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Dhalbhum subdivision

2026-05-06T04:14:39Z

Viads: created stub

{{About|the administrative subdivision in Jharkhand, India|1 its namesake community development block|Dhalbhumgarh block|2 the medieval historical region|Dhalbhum|3 its namesake village|Dhalbhumgarh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhalbhum subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = File:TATA Steel - panoramio (3).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Tata Steel in IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|46|10|N|86|10|49|E|region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|Purbi Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jamshedpur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1460.73
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1611702
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Most spoken language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhalbhum subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]] in the [[Kolhan division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==History==
Dhalbhum subdivision was created in 1920 with Jamshedpur as headquarters.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | work = Brief Summary of the District | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 29 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Administrative set up==
The district consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Subdivisions and blocks | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 29 December 2021}}</ref>

The subdivisions of Purbi Singhbhum district have the following distinctions:<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 29 December 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Subdivision||Headquarters|| Area km2|| Population (2011)||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|Dhalbhum ||[[Jamshedpur]]||1,460.73||1,611,702||27.53||72.47
|-
|[[Ghatshila subdivision|Ghatshila]]||[[Ghatshila]]||2,094.79||682,217||86.78||13.22
|-
|}
Note: Calculated on the basis of block-wise data available.

{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=420| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page) M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|4|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|39|40|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

==Police stations==
Police stations in the Dhalbhum subdivision are at:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – east-singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 30 December 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>
# [[Bagbera Colony#Civic administration|Bagbera]]
# [[Birsanagar#Civic administration|Birsanagar]]
# [[Bistupur#Civic administration|Bistupur]]
# [[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum#Civic administration|Boram]]
# [[Chhota Gobindpur#Civic administration|Govindpur]]
# [[Jugsalai#Civic administration|Jugsalai]]
# [[Kadma (Jamshedpur)#Civic administration|Kadma]]
# [[Mango (Jamshedpur)#Civic administration|Mango]]
# [[Patamda#Civic administration|Patamda]]
# [[Potka#Civic administration|Potka]]
# [[Parsudih#Civic administration|Parsudih]]
# [[Sakchi#Civic administration|Sakchi]]
# Azadnagar
# Burmamines
# Golmuri
# Kamalpur
# Olidih
# Sidhagora
# Sitaramdera
# Sonari
# Sundarnagar
# Sspur
#Telco

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in the Dhalbhum subdivision are:<ref name=census2011/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2||Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block|Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai]]||[[Jugsalai]]||246.61||355,372||3.10||28.91||79.00|| [[Tata Nagar Railway Colony]] (OG), [[Bagbera Colony|Bagbera]], [[Haludbani]], [[Sarjamda]], [[Gadhra]], [[Chhota Gobindpur]], [[Ghorabandha]], [[Purihasa]]
|-
|[[Patamda block|Patamada]]||[[Patamda]]||267.03||82,876||5.85||39.94||59.37|| -
|-
|[[Boram block|Boram]]||[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum|Boram]]||244.41||69,013||4.71||42.23||58.02|| -
|-
|[[Potka block|Potka]]||[[Potka]]||582.14||199,612||3.89||52.45||64.09||[[Haludpukur]]
|}

==Education==
In 2011, in Dhalbhum subdivision out of a total 523 inhabited villages in 4 CD blocks there were 38 villages with pre-primary schools, 479 villages with primary schools, 95 villages with middle schools, 40 villages with secondary schools, 5 villages with senior secondary schools, 44 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-778, 867-868|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>

The 3 statutory towns (Jamshedpur, Mango, Jugsalai) had 329 primary schools, 401 middle schools, 105 secondary schools, 16 senior secondary schools and 9 general degree colleges. 7 census towns had 84 primary schools, 38 middle schools, 23 secondary schools, 6 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. (Census towns are normally considered to be a part of the CD block but it is not clear where these are being considered here).<ref name=directory/>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand.

===Educational institutions===
The following institutions are located in Dhalbhum subdivision:

*[[National Metallurgical Laboratory]], a premier research organization, was established at [[Jamshedpur]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nmlindia.org | title = National Metallurgical Laboratory | publisher = NML | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*[[XLRI – Xavier School of Management]], the oldest business school in the country, was established at Jamshedpur in 1949.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.xlri.ac.in | title = XLRI | publisher = XLRI | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*[[Jamshedpur Women's College]] was established at Jamshedpur in 1953.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jsrwomenscollege.ac.in| title = Jamshedpur Women's College | publisher = JWC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*[[Jamshedpur Co-operative College]] was established at Jamshedpur in 1954.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cooperativecollegejsr.ac.in | title = Jamshedpur Co-operative College | publisher = JCC | access-date =30 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.shiksha.com/college/jamshedpur-co-operative-college-72427| title = Jamshedpur Cooperative College | publisher = Shiksha | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*Jamshedpur Worker's College was established at [[Mango (Jamshedpur)|Mango]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jwcmango.ac.in | title = Jamshedpur Workers’ College | publisher = JWC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*Karim City College, Jamshedpur was established at Jamshedpur in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://karimcitycollege.ac.in | title = Karim City College | publisher = KCC| access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*The Graduate School College for Women, Jamshedpur was established at Jamshedpur in 1971.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.graduatecollege.ac.in | title = The Graduate School College for Girls | publisher = GSCW | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial College was established at Jamshedpur in 1971.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://lbsmcollegejsr.com| title = Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial College| publisher = LBSMC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*J. K. S. College, Jamshedpur was established at Jamshedpur in 1979.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jkscollege.ac.in | title = J.K.S. College, Jamshedpur | publisher = JKSC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*Patamda Degree College was established at [[Patamda]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pdcjpatamda.in | title = Patamda Degree College | publisher = PDC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*Jamshedpur Cooperative Law College was established at Jamshedpur in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/jamshedpur-co-operative-law-college-jamshedpur |title = Jamshedpur Cooperative Law College, Jamshedpur | publisher = IndCareer| access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*Loyola College of Education was established at Jamshedpur in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://collegedunia.com/college/21240-loyola-college-of-education-jamshedpur |title = Loyola College of Education |publisher = collegeduniya |access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>

(Information about degree colleges in the subdivision with proper reference may be added here)

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in Dhalbhum subdivision, in the 4 CD blocks, there were 6 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 55 villages with primary health subcentres, 15 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 4 villages with allopathic hospitals, 7 villages with dispensaries, 7 villages with family welfare centres, 20 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>

The 3 statutory towns in the subdivision had 29 hospitals, 43 nursing homes, 148 health centres, 148 dispensaries, 15 maternity and child welfare centres, 17 family welfare centres, 1,123 medicine shops. 7 census towns had 31 hospitals, 34 nursing homes, 30 dispensaries, 66 maternity and child welfare centres, 33 medicine shops. (Census towns are normally considered to be a part of the CD block but it is not clear where these are being considered here).
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

===Medical facilities===
* Tata Main Hospital, with 914 beds, was established at Jamshedpur in 1908.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.tatamainhospital.com/corporate/overview.aspx| title = Tata Main Hospital | publisher = TMH | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur]], was established at Jamshedpur in 1961. It has 540 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mgmmedicalcollege.org| title = MGM Medical College and Hospital | publisher = MGMMC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>

(Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Palam Village

2026-05-03T11:36:27Z

Viads: adding new place - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_name = [[India]] {{flagicon|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5611674|N|77.1217546|E}}
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label = Palam
}}

'''Palam''' is a historical village near [[Palam]] in [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=R. v |date=2020-02-17 |title=The story of Palam, Delhi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/on-delhis-palam-village/article30840727.ece |access-date=2022-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PALAM VILLAGE Pin Code - 110045 New Delhi All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search SOUTH WEST DELHI Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/delhi/south-west-delhi/palam-village-pincode-110045.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palam Village: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Palam Village {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/palam-village |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palam Village Pin Code, Palam Village, South West Delhi Map, Latitude and Longitude, Delhi |url=https://indiamapia.com/South_West_Delhi/Palam_Village.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=indiamapia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Geography of Delhi]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

List of acts of the Parliament of India

2026-04-30T02:59:16Z

Viads: New - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date= April 2026}}

{{Update|date=February 2026|reason=According to [https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/acts-and-policies/list-of-central-acts-alphabetical-chronological-gzN0EjMtQWa?pageTitle=List-of-Central-Acts-Alphabetical-/-Chronological Legislative Department, Ministry of Law & Justice] there are 859 Act inclusive of spent one's.}}{{complete list|date=April 2026}}

This is a chronological and complete list of [[Act of Parliament|acts]] passed before 1861, by the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] between 1861 and 1947, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] between 1947 and 1949, the Provisional Parliament between 1949 and 1952, and the [[Parliament of India]] since 1952. Apart from Finance Act, there are 859 Central Acts which are still in force as on date (including 845 Acts and 14 Spent Acts). Several of these Acts have been amended from time to time. The list of Acts which are in force have been taken from the website of Ministry of Law and Justice and India Code.

== List of acts==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header"
! style="width:20em;"| Name of the act
! style="width:5em;" | Year
! style="width:6em;" | Act Number
|-
| Bengal Indigo Contracts Act
| 1836
| 10
|-
| Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act
| 1838
| 5
|-
| Madras Rent and Revenue Sale Act
| 1839
| 7
|-
| Revenue Bombay Act
| 1842
| 13
|-
| Revenue Commissioners, Bombay Act
| 1842
| 17
|-
| Boundary-marks, Bombay Act
| 1846
| 3
|-
| Bengal Land holders' Attendance Act
| 1848
| 20
|-
| Madras Revenue Commissioner Act
| 1849
| 10
|-
| Forfeited Deposits Act
| 1850
| 25
|-
| Improvements in Town Act
| 1850
| 26
|-
| Indian Tolls Act
| 1851
| 8
|-
| Madras City Land Revenue Act
| 1851
| 12
|-
| Bombay Rent-free Estates Act
| 1852
| 11
|-
| Extending Certain Act
| 1852
| 14
|-
| Rent Recovery Act
| 1853
| 6
|-
| [[The Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853|Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act]]
| 1853
| 11
|-
| Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act
| 1854
| 5
|-
| Police Agra
| 1854
| 16
|-
| Legal Representatives' Suits Act
| 1855
| 12
|-
| Fatal Accidents Act
| 1855
| 13
|-
| Bengal Embankment Act
| 1855
| 32
|-
| Calcutta Land-revenue Act
| 1856
| 18
|-
| Tobacco Duty (Town of Bombay) Act
| 1857
| 4
|-
| Bengal Ghatwali Lands Act
| 1859
| 5
|-
| Bengal Land-revenue Sales Act
| 1859
| 11
|-
| Madras District Police Act
| 1859
| 24
|-
| [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Societies Registration Act]]
| 1860
| 21
|-
| [[Police Act, 1861|Police Act]]
| 1861
| 5
|-
| Stage-Carriages Act
| 1861
| 16
|-
| Partition of Revenue-paying Estates Act
| 1863
| 19
|-
| Religious Endowments Act
| 1863
| 20
|-
| Waste-Lands (Claims) Act
| 1863
| 23
|-
| Indian Tolls Act
| 1864
| 15
|-
| Public Gambling Act
| 1867
| 3
|-
| Sarais Act
| 1867
| 22
|-
| Oudh Estates Act
| 1869
| 1
|-
| Divorce Act
| 1869
| 4
|-
| Bombay Civil Courts Act
| 1869
| 14
|-
| Court Fees Act
| 1870
| 7
|-
| Oudh Taluqdars’ Relief Act
| 1870
| 24
|-
| Cattle-Trespass Act
| 1871
| 1
|-
| Dehra Dun
| 1871
| 21
|-
| Pensions Act
| 1871
| 23
|-
| Punjab Laws Act
| 1872
| 4
|-
| [[Indian Contract Act, 1872|Indian Contract Act]]
| 1872
| 9
|-
| [[Indian Christian Marriage Act]]
| 1872
| 15
|-
| Madras Civil Courts Act
| 1873
| 3
|-
| Government Savings Banks Act
| 1873
| 5
|-
| Northern India Canal and Drainage Act
| 1873
| 8
|-
| Married Women's Property Act
| 1874
| 3
|-
| Laws Local Extent Act
| 1874
| 15
|-
| [[Majority Act (India)|Majority Act]]
| 1875
| 9
|-
| Chota Nagpur Encumbered Estates Act
| 1876
| 6
|-
| Bombay Revenue Jurisdiction Act
| 1876
| 10
|-
| Oudh Laws Act
| 1876
| 18
|-
| Broach and Kaira Incumbered Estates Act
| 1877
| 14
|-
| [[Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878|Indian Treasure Trove Act]]
| 1878
| 6
|-
| Northern India Ferries Act
| 1878
| 17
|-
| Dekkhan Agriculturists’ Relief Act
| 1879
| 17
|-
| [[Legal Practitioners Act 1879|Legal Practitioners Act]]
| 1879
| 18
|-
| Religious Societies Act
| 1880
| 1
|-
| Kazis Act
| 1880
| 12
|-
| Central Provinces Land-revenue Act
| 1881
| 18
|-
| [[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881|Negotiable Instruments Act]]
| 1881
| 26
|-
| [[Indian Trusts Act, 1882|Indian Trusts Act]]
| 1882
| 2
|-
| [[Transfer of Property Act, 1882|Transfer of Property Act]]
| 1882
| 4
|-
| Indian Easements Act
| 1882
| 5
|-
| Powers-of-Attorney Act
| 1882
| 7
|-
| Presidency Small Cause Courts Act
| 1882
| 15
|-
| Land Improvement Loans Act
| 1883
| 19
|-
| Punjab District Boards Act
| 1883
| 20
|-
| Explosives Act
| 1884
| 4
|-
| Agriculturists' Loans Act
| 1884
| 12
|-
| Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act
| 1886
| 6
|-
| Deo Estate
| 1886
| 9
|-
| Suits Valuation Act
| 1887
| 7
|-
| Provincial Small Cause Courts Act
| 1887
| 9
|-
| Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act
| 1887
| 12
|-
| Punjab Tenancy Act
| 1887
| 16
|-
| Punjab Land-revenue Act
| 1887
| 17
|-
| King of Oudh's Estate Act
| 1887
| 19
|-
| Indian Reserve Forces Act
| 1888
| 4
|-
| City of Bombay Municipal (Supplementary) Act
| 1888
| 12
|-
| King of Oudh's Estate Act
| 1888
| 14
|-
| Revenue Recovery Act
| 1890
| 1
|-
| Charitable Endowments Act
| 1890
| 6
|-
| Guardians and Wards Act
| 1890
| 8
|-
| North-Western Provinces and Oudh Act
| 1890
| 20
|-
| Easements (Extending Act V of 1882)
| 1891
| 8
|-
| Moorshedabad Act
| 1891
| 15
|-
| [[Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891|Bankers Books Evidence Act]]
| 1891
| 18
|-
| Bengal Military Police Act
| 1892
| 5
|-
| Madras City Civil Court Act
| 1892
| 7
|-
| Partition Act
| 1893
| 4
|-
| Sir Dinshaw Maneckjee Petit Act
| 1893
| 6
|-
| Prisons Act
| 1894
| 9
|-
| [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897|Epidemic Disease Act]]
| 1897
| 3
|-
| General Clauses Act
| 1897
| 10
|-
| Live-stock Importation Act
| 1898
| 9
|-
| Central Provinces Tenancy Act
| 1898
| 11
|-
| [[Indian Stamp Act, 1899|Indian Stamp Act]]
| 1899
| 2
|-
| Government Buildings Act
| 1899
| 4
|-
| Central Provinces Court of Wards Act
| 1899
| 24
|-
| Prisoners Act
| 1900
| 3
|-
| [[Indian Tolls (Army & Air Force) Act, 1901|Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act]]
| | 1901
| | 2
|-
| Works of Defence Act
| | 1903
| | 7
|-
| Victoria Memorial Act
| | 1903
| | 10
|-
| [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904|Ancient Monuments Preservation Act]]
| | 1904
| | 7
|-
| [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|Code of Civil Procedures]]
| | 1908
| | 5
|-
| Explosive Substances Act
| | 1908
| | 6
|-
| Central Provinces Financial Commissioner’s Act
| | 1908
| | 13
|-
| Indian Ports Act
| | 1908
| | 15
|-
| Registration Act
| | 1908
| | 16
|-
| Presidency Towns Insolvency Act
| | 1909
| | 3
|-
| [[Anand Marriage Act, 1909|Anand Marriage Act]]
| | 1909
| | 7
|-
| Indian Museum Act
| | 1910
| | 10
|-
| Co-operative Societies Act
| | 1912
| | 2
|-
| Official Trusteers Act
| | 1913
| | 2
|-
| White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act
| | 1913
| | 5
|-
| Destructive Insects and Pests Act
| | 1914
| | 2
|-
| Local Authorities Loans Act
| | 1914
| | 9
|-
| Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Baronetcy Act
| | 1915
| | 10
|-
| [[Banaras Hindu University Act, 1915|Banaras Hindu University Act]]
| | 1915
| | 16
|-
| Hindu Disposition of Property Act
| | 1916
| | 15
|-
| Destruction of Records Act
| | 1917
| | 5
|-
| King of Oudh's Estate Validation Act
| | 1917
| | 12
|-
| Post Office Cash Certificates Act
| | 1917
| | 18
|-
| Usurious Loans Act
| | 1918
| | 10
|-
| Poisons Act
| | 1919
| | 12
|-
| Calcutta High Court (Jurisdictional Limits) Act
| | 1919
| | 15
|-
| Provisional Insolvency Act
| | 1920
| | 5
|-
| Charitable and Religious Trusts Act
| | 1920
| | 14
|-
| Indian Red Cross Society Act
| | 1920
| | 15
|-
| [[Aligarh Muslim University Act]]
| | 1920
| | 40
|-
| Maintenance Orders Enforcement Act
| | 1921
| | 18
|-
| Delhi University Act
| | 1922
| | 8
|-
| Indian Naval Armament Act
| | 1923
| | 7
|-
| [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Official Secrets Act]]
| | 1923
| | 19
|-
| Indian Soldiers (Litigation) Act
| | 1925
| | 4
|-
| Provident Funds Act
| | 1925
| | 19
|-
| Sikh Gurudwaras (Supplementary) Act
| | 1925
| | 24
|-
| Madras, Bengal and Bombay Children (Supplementary) Act
| | 1925
| | 35
|-
| Indian Succession Act
| | 1925
| | 39
|-
| [[Indian Forest Act, 1927|Indian Forest Act]]
| | 1927
| | 16
|-
| [[Sale of Goods Act, 1930|Sale of Goods Act]]
| | 1930
| | 3
|-
| Hindu Gains of Learning Act
| | 1930
| | 30
|-
| [[The Indian Partnership Act, 1932|Indian Partnership Act]]
| | 1932
| | 9
|-
| Murshidabad Estate Administration Act
| | 1933
| | 23
|-
| [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|Reserve Bank of India Act]]
| | 1934
| | 2
|-
| Petroleum Act
| | 1934
| | 30
|-
| [[Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936|Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act]]
| | 1936
| | 3
|-
| Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act
| | 1937
| | 1
|-
| [[The Arya Marriage Validation Act, 1937|Arya Marriage Validation Act]]
| | 1937
| | 19
|-
| [[Muslim personal law|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act]]
| | 1937
| | 26
|-
| [[Insurance Act, 1938|Insurance Act]]
| | 1938
| | 4
|-
| Manoeuvres, Field Firing and Artillery Practice Act
| | 1938
| | 5
|-
| Cutchi Memons Act
| | 1938
| | 10
|-
| [[Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939|Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act]]
| | 1939
| | 8
|-
| Commercial Documents Evidence Act
| | 1939
| | 30
|-
| [[Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940|Drugs and Cosmetics Act]]
| | 1940
| | 23
|-
| Coffee Act
| | 1942
| | 7
|-
| Reciprocity Act
| | 1943
| | 9
|-
| Central Excise Act
| | 1944
| | 1
|-
| [[Public Debt Act, 1944|Public Debt Act]]
| | 1944
| | 18
|-
| International Monetary Fund and Bank Act
| | 1945
| | 47
|-
| Delhi Special Police Establishment Act
| | 1946
| | 25
|-
| Armed Forces (Emergency Duties) Act
| | 1947
| | 15
|-
| Rubber Act
| | 1947
| | 24
|-
| United Nations (Security Council) Act
| | 1947
| | 43
|-
| United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act
| | 1947
| | 46
|-
| Indian Nursing Council Act
| | 1947
| | 48
|-
| Pharmacy Act
| | 1948
| | 8
|-
| Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act
| | 1948
| | 9
|-
| Rehabilitation Finance Administration Act
| | 1948
| | 12
|-
| [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] Act
| | 1948
| | 14
|-
| [[Dentists Act, 1948|Dentists Act]]
| | 1948
| | 16
|-
| National Cadet Corps Act
| | 1948
| | 31
|-
| Calcutta Port (Pilotage) Act
| | 1948
| | 33
|-
| Census Act
| | 1948
| | 37
|-
| Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) Act
| | 1948
| | 41
|-
| Coal Mines Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act
| | 1948
| | 46
|-
| Oil Fields (Regulation and Development) Act
| | 1948
| | 53
|-
| Territorial Army Act
| | 1948
| | 56
|-
| Central Silk Board Act
| | 1948
| | 61
|-
| Reserve Bank (Transfer of Public Ownership) Act
| | 1948
| | 62
|-
| Delhi and Ajmer-Merwara Land Development Act
| | 1948
| | 66
|-
| Mangrol and Manavadar (Administration of Property)
| | 1949
| | 2
|-
| Scheduled Securities (Hyderabad) Act
| | 1949
| | 7
|-
| Seaward Artillery Practice Act
| | 1949
| | 8
|-
| [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949|Banking Regulation Act]]
| | 1949
| | 10
|-
| West Godavari District (Assimilation of Laws on Federal Subjects) Act
| | 1949
| | 20
|-
| [[Chartered Accountants Act, 1949|Chartered Accountants Act]]
| | 1949
| | 38
|-
| Industrial Disputes (Banking and Insurance Companies) Act
| | 1949
| | 54
|-
| Police Act
| | 1949
| | 64
|-
| Central Reserve Police Force Act
| | 1949
| | 66
|-
| High Courts (Seals) Act
| | 1950
| | 7
|-
| Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act
| | 1950
| | 10
|-
| [[Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950|Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act]]
| | 1950
| | 12
|-
| Special Criminal Courts (Jurisdiction) Act
| | 1950
| | 18
|-
| Transfer of Prisoners Act
| | 1950
| | 29
|-
| Union Territories (Laws) Act
| | 1950
| | 30
|-
| Army and Air Force (Disposal of Private Property) Act
| | 1950
| | 40
|-
| Ajmer Tenancy and Land Records Act
| | 1950
| | 42
|-
| Representation of the People Act
| | 1950
| | 43
|-
| Air Force Act
| | 1950
| | 45
|-
| [[Army Act, 1950|Army Act]]
| | 1950
| | 46
|-
| Contingency Fund of India Act
| | 1950
| | 49
|-
| Road Transport Corporations Act
| | 1950
| | 64
|-
| Khaddar (Protection of Name) Act
| | 1950
| | 78
|-
| Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act
| | 1951
| | 25
|-
| Visva-Bharati Act
| | 1951
| | 29
|-
| President's Emoluments and Pension Act
| | 1951
| | 30
|-
| Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act
| | 1951
| | 33
|-
| Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act
| | 1951
| | 37
|-
| Marking of Heavy Packages Act
| | 1951
| | 39
|-
| Rajghat Samadhi Act
| | 1951
| | 41
|-
| [[Representation of the People Act, 1951|Representation of the People Act]]
| | 1951
| | 43
|-
| Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act
| | 1951
| | 47
|-
| Companies (Donations to National Funds) Act
| | 1951
| | 54
|-
| [[All India Services Act]]
| | 1951
| | 61
|-
| State Financial Corporations Act
| | 1951
| | 63
|-
| Industries (Development and Regulation) Act
| | 1951
| | 65
|-
| Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act
| | 1952
| | 19
|-
| Inflammable Substances Act
| | 1952
| | 20
|-
| Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act
| | 1952
| | 30
|-
| Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act
| | 1952
| | 31
|-
| Cinematograph Act
| | 1952
| | 37
|-
| Notaries Act
| | 1952
| | 53
|-
| Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act
| | 1952
| | 58
|-
| Commissions of Inquiry Act
| | 1952
| | 60
|-
| Reserve and Auxiliary Air Forces Act
| | 1952
| | 62
|-
| State Armed Police Forces (Extension of Laws) Act
| | 1952
| | 63
|-
| Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act
| | 1952
| | 74
|-
| Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act
| | 1953
| | 16
|-
| Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament Act
| | 1953
| | 20
|-
| Tea Act
| | 1953
| | 29
|-
| [[Andhra State Act, 1953|Andhra State Act]]
| | 1953
| | 30
|-
| Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act
| | 1953
| | 41
|-
| Coir Industry Act
| | 1953
| | 45
|-
| Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act
| | 1954
| | 18
|-
| [[Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954|Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act]]
| | 1954
| | 21
|-
| Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act
| | 1954
| | 27
|-
| High Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act
| | 1954
| | 28
|-
| Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act
| | 1954
| | 30
|-
| Shillong (Rifle Range and Umlong) Cantonments Assimilation of Laws Act
| | 1954
| | 31
|-
| Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act
| | 1954
| | 32
|-
| [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]]
| | 1954
| | 43
|-
| [[Essential Commodities Act, 1955|Essential Commodities Act]]
| | 1955
| | 10
|-
| Protection of Civil Rights Act
| | 1955
| | 22
|-
| State Bank of India Act
| | 1955
| | 23
|-
| [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu Marriage Act]]
| | 1955
| | 25
|-
| Prisoners (Attendance in Courts) Act
| | 1955
| | 32
|-
| Durgah Khawaja Saheb Act
| | 1955
| | 36
|-
| Prize Competitions Act
| | 1955
| | 42
|-
| Manipur (Courts) Act
| | 1955
| | 56
|-
| [[Citizenship Act, 1955|Citizenship Act]]
| | 1955
| | 57
|-
| [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956|University Grants Commission Act]]
| | 1956
| | 3
|-
| All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Act
| | 1956
| | 25
|-
| [[Hindu Succession Act, 1956|Hindu Succession Act]]
| | 1956
| | 30
|-
| Life Insurance Corporation Act
| | 1956
| | 31
|-
| [[Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956|Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act]]
| | 1956
| | 32
|-
| [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956|Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
| | 1956
| | 33
|-
| [[States Reorganisation Act]]
| | 1956
| | 37
|-
| Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act
| | 1956
| | 40
|-
| Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act
| | 1956
| | 42
|-
| National Highways Act
| | 1956
| | 48
|-
| River Boards Act
| | 1956
| | 49
|-
| Lok Sahayak Sena Act
| | 1956
| | 53
|-
| Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act
| | 1956
| | 55
|-
| Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act
| | 1956
| | 61
|-
| Jammu and Kashmir (Extension of Laws) Act
| | 1956
| | 62
|-
| Central Sales Tax Act
| | 1956
| | 74
|-
| [[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956|Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act]]
| | 1956
| | 78
|-
| Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act
| | 1956
| | 80
|-
| Faridabad Development Corporation Act
| | 1956
| | 90
|-
| Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act
| | 1956
| | 96
|-
| Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act
| | 1956
| | 104
|-
| Women's and Children's Institutions (Licensing) Act
| | 1956
| | 105
|-
| [[Copyright Act, 1957|Copyright Act]]
| | 1957
| | 14
|-
| Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act
| | 1957
| | 20
|-
| Railway Protection Force Act
| | 1957
| | 23
|-
| [[Wealth Tax Act, 1957|Wealth-Tax Act]]
| | 1957
| | 27
|-
| Inter-State Corporation Act
| | 1957
| | 38
|-
| Naga Hills-Tuensang Area Act
| | 1957
| | 42
|-
| Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act
| | 1957
| | 44
|-
| Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act
| | 1957
| | 46
|-
| Delhi Development Act
| | 1957
| | 61
|-
| Navy Act
| | 1957
| | 62
|-
| Delhi Municipal Corporation Act
| | 1957
| | 66
|-
| [[Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957|Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act]]
| | 1957
| | 67
|-
| [[Gift Tax Act, 1958|Gift-tax Act]]
| | 1958
| | 18
|-
| Probation of Offenders Act
| | 1958
| | 20
|-
| [[Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958|Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act]]
| | 1958
| | 24
|-
| [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]]
| | 1958
| | 28
|-
| Sugar Export Promotion Act
| | 1958
| | 30
|-
| Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act
| | 1958
| | 41
|-
| International Finance Corporation (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act
| | 1958
| | 42
|-
| Orissa Weights and Measures (Delhi Repeal) Act
| | 1958
| | 57
|-
| Delhi Rent Control Act
| | 1958
| | 59
|-
| Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act
| | 1959
| | 10
|-
| Cost Accountants Act
| | 1959
| | 23
|-
| Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act
| | 1959
| | 47
|-
| Arms Act (India)|[[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]]
| | 1959
| | 54
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act, 1959|Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act]]
| | 1959
| | 56
|-
| Indian Statistical Institute Act
| | 1959
| | 57
|-
| Geneva Conventions Act
| | 1960
| | 6
|-
| Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act
| | 1960
| | 10
|-
| Bombay Reorganisation Act
| | 1960
| | 11
|-
| Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act
| | 1960
| | 24
|-
| International Development Association (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act
| | 1960
| | 32
|-
| Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act
| | 1960
| | 33
|-
| Delhi Primary Education Act
| | 1960
| | 39
|-
| Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act
| | 1960
| | 43
|--
|[[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]]
| | 1960
| | 59
|-
| Preference Shares (Regulation of Dividend) Act
| | 1960
| | 63
|-
| Acquired Territories (Merger) Act
| | 1960
| | 64
|-
| Advocates Act
| | 1961
| | 25
|-
| Salar Jung Museum Act
| | 1961
| | 26
|-
| [[Dowry Prohibition Act]]
| | 1961
| | 28
|-
| Delhi (Urban Areas) Tenants' Relief Act
| | 1961
| | 30
|-
| Union Territories (Stamp and Court-fees Laws) Act
| | 1961
| | 33
|-
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli Act
| | 1961
| | 35
|-
| Voluntary Surrender of Salaries (Exemption from Taxation) Act
| | 1961
| | 46
|-
| Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act
| | 1961
| | 47
|-
| Apprentices Act
| | 1961
| | 52
|-
| Institutes of Technology Act
| | 1961
| | 59
|-
| Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Act
| | 1962
| | 1
|-
| Hindi Sahitya Sammelan Act
| | 1962
| | 13
|-
| National Co-operative Development Corporation Act
| | 1962
| | 26
|-
| State of Nagaland Act
| | 1962
| | 27
|-
| Atomic Energy Act
| | 1962
| | 33
|-
| Extradition Act
| | 1962
| | 34
|-
| Foreigners Law (Application and Amendment) Act
| | 1962
| | 42
|-
| Pondicherry (Administration) Act
| | 1962
| | 49
|-
| Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines (Acquisition of Right of User in Land) Act
| | 1962
| | 50
|-
| Customs Act
| | 1962
| | 52
|-
| Manipur (Sales of Motor Spirit and Lubricants) Taxation Act
| | 1962
| | 55
|-
| State Associated Banks (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act
| | 1962
| | 56
|-
| Delhi Motor Vehicles Taxation Act
| | 1962
| | 57
|-
| Warehousing Corporations Act
| | 1962
| | 58
|-
| Marine Insurance Act
| | 1963
| | 11
|-
| [[Official Languages Act, 1963|Official Languages Act]]
| | 1963
| | 19
|-
| Government of Union Territories Act
| | 1963
| | 20
|-
| Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act
| | 1963
| | 22
|-
| Limitation Act ([[Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act]])
| | 1963
| | 36
|-
| Textiles Committee Act
| | 1963
| | 41
|-
| Administrators-General Act
| | 1963
| | 45
|-
| [[Specific Relief Act 1963|Specific Relief Act]]
| | 1963
| | 47
|-
| [[Central Board of Revenue Act|Central Boards of Revenue Act]]
| | 1963
| | 54
|-
| Companies (Profits) Surtax Act
| | 1964
| | 7
|-
| Taxation Laws (Continuation and Validation of Recovery Proceedings) Act
| | 1964
| | 11
|-
| Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Act
| | 1964
| | 14
|-
| Legal Tender (Inscribed Notes) Act
| | 1964
| | 28
|-
| Food Corporation of India Act
| | 1964
| | 37
|-
| Warehousing Corporations (Supplementary) Act
| | 1965
| | 20
|-
| Goa, Daman and Diu (Extension of the Code of Civil Procedure and the Arbitration Act) Act
| | 1965
| | 30
|-
| Railways Employment of Members of the Armed Forces Act
| | 1965
| | 40
|-
| Cardamom Act
| | 1965
| | 42
|-
| Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act
| | 1965
| | 49
|-
| Seamen's Provident Fund Act
| | 1966
| | 4
|-
| Asian Development Bank Act
| | 1966
| | 18
|-
| Delhi High Court Act
| | 1966
| | 26
|-
| Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act
| | 1966
| | 29
|-
| [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|Punjab Reorganisation Act]]
| | 1966
| | 31
|-
| Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act
| | 1966
| | 33
|-
| Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Act
| | 1966
| | 51
|-
| Jawaharlal Nehru University Act
| | 1966
| | 53
|-
| Seeds Act
| | 1966
| | 54
|-
| Land Acquisition (Amendment and Validation) Act
| | 1967
| | 13
|-
| [[Passports Act]]
| | 1967
| | 15
|-
| [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967|Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]]
| | 1967
| | 37
|-
| Jammu and Kashmir Representation of the People (Supplementary) Act
| | 1968
| | 3
|-
| Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act
| | 1968
| | 24
|-
| Central Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act
| | 1968
| | 25
|-
| Pondicherry (Extension of Laws) Act
| | 1968
| | 26
|-
| Civil Defence Act
| | 1968
| | 27
|-
| [[Enemy Property Act, 1968|Enemy Property Act]]
| | 1968
| | 34
|-
| Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act
| | 1968
| | 36
|-
| Insecticides Act
| | 1968
| | 46
|-
| Border Security Force Act
| | 1968
| | 47
|-
| [[Central Industrial Security Force Act]]
| | 1968
| | 50
|-
| Judges (Inquiry) Act
| | 1968
| | 51
|-
| Legislative Assembly of Nagaland (Change in Representation) Act
| | 1968
| | 61
|-
| President (Discharge of Functions) Act
| | 1969
| | 16
|-
| [[The Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969|Registration of Births and Deaths Act]]
| | 1969
| | 18
|-
| Union Territories (Separation of Judicial and Executive Functions) Act
| | 1969
| | 19
|-
| [[Foreign Marriage Act, 1969|Foreign Marriage Act]]
| | 1969
| | 33
|-
| Bihar Land Reforms Laws (Regulating Mines and Minerals) Validation Act
| | 1969
| | 42
|-
| Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Act
| | 1969
| | 43
|-
| Oaths Act
| | 1969
| | 44
|-
| Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act
| | 1969
| | 55
|-
| Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act
| | 1970
| | 5
|-
| Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act
| | 1970
| | 16
|-
| Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act
| | 1970
| | 28
|-
| Patents Act
| | 1970
| | 39
|-
| [[State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970|State of Himachal Pradesh Act]]
| | 1970
| | 53
|-
| [[Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (1971)|Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act]]
| | 1971
| | 34
|-
| Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act
| | 1971
| | 40
|-
| Comptroller and Auditor General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act
| | 1971
| | 56
|-
| Naval and Aircraft Prize Act
| | 1971
| | 59
|-
| [[Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971|Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act]]
| | 1971
| | 69
|-
| Contempt of Courts Act
| | 1971
| | 70
|-
| Manipur (Hill Areas District Council) Act
| | 1971
| | 76
|-
| [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971|North-Eastern Area (Reorganisation) Act]]
| | 1971
| | 81
|-
| [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1971|Delhi Sikh Gurdwaras Act]]
| | 1971
| | 82
|-
| North-Eastern Council Act
| | 1971
| | 84
|-
| Marine Products Export Development Authority Act
| | 1972
| | 13
|-
| Departmental Inquiries (Enforcement of Attendance of Witnesses and Production of Documents) Act
| | 1972
| | 18
|-
| Architects Act
| | 1972
| | 20
|-
| Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act
| | 1972
| | 25
|-
| National Service Act
| | 1972
| | 28
|-
| Delhi Lands (Restriction on Transfer) Act
| | 1972
| | 30
|-
| Diplomatic Relations (Vienna Convention) Act
| | 1972
| | 43
|-
| [[Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972|Antiquities and Art Treasures Act]]
| | 1972
| | 52
|-
| [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wild Life (Protection) Act]]
| | 1972
| | 53
|-
| General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act
| | 1972
| | 57
|-
| Former Secretary of State Service Officers (Conditions of Service) Act
| | 1972
| | 59
|-
| Carriage by Air Act
| | 1972
| | 69
|-
| Richardson and Cruddas Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act
| | 1972
| | 78
|-
| Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act
| | 1973
| | 2
|-
| Delhi School Education Act
| | 1973
| | 18
|-
| North-Eastern Hill University Act
| | 1973
| | 24
|-
| Authoritative Texts (Central Laws) Act
| | 1973
| | 50
|-
| Delhi Urban Art Commission Act
| | 1974
| | 1
|-
| [[Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974|Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act]]
| | 1974
| | 6
|-
| Economic Offences (Inapplicability of Limitation) Act
| | 1974
| | 12
|-
| University of Hyderabad Act
| | 1974
| | 39
|-
| [[Interest Tax Act, 1974|Interest-tax Act]]
| | 1974
| | 45
|-
| Oil Industry (Development) Act
| | 1974
| | 47
|-
| [[Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974|Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act]]
| | 1974
| | 52
|-
| East-Punjab Urban Rent Restriction (Extension to Chandigarh) Act
| | 1974
| | 54
|-
| [[Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalization) Act, 1974|Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act]]
| | 1974
| | 57
|-
| Tobacco Board Act
| | 1975
| | 4
|-
| Tokyo Convention Act
| | 1975
| | 20
|-
| Rampur Raza Library Act
| | 1975
| | 22
|-
| Delhi Sales Tax Act
| | 1975
| | 43
|-
| Customs Tariff Act
| | 1975
| | 51
|-
| Election Laws (Extension to Sikkim) Act
| | 1976
| | 10
|-
| Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act
| | 1976
| | 13
|-
| [[Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976|Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act]]
| | 1976
| | 19
|-
| Regional Rural Banks Act
| | 1976
| | 21
|-
| High Court at Patna (Establishment of a Permanent Bench at Ranchi) Act
| | 1976
| | 57
|-
| Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act
| | 1976
| | 59
|-
| Betwa River Board Act
| | 1976
| | 63
|-
| Life Insurance Corporation (Modification of Settlement) Act
| | 1976
| | 72
|-
| Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act
| | 1976
| | 77
|-
| Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act
| | 1976
| | 80
|-
| Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Act
| | 1977
| | 15
|-
| Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act
| | 1977
| | 33
|-
| Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital (Acquisition and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act
| | 1977
| | 34
|-
| Interest Act
| | 1978
| | 14
|-
| Public Sector Iron and Steel Companies (Restructuring) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act
| | 1978
| | 16
|-
| Coast Guard Act
| | 1978
| | 30
|-
| [[Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978|Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act]]
| | 1978
| | 33
|-
| Delhi Police Act
| | 1978
| | 34
|-
| Press Council Act
| | 1978
| | 37
|-
| Prize Chits and Money Circulation Scheme (Banning) Act
| | 1978
| | 43
|-
| Coconut Development Board Act
| | 1979
| | 5
|-
| Union Duties of Excise (Distribution) Act
| | 1979
| | 24
|-
| Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act
| | 1979
| | 31
|-
| Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act
| | 1980
| | 7
|-
| Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act
| | 1980
| | 40
|-
| Essential Services Maintenance (Assam) Act
| | 1980
| | 41
|-
| National Company (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act
| | 1980
| | 42
|-
| Brahmaputra Board Act
| | 1980
| | 46
|-
| Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Act
| | 1980
| | 52
|-
| Hotel-Receipts Tax Act
| | 1980
| | 54
|-
| Company Secretaries Act
| | 1980
| | 56
|-
| Jute Companies (Nationalisation) Act
| | 1980
| | 62
|-
| [[National Security Act, 1980|National Security Act]]
| | 1980
| | 65
|-
| Bird and Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings and Other Properties) Act
| | 1980
| | 67
|-
| Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Act
| | 1980
| | 69
|-
| Hind Cycles Limited and Sen-Raleigh Limited (Nationalisation) Act
| | 1980
| | 70
|-
| [[Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981|Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act]]
| | 1981
| | 14
|-
| High Court and Bombay (Extension of Jurisdiction to Goa, Daman and Diu) Act
| | 1981
| | 26
|-
| Export-Import Bank of India Act
| | 1981
| | 28
|-
| British India Corporation Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act
| | 1981
| | 29
|-
| Dalmia Dadri Cement Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act
| | 1981
| | 31
|-
| Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act
| | 1981
| | 42
|-
| Anti-Apartheid (United Nations Convention) Act
| | 1981
| | 48
|-
| National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act
| | 1981
| | 61
|-
| African Development Fund Act
| | 1982
| | 1
|-
| Sugar Development Fund Act
| | 1982
| | 4
|-
| Chit Funds Act
| | 1982
| | 40
|-
| Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Act
| | 1982
| | 43
|-
| State Bank of Sikkim (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act
| | 1982
| | 62
|-
| Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act
| | 1982
| | 66
|-
| African Development Bank Act
| | 1983
| | 13
|-
| [[Emigration Act, 1983|Emigration Act]]
| | 1983
| | 31
|-
| Punjab Disturbed Areas Act
| | 1983
| | 32
|-
| Chandigarh Disturbed Areas Act
| | 1983
| | 33
|-
| Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Special Powers Act
| | 1983
| | 34
|-
| [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983|Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act]]
| | 1983
| | 39
|-
| Public Financial Institutions (Obligation as to Fidelity and Secrecy) Act
| | 1983
| | 48
|-
| Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act
| | 1984
| | 3
|-
| Asiatic Society Act
| | 1984
| | 5
|-
| Inchek Tyres Limited and National Rubber Manufacturers Limited (Nationalisation) Act
| | 1984
| | 17
|-
| Indian Veterinary Council Act
| | 1984
| | 52
|-
| Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act
| | 1984
| | 61
|-
| Family Courts Act
| | 1984
| | 66
|-
| National Capital Region Planning Board Act
| | 1985
| | 2
|-
| Calcutta Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Temporary Provisions Act
| | 1985
| | 10
|-
| Administrative Tribunals Act
| | 1985
| | 13
|-
| Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act
| | 1985
| | 21
|-
| Handlooms (Reservation of Articles for Production) Act
| | 1985
| | 22
|-
| Indira Gandhi National Open University Act
| | 1985
| | 50
|-
| Pondicherry University Act
| | 1985
| | 53
|-
| Intelligence Organisations (Restriction on Rights) Act
| | 1985
| | 58
|-
| [[Judges (Protection) Act, 1985|Judges (Protection) Act]]
| | 1985
| | 59
|-
| [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985|Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act]]
| | 1985
| | 61
|-
| Inland Waterways Authority of India Act
| | 1985
| | 82
|-
| Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act
| | 1986
| | 2
|-
| Spices Board Act
| | 1986
| | 10
|-
| [[Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986|Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act]]
| | 1986
| | 25
|-
| Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund (Repeal) Act
| | 1986
| | 27
|-
| [[Environment Protection Act, 1986|Environment (Protection) Act]]
| | 1986
| | 29
|-
| Swadeshi Cotton Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act
| | 1986
| | 30
|-
| State of Mizoram Act
| | 1986
| | 34
|-
| [[National Security Guard Act]]
| | 1986
| | 47
|-
| Delhi Apartment Ownership Act
| | 1986
| | 58
|-
| [[Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act]]
| | 1986
| | 60
|-
| Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
| | 1986
| | 61
|-
| [[State of Arunachal Pradesh Act]]
| | 1986
| | 69
|-
| Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Act
| | 1987
| | 10
|-
| Goa, Daman and Diu Mining Concessions (Abolition and Declaration as Mining Leases) Act
| | 1987
| | 16
|-
| Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act followed by Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act
| | 1987
| | 18
|-
| [[Expenditure Tax Act, 1987|Expenditure-tax Act]]
| | 1987
| | 35
|-
| National Dairy Development Board Act
| | 1987
| | 37
|-
| [[Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act]]
| | 1987
| | 39
|-
| All India Council for Technical Education Act
| | 1987
| | 52
|-
| National Housing Bank Act
| | 1987
| | 53
|-
| Railway Claims Tribunal Act
| | 1987
| | 54
|-
| Chandigarh (Delegation of Powers) Act
| | 1988
| | 2
|-
| Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act
| | 1988
| | 3
|-
| Special Protection Group Act
| | 1988
| | 34
|-
| Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act
| | 1988
| | 41
|-
| [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act]]
| | 1988
| | 45
|-
| Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
| | 1988
| | 46
|-
| [[Prevention of Corruption Act]]
| | 1988
| | 49
|-
| Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Registers by certain Establishments) Act
| | 1988
| | 51
|-
| Auroville Foundation Act
| | 1988
| | 54
|-
| Jamia Millia Islamia Act
| | 1988
| | 58
|-
| [[Motor Vehicles Act]]
| | 1988
| | 59
|-
| National Highways Authority of India Act
| | 1988
| | 68
|-
| Assam University Act
| | 1989
| | 23
|-
| [[Railways Act, 1989|Railways Act]]
| | 1989
| | 24
|-
| Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act
| | 1989
| | 33
|-
| Nagaland University Act
| | 1989
| | 35
|-
| Small Industries Development Bank of India Act
| | 1989
| | 39
|-
| National Commission for Women Act
| | 1990
| | 20
|-
| Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act
| | 1990
| | 21
|-
| Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act
| | 1990
| | 25
|-
| Public Liability Insurance Act
| | 1991
| | 6
|-
| Remittances of Foreign Exchange and Investment in Foreign Exchange Bonds (Immunities and Exemptions) Act
| | 1991
| | 41
|-
| [[Places of Worship Act, 1991|Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act]]
| | 1991
| | 42
|-
| Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act
| | 1992
| | 1
|-
| Destructive Insects and Pests (Amendment and Validation) Act
| | 1992
| | 12
|-
| [[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992|Securities and Exchange Board of India Act]]
| | 1992
| | 15
|-
| Cess and Other Taxes on Minerals (Validation) Act
| | 1992
| | 16
|-
| National Commission for Minorities Act
| | 1992
| | 19
|-
| Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act
| | 1992
| | 22
|-
| Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act
| | 1992
| | 27
|-
| Rehabilitation Council of India Act
| | 1992
| | 34
|-
| Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act
| | 1992
| | 35
|-
| Central Agricultural University Act
| | 1992
| | 40
|-
| Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act
| | 1992
| | 41
|-
| Industrial Finance Corporation (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act
| | 1993
| | 23
|-
| Gold Bonds (Immunities and Exemptions) Act
| | 1993
| | 25
|-
| Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act
| | 1993
| | 28
|-
| Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act
| | 1993
| | 33
|-
| SAARC Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act
| | 1993
| | 36
|-
| Central Laws (Extension to Arunachal Pradesh) Act
| | 1993
| | 44
|-
| Tezpur University Act
| | 1993
| | 45
|-
| Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act
| | 1993
| | 46
|-
| Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act
| | 1993
| | 51
|-
| National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act
| | 1993
| | 64
|-
| Oil and Natural Gas Commission (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act
| | 1993
| | 65
|-
| Public Records Act
| | 1993
| | 69
|-
| [[National Council for Teacher Education Act, 1993|National Council for Teacher Education Act]]
| | 1993
| | 73
|-
| Kalakshetra Foundation Act
| | 1994
| | 6
|-
| Protection of Human Rights Act
| | 1994
| | 10
|-
| Manipur Panchayati Raj Act
| | 1994
| | 26
|-
| [[Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994|Transplantation of Human Organs Act]]
| | 1994
| | 42
|-
| Manipur Municipalities Act
| | 1994
| | 43
|-
| New Delhi Municipal Council Act
| | 1994
| | 44
|-
| Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Act
| | 1994
| | 45
|-
| Airports Authority of India Act
| | 1994
| | 55
|-
| [[Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994|Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act]]
| | 1994
| | 57
|-
| Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Act
| | 1994
| | 58
|-
| Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act
| | 1995
| | 7
|-
| Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act
| | 1995
| | 39
|-
| Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development Act
| | 1995
| | 43
|-
| Technology Development Board Act
| | 1995
| | 44
|-
| [[Depositories Act]]
| | 1996
| | 22
|-
| [[Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996|Arbitration and Conciliation Act]]
| | 1996
| | 26
|-
| [[Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996|Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act]]
| | 1996
| | 40
|-
| Maulana Azad National Urdu University Act
| | 1997
| | 2
|-
| Mahatama Gandhi Antarashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya Act
| | 1997
| | 3
|-
| Industrial Reconstruction Bank (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act
| | 1997
| | 7
|-
| Lalit Kala Akademi (Taking Over of Management) Act
| | 1997
| | 17
|-
| Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act
| | 1997
| | 24
|-
| Vice-President's Pension Act
| | 1997
| | 30
|-
| Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Inapplicability to Major Ports) Act
| | 1997
| | 31
|-
| National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Act
| | 1998
| | 13
|-
| Lotteries (Regulation) Act
| | 1998
| | 17
|-
| Leaders of Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act
| | 1999
| | 5
|-
| Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Repeal Act
| | 1999
| | 15
|-
| Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment and Validation) Act
| | 1999
| | 40
|-
| Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act
| | 1999
| | 41
|-
| [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]]
| | 1999
| | 42
|-
| National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act
| | 1999
| | 44
|-
| Trade Marks Act
| | 1999
| | 47
|-
| [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999|Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act]]
| | 1999
| | 48
|-
| Designs Act
| | 2000
| | 16
|-
| [[Information Technology Act]]
| | 2000
| | 21
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act]]
| | 2000
| | 28
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act]]
| | 2000
| | 29
|-
| [[Bihar Reorganisation Act]]
| | 2000
| | 30
|-
| Chemical Weapons Convention Act
| | 2000
| | 34
|-
| Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act
| | 2000
| | 37
|-
| Coal India (Regulation of Transfer and Validation) Act
| | 2000
| | 45
|-
| Central Road Fund Act
| | 2000
| | 54
|-
| Mizoram University Act
| | 2001
| | 8
|-
| Indian Council of World Affairs Act || 2001 || 29
|-
| Advocates’ Welfare Fund Act || 2001 || 45
|-
| Energy Conservation Act || 2001 || 52
|-
| [[Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001|Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act]]|| 2001 || 53
|-
| [[Delimitation Act, 2002|Delimitation Act]]|| 2002 || 33
|-
| Haj Committee Act || 2002 || 35
|-
| Foreign Aircraft (Exemption from Taxes and Duties on Fuel and Lubricants) Act || 2002 || 36
|-
| Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act || 2002 || 39
|-
| [[Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002|Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act]]|| 2002 || 54
|-
| Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act || 2002 || 58
|-
| [[Metro Railway Act, 2002|Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act]] || 2002 || 60
|-
| Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Maritime Navigation and Fixed Platforms on Continental Shelf Act || 2002 || 69
|-
| [[The Competition Act, 2002|Competition Act]]|| 2003 || 12
|-
| Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act || 2003 || 13
|-
| [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering Act]]|| 2003 || 15
|-
| Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act || 2003 || 17
|-
| [[Biological Diversity Act, 2002|Biological Diversity Act]]|| 2003 || 18
|-
| [[Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 2003|Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act]]|| 2003 || 34
|-
| [[The Electricity Act, 2003|Electricity Act]] || 2003 || 36
|-
| [[Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act]] || 2003 || 39
|-
| Central Vigilance Commission Act || 2003 || 45
|-
| Repatriation of Prisoners Act || 2003 || 49
|-
| Industrial Development Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act || 2003 || 53
|-
| Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Repeal Act || 2004 || 1
|-
| Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Act || 2004 || 26
|-
| National Commission for Minority Educational Institutes Act || 2005 || 2
|-
| Parel Investments and Trading Private Limited and Domestic Gas Private Limited (Taking over of Management) Repeal Act || 2005 || 14
|-
| Weapons of Mass Destruction and Their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act || 2005 || 21
|-
| [[Right to Information Act]] || 2005 || 22
|-
| Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act || 2005 || 24
|-
|University of Allahabad Act || 2005 || 26
|-
| Bihar Value Added Tax Act || 2005 || 27
|-
| Special Economic Zones Act || 2005 || 28
|-
| Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act || 2005 || 29
|-
| Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act || 2005 || 30
|-
| Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act || 2005 || 42
|-
| [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005|Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act]]|| 2005 || 43
|-
| National Tax Tribunal Act || 2005 || 49
|-
| [[State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005|State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act]]|| 2005 || 50
|-
| [[Disaster Management Act, 2005|Disaster Management Act]]|| 2005 || 53
|-
| Manipur University Act || 2005 || 54
|-
| Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Act|| 2006 || 1
|-
| [[Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005|Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act]]|| 2006 || 4
|-
| Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act || 2006 || 19
|-
| [[Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act]]|| 2006 || 27
|-
| [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] Act || 2006 || 28
|-
| Food Safety and Standards Act ||2006|| 34
|-
| Actuaries Act ||2006|| 35
|-
| [[Government Securities Act, 2006|Government Securities Act]]||2006|| 38
|-
| Cantonments Act||2006|| 41
|-
| Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act||2006||44
|-
|Assam Rifles Act ||2006||47
|-
| Uttaranchal (Alteration Of Name) Act ||2006|| 52
|-
| [[Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006|Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act]]||2007|| 2
|-
| Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act ||2007|| 5
|-
| [[Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006|Prohibition of Child Marriage Act]]||2007|| 6
|-
| English and Foreign Languages University Act ||2007|| 7
|-
| Rajiv Gandhi University Act ||2007||8
|-
| Tripura University Act ||2007|| 9
|-
| Sikkim University Act ||2007|| 10
|-
| Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing With Prasar Bharati) Act ||2007|| 11
|-
| national Rural Employment Guarantee(Extension to Jammu And Kashmir) Act ||2007|| 23
|-
|[[National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007|National Institutes of Technology Act]]||2007||29
|-
| Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act ||2007|| 37
|-
| Carriage by Road Act ||2007|| 41
|-
| Tyre Corporation of India Limited (Disinvestment Of Ownership) Act ||2007|| 50
|-
| Payment and Settlement Systems Act ||2007|| 51
|-
| Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Act ||2007|| 52
|-
| Sashastra Seema Bal Act ||2007|| 53
|-
| Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Act ||2007|| 54
|-
| [[Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007|Armed Forces Tribunal Act]]||2007|| 55
|-
| [[Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007|Maintenance And Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act]]||2007|| 56
|-
| Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry Act ||2008|| 19
|-
| Indian Maritime University Act||2008||22
|-
| Airports Economic Regulatory Authority Of India Act ||2008||27
|-
| National Investigation Agency Act||2008||34
|-
| [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008|Gram Nyayalayas Act]]||2009|| 4
|-
| [[The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008|Limited Liability Partnership Act]]||2009|| 6
|-
| Collection of Statistics Act||2009|| 7
|-
| South Asian University Act ||2009|| 8
|-
| National Jute Board Act||2009|| 12
|-
| Central Universities Act ||2009|| 25
|-
| Prevention and Control Of Infectious And Contagious Diseases In Animals Act||2009|| 27
|-
|[[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act]] ||2009|| 35
|-
| [[Legal Metrology Act, 2009|Legal Metrology Act]]||2010|| 1
|-
| Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Act||2010|| 16
|-
| [[National Green Tribunal Act]] ||2010|| 19
|-
| [[Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010|Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act]]||2010|| 23
|-
| Land Ports Authority of India Act ||2010|| 31
|-
| Nuclear Liability Act|[[Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010|Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act]]||2010|| 38
|-
| Nalanda University Act ||2010|| 39
|-
| [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010|Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act]]||2010|| 42
|-
| Coinage Act||2011|| 11
|-
| [[The Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011|Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act]]||2011|| 15
|-
| National Capital Territory of Delhi Laws (Special provisions) Second Act||2011|| 20
|-
| [[Factoring Regulation Act, 2011|Factoring Regulation Act]]||2012|| 12
|-
| Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Act ||2012|| 13
|-
| [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act]] ||2012|| 32
|-
| Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Act ||2012|| 35
|-
| [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore Act, 2012|National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore Act]]||2012|| 38
|-
|[[Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act]] ||2013||14
|-
| [[Companies Act 2013|Companies Act]]||2013||18
|-
| [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act]]||2013||20
|-
|Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Act ||2013||23
|-
| [[Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013|Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act]]||2013||25
|-
| Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University Act||2013||26
|-
| [[Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013|Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act]]||2013||30
|-
|[[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act]]||2014||1
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act]]||2014||6
|-
| [[Street Vendors Act, 2014|Street Vendors Act]]||2014||7
|-
| National institute of Design Act||2014||18
|-
| National institute of Information Technology Act ||2014||30
|-
| School of Planning and Architecture Act ||2014||37
|-
| National Judicial Appointments Commission Act ||2014||40
|-
| Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act||2015||2
|-
| Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act||2015||11
|-
| [[Repealing and Amending Act, 2015|Repealing and Amending Act]]||2015||17
|-
| [[Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015|Repealing and Amending (Second) Act]]||2015||19
|-
| [[Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015|Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act]]||2015||22
|-
| Commercial Courts Act ||2016||4
|-
| Bureau of Indian Standards Act ||2016|| 11
|-
| [[Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016|Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act]]||2016|| 16
|-
| [[National Waterways Act, 2016|National Waterways Act]]||2016|| 17
|-
| [[Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits, and services) Act, 2016|Aadhar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act]]||2016|| 18
|-
| [[Repealing and Amending Act, 2016|Repealing and Amending Act]]||2016|| 23
|-
| [[Anti-Hijacking Act, 2016|Anti-Hijacking Act]]||2016|| 30
|-
| [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code]]||2016||31
|-
| Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Act ||2016||32
|-
| Regional centre for Biotechnology Act ||2016||36
|-
| [[Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016|Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act]]||2016||38
|-
| [[Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016|Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act]]||2016||49
|-
| Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) ||2017||2
|-
| [[Mental Healthcare Act, 2017|Mental Health Care Act]]||2017||10
|-
| Central Goods and Services Tax Act ||2017||12
|-
| Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act ||2017||13
|-
| Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act ||2017||14
|-
|Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act ||2017||15
|-
| [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017|Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act]]||2017||16
|-
| Footwear Design and Development Institute Act||2017||20
|-
| Admiralty (Jurisdiction and Settlement of Maritime Claims) Act||2017||22
|-
| Indian Institutes of Information Technology (Public-Private Partnership) Act||2017||23
|-
|Central Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act||2017||26
|-
| Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act||2017||27
|-
| [[Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017|Indian Institute of Management Act]]||2017||33
|-
| [[Repealing and Amending Act, 2017|Repealing and Amending Act]]||2018||2
|-
| Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Act ||2018||3
|-
| [[Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017|Repealing and Amending (Second) Act]]||2018||4
|-
|[[Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018|Fugitive Economic Offenders Act]]
|2018
|17
|-
|National commission for Backward Classes (Repeal) Act
|2018
|24
|-
|National Sports University Act
|2018
|25
|-
|Central Education Institutes (Reservation in Teachers' Cadre) Act
|2019
|10
|-
| India International Arbitration Centre Act
|2019
|17
|-
|[[Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019|Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act]]
|2019
|20
|-
| Banning of Unregulated Deposit Schemes Act
|2019
|21
|-
| [[Code on Wages, 2019|Codes on Wages Act]]
|2019
|29
|-
| National Medical Commission Act
|2019
|30
|-
| [[Repealing and Amending Act, 2019|Repealing and Amending Act]]
|2019
|31
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]]
|2019
|34
|-
| [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019|Consumer Protection Act]]
|2019
|35
|-
| [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019|Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act]]
|2019
|40
|-
| Prohibition of Electronic Cigarettes (Production, Manufacture, Import, Export Transport, Sale, Distribution, Storage and Advertisement) Act
|2019
|42
|-
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli And Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Act
|2019
|44
|-
|National Capital Territory of Delhi (Recognition of Property Rights of Residents in Unauthorised Colonies) Act
|2019
|45
|-
| Recycling of Ships Act
| 2019
| 49
|-
| International Financial Services Centers Authority Act
|2019
|50
|-
| Direct Tax Vivad se Vishwas Act
|2020
|3
|-
| Central Sanskrit Universities Act
|2020
|5
|-
| National Commission for Indian System of Medicine Act
|2020
|14
|-
| Goods and Services (Compensation to States) Act
|2020
|15
|-
| Institute of Teaching and Research In Ayurveda Act
|2020
| 16
|-
| Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act
|2020
| 23
|-
| Bilateral Netting Qualified Financial Contracts Act
|2020
|30
|-
| Rashtriya Raksha University Act
|2020
|31
|-
| National Forensic Sciences University Act
|2020
|32
|-
| [[Industrial Relations Code, 2020|Industrial Relation Code]]
|2020
|35
|-
| [[Code on Social Security, 2020|Code on Social Security]]
|2020
|36
|-
| [[Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 |Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code]]
|2020
|37
|-
| Major Port Authorities Act
| 2021
| 1
|-
| National Commission For Allied And Health care Professions Act
| 2021
| 14
|-
| National Bank For Financing Infrastructure And Development Act
| 2021
| 17
|-
| National Institutes Of food Technology, Entrepreneurship And Management Act
| 2021
| 19
|-
| The Marine Aids to Navigation Act
| 2021
| 20
|-
| [[Inland Vessels Act, 2021|Inland Vessel Act]]
| 2021
| 24
|-
| Commission For Air Quality Management National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act
| 2021
| 29
|-
| [[The Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021|Tribunal Reforms Act]]
| 2021
| 33
|-
| Farm Laws Repeal Act
| 2021
| 40
|-
| Dam Safety Act
| 2021
| 41
|-
| Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act
| 2021
| 42
|-
| Surrogacy (Regulation) Act
| 2021
| 47
|-
| Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act
| 2022
| 11
|-
| Indian Antarctic Act
| 2022
| 13
|-
| Maritime Anti-Piracy Act
| 2023
| 3
|-
| National Dental Commission Act
| 2023
| 21
|-
| Digital Personal Data Protection Act
| 2023
| 22
|-
|[[Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act 2023|Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act]]
|2023
|25
|-
|National Nursing and Midwifery Commission Act
|2023
|26
|-
| Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control and Discipline) Act
|2023
|28
|-
| [[The Mediation Act, 2023|Mediation Act]]
|2023
|32
|-
| [[Repealing and Amending Act, 2023|Repealing and Amending Act]]
|2023
|37
|-
|[[Post Office Act, 2023|Post Office Act]]
|2023
|43
|-
|[[Telecommunications Act, 2023|Telecommunications Act]]
|2023
|44
|-
|[[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]]
|2023
|45
|-
|[[Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam]]
|2023
|46
|-
|[[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]]
|2023
|47
|-
|[[Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023|Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act]]
|2023
|49
|-
|Provision for Collection of Taxes Act
|2023
|50
|-
|[[Press and Registration of Periodicals Act, 2023|Press and Registration of Periodicals Act]]
|2023
|51
|-
|[[Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024|Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act]]
|2024
|1
|-
|[[Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024|Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam]]
|2024
|16
|-
| ‘‘Tribhuvan” Sahkari University Act
| 2025
| 11
|-
| Boilers Act
| 2025
| 12
|-
| Immigration And Foreigner Act
| 2025
| 13
|-
| Mussalman Waqf (Repeal) Act
| 2025
| 15
|-
| Protection of Interests In Aircraft Objects Act
| 2025
| 17
|-
| Bills of Lading Act
| 2025
| 18
|-
| [[Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025|Carriage of Goods By Sea Act]]
| 2025
| 19
|-
| Coastal Shipping Act
| 2025
| 20
|-
| [[Merchant Shipping Act, 2025|Merchant Shipping Act]]
| 2025
| 24
|-
| [[National Sports Governance Act, 2025|National Sports Governance Act]]
| 2025
| 25
|-
| [[Income Tax Act, 2025|Income Tax Act]]
| 2025
| 30
|-
| Health Security Se National Security Cess Act
| 2025
| 35
|-
|[[Repealing and Amending Act, 2025|Repealing and Amending Act]]
| 2025
| 37

