessels with a displacement of 215 tonnes have a top speed of 24 knots. The vessels are powered by two MTU 12V538 diesel engines driving two independent four-blade propellers. The Priyadarshini class has a range of 2400 nm at cruise speed of 12 knots. The crew of the patrol vessels consists of 5 officers and 29 enlisted sailors. The vessels are armed with a 40 mm 60 cal Bofors Mk 3 AA. In early 1998, ICGS ''Amrit Kaur'' (225) acted as a trial platform for the 30 mm [[CRN 91 Naval Gun]].

Last ship Rajiya Sulatana was decommissioned on 1 June 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/state/odisha-coast-guard-ship-raziya-sultana-decommissioned/|title=Odisha: Coast Guard Ship 'Raziya Sultana' Decommissioned|publisher=Kalinga TV|date=2021-06-01}}</ref>

==Ships of the class==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name || Pennant
!Builder|| Commissioned
!Decommissioned
!Homeport
!Status
|-
| ICGS ''Priyadarshini''|| 221
|GRSE|| 25 May 1992
|29 August 2014
|Visakhapatnam<ref>{{Cite news|title = Rest easy, Vizag's coast is guarded|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rest-easy-vizags-coast-is-guarded/article355759.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2009-02-16|access-date = 2015-12-28|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref>
| rowspan="8" |Decommissioned
|-
| ICGS ''Razia Sultana''|| 222
|GRSE|| 18 November 1992
|1 June 2021
|Paradip<ref>{{Cite web|title = Coast Guard helps curb oil pollution off Orissa|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article194608.ece?service=print|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211320/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article194608.ece?service=print|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 March 2016|website = www.newindianexpress.com|accessdate = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Annie Beseant''|| 223
|GSL|| 7 December 1991
|10 January 2014
|Manglore<ref>{{Cite web|title = Coast Guard, Navy rescue crew members of Ocean Sekaya|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/coast-guard-navy-rescue-crew-members-of-ocean-sekaya/article1735309.ece|website = The Hindu Business Line| date=30 May 2006 |accessdate = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Kamla Devi''|| 224
|GSL|| 20 May 1992
|
|Goa<ref>{{Cite news|title = Coast guard rescues 7 fishermen - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Coast-guard-resuces-7-fishermen/articleshow/4628846.cms|website = The Times of India| date=8 June 2009 |accessdate = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Amrit Kaur''|| 225
|GSL|| 20 March 1993
|20 March 2015
|Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|title = MV Rak: After spill, damage-control mission begins {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mv-rak-after-spill-damage-control-mission-begins-1574031|website = dna|accessdate = 2015-12-28|language = en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Kanak Lata Barua''|| 226
|GRSE|| 27 March 1997
|23 June 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20170623/3132366.html|title=Coast Guard ship decommissioned in Chennai|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2017-06-30}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|Port Blair<ref>{{Cite web|title = Coast Guard Conducts Drawing and Painting Competition|url = http://andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4182:coast-guard-conducts-drawing-and-painting-competition&catid=37:top-news&Itemid=142|website = andamanchronicle.net|accessdate = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Bhikaji Cama''|| 227
|GRSE|| 24 September 1997
|28 March 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/mar/28/indian-coast-guard-ship-bhikhaiji-cama-decommissioned-1793622.html|title=Indian Coast Guard Ship Bhikhaiji Cama decommissioned|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-28}}</ref>
|Port Blair<ref>{{Cite web|title = Coast Guard rescues 102 from Andaman Sea, 310 feared dead|url = http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20081228/1139128.html|website = news.webindia123.com|accessdate = 2015-12-28|archive-date = 5 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015748/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20081228/1139128.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Sucheta Kripalani''|| 228
|GRSE|| 16 March 1998
|23 March 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=ICGS Sucheta Kriplani retired with full military honours |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/icgs-sucheta-kriplani-retired-full-military-honours-1502607243.html |work=The Statesman |date=24 March 2018}}</ref>
|Kolkata<ref>{{Cite news|title = Trespass cuffs on 56 Bangla fishermen - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Trespass-cuffs-on-56-Bangla-fishermen/articleshow/45406525.cms|website = The Times of India| date=8 December 2014 |accessdate = 2015-12-28}}</ref>
|}