|}

== List of Spent Acts==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header"
! style="width:20em;"| Name of the act
! style="width:5em;" | Year
! style="width:6em;" | Act Number
|-
| Inheritance Act
| 1839
| 30
|-
| [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|Defence of India Act]]
| | 1962
| | 51
|-
| Essential Service Maintenance Act
| | 1968
| | 59
|-
| Defence and Internal Security of India Act
| | 1971
| | 42
|-
| Emergency Risks (Goods) Insurance Act
| | 1971
| | 50
|-
| Emergency Risks (Under-Takings) Insurance Act
| | 1971
| | 51
|-
| Newspapers (Price Control) Act
| | 1972
| | 15
|-
| Essential Service (Maintenance) Act
| | 1981
| | 42
|-
| Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Act || 2006 || 22
|-
| National Capital Territory of Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Act ||2007|| 43
|-
| National Capital Territory of Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Act ||2009|| 24
|-
| National Capital Territory of Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Second Act ||2009|| 40
|-
| National Capital Territory of Delhi Laws (Special provisions) Act||2011|| 5
|-
| Essential Defence Services Act
| 2021
| 25
|-
|}
==See also==
* [[Constitution of India]]
* [[Lawmaking procedure in India]]
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*[https://www.legislative.gov.in/documents/acts-and-policies/list-of-central-acts-alphabetical-chronological-gzN0EjMtQWa?pageTitle=List-of-Central-Acts-Alphabetical-/-Chronological List of Central Acts]

*[https://www.indiacode.nic.in/ Detailed Acts]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Indian Federal Legislation}}
[[Category:Lists of legislation|Indian Federal Legislation]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India|*]]
[[Category:India law-related lists|Federal Legislation]]

Parakh Madan

2026-04-27T17:22:21Z

Viads:

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parakh Madan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Model}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''Saathii Re — Saat Kadam... Saat Janam''|''[[Monica Mogre – Case Files]]''|''[[Kalash – Ek Vishwaas]]''|''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''|''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''}}
| spouse = {{marriage|''Adhiraj Singh''|2010}}
| parents = {{ubl|''Gireesh Madan'' (father)|''Rita Bhalla Madan'' (mother)}}
| years active = 2006–present
| relatives = ''Palkein Madan Gupta'' (sister)
| height =
}}

'''Parakh Madan''' is an Indian film and television actress who has appeared in Hindi films such as ''[[Dev.D]]'' (2009) and ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (2006). She is married to Lt. Col Adhiraj Singh.

==Career==
She started her television career with the television series ''Saathii Re — Saat Kadam... Saat Janam'' (2006–2007), where she played the female lead, Suman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Return of the family |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060919/asp/calcutta/story_6763987.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107163947/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060919/asp/calcutta/story_6763987.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2014 |date=19 September 2006 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> Subsequently, she worked in ''[[Burey Bhi Hum Bhale Bhi Hum]]'' (2009) ([[Star Plus]]), she worked in crime show ''[[Monica Mogre – Case Files]]'' (2009), and ''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]'' ([[Sahara One]]).

In 2012, she bagged the role of Harry in [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''. From 2012 to 2013, she played Natasha Amber Shastri in [[Sahara One]]'s ''[[Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati]]''. In 2013, she joined the cast of [[Life OK]]'s ''[[Savdhaan India @ 11|Savdhaan India]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parakh Madan bags Savdhaan India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-26/tv/40814635_1_parakh-madan-savdhaan-india-india-fights-sahara-one |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106200515/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-26/tv/40814635_1_parakh-madan-savdhaan-india-india-fights-sahara-one |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 July 2013 |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> In 2014, she appeared in [[Life OK]]'s ''[[Tumhari Paakhi]]'' as Suman Saxena.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2014 |title=Tumhari Paakhi: Parakh Madan to enter the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tumhari-paakhi-parakh-madan-to-enter-the-show/articleshow/38538413.cms |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, she played the role Bindiya in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''. In 2015, she portrayed Nivedita Luthra in [[Life OK]]'s ''[[Kalash – Ek Vishwaas]]''. She quit the show in April 2016.

In 2020, she returned to TV after 4 years with [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Qurbaan Hua]]'' as Gazala Rahil Baig.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2020 |title=Exclusive: Parakh Madan to make a comeback with Qurbaan Hua; talks about how an undiagnosed illness took a toll on her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-parakh-madan-to-make-a-comeback-with-qurbaan-hua-talks-about-how-and-undiagnosed-illness-took-a-toll-on-her/articleshow/74304467.cms |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2020 |title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain actress Parakh Madan makes a comeback with Qurbaan Hua |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-actress-parakh-madan-makes-a-comeback-with-qurbaan-hua-1642004-2020-01-31 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> From February 2022 to May 2023, she appeared as Masoom in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2022 |title=Exclusive! Parakh Madan replaces Nisha Rawal in Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-parakh-madan-replaces-nisha-rawal-in-meet-badlegi-duniya-ki-reet/articleshow/89723483.cms |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref(s)
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]''
| Neha
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Dev.D]]''
| Rasika Singh
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''Saathii Re — Saat Kadam... Saat Janam''
| Suman
| rowspan = "2" | Lead Role
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2009
| ''[[Monica Mogre – Case Files]]''
| Inspector Monica Mogre
|-
| ''[[Burey Bhi Hum Bhale Bhi Hum]]''
| Krishna Jay Popat
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
| Harry
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati]]''
| Natasha Amber Shastri
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|
| Episodic role
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2014
| ''[[Tumhari Paakhi]]''
| Suman Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
| Bindiya
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Kalash – Ek Vishwaas]]''
| Nivedita Luthra
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''
| Gazala Rahil Baig
|
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
| Masoom Ahlawat
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]''
| Renu Sinha
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''
| Diya
|
|-
| 2024—2025
| ''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]''
| Aanchal
|
|-
| 2026–present
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''
| Niyati Oberoi
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2409622}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madan, Parakh}}
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)

2026-04-21T13:17:40Z

Viads: Info - done

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Earthquake Rehabilitation}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''मंत्रालय भूकंप पुनर्वसन विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' is Current [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and Minister of Earthquake Rehabilitation [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Earthquake Rehabilitation}} '''मंत्री भूकंप पुनर्वसन विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]] {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''D. S. Palaspagar''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]'''
(2019- 2022)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Earthquake Rehabilitation
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 22 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukarrao Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|
|
|'''[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola Constituency No. 235]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|19 November}} 1979
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1979|11|19}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[V. Subramanian]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Abhaysinh Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara Constituency No. 262]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|26 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 December}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|12|26|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Chandrakant Khaire]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West Constituency No. 108]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Gajanan Kirtikar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Malad Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Vilasrao Balkrishna Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Vilasrao Balkrishna Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Babanrao_Pachpute.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Babanrao Pachpute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda Constituency No. 226]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 03 - [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Sunil Tatkare in 2014.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Sunil Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Eknath Khadse]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar Constituency No. 20]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''Additional Charge''
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2016|07|08}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Pankaja Munde.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pankaja Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli Constituency No. 233]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|07|08|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijay wadettiwar.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Earthquake Rehabilitation
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Shri._Sanjay_Bansode.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sanjay Bansode]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir Constituency No. 237]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Chopda Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:16:20Z

Viads: created new info.

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chopda
| map_image = 10-Chopda.svg
| established = 1951
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver]]
| district = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 10
| mla = [[Chandrakant Sonawane]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors= 331,891
}}
'''Chopda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> This constituency is located in the [[Jalgaon district]] and it is reserved for the candidates belonging to [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref> It is currently held by Chandrakant Badiram Sonawane of the [[Shivsena]].

==Overview==
It is part of the [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another five Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]], [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]], [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]] and [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]] in Jalgaon district and [[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]] in adjoining [[Buldhana district]].

After the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008'', Chopda Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Chopda Tehsil, 2.Yawal Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle – Kingaon and Sakali of [[Jalgaon district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |access-date = 2015-03-11 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Patil Madhavrao Gotto || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Deorao Madhavrao Nikam
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. N. Gujrathi || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Chaudhari Madhavrao Kautik || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="4" | Arunlal Gowardhandas Gujrathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Patil Kailas Gorakh || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Jagdishchandra Ramesh Walvi (Jagdishbhau) || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Chandrakant Sonawane]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Latabai Sonawane]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Chandrakant Sonawane]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chopda">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chopda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1310.htm |access-date=27 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127061431/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1310.htm |archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandrakant Sonawane]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 122,826 |percentage = 55.79% |change = {{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Aappa Gotu Sonawane |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 90,513 |percentage = 41.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,420 |percentage = 1.10% |change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiralal Suresh Koli |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,118 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Tukaram Bhil |party = Bharat Adivasi Party |votes = 1,601 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,313 |percentage = 14.68% |change = {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 222,588 |percentage = 67.07% |change = {{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 220,168}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 331,891 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Latabai Sonawane]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 78,137 |percentage = 39.61% |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdishchandra Ramesh Valvi |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 57,608 |percentage = 29.21% |change = {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Aappa Gotu Sonawane |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,459 |percentage = 16.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Barela Chandrakant Jamsing |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,085 |percentage = 8.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Yakub Sahebu Tadavi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,369 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhuri Kishor Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,288 |percentage = 2.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,175 |percentage = 1.10% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwarlal Suresh Koli (Alias Nilesh Suresh Koli) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,529 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,529 |percentage = 10.41% |change = {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 199,502 |percentage = 64.68% |change = {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,243}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 308,441 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandrakant Sonawane]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 54,176 |percentage = 29.31% |change = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Madhuri Kishor |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 42,241 |percentage = 22.85% |change = {{decrease}}20.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdishchandra Ramesh Valvi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,559 |percentage = 16.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Barela Chandrakant Jamsing |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,506 |percentage = 13.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Itbar A. Tadavi |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 18,536 |percentage = 10.03% |change = {{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhadale Dnyaneshwar Raysing |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,280 |percentage = 5.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,885 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Anandsing Mahale |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,295 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,935 |percentage = 6.46% |change = {{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 187,730 |percentage = 67.34% |change = {{increase}}3.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 184,836}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 278,782 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}13.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdishchandra Ramesh Walvi (Jagdishbhau) |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 69,636 |percentage = 43.18% |change = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salunke Dnyaneshwar Pitambar (D. P. Salunke Sir) |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 54,798 |percentage = 33.98% |change = {{decrease}}18.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Barela Chandrakant Jamsing |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 19,298 |percentage = 11.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mujat Bondar Tadvi Alias M. B. Tadvi Sir |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 9,632 |percentage = 5.97% |change = {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salunkhe Madhukar Manga (Pardhi) Pen. Dy. Coller. |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,248 |percentage = 2.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish Kumar Himmat Pawar (Bhau) |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,616 |percentage = 1.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eknath Dashrath Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,838 |percentage = 9.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,382 |percentage = 63.72% |change = {{decrease}}13.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,269}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,260 |ref = |change = {{increase}}41.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kailas Gorakh |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 72,715 |percentage = 52.42% |change = {{increase}}15.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arunlal Gowardhandas Gujrathi |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 57,209 |percentage = 41.24% |change = {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dnyaneshwar Pitambar Salunke |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,273 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murlidhar Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,063 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Amrutrao Tukaram |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,506 |percentage = 11.18% |change = {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,754 |percentage = 77.28% |change = {{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,710}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,540 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}13.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arunlal Gowardhandas Gujrathi |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 38,135 |percentage = 38.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kailas Gorakh |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 36,025 |percentage = 36.67% |change = {{increase}}7.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Lahu Hiraji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,189 |percentage = 16.48% |change = {{decrease}}28.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baviskar Jagannath Tulshiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,887 |percentage = 8.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,110 |percentage = 2.15% |change = {{decrease}}12.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,722 |percentage = 67.70% |change = {{decrease}}6.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,236}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,155 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arunlal Gowardhandas Gujrathi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,359 |percentage = 44.56% |change = {{decrease}}14.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kailas Gorakh |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 31,955 |percentage = 29.45% |change = {{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Indirabai Bhanudas |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,390 |percentage = 15.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Konge Damodhar Kashinath |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,073 |percentage = 3.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirsat Pandurang Narayan |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,718 |percentage = 2.50% |change = {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirsat Rajendra Abhiman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,509 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Amrutrao Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,498 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirsat Suresh Manganlal |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,088 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,404 |percentage = 15.12% |change = {{decrease}}23.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,821 |percentage = 73.84% |change = {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,521}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,796 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arunlal Gowardhandas Gujrathi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,805 |percentage = 58.61% |change = {{increase}}19.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rana Ganesh Jagannath |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 18,644 |percentage = 19.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhimrao Bhurao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 12,551 |percentage = 13.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Indirabai Bhanudas |party = Janata Dal |votes = 4,634 |percentage = 4.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baviskar Ashok Rajaam |party = Independent politician |votes = 584 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,161 |percentage = 38.67% |change = {{increase}}21.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,778 |percentage = 69.89% |change = {{decrease}}3.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,041 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Arunlal Gowardhandas Gujrathi |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 44,972 |percentage = 56.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh G. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,887 |percentage = 38.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baviskar Tukaram Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,611 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Amrutrao Tukaram |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,148 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sitaram Onkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 683 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,085 |percentage = 17.66% |change = {{decrease}}5.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,532 |percentage = 73.52% |change = {{increase}}11.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,761}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,899 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}4.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 37,435 |percentage = 60.68% |change = {{increase}}36.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devraj Sitaram Goba |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 23,280 |percentage = 37.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Soneri Shantaram Gangadhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 496 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Danej Gulab Ramdas |party = Independent politician |votes = 484 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,155 |percentage = 22.94% |change = {{increase}}22.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,433 |percentage = 61.97% |change = {{decrease}}10.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,695}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,364 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}24.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Madhavrao Kautik |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,637 |percentage = 36.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dhoundu Ukhaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,322 |percentage = 35.56% |change = {{decrease}}43.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Murlidhar Totaram |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,016 |percentage = 24.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakre Bhagwat Pahuji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,098 |percentage = 3.20% |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhoi Dagadu Maharu |party = Independent politician |votes = 512 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 315 |percentage = 0.48% |change = {{decrease}}66.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,159 |percentage = 72.56% |change = {{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,585}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,939 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}43.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,125 |percentage = 79.40% |change = {{increase}}36.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Sahebrao Patil |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,382 |percentage = 12.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagawatpahuji Thakare |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,987 |percentage = 5.63% |change = {{decrease}}8.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vajirshamu Mahar |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,557 |percentage = 2.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,743 |percentage = 67.37% |change = {{increase}}66.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,971 |percentage = 61.13% |change = {{decrease}}11.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,051}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,568 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}35.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Gujrathi |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,477 |percentage = 43.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,011 |percentage = 42.59% |change = {{decrease}}25.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Tayade |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,890 |percentage = 13.99% |change = {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 466 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{decrease}}51.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,288 |percentage = 72.43% |change = {{increase}}7.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,378}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,002 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deorao Madhavrao Nikam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,352 |percentage = 67.67% |change = {{increase}}13.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dasharath Hiraman Tayade |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,818 |percentage = 15.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Hamdeo Mahajan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,267 |percentage = 13.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suklal Vithoba Bari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,415 |percentage = 3.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,534 |percentage = 52.47% |change = {{increase}}40.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,302 |percentage = 65.28% |change = {{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,852}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,524 |ref = |change = {{increase}}36.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chopda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Madhavrao Gotto |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,105 |percentage = 54.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Narhar Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,725 |percentage = 42.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vyankatrao Bhaga |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,380 |percentage = 11.88% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,856 |percentage = 66.71% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,856}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,248 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chopda]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21|14|39.99|N|75|17|00.90|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Gabriel Wahlang

2026-04-15T03:22:43Z

Viads: created details.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gabriel Wahlang
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nongstoin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongstoin]]
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = Macmillan Byrsat
| term_end =
| successor =
| spouse =
| children =
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
}}
'''Gabriel Wahlang''' is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He serves as member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Nongstoin Assembly constituency|Nongstoin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nongstoin Election and Results 2023, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/nongstoin.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He belongs to the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/nongstoin-meghalaya-election-result-winner-looser-2023-macmillan-byrsat-gabriel-wahlang-congress-bjp-npp-udp-5415877.html|title=Meghalaya Election Result Live: नोंगस्टोइन में नहीं चला UPP का जादू, कांग्रेस के गेब्रियल पहलंग जीते|date=2 March 2023|website=News18 हिंदी}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wahlang, Gabriel}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]

Amroha Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:12Z

Viads: made new pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}

'''Amroha Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Amroha district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = 41. Amroha ४१. अमरोहा
| map_image = 41-Amroha.svg
| mla = [[Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Mehboob Ali]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Amroha district|Amroha]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]]
| electors = 3,13,755
| constituency_no = 41
}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="1957 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1957 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Ram Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="1962 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1962 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Sharafat Husain Rizvi
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1967 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name="1969 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1969 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Saubhagyawati
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1974 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Mohammad Hayat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1977 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Leelwat Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1980 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Khursheed Ahmad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1985 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Mohammad Hayat
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1989 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1991 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Pratap Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1993 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Mohammad Hayat
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1996 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Mangal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2002 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|rowspan=5|[[Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Mehboob Ali]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Parivartan Dal}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2007 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Amroha<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Mehboob Ali]]
|votes = {{formatnum:128735}}
|percentage = 57.43
|change = +20.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:57699}}
|percentage = 25.74
|change = +3.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammed Naved Ayaz
|votes = {{formatnum:34585}}
|percentage = 15.43
|change = -14.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:971}}
|percentage = 0.43
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:71036}}
|percentage = 31.69
|change = +24.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224150}}
|percentage = 71.44
|change = +2.55
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Amroha<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mehboob ali
|votes = {{formatnum:74713}}
|percentage = 37.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Naushad Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:59671}}
|percentage = 29.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Kunwar Sain Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:45420}}
|percentage = 22.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Saleem Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:14132}}
|percentage = 7.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shameem Ahmad
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:2861}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1219}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15042}}
|percentage = 7.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201377}}
|percentage = 68.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amroha]]
[[Category:Amroha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Jeypore Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:09Z

Viads: starting a page w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Jeypore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jeypore
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 143
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,14,757{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Jeypore''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Koraput district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=143|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323165617/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=143|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Jeypore (144) District: Koraput|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>

[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC143.pdf Map of Jeypore Constituency]

This constituency includes [[Jeypore]], Jeypore block, 19 [[Gram panchayat]]s (BB.Singpur, Benagam, Bodigam, Borigumma, Champapadar, Gujuniguda, Gumuda, Haridaguda, Hordali, Kamta, Katharagada, Kumuli, Munja, Narigam, Nuagam, Ranaspur, Sargiguda, Semolaguda and Benasur) of Borigumma block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp89.htm|title= 89 - Jeypore Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 23 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.89}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.87}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.62}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.12}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.54}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.60}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.27}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.69}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|71.27}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|69.46}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.21}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including in one bypoll in 1969. It was a 2 member constituency for 1952 & 1957.

List of members elected from Jeypore constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Jeypore Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/jeypore.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jeypore Assembly Election Results 2024: Jeypore Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/jeypore-constituency-result-18143 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|[[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jeypore Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jeypore-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|rowspan=3|Rabi Narayan Nanda
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=2|[[Raghunath Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Gupta Prasad Das
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=3|[[Raghunath Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan=2|Pratap Narayan Singh Deo
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|1969 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Ramseshaiah N.}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ramseshaiah N.
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Raghunath Patnaik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Laichhan Naik
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|Harihar Mishra
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Laichhan Naik
|-
|Harihar Mishra
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting was held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of the Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of the Indian General Election. The Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Indira Nanda by a margin of 13,111 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Jeypore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
|votes = 69,592
|percentage = 41.89
|change = {{up}}4.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Indira Nanda
|votes = 56,481
|percentage = 34.00
|change = {{down}}0.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Goutam Samantray
|votes = 31,107
|percentage = 18.72
|change = {{down}}2.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,367
|percentage = 1.42
|change = {{down}}0.10
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,111
|percentage = 7.89
|change = {{up}}4.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,66,143
|percentage = 77.36
|change = {{up}}2.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In [[2019 elections in India|2019 election]], [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Rabi Narayan Nanda by a margin of 5,451 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Jeypore<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
|votes = 59,785
|percentage = 37.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Rabi Narayan Nanda
|votes = 54,334
|percentage = 34.42
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Goutam Samantray
|votes = 33,805
|percentage = 21.41
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,397
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,451
|percentage = 3.45
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,57,862
|percentage = 74.58
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Rabi Narayan Nanda by a margin of 8,367 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Jeypore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
|votes = 65,378
|percentage = 44.62
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Rabi Narayan Nanda
|votes = 57,011
|percentage = 38.91
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhrugu Baxipatra]]
|votes = 14,462
|percentage = 9.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,367
|percentage = 5.71
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,46,572
|percentage = 78
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Rabi Narayan Nanda defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]] by a margin of 9,316 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Jeypore<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Rabi Narayan Nanda
|votes = 57,504
|percentage = 46.12
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
|votes = 48,188
|percentage = 38.65
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Nagraj Dora
|votes = 9,398
|percentage = 7.54
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,316
|percentage = 7.47{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,24,685
|percentage = 70.10{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 69.69%}}
|change = {{up}}0.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koraput district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|18.87|82.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Banka Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:57Z

Viads: made a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Banka
|type= SLA
| map_image = 161-Banka constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Banka district|Banka]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1951
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
|mla = [[Ramnarayan Mandal]] 
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| electors = 260,299
}}
'''Banka''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Amarpur, Katoria, Belhar and Dhoraiya.<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/banka.html | title=Banka Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014 | archive-date=5 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305012838/http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/banka.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Banka was one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com:8080/1151013/jsp/bihar/story_47643.jsp |title=Women power voter growth |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110828/http://www.telegraphindia.com:8080/1151013/jsp/bihar/story_47643.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821015215/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="election2015-1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015– Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025925/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Overview==
Banka comprises CD Blocks Barahat & Banka.<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 20 December 2013 |archive-date = 5 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Banka Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/banka.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212044235/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/banka.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Raghavendra Narain Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bindhyabasini Devi
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Braj Mohan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|1963^
|Bindhyabasini Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Babulal Mandal
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Kamakhya Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sindheshwar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kamakhya Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
|-
|1986^
|[[Janardan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Javed Iqbal Ansari
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Javed Iqbal Ansari
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Javed Iqbal Ansari
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|2014^
| rowspan="4" |[[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Banka<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Banka">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Banka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04161.htm |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215052006/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04161.htm |archive-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:95588}}
|percentage = 49.58
|change = +5.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:71824}}
|percentage = 37.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Kaushal Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6649}}
|percentage = 3.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jawahar Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:4145}}
|percentage = 2.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikram Anand
|votes = {{formatnum:2241}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinod Pandit
|votes = {{formatnum:1784}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1552}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = +0.12
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23764}}
|percentage = 12.33
|change = +1.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:192811}}
|percentage = 74.07
|change = +11.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Banka<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:69762}}
|percentage = 43.8
|change = +5.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Javed Iqbal Ansari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:52934}}
|percentage = 33.24
|change = -2.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = [[Kaushal Kishore Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:10996}}
|percentage = 6.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shridhar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:5107}}
|percentage = 3.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naresh Kumar Priyadarshi
|votes = {{formatnum:2748}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pramod Singh Weldone
|votes = {{formatnum:2155}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pawan Kumar Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2072}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Patric Murmu
|votes = {{formatnum:2042}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoj Singh, S/0-Janardan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2040}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandra Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:1792}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Manav Sewa Party
|candidate = Rahul Roushan
|votes = {{formatnum:1579}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1084}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -1.52
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16828}}
|percentage = 10.56
|change = +7.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159271}}
|percentage = 62.59
|change = +4.66
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Banka<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:52379}}
|percentage = 38.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Zafrul Hoda
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:48649}}
|percentage = 35.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajit Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:16548}}
|percentage = 12.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5191}}
|percentage = 3.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Digambar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:4071}}
|percentage = 2.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Makhan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2018}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:1579}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Dalit Party
|candidate = Umakant Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1240}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3004}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3730}}
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:136529}}
|percentage = 57.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coords|24.89|86.92|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Politics of Banka district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Nikkin Thimmaiah

2026-04-13T05:20:12Z

Viads: adding new stub - done

{{short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
|name=Nikkin Thimmaiah
|image=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1991|1|18|df=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Virajpet]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{cite web|title=A dream come true: Nikkin Thimmaiah|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130812/sports-other-sports/article/dream-come-true-nikkin-thimmaiah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005134716/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130812/sports-other-sports/article/dream-come-true-nikkin-thimmaiah|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref>
|death_date=
|death_place=
|height={{convert|170|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}
|position=[[Field hockey#Positions|Forward]]
|currentclub=
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|youthyears1=
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|caps(goals)1=
|clubs2=
|years2=
|caps(goals)2=
|clubs3=
|years3=
|caps(goals)3=
|nationalteam1=[[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
|nationalyears1=2012–present
|nationalcaps1=91
|nationalgoals1=17
|updated=12 February 2017
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Men|2014 Incheon]]|Team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Ipoh]]|Team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016 Kuantan]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2014 Glasgow]]|Team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016 London]]|Team}}
}}

'''Nikkin Thimmaiah''' (born 18 January 1991) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|forward]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nikkin Thimmaiah|url=http://hockeyindia.org/team/nikin-thimmaiah.html|publisher=Hockey India|accessdate=13 July 2016|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808090913/http://hockeyindia.org/team/nikin-thimmaiah.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chandanda Nikkin Thimmaiah Profile|url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/hockey/1008250/c_nikkin_thimmaia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730100520/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/hockey/1008250/c_nikkin_thimmaia.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 July 2014|publisher=Glasgow 2014|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref> He was named in the Indian squad for the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Thimmaiah brothers aspire to steer UP Wizards to top position|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/hockey-india-league/top-stories/Thimmaiah-brothers-aspire-to-steer-UP-Wizards-to-top-position/articleshow/45614523.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://hockeyindia.org/team/nikin-thimmaiah.html Player profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808090913/http://hockeyindia.org/team/nikin-thimmaiah.html |date=8 August 2016 }} at [[Hockey India]]
*{{Olympedia}}
*{{Sports reference}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2016 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2016 Champions Trophy}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thimmaiah, Nikkin}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]

Sahebrao Baradkar Deshmukh

2026-04-11T23:52:24Z

Viads: New

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sahebrao Baradkar Deshmukh
| native_name = साहेबराव बारडकर देशमुख
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| governor =
| minister =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| minister1 =
| office2 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Mudkhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mudkhed]]
| term_start2 = 1980
| term_end2 = 1999
| predecessor2 = Chandrakant Maski
| successor2 = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| assembly = Maharashtra Legislative
| nickname =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| relatives =
| father = Sakhojirao Deshmukh
}}

'''Sahebrao Sakhojirao Deshmukh''' was a [[politician]] and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], and son of Sakhojirao Baradkar Deshmukh. He was a four term Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Mudkhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mudkhed]] constituency.<ref>[https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html Maharashtra Assembly Election Results in 1980]</ref>

He was born in [[Barad, Maharashtra|Barad]].

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Sahebrao Baradkar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]

Delhi Chamber Choir

2026-04-02T12:55:42Z

Viads: created stub

{{morefootnotes|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[File:Delhi Chamber Choir.jpg|alt=Delhi Chamber Choir at the National Centre for Performing Arts, Mumbai in February, 2023|thumb|Delhi Chamber Choir at the National Centre for Performing Arts, Mumbai in February, 2023]]{{Short description|Western Classical choir from New Delhi, India}}

The Delhi Chamber Choir (DCC) is a mixed [[vocal ensemble]] based in [[Delhi]], [[India]], and is among many choirs in India performing [[Western classical]] music. The choir’s repertoire includes a wide range of music from [[Renaissance music|renaissance]] and [[Baroque music|baroque]] to [[Modernism (music)|modern]] and [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] choral compositions.

== History ==
The Delhi Chamber Choir was founded in 2007 by Gabriella Boda-Rechner,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-14 |title=European in tenor & tone |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/european-in-tenor-tone-1655439-2020-03-14 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> a Hungarian expat and professional choirmaster, who had been residing in Delhi. Her leadership influenced the choir's development and artistic output, resulting in performances that introduced Delhi’s audience to choral chamber music.<ref name=":0" />

In April 2012,{{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=Cited articles don't mention 2012. Verify again}} Nadezda Valeyrevna Balyan, a Russian choir conductor and music educator who had moved to India, took over as the conductor. An alumnus of the [[Moscow State University of Art and Culture]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-11 |title=WeekendsatKNMA ft The Capital City Minstrels |url=https://www.knma.in/weekendsatknma-ft-capital-city-minstrels |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Talwar |first=Amrita |date=2024-07-08 |title='Choir-singing is yet to find a foothold in India,' says conductor Nadezda Balyan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/choir-singing-is-yet-to-find-a-foothold-in-india-says-conductor-nadezda-balyan/article68381059.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nadezda introduced the choir to Russian Orthodox music by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninoff]] and [[Dmitry Bortniansky|Bortniansky]].

After a brief hiatus, during which many of the expat choristers either returned to their home countries or were transferred to other postings, Delhi Chamber Choir witnessed a new generation of Indian singers, mostly under the age of 25. The choir returned to the stage in October 2019 at Delhi’s Akshara Theatre,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2020-09-28 |title=How the Delhi Chamber Choir Has Adapted During COVID-19, Sustaining Indian Choral Singing |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/how-the-delhi-chamber-choir-has-adapted-during-covid-19-sustaining-indian-choral-singing/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> performing a repertoire that spanned from [[Tomás Luis de Victoria|Victoria]] and [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]] to [[John Tavener|Tavener]] and [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]].

Nadezda continues{{As of?|date=December 2024}} to conduct Delhi Chamber Choir.

== Performances ==
In December 2007, the choir performed choral works by [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] and [[Zoltán Kodály|Kodaly]] at the [[India International Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MUSIC : Love is in the Air as part of ALLIANCE FRANCAISE DE DELHI GOLDEN JUBILEE FEST - 4th November, 2007 |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2007/11/music-love-is-in-air-as-part-of.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Delhi Events|date=4 November 2007 }}</ref> Later that month, DCC collaborated with the [[Neemrana Music Foundation]] at the [[Lotus Temple|Bahai House of Worship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=WESTERN MUSIC : Neemrana Music Foundation presents Choir Conducted by Gabriella Roda Rechner at Bahai House of Worship - 14th December, 2007 |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2007/12/western-music-neemrana-music-foundation.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Delhi Events|date=14 December 2007 }}</ref>

In March 2008, the choir returned to the Bahai House of Worship, also known as the [[Lotus Temple]], to perform sacred works by [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J.S. Bach]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[William Byrd]], and [[Gabriel Fauré]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MUSIC CONCERT " Delhi Chamber Choir presents "My soul yearns for God" at Bahá'í House of Worship ( Lotus Temple ) - 1st March 08 |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2008/03/music-concert-delhi-chamber-choir.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Delhi Events|date=March 2008 }}</ref> Later in November, the Delhi Chamber Choir performed Mozart's '[[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem]]' and [[Charles Gounod|Gounod]]'s 'Gallia' alongside the Neemrana Music Foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatt |first=Neha |date=9 November 2008 |title=Requiem for a dream |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/requiem-for-a-dream-108110901043_1.html |access-date=29 January 2013 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Organized by Alliance Francaise, New Delhi, and directed by French conductor Yves Parmentier, the concert was held at the Kamani Auditorium.

In May 2010, Delhi Chamber Choir performed sacred compositions by Mozart, [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], Bach, and [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Pergolesi]] at the [[Cathedral Church of the Redemption|Cathedral Church of Redemption]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concert featuring The Mozart Children's Choir of India & The Delhi Chamber Choir at The Cathedral Church of Redemption, 1, Church Road - 6:30pm on 2nd May 2010 |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2010/04/concert-featuring-mozart-children-choir.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Delhi Events|date=2 May 2010 }}</ref> The choir performed another programme of sacred music in April 2012 at [[Teen Murti Bhavan|Teen Murti Bhawan]], conducted by Nadezda Balyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Neemrana Music Foundation presents An evening of opera arias, choruses & sacred music at Teen Murti House, Teen Murti Marg > 7pm on 11th April 2012 |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2012/04/neemrana-music-foundation-presents.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Delhi Events|date=11 April 2012 }}</ref>

After a brief hiatus, Delhi Chamber Choir returned to the stage in October 2019 at [[Akshara Theatre]].<ref name=":2" /> In February 2020, Delhi Chamber Choir participated in the Latvian-Indian Choral Festival, organised by the Latvian Embassy in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Republikā |first=LR vēstniecība Indijas |title=The Latvian-Indian Choir Festival concludes with a concert in Bangalore |url=https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/newdelhi/news/65532-the-latvian-indian-choir-festival-concludes-with-a-concert-in-bangalore |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www2.mfa.gov.lv}}</ref> The choir performed works by contemporary composers like [[Eric Whitacre]], [[Ola Gjeilo]], [[Arvo Pärt]], Kevin Fox, [[Ēriks Ešenvalds|Eriks Ešenvalds]], and Laura Jekabsone. The performance was led by Latvian conductor, Jānis Ozols, and featured singers from other choirs of Delhi.

In April 2020, the choir was scheduled to perform a concert featuring Italian organist and conductor Paolo Devito, with soloists soprano, Tatiana Smantser, and mezzo-soprano, Larissa Rai. The event was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], reflecting the global impact of the crisis on live performances.<ref name=":2" />

The choir returned to the stage in February 2023 with a performance of [[Karl Jenkins]]' '[[Requiem (Jenkins)|Requiem]]' at the [[National Centre for Performing Arts]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOI Spring 2023: The Music of Sir Karl Jenkins |url=https://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/soi-spring-2023-the-music-of-sir-karl-jenkins/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=NCPA |language=en-US}}</ref> This concert, held in collaboration with the [[Symphony Orchestra of India]] and choirs from [[Bangalore]] and Mumbai, was conducted by [[Marat Bisengaliev]].

April 2023 saw the debut of Project 8, a short-lived ensemble comprising versatile vocalists. This vocal [[Octet (musical)|octet]] specialized in performing Renaissance, Baroque, Modern, and Jazz [[A cappella|a capella]] repertoire.

== Education ==
Delhi Chamber Choir conducts workshops and masterclasses aimed at nurturing young talent and fostering a deeper understanding of choral music. These educational initiatives are designed to enhance vocal techniques, musicality, and overall performance skills, contributing to the growth of choral music in India.

Two of their members, Gaurav Vohra and Vaibhavi Singh, were accepted at [[Saint Petersburg Conservatory]], becoming the first Indians to attend the institution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Serenade |date=2021-10-23 |title=Delhi Chamber Choir Singers to Attend the N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov St. Petersburg State Conservatory |url=https://serenademagazine.com/delhi-chamber-choir-singers-become-the-first-indians-to-attend-the-n-a-rimsky-korsakov-st-petersburg-state-conservatory/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Serenade |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, the choir achieved a Distinction grade in the [[ABRSM]] Advanced Choral Singing examination.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[https://www.delhichamberchoir.com/ Delhi Chamber Choir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614084030/https://www.delhichamberchoir.com/ |date=14 June 2024 }}

[[Category:Indian choirs]]
[[Category:Chamber choirs]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Classical music in India]]
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]

Virendra Singh (judge)

2026-03-25T05:52:24Z

Viads: Done

{{BLP sources|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| name = Virendra Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Lokayukta]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| successor = Justice N.K. Mehrotra
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|1|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Vill. Tiwaya, post tiwaya[[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Virendra Singh (Lokayukta) ''' was appointed [[Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta|lokayukta of Uttar Pradesh]] on 16 December 2015 by [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/up-lokayukta-supreme-court-invokes-constitutional-powers-to-appoint-justice-virendra-singh/article7996144.ece | title=Angry SC takes 'extraordinary' step of appointing Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta | date=16 December 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=29 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-13310877.html|title = चुनौतियों के लिए चुनौती, भ्रष्टाचारियों पर कार्रवाई में दबाव मुक्त: वीरेंद्र}}</ref> He is the first [[Lokayukta]] of India who is appointed by Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-13310877.html|title = चुनौतियों के लिए चुनौती, भ्रष्टाचारियों पर कार्रवाई में दबाव मुक्त: वीरेंद्र}}</ref> He is successor of Justice N.K. Mehrotra. The Supreme Court exercises its right under Article 142 of the Constitution to make the appointment of Lokayukta .<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/search/simple.do| title = The Hindu: Breaking News, India News, Sports News and Live Updates| website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
*1977:Legal Practice start and selection in PCS (J)
*1985:Promoted as Civil Judge.
*2005 :District Judge-[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]], [[Banda district (India)|Banda]], [[Ballia district|Balia]], [[Mathura]]
*2009:High Court-Justice (13 April 2009)
*2011 :Retirement (13 January 2011)
*2011 :Chairman of State Consumer Commission of UP

== Seventh Lokayukta ==
# Justice Vishwambhar Dayal (14 September 1977----)
#Justice Mirza Mohammad Murtaza Husain
# Justice Kailash Nath Goyal
# Justice Justice Rajeshwar Singh
# Justice Sudhir Chandra Verma
# Justice N.K.Mehrotra
# Justice Virendra Singh (20 December 2015-----)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-13318443.html|title = वीरेंद्र सिंह उत्तर प्रदेश के लोकायुक्त नियुक्त, 20 को लेंगे शपथ}}</ref>

==Swearing postponed==
After the intervention of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], Virendra's appointed was replaced by retired judge Sanjay Mishra after the state government was accused of concealing facts regarding the appointed and objections raised by chief justice of [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-appoints-justice-sanjay-mishra-as-up-lokayukta/article8161705.ece|title=Supreme Court appoints Justice Sanjay Mishra as U.P. Lokayukta|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2016|last1=Rajagopal|first1=Krishnadas}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Virendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ombudsmen in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Badgaon, Sanchore

2026-03-16T17:13:45Z

Viads:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badgaon
| official_name = Bargaon
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalore district|Jalore]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raniwara]]
| established_title = 
| area_total_ha = 2009.72
| population_total = 6,453
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 343029
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
}}
'''Badgaon''' is a village in [[Raniwara]] tehsil, in the [[Jalore district]] of Rajasthan. It is 10 km from Raniwara in the northwest and 17 km from Mandar in the southeast. There is a gram panchayat headquarters within it. Badgaon has a dominant [[Jain]] community and a Jain temple as well as many people of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] community. [[Bargaon, Udaipur|Bargaon]] has a total population of 6,453 peoples according to Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bargaon Village Population - Raniwara - Jalor, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/89860-bargaon-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref>

Although the old area of the village around the well is quite abandoned, the area near bus stand is fast developing.

Badgaon was called "Jalore ka Kashmir" before Deora rajputs are prominent in this area. Nearby Badgaon are many villages, including Rupawati Kalan, Rupawati khurd, Dhamseen, Vagtapura, Jetpura and Rampura.

There are many schools, including Govt. Senior Secondary School, Shatabdi Children Senior School, Badgaon Shatabdi Children Senior Secondary School,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shatabdichildrenschool.tk/ |title=Home |website=shatabdichildrenschool.tk}}</ref> Vidhya Bharti School, Gurukul, Happy Home and Tagore Public.

Badgaon is on the border of [[Sirohi district]].
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sanchore district]]
{{Sanchore district}}

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Himachal Pradesh

2026-03-08T08:58:55Z

Viads: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Short description|State in northwestern India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Himachal Pradesh
| official_name = State of Himachal Pradesh
| type = State
| image_seal = Himachal Pradesh seal.svg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Kinnaur Kailash.jpg
| caption1 = [[Kinnaur Kailash]]
| image2 = Kullu Valley near Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg
| caption2 = [[Kullu Valley]] near [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]
| image3 = HPCA Stadium Dharamsala.jpg
| caption3 = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]] in [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]]
| image8 = Shimla night.jpg
| caption8 = [[Shimla]] at Night
| image5 = Kee monastery Spiti Valley (edited).jpg
| caption5 = [[Key Monastery]] at [[Spiti]]
| image4 = BaijNath.jpg
| caption4 = [[Baijnath Temple]]
| image6 = Sarahan-Bhimakali-10-alter Turm-gje (edited).jpg
| caption6 = [[Bhimakali Temple]] in [[Sarahan]]
| image7 = Kalpa (8512894537).jpg
| caption7 = [[Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh|Kalpa]]
}}
| etymology = Land of the [[Western Himalayas|snow-clad mountains]]
| nickname = {{enum|Devbhoomi|Veerbhoomi|Urja Pradesh}}{{force plural}}
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) "Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}
| image_map = IN-HP.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|31|6|12|N|77|10|20|E|region:IN-HP_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = North India
| before_was = [[East Punjab]]
| formation_date4 = 15 April 1948
| formation_date1 = 1 November 1966
| formation_date2 = 25 January 1971
| capital = Shimla
| largestcity = Shimla
| districts = [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|12]]
| Governor = [[Kavinder Gupta]]<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/kavinder-gupta-new-governor-of-himachal-pradesh-bjp-leader-lieutenant-governor-of-ladakh/article70710436.ece |title=Kavinder Gupta: from VHP to Himachal Pradesh Governor |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>
| Chief_Minister = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Mukesh Agnihotri]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| judiciary = [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/ |title=Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha |publisher=Hpvidhansabha.nic.in |date=18 April 2011 |access-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720204236/http://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| assembly_seats = 68 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 3 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 4 seats
| area_footnotes = <ref name=area>{{citation |url=http://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geo9.html |title=Statistical Facts about India | access-date = 26 October 2006 |publisher=indianmirror.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061026055639/http://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geo9.html | archive-date = 26 October 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 55673
| area_rank = 18th
| length_km = 300
| width_km = 200
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/mountaineering-rock-climbing |title=Mountaineering & Rock Climbing - Himachal Tourism Official Website |work=Himachal Tourism Official Website |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425082701/https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/mountaineering-rock-climbing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 6,816
| elevation_max_point = [[Reo Purgyil]]
| elevation_min_m = 232
| elevation_min_point = [[Beas River]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="HPOP" />
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 7,555,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/india/indian-states-population.php|title=Population of Indian states 2025 - StatisticsTimes.com|website=statisticstimes.com}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank = 21st
| population_density = 123
| population_urban = 10.03%
| population_rural = 89.97%
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]
| additional_official = [[Sanskrit]]
| official_script = [[Devanagari script]]
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|2.32|lc|lk=r}}
| GDP_year = 2024–2025
| GDP_rank = 22nd
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|276943|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 16th
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp.php|title=Indian states by GDP|publisher=Statistics Times|accessdate=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp-per-capita.php|title=Indian states by GDP per capita|publisher=Statistics Times|accessdate=4 November 2025}}</ref>
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.78 {{color|#0c0|High}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2025
| HDI_rank = 8th
| literacy = 88.8%<ref>{{Cite book
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2164749
https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/himachals-human-development-index-higher-than-national-average-cm-sukhu-cites-report-101761594842275-amp.html
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/himachal-pradesh-becomes-fully-literate-state/article70026151.ece
|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2025
| literacy_rank = 12th
| sex_ratio = 972[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 32nd
| iso_code = IN-HP
| registration_plate = HP
| website = himachal.gov.in
| mammal = [[Snow leopard]]
| bird = [[Western tragopan]]
| fish = Golden Mahseer<ref>{{citation |title=State Fishes of India |author=ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBFGR) |location=Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh |publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) |url=https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614053436/https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20%26%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| flower = [[Pink rhododendron]]
| tree = [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar cedar]]
| image_highway = SH IN-HP.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Himachal Pradesh|HP SH1 - HP SH43]]
}}

'''Himachal Pradesh''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Himācal Pradeś|ɦɪˈmäːtʃəl pɾəˈd̪eːʃ|}}{{audio|Himachal.ogg|}}; {{lit|Snow-laden Mountain Province}})<ref name="indiatoday-2021">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25 |title=Story of Himachal Pradesh |website=indiatoday.in |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606074153/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in the [[North India|northern part]] of [[India]]. Situated in the [[Western Himalayas]], it is one of the 13 [[Indian Himalayan Region|mountain states]] and is characterised by an extreme landscape featuring [[List of mountain peaks of Himachal Pradesh|several peaks]] and extensive [[river systems]]. Himachal Pradesh is the northernmost state of India and shares borders with the [[union territories]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] to the north, and the states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] to the west, [[Haryana]] to the southwest, [[Uttarakhand]] to the southeast and a very narrow border with [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the south. The state also shares an international border to the east with the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in [[China]]. Himachal Pradesh is also known as ''Dev Bhoomi'', meaning 'Land of Gods'<ref name="Sanskriti Mag-2014">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/india/himachal-pradesh-dev-bhoomi-land-gods/ |title=Himachal Pradesh known as 'Dev Bhoomi' or 'Land of Gods and Goddess' |access-date=25 August 2021 |magazine=Sanskriti Magazine |date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818093936/https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/india/himachal-pradesh-dev-bhoomi-land-gods/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''Veer Bhoomi'' which means 'Land of the Brave'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anurag Thakur pays tribute at Shaheed Sthal in Bilaspur, says Himachal Pradesh also known as 'Veerbhoomi' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/anurag-thakur-pays-tribute-at-shaheed-sthal-in-bilaspur-says-himachal-pradesh-also-known-as-veerbhoomi20210820223311/?amp=1&ved=2ahUKEwjbz4PPuMvyAhU24HMBHXJsC2MQyM8BMAB6BAgMEAM&usg=AOvVaw2VDczWXgGwfpVIccD6v0d9&ampcf=1 |access-date=25 August 2021 |work=ANI |date=20 August 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825053113/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/anurag-thakur-pays-tribute-at-shaheed-sthal-in-bilaspur-says-himachal-pradesh-also-known-as-veerbhoomi20210820223311/?amp=1&ved=2ahUKEwjbz4PPuMvyAhU24HMBHXJsC2MQyM8BMAB6BAgMEAM&usg=AOvVaw2VDczWXgGwfpVIccD6v0d9&ampcf=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The predominantly mountainous region comprising the present-day Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited since pre-historic times, having witnessed multiple waves of human migrations from other areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hppanchayat.nic.in/About%20us.html |title=Prehistory and Protohistory |publisher=Official Website of Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830144826/http://hppanchayat.nic.in/About%20us.html|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Through its history, the region was mostly ruled by local kingdoms, some of which accepted the [[suzerainty]] of larger [[empire]]s. Prior to [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] from the [[British Raj|British]], Himachal comprised the hilly regions of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]]. After independence, many of the hilly territories were organised as the Chief Commissioner's province of Himachal Pradesh, which later became a [[Union territory|Union Territory]]. In 1966, hilly areas of the neighbouring [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state were merged into Himachal and it was ultimately granted full statehood in 1971.

Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys with many perennial rivers flowing through them. [[Agriculture]], horticulture, hydropower, and tourism are important constituents of the state's economy. The hilly state is almost universally electrified, with 99.5% of households having [[List of states and union territories of India by households having electricity|electricity]] as of 2016. The state was declared India's second [[open-defecation]]-free state in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/himachal-pradesh-open-defecation-free-state-world-bank-funding-3727500/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |title=Himachal becomes India's second 'Open Defecation Free' state, to get Rs 9,000 cr funding from World Bank |date=28 October 2016|access-date=29 December 2018 |author=Ashwani Sharma |place=Shimla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229171815/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/himachal-pradesh-open-defecation-free-state-world-bank-funding-3727500/|archive-date=29 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a survey of CMS-India Corruption Study in 2017, Himachal Pradesh is India's least [[Corruption in India|corrupt]] state.<ref name="leastcorrupt1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/hp-least-corrupt-state-cms-india-study/articleshow/58439057.cms |title=HP least corrupt state: CMS-India study |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 April 2017 |access-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209123514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/hp-least-corrupt-state-cms-india-study/articleshow/58439057.cms |archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="leastcorrupt2">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/corruption-on-decline-in-india-karnataka-ranked-most-corrupt-himachal-pradesh-least-survey-2000205.html |title=Corruption on decline in India; Karnataka ranked most corrupt, Himachal Pradesh least: Survey |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=28 March 2017|access-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064225/http://zeenews.india.com/economy/corruption-on-decline-in-india-karnataka-ranked-most-corrupt-himachal-pradesh-least-survey-2000205.html|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts.

In 2026, Himachal Pradesh ranked at the 8th position on the earth in World's most welcoming regions followed by [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], [[United States|USA]]. In India Himachal Pradesh topped in India's most welcoming regions followed by [[Kerala]] and [[Goa]], and Himachal's [[Bir, Himachal Pradesh|Bir]] topped as the most welcoming city in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-04 |title=Himachal Pradesh Named Among World’s Top Ten Most Welcoming Regions, Bir Crowned Most Welcoming City in India for 2026 - Travel And Tour World |url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/himachal-pradesh-named-among-worlds-top-ten-most-welcoming-regions-bir-crowned-most-welcoming-city-in-india-for-2026/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=Himachal Pradesh ranks among the world’s most welcoming regions - Trav Talk |url=https://travtalkindia.com/himachal-pradesh-ranks-among-the-worlds-most-welcoming-regions/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Santosh |title=Himachal Pradesh shines as one of the world’s most welcoming destinations |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/operations/himachal-pradesh-shines-as-one-of-the-worlds-most-welcoming-destinations |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2026 |website=hotelierindia.com}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the state is a reference to its setting: Himachal means "snowy slopes" (Sanskrit: ''hima'', meaning "snow"; ''acala/achala, meaning'' "slopes", or "land", or "abode"). Himachal Pradesh (ɦɪˈmaːtʃəl pɾəˈdeːʃ; literally "snow-laden province"). Himachal refers to being in the "''aanchal''" of the Himalayas hence; sheltered by the Himalayas or by the snow. It means "the land in the lap of the snowy Himalayas". [[Pradesh]] means "state". Himachal was referenced by Diwakar Datt Sharma, a [[Sanskrit]] scholar, after independence, when "Jan Gan Man" was revealed publicly by Pt. Nehru from Gurudev [[Tagore]]'s diary. The word was added in the national anthem of India, "Jan Gan Man", by Gurudev [[Rabindranath Tagore]] when he was writing and composing it. Later, after the independence of India, Punjab province was divided and the name was given, officially to the mountain state as Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Himachal Pradesh turns 45 today: Some interesting facts about the state |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-%26-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25 |access-date=3 November 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927101426/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-%26-current-affairs/story/himchal-pradesh-305386-2016-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=हिमाचल प्रदेश का नामकरण और आचार्य दिवाकर दत्त शर्मा |url=http://himalayilog.com/2022/04/11/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%94/ |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=Himalayilog.com |date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005104253/http://himalayilog.com/2022/04/11/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%94/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Early history ===
{{Main|History of Himachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Full view of Masroor temple.jpg|thumb|left|8th-century CE rock-cut [[Masrur Temples|temples at Masroor]]]]

Tribes such as the [[Koli people|Koli]], Hali, Dagi, Dhaugri, [[Dasa]], [[Khasas|Khasa]], [[Kanaura]], and [[Kirata]] inhabited the region from the prehistoric era.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatt |first1=SC |last2=Bhargava |first2=Gopal |title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories Vol. X |date=2006 |publisher=Kalpaz publications |isbn=81-7835-366-0 |page=2}}</ref> The foothills of the modern state of Himachal Pradesh were inhabited by people from the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], which flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.<ref name="nichist">{{cite web |url=http://himachal.nic.in/tour/history.htm |title=History of Himachal Pradesh |access-date=31 March 2008 |publisher=National informatics center, Himachal Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121013200/http://himachal.nic.in/tour/history.htm |archive-date=21 November 2006}}</ref> The Kols and [[Munda people|Mundas]] are believed to be the original inhabitants to the hills of present-day Himachal Pradesh, followed by the [[Bhotiya|Bhotas]] and [[Kirata]]s.<ref name="nichist" />

During the [[Vedic period]], several small republics known as ''Janapada'' existed which were later conquered by the [[Gupta Empire]]. After a brief period of supremacy by King [[Harshavardhana]], the region was divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some [[Rajput]] principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by [[Delhi Sultanate]] several times.<ref name="nichist" /> [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]] conquered [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] at the beginning of the 11th century. [[Timur]] and [[Sikander Lodi]] also marched through the lower hills of the state, captured several forts, and fought many battles.<ref name="nichist" /> Several hill states acknowledged [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[suzerainty]] and paid regular [[tribute]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Verma|1995|pp = 28–35, ''Historical Perspective''}}

[[File:Rajput states in Himachal Pradesh.svg|left|thumb|230px|A map of the major Rajput kingdoms in Himachal Pradesh]]

The [[Kingdom of Gorkha]] conquered many kingdoms and came to power in [[Nepal]] in 1768.<ref name=nichist /> They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory.<ref name=nichist /> Gradually, the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] annexed [[Sirmaur district|Sirmour]] and [[Shimla]]. Under the leadership of [[Amar Singh Thapa]], the [[Nepali Army|Nepali army]] laid siege to [[Kangra district|Kangra]]. They managed to defeat [[Sansar Chand]] [[Katoch]], the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, the Nepali army could not capture [[Kangra fort]] which came under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] in 1809. After the defeat, they expanded towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of [[Siba State]], captured the fort of Siba from the remnants of [[Lahore]] Darbar in Samvat 1846,<ref name=nichist /> during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]].

They came into direct conflict with the British along the ''[[tarai]]'' belt, after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the [[Satluj]].<ref name=nichist /> The British gradually emerged as the paramount power in the region.<ref name=nichist /> In the revolt of 1857, or first [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian war of independence]], arising from several grievances against the British,<ref name=nichist /> the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country.<ref name=nichist /> They and their rulers, except Bushahr, remained more or less inactive.<ref name=nichist /> Some, including the rulers of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

The British territories came under the British Crown after [[Queen Victoria]]'s proclamation of 1858. The states of [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India|Mandi]] and Bilaspur made good progress in many fields during the British rule.<ref name=nichist /> During World War I, virtually all rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort, both in the form of men and materials. Among these were the states of [[Kangra district|Kangra]], Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler, [[Rajgarh State|Rajgarh]], [[Nurpur State|Nurpur]], Chamba, Suket, Mandi, and Bilaspur.<ref name=nichist />

=== Partition and post-independence ===
After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh was organised on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 30 petty princely states (including feudal princes and ''zaildars'') in the promontories of the western [[Himalayas]]. These were known as the Simla Hills States and four [[Punjab]] southern hill states under the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged into Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954.{{sfn|Verma|1995|pp = 239-254, ''Territorial Gains''}}

Himachal became a Part 'C' state on 26 January 1950 when the [[Constitution of India]] came into effect and the Lieutenant Governor was appointed. The Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. In July 1954, following the passage of '''The Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954''' by an act of Parliament, [[Bilaspur State (1950–1954)|Bilaspur State]] was dissolved and incorporated into the State of Himachal Pradesh as Bilaspur district.<ref>[https://www.legalindia.com/the-himachal-pradesh-and-bilaspur-new-state-act-1954/ THE HIMACHAL PRADESH AND BILASPUR (NEW STATE) ACT, 1954]</ref> Himachal Pradesh became a [[union territory]] on 1 November 1956.<ref name=nichist /> Some areas of the Punjab State, namely, Simla, Kangra, Kullu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Lohara, Amb and Una Kanungo circles, some areas of Santokhgarh Kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una Tehsil of [[Hoshiarpur District]], as well as Kandaghat and Nalagarh Tehsils of erstwhile [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU State]], besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot District—were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on the enactment by Parliament of the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]].{{sfn|Verma|1995|pp = 239-254, ''Territorial Gains''}} On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament, and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Himachal became the 18th state of the Indian Union with [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]] as its first chief minister.<ref name=nichist />

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Himachal Pradesh}}

Himachal is in the western [[Himalayas]] situated between 30°22′N and 33°12′N latitude and 75°47′E and 79°04′E longitude. Covering an area of {{convert|55673|km2|mi2}},<ref name=area /> it is a mountainous state. The [[Zanskar range]] runs in the northeastern part of the state and the great Himalayan range run through the eastern and northern parts, while the [[Dhauladhar]] and the [[Pir Panjal range]]s of the lesser Himalayas, and their valleys, form much of the core regions. The outer Himalayas, or the [[Shiwalik hills|Shiwalik range]], form southern and western Himachal Pradesh. At 6,816&nbsp;m, [[Reo Purgyil]] is the highest mountain peak in the state of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="Mount Tourism">{{cite web |title=Mountaineering & Rock Climbing |work=Himachal Tourism Official Website |publisher=Himachal tourism |url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/mountaineering-rock-climbing/ |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609145815/https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/mountaineering-rock-climbing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[drainage]] system of Himachal is composed of both rivers and [[glacier]]s. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the [[Indus basin|Indus]] and [[Ganges]] [[Drainage basin|basins]].<ref name="geo3" /> The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the [[Chenab River|Chenab]], the [[Ravi River|Ravi]], the [[Beas River|Beas]], the [[Sutlej]], and the [[Yamuna]]. These rivers are [[Perennial stream|perennial]] and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.<ref name="geo3">{{cite web |url=http://www.webindia123.com/himachal/land/rivers.htm#R |title=Rivers in Himachal Pradesh |access-date=28 April 2006 |publisher=Suni Systems (P) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051115160507/http://www.webindia123.com/himachal/land/rivers.htm#R |archive-date=15 November 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Four of the five Punjab rivers flow through Himachal Pradesh, three of them originating in the state. These rivers run through a maze of valleys separated by the mountain ranges of the state. The [[Satluj Valley]] is formed by the Satluj river entering the state near [[Shipki La]], while the Spiti and [[Baspa Valley]]s are formed by the river's two major tributaries in the state. The Beas river flows though the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu]] and the [[Kangra Valley]]s, with tributary Parvati forming the [[Parvati Valley]]. The Chenab river, formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga, forms much of the northern regions of Lahaul and [[Pangi, Himachal Pradesh|Pangi]], and the Ravi river flows principally through Chamba. The [[Pabbar River|Pabbar]] and Giri rivers in the southeast are part of the Yamuna basin.

Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The climate varies from hot and humid subtropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges.<ref name="geo1">{{cite web |url=http://www.himachalpradesh.us/geography/himachal_climate.php |title=Climate of Himachal Pradesh |access-date=26 October 2006 |publisher=himachalpradesh.us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117013122/http://himachalpradesh.us/geography/himachal_climate.php |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The state's winter capital, [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] receives very heavy rainfall, while areas like [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April until the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the [[Alpine climate|alpine]] zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from {{convert|28|to|32|°C|°F|0}}. Winter lasts from late November until mid-March. [[Snowfall]] is common in alpine tracts. Pollution is affecting the climate of almost all the states of India. Due to steps taken by governments to prevent pollution, Himachal Pradesh has become the first smoke-free state in India which means cooking in the entire state is free of traditional [[chulha]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Himachal Pradesh declared first smoke-free state in country |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/himachal-pradesh-declared-first-smoke-free-state-in-country-527165 |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303153221/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/himachal-pradesh-declared-first-smoke-free-state-in-country-527165 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:India Himachal Pradesh relief map.svg|Topographic map of Himachal Pradesh. Most of the state is mountainous.
File:Shivaliks Himalayas Aerial Dehaze Himachal Feb20 R16 02827.jpg|View of the [[Shivalik Hills]] and the [[Lesser Himalayas|Middle Himalayas]] in Himachal Pradesh
</gallery>In a statement on 29 March 2025, Town and Country Planning Minister, [[Rajesh Dharmani]], highlighted the state government's policy of sustainable development, citing the "''Green Himachal vision''" and ongoing efforts to meet sustainable development goals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Govt promoting sustainable development with 'Green Himachal Vision': Rajesh Dharmani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/govt-promoting-sustainable-development-with-green-himachal-vision-rajesh-dharmani/articleshow/119721140.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=29 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=State govt promotes sustainable development with Green Himachal vision: Minister |url=https://theprint.in/india/state-govt-promotes-sustainable-development-with-green-himachal-vision-minister/2570954/ |work=ThePrint |agency=PTI |date=29 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Protected areas of Himachal Pradesh}}

Himachal Pradesh is one of the states that lies in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), one of the richest reservoirs of biological diversity in the world. As of 2002, the IHR is undergoing large scale irrational extraction of wild, medicinal herbs, thus endangering many of its high-value gene stock. To address this, a workshop on 'Endangered Medicinal Plant Species in Himachal Pradesh' was held in 2002 and the conference was attended by forty experts from diverse disciplines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aldam |first=C |date=10 October 2002 |title=Endangered medicinal plant species in Himachal Pradesh |journal=Current Science Association |volume=83 |page=797}}</ref>

According to 2003 [[Forest Survey of India]] report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=hpfdforests>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpforest.nic.in/frst2.htm |title=The Forests |access-date=3 April 2008 |author=Himachal Pradesh Forest Department |publisher=National Informatics Center, Himachal Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510102731/http://www.hpforest.nic.in/frst2.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Vegetation in the state is dictated by elevation and [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]. The state is endowed with a high diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants.<ref>Kala, C.P. (2002) Medicinal Plants of Indian Trans-Himalaya: Focus on Tibetan Use of Medicinal Resources. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India. 200 pp.</ref> Lahaul-Spiti region of the state, being a cold desert, supports unique plants of medicinal value including ''[[Ferula|Ferula jaeschkeana]]'', ''[[Hyoscyamus niger]]'', ''[[Lancea tibetica]]'', and ''[[Saussurea]] bracteata''.<ref>Kala, C.P. (2000) Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Biological Conservation, 93 (3): 371–379.</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. (2005) Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India. Current Science, 89 (8): 1331–1338.</ref>

Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country,<ref name="Fruitbowl">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachal-initiates-rs-1134-crore-horticulture-development-project/articleshow/60007847.cms |title=Himachal initiates rs 1134 crore horticultural developmental project |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 August 2017|access-date=16 April 2018 |author=Anand Bodh |place=Shimla |agency=TNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717022118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachal-initiates-rs-1134-crore-horticulture-development-project/articleshow/60007847.cms|archive-date=17 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> with widespread orchards. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes. After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bloom with wild flowers, white gladiolas, [[carnations]], [[Tagetes|marigolds]],<ref name=marigolds>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/50139/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126033730/http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/50139/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=In Himachal Pradesh Striking gold with marigold |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 July 2004 |access-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> [[rose]]s, [[chrysanthemums]], [[tulips]] and [[lilies]] are carefully cultivated. Himachal Pradesh Horticultural Produce Marketing and Processing Corporation Ltd. (HPMC) is a state body that markets fresh and processed fruits.<ref name="HPMC">{{cite web |url=http://hpmc.gov.in/ |title=About HPMC |website=HPMC|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217230243/http://www.hpmc.gov.in/|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Himachal Pradesh has around 463 birds, and Tragopan melanocephalus is the state bird of Himanchal Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpforest.nic.in/pages/display/NHNkZmFjh3NkZmE1-wild-life |title=Wild Life: Himachal Pradesh Forest Department |author1=Goutam Pal |author2=Dipak K S |access-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518070522/http://hpforest.nic.in/pages/display/NHNkZmFjh3NkZmE1-wild-life |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> 77 mammalian, 44 reptile and 80 fish species. Himachal Pradesh has currently five [[List of national parks of India|National Parks]].<ref name="pro1" /> [[Great Himalayan National Park]], which is the oldest and largest National park in the state, is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. [[Pin Valley National Park]], [[Inderkilla National Park|Inderkilla]], [[Khirganga National Park|Khirganga]] and [[Simbalbara National Park|Simbalbara]] are the other [[national Park]]s located in the state.<ref name="pro1">{{cite web |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/himachal/wildlife.html |title=Wildlife in Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Tour my India|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013053934/https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/himachal/wildlife.html|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pro2">{{cite web |url=https://sulekhaholidays.com/tour-tag/himanchal-tour-operator/ |title=Beauty of Himachal Pradesh |work=Honeymoon Packages &#124; Best Tour Packages in India |publisher=Sulekha Holidays|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013053934/https://sulekhaholidays.com/tour-tag/himanchal-tour-operator|archive-date=13 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pro3">{{cite web |url=https://toplyricssite.com/folk-songs-of-himanchal-pradesh-himanachal-pradesh-songs/ |title=Folk Songs of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Top Lyrics Site|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013053934/https://toplyricssite.com/folk-songs-of-himanchal-pradesh-himanachal-pradesh-songs/|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pro" /> The state also has 30 [[Wildlife Sanctuary|wildlife sanctuaries]] and 3 conservation reserves.<ref name="Pro">{{cite web |url=http://hpforest.nic.in/pages/display/NTRzZGZhjHk0ZjY1NA==-protected-area-network |title=Protected Area Network |work=Himachal Pradesh Forest Department|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819220628/http://hpforest.nic.in/pages/display/NTRzZGZhjHk0ZjY1NA==-protected-area-network|archive-date=19 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The state bird of Himachal Pradesh is the [[Western tragopan]], locally known as the ''jujurana''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Western tragopan is state bird |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/western-tragopan-is-state-bird-310482 |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=Tribune |date=17 October 2016 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801150431/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/western-tragopan-is-state-bird-310482 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the rarest living pheasants in the world. The state animal is the [[snow leopard]], which is even rarer to find than the ''jujurana''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal to have new State Animal, Bird and Flower – Hill Post |url=https://hillpost.in/2007/08/himachal-to-have-new-animal-bird-and-flower/2636/ |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=hillpost.in |date=10 August 2007 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128161126/https://hillpost.in/2007/08/himachal-to-have-new-animal-bird-and-flower/2636/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Snow Leopards - Ghost of the Mountains for Ministry of Tourism (MOT) India 2.png|[[Snow leopard]] (''Panthera uncia'') in Spiti
File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher- Male at Himachal I2 IMG 2939.jpg|[[Indian paradise flycatcher]] (''Terpsiphone paradisi'') in [[Kullu]]
File:Black Bulbul.jpg|[[Black bulbul]] (''Hypsipetes leucocephalus'')
</gallery>

== Government ==
{{Main|Government of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly election results of Himachal Pradesh|Politics of Himachal Pradesh}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = High Court of Himachal Pradesh.jpg
| caption1 = High Court of Himachal Pradesh
| image2 = Shimla Mayor’s Office (edited).jpg
| caption2 = Shimla's [[Mall Road, Shimla#Town Hall|Town Hall]], which houses the [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]]
}}

The [[Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh]] has no pre-constitution history. The State itself is a post-independence creation. It came into being as a centrally administered territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.<ref name="gov1">{{cite web |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Himachal/himachal_w.htm |title=Himachal Pradesh (gov) Introduction |access-date=3 May 2007 |work=National informatics center |publisher=Computer Centre, Lok Sabha Secretariat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154150/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Himachal/himachal_w.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Himachal Pradesh is governed through a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]], a feature the state shares with other Indian states. [[Universal suffrage]] is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The [[judiciary]] is composed of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] and a system of lower courts.

[[executive (government)|Executive authority]] is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]], although the titular head of government is the [[Governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor]]. The governor is the [[head of state]] appointed by the [[President of India]]. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is [[unicameral]] with 68 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref name="295mla">{{cite web |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/ |title=Legislative Assembly | access-date = 28 October 2006 |work=Legislative Bodies in India |publisher=National Informatics Centre | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061018181407/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/ | archive-date = 18 October 2006 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Terms of office run for five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s'', for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

In the assembly elections held in November 2022, the [[Indian National Congress]] secured an absolute majority, winning 40 of the 68 seats while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won only 25 of the 68 seats. [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] was sworn in as Himachal Pradesh's 15th Chief Minister in Shimla on 11 December 2022. [[Mukesh Agnihotri]] was sworn in as his deputy the same day.
{{clear}}

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Annotated image/Himachal Pradesh|right}}
{{Main|List of districts of Himachal Pradesh}}

The state of Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts<ref name="HPATGL" /> which are grouped into three divisions, Shimla, Kangra and Mandi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpkangra.nic.in/divcom/ |title=DIVISIONAL COMMISSIONER, Kangra Division, Dharamshala|access-date=4 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715234346/http://hpkangra.nic.in/divcom/|archive-date=15 July 2016}}</ref> The districts are further divided into 73 subdivisions, 78 blocks and 172 Tehsils.<ref name="HPATGL">{{cite web |url=http://himachal.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&dpt_id=17&level=0&linkid=1095&lid=1979 |title=Himachal Pradesh at a Glance|access-date=4 July 2016 |publisher=Official Website of Himachal Pradesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608053610/http://himachal.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&dpt_id=17&level=0&linkid=1095&lid=1979|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Divisions !! Districts<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/PDFs/Workshop%20on%20Best%20Practices%20in%20Land%20Records%2016-17-Feb-2015%20-%20Presentation%20-%20Himachal%20Pradesh%27s%20Best%20Practices.pdf|title=State of Himachal Pradesh at a Glance|publisher=Department of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109090509/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/PDFs/Workshop%20on%20Best%20Practices%20in%20Land%20Records%2016-17-Feb-2015%20-%20Presentation%20-%20Himachal%20Pradesh%27s%20Best%20Practices.pdf|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Kangra || [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Una district|Una]]
|-
| Mandi || [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]], [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|-
| Shimla || [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]], [[Shimla district|Shimla]], [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], [[Solan district|Solan]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Administrative Structure<ref name="hpr">{{cite web |url=http://himachalpr.gov.in/Index.aspx?Data=31&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |title=H.P. At A Glance |work=Information and Public Relations, Government of Himachal Pradesh |access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031557/http://himachalpr.gov.in/Index.aspx?Data=31&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |archive-date=18 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
!
|-
|Divisions
|3
|-
|Districts
|12
|-
|Tehsils/ Sub-Tehsils
|172
|-
|Developmental Blocks
|78
|-
|Urban Local Bodies
|54<ref>{{cite web |url=https://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/at-a-glance.html |title=At a Glance |date=16 November 2019 |website=Government of Himachal Pradesh, india |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505152127/https://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/at-a-glance.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Towns
|59
|-
|Gram Panchayats
|3615
|-
|Villages
|20690
|-
|Police Stations
|130<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citizenportal.hppolice.gov.in:8080/citizen/kv/BRIEF%20HISTORY%20OF%20HIMACHAL%20PRADESH%20POLICE.pdf |title=Brief History of Himachal Pradesh Police |page=4 |quote=Today there are 138 Police Stations in the State.. |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016034247/http://citizenportal.hppolice.gov.in:8080/citizen/kv/BRIEF%20HISTORY%20OF%20HIMACHAL%20PRADESH%20POLICE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Lok Sabha seats
|4<ref name="hpa">{{cite web |url=http://himachalpr.gov.in/Index.aspx?Data=31&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |title=MAP (Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of HP) |work=Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh |access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031557/http://himachalpr.gov.in/Index.aspx?Data=31&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Rajya Sabha seats
|3
|-
|Assembly Constituencies
|68<ref name="hpa" />
|}

{{Clear}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Himachal Pradesh}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 300px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|+
{{plain list|'''Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices'''
*figures in crores of [[Indian rupee]]s}}
|-
! Year
! Gross State Domestic Product
|-
| 1980
| 794
|-
| 1985
| 1,372
|-
| 1990
| 2,815
|-
| 1995
| 6,698
|-
| 2000
| 13,590
|-
| 2005
| 23,024
|-
| 2006
| 25,435
|-
|2010
|57,452
|-
|2013
|82,585
|-
|2014
|92,589
|-
|2015
|101,108
|-
|2016
|110,511<ref name="growth ToI" />
|-
|2017
|124,570<ref name="HPG" />
|-
|2018
|135,914<ref name="HPG1" />
|-
|2021
|172,174
|-
|2024
|232,185
|}

Planning in Himachal Pradesh started in 1951 along with the rest of India with the implementation of the first [[Five-year plans of India|five-year plan]]. The First Plan allocated {{INR}}52.7&nbsp;million to Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpplanning.nic.in/An%20Overview%20of%20Planning%20in%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |pages=31–40 |publisher=Planning Department, Himachal Pradesh |title=An Overview of Planning in Himachal Pradesh |access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501015629/http://hpplanning.nic.in/An%20Overview%20of%20Planning%20in%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on transport and communication; while the power sector got a share of just 4.6%, though it had steadily increased to 7% by the Third Plan.<ref name="PLA">{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_hp/sdr_hpch1.pdf |page=14 |title=Himachal Pradesh: A Profile, Economic Development|access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026162818/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_hp/sdr_hpch1.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Expenditure on agriculture and allied activities increased from 14.4% in the First Plan to 32% in the Third Plan, showing a progressive decline afterwards from 24% in the Fourth Plan to less than 10% in the Tenth Plan.<ref name="PLA" /> Expenditure on energy sector was 24.2% of the total in the Tenth Plan.<ref name="PLA" />

[[File:Shimla Mall.jpg|left|thumb|The Mall Road is the central business district of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh's capital city.]]

The total GDP for 2005–06 was estimated at {{INR}}254&nbsp;billion as against {{INR}}230&nbsp;billion in the year 2004–05, showing an increase of 10.5%.<ref name="ecogdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070306/himachal.htm#6 |title=Current GDP |access-date=23 May 2007 |publisher=H. K. Dua, The Tribune House |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003632/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070306/himachal.htm#6 |archive-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The GDP for fiscal 2015–16 was estimated at {{INR}}1.110&nbsp;trillion,<ref name="growth ToI"/> which increased to {{INR}}1.247&nbsp;trillion in 2016–17, recording growth of 6.8%.<ref name="HPG">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/growth-rate-for-hp-estimated-at-6-8/articleshow/57583673.cms |title=Growth rate for Himachal Pradesh estimated at 6.8% |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 February 2018 |date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711125749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/growth-rate-for-hp-estimated-at-6-8/articleshow/57583673.cms|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The per capita income increased from {{INR}}130,067 in 2015–16 to {{INR}}147,277 in 2016–17.<ref name="growth ToI" /><ref name="HPG" /> The state government's advance estimates for fiscal 2017–18 stated the total GDP and per capita income as {{INR}}1.359&nbsp;trillion and {{INR}}158,462, respectively.<ref name="HPG1">{{cite web |url=http://admis.hp.nic.in/budget/Aspx/Anonymous/pdf/FS_Eng_2018.pdf |title=Final English Budget Speech for 2018–19 |work=Finance Department, [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]|access-date=16 April 2018 |page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200450/http://admis.hp.nic.in/budget/Aspx/Anonymous/pdf/FS_Eng_2018.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2018, Himachal is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|22nd-largest state economy]] in India with {{INRConvert|1.52|lc}} in [[gross domestic product]] and has the 13th-highest per capita income ({{INRConvert|160|k}}) among [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|the states and union territories of India]].<ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web |url=http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/StatewiseDomesticProduct_3aug18.xls |title=MOSPI Gross State Domestic Product |date=3 August 2018 |website=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818150754/http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/StatewiseDomesticProduct_3aug18.xls|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=dead |access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

Himachal Pradesh also ranks as the second-best performing state in the country on human development indicators after [[Kerala]].<ref name="HPHDI">{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/3KhGMVXGxXcGYBRMsmDCFO/Why-Kerala-is-like-Maldives-and-Uttar-Pradesh-Pakistan.html |title=Why Kerala is like Maldives and Uttar Pradesh, Pakistan |date=17 December 2015 |access-date=2 May 2017 |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |last=Kundu |first=Tadit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510115727/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/3KhGMVXGxXcGYBRMsmDCFO/Why-Kerala-is-like-Maldives-and-Uttar-Pradesh-Pakistan.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the Indian government's key initiatives to tackle unemployment is the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). The participation of women in the NREGA has been observed to vary across different regions of the nation. As of the year 2009–2010, Himachal Pradesh joined the category of high female participation, recording a 46% share of NREGS (National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme) workdays for women. This was a drastic increase from the 13% that was recorded in 2006–2007.<ref name="Sudarshan.2011">{{Cite journal |last=Sudarshan.M |first=Ratna |date=January 2011 |title=India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: women's participation and impacts in Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Rajasthan |journal=Center for Social Protection Report |volume=6}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Terrace Farming (2877646816).jpg|left|thumb|Terrace farming is the most common form of agricultural practice in the state.]]

[[Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh|Agriculture]] accounts for 9.4% of the net state domestic product.<ref name="admis.hp.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/pdfs/EconomicSurveyEng2016_17_A1b.pdf |title=Economic Survey: 2016–17 |publisher=Official Website of Irrigation and Public Health Department, Himachal Pradesh |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219220449/http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/pdfs/EconomicSurveyEng2016_17_A1b.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. About 90% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture, which provides direct employment to 62% of total workers of state.<ref name="admis.hp.nic.in" /> The main cereals grown include [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[rice]] and [[barley]] with major cropping systems being maize-wheat, rice-wheat and maize-potato-wheat.<ref name="HPCrop">{{cite journal |first1=H. R. |last1=Sharma |title=Crop Diversification in Himachal Pradesh: Patterns, Determinants and Challenges |journal=Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics |volume=66 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=97–114 |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/204738/files/11-H.%20R%20Sharma.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icar.org.in/files/state-specific/chapter/57.htm |title=State specific files, Chapter 57: Himachal Pradesh |website=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]|access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401170941/http://www.icar.org.in/files/state-specific/chapter/57.htm |archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pulses]], [[fruits]], [[vegetables]] and [[oilseeds]] are among the other crops grown in the state.<ref name="HPCrop" /> Centuries-old traditional [[Kuhl irrigation (Himachal Pradesh)|Kuhl irrigation]] system is prevalent in the [[Kangra Valley|Kangra valley]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Irrigation in Kangra valley: no longer kuhl |last=Pinto |first=Aditi |date=13 May 2019 |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/irrigation-in-kangra-valley-no-longer-kuhl |publisher=People's Archive of Rural India |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428232756/https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/irrigation-in-kangra-valley-no-longer-kuhl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though in recent years these Kuhls have come under threat from hydroprojects on small streams in the valley.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2018 |title=HP 'Kulhs' bear the brunt of small hydro projects |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/hp-kulhs-bear-brunt-small-hydro-projects-1502632613.html |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727191853/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/hp-kulhs-bear-brunt-small-hydro-projects-1502632613.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Land husbandry initiatives such as the [[Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project]], which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the world's largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have improved agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes.<ref name=WB20120927>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/09/27/37-million-additional-financing-himachal-pradesh-mid-himalayan-watershed-development-project-india-18000-farmer-households-benefit |title=$37 Million Additional Financing for Himachal Pradesh Mid Himalayan Watershed Development Project, India – 18000 Farmer Households to Benefit |publisher=Worldbank.org |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111021816/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/09/27/37-million-additional-financing-himachal-pradesh-mid-himalayan-watershed-development-project-india-18000-farmer-households-benefit |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kullu Valley, Vashisht, Manali, Apples, India.jpg|thumb|left|[[Apple]]s at an orchard in [[Vashisht, Himachal Pradesh|Vashisht]]; the state is the second-largest producer of apples in India]]

[[Apple]] is the principal cash crop of the state grown principally in the districts of Shimla, Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Chamba and some parts of Sirmaur and Lahaul-Spiti with an average annual production of five [[lakh]] tonnes and per hectare production of 8 to 10 tonnes.<ref name="APP">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/apple-season-begins-in-himachal-pradesh/article7493082.ece |title=Apple season begins in Himachal Pradesh |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Kanwar Yogendra|access-date=1 June 2016 |date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127183750/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/apple-season-begins-in-himachal-pradesh/article7493082.ece|archive-date=27 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The apple cultivation constitute 49 per cent of the total area under fruit crops and 85% of total fruit production in the state with an estimated economy of {{INR}}3500 [[crore]].<ref name="APP" /> Apples from Himachal are exported to other [[Indian states and territories|Indian states]] and even other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nhb.gov.in/report_files/apple/APPLE.htm |title=APPLE |publisher=National Horticulture Board|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105042259/http://nhb.gov.in/report_files/apple/APPLE.htm|archive-date=5 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apple">{{cite web |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/agriculture/himachal-pradesh-exports-over-3-crore-apple-boxes-to-markets-across-country/story/224999.html |title=Himachal Pradesh headed for good Apple crop this year |date=19 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2016 |work=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629131817/http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/agriculture/himachal-pradesh-exports-over-3-crore-apple-boxes-to-markets-across-country/story/224999.html|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011–12, the total area under apple cultivation was 104,000 hectares, increased from 90,347 hectares in 2000–01.<ref name="Apple" /> According to the provisional estimates of [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare]], the annual apple production in Himachal for fiscal 2015–16 stood at 753,000 tonnes, making it India's second-largest apple-producing state after [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148013 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |title=Production of Apple Increases by About 36% in 2015–16|access-date=23 April 2018 |date=29 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071527/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148013|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is also among the leading producers of other fruits such as [[apricots]], [[cherries]], [[peaches]], [[pears]], [[plums]] and [[strawberries]] in India.
[[File:Tea Gardens Dharamshala.jpg|thumb|Tea gardens in Dharamsala]]
[[Kangra tea]] is grown in the Kangra valley. Tea plantation began in 1849, and production peaked in the late 19th century with the tea becoming popular across the globe.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/tea-the-kangra-way/article6120742.ece |title=Tea, the Kangra way |date=17 June 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415170613/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/tea-the-kangra-way/article6120742.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Production dipped sharply after the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]] and continues to decline.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/plantations-in-himachal-pradesh-palampur-a-tea-thats-not-on-the-menu-of-any-political-party-5732238 |title=Plantations in Himachal Pradesh's Palampur: A tea that's not on the menu of any political party |date=18 May 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928052226/https://indianexpress.com/elections/plantations-in-himachal-pradesh-palampur-a-tea-thats-not-on-the-menu-of-any-political-party-5732238/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tea received [[Geographical Indication|geographical indication]] status in 2005.