==Specification==
*Displacement: 215 tonnes
*Length: 46 meter
*Beam: 7.5 meter
*Draught: 1.85 meter
*Speed: 24 Knots
*Armament: 40 mm 60 cal Bofors Mk 3 AA or 1x30 CRN 91; 2x7.62 mm MG
*Radar: BEL make-1*Decca 1245/6X or Decca 1226 for navigation
*Power: 2 MTU 12V538 TB82 diesel
*Propulsion: 2*4 Blade propeller, 5940 bhp
*Electric: 240 kW (3*80 kW, 315 V,50 Hz Diesel driven)
*Range: 2400 nm at 12 knots
*Crew: 5 officers. 29 enlisted.
*Fuel: 20 Tonnes

==See also==
[[Jija Bai class patrol vessel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.grse.nic.in
*http://grosstonnage.com
*https://web.archive.org/web/20101029043426/http://www.goashipyard.co.in/products_history.aspx

[[Category:Fast attack craft of the Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Patrol boat classes]]
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Coast Guard]]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}

Darshan (Tamil actor)

2025-10-22T20:28:05Z

VictoriaCoward4: Created Some Data From Scratch

{{short description|Indian Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Darshan
| image = Darshan_(Tamil_actor).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Darshan in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|04|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Coonoor]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = CSI Bishop Appasamy College Of Arts And Science
| yearsactive = 2015 – present
| partner =
| other_names = Dharsan
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Darshan''' (born 29 April 1991)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-birthday-i-cooked-my-own-food-and-spent-time-by-myself-darshan/articleshow/75452721.cms|title=This birthday, I cooked my own food and spent time by myself: Darshan|work=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> is an Indian actor who appears in [[Tamil cinema]]. He made his breakthrough by playing the supporting role in ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kanaa/movie-review/67152622.cms|title=Kanaa Movie Review|work=Times of India|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> and played one of the leads in ''[[Thumbaa]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anirudh Ravichander signed as a guest composer for Darshan's next! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/anirudh-ravichander-signed-as-a-guest-composer-for-darshans-next-321943.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173647/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/anirudh-ravichander-signed-as-a-guest-composer-for-darshans-next-321943.htm |archive-date=2019-02-24 |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=in.com}}</ref> He is also the runner up of the comedy cooking show ''[[Cooku with Comali (season 3)]]''.

== Early life ==
Darshan was born on 29 April 1991 in [[Coonoor]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He later did his schooling at Stanes Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Coonoor, and went to CSI Bishop Appasamy College Of Arts And Science for his college. He later graduated from his studies and decided to go into the film industry full time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/dharshan-tamil-actor.html|title=Tamil actor Darshan life|work=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Darshan first made his lead debut under Sivakarthikeyan's productions banner called ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' playing a supporting role known as Murali Krishna which was directed by [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]. The film overall received a high positive feedback from critics, with Darshan citing Sivakarthikeyan as his mentor thereafter. After his debut, Darshan received an offer from director Harish Ram L. H to play the lead character in his [[adventure]] themed film ''[[Thumbaa]]''. Darshan later agreed to the offer and was cast in the lead along with [[Keerthi Pandian]] and [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]. In 2022, Darshan appeared as a contestant in the [[comedy]] television show called ''[[Cooku With Comali]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]] which also marked his television debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/darshan-goes-from-village-lad-to-city-boy/articleshow/67406554.cms|title=Darshan goes from village lad to city boy|work=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsbricks.com/entertainment/cook-with-comali-season-3-contestants-list-includes-roshni-and-darshan/63315|title=Cook With Comali Season 3 Contestants List Includes Roshni And Darshan|work=www.newsbricks.com|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fanaticbuff.com/thumbaa-actor-darshan-to-replace-the-role-of-ashwin-kumar-in-cooku-with-comali-3/|title=Thumbaa actor Darshan to replace the role of Ashwin Kumar in Cooku with Comali 3|work=fanaticbuff.com|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" |Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"|2015 || ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'' || Rajini Murugan's younger brother ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2018 || ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' || Murali Krishna ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2019 ||''[[Thumbaa]]'' || Hari ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Thunivu]]'' || Kavin
|
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Ayalaan]]'' || Train passenger || Cameo appearance in the song "Ayalaa Ayalaa"
|-
|2025
|''[[House Mates]]''
|N. Karthik
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-07-17 |title=Darshan Interview: Sivakarthikeyan was very excited about Housemates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Jul/17/darshan-interview-sivakarthikeyan-was-very-excited-about-housemates |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Other work===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" |Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"|2014 || ''Ennai Vidu'' ({{Translation|Let Me Go}}) || Yo Yo || short film
|-
| 2025 || '' Buddy'' || Madhi || music video
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Show !! class="unsortable" |Role !! class="unsortable" |Channel !! class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="1"|2022 || ''[[Cooku with Comali (season 3)]]'' || Contestant || [[Star Vijay]] || 1st Runner-up
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|2023 || ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champion]]'' || Guest || [[Star Vijay]] || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-dharshan-and-roshini-haripriyan-to-grace-reality-show-kpy-champions-4-as-guest-judges/articleshow/100499858.cms|title=Actors Dharshan and Roshini Haripriyan to grace reality show ‘KPY Champions 4’ as guest judges|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Cooku with Comali season 4|''Cooku with Comali (season 4)'']]
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Celebration round
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9860615}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darshan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]