=== Industry ===
{{Main|Industry in Himachal Pradesh}}

==== Pharma hub ====
Himachal Pradesh is renowned as Asia's pharmaceutical hub, housing a total of 652 [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical units]]. The state hosts a thriving ₹40,000 crore drug manufacturing industry.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bisht |first1=Gaurav |date=22 November 2023 |title=Drug regulator flags quality issues, shoots off notices to 19 firms in HP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/drug-regulator-flags-quality-issues-shoots-off-notices-to-19-firms-in-hp-101700587832410.html |work=hindustan Times |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130195458/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/drug-regulator-flags-quality-issues-shoots-off-notices-to-19-firms-in-hp-101700587832410.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Ambika |date=18 January 2024 |title=Solan: Pharma hub without State Drugs Controller since Jan 1 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/pharma-hub-without-state-drugs-controller-since-jan-1-582501 |work=The Tribune |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130195458/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/pharma-hub-without-state-drugs-controller-since-jan-1-582501 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{See also|Hydroelectric power in Himachal Pradesh}}
[[Hydropower]] is one of the major sources of income generation for the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shimlatimes.in/2013/08/independence-day-2013-speech-by.html |title=Independence Day-2013 Speech by Virbhadra Singh |publisher=shimlatimes.in |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225807/http://www.shimlatimes.in/2013/08/independence-day-2013-speech-by.html |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has an abundance of hydropower resources because of the presence of various perennial rivers. Many high-capacity hydropower plants have been constructed which produce surplus electricity that is sold to other states, such as [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="HPHYD">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/while-others-sweat-himachal-struggles-to-sell-its-surplus-power/story-cJHgyMIuWSZJDgJAWlU7bJ.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=While others sweat, Himachal struggles to sell its surplus power |date=5 August 2013|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815030733/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/while-others-sweat-himachal-struggles-to-sell-its-surplus-power/story-cJHgyMIuWSZJDgJAWlU7bJ.html|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The income generated from exporting the electricity to other states is being provided as subsidy to the consumers in the state.<ref name="Aggarwal-2010" /> The rich hydropower resources of Himachal have resulted in the state becoming almost universally electrified with around 94.8% houses receiving electricity as of 2001, as compared to the national average of 55.9%.<ref name="Aggarwal-2010">{{cite journal |date=1 May 2010 |title=Emerging energy scenario in Western Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh |journal=Energy Policy |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=2545–2551 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.002 |issn=0301-4215 |last1=Aggarwal |first1=R.K. |last2=Chandel |first2=S.S.|bibcode=2010EnPol..38.2545A }}</ref> Himachal's hydro-electric power production is, however, yet to be fully utilised.<ref name="ET">{{cite news |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/himachals-mega-100-mw-hydro-power-project-to-be-commissioned-this-month/58591053 |title=Himachal's mega 100 Mw hydro power project to be commissioned this month |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=IANS |date=9 May 2017|access-date=26 April 2018 |place=Shimla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427045002/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/himachals-mega-100-mw-hydro-power-project-to-be-commissioned-this-month/58591053|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The identified hydroelectric potential for the state is 27,436 MW in five river basins<ref name="HPHYD" /> while the hydroelectric capacity in 2016 was 10,351 MW.<ref name="ET" />

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Himachal Pradesh}}

Tourism in Himachal Pradesh is a major contributor to the state's economy and growth. The [[Himalayas]] attracts tourists from all over the world. Hill stations like [[Shimla]], [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Dharamshala]], [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]], [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Khajjiar]], [[Kullu]] and [[Kasauli]] are popular destinations for both domestic and foreign tourists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-tourism.net/himachal-pradesh.htm |title=Himachal Pradesh Tourism |publisher=India Tourism |access-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503215527/http://www.india-tourism.net/Himachal-Pradesh.htm|archive-date=3 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has 5 Shakti Peeths<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2024 |title=Shakti Peeth In Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.hptourtravel.com/traveliq/shakti-peeth-in-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> - [[Chintpurni]], [[Jawalamukhi|Jwalamukhi Temple]], [[Bajreshwari Mata Temple, Kangra|Bajreshwari Mata Temple]], [[Shri Chamunda Devi Mandir]] and [[Naina Devi]] Temple. The state also has many important [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]] with prominent temples like [[Baijnath Temple]], [[Bhimakali Temple]], [[Bijli Mahadev]] and [[Jakhoo]] Temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/temples/ |publisher=Maps of India |title=Temples of Himachal Pradesh|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807154839/http://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/temples/|archive-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manimahesh Lake]] situated in the [[Bharmour]] region of Chamba district is the venue of an annual Hindu pilgrimage trek held in the month of August which attracts lakhs of devotees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/historic-pilgrimage-trek-to-himalayas-concludes-five-dead/articleshow/60292133.cms |title=Historic pilgrimage trek to Himalayas concludes, five dead |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 August 2017|access-date=7 May 2018 |author=Gopal Puri |place=Dharamshala |agency=TNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626120713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/historic-pilgrimage-trek-to-himalayas-concludes-five-dead/articleshow/60292133.cms|archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The state is also referred to as "Dev Bhoomi" (literally meaning ''Abode of Gods'') due to its mention as such in ancient Hindu texts and occurrence of a large number of historical temples in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanskritimagazine.com/india/himachal-pradesh-dev-bhoomi-land-gods/ |title=Himachal Pradesh: Dev Bhoomi, The Land of Gods |work=Sanskriti Magazine|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623080014/http://www.sanskritimagazine.com/india/himachal-pradesh-dev-bhoomi-land-gods/|archive-date=23 June 2016|url-status=live |date=8 August 2014}}</ref>

Himachal is also known for its adventure tourism activities like [[ice skating]] in Shimla, [[paragliding]] in [[Bir, Himachal Pradesh]] and Solang Valley, [[rafting]] in Kullu, [[skiing]] in Manali, boating in Bilaspur, [[fishing]] in Tirthan Valley, [[trekking]] and [[Equestrianism|horse riding]] in different parts of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://himachaltourism.gov.in/adventure.php |title=Adventure Destinations |website=Department of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Government of Himachal Pradesh|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031850/http://himachaltourism.gov.in/adventure.php|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Shimla]], the state's capital, is home to Asia's only natural [[ice skating|ice-skating]] rink.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010211/himachal.htm#21 |title=Ice-skating rink completes 100 sessions again |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India |access-date=11 February 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020116190436/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010211/himachal.htm#21 |archive-date=16 January 2002 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has some of the highest mountain passes in the world<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Mountain Passes of Himachal - High Altitude Treks & Pass in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism-theme/himachal-high-altitude-mountain-pass-109.php |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=www.euttaranchal.com}}</ref> - [[Rohtang Pass]], [[Bara-lacha la|Baralacha La]], [[Kunzum Pass|Kunzum La]], [[Borasu Pass]] and [[Hamta Pass]]. Spiti Valley in Lahaul and Spiti District situated at an altitude of over 3000 metres with its picturesque landscapes is popular destination for adventure seekers. The region also has some of the oldest Buddhist monasteries in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tourpacx.com/places-to-visit-in-himachal-pradesh.php |title=Top 15 Places To Visit in Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Tourpacx Dot Com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102115309/https://www.tourpacx.com/places-to-visit-in-himachal-pradesh.php|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>
Himachal hosted the first [[Paragliding World Cup]] in India from 24 to 31 October in 2015.<ref name="PARA">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/paragliding-world-cup-262233-2015-09-10 |title=Paragliding World Cup 2015 will be held in India: All you need to know |work=[[India Today]]|access-date=31 May 2016 |date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807054037/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/paragliding-world-cup/1/469973.html|archive-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redbull.com/in/en/adventure/stories/1331757746807/india-hosts-the-first-ever-paragliding-world-cup |publisher=Red Bull |title=India hosts the first ever Paragliding World Cup |access-date=31 May 2016 |date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513142119/http://www.redbull.com/in/en/adventure/stories/1331757746807/india-hosts-the-first-ever-paragliding-world-cup |archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Bir Billing, the venue for the paragliding world cup, is known as the launching site of paragliding. It is 70&nbsp;km from the tourist town of [[McLeod Ganj|Mcleod Ganj]] and is located in the heart of Himachal in Kangra district. Bir Billing is the centre for aero sports in Himachal and considered as best for paragliding.<ref name="PARA"/> While Bir, the [[paragliding]] capital of India, is the landing site for paragliding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Maggie Hiufu |title=Welcome to Bir, paragliding capital of India |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/paragliding-india-himachal-pradesh/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> It is also known for its tourist attractions including Buddhist monasteries, trekking to tribal villages and mountain biking. The village also hosts prominent cultural musical events like Bir Music Festival, aiming to primarily promote the tourism of Bir.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Sangita |date=7 June 2024 |title=Beyond paragliding: Explore culture and music at Bir Music Festival in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/beyond-paragliding-explore-culture-and-music-at-bir-music-festival-in-himachal-pradesh/article68249492.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>

There are a variety of festivals celebrated by the locals of Himachal Pradesh who worship gods and goddesses. There are over 2000 villages in Himachal Pradesh which celebrate festivals such as [[Kullu Dussehra]], Chamba's Minjar, Renuka ji Fair, [[Lohri]], [[Halda]], Phagli, [[Losar]] and [[Mandi Shivaratri Fair|Mandi Shivratri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=him_admin |title=Himachal Tourism Official Website |url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/ |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=Himachal Tourism Official Website |language=en-US |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101043542/https://himachaltourism.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There approximately 6000 temples in Himachal Pradesh with a known one being [[Bijli Mahadev]]. The temple is seen as a 20-meter structure built in stone which, according to locals, is known to attract lighting. They say that this is a way the Gods show their blessings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham |title=At Bijli Mahadev temple in Himachal, lightning strikes the Shiva lingam every year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/at-bijli-mahadev-temple-in-himachal-lightning-strikes-the-shiva-lingam-every-year/articleshow/65148712.cms |access-date=16 October 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016152731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/at-bijli-mahadev-temple-in-himachal-lightning-strikes-the-shiva-lingam-every-year/articleshow/65148712.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Great Himalayan National Park]] is found in the [[Kullu district]]s of Himachal Pradesh. It has an area of 620&nbsp;km2 and ranging from an altitude of 1500 meters to 4500 meters and was created in 1984. There are various forest types found here such as [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]], [[Abies pindrow|Himalayan Fir]], [[Spruce]], [[Oak]] and Alpine pastures. In the [[Great Himalayan National Park]], there are a variety of animals found such as [[Snow leopard]], [[Yak]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[Western tragopan]], [[Monal]] and [[Musk deer]]. This National Park is a trail to many hikers and trekkers too. Moreover, there are sanctuaries which are tourist spots such as Naina Devi and Gobind Sagar Sanctuary in the [[Una district|Una]] and [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] districts with an area of 220&nbsp;km2. There are animals such as [[Indian crested porcupine|Indian porcupine]] and [[Indian giant flying squirrel|giant flying squirrel]] found here. The [[Gobind Sagar|Gobind Sagar Lake]] has fish species such as [[Mrigal carp|Mrigal]], [[Silver carp]], Katla, [[Mahseer|Mahaseer]] and [[Rohu]] are found here. [[Narkanda]] located in at an altitude of around 8850 feet is known for its apple orchards. It is located between the river valleys of Giri and [[Sutlej]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title=Narkanda: The gateway to apple country |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/narkanda-the-gateway-to-apple-country/story-ucUWtTA40mkKWcc6f8JteO.html |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016153022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/narkanda-the-gateway-to-apple-country/story-ucUWtTA40mkKWcc6f8JteO.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:Paragliding at Bir, HP.jpg|Paragliding in [[Bir, Himachal Pradesh|Bir]]
File:Solang valley under snow, 2015.jpg|[[Solang]], a popular ski resort near Manali
File:Waterrafting in kasol.jpg|[[Rafting]] in the Parvati river near [[Kasol]]
File:Triund_(22356802630).jpg|Campsite for trekkers at [[Triund]]
</gallery>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Himachal Pradesh}}

=== Air ===
[[File:Kangra airport 1.jpg|thumb|[[Gaggal Airport]]]]

Himachal has three domestic airports in Kangra, Kullu and Shimla districts, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/airfares-to-dharamsala-skyrocket-this-weekend/566696.html |title=Airfares to Dharamsala skyrocket this weekend |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=1 April 2018 |author=Lalit Mohan|access-date=16 April 2018 |place=Dharamshala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023334/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/airfares-to-dharamsala-skyrocket-this-weekend/566696.html|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The air routes connect the state with [[New Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]].

* [[Kullu–Manali Airport]] is in [[Kullu district]], around {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} from district headquarters [[Kullu]].
* [[Kangra Airport]] is in [[Kangra district]], around {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} from district headquarters at [[Dharamshala]], which is around 10&nbsp;kilometres (6&nbsp;mi) from [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]
* [[Shimla Airport]] is around {{convert|22|km|mi}} west of the [[Shimla|Shimla city]].

=== Railways ===
[[File:Himalayan Queen.jpg|thumb|[[Kalka-Shimla Railway]]]]
[[File:Kangra Valley train.jpg|thumb|[[Kangra Valley Railway]]]]

====Broad-gauge lines====
The only broad-gauge railway line in the whole state connects {{stnlnk|Amb Andaura}}–[[Una Himachal railway station]] to {{stnlnk|Nangal Dam}} in [[Punjab]] and runs all the way to [[Daulatpur, Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/complete-una-hamirpur-rail-line-survey-within-6-months-anurag/articleshow/60848456.cms |title=Complete Una-Hamirpur rail line survey within 6 months: Anurag |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=TNN |date=27 September 2017|access-date=16 April 2018 |place=Shimla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614175418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/complete-una-hamirpur-rail-line-survey-within-6-months-anurag/articleshow/60848456.cms|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It is an electrified track since 1999. While a tiny portion of line adjacent to Kandrori(KNDI) station on either side on Pathankot-Jalandhar Section, under Ferozepur Division of Northern Railway also crosses into Himachal Pradesh, before venturing out to Punjab again.

Future constructions:

* {{stnlnk|Una Himachal}}–[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] rail project via Dhundla
* Bhanupali (Punjab)–Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh
* [[Chandigarh Junction railway station|Chandigarh]]–Baddi

====Narrow-gauge lines====
Himachal is known for its [[narrow-gauge railway]]s. One is the [[Kalka-Shimla Railway]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], and another is the [[Kangra Valley Railway]].<ref name="IT">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/heritage/story/kangras-narrow-gauge-rail-corridor-is-all-set-to-get-heritage-status-unesco-321325-2016-05-03 |title=Kangra's narrow-gauge rail corridor is all set to get heritage status |magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=15 April 2018 |date=3 May 2016 |author=Mail Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200836/https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/heritage/story/kangras-narrow-gauge-rail-corridor-is-all-set-to-get-heritage-status-unesco-321325-2016-05-03|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The total length of these two tracks is {{convert|259|km|mi}}. The Kalka-Shimla Railway passes through many tunnels and bridges, while the [[Pathankot]]–[[Jogindernagar]] one meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. The total route length of the operational railway network in the state is {{convert|296.26|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155019 |title=Statewise Length of Railway Lines and Survey For New Railway Lines |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)]], [[Government of India]] |date=7 December 2016|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011404/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155019|archive-date=5 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/work-chandigarh-baddi-railway-line-start-soon-1502599778.html |title=Work on Chandigarh–Baddi railway line to start soon |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |agency=Statesman News Service |place=Shimla |date=11 March 2018|access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429093235/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/work-chandigarh-baddi-railway-line-start-soon-1502599778.html|archive-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-begins-work-on-himachal-ladakh-rail-link-339352-2016-09-05 |title=With eye on China, India begins work on Himachal-Ladakh rail link |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=5 September 2016 |author=Siddharatha Tiwari |place=New Delhi|access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921175311/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-begins-work-on-himachal-ladakh-rail-link-339352-2016-09-05|archive-date=21 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Roads ===
[[File:NH22 Shimla Chandigarh Mountain Highway through Forests, Roads in Himachal Pradesh India 2014.jpg|thumb|right|[[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] in Himachal Pradesh]]

Roads are the major mode of transport in Himachal Pradesh due to its hilly terrain. The state has road network of {{convert|28208|km|mi}},<ref name=pppiinfr>{{cite web |url=http://www.pppinindia.com/states_hp_infrastructure.asp |title=Himachal Pradesh: Infrastructure|access-date=6 April 2008 |work=Public Private Partnerships in India |publisher=Ministry of Finance, [[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207131100/http://www.pppinindia.com/states_hp_infrastructure.asp |archive-date=7 February 2010}}</ref> including eight [[National highways of India|National Highways]] (NH) that constitute {{convert|1234|km|mi}} and 19 [[List of State Highways in Himachal Pradesh|State Highways]] with a total length of {{convert|1625|km|mi}}.<ref name=pppiinfr /> [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]] has the highest road density in the country.<ref name="Hamirpur-rd">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020518/himachal.htm |title=Hamirpur road density| access-date = 22 May 2007 |publisher=Hari Jaisingh, Published from The Tribune House| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110408082605/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020518/himachal.htm| archive-date = 8 April 2011| url-status = live }}</ref> Some roads are closed during winter and [[monsoon]] seasons due to snow and [[landslide]]s. The state-owned [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]] with a fleet of over 3,100,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/white-paper-on-purchase-of-fleet-of-buses/557376.html |title=White Paper on purchase of fleet of buses |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |place=Shimla |agency=Tribune News Service |date=13 March 2018|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012318/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/white-paper-on-purchase-of-fleet-of-buses/557376.html|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> operates bus services connecting important cities and towns with villages within the state and also on various interstate routes. In addition, around 5,000 private buses ply in the state.<ref name="PVT">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/himachal-private-bus-operators-seek-hike-in-fare-113090300826_1.html |title=Himachal private bus operators seek hike in fare |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |agency=IANS |place=Shimla |date=3 September 2013|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075715/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/himachal-private-bus-operators-seek-hike-in-fare-113090300826_1.html|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
{{Historical populations
|title = Population Growth
|type =
|source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010234955/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|1901 | 1,920,294
|1911 | 1,896,944
|1921 | 1,928,206
|1931 | 2,029,113
|1941 | 2,263,245
|1951 | 2,385,981
|1961 | 2,812,463
|1971 | 3,460,434
|1981 | 4,280,818
|1991 | 5,170,877
|2001 | 6,077,900
|2011 | 6,864,602
}}

Himachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,864,602 including 3,481,873 males and 3,382,729 females according to the Census of India 2011. It has only 0.57 per cent of India's total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent.<ref name="HPOP">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND002_Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Himachal Pradesh Profile |publisher=[[Census of India]]|access-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327080259/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND002_Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="POPS">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf |title=Census 2011:Population size and Decadal change |publisher=Census of India |access-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015117/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The child sex ratio increased from 896 in 2001 to 909 in 2011.<ref name="HP profile 2011"/> The total fertility rate (TFR) per woman in 2015 stood at 1.7, one of the lowest in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/ |title=Himachal Pradesh Youth status report: Sex ratio up but total fertility rate declining |agency=Express News Service |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 January 2018|access-date=17 April 2018 |place=Shimla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-pradesh-youth-status-report-sex-ratio-up-but-total-fertility-rate-declining-5013052/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

====District wise====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;"
|+ Source ([[2011 census of India|2011 census]])<ref name="Dist" />
|-
! District !! Population !! %
|-
| [[Kangra district|Kangra]]|| 1,507,223 || 21.98%
|-
| [[Mandi District|Mandi]] || 999,518 || 14.58%
|-
| [[Shimla District|Shimla]] ||813,384 || 11.86%
|-
| [[Solan District|Solan]] ||576,670 || 8.41%
|-
| [[Sirmaur District|Sirmaur]] ||530,164 || 7.73%
|-
| [[Una District|Una]] || 521,057 || 7.60%
|-
| [[Chamba District|Chamba]] ||518,844 || 7.57%
|-
| [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] || 454,293|| 6.63%
|-
|[[Kullu District|Kullu]] || 437,474 || 6.38%
|-
| [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] || 382,056 || 5.57%
|-
| [[Kinnaur District]] ||84,298 || 1.23%
|-
| [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul Spiti]] || 31,528 || 0.46%
|-
|}
In the census, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by [[Tripura]] at 22nd place.<ref name="census 2011" /> [[Kangra District]] was top-ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223.<ref name="Dist">{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title=Indian Districts by Population, Sex Ratio, Literacy 2011 Census |publisher=Census 2011|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411024643/http://census2011.co.in/district.php|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====life expectancy and literacy====
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 100px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"
|+ Literacy rates<ref name="lit Ind">{{citation |last1=((Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India)) |first1=((Ministry of Home Affairs)) |title=2011 Census of India - Results |chapter=6. State of Literacy |chapter-url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=live |quote=[Statement 22(a)] Effective literacy rates – persons: 74.04%; males: 82.14%; females: 65.46%}}</ref>
|-
! Year !! %
|-
| 1971 || 31.96
|-
| 1981 || 42.48
|-
| 1991 || 63.86
|-
| 2001 || 76.48
|-
| 2011 || 83.78
|}
The [[life expectancy]] at birth in Himachal Pradesh increased significantly from 52.6 years in the period from 1970 to 1975 (above the national average of 49.7 years) to 72.0 years for the period 2011–15 (above the national average of 68.3 years).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/SRS_11-15/3.Analysis_2011-15.pdf |title=ABRIDGED LIFE TABLES- 2011–15 |publisher=[[Census of India]]|access-date=16 April 2018 |page=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219005237/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/SRS_11-15/3.Analysis_2011-15.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[infant mortality rate]] stood at 40 in 2010, and the crude [[birth rate]] has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 16.9 in 2010, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude [[death rate]] was 6.9 in 2010.<ref name=demoHDR>{{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org.in/media/HDRC/shdr/Himachal%20Pradesh/Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Highlights of Himachal Pradesh HDR (2002) |access-date=26 May 2007 |publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh (2002), Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2002, Government of Himachal Pradesh |page=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615002344/http://www.undp.org.in/media/HDRC/shdr/Himachal%20Pradesh/Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate has almost doubled between 1981 and 2011 (see table to right). The state is one of the [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|most literate states of India]] with a literacy rate of 83.78% as of 2011.<ref name="lit Ind"/>{{rp|114}}

===Social groups===
The [[scheduled caste]]s and [[scheduled tribe]]s account for 25.19 per cent and 5.71 per cent of the population, respectively.<ref name="statabs">{{cite web |url=http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/REPORTS/StatisticalAbstract_2015_16.pdf |title=Statistical Abstract Of Himachal Pradesh 2015–16: I – Area And Population- Table 1.17 And 1.18, XIII – Education- Table 13.07 |pages=35, 36, 87, 88 |publisher=Official site of [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024102658/http://admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/REPORTS/StatisticalAbstract_2015_16.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The sex ratio stood at 972 females per 1,000 males, recording a marginal increase from 968 in 2001.<ref name="HP profile 2011"/> The main caste groups in Himachal Pradesh are [[Brahmin]]s, [[Rajputs]], [[Gurjars in Himachal Pradesh|Gurjars]], [[Kanet]]s, Kulindas, [[Ghirth]]s, [[Koli people|Kolis]], Hollis, [[Chamar]]s, Rehars, [[Lohar (caste)|Lohars]], Baris, [[Julaha]]s, Turis, [[Batwal]]s and [[Dalit]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl0qdJYU3LgC&q=Girth |title=Himachal Pradesh, Development Report |isbn=9788171884452 |last1=Planning Commission |first1=India |year=2005|publisher=Academic Foundation }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Minhas|first=Poonam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&dq=Himachal+Koli+population&pg=PA59 |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities |date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-080-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=divyahimachal |date=25 September 2017 |title=हां…मैं गुज्जर हूं |url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2017/09/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82/amp/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=Divya Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Ved Prakash - Solang Valley 2014-05-10 2547.JPG|upright|left|thumb|A man in [[Kullu district|Kullu]], wearing a traditional [[Himachali cap]].]]

=== Languages ===
[[File:Himachal Pradesh map of Language families.png|thumb|Map of linguistic families of Himachal Pradesh<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32110 |title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol.9 Part.4 |date=1916}}</ref>]]

{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Himachal Pradesh (2011)<ref name="2011Census_Languages"/>
| label1 = [[Mahasu Pahari]]
| value1 = 31.90
| color1 = coral
| label2 = [[Kangri language|Kangri]]
| value2 = 16.25
| color2 = lightblue
| label3 = [[Hindi]]
| value3 = 15.68
| color3 = orange
| label4 = [[Mandeali]]
| value4 = 9.05
| color4 = green
| label5 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value5 = 4.42
| color5 = pink
| label6 = [[Bilaspuri]]
| value6 = 4.31
| color6 = purple
| label7 = [[Kullui]]
| value7 = 2.86
| color7 = red
| label8 = [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]]
| value8 = 2.23
| color8 = yellow
| label9 = [[Chambeali]]
| value9 = 1.81
| color9 = magenta
| label10 = [[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]
| value10 = 1.56
| color10 = darkblue
| label11 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value11 = 1.30
| color11 = orchid
| label12 = [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri]]
| value12 = 1.20
| color12 = brown
| label13 = "Other" Hindi
| value13 = 1.18
| color13 = aqua
| label14 = [[Churahi]]
| value14 = 1.10
| color14 = turquoise
| label15 = Others
| value15 = 5.15
| color15 = grey
}}
====Main languages====
[[Hindi]] is the [[de jure]] official language of Himachal Pradesh and is spoken by the majority of the population as a [[lingua franca]].<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages=33–34 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171523/http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref> [[Sanskrit]] is the additional official language of the state.<ref name="Sanskrit">{{cite news |title=Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=18 February 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Pratibha Chauhan |location=Shimla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |archive-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although mostly encountered in academic and symbolic contexts, the government of Himachal Pradesh is encouraging its wider study and use.<ref>{{cite news |last1=((ED staff writer)) |title=Government committed to popularise Sanskrit language in State: Himachal Pradesh CM |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/government-committed-popularise-sanskrit-language-state-himachal-pradesh-cm/ |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=India Education Diary |date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234653/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/government-committed-popularise-sanskrit-language-state-himachal-pradesh-cm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most of the population, however, natively speaks one or another of the [[Western Pahari languages]] (locally also known as ''Himachali'' or ''Pahari''), a subgroup of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] that includes [[Mahasu Pahari]], [[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Mandeali]], [[Bilaspuri]], [[Chambeali]], [[Kullui]], [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]], [[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]], [[Churahi]], [[Hinduri language|Hinduri]], [[Pangwali]] and [[Bhateali|Bhattiyali]]. Additional spoken languages include [[Hindi]] (15.68%), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (4.42%), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (1.30%) and [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri]] (1.20%).

====Other languages====
In parts of the state there are speakers of [[Haryanvi language|Haryanavi]] (0.32%) and [[Gujari]] (0.21%)<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Himachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205/download/13317/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027033558/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date= |quote=[[Gujari|Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar]] = ''14,127''|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> and [[Lahuli–Spiti languages]] (0.16%), [[Pattani language|Pattani]] (0.12%), [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]] (0.3%), [[Bhoti Kinnauri]], [[Chitkuli Kinnauri language|Chitkuli Kinnauri]], [[Bunan language|Bunan]] (or Gahri), [[Jangshung]], [[Kanashi language|Kanashi]], [[Shumcho]], [[Spiti Bhoti]], [[Sunam language|Sunam]], [[Tinani language|Tinani]], [[Tukpa language|Tukpa]], [[Chinali language|Chinali]], and [[Lahul Lohar language|Lahul Lohar]].<ref name="2011Census_Languages">{{cite report |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Himachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205/download/13317/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=6 October 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027033558/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX |url-status=live }} The census returns also include 32% who identify their language as Pahari; this can include speakers of any of the above-listed varieties of Himachali.</ref><ref>{{cite web |editor-last1=Eberhard |editor-first1=David M. |editor-last2=Simons |editor-first2=Gary F. |editor-last3=Fennig |editor-first3=Charles D. |year=2019 |title=India – Languages |edition=22nd |website=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Himachal Pradesh (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 95.17
| color1 = DarkOrange
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| value2 = 2.18
| color2 = Green
| label3 = [[Sikhism]]
| value3 = 1.16
| color3 = darkkhaki
| label4 = [[Buddhism]]
| value4 = 1.15
| color4 = gold
| label5 = [[Christianity]]
| value5 = 0.18
| color5 = Blue
| label6 = [[Jainism]]
| value6 = 0.03
| color6 = pink
| label7 = Others or not stated
| value7 = 0.13
| color7 = grey
}}

Hinduism is the major religion in Himachal Pradesh. More than 95% of the total population adheres to the Hindu faith and majorly follows [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]] traditions,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/blogs/shimla-name-change-shyamala-why-there-is-no-place-for-hindutva-himachal |title=Shimla Name Change – The Quint |date=30 October 2018 |access-date=1 August 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814193119/https://www.thequint.com/voices/blogs/shimla-name-change-shyamala-why-there-is-no-place-for-hindutva-himachal |url-status=live }}</ref> the distribution of which is evenly spread throughout the state.<ref name="HPREL" /> Himachal Pradesh has the highest proportion of Hindu population among all the states and union territories in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/1-hinduism.html |title=Hindu Religion Census 2011 |work=Census2011|access-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064336/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/1-hinduism.html|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other religions that form a smaller percentage are [[Islam]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Buddhism]]. [[Muslims]] are mainly concentrated in [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Una district|Una]] and [[Solan district|Solan]] districts where they form 2.5-6.3% of the population.<ref name="HPREL" /> Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. The Buddhists, who constitute 1.15%, are mainly natives and tribals from [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]], where they form a majority of 62%, and [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]], where they form 21.5%.<ref name="HPREL">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/2-himachal-pradesh.html |title=Himachal Pradesh Districts – Religion 2011 |publisher=Census2011|access-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603192443/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/2-himachal-pradesh.html|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in Himachal Pradesh (1881–2011)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881A">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref>{{efn|name=ColonialEra|[[British Punjab province]] era figures taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Simla District|Simla]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]]) and [[princely state]]s ([[Mandi State|Mandi]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Sirmur State|Sirmoor]], [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur]], [[Suket State|Suket]], and other small/minor [[Hill States of India#Simla Hills|Simla Hill states]]) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Himachal Pradesh, India.}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |pages=14 |last1=Edward Maclagan |first1=Sir |volume=2 }}</ref>{{efn|name=ColonialEra}}
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}</ref>{{efn|name=ColonialEra}}
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>{{efn|name=ColonialEra}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>{{efn|name=ColonialEra}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>{{efn|name=ColonialEra}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>{{efn|name=ColonialEra}}
! colspan="2" |1951<ref name="Census1951">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25803729 |jstor=saoa.crl.25803729 |access-date=5 January 2025 |title=Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi |year=1951 |pages=298 |last1=Vashishta |first1=Lakshmi Chandra |last2=India. Superintendent Of Census Operations |first2=Punjab |volume=3 }}</ref>{{efn|name=Census1951|Total population of all East Punjab subdivisions that form part of contemporary Himachal Pradesh including Simla district, Kangra district, Mahasu district, Mandi district, Chamba district, Sirmoor district, and Bilaspur state.}}
! colspan="2" |1961<ref name="Census1961A">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31326 |title=Paper No 1 of 1963, India - Census 1961 |website=Census Digital Library |pages=4–9 |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Census1961B">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32026|title=Social and Cultural Tables, Part II-C(i) , Vol-XIII, Punjab - Census 1961 |website=Census Digital Library|pages=349|access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Census1961C">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28305|title=Cultural & Migration Tables, Part II-C, Volume-XX, Himachal Pradesh - Census 1961 |website=Census Digital Library|pages=143|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>{{efn|name=Census1961|Total population of all East Punjab subdivisions that form part of contemporary Himachal Pradesh including Simla district, Kangra district, Lahaul & Spiti district, Chamba district, Mandi district, Bilaspur district, Mahasu district, Sirmur district, and Kinnaur district.}}
! colspan="2" |1971<ref name="Census1971">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32055 |title=Social and Cultural Tables, Part-II-C(i) ,Series-7, Himachal Pradesh - Census 1971 |website=Census Digital Library|pages=26|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="census2011"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 1,458,481
| {{Percentage | 1458481 | 1539433 | 2 }}
| 1,558,111
| {{Percentage | 1558111 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 1,598,853
| {{Percentage | 1598853 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 1,630,084
| {{Percentage | 1630084 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 1,642,176
| {{Percentage | 1642176 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 1,729,008
| {{Percentage | 1729008 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 1,929,634
| {{Percentage | 1929634 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 2,024,692
| {{Percentage | 2024692 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 2,467,765
| {{Percentage | 2467765 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 3,324,627
| {{Percentage | 3324627 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| 6,532,765
| {{Percentage | 6532765 | 6864602 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 70,642
| {{Percentage | 70642 | 1539433 | 2 }}
| 72,873
| {{Percentage | 72873 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 76,480
| {{Percentage | 76480 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 74,205
| {{Percentage | 74205 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 77,425
| {{Percentage | 77425 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 82,711
| {{Percentage | 82711 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 87,485
| {{Percentage | 87485 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 22,338
| {{Percentage | 22338 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 34,744
| {{Percentage | 34744 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 50,327
| {{Percentage | 50327 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| 149,881
| {{Percentage | 149881 | 6864602 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 3,840
| {{Percentage | 3840 | 1539433 | 2 }}
| 3,571
| {{Percentage | 3571 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 3,415
| {{Percentage | 3415 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 4,400
| {{Percentage | 4400 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 4,471
| {{Percentage | 4471 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 2,586
| {{Percentage | 2586 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 2,129
| {{Percentage | 2129 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 1,517
| {{Percentage | 1517 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 2,904
| {{Percentage | 2904 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 3,556
| {{Percentage | 3556 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| 12,646
| {{Percentage | 12646 | 6864602 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 3,250
| {{Percentage | 3250 | 1539433 | 2 }}
| 6,236
| {{Percentage | 6236 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 6,931
| {{Percentage | 6931 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 7,518
| {{Percentage | 7518 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 5,718
| {{Percentage | 5718 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 7,705
| {{Percentage | 7705 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 614{{efn|name=1941CensusEnumeration|Enumeration error for adherents of Buddhism and Zoroastrianism likely occurred in [[Kangra district]].}}
| {{Percentage | 614 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 1,320
| {{Percentage | 1320 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 18,020
| {{Percentage | 18020 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 35,937
| {{Percentage | 35937 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| 78,659
| {{Percentage | 78659 | 6864602 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 2,680
| {{Percentage | 2680 | 1539433 | 2 }}
| 4,167
| {{Percentage | 4167 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 3,897
| {{Percentage | 3897 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 7,894
| {{Percentage | 7894 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 7,610
| {{Percentage | 7610 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 8,948
| {{Percentage | 8948 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 12,245
| {{Percentage | 12245 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 30,837
| {{Percentage | 30837 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 22,845
| {{Percentage | 22845 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 44,914
| {{Percentage | 44914 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| 79,896
| {{Percentage | 79896 | 6864602 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 536
| {{Percentage | 536 | 1539433 | 2 }}
| 388
| {{Percentage | 388 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 483
| {{Percentage | 483 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 358
| {{Percentage | 358 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 356
| {{Percentage | 356 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 291
| {{Percentage | 291 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 425
| {{Percentage | 425 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 1,364
| {{Percentage | 1364 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 358
| {{Percentage | 358 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 626
| {{Percentage | 626 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| 1,805
| {{Percentage | 1805 | 6864602 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 1539433 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 18
| {{Percentage | 18 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 40
| {{Percentage | 40 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 3,895{{efn|name=1941CensusEnumeration}}
| {{Percentage | 3895 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1539433 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1645364 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1690066 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1724480 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 1737801 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1831253 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 2036428 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2082093 | 2 }}
| 125
| {{Percentage | 125 | 2546768 | 2 }}
| 396
| {{Percentage | 396 | 3460434 | 2 }}
| 8,950
| {{Percentage | 8950 | 6864602 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 1,539,433
! {{Percentage | 1539433 | 1539433 | 2 }}
! 1,645,364
! {{Percentage | 1645364 | 1645364 | 2 }}
! 1,690,066
! {{Percentage | 1690066 | 1690066 | 2 }}
! 1,724,480
! {{Percentage | 1724480 | 1724480 | 2 }}
! 1,737,801
! {{Percentage | 1737801 | 1737801 | 2 }}
! 1,831,253
! {{Percentage | 1831253 | 1831253 | 2 }}
! 2,036,428
! {{Percentage | 2036428 | 2036428 | 2 }}
! 2,082,093
! {{Percentage | 2082093 | 2082093 | 2 }}
! 2,546,768
! {{Percentage | 2546768 | 2546768 | 2 }}
! 3,460,434
! {{Percentage | 3460434 | 3460434 | 2 }}
! 6,864,602
! {{Percentage | 6864602 | 6864602 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
|}
</div>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Himachal Pradesh}}

Himachal Pradesh was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With remarkable economic and social advancements, the state has changed rapidly.<ref name="HPS2">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/01/28/himachal-pradesh-secrets-of-success |title=Himachal Pradesh: Secrets of Success |publisher=[[World Bank]] |date=28 January 2015|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183745/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/01/28/himachal-pradesh-secrets-of-success|archive-date=19 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Culturally Himachal Pradesh is divided in three parts, Upper Himachal, known as [[Mahasu (region)|''Mahasu region'']], Lower Himachal which includes the districts of [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Una district|Una]] and parts of [[Chamba district|Chamba]] and third part includes two districts of [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] and upper parts of [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2022 |title=HP polls {{!}} Regional divide, not caste, a dominant factor in hill state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/hp-polls-regional-divide-not-caste-a-dominant-factor-in-hill-state-101666997242743.html |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A second House in Dharamshala |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/kaleidoscope/a-second-house-in-dharamshala-335157/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh is a multilingual state unlike other Indian states. [[Western Pahari]] languages also known as Himachali languages are widely spoken in the state. Some of the most commonly spoken Pahari dialects are [[Mahasu Pahari]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]], [[Mandeali]], [[Bilaspuri]], [[Kullui]], [[Chambeali language|Chambeali]], [[Bharmauri language|Bharmauri]] and [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri]].<ref name=dem2>{{cite web |url=http://123himachal.com/himachal/info.htm |title=The people and tribes|access-date = 20 May 2007 |publisher=www.123himachal.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725003908/http://123himachal.com/himachal/info.htm|archive-date = 25 July 2011|url-status = live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = left
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana at the Hermitage of Bharadvaja Page from a dispersed Ramayana (Story of King Rama), ca. 1780.jpg
| caption1 = [[Kangra painting]] depicting a scene from the [[Ramayana]], ca. 1780
| image2 = Facade of Lakshana Devi Temple, Bharmour (edited).jpg
| caption2 = Intricate wood carvings of 7-century [[Lakshana Devi Temple, Bharmour|Lakshana Devi Temple]] in [[Bharmour]]
}}

Himachal is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, [[Kullu shawl]]s, [[Kangra painting]]s, [[Chamba Rumal]]s, [[Shawl#stole|stoles]], embroidered grass footwear (''Pullan chappal''), silver jewellery, metal ware, knitted woolen socks, ''Pattoo'', basketry of cane and bamboo (''Wicker'' and ''Rattan'') and woodwork are among the notable ones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.craftscouncilofindia.org/indian-crafts-map/himachal-pradesh/ |title=Indian Crafts Map: Himachal Pradesh |website=Crafts Council of India|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023642/https://www.craftscouncilofindia.org/indian-crafts-map/himachal-pradesh/|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NISCAIR">{{cite web |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/569/1/IJTK%207%281%29%20%282008%29%2056-61.pdf |title=Traditional handicrafts and handloom of Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh |author1=Neetu Sharma |author2=Promila Kanwar |author3=Anju Rekha|access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=NISCAIR Online Periodicals Repository|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010141650/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/569/1/IJTK%207(1)%20(2008)%2056-61.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Himcrafts: H.P State Handicrafts and Handloom Corp. Ltd, Shimla |url=http://www.himcrafts.com/ |website=Himcrafts|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023455/http://www.himcrafts.com/|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Of late, the demand for these handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.<ref name="NISCAIR" />

Himachali caps of various colour bands are also well-known local art work, and are often treated as a symbol of the Himachali identity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.himvani.com/47431/himachali-cap-culture-legacy-heritage/ |publisher=Himvani |date=3 February 2018 |author=Shruti Verma|access-date=12 March 2018 |title=The Himachali cap: Culture, legacy and heritage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312173701/http://www.himvani.com/47431/himachali-cap-culture-legacy-heritage/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The colour of the Himachali caps has been an indicator of political loyalties in the hill state for a long period of time with [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] leaders like [[Virbhadra Singh]] donning caps with green band and the rival [[BJP]] leader [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] wearing a cap with maroon band.<ref name="caphp">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/cap-likely-cap-politics-himachal-pradesh-1502563887.html |title=Cap likely on 'cap politics' in Himachal Pradesh |author=Archana Phull |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 January 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092147/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/cap-likely-cap-politics-himachal-pradesh-1502563887.html|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-cap-in-israel-takes-political-hue-in-himachal/story-JJH2Dk9H1LQ1xPF2m3hFiM.html |title=PM Modi's cap in Israel takes political hue in Himachal |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 July 2017 |author=Gaurav Bisht|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092408/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-cap-in-israel-takes-political-hue-in-himachal/story-JJH2Dk9H1LQ1xPF2m3hFiM.html|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The former has served six terms as the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of the state while the latter is a two-time Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prem-kumar-dhumalvirbhadra-singh-tale-of-two-captains-their-wins-and-losses/articleshow/62122764.cms |title=Prem Kumar Dhumal, Virbhadra Singh: Tale of two captains, their wins and losses |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |author=PTI |date=18 December 2017|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313032814/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prem-kumar-dhumalvirbhadra-singh-tale-of-two-captains-their-wins-and-losses/articleshow/62122764.cms|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Local music and dance also reflect the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, the Himachali people entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions.<ref name="MOI1" />
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Kinnauri Nati dance.jpg
| caption1 = Kinnauri [[Nati (dance)|Nati]] performance
| image2 = Gaddi shepherds having a good time (16260304116).jpg
| caption2 = [[Gaddi people|Gaddi]] nomads smoking [[hookah]]
}}

There are national and regional fairs and festivals, including temple fairs in nearly every region.<ref name="MOI1">{{cite web |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/fair-festivals-and-events.html |title=Fair Festivals and Events of Himachal Pradesh |website=Maps of India|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024222/https://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/fair-festivals-and-events.html|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="KULF">{{cite web |url=http://www.himachaltourism.org/fairs-festivals-of-himachal.html |title=Fairs & Festivals of Himachal |website=Himachal Tourism|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023703/http://www.himachaltourism.org/fairs-festivals-of-himachal.html|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Kullu Dussehra|Kullu Dussehra, Minjar mela and Mahashivratri Mandi]] festival is nationally known.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.himachaltourism.org/kullu-dussehra-kullu.html |title=Kullu Dussehra, Kullu |website=Himachal Tourism|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023143/http://www.himachaltourism.org/kullu-dussehra-kullu.html|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The day-to-day cuisine of ''Himachalis'' is similar to the rest of northern India with [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjabi]] and [[Tibetan cuisine|Tibetan]] influences.<ref name="MOI">{{cite web |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/food.html |title=Himachal Pradesh Food and Cuisine |website=Maps of India|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024123/https://www.mapsofindia.com/himachal-pradesh/food.html|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lentil]]s (''Dāl''), [[rice]] ({{lang|hi|chāwal}} or {{lang|hi|bhāț}}), [[vegetable]]s ({{lang|hi|sabzī}}) and [[chapati]] (wheat flatbread) form the staple food of the local population.<ref name="MOI" /> Non-vegetarian food is more widely accepted in Himachal Pradesh than elsewhere in India, partly due to the scarcity of fresh vegetables on the hilly terrain of the state.<ref name="HPfood">{{cite web |url=https://food.ndtv.com/lists/himachal-pradesh-food-10-best-recipes-1442434 |title=Himachal Pradesh Food: 10 Best Recipes |publisher=[[NDTV]] |author=NDTV Food |date=10 August 2016|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031615/https://food.ndtv.com/lists/himachal-pradesh-food-10-best-recipes-1442434|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Himachali specialities include Siddu, Babru, Khatta, Mhanee, Channa Madra, Patrode, Mah ki dal, Chamba-style fried fish, Kullu trout, Chha Gosht, Pahadi Chicken, Sepu Badi, Auriya Kaddu, Aloo palda, Pateer, [[Makki di roti]], [[Sarson ka saag]], [[Chamba Chukh]] (Chouck), Bhagjery, [[Chutney]] of Til, etc.

=== Notable people ===
{{Main|List of people from Himachal Pradesh}}

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Himachal Pradesh}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at Shimla.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Indira Gandhi Medical College]] and Hospital at [[Shimla]]]]

At the time of Independence, Himachal Pradesh had a literacy rate of 8% – one of the lowest in the country.<ref name="Planning Commission -2017">{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_hp/sdr_hpch7.pdf |page=14 |title=Himachal Pradesh Development Report: Chapter 7 Education|access-date=26 April 2018 |publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215054945/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_hp/sdr_hpch7.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2011, the literacy rate surged to 82.8%,<ref name="HPOP" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/himachal-female-literacy-rate-touches-80-per-cent-164452-2013-05-25 |magazine=[[India Today]] |title=In Himachal, where 90 per cent people live in villages, female literacy rate touches 80 per cent|access-date=31 May 2016 |date=26 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807035753/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/himachal-female-literacy-rate-touches-80-per-cent/1/273153.html|archive-date=7 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> making Himachal one of the most-literate states in the country. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in the state.<ref name="eduprofile22">{{cite web |url=http://himachal.nic.in/educ |title=Factual source on Education in Himachal |publisher=Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430135006/http://himachal.nic.in/educ/|archive-date=30 April 2007|access-date=16 March 2007}}</ref> In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.<ref name="eduprofile32">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030629/himachal.htm |title=Educational updates- Himachal |last=Dua |first=H.K. |work=The Tribune Trust, 2006 |publisher=The Tribune House|access-date=16 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209173926/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030629/himachal.htm|archive-date=9 February 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh is an exception to the nationwide gender bias in education levels.<ref>De, Anuradha & Khera, Reetika & Samson, Meera & Shiva Kumar, A. K., 2011. ''"Probe Revisited: A Report on Elementary Education in India''", OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198071570.</ref> The state has a female literacy rate of around 76%.<ref>Government of India. Census of India (2011)</ref> In addition, school enrolment and participation rates for girls are almost universal at the primary level. While higher levels of education do reflect a gender-based disparity, Himachal is still significantly ahead of other states at bridging the gap.<ref name="Dreze-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Dreze |first=J. |date=May 1999 |title=A surprising exception. Himachal's success in promoting female education |journal=Manushi |issue=112 |pages=12–17 |issn=0257-7305 |pmid=12295760}}</ref> The [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] District in particular stands out for high literacy rates across all metrics of measurement.<ref name="eduprofile4">{{cite web |url=http://www.himachaleducation.net/EducationProfile/ |title=Educational Profile of Himachal Pradesh |work=General Overview of Education in Himachal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202005233/http://www.himachaleducation.net/educationprofile|archive-date=2 February 2008|access-date=16 March 2007}}</ref>

The state government has played an instrumental role in the rise of literacy in the state by spending a significant proportion of the state's GDP on education. During the first six five-year plans, most of the development expenditure in the education sector was utilised in quantitative expansion, but after the seventh five-year-plan the state government switched emphasis on qualitative improvement and modernisation of education.<ref name="Planning Commission -2017" /> To raise the number of the teaching staff at primary schools they appointed over 1000 teacher aids through the Vidya Upasak Yojna in 2001.<ref name="Planning Commission -2017" /> The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is another HP government initiative that not only aims for universal elementary education but also encourages communities to engage in the management of schools.<ref name="Edumis-2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.edumis.hp.gov.in/homeContent/20 |title=Himachal Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan & Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan |website=edumis.hp.gov.in|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213716/http://www.edumis.hp.gov.in/homeContent/20|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Rashtriya Madhayamic Shiksha Abhiyan launched in 2009, is a similar scheme but focuses on improving access to quality secondary education.<ref name="Edumis-2018" />

[[File:Institue OF Advance Studues In Shimla.JPG|thumb|left|[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] at [[Shimla]]]]
[[File:IIT Mandi Campus from Griffon Peak Jan 2020 D72 13785.jpg|thumb|right|IIT Mandi campus, Jan '20]]
The standard of education in the state has reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India<ref name="eduprofile4" /> with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies. The [[Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Mandi]], [[Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur]], [[Himachal Pradesh University]] in Shimla, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamsala, [[National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Una]], [[Alakh Prakash Goyal University]], [[Maharaja Agrasen University]], [[Himachal Pradesh National Law University]] are some of the notable universities in the state. [[Indira Gandhi Medical College]] and Hospital in Shimla, [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College Kangra|Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College]] in [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], Rajiv Gandhi Government Post Graduate Ayurvedic College in Paprola and Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital in Kumarhatti are the prominent medical institutes in the state. Besides these, there is a Government Dental College in Shimla which is the state's first recognised dental institute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igmcshimla.org/about_IGMC.htm |title=IGMC-home |work=IGMCShimla |publisher=Igmcshimla.org |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170103/http://www.igmcshimla.org/about_IGMC.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The state government has also decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the healthcare system of the state.<ref name="eduprofile" /> [[Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya|CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur]] is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in the world. [[Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry]] has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run [[Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College]] was inaugurated in 2006 at [[Sundernagar]].<ref name="eduprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.himachaleducation.net/EducationProfile/ |title=Educational Profile of Himachal Pradesh| access-date = 16 March 2007 |work=General Overview of Education in Himachal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202005233/http://www.himachaleducation.net/educationprofile |archive-date=2 February 2008}}</ref>
Himachal Pradesh also hosts a campus of the fashion college, [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT) in [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]].

== State profile ==
Source: ''Department of Information and Public Relations.''<ref name="Himachal at a Glance">{{cite web |url=http://www.himachalpr.gov.in/hpglance.asp |title=Himachal at a Glance |publisher=Himachalpr.gov.in | access-date = 15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816165620/http://himachalpr.gov.in/hpglance.asp |archive-date=16 August 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Area || 55,673&nbsp;km2
|-
| Total population || 7,781,244
|-
| Males ||3,946,646
|-
| Females ||3,834,598
|-
| Population density || 123
|-
| Sex ratio || 972<ref name="census 2011">{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |title=States Census 2011 |website=Census 2011|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128124940/https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php|archive-date=28 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Rural population || 6,176,050<ref name="HP profile 2011">{{citation |last1=((Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India)) |first1=((Ministry of Home Affairs)) |title=Himachal Pradesh Profile |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND002_Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |work=Census of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124180937/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND002_Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Urban population || 688,552<ref name="HP profile 2011"/>
|-
| Scheduled Caste population || 1,729,252
|-
| Scheduled Tribe population || 392,126
|-
| Literacy rate || 83.78%<ref name="HP profile 2011"/>
|-
| Male literacy || 90.83%<ref name="HP profile 2011"/>
|-
| Female literacy || 76.60%<ref name="HP profile 2011"/>
|-
| Capitals || 2
|-
| Districts || 12
|-
| Sub-divisions || 71
|-
| Tehsils || 169
|-
| Sub-tehsils || 38
|-
| Developmental blocks || 78
|-
| Towns || 59
|-
| Panchayats || 3,243
|-
| Panchayat smities || 77
|-
| Zila parishad || 12
|-
| Urban local bodies || 59
|-
| Nagar nigams || 8
|-
| Nagar parishads || 25
|-
| Nagar panchayats || 23
|-
| Census villages || 20,690
|-
| Inhabited villages || 17,882
|-
| Health institutions || 3,866
|-
| Educational institutions || 17,000
|-
| Motorable roads || 33,722&nbsp;km
|-
| National highways || 8
|-
| Identified hydroelectric potential || 23,000.43 MW in five rivers basins, i.e., Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Himurja
|-
| Potential harnessed || 10,264 MW<ref name="growth ToI">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/Economic-Survey-projects-Himachal-Pradeshs-growth-rate-at-7-7/articleshow/51266064.cms |title=Economic Survey projects Himachal Pradesh's growth rate at 7.7% |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429043606/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/Economic-Survey-projects-Himachal-Pradeshs-growth-rate-at-7-7/articleshow/51266064.cms|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Food grain production || 15.28lakh MT
|-
| Vegetable production || 18.67 lakh MT
|-
| Fruit production || 1,027,000 tonnes
|-
| Per capita income || {{INR}}2,01,854 (2021–22)<ref name="HPG1" />
|-
| Social Security pensions || 237,250 persons, annual expenditure: over {{INR}} 600&nbsp;million
|-
| Investment in industrial areas || {{INR}} 273.80&nbsp;billion, employment opportunities: Over 337,391
|-
| Employment generated in government sector || 2,17,142<nowiki/>
|}

== See also ==
*[[Outline of Himachal Pradesh]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ahluwalia |given1=M.S. |year=1998 |title=Social, Cultural and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=81-7387-089-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&q=himachal+history |access-date=31 March 2008 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last1=Batta |given1=R.N. |year=2000 |title=Tourism and the Environment: A Quest for Sustainability |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=81-7387-110-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDJrdjwM7qYC&q=himachal |access-date=31 March 2008 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |given1=Mian Govardhan |year=2000 |title=Himachal Pradesh: History, Culture & Economy |editor1=C.L. Gupta |editor2=Kulbhushan Chandel |edition=extensively revised |publisher=Minerva Publishers & Distributors |location=Shimla. |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |given1=Sarina |year=2005 |title=India |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=1-74059-694-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari_1 |url-access=registration |quote=Himachal History. |access-date=31 March 2008 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last1=Tiwari |given1=A.K. |year=2000 |title=Infrastructure and Economic Development in Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=81-7387-105-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaXQwI5j9-MC&q=himachal |access-date=31 March 2008 |ref=none |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161836/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaXQwI5j9-MC&q=himachal#v=snippet&q=himachal&f=false |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Verma |given1=V. |year=1995 |title=The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments |publisher=Indus Publishing |location=Himachal Pradesh (India) |isbn=81-7387-035-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&q=himachal+history |access-date=15 June 2011 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161918/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&q=himachal+history#v=snippet&q=himachal%20history&f=false |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |year=2002 |title=Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2002 |publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh |isbn=0-19-521915-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/humandevelopment0000unse_h2n6 |access-date=31 March 2008 |ref=none |url-access=registration }}
*[http://hpplanning.nic.in/statistics&data.htm Statistics and Data, Planning Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829084306/http://hpplanning.nic.in/statistics%26data.htm |date=29 August 2019 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Himachal Pradesh}}
; Government
*[http://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/ The official site of Himachal Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100324124730/http://himachaltourism.gov.in/ The official tourism site of Himachal Pradesh, India]

; General information
*{{Britannica|266009}}
*{{OSM relation|364186}}

{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}
{{States and Union Territories of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Himachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:North India|*]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Sujan Chakraborty

2026-03-03T10:16:17Z

Viads:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sujan Chakraborty

| image = Sujan Chakraborty.jpg
| caption =
| alma_mater = [[Jadavpur University]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|3|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalikapur, Sonarpur|Kalikapur]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 19 May 2016
| term_end = 2 May 2021
| predecessor = [[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]]
| successor = Debabrata Majumder
| constituency = [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 = 1998
| term_end1 = 2001
| predecessor1 = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| successor1 = [[Arup Bhadra]]
| constituency1 = [[Baruipur Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruipur]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 13 May 2004
| term_end2 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Krishna Bose]]
| successor2 = [[Kabir Suman]]
| constituency2 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| majority2 = 89,668
| office3 = Leader of [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = May 2016
| term_end3 = May 2021
| deputy3 = [[Narmada Chandra Roy]]
| office4 = National Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start4 = 2015
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = Mili Chakraborty
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Sujan Chakraborty''' (born 16 March 1959) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4187&lastls=14|access-date=26 February 2021|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 April 2020|title=Bengal sitting on a coronavirus time bomb|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/bengal-sitting-coronavirus-time-bomb|access-date=26 February 2021|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US}}</ref> He was the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] from 2016 to 2021.<ref name=":0" /> In the 2016 West Bengal Assembly elections, he defeated his nearest rival, Minister for Power in the Government of West Bengal, [[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]] of the Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 March 2017|title=Trinamool to nominate Manish Gupta to Rajya Sabha|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/trinamool-to-nominate-manish-gupta-to-rajya-sabha/article17390428.ece|access-date=26 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2021 he was defeated by Moloy Majumdar of AITC by a margin of 38869 votes. He was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur constituency]] in [[West Bengal]] state.

Chakraborty was the editor of ''[[Chhatra Sangram]]'' (Students' Struggle), the Bengali organ of the state unit of the [[Students Federation of India]] from 1986 to 1988.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}<ref name=":0" /> He was the Secretary of the state unit of the organisation from 1988 to 1993 and the General Secretary of its central body from 1993 to 1994. From 1996 to 2000 Chakraborty was a member of the state unit of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]. Later, he became a member of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|General Council of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]. Member, (i) [[Indian Science Congress Association]]; (ii) Indian Pharmaceutical Association, (iii) Pharmacy Council of India, and (iv) West Bengal State Council of Technical Education; Written several articles on student movement, political and contemporary issues; presented research papers in various International Scientific Conferences in India and abroad. West Bengal State Committee (1988–93), West Bengal Pharmaceutical & Photochemical Development Corporation Ltd., 1996–2001; Infusion India Ltd., 1998–1999; West Bengal Rural Energy Development Corporation Ltd., 1999–2004.

== Saradha Scam Involvement ==
Sujan Chakraborty was accused as one of the top beneficiary of [[Saradha Group financial scandal|Saradha Scam]] by '''Sudipta Sen''' in his letter that he has sent to the [[Prime Minister of India]]. It was mentioned in that letter that Chakraborty took 9 crore rupees to promote Saradha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=6 December 2020 |title=Saradha scam: leaders who took money from me are joining BJP, alleges arrested group chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/saradha-scam-leaders-who-took-money-from-me-are-joining-bjp-alleges-arrested-group-chairman/article33262760.ece |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=25 June 2022 |title=সত্যিই কি সুদীপ্ত সেনের থেকে ৯ কোটি নিয়েছিলেন সুজন? বিতর্কের মুখে পড়ে কী বললেন বাম নেতা? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/sarada-scam-did-left-leader-sujan-chakraborty-really-take-9-crores-from-sudipta-sen-au62-590958.html |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Killing of Shibram Naskar ==
On 2013, an FIR was filed by brother of Shibram Naskar, who was killed by CPI(M) goons, against Chakraborty. The former MP was booked under sections of the IPC dealing with culpable homicide, criminal conspiracy (sections 302, 120B and 34).

Allegedly, the case on Chakraborty was withdrawn after he made a pact with the deceased's brother.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2013 |title=Murder charge against Sujan Chakrabarty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/murder-charge-against-sujan-chakrabarty/articleshow/20808982.cms |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Citizenship controversy ==
In some social media platform it was spread that he is a Bangladeshi citizen and his name is Sheikh Suja. But this news was fact checked and found to be false. the photo of Bangladesh National ID card place as the poof of this claim is found fabricated one.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4187&lastls=14 Sujan Chakraborty Profile]

{{Eleventh to Fourteenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Sujan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Deputy opposition leaders]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]

Mohammed Amin (politician)

2026-02-13T23:52:56Z

Viads: improved layout and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician (1928–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{distinguish|Mohammed Amin (politician)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mohammed Amin
|office = General Secretary of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]
|term_start = 27 May 2007
|term_end = 21 March 2010
|predecessor = [[Chittabrata Majumdar]]
|successor = [[Tapan Kumar Sen]]
|office1 = Minister of Transport in [[Government of West Bengal]]
|term_start1 = February 1970
|term_end1 = March 1970
|term_start2 = 1977
|term_end2 = 1982
|office3 = Minister of Minority Affairs in [[Government of West Bengal]]
|term_start3 = 1996
|term_end3 = 2001
|office4 = Minister of Labour in [[Government of West Bengal]]
|term_start4 = 1991
|term_end4 = 1996
|office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Titagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titagarh]]
|term_start5 = 1969
|term_end5 = 1982
|predecessor5 = Krishnakumar Shukla
|successor5 = Gangaprasad Show

|office9 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Garden Reach (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garden Reach]]
|term_start9 = 1996
|term_end9 = 2006
|predecessor9 = Fazl-e Azim Mollah
|successor9 = [[Abdul Khaleque Molla]]
|office11 = [[Member of Parliament]] ([[Rajya Sabha]]) from [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/alphabeticallist_all_terms.asp|title=Alphabetical List Of All Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|accessdate=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420052807/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/alphabeticallist_all_terms.asp|archive-date=20 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|term_start11 = 1988-1994, 2007
|term_end11 = August 2011
|birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|15|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Shibpur]], [[Bengal]], [[British Indian Empire]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|2018|2|12|1928|4|15|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 1964
|children =
|residence = [[Baranagar]]
}}
'''Mohammed Amin''' (15 April 1928 – 12 February 2018) was an Indian politician from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the largest [[communist]] party in [[India]]. He was a Vice President of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]].

He was a member of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[West Bengal]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]] from 1988 to 1994. He was also the All India General Secretary of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions, the workers union politically affiliated with the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

== Early life ==
He was born to an [[Urdu]]-speaking family at [[Shibpur]] in April 1928. His grandfather Abdur Rehman hailed from [[Varanasi District]] and was a farmer, who had left for [[Karachi]] and had then settled at [[Shibpur]]. Amin's father was brought up by a vindictive step-mother. Amin's mother hailed from [[Bhagalpur District]]. When Amin was 8 years, he was one of two boys in his neighbourhood who survived an [[epidemic]] of [[smallpox]]. He had no formal education. He became a jute mill worker in 1942 at a time when [[Calcutta]] was experiencing regular bombardments during [[World War II]]. His wage was then Rs. 7 and 13 annah per 1100 yards of [[jute]]. He worked entire day, and had some English education at a night school. He became a member of the Bengal Jute Mill Mazdoor Union at that time. After the end of World War II in 1945, he left his job and entered politics.

==Career==
=== Introduction to politics ===
In 1946 when he was only 18, he had earned the membership of [[Communist Party of India]] on the same day along with Chandra Roy. On 29 July 1946, he attended a huge rally at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] on the call of Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress (BPTUC), a state wing of [[All India Trade Union Congress]] (AITUC), on a day when a successful strike was organised on BPTUC's call. He had also experienced the riots of Calcutta in 1946-47 till independence. He had married in March 1948. His father-in-law died of [[cholera]] after 6 months, and after another 6 months his mother died of [[tetanus]].

=== Riots of 1950, migration to East Pakistan, imprisonment & return to India ===
On 29 March, Alambazar of Kolkata experienced another bloody riot following massive influx of refugees from East Pakistan after [[1950 Barisal Riots]]. Within hours of an attack on a [[Bengali Hindu]] by a [[Muslim]] whose family was slaughtered by Hindus on previous night, riots spread and around 5000 Muslims had taken refuge on the roof of [[Baranagar]] jute mill. Ten Muslims were murdered including a woman. At that point, the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) leadership had instructed the party members to move to [[East Pakistan]]. On 7 April, Amin along with his family boarded a special train from [[Dakshineswar]] towards [[Gede, Nadia|Gede]] via [[Ranaghat]] and then reached [[Darshana, Chuadanga, Bangladesh|Darshana]] by walking 12 km across the border. From there, they took a train to reach [[Parbatipur Junction|Parbatipur]] in [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur district]]. They had stayed as refugee in Dinajpur till October 1950, and had even organised a mass rally there and was subsequently warned by police. He came back to India, but was again re-instructed by his party in March 1951 to organise the party at [[Saidpur, Rangpur Division|Saidpur]] in [[East Pakistan]]. In September, he was arrested in [[Badarganj Upazila|Badarganj]] for being a Communist under Section 7/3, Public Safety Act.

On 12 November 1953 he was released from [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] jail after 20 months of detention. He returned to [[Titagarh]] immediately. He was made a member of Titagarh Local Committee of the CPI. He started movement with the [[Beedi]] Mazdoor Union at [[Titagarh]] and then as the organiser at a jute mill at [[Khardaha]]. While organising trade union in Britannia Engineering Ltd. in Titagarh, he was assisted by Suren Dhar Chowdhury, Sunil Roy, Dr. Girijamohon Chatterjee (an influential MBBS doctor). In 1957 assembly elections, Amin was entrusted by his party to [[Bhatpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatpara]] and ensured that CPI's candidate Sitaram Gupta defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate by 240 votes. In 1962 assembly elections, Suren Dhar Chowdhury was the CPI's candidate & he lost the elections by around 2000 votes to Krishnakant Shukla who became MLA for 3rd time. In 1964, [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|when the communist party split]], Amin joined the newly formed [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] CPI(M) with most of the workers though Suren Dhar Chowdhury and Sunil Roy stayed loyal to the CPI.

=== Introduction to legislative politics ===
In 1967 assembly elections, Amin was made the CPI(M) candidate at [[Titagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titagarh]] and though [[Promode Dasgupta]] campaigned for him, yet Amin lost the election due to cross-voting between the Communists. Suren Dhar Chowdhury, the CPI's candidate got 11000 votes, Amin got 17400 & [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Krishnakant Shukla won by 700 votes. On the request of Dasgupta, Amin left his job of Rs. 1000 salary & became a party whole-timer. In 1969, Amin won the assembly elections from [[Titagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titagarh]] and in February 1970, he was made the Minister of Transport to the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] government led by [[Ajoy Mukherjee]]. After 13 months of the 1969 assembly elections, the government was disbanded and in the 1971 assembly elections, Amin won beating horrific semi-fascist terror as administration had turned deaf & dumb. His residence was bombarded.

In 1971, in the West Bengal State Conference of CPI(M) at [[Midnapore]], he was elected as a member of the West Bengal State Committee. 1972 assembly elections in West Bengal can be described as a farce and a mockery of democracy as terror of unforeseen proportions were unleashed. Amin lost elections by 40,000 votes and Jyoti Basu lost by 50,000 votes. Amin kept his family at [[Ranchi]] and returned to Calcutta. ''Kishan Mazdoor'', the Urdu weekly of CPI(M) resumed its publication under his patronage. He brought back his family to Calcutta. In 1969 8th party congress at [[Cochin]], he was a delegate.

In 1977 assembly elections, CPI(M) won with a sweeping majority and formed the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government led by Jyoti Basu. Amin was re-elected from [[Titagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titagarh]] defeating municipal Chairman Gangaprasad Show by a margin of 13000. Amin the Minister of Transport in this 1st Left Front government. As a minister, he had sold an eight-seated helicopter owned by the West Bengal Govt, and with that money bought double-decker buses to improve public transport in Calcutta. He gave permit to several new routes for SBSTC, private bus, minibus & long-route buses. He had also successfully implemented the launch & steamer service in the Hooghly Riverways whose initiative was taken in his early stint during the United Front government. As an MLA, he made sure that the state government acquisitioned the Britannia Engg. Ltd. at Titagarh and re-instate all its workers with less than 58 years age. The Kennison Jute Mill at Titagarh was also acquisitioned by the Govt. of India after it was shut down by the Bard & Co.

In 1982 assembly elections, Amin was however defeated at Titagarh by 132 votes. In the same year, he was co-opted into the Central Committee of the party. In 12th party congress at Calcutta in 1985, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee along with [[Anil Biswas (politician)|Anil Biswas]], [[Biman Bose]] and [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]. In 1984 parliament elections, he was launched as a candidate from [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. However, he lost as Indian National Congress gained sympathy votes following the assassination of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. He lost assembly elections from Titagarh again in 1987 as Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] declared that if Congress wins at Titagarh, he would ensure that all the closed mills & factories would be re-opened. In 1988, he was nominated as a candidate by his party into the [[Rajya Sabha]] and remained as an MP till 1994, and re-located to [[New Delhi]].

In 1996, Amin was made a CPI(M) candidate from [[Garden Reach (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garden Reach]], a constituency which has deluded the Left Front candidate thrice in a row. Amin won the seat by a whopping 14,000 votes and was made a Minister of Minorities Affairs & Development. After Rekha Bera, the Minister of Employment & E.S.I died, Amin was given additional charge of that ministry. In 1998, Amin was made a Secretariat member of CPI(M) West Bengal State Committee.

In 2001 assembly elections, Amin was re-elected from Garden Reach by a margin of 32,000 votes. He was made a Minister of Labour to the 6th Left Front government led by [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] as his predecessor Shanti Ghatak became ill before the elections, and died soon after. In 2005, his wife Moimunnisa died. In 2006 assembly elections, though Left Front increased the seats & votes, yet Amin lost surprisingly from Garden Reach. In 2007, he was elected General Secretary of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] from the 12th Conference at [[Bangalore]] held from 17 to 21 January. [[M. K. Pandhe]] was re-elected as the President. In March 2010, at the 13th Conference of Centre of Indian Trade Unions, Amin was succeeded by Tapan Sen as the General Secretary as Amin was becoming increasingly ill. Amin was made the Vice President. At the 2012, in the 20th party congress at [[Kozhikode]] (4 April-9 April), he was made a Special Invitee to the Central Committee.

==Death==
He died on February 12, 2018, at the age of 89 at his home in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/labours-loss/article10085134.ece|title=Labour’s loss|first=SUHRID SANKAR|last=CHATTOPADHYAY|website=Frontline}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amin, Mohammed}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]

Prue Barron

2026-02-06T02:58:45Z

Viads: adding stub

{{Short description|British surgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Infobox person
| name = Prue Barron
| post-nominals = [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]] [[FRCSE]]
| image = Prue Barron 1957 1200dpi cropped.jpg
| alt = Photograph of Dr Prue Barron at her desk
| caption =
| birth_name = Prudence Halton
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|09|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|10|10|1917|09|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]
| nationality =
| other_names =
| education = [[London School of Medicine for Women]]
| occupation = [[surgeon]] and [[geriatrician]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Prudence Barron''' [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]] [[FRCSEd|FRCSE]] (16 September 1917 – 10 October 2014) was a British surgeon at the [[Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh]] and [[geriatrician]].

==Early life and education==
Prudence Halton was born in [[Poona]], Bombay, in [[British Raj|British India]] on 16 September 1917.<ref name="BMJ obit">{{Cite journal|last=Barron|first=Richard|date=2015|title=Obituary. Prudence Barron.|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=350|pages=55|doi=10.1136/bmj.h155}}</ref> Her father, Colonel Frederick Halton,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C700521|title=Lieutenant Colonel Frederick William Halton. The Border Regiment.|last=Archives|first=The National|date=|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-28}}</ref> who in peacetime was a solicitor and later the coroner for Cumberland, had been stationed on the North West Frontier during the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. Educated as a boarder at [[Cheltenham Ladies’ College]] from the age of 12, she became a prefect and then head of house. Her mother encouraged her to apply to the [[London School of Medicine for Women]] and she was accepted in 1936, carrying out her undergraduate clinical training at the [[Royal Free Hospital]].<ref name="Scotsman">{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-prudence-barron-mbe-frcs-edin-mb-bs-lond-surgeon-and-geriatrician-1-3621660|title=Prue Barron; surgeon and geriatrician|last=Halton Barron|first=Richard|date=2 December 2014|work=[[The Scotsman]]|accessdate=24 February 2018|pages=34–35}}</ref> She graduated with an MB, BS in 1942.

==Career==
===Surgical career===
Barron worked in [[internship (medicine)|house officer posts]] at the [[Cumberland Infirmary]] in [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]. She then took up the position of clinical assistant to [[Gertrude Herzfeld]], the first practising woman surgeon in Scotland, at the [[Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh|Royal Hospital for Sick Children]] in Edinburgh.<ref name = "BMJ obit"/> In July 1945 she became a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{citation | title=List of fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh: from the year 1581 to 31st December 1873 | url=https://archive.org/details/b21465812 | year=1874 | publisher=Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh | accessdate=4 March 2018 }}</ref>

She returned to Cumberland Infirmary as assistant surgical resident for a year, before becoming surgical resident at [[Birmingham Children's Hospital|Birmingham Children’s Hospital]], where she assisted in the first paediatric [[Cardiac surgery|open heart surgery]] to be performed at the hospital. Barron was invited back to Edinburgh by Herzfeld, and was appointed senior surgical registrar at [[Bruntsfield Hospital]] in October 1947. She supplemented her salary by demonstrating anatomy to medical students at the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name ="BMJ obit"/>

===Medical career===
When the youngest of her three children was old enough, she returned part-time to her medical career, initially working as the medical officer at Crawford’s biscuit factory in Edinburgh and later as a [[general practitioner]] in a practice on [[Leith Walk]], Edinburgh.<ref name = "BMJ obit" /> In 1967 she was appointed medical officer for geriatrics at [[Queensberry House|Queensberry House and Lodge]] in the [[Canongate]], Edinburgh, where she was known for her kindness, sensitivity, and compassion, and was also acknowledged as an extremely capable clinician.<ref name ="Scotsman"/> She was appointed geriatric associate specialist at the [[Royal Victoria Hospital, Edinburgh|Royal Victoria]], [[Corstorphine Hospital|Corstorphine]], and Eastern General hospitals.

When St Columba’s Hospice for palliative care opened in 1977,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stcolumbashospice.org.uk/|title=St Columba's Hospice|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Barron worked on a voluntary basis, covering weekends and many nights, subsequently as a member of the executive committee until 1993. In addition she worked as a volunteer [[Couples therapy|marriage guidance]] councillor, and volunteered in the Leith Hospital Samaritan Society. She was chair of the local [[Medical Women's Federation|Medical Women’s Federation]] and in her retirement chair of the Cruse bereavement counselling service.<ref name ="Scotsman"/>

==Personal life==
She met fellow surgeon Arthur F.M. Barron while they worked together as anatomy demonstrators. They married in [[Carlisle Cathedral]] in July 1950. He became consultant surgeon to [[Leith Hospital]]. He died suddenly in 1971 following a [[stroke]].