National Highway 68 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-13T18:24:59Z

VictoriaCoward4: redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 79 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Ratnākara

2025-10-12T18:05:11Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added a entry initial version - done

{{Short description|9th-century Sanskrit poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
'''Ratnākara''' ({{fl|9th century CE}}) was a Sanskrit poet in premodern India. His [[magnum opus]], the ''[[Haravijaya]]'', containing 4,351 verses, is the longest extant ''[[mahākāvya]]''. His work has been praised in many Sanskrit anthologies and works on rhetorics.

== Life ==
Very little is known about Ratnākara's life.{{sfnm|Sharma|1990|1p=1|Pasedach|2017|2p=1}} He is referred to as a dependent of Bālabṛhaspati—generally assumed to be an epithet of [[Karkota dynasty#Cippatajayapida|Cippaṭajayāpīḍa]]—in the colophons of the ''Haravijaya'''s cantos. In the ''[[Prashasti|praśasti]]'' of the ''Haravijaya'' he speaks of himself as the son of Amṛtabhānu, a descendant of Durgadatta from Gangāhrada in the [[Himalayas]]. Kalhaṇa's ''[[Rajatarangini|Rājataraṅgiṇī]]'' lists him as one of the poets active at the court of [[Avantivarman of Kashmir|Avantivarman]] ({{reign|855|883|era=CE}}).{{sfn|Pasedach|2017|pp=1–3}}

== Works ==
=== ''Haravijaya'' ===
{{main|Haravijaya}}
The ''Haravijaya'', described as Ratnākara's magnum opus, is the longest extant Sanskrit ''mahākāvya'', containing a total of 4,351 verses in fifty ''sarga''s (cantos). The poem narrates [[Śiva]]'s victory over [[Andhaka]] and also describes Śiva's iconographic features and gives an exposition of Śaiva philosophy.{{Sfnm|Smith|1985|1p=3|Pasedach|2011|2pp=3–4|Pasedach|2017|3p=4}} Peter Pasedach lists three commentaries on the poem: ''Viṣamapadoddyotā'' by Alaka, ''Laghupañcikā'' by Ratnakaṇṭha, and ''Haravijayasāravivaraṇa'' by Utpala.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|pp=4–6}} An edition of the work was published in 1890, prepared by Pandit Durgaprasad and Kasinath Pandurang Parab for the Kāvyamālā series. Another edition of the text was prepared by Dr. Goparaju Rama for the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapitha Text Series and published in two volumes from 1982.{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|pp=7–9}}
* {{cite book |editor1=Pandit Durgaprasad |editor2=Kasinath Pandurang Parab| title=The Haravijaya of Rājānaka Ratnākara with the Commentary of Rājānaka Alaka |orig-date=1st pub. 1890 from Nirnaya Sagar Press|year=1982 |ref=none|publisher=Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan}}
* {{cite book |editor=Goparaju Rama |ref=none|title=Haravijayam by Rājānaka Ratnākara | publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan |year=1982}}