Barron underwent successful open [[Valve replacement|heart valve replacement]] surgery at the age of 92. She died in Edinburgh on 10 October 2014.<ref name = "BMJ obit"/>

==Awards and honours==
In 1975, she was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)]] for services to geriatrics.<ref name = "BMJ obit"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barron, Prue}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Scottish geriatricians]]
[[Category:Women geriatricians]]
[[Category:British geriatricians]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish women medical doctors]]
[[Category:British women surgeons]]
[[Category:20th-century British women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century British medical doctors]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish surgeons]]

Chira Chas

2026-01-24T02:21:19Z

Viads: created a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chira Chas
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = Sunset view of chira chas, morning view of aashiyana garden chira chas, Kalika temple chira chas.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Sri Sri Kalika Maharani Temple]] at Kalika Vihar at Chira Chas Bokaro, Sunrise view from Chira chas
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.65|N|86.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Chas Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 560
| population_total = 50,000
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 827015
| area_code = 916542
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = JH 09
| unemployment_rate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Khortha language|khortha]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''Chira Chas''', part of [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]] [[municipality]] (Chas Ward #2), in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] is a suburb of [[Bokaro Steel City]] and [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]].Chira Chas is one of the fastest-growing urban regions in Jharkhand It is included in the [[urban area|urban]] area of Bokaro Steel City. Chira Chas is notable for its real estate boom, with many housing projects and Many colonies (Anand Vihar, Kunj Vihar, Chanakya Puri Colony, Great Alexander Colony, Gulshan Enclave and Indrapuri Lane) and integrated townships being built within its scenic environs. Due to close proximity to [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], coupled with an increase in spending capacity of citizens, real estate prices in Chira Chas have gradually increased since 2001.

==History==
The very first housing projects in Chira chas was commenced as k.k singh colony, after then in the mid-nineties Chira chas saw development of the suburbs various more [[housing society|housing societies]]. From scattered hamlets to the integrated and modern townships<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100208/jsp/jharkhand/story_12079331.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913191609/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100208/jsp/jharkhand/story_12079331.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2012|title= Telegraph Story on Bokaro, Chira Chas Real Estate Boom|author=Shashank Shekhar, The Telegraph|date=8 February 2010 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]|accessdate=25 March 2012 }}</ref> being built today, Chira Chas has come a long way. Chira Chas has seen the development of 10-15 colonies and mini townships over the last few years.

== Geography ==
Chira Chas is located at {{Coord|23.65|N|86.18|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org#lat=23.6510888&lon=86.1898259&z=12&l=0&m=w |title=Chira Chas |publisher= Wikimapia |date= |accessdate=2012-03-25}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 210 metres (688 feet). It is situated east of River Garga, from the river till the [[Damodar River]].

==Demographics==
More than 50 thousand citizens reside at Chira Chas, living in multitude of completed [[apartments]] and [[bungalow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/node/286354|title=Prabhat Khabar Story on population figure|author=Prabhat Khabar|date=20 April 2013|work=Prabhat Khabar Website|accessdate=22 April 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Demographic is essentially composed of retired [[Bokaro Steel Plant|BSL]] employees, their families and indigenous population composed of villagers. Due to a booming population, the area has seen a study influx of shopping supermarkets, retail outlets and educational establishments. Proximity to Bokaro Steel City, better quality of life, absolute ownership over residential dwellings are few of the reasons for the increasing population at Chira Chas. Thanks to inherently diverse nature of Bokaro's urban populace, Chira Chas residents hail from different states and regions, epitomizing [[unity in diversity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/node/288583|title=Demographic diversity at Chira Chas|author=Prabhat Khabar|date=26 April 2013|work=Prabhat Khabar Website|accessdate=26 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630042638/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/node/288583|archive-date=30 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Things to see ==
* '''[[Sri Sri Kalika Maharani Temple]]''' - Situated at Kalika Vihar ( at Ashiyana garden, phase 3), this 90 feet tall temple, devoted to Devi [[Kali]] Ma, (also known as 'Sri Sri Karunandomayee Maa') is an architectural marvel, in the shape of a flower, with petals forming entrances. This temple is also known as Sri Sri Karunamayee Temple.
* '''Old Shiva Mandir''' - Located at the main road of Chira Chas {{Coord|23.65|N|86.18|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/#lat=23.6664195&lon=86.190472&z=17&l=0&m=w |title= Old Shiva Temple |publisher= Wikimapia |date= |accessdate=2012-03-25}}</ref>

== Education ==
Several prominent educational institutions and public schools are located at Chira Chas. Apart from established schools such as Kid Zee play school, Saint Paul Academy, Rainbow Public school, Bachpan play school, College of Management & Computer Education (CMCE - Bokaro) caters to graduate and post graduate education. Established in 1995, CMCE offers [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]] degrees and 100% FREE Skill Development Courses in Computer, Soft Skills, Management, etc. under DGET, Govt. of India Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/node/294997|title=Chira Chas emerging as a hub for technical and management education|author=Prabhat Khabar|date=17 May 2013|work=Prabhat Khabar Website|accessdate=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630052943/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/node/294997|archive-date=30 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Places in the vicinity==
* [[City Centre, Bokaro]] - Chira Chas is 2.7 kilometers from [[City Centre, Bokaro]] and Bokaro Mall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090619/jsp/jharkhand/story_11131301.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204064441/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090619/jsp/jharkhand/story_11131301.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title = Telegraph Article about Bokaro Mall|author=Shashank Shekhar, The Telegraph|date=19 June 2009 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]|accessdate=25 March 2012 }}</ref>
* [[St. Xavier's School (Bokaro)|St. Xavier's School]] - 1.5 kilometers from Chira Chas.
* Sree Ayyappa Public School - Within 1 kilometer.
* '''Aaiyappa Mandir''' - 700 meters from Chira Chas.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
* [http://bokaro.nic.in Bokaro District website]

{{Bokaro District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bokaro district]]

Aaj Tak

2026-01-16T00:01:59Z

Viads: general cleanup details and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|Hindi news channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Aaj Tak|italic=no}}
| logo = Aaj_Tak_logo.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2000|12|31}} (New Year's Eve 2000) [[SDTV]] {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|12|14}} [[HDTV]]
| owner = [[Living Media]]
| picture_format = [[16:9]] ([[1080i]] [[HDTV]]) (downscaled to [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| area = International
| network = [[TV Today Network]]
| headquarters = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| sister_channels = [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] [[Good News Today]] [[Dilli Aaj Tak]]
| website = {{URL|aajtak.in}}
| webcast = {{URL|aajtak.in/livetv}}
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Aaj Tak}}''' ({{translation|Until Today}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[List of news channels in India|television news channel]] owned by the [[TV Today Network]], a part of the New Delhi-based media conglomerate [[India Today Group]].

== History==
[[File:Aaj tak logo.png|thumb|200px|Logo formerly used by Aaj Tak]]

Aaj Tak was first broadcast on [[DD Metro]] of [[Doordarshan]] (DD) in 1995. It was then broadcast as a news programme of 10 to 20 minutes. Aaj Tak came into existence in December 2000 as an independent news channel. It then became the first complete [[Hindi]] news channel in the country to be broadcast twenty-four hours. One of the anchors at the time was [[Surendra Pratap Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Dr Paramveer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ|title=Indian Silver Screen|date=2021-08-05|publisher=K.K. Publications|pages=147–150|language=en|chapter=8. India Today Group.|access-date=15 November 2021|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409132058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The tagline for Aaj Tak was "यह थी ख़बर आज तक, इंतज़ार कीजिए कल तक" ({{Translation|That's all the news for today, wait until tomorrow}}).<ref name=":0" /> Aaj Tak was the first news channel in India to use [[OB Van|OB vans]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Munshi|first=Shoma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdGATZeZWJcC|title=Remote Control: Indian Television in the New Millennium|date=2012-12-15|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-755-2|language=en|chapter=1|access-date=15 November 2021|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409132120/https://books.google.com/books?id=fdGATZeZWJcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the time the channel came into existence, it had a reach of 52 lakh households. It now broadcasts to three crore households and its viewership in news channels is 56%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Television.|url=https://www.indiatodaygroup.com/new-site/television.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823225840/https://www.indiatodaygroup.com/new-site/television.html|archive-date=23 August 2021|access-date=2021-05-03|website=India Today Group}}</ref> On 14 December 2018, Aaj Tak launched India's first Hindi high-definition channel, Aaj Tak HD.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 December 2018|title=Aaj Tak launches first of its kind HD news channel - Aaj Tak HD|url=https://www.adgully.com/aaj-tak-launches-first-of-its-kind-hd-news-channel-aaj-tak-hd-82272.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-25|website=AdGully|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725093043/https://www.adgully.com/aaj-tak-launches-first-of-its-kind-hd-news-channel-aaj-tak-hd-82272.html |archive-date=25 July 2019 }}</ref> A channel rebranding took place in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baddhan|first=Lakh|date=2021-01-21|title=Aaj Tak refreshes brand with new look for 20th anniversary|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/aaj-tak-refreshes-brand-with-new-look-for-20th-anniversary/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-18|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210133/https://www.bizasialive.com/aaj-tak-refreshes-brand-with-new-look-for-20th-anniversary/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 }}</ref>

In September 2001, during the [[September 11 attacks|World Trade Center attacks]], Aaj Tak achieved the highest viewership ratings among 15 markets, according to [[Nielsen Media Research]]. In [[Delhi]], the channel's viewership was at 23 percent on September 11 and rose to 39 percent by September 15.<ref name="i348">{{cite web | title=Aaj Tak, Zee score over BBC, CNN | website=The Times of India | date=2001-09-25 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/aaj-tak-zee-score-over-bbc-cnn/articleshow/207439143.cms | access-date=2025-02-02}}</ref>

In March 2023, the India Today Group introduced Sana for Aaj Tak, the nation's first [[Artificial intelligence|AI]]-powered news anchor designed to deliver daily news updates in multiple languages. Sana also facilitates interactive question-and-answer sessions aimed at increasing audience engagement.<ref name="a832">{{cite web |title=The India Today Group has recently revealed the nation's first AI news anchor |website=IndiaAI |date=23 Mar 2023 |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/news/the-india-today-group-has-recently-revealed-the-nation-s-first-ai-news-anchor |access-date=31 Dec 2024}}</ref>

=== Aaj Tak HD ===
On 14 December 2018, {{lang|hi-latn|Aaj Tak|italic=no}} launched India's first Hindi [[High-definition television|high-definition]] channel, {{lang|hi-latn|Aaj Tak|italic=no}} HD.<ref name=":3" /> {{lang|hi-latn|Aaj Tak|italic=no}} HD broadcasts news and two extra shows like ''Duniya Aaj Tak'' aired from 2019 ({{Translation|World up to the minute}}) covering world news, ''Business Aaj Tak'' aired from 2019 ({{Translation|Business up to the minute}}) covering the financial news of India and the world.

Aaj Tak HD also broadcast ''Movie Masala'' between 2019 and 2020 ({{Translation|Movie Spice}}), covering the news of Bollywood.

==Staff==

=== Executive staff ===
* [[Aroon Purie]], Chairperson, [[India Today Group]]
* Kalli Purie, Vice-Chairperson, India Today Group
* [[Anjana Om Kashyap]], [[Executive editor|Executive Editor]]
* Sweta Singh, Executive Editor
* [[Sayeed Ansari]], [[Consulting editor|Consulting Editor]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=N. L. |title='The natural home for a household name': Sudhir Chaudhary to join Aaj Tak as consulting editor |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/11/the-natural-home-for-a-household-name-sudhir-chaudhary-to-join-aaj-tak-as-consulting-editor |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=Newslaundry |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711103753/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/11/the-natural-home-for-a-household-name-sudhir-chaudhary-to-join-aaj-tak-as-consulting-editor |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Vikrant Gupta, Chief Sports Editor


=== Past staff ===
Past anchors have included [[Rohit Sardana]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhati|first=Divya|date=2 May 2021|title=RIP Aaj Tak TV Journalist Rohit Sardana died due to Heart Attack after suffering from Covid-19|url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/rohit-sardana-biography-age-death-reason-tv-journalist-early-life-wife-son-family-and-photo-rc1018073|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-25|website=jagrantv|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003934/https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/rohit-sardana-biography-age-death-reason-tv-journalist-early-life-wife-son-family-and-photo-rc1018073 |archive-date=25 August 2021 }}</ref> and [[Surendra Pratap Singh]].<ref name=":0" /> Uday Shankar worked as a news director during the initial years of {{Lang|hi-latn|Aaj Tak}}.<ref name=":2" />

* [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudhir Chaudhary]]
* [[Prabhu Chawla]]
* [[Punya Prasun Bajpai]]
* [[Boria Majumdar]]
* [[Ashutosh Gupta]]

==Events and controversies==
The channel has been penalized for the propagation of [[Misinformation in India|misinformation]] and criticised for its coverage being supportive of the ideology of the ruling government of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and has been included among "[[Godi media]]" news outlets who are supportive of the [[Narendra Modi Government|Narendra Modi government]].<ref name="Godi media">{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Nidhi |title='Media has lost our trust': Why protesting farmers are angry with 'Godi media' |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/12/01/media-has-lost-our-trust-why-are-protesting-farmers-angry-with-godi-media |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=Newslaundry |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616042946/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/12/01/media-has-lost-our-trust-why-are-protesting-farmers-angry-with-godi-media |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="glee">{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Indians are expressing shock at news channel glee over demolition of Muslim activist's house |url=https://scroll.in/article/1026083/indians-are-expressing-shock-at-news-channel-glee-over-demolition-of-muslim-activists-house |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803063622/https://scroll.in/article/1026083/indians-are-expressing-shock-at-news-channel-glee-over-demolition-of-muslim-activists-house |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Shukla, Ridhima. "[https://dspace.cuni.cz/handle/20.500.11956/194844 Corporate Influence in Media: Analyzing the Transformation of a Major Indian News Channel (NDTV) After Its Acquisition By Adani Group.]" (2024).</ref> A 2024 report by [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] said that Aaj Tak was "frequently laudatory of [[Modi]]".<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Palepu |first=Advait |last2=Kay |first2=Chris |date=2024-02-26 |title=Billionaire Press Barons Are Squeezing Media Freedom in India |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-02-26/india-s-press-freedom-squeezed-as-billionaires-close-to-modi-take-over-newsrooms |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> Prashanth Bhat & Kalyani Chadha in a 2024 article attributed its supportive coverage of the BJP's agenda, including "promoting nationalism and majoritarianism and advancing the government narrative" as well as those of other Indian news channels to economic incentives to obtain high television ratings in emulation of the content and high ratings obtained by [[Times Now]] and [[Republic TV]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Prashanth |last2=Chadha |first2=Kalyani |date=2023-04-03 |title=Expanding public debate? Examining the impact of India’s top English language political talk shows |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2022.2140953 |journal=Media Asia |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=244–263 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2022.2140953 |issn=0129-6612|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2017, Aaj Tak was criticised for propagating a false claim that a fatwa allowed Saudi Arabian men to [[Cannibalism in Asia|eat their wives]]. That same year, Aaj Tak also came under criticism for propagating a false claim that the [[Indian Army]] had retaliated against Pakistan following attacks against Indian personnel in Kashmir.<ref name="fake news">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-01-02 |title=Top 12 fake news stories circulated by mainstream media in 2017 |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/01/02/fake-news-2017-aaj-tak-toi-zee-india-today-republic |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2020, Aaj Tak was fined ₹1 lakh and asked to broadcast apologies for fake news regarding [[Sushant Singh Rajput]]. The channel published fabricated last tweets by the actor on the channel, claiming that they were made by him a few days before [[Death of Sushant Singh Rajput|his death]] and then deleted. Aaj Tak later removed its article with this [[Fake news in India|fake news]] published in it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2020|title=Aaj Tak fined Rs 1 lakh by NBSA for telecasting fake tweets on Sushant Singh Rajput's death|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/08/aaj-tak-fined-rs-1-lakh-by-nbsa-fortelecasting-fake-tweets-onsushant-singh-rajputs-death-2207619.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2020|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011111805/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/08/aaj-tak-fined-rs-1-lakh-by-nbsa-fortelecasting-fake-tweets-onsushant-singh-rajputs-death-2207619.html |archive-date=11 October 2020 }}</ref>

Aaj Tak was fined ₹5 lakh by [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]] for viewership manipulation in a [[TRP scam]].<ref name="Aaj tak fined for viewership manipulation">{{cite web|last=Joshi|first=Neha|date=23 October 2020|title=Aaj tak fined for viewership manipulation|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/bombya-hc-directs-tv-today-to-pay-fine-imposed-by-barc-for-interim-protection|access-date=25 October 2020|website=Bar and Bench}}</ref>

Between 4 and 5 April 2020, Aaj Tak had broadcast reports about [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. A complaint was filed with the [[News Broadcasters & Digital Association#News Broadcasting and Digital Standards Authority|News Broadcasting and Digital Standards Authority]] (NBDSA) in which Aaj Tak was accused of intending to "develop hatred in the minds of the people against a particular community," during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=News Body Directs Aaj Tak To Remove Tablighi Jamaat Content 1 Year After Damage Is Done |url=https://www.theswaddle.com/news-body-directs-aaj-tak-to-remove-tablighi-jamaat-content-1-year-after-damage-is-done |work=www.theswaddle.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 June 2021, the NBDSA directed that Aaj Tak's broadcasts be taken down from all Internet platforms that linked the COVID-19 outbreak with [[2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi|Tablighi Jamaat in 2020]], citing potential "errors in the figures telecast".<ref>{{cite news |title=NBSA directs Aaj Tak to remove certain Tablighi Jamaat broadcasts from the website, YouTube |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/06/25/nbsa-directs-aaj-tak-to-remove-certain-tablighi-jamaat-broadcasts-from-website-youtube |work=Newslaundry |date=25 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The NBDSA said that the media has "complete freedom to report on the COVID pandemic", but "such reporting must be done with accuracy, impartiality and neutrality", and added, " The NBDSA noted that the broadcaster had admitted that there may have been chances that there were some miscalculations as pointed out by the complaint, which was inadvertent, and the broadcaster had no intention to communalise the issue or malign any community."<ref name="Tablighi Jamaat">{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=N. L. |date=25 June 2021 |title=NBSA directs Aaj Tak to remove certain Tablighi Jamaat broadcasts from the website, YouTube |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/06/25/nbsa-directs-aaj-tak-to-remove-certain-tablighi-jamaat-broadcasts-from-website-youtube |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=Newslaundry |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803065420/https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/06/25/nbsa-directs-aaj-tak-to-remove-certain-tablighi-jamaat-broadcasts-from-website-youtube |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2022, the NBDSA said that Aaj Tak's taglines on [[Umar Khalid]] ‘gave an impression that the accused had already been declared guilty’ and asked the news channel to take down those shows.<ref>{{cite news |title=Take down 'sensationalist' shows on Umar Khalid, regulator tells Zee, India TV, Aaj Tak |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/06/15/take-down-sensationalist-shows-on-umar-khalid-regulator-tells-zee-india-tv-aaj-tak |access-date=2022-09-13 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=2022-06-15 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914090914/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/06/15/take-down-sensationalist-shows-on-umar-khalid-regulator-tells-zee-india-tv-aaj-tak |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, Aaj Tak faced widespread social media ridicule after the clip of its coverage went viral, where the channel's representatives were seen filming gangster [[Atiq Ahmed]] urinating while in transit from [[Gujarat]] to [[Prayagraj]] under the custody of police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=J. K. R. |date=2023-03-27 |title="Patrakarita or mootrakarita?": Aaj Tak faces widespread ridicule after it broadcasts gangster Ateek Ahmed's act of urinating LIVE |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/patrakarita-or-mootrakarita-aaj-tak-faces-widespread-ridicule-after-it-broadcasts-gangster-ateek-ahmeds-act-of-urinating-live/404842/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327105337/https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/patrakarita-or-mootrakarita-aaj-tak-faces-widespread-ridicule-after-it-broadcasts-gangster-ateek-ahmeds-act-of-urinating-live/404842/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, The NBDSA fined Aaj Tak for [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudhir Chaudhary]]'s 'tukde tukde' and '[[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]]' remarks, against the former US president [[Barack Obama]] and penalised the channel over '[[Love jihad conspiracy theory|Love Jihad]]' shows.<ref name="NBDSA">{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=NBDSA fines Aaj Tak for Sudhir Chaudhry's 'tukde tukde,' 'Khalistani' remarks against Obama; penalises channels over 'Love Jihad' shows |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/nbdsa-fines-aaj-tak-for-sudhir-chaudhrys-tukde-tukde-khalistani-remarks-against-obama-penalises-channels-over-love-jihad-shows-2917515 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Bhavya |date=2024-03-01 |title=NBDSA Penalises Aaj Tak For Sudhir Chaudhary Show Using 'Tukde Tukde Gang', 'Khalistani', 'Pakistani Supporters' Terms In Video On Obama |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/nbdsa-imposes-75k-fine-on-aaj-tak-for-utilizing-tukde-tukde-gang-khalistani-pakistan-in-criticism-of-barack-obama-250992 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, NBDSA directed Aaj Tak to remove a fictional video aired during its ''Black and White'' show, which depicted Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] as a robber. The NBDSA found the video to be in poor taste and stated that it did not align with ethical broadcasting standards. The authority warned the channel to exercise greater caution in future broadcasts to avoid misrepresentation and potential defamation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ratna |date=2024-03-01 |title=NBDSA directs Aaj Tak to remove video showing Rahul Gandhi as robber |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/nbdsa-directs-aaj-tak-remove-video-showing-rahul-gandhi-robber-platforms |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

Aaj Tak has also been accused of foreign interference in the Canadian matters by the [[G7 Rapid Response Mechanism|Rapid Response Mechanism Canada]].<ref name="print">{{cite web | last=Mago | first=Shivani | title=Month-old Canadian report flagged posts, news from 'Modi-aligned media' as 'foreign interference' | website=ThePrint | date=2024-10-18 | url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/month-old-canadian-report-flagged-posts-news-from-modi-aligned-media-as-foreign-interference/2317844/ | access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref><ref name="j202">{{cite web | last=Seli | first=Yeshi | title=Canada's RRM report claims Indian media shaped negative narratives about Trudeau | website=The New Indian Express | date=2024-10-20 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2024/Oct/20/canadas-rrm-report-claims-indian-media-shaped-negative-narratives-about-trudeau | access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref>

During the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 conflict between India and Pakistan]] over Kashmir, the channel was criticised by Alt News for airing fabricated information about the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Anupreeta |last2=K.B |first2=Pragati |date=2025-05-17 |title=How the Indian Media Amplified Falsehoods in the Drumbeat of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/17/world/asia/india-news-media-misinformation.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Accolades==
According to an old 2006 poll jointly conducted by the [[BBC]] and [[Reuters]], of specific news sources spontaneously mentioned by the Indians, {{Lang|hi-latn|Aaj Tak}} (mentioned by 11%) was the most trusted.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/02_05_06mediatrust.pdf BBC/Reuters/Media Center Poll: Trust in the Media] (pg. 13)</ref>

{{Lang|hi-latn|Aaj Tak|italic=no}} has won the award for the "Best Hindi News Channel" 19 times, since 2001 at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2021|title=Aaj Tak, India Today win most popular news channels at ITA Awards 2021; Aroon Purie conferred Hall of Fame award|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/ita-awards-2021-aaj-tak-india-today-bagged-most-popular-news-channel-awards-aroon-purie-conferred-hall-of-fame-award-287532-2021-02-14|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Business Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825010653/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/ita-awards-2021-aaj-tak-india-today-bagged-most-popular-news-channel-awards-aroon-purie-conferred-hall-of-fame-award-287532-2021-02-14 |archive-date=25 August 2021 }}</ref> Aaj Tak was awarded the Indian Television Academy Award for Best Hindi News Channel for consecutive years from 2001 to 2015, and again from 2017 to 2020.

In 2015, 7th Exchange4media News Broadcasting Awards (ENBA) ceremony Aaj Tak was recognized as the "Best News Channel of the Year," and won in the categories for Best Anchor in Hindi, and received the Best Channel Marketing Award. Additionally, Aaj Tak secured awards for Best News Producer and Best Video Editor.<ref name="i117">{{cite web | last=Baddhan | first=Raj | title=Aaj Tak & Headlines Today win big at ENBA 2015 | website=BizAsiaLive | date=2015-02-02 | url=https://www.bizasialive.com/aaj-tak-headlines-today-win-big-at-enba-2015/ | access-date=2025-02-02}}</ref>

Aaj Tak is ranked 32nd among the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|50 most-subscribed YouTube channels]]. In February 2025, Aaj Tak became the first news channel globally to reach 70 million subscribers on YouTube.<ref name="v146">{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-01-26 |title=Aaj Tak crosses 50 million subscribers on YouTube |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/aaj-tak-crosses-50-million-subscribers-on-youtube-11674710090041.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=mint}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Good News Today]]''
*{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dilli Aaj Tak]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Sudeshna |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003232209 |title=Media Discourse in Contemporary India: A Study of Television News |date=2022-04-22 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-003-23220-9 |edition=1 |location=London |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003232209}}

==External links==
* [https://www.aajtak.in/ Official website]

{{Television news in India}}

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[[Category:India Today Group]]
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List of Urdu poets

2026-01-03T00:22:27Z

Viads: New

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}

[[File:Urdu example.svg|thumb|Urdu_example]]
The following is a '''list of Urdu-language poets'''.
{{Dynamic list}}

==13th century==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poet !! Image !! Pen Name !! Era !! Work
|-
| [[Amir Khusro]]||[[File:Amir Khusro.jpg|100px]]|| || (1253–1325)|| Tuhfat-us-Sigh
|-
| [[Bande Nawaz]]||[[File:Amir Khusro.jpg|100px]]|| || (1321–1442)||
|-
| [[Kabir]]||[[File:Kabir004.jpg|100px]]|| || (15th century)||
|}

==15th century==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poet !! Image !! Pen Name !! Era !! Work
|-
| [[Meera]]|| [[File:Meerabai painting.jpg|100px]]|| Mira Bai|| 1498
|
|}

==16th century==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poet !! Image !! Pen Name !! Era !! Work
|-
| [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]]|| || || 1518 – 5 June 1580||
|-
| [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]]|| [[File:Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana being received by Akbar, Akbarnama.jpg|100px]]|| || (1556 – 1627)|| Wrote poetry primarily in [[Persian poetry|Persian]], but also in [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]
|-
| [[Ali Adil Shah I]]|| [[File:Aliadilshah.jpg|100px]]|| || 1558–1579||
|-
| [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]|| [[File:Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah portrait.JPG|100px]]|| || (1565–1611)|| ''Kulliyat-e-Quli Qutub Shah'' wrote poetry primarily in [[Persian poetry|Persian]], but also in [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]
|-
|[[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]|| [[File:Ibrahim Adil Shah II Sultan of Bijapur.jpg|100px]]|| || 1571 – 12 September 1627||
|-
|[[Chandar Bhan Brahman]]|| || || unknown – 1662|| Brahman was appointed as court chronicler and he was give responsibility for maintaining [[Shah Jahan]]'s personal diary. He wrote a memoir Chahar Chaman
|-
|}

==17th century==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poet !! Image !! Pen Name !! Era !! Work
|-
|[[Nusrati]]
|[[File:Nusrati.jpg|100px]]
|
|(died 1674)
|
|-
|[[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Mirza Abdul Qadir Bedil Dehlavi]]
|
|Bedil
|(1642-1720)
|
|-
| [[Wali Muhammad Wali]]||
[[File:Wali Mohammed Wali New.svg|100px]]
||Wali Deccani|| (1667–1707)||
|-
| [[Shah Mubarak Abroo]]|| |||| (1683–1733)||
|-
| [[Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzu]]|||| Arzu|| (1687–1756)|| Mehr-o-Mah, Guka-ri-Kayal
|-
| [[Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan]]||
[[File:Jan janani.png|100px]]
|| Jan-e-Janaan|| (1699–1781)|| Majmua-Urdu-Ashaar
|}

==18th century==
[[File:Mushafi-ghulam-hamdani.png|thumb|250px|Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "''Urdu''" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.<ref>Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26 (2011): 97.</ref>]]
* [[Mirza Rafi Sauda|Mirza Muhammad Rafi]], ''Sauda'' (1713–1780)
* [[Siraj Aurangabadi]], ''Siraj'' (1715–1763)
*[[Mohammad Meer Soz Dehlvi]], ''Soz'' (1720-1799)
* [[Khwaja Mir Dard]], ''Dard'' (1721–1785)
* [[Qayem Chandpuri]], Muhammad Qyamuddin Ali ''Qayem'' (1722–1793)
* [[Mir Taqi Mir]], ''Mir'' (1723–1810)
* [[Fidvi Lahori]], ''Fidvi'' (1729–1780)
* [[Nazeer Akbarabadi]], ''Nazeer'' (1740–1830)
* [[Qalandar Bakhsh Jurat]], ''Jurat'' (1748–1810)
* [[Mas'hafi|Mashafi Shaikh Ghulam Hamdani]], ''Mas'hafi'' (1750–1824)
* [[Insha Allah Khan 'Insha']], ''Insha'' (1756–1817)
* [[Saadat Yaar Khan Rangin]], ''Rangin'' (1757–1835)
* [[Bahadur Shah II|Bahadur Shah]], ''Zafar'' (1775–1862)
* [[Imam Baksh Nasikh]], ''Nasikh'' (1776–1838)
* [[Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish]], ''Atish'' (1778–1846)
* [[Zauq|Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]], ''Zauq'' (1789–1854)
* [[Mirza Ghalib|Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib]], ''Ghalib'' (1797–1869)
* [[Chhannu Lal Dilgeer]], ''Ghulam Hussain'' (1780–1848)

==19th century==
* [[Momin Khan Momin]], ''Momin'' (1801–1852)
* [[Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer]] (Mirza Salaamat Ali), ''Dabeer'' (1803–1875)
* [[Mir Babar Ali Anis]], ''Anis'' (1803–1874)
* [[Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim]] (1811–1845)
* [[Amir Meenai]], ''Amir'' (1828–1900)
* [[Dagh Dehlvi]] (Nawab Mirza Khan), ''Daagh'' (1831–1905)
* [[Altaf Hussain Hali]] (Hali Panipati), ''Hali'' (1837–1914)
* [[Akbar Allahabadi]] (Syed Akbar Hussain), ''Akbar'' (1846–1921)
* [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] (Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi), ''Raza'' (1856–1921)
* [[Hassan Raza Khan]] Barelvi (Maulana Hassan Raza Khan Barelvi), ''Hassan'' (1859-1908)
* [[Bekhud Badayuni]] (Muhammad Abdul-Hayy Siddiqui), ''Bekhud'' (1857–1912)
* [[Shibli Nomani]] (Allama Shibli Nomani). ''Shibli'' (1857–1914)
* [[Muztar Khairabadi]] (1862–1927)
* [[Ismail Alam|Alam]] (1868–1937)
* [[Zaigham]] (d. 1869)
* [[Saqib Lakhnavi]] (1869–1946)<ref name="p932">{{cite web | last=Times | first=Navhind | title=‘Saqib’: The ‘star’ Urdu poet and his ‘garden of life’ | website=The Navhind Times | date=20 May 2023 | url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/05/21/magazines/panorama/saqib-the-star-urdu-poet-and-his-garden-of-life/ | access-date=28 Nov 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ibrahim Ali Tashna|Tashna]] (1872–1931)
* [[Zafar Ali Khan]] (1873–1956)
* [[Arzoo Lakhnavi]] (1873–1951)
* [[Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang]] (1875–1952)
* [[Hasrat Mohani]] (Syed Fazlul Hussain), ''Hasrat'' (1875–1951)
* [[Dil Shahjahanpuri]] (Zameer Hasan Khan), ''Dil'' (1875–1959)
* [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal]] (Allama Iqbal), ''Iqbal'' (1877–1938)
* [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] (Maulana Jauhar), ''Jauhar'' (1878-1931)
* [[Fani Badayuni]] (Shaukat Ali Khan), ''Fani'' (1879–1941)
* [[Seemab Akbarabadi]] (Ashiq Hussain) (1882–1951)
* [[Brij Narayan Chakbast]] (1882–1926)
* [[Bekhud Dehlvi]] (Syed Wahiduddin Ahmed) (1882–1955)
* [[Niaz Fatehpuri]] (Maulana Niyaz Muhammad Khan) (1882–1966)
* [[Yagana Changezi]] (Mirza Wajid Hussain Yaas) ''Yaas'' (1883–1956)
* [[Josh Malsiyani]] (Labhu Ram) ''Josh'' (1883–1976)
* [[Asghar Gondvi]] (Asghar Hussain Asghar), ''Asghar'' (1884-1936)
* [[Tilok Chand Mehroom]] (1887–1966)
* [[Qamar Jalalvi]] (1887–1968)
* [[Amjad Hyderabadi]] (Amjad Hussain), ''Amjad'' (1888-1961)
* [[Jigar Moradabadi]] (Ali Sikandar), ''Jigar'' (1890–1960)
* [[Raaz Chandpuri]] (Mohd. Sadiq) (1892–1969)
* [[Zamin Ali]], ''Zamin'' (1893–1955)
* [[Hakim Ahmad Shuja]] (1893–1969)
* [[Josh Malihabadi]] (Shabbir Hassan Khan), ''Josh'' (1894–1982)
* [[Muhammad Mustafa Jauhar]], ''Jauhar'' (1895– 1985)
* [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]] (Raghupati Sahay), ''Firaq'' (1896–1982)
* [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] (1897–1927)
* [[Abr Ahasani Gunnauri]] (Ahmed Baksh) ''Abr'' (1897–1973)
* [[Munavvar Lakhnavi]] Bisheshwar Prasad ''Munavvar'' (1897–1970)
* [[Ahmaq Phaphoondvi]] (1895-1957)
* [[Abdur Rauf Urooj]] (c. 1932{{endash}}1990)

==1900==
* [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]] (1900–1966)
* [[Hafeez Jalandhari]] (Mohd.Hafeez), ''Hafeez'' (1900–1982)
* [[Talib Chakwali]] Manohar Lal Kapur ‘Talib’ (1900–1988)
* [[Pandit Harichand Akhtar]] ('Akhtar') (1901–1958)
* [[Alam Muzaffarnagari]] (Muhammad Ishaaq) (1901–1969)
* [[Bismil Saeedi]] (1901–1977)
* [[Khushtar Girami]] (Dewan Ram Rakhamal Kalia) (1902–1988)
* [[Anand Narain Mulla]] (1901–1997)
* [[Zaheen Shah Taji]] (1902–1978)
* [[Syed Sajjad Zaheer]] (1904–1973)
* [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari]] (1904–1975)
* [[Akhtar Sheerani]] (Mohd.Dawood Khan) (1905–1948)
* [[Saghar Nizami]] (1905–1984)
* [[Abid Ali Abid]] (1906–1971)
* [[Gopal Mittal]] (1906–1993)
* [[Ratan Pandoravi]] (Rala Ram), ''Ratan'' (1907–1998)
* [[Makhdum Muhiuddin]] (1908–1969)
* [[Arsh Malsiani]] (Bal Mukund) (1908–1979)
* [[Majaz]] (Asrar-ul-Haq), ''Majaz'' (1909–1955)
* [[Abdul Hamid]] ''Adam'' (1909–1981)
* [[Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri]], ''Lisan ul Mulk''(1909–1985)
* [[Kunwar Mohinder Singh Bedi Sahar]], ''Sahar'' (1909-1998)

==1910==
* [[Noon Meem Rashid]] (1910–1975)
* [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], ''Faiz'' (1911–1984)
* [[Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah]] (1911–1984)
* [[Aijaz Siddiqi]] (1911–1978)
* [[Ravish Siddiqi]] (''Ravish'') (1911–1971)
* [[Nushoor Wahidi]] (1911–1981)
* [[Meeraji]] (1912–1949)
* [[Shifa Gwaliori]] (1912–1968)
* [[Shamim Karhani]] (1913–1975)
* [[Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi]] (1913–1986)
* [[Dr. Rafiq Hussain]] (1913–1990)
* [[Sahir Hoshiarpuri]] (1913–1994)
* [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] (1913–2000)
* [[Raza Naqvi Wahi]] (1914–2002)
* [[Mir Gul Khan Nasir]] (1914–1983)
* [[Rais Amrohvi]] (1914–1988)
* [[Ehsan Danish]] (1914–1982)
* [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]] (1914–1976)
* [[Majeed Amjad]] (1914–1974)
* [[Sikandar Ali Wajd]] (1914–1983)
* [[Akhtar ul Iman]] (1915–1996)
* [[Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi|Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi]], ''Nadeem'' (1916–2006)
* [[Zamir Jafri]], ''Zamir'' (1916–1999)
* [[Shakeel Badayuni]] (1916–1970)
* [[Agha Shorish Kashmiri]] (Agha Abdul Kareem) ''Shorish'' (1917–1975)
* [[Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee]] (1917–2005)
* [[Rishi Patialvi]] (Bam Dev Sharma) ''Rishi'' (1917–1999)
* [[Jagan Nath Azad]] (1918–2004)
* [[Kaifi Azmi]] (1918–2002)
* [[Fikr Taunsvi]] (1918-1987)
* [[Naeem Hashmi]] (1919–1976)
* [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] (1919–2000)
* [[Khumar Barabankvi]], ''Khumar'' (1919–1999)
* [[Qateel Shifai]], ''Qateel'' (1919–2001)
* [[Masud Husain Khan]] (1919–2010)