=== ''Vakroktipañcāśikā'' ===
{{Quote box
|quote = ''<poem>savyālambanam [savyālaṃ vanam] etad
adya bhavato niḥsneha muñcāmy aham
savyālaṃ vijahīhi sundari vanaṃ niḥsnehatā nāsti me
maivaṃ vakṣyasi kiṃ vanaṃ nanu jalaṃ mūrdhnā mayaivohyate
vakroktyeti himādrijām avacasaṃ kurvan haraḥ pātu vaḥ</poem>''

<poem>As of now, you heartless man, I give up being your left half! (... ''I give up the snake-filled forest!'')
Go ahead: give up the snake-filled forest, beautiful. I'm not heartless.
What forest? Don't speak like that! (''No! Are you carrying water?'')
Of course I carry water on my head.
May Śiva –
rendering the Daughter of the Snowy Mountain speechless by means of distortive talk (''vakrokti'') –
protect you.</poem>
|source = — ''Vakroktipañcāśikā'' 1, translated by Yigal Bronner and Lawrence McCrea{{sfn|Bronner|McCrea|2001|pp=440, 459}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|width=30%
}}

The ''Vakroktipañcāśikā'', possibly Ratnākara's only other preserved work, contains fifty verses of dialogue between Śiva and [[Pārvatī]], employing the device of ''vakrokti'' ("verbal distortion");{{sfnm|Smith|1985|1p=22|Pasedach|2011|2pp=2–3|Pasedach|2017|3p=8}} Yigal Bronner and Lawrence McCrea argue that Ratnākara may have invented this poetic device.<ref>{{harvnb|Bronner|McCrea|2001|pp=439–440}}: "It seems evident, then, that ''vakrokti'' suddenly gained prominence through Ratnākara's work. Indeed, it is worth entertaining the possibility that Ratnākara is not only the most celebrated ''vakrokti''-poet, but also the inventor of the device. The date of both putatively earlier examples is open to question. True, it is widely accepted that the Avantivarman named as a patron in some manuscripts of Viśākhadatta's play – whose benedictory distortive-talk verse was quoted above – is a late sixth-century king of Kanauj. Nevertheless, the fact that ''vakrokti'' first gains notice precisely at the court of the far more famous Avantivarman of Kashmir could indicate that he, in fact, is the patron named in the ''Mudrārākṣasa''. And, as already noted, the ascription of the above septet to Mayūra derives only from the late anthology ''Subhāṣitāvali''; such ascriptions are often unreliable. To summarize, while the data are inconclusive, it is at least possible that Ratnākara was the first to compose ''vakrokti'' verse and also the one who gave the device its name."</ref> Vallabhadeva has commented upon the work. An edition of the ''Vakroktipañcāśikā'', by Durgaprasad and Parab, including Vallabhadeva's commentary, was published in Number 1 of the Kāvyamālā Anthology series in 1886.{{sfnm|Pasedach|2011|1p=2|Pasedach|2017|2p=8}}
* {{cite book |editor1=Pandit Durgaprasad |editor2=Kasinath Pandurang Parab |title=Ratnākaraviracitā Vakroktipañcāśikā (Saṭīkā) |pages=101–114 |series=Kāvyamālā Anthology |volume=1 |orig-date=1st pub. 1886 from Nirnaya Sagar Press |year=1988 |ref=none |publisher=Chaukhamba Bharati Academy}}

=== Other works ===
The ''Ratnākarapurāṇa'', attributed to Ratnākara, is a now-lost chronicle of the kings of [[Kashmir]], covering two "gaps" in Kalhaṇa's ''Rājataraṅginī''.{{sfn|Pasedach|2017|p=8}} The ''Dhvanigāthāpañcikā'', dealing with Prakrit verses in [[Ānandavardhana]]'s ''Dhvanyāloka'', is sometimes attributed to Ratnākara. The identity of this work's author with the author of ''Haravijaya'' is "practically impossible", as it appears to be an abridged version of the relevant sections of the ''Locana'' of [[Abhinavagupta]], who lived after the author of the ''Haravijaya''.{{sfn|Pasedach|2017|pp=12–13}}

== Legacy ==
Ratnākara's work has been praised in many Sanskrit anthologies and works on rhetorics.<ref>{{harvnb|Pasedach|2017|p=5}}: "Ratnākara and his work found mention and praise in Sanskrit anthologies and
works of alaṃkāraśāstra. [...] See S. K. {{harvnb|Sharma|1990}}, Appendix II for a comprehensive list."</ref> The ''Haravijaya'' is also held in high esteem by modern Indian Sanskrit scholars. [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rājaśekhara]] complimented Ratnākara with the following verse:{{sfn|Pasedach|2011|pp=6–7}}
{{blockquote
|text=<poem>
''mā sma santi hi catvāraḥ prāyo ratnākarā ime''
''itīva sa kṛto dhātrā kavī ratnākaro ’paraḥ''
</poem>

<poem>Thinking the four oceans were not enough,
the creator
made another ocean,
the poet Ratnākara.</poem>
|multiline=yes
|title=''[[Sūktimuktāvalī]]'' 4.77
|source=translated by David Smith}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bronner |first1=Yigal |first2=Lawrence |last2=McCrea |year=2001 |title=The Poetics of Distortive Talk: Plot and Character in Ratnākara's "Fifty Verbal Perversions" (Vakroktipañcāśikā)
|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=435–464 |doi=10.1023/A:1013163426691}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Santosh Kumari |title=The Haravijaya of Ratnākara (A Criticism)|publisher=Bankey Bihari Prakashan |year=1990}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=David |title=Ratnākara's ''Haravijaya'': An Introduction to the Sanskrit Court Epic |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |isbn=0195617274}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Pasedach |first=Peter |date=2011 |title=The Haravijaya of Ratnākara and the Commentaries thereon by Utpala and Ratnakaṇṭha: Sargas 1 and 2 |url=https://muk.li/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/magisterarbeit.pdf |degree=MA |publisher=[[Universität Hamburg]] |docket= |access-date=1 September 2024}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Pasedach |first=Peter |date=2017 |title=''Bhagavatstutivarṇana'' or the Description of the Praise of the Divine: A Critical Edition of Text and Commentaries, and Annotated Translation of the Sixth Canto of Ratnākara's ''Haravijaya'' |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/8140/1/Dissertation.pdf |degree=PhD |publisher=Universität Hamburg |docket= |access-date=1 September 2024}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Epic poets]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian poets]]

A.I.SHA

2025-10-07T08:47:42Z

VictoriaCoward4: Added New Details - done

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = A.I.SHA- My Virtual Girlfriend.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Science fiction]] [[Drama]] [[thriller film|Thriller]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]]
| writer = [[Harman Singha]] [[Raghu Ram]] Shiv Singh
| screenplay = Abhash Singh (Dialogues)
| director = Sahir Raza Ajay Bhuyan (Season 3)
| cinematography = Sidhant Chowdhry (Season 3)
| starring = {{Plain list |
* [[Harman Singha]]
* [[Ruslaan Mumtaz]]
* [[Nimisha Mehta]]
* [[Raghu Ram]]
* [[Auritra Ghosh]]
* [[Flora Saini]]
* Adesh Sidhu
* [[Sameer Sharma]]
* [[Manav Kaul]]
* [[Rashi Mal]]
* [[Meherzan Mazda]]
* [[Aahana Kumra]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi (main language) English telugu (one season)
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 19
| producer = B. Saikumar Ravi Luthria [[Rajiv Laxman]] [[Raghu Ram]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Arre to launch new series 'A.I.SHA My Virtual Girlfriend'|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott-services/arre-to-launch-new-series-aisha-my-virtual-girlfriend-160405|website=www.indiantelevision.com|date=5 April 2016 |accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227195720/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/ott-services/arre-to-launch-new-series-aisha-my-virtual-girlfriend-160405|url-status=live}}</ref>
| editor = Abhimanyu Sengupta (Season 1) Shlok Bhandari (Season 2) Abhishek Shekhawat (Season 3)
| location = India, Mumbai
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|4|9}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2019|4|9}}
| channel = [[Arre (brand)]]
| image_alt =
| creator =
| list_episodes =
| network =
| released =
}}

'''''A.I.SHA My Virtual Girlfriend''''' is an Indian drama-mystery, digital science fiction thriller [[streaming television]] series by [[Arre (brand)|Arré]].<ref>{{cite web|title=6 'desi' web series that created a buzz in 2016|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/6-desi-web-series-that-created-a-buzz-in-2016/articleshow/56135800.cms|work=Economic Times|date=23 December 2016 |accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519110328/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/6-desi-web-series-that-created-a-buzz-in-2016/articleshow/56135800.cms|url-status=live |last1=Ray |first1=Anulekha }}</ref> The series revolves around the story of a relationship between Sam ([[Harman Singha]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet actor Harman Singha, VJ Rannvijay's younger brother|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/man-vs-machine/story-xVUPIZrwbqLpwux1u8hO7N.html|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-date=1 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601085258/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/man-vs-machine/story-xVUPIZrwbqLpwux1u8hO7N.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a genius app developer, and a woman. Only, the woman is the first-of-its-kind Artificial Intelligence Simulated Humanoid Assistant (A.I.SHA). Things take a turn for the worse when A.I.SHA ([[Nimisha Mehta]]) develops a mind of her own.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=A.I.SHA My Virtual Girlfriend|url=http://www.arre.co.in/series/a-i-sha-my-virtual-girlfriend/|website=www.arre.co.in|accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606121332/http://www.arre.co.in/series/a-i-sha-my-virtual-girlfriend/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A.I.SHA My Virtual Girlfriend & India's Online Serials|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/aisha-virtual-girlfriend|website=www.desiblitz.com/content|date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704164959/https://www.desiblitz.com/content/aisha-virtual-girlfriend|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first season consists of seven episodes. In July 2016, it was announced the series had been renewed for a second season <ref>{{cite web|title=Arré strengthens its content strategy|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2016/07/arre-strengthens-its-content-strategy/|website=bestmediainfo.com|access-date=2017-06-02|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234821/https://bestmediainfo.com/2016/07/arre-strengthens-its-content-strategy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arré's cult and award winning web series A.I.SHA My Virtual Girlfriend is back with a season two.|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/video-on-demand/second-season-of-aisha-my-virtual-girlfriend-to-launch-on-arr-170309|website=www.indiantelevision.com|date=9 March 2017 |access-date=2017-06-02|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312132120/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/video-on-demand/second-season-of-aisha-my-virtual-girlfriend-to-launch-on-arr-170309|url-status=live}}</ref> and premiered on 23 March 2017.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=India's answer to Black Mirror: A.I.SHA My Virtual Girlfriend is coming back for a second season|url=http://www.gizmodo.in/indiamodo/Indias-answer-to-Black-Mirror-A-I-SHA-My-Virtual-Girlfriend-is-coming-back-for-a-second-season/articleshow/57572255.cms|website=www.gizmodo.in|accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613222315/http://www.gizmodo.in/indiamodo/Indias-answer-to-Black-Mirror-A-I-SHA-My-Virtual-Girlfriend-is-coming-back-for-a-second-season/articleshow/57572255.cms|archive-date=13 June 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The First episode of the third season was premiered on 4 March 2019, and streamed on arre.co.in, the [[Arre (brand)|Arré]] app, and MX Player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arre.co.in/series/aisha-season-3|title=A.I.SHA My Virtual Girlfriend Season 3|website=Arre|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174840/https://www.arre.co.in/series/aisha-season-3/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

Sam is a 26-year-old genius app developer working at Future Lens. He is a loner, who falls hopelessly in love with a colleague Kriti ([[Auritra Ghosh]]), he can't bring himself to even talk to. Sid ([[Raghu Ram]]), his boss, is an out-and-out megalomaniac who makes Sam's life a living hell. With both his work and social life unsteady, Sam puts all his effort into the creation of a true artificial intelligence program, an autonomous virtual assistant whom he calls ‘Aisha’. He's out to prove to the world that he is the greatest Artificial Intelligence app developer but things take a turn for the worse when Siddhu, his only friend, threatens him about A.I.SHA ([[Nimisha Mehta]]) and everything hits rock bottom when AISHA falls madly in love with Sam.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Cast and characters==
* Harman Singha/[[Ruslaan Mumtaz]] as Sameer Luthra
* [[Nimisha Mehta]] as A.I.SHA
* [[Raghu Ram]] as Siddharth Babbar
*[[Aahana Kumra]] as Shivi Malhotra
* [[Auritra Ghosh]] as Kriti
* [[Flora Saini]] as Mariyam James
* Adesh Sidhu as Siddhu and Cyrus
* [[Sameer Sharma]] as Adil Sheikh
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Professor Kishore Saraswat
* [[Rashi Mal]] as Abby
* [[Meherzan Mazda]] as Faiz
* Bhavin Bhanushali as Rishi
* Aman Bhagat as Raj
* Nasir Abdullah as Kulkarni

==Reception==

The series has received critical acclaim for the authenticity is maintains when it comes to portraying cybercrime.

The second season premiered across Arre's Android and iOS app, on its website and its partner platforms including Facebook, YouTube, SonyLIV, YuppTV, Vodafone Play and now, even on a Jet Airways flight. A French TV channel TF1 Xtra has picked up the show and does frequent reruns. The show has also found a platform in Vodafone Play and Ola Play and has been translated into Tamil and Telugu to reach a wider audience.<ref name="auto2"/>

==Accolades==
A.I.SHA has won the best overall web series and best suspense/thriller at South Florida WebFest in Miami. The show had been selected from among a selected screening of the best 27 global web series and short films that were shortlisted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arré's AISHA My Virtual Girlfriend wins at WebFest|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/arres-aisha-my-virtual-girlfriend-wins-at-webfest-161208|website=www.indiantelevision.com|date=8 December 2016 |accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217192843/http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/arres-aisha-my-virtual-girlfriend-wins-at-webfest-161208|url-status=live}}</ref>

Arré's first web series A.I.SHA | My Virtual Girlfriend won five awards at the recently held LA Web Festival for Best Series, Best Editing, Best Direction, Best Actress and Best Overall Premise within the Drama Category, from among a selected shortlist of 35 web series across the world. The series was also nominated for Best Sound Design, Visual Effects, Outstanding Score, Cinematography, Supporting Actor, Best Actor and Writing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arres AISHA My Virtual Girlfriend wins 5 awards at LA Web Festival|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/arres-a.i.sha-%7C-my-virtual-girlfriend-wins-5-awards-at-la-web-festival-_68777.html|website=www.exchange4media.com|accessdate=2 June 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035615/http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/arres-a.i.sha-%7C-my-virtual-girlfriend-wins-5-awards-at-la-web-festival-_68777.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5745872}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2016 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Science fiction web series]]
[[Category:Mystery web series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

AR Murugadoss

2025-09-08T01:34:54Z

VictoriaCoward4: basic rework lead to improve readability also and added references as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[A. R. Murugadoss]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Meloram

2025-09-06T09:53:44Z

VictoriaCoward4:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Meloram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|34|22|N|76|56|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Meloram ''' is a village in [[Idukki district]] in [[India]]'s southwestern state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pincode.net.in/KERALA/IDUKKI/M/MELORAM |title=Details of Post Office MELORAM, IDUKKI |publisher=pincode.net.in |accessdate=6 September 2025}}</ref>

==Notable people==

* [[Siby Mathew Peedikayil]]: (1970) catholic [[bishop]] for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aitape]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}
[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}