==1920==
* [[Salaam Machhalishahari]], ''Salaam'' (1921–1972)
* [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], ''Sahir'' (1921–1980)
* [[Krishan Mohan]], Krishan Lal ''Krishan Mohan'' (1922–2004)
* [[Wazir Agha]] (1922–2010)
* [[Sulaiman Areeb]] (1922–1970)
* [[Nazish Pratapgarhi]], ''Nazish'' (1924–1981)
* [[Ada Jafri]] (1924–)
* [[Nasir Kazmi]], ''Nasir'' (1925–1972)
* [[Bekas Akbarabadi]], ''M.G Gupta'' wrote Urdu anthology, Rahat-i-Ruh (2004),(1925–2011)
* [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] (1925–1992)
* [[Himayat Ali Shair]], ''Shair'' (1926)
* [[Kanwal Ziai]] Hardayal Singh Datta (1927–2012)
* [[Naresh Kumar Shad]] (1927–1969)
* [[Khadija Mastoor]] (1927-1982)
* [[Ibn-e-Insha]], ''Insha'' (1927–1978)
* [[Bekal Utsahi]] (1928–2016)
* [[Sagar Siddiqui]] (1928–1974)
* [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]] (1928–1966)
* [[Habib Jalib]] (1928–1993)
* [[Dilawar Figar]] (1928–1998)
* [[Munir Niazi]] (1928–2006)
* [[Shabnam Romani]], ''Shabnam'' (1928–2009)
* [[Mazhar Imam]] (1928–2012)
* [[Wasif Ali Wasif]] (1929–1993)
* [[Dilawar Figar]] (1929-1998)

==1930==
* [[Mustafa Zaidi]] (1930–1970)
* [[Harbans Bhalla]] (1930–1993)
* [[Ahmad Faraz]] (1931–2008)
* [[Jon Elia|Jaun Elia]] (1931–2003)
* [[Rajendar Nath Rehbar]] (1931)
* [[Satyapal Anand]] (1931)
* [[Syed Amin Ashraf]] (1931)
* [[Nurul Ain Lari|Ahmar Lari]] (1932–2011),
* [[Shakeb Jalali]] (1932–1966)
* [[Rajinder Manchanda Bani]] ''Bani'' (1932–1981)
* [[Mohsin Bhopali]] (1932–2007)
* [[Sardar Panchhi]] (1932)
* [[Muzaffar Warsi]] (1933–2011)
* [[Syed Waheed Ashraf]] (1933)
* [[Waheed Akhtar]] (1934–1996)
* [[Sudarshan Faakir]] (1934–2008)
* [[Murtaza Birlas]] (1934)
* [[Mohsin Zaidi]] (1935–2003)
* [[Anwar Masood]] (1935)
* [[Bashar Nawaz]] (1935-2015)
* [[Aftab Iqbal Shamim]] (1936)
* [[Adil Mansuri]] (1936–2009)
* [[Akhlaq Mohammed Khan]] (Shahryar) (1936–2012)
* [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]] (1936)
* [[Shahzad A. Rizvi]] (1937)
* [[Unwan Chishti]] Iftikharul Hasan ''Unwan'' (1937–2004)
* [[Nida Fazli]] (1938-2016)
* [[Makhmoor Saeedi]] (1938–2010)
* [[Syed Mahmood Khundmiri]] (1938–2011)
* [[Obaidullah Aleem]] (1939–1997)
* [[Allama Talib Jauhari]] (1939– )

==1940==
* [[Mahmood Shaam]] (1940)
* [[Kishwar Naheed]] (1940)
* [[Jazib Qureshi]] (1940)
* [[Muzaffar Ahmad Lari]] (1940)
* [[Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi]] (1941)
* [[Ahfaz ur Rahman]] (1942)
* [[Khalid Ahmad]] (1943)
* [[Iftikhar Arif]] (1943)
* [[Shamim Farooqui]] (1943–2014)
* [[Amjad Islam Amjad]] (1944)
* [[Ghulam Muhammad Qasir]], ''Qasir'' (1944–1999)
* [[Bashir Badr]] (1945)
* [[Javed Akhtar]] (1945)
* [[Anwer Zahidi]] (1946)
* [[Afzal Ahmed Syed]] (1946)
* [[Shamim Hashimi]] (1947)
* [[Saleem Kausar]] (1947)
* [[Mohsin Naqvi]] (1947-1996)
* [[Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi]], ''Sha'oor''(1948–2002)
* [[Muhammad Izhar ul Haq]] (1948)
* [[Fehmida Riaz]] (1948)
* [[Pir Naseer-uddin-Naseer]] (1949–2009)
*[[Zameer Akhtar Naqvi]] (1944-2020)

==1950==
* [[Rahat Indori]] (1950–2020)
* [[Zahid Abrol]] (1950)
* [[Jamal Ehsani]] (1951–1998)
* [[Ashfaq Hussain]] (1951–)
* [[Haider Qureshi]] (1952–)
* [[Munawwar Rana]] (1952–)
* [[Parveen Shakir]] (1952–1994)
* [[Abdul Hamid]] (1953–)
* [[Sara Shagufta]] (1954–1984)
* [[Kazim Jarwali]] (1955–)
* [[Sibt-e-Jaafar Zaidi]] (1957-2013)
* [[Noon Meem Danish]] (1958–)
* [[Salma Shaheen]] (1954)

==1960==
* [[Fareed Parbati]] (1961)
* [[Samina Raja]] (1961)
* [[Anjum Rehbar]] (1962)
* [[Zahida Hina]] (1962–)
* [[Muhammad Fazal Azim Taha]] (1962–)
* [[Raees Warsi]] (1963)
* [[Zulfiqar Naqvi]] (1965)
* [[Harris Khalique]] (1966)
* [[Idris Azad]] (1969)
* [[Riaz Tasneem]] (1969)

==1970==
* [[Irshad Kamil]] (1971)
*[[Akhtar Raza Saleemi]] (1974)
* [[Ali Akbar Natiq]] (1974)
* [[Sarim Momin]] (1978)

==Non-Muslim Urdu poets==
* [[Maharaja Chandu Lal]] ''Sadan'' (1766 – 1845)
* [[Mah Laqa Bai]] (1768-1824)
* [[Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim]] (1811–1845)
* [[Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad]], ''Shad'' (1864-1940)
* [[Brij Mohan Dattatreya Kaifi|Brij Mohan Dattatreya ''Kaifi'']] (1866 – 1955)
* [[Brij Narayan Chakbast]] (1882–1926)
* [[Tilok Chand Mehroom]] (1887–1966)
* [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]] (Raghupati Sahay) ''Firaq'' (1896–1982)
* [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] (1897–1927)
* [[Pandit Harichand Akhtar]] ('Akhtar') (1901–1958)
* [[Anand Narain Mulla]] (1901–1997)
* [[Khushtar Girami]] (Dewan Ram Rakhamal Kalia) (1902–1988)
* [[Gopal Mittal]] (1906–1993)
* [[Ratan Pandoravi]] (Rala Ram) ''Ratan'' (1907–1998)
* [[Arsh Malsiani]] (Bal Mukund) (1908–1979)
* [[Sahir Hoshiarpuri]] (1913–1994)
* [[Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi]] (1913–1986)
* [[Rishi Patialvi]] (Bam Dev Sharma) ''Rishi'' (1917–1999)
* [[Jagan Nath Azad]] (1918–2004)
* [[Bhupendra Nath Kaushik]] (1924 – 2007)
* [[Krishna Kumar Sharma]] (1924–2001)
* [[Kanwal Ziai]] Hardayal Singh Datta (1927–2012)
* [[Naresh Kumar Shad]] (1927–1969)
* [[Harbans Bhalla]] (1930–1993)
* [[Satyapal Anand]] (1931)
* [[Raj Pathria]] (1933)
* [[Dushyant Kumar]] (1933–1975)
* [[Rajendar Nath Rehbar]] (1931– 2022)
* [[Sudarshan Faakir]] (1934–2008)
* [[Mohinder Pratap Chand]] (1935)
* [[Jayant Parmer]] (1954)
* [[Fahmi Badayuni]] (1952{{En dash}}2024)

== 20th century ==
* [[Mashal Sultanpuri]] (1937 – October 2020)
* [[Meena Kumari]] (1 August 1933 - 31 March 1972)

==Contemporary poets==
* [[Fuzail Ahmad Nasiri]] (b. 1978)

==Poets with unknown dates of birth==
* [[Saleem Kausar]],
* [[Shahin Badar]],
* [[Siraj Aurangabadi]],
* [[Ziauddin Ahmad]],
* [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]]
* [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]
* [[Kanwal Ziai]]

==Contemporary poets with unknown dates of birth==
* [[Kaif Bhopali]]
* [[Sayeed Quadri]]
* [[Khalid Irfan]]
* [[Kashmiri Lal Zakir]]

==See also==
* [[List of Pakistani poets]]
* [[List of Pakistani writers]]
* [[List of Urdu-language writers]]
* [[List of Pakistanis]]

==References==
{{commons category|Urdu writers}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Urdu poetry}}
{{Lists of poets}}
{{Urdu topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Language Poets}}
[[Category:Lists of poets by language]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poetry|Poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets|*]]

Samuel Shadap

2025-12-20T01:04:14Z

Viads: Data

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Samuel Shadap
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Samuel Shadap
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|11|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
| height = {{height|m=1.64}}
| currentclub = [[Delhi FC]]
| clubnumber = 15
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Right back]]
| youthyears1 = 2006–2012
| youthclubs1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| years1 = 2012–2017
| clubs1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| caps1 = 51
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2017
| clubs2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps2 = 4
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2017–2018
| clubs3 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters (B)]]
| caps3 = 8
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2019–2020
| clubs4 = → [[Southern Samity]](loan)
| caps4 = 7
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2019–20
| clubs5 = → [[Punjab FC]] (loan)
| caps5 = 11
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2020
| clubs6 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
| caps6 = 1
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2020–2021
| clubs7 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps7 = 0
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2021–
| clubs8 = [[Delhi FC]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
}}

'''Samuel Shadap''' (born 26 November 1992) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[defender (association football)|right back]] for [[Delhi FC]].

==Career==
Shadap starting training with [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]] at their Academy in 2006.<ref name=SLFCSigning>{{cite web|title=Shillong Lajong FC Add Two Players To Their Squad|url=http://www.shillonglajong.com/shillong-lajong-fc-add-two-players-to-their-squad|work=Shillong Lajong Football Club|accessdate=2 April 2013|archive-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118180347/http://www.shillonglajong.com/shillong-lajong-fc-add-two-players-to-their-squad|url-status=dead}}</ref> Then before the [[2012–13 I-League]] season began it was officially announced that Shadap had signed his first professional contract with Shillong Lajong after his impressive performance in the North East Super Series during pre-season.<ref name=SLFCSigning/> He then made his debut for the club on 6 October 2012 against [[Mohun Bagan]] in which he came on as a 68th-minute substitute for [[Renedy Singh]] as Shillong Lajong won the match 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=SHILLONG LAJONG VS. MOHUN BAGAN 2 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/06/india/i-league/lajong-sc/mohun-bagan-ac/1394147/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters FC===
On 23 July 2017, Shadap was selected in the 12th round of the [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft]] by the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2017 player draft, as it happened: ATK, Jamshedpur FC and Pune strike big|url=https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|accessdate=8 January 2018|work=The Field|date=23 July 2017}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 22 December 2017 against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]. He came on as a 43rd minute substitute for [[Rino Anto]] as Kerala Blasters drew 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennaiyin 1-1 Kerala Blasters|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/22/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/kerala-blasters/2597773/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> Shadap then made his first start for the Kerala Blasters the next game in the absence of Anto against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Blasters 1-3 Bengaluru|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/31/india/indian-super-league/kerala-blasters/bengaluru/2597779/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters FC (B)===
Shadap's inconsistency in performance had put him in the B-team of Blasters. He played [[I-League 2|I League 2nd Division]] with the [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters FC(B)]].

===Churchill Brothers SC===
Samuel Shadap Currently joined Churchill Brothers S.C. for the [[2020–21 I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=Churchill Brothers' objective is to help Goan players - coach Fernando Santiago Varela|url= https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-churchill-brothers-coach-fernando-santiago-varela/1fq8km1prf39810nk3u4xlv7zw |website=Goal|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|5 March 2020}}


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="2"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|7||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||7||0
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013-14]]
|7||0||1||0||0||0||—||—||8||0
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014-15]]
|7||0||4||0||0||0||—||—||11||0
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015-16]]
|15||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||15||0
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016-17]]
|15||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||15||0
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017-18]]
|13||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||0||0
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Southern Samity]]
| [[2019-20 I-League 2nd Division|2019-20]]
|7||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||0||0
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Punjab F.C.]]
| [[2019-20 I-League|2019-20]]
|11||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||0||0
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan S.C.]]
| [[2019-20 I-League|2019-20]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||0||0
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.]]
| [[2020-21 I-League|2020-21]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||—||—||0||0
|-
! colspan="2" | Career total
!82!!0!!5!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!60!!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|samuel-shadap/271552}}
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-31793-samuel-shadap-profile Indian Super League profile]

{{Churchill Brothers S.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shadap, Samuel}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Footballers from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Shillong Lajong FC players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Southern Samity players]]
[[Category:Minerva Academy FC players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]

Dalpat Singh of Pratapgarh

2025-11-21T22:21:54Z

Viads: created new biography.

{{Short description|Regent of Dungarpur from 1825 to 1852 and Maharawat of Pratapgarh from 1844 to 1864}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Dalpat Singh
| title = Maharawat
| succession = Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]]
| reign = 1844 – 1864
| coronation = 5 January 1844
| predecessor = [[Sawant Singh]]
| successor = [[Udai Singh of Pratapgarh|Udai Singh]]
| birth_date = 26 November 1808
| death_date = 30 March 1864
| spouse = *Chauhanji Daulat Kanwarji of [[Namli]] in [[Ratlam]]
*Rathoreji (Ramawat) Moti Kanwarji of [[Kushalgarh]]
*Rathoreji (Ramawat) Kesar Kanwarji of [[Kushalgarh]]
*Solankiniji Kalyan Kanwarji of Keranya in [[Bansda]]
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai Singh II]] (adoptive)
* [[Udai Singh of Pratapgarh|Udai Singh]] (biological)
}}
| house = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Dungarp.svg}} [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] (by adoption)
* {{flagicon image|Royal_flag_of_Partabgarh.svg}} [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] (by birth)
}}
| father = {{plainlist|
* [[Jaswant Singh II of Dungarpur|Jaswant Singh II]] (adoptive)
* Dip Singh (biological)
}}
| mother = Rathoreji (Kishan-Singhot) d.of Rajvi Bhupal Singh of Fatehgarh in [[Kishangarh]]
| succession1 = [[Regent]] of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]]
| reign1 = 1825 – 1852
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
}}
'''Maharawat Dalpat Singh''' was [[regent]] of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] from 1825 to 1852 and the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia Rajput]] ruler of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] from the year 1844 until his death in 1864.

== Birth ==
Dalpat Singh was born as the second son of Dip Singh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=36–37,44}}</ref>

== Adoption ==
He was adopted into the royal family of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] by [[Jaswant Singh II of Dungarpur|Jaswant Singh II]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Hendley |first=T. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.413 |title=Rulers in India |date=1897 |pages=39 |language=English}}</ref>

== Regency ==
As [[Jaswant Singh II of Dungarpur|Jaswant Singh II]], his adoptive father, was an incapable and incompetent ruler, he was deposed in 1825.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Dalpat was then appointed [[regent]] of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] by the Government of India despite the resentment and objections of the local nobles.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> His relations with the local nobles grew strained, as they viewed him as an outsider imposed upon them, particularly since an heir to the throne could have been adopted from an extended branch of the royal family of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref name=":3" /> By 1831, the tensions had escalated to the point that Dalpat had to seek aid from the Government to counter a planned insurrection.<ref name=":3" /> When he ascended the throne as Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] in 1844, following his biological grandfather [[Sawant Singh]]'s death, this further worsened the already tense situation.<ref name=":3" /> The nobles of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] found it not only improper but also against [[Hindu law]], according to which the adopted child severs all legal ties with the biological family and retains no rights to inherit from them.<ref name=":3" /> It also raised a series of questions, such as whether [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] and [[Dungarpur]] would be amalgamated into one, whether that would be beneficial for both states, or whether the [[doctrine of lapse]] would be applied, causing one of the states to escheat to the Government of India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Nobles of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] were against this amalgamation, and the Government of India decided that Dalpat Singh could not hold both states.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Seeing what was happening in [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]], its former Maharawal, [[Jaswant Singh II of Dungarpur|Jaswant Singh II]], attempted to adopt Mohkam Singh, son of Thakur Himmat Singh of Nandli, but the nobles of the state intervened and stopped him from doing so.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Eventually, the Government of India permitted Dalpat Singh to adopt his successor to the throne of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Nobles of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] selected seven-year-old [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai Singh]], son of the Thakur of [[Sabli]], as Dalpat's successor.<ref name=":3" /> Along with a force of 400 [[Rajput|rajputs]], they sent him to [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]], which took Dalpat by surprise.<ref name=":3" /> To avoid bloodshed, Dalpat took [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai]] in his lap and proclaimed him as his adopted son and successor to the throne of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref name=":3" /> Afterward, nobles brought [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai]] back to [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] and installed him as Maharawal.<ref name=":3" /> During [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai]]'s minority, Dalpat continued to be [[regent]] of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] from [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]], a position he held until 1852 when he was removed from the post.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Reign ==
When his biological grandfather, Sawant Singh, died in 1844, leaving no one to succeed him as his son, Dip Singh, and his eldest grandson, Kesari Singh, had predeceased him, he was invited back to [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] to ascend the throne.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Xxxxxxxx |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52340 |title=Short History Of The Dungarpur State |date=1911 |pages=110–116,118}}</ref> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he sent his state forces to [[Neemuch]] to support the British troops.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan/ |title=A History Of Rajasthan |pages=1194–1195,1200}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in 1864 and was succeeded by his son [[Udai Singh of Pratapgarh|Udai Singh]] as the Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Aitchison |first=C. U. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34580 |title=A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements And Sunnuds |date=1909 |pages=18–19,24}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]
[[Category:Regents in India]]

Sheikh Muhammad

2025-10-19T19:43:31Z

Viads: New

{{Short description|Indian Muslim saint (1560–1650)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Muslim leader
|name= Sheikh Muhammad
|image= Sheikh Muhammad.jpg
|caption =
|religion = [[Islam]]
|birth_date= 1560
|birth_place= [[Shrigonda]]
|birth_name=
|death_date = {{death year and age|1650|1560}}
|death_place=
|philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
|guru = Changa Bodhale
|honors= ''Sant'' (saint) in Marathi
|literary_works = ''Yoga-samgrama'', [[Abhanga]] devotional poetry
|footnotes=
}}

'''Sheikh Muhammad''' (1560–1650), also known as '''Shekh Mahammad (Mohammad)''', '''Sayyad Shaikh Mahammad Qadiri''', '''Shaikh Muhammad Shrigondekar''' (lit. '''Sheikh Muhammad of Shrigonde'''), and '''Sheikh (Shekh) Mahammad-baba''', was a [[Muslim]] saint-poet who is also venerated in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Varkari]] tradition. He is the most well-known [[Marathi Muslims|Marathi Muslim]] poet.<ref name="Tulpule1979">{{cite book|author=Shankar Gopal Tulpule|title=A History of Indian Literature: Modern Indo-Aryan literatures. Classical Marathi literature : from the beginning to A.D. 1818|year=1979|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02047-3|pages=377–378}}</ref> He is the author of the ''Yoga-samgrama'' (''Yoga-sangrama'').

== Background ==
Sheikh Muhammad was born and lived his life in [[Shrigonda]] (Shrigonde), [[Maharashtra]], India. He was the son of Raje Muhammad, a [[Qadiriyya]] (Kadri, Qadiri) [[Sufi]]. His guru was the Hindu [[Vaishnava]] (sect worshipping the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]) saint Changa Bodhale, who was also the guru of [[Janardan Swami]], the guru of the saint-poet [[Eknath]] (1533–1599). Changa Bodhale, known as Said Changasaheb Kadri in Sufi traditions, is considered an [[avatar]] of the Hindu god [[Dattatreya]] and was a disciple of Sheikh Muhammad's father.<ref name="Rigopoulos1985">{{cite book|author=Antonio Rigopoulos|title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1733-2|pages=137, 157}}</ref><ref name="SontheimerKulke2001" />

== Works and teachings ==
[[File:Syayambhuvithoba.jpg|thumb|upright|Vithoba, the patron god of Sheikh Muhammad]]
Sheikh Muhammad is the author of the ''Yoga-samgrama'', the ''Pavana-vijaya'', the ''Nishkalanka-prabodha'', and the ''Jnanasagara'', in addition to many songs and [[abhanga]]s (devotional poems).<ref name="Majumdar">{{cite book|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People|volume=7|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|page =580}}</ref> His writings show the influence of both Hindu [[bhakti]] and Muslim Sufi traditions, and he was a follower of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of Hindu philosophy.<ref name="Tulpule1979" /> These writings reveal his knowledge of the tenets of bhakti traditions, as well as his literary skills in "chaste idiomatic Marathi".<ref name="Tulpule1979" />

The ''Yoga-samgrama'', composed in 1645 and containing 2319 [[ovi (poetry)|ovis]] (poems), is his ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]''.<ref name="Rigopoulos1985" /> The central theme of this philosophical work is "the soul's struggle to realize and experience God".<ref name="SontheimerKulke2001" /> It adopts a similar metaphor from the ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'' by the saint-poet [[Dnyaneshwar]] (1275–1296), in which the ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]'' (soul) is the warrior riding the horse of the Mind and battles the armies of Ego and other passions in its quest to attain glory as [[Brahman]] ("Supreme Reality").<ref name="Tulpule1979" /> Sheikh Muhammad cites examples from the Hindu scriptures such as the ''[[Purana]]''s and other philosophical treatises to convey his ideas. The ''Yoga-samgrama'' has references to the Hindu gods [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] (both forms of Vishnu), Vishnu, and [[Shiva]]. Each of the eighteen chapters of the treatise begins with a prayer to [[Ganesha]], the god of beginnings, who is invoked at the start of a book in keeping with Hindu tradition.<ref name="SontheimerKulke2001" /> However, Sheik Muhammad's writings reveal his monotheistic beliefs, which are rooted in [[Islam]]. He describes Hindu gods as formless (''Nirakari''), unmanifest (''[[Avyakta]]''), without form or qualities (''[[Nirguna]]''), and invisible (''alaksa'') (see [[Hindu views on monotheism#Bhakti movement|Hindu views on monotheism]]).<ref name="SontheimerKulke2001" /> Sheikh Muhammad preaches [[Tawhid|the Oneness of God]]:<ref name="Tulpule1979" /><ref name="Chattopadhyaya2005">{{cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts, and Historical Issues|year=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-143-2|page=209}}</ref>
{{blockquote|In fifty-six languages one God is exalted with different words... cleavages arise because of harangues in different tongues ... I salute the sacred [[Om]] by which the God creator ([[Narayana|Narayan]], a name of Vishnu) is known. Muslims salute him as ya [[Allah]]...|Yoga-samgrama}}

Even though Sheikh Muhammad identified himself as Muslim by birth, he had chosen the Hindu god [[Vithoba]], a form of Krishna-Vishnu in Maharashtra, as his patron deity.<ref name="WashburnReinhart2007">{{cite book|author1=Dennis Dennis Charles Washburn|author2=A. Kevin Reinhart|title=Converting Cultures: Religion, Ideology, and Transformations of Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcvKXwjmxUcC&pg=PA335|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15822-1|page=335}}</ref> His "socio-religious awareness" is evident in this poem dedicated to Vithoba as Krishna:<ref name="Tulpule1979" />
<blockquote><poem>
Through the grace of Gopala (a name of Krishna),
I have transgressed all notions of purity and impurity.
The [[jack fruit]] has a thorny skin, but inside it are lumps of sugar,
The bee-hive with all its humming bees contains the very nectar inside.
(So also) Sheikh Muhammad may be an ''avindha'' (Muslim),
But in his heart he has the very ''Govinda'' (a name of Krishna).
</poem></blockquote>

The ''Yoga-samgrama'' contains an account of the originating legend of Vithoba and his devotee [[Pundalik]], based on the Hindu scripture ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref name="McGregor1992">{{cite book|author=R. S. McGregor|title=Devotional Literature in South Asia: Current Research, 1985–1988|date=25 September 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-41311-4|page=140}}</ref> Sheikh Muhammad also wrote abhangas in praise of Vithoba.<ref>Zelliot, Eleanor in {{cite book|author=Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna|author2=Engblom, Philip C. |title=Palkhi: a pilgrimage to Pandharpur — translated from the Marathi book Pālakhī|year=1987|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-88706-461-2|page= 40|location=Albany}}</ref>

According to Sontheimer and [[Hermann Kulke|Kulke]], the ''Yoga-samgrama'' is an "unusually frank critique" of Hindu [[Brahmanical]] ritualism and folk Hinduism. While Sheikh Muhammad accepts classical Hindu deities, he vilifies folk Hindu deities. He mocks the shrines of the Hindu mother goddess placed on roads and in fields: "If the deities were all that powerful, how come the dogs urinate on them?" He also criticizes self-torture rituals like hook-swinging, performed to appease folk deities.<ref name="SontheimerKulke2001" /> Sheikh Muhammad especially condemned the popular folk god [[Khandoba]] and the rituals of his cult. He criticized the practice of ''murali''s, girls offered to Khandoba to serve the god, but who were forced into prostitution.<ref name="Tulpule1979" /> Sheikh Muhammad does not spare Islam and criticizes some of its aspects.<ref name="Tulpule1979" />

== Remembrance ==
[[File:MohammadMaharaj.jpg|thumb|The shrine of Sheikh Muhammad, containing his seat, in his hometown of [[Shrigonda]]]]

Sheikh Muhammad is regarded as a saint-poet by Hindus due to his contributions to the [[bhakti movement]] in Maharashtra. The saint-poet [[Samarth Ramdas|Ramdas]], a staunch Hindu contemporary saint praises Sheikh Muhammad as a great saint.<ref name="SontheimerKulke2001">{{cite book|first1=Günther-Dietz |last1=Sontheimer|first2=Hermann|last2=Kulke|authorlink2=Hermann Kulke|title=Hinduism reconsidered|date=2001|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-385-7|pages=141, 142, 149}}</ref>

Sheikh Muhammad is considered an [[avatar]] of the Muslim saint-poet [[Kabir]] (c. 1440 – c. 1518).<ref name="Rigopoulos1985" /> Kabir was a Muslim saint-poet whose patron deity was Rama, a form of Vishnu; while Sheikh Muhammad was a devotee of another form of Vishnu, Vithoba. A Marathi couplet says that the saints [[Tukaram]] and Sheikh Muhammad are spiritual successors of Kabir.<ref name="Grewal2006">{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India|page=151|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567703-4}}</ref>

The ''[[Litter (vehicle)|palakhi]]'' (palanquin with ''[[paduka]]'') of Shiekh Muhammad was included in the annual [[Pandharpur Wari]], a march from Shrigonde to [[Pandharpur]], where Vithoba's main temple stands.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrL9AVG_LlA |title=Sant Mohammed Palkhi {{!}} हिंदू-मुस्लिम ऐक्याचे प्रतीक, शेख महंमद महाराजांची दिंडी पंढरपूरकडे मार्गस्थ |date=2023-06-19 |last=TV9 Marathi |access-date=2025-04-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1560 births]]
[[Category:1650 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Muslim poets]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:16th-century Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi Muslims]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]

Devgad taluka

2025-10-03T22:41:13Z

Viads: update structure after review and updated info

{{Short description|Taluka in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2012}}
[[File:Devgad Alphonso Mango Original Pic by Devgad Taluka Mango Growers Co-op Society.jpg|thumb|Alphonso mango]]
[[File:Bastions of vijaydurg.jpg|thumb|250px|Bastions of Vijaydurg fort]][[File:Alphonso mango.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso mangoes]] (''Hapoos''), grown mainly in Maharashtra's [[Sindhudurg]], [[Devgad]], and [[Ratnagiri]] districts, are popular in the United States.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?ei=5087&en=fa4b9b80768c5253&ex=1147665600&pagewanted=all Allen J. Mango mania in Portland, Oregon, New York Times, May 10, 2006]</ref>|alt=Photo of ten large mangoes]]

'''Devgad''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Sindhudurg district]] of [[Maharashtra]], India consisting of 98 villages.<ref>[http://vlist.in/sub-district/04275.html India Village Directory]</ref> It is located on the [[Arabian Sea]] in the coastal [[Konkan]] region of Maharashtra, south of [[Mumbai]]. Devgad is known globally for its exports of locally grown [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso mango]]es.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/RATNAGIRI/places_Devgad.html |title=Places of interest: Devgad |date= |website=Gazetteers |publisher=[[Ministry of Tourism (Maharashtra)|Department of Tourism and Culture]]}}</ref>

Devgad is a natural harbour which only small vessels can enter the harbour.<ref name="lighthouse">{{cite web |title=DEVGAD LIGHTHOUSE |url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/DEVGAD%20LIGHTHOUSE.pdf |website=ww.dgll.nic.in |accessdate=26 December 2019}}</ref>

==History==
It is noted for its harbour, its beach, and a [[lighthouse]] built in 1915 at the [[Devgad fort]]. Raja [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] built [[Vijaydurg Fort|Fort Vijaydurg (Gheria)]], ruled later by [[Adil Shah]] and eventually by [[Shivaji]].{{cn|date=December 2023}}

==Transportation==
The nearest railway station is [[Kankavli]] on [[Konkan Railway]] on [[Mumbai]]-[[Goa]] road.

There is a wall under the sea at shores of the Vijaydurg built such that an enemy's ships, trying to attack, would crash and sink.

==Trade==
Devgad is also widely known for its pure Alphonso mango cultivation/farming and the whole development has evolved due to undertaking of the cultivation of Alphonso mango farming.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vagaries of nature, rising input costs to kill the famed Alphonso mango crop|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-18/news/31361662_1_alphonso-ajit-gogate-devgad-taluka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726144718/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-18/news/31361662_1_alphonso-ajit-gogate-devgad-taluka|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2014|accessdate=18 April 2012 | work=The Times Of India|date=18 April 2012}}</ref> Mangoes grown here are characterized by their distinct aroma, smooth exterior, thin skin and thick saffron pulp. The variety is different from the Alphonso mangoes grown in the [[Ratnagiri district]]. Such is the popularity of the Devgad Alphonso mango that vendors often pass off other similar looking mangoes under the name of Devgad Alphonso.
Devgad Alphonso mango is grown on an area of 45,000 acres and reaches a production of about 50,000 tons in a year of decent production. Devgad is also home to the oldest and biggest co-operative society of mango farmers in India, called the Devgad Taluka Amba Utpadak Sahakari Sanstha Maryadit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://devgadmango.com/about-us/|title=About Devgad Taluka|website=Devgad Mango|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> or Devgad Taluka Mango Growers Society Ltd with over 700 alphonso growers and 25-year-old in 2013.

Fishing is carried out on a large scale in the sea as well as in the creeks throughout the taluka region. The staple diet of this region is rice and fish.

The first windmill project in Maharashtra was installed at [[Girye]]. {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Devgad taluka (1981–2010, extremes 1944–2006)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 36.4
| Feb record high C = 36.9
| Mar record high C = 39.2
| Apr record high C = 37.2
| May record high C = 38.0
| Jun record high C = 37.2
| Jul record high C = 32.4
| Aug record high C = 33.0
| Sep record high C = 32.9
| Oct record high C = 36.6
| Nov record high C = 36.3
| Dec record high C = 35.2
| year record high C = 39.2
| Jan high C = 30.8
| Feb high C = 30.8
| Mar high C = 31.4
| Apr high C = 32.2
| May high C = 33.4
| Jun high C = 31.0
| Jul high C = 29.2
| Aug high C = 28.7
| Sep high C = 29.4
| Oct high C = 31.3
| Nov high C = 32.6
| Dec high C = 31.7
| year high C = 31.0
| Jan low C = 19.6
| Feb low C = 20.2
| Mar low C = 22.5
| Apr low C = 24.5
| May low C = 26.2
| Jun low C = 24.4
| Jul low C = 23.8
| Aug low C = 23.4
| Sep low C = 23.0
| Oct low C = 23.3
| Nov low C = 21.8
| Dec low C = 20.5
| year low C = 22.8
| Jan record low C = 15.4
| Feb record low C = 16.2
| Mar record low C = 18.4
| Apr record low C = 19.7
| May record low C = 19.4
| Jun record low C = 17.8
| Jul record low C = 18.0
| Aug record low C = 17.3
| Sep record low C = 17.3
| Oct record low C = 15.5
| Nov record low C = 14.1
| Dec record low C = 14.5
| year record low C = 14.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.0
| Feb rain mm = 0.0
| Mar rain mm = 0.0
| Apr rain mm = 2.6
| May rain mm = 76.9
| Jun rain mm = 791.9
| Jul rain mm = 786.4
| Aug rain mm = 547.5
| Sep rain mm = 270.0
| Oct rain mm = 70.1
| Nov rain mm = 13.7
| Dec rain mm = 0.2
| year rain mm = 2559.3
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.0
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| May rain days = 2.5
| Jun rain days = 17.9
| Jul rain days = 23.1
| Aug rain days = 23.9
| Sep rain days = 13.3
| Oct rain days = 4.1
| Nov rain days = 1.2
| Dec rain days = 0.1
| year rain days = 86.3
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 63
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 81
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 87
| Sep humidity = 83
| Oct humidity = 77
| Nov humidity = 67
| Dec humidity = 60
|year humidity = 73
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archivedate = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Devgad (Devgarh) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 237–238
| accessdate = 5 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archivedate = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M142
| accessdate = 5 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Places to visit==
Devgad is slowly becoming a tourist hot spot for tourists who want to avoid Goa beaches. This is perfect for family outing in a peaceful and calm backdrop.
* '''Kunkeshwar shiva temple'''- There is a temple of [[Hindu]] [[deity]] [[Shiva]] which was built in 11th century situated in [[Kunkeshwar]] town, 16 Km from main city of Devgad. It is very famous for its Divinity and religious values across Maharashtra and people gather from across Maharashtra on the occasion of [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]].
* '''Shri Dev Rameshwar Temple'''- This is a 16th-century temple called as [[Shri Dev Rameshwar Temple]], dedicated to lord shiva located at [[Rameshwar Wadi|Rameshwar]].
* '''Bhagwati Devi temple'''- There is a temple dedicated to the goddess Devi Bhagwati at the village of Munge.
* '''Vishweswarayya and Swami Kartikaswamy temple'''- There are temples to God Vishweswarayya and Swami Kartikaswamy at Hindale village.
*'''Dirba Devi temple'''- A small village known as Jamsande is situated near to Devgad. The famous Dirba Devi goddess temple is located in jamsande. It is approximately 4 km from the Devgad bus stand. There is a small fair during ''Tripuri pourninam''<ref name="indiatourmate">{{cite web |title=DEVGAD TOURISM GUIDE |url=http://www.indiatourmate.com/devgad-tourist-places-tourism-guide.html |website=www.indiatourmate.com |publisher=indiatourmate |accessdate=26 December 2019}}</ref>
*'''Devgad Lighthouse'''-The western coastline is highly sensitive, hence recently, Government of India installed static radar and electro-optic sensors at Devgad Lighthouse as a part of India's first coastal surveillance network. Devgad is one out of 46 locations chosen for the network and envisages real-time surveillance cover up to 25 nautical miles.
* '''Devgad Fort'''- This is situated 3 km from bus stand, on the east of the town. The Ganesh mandir and tree old cannons are worth visiting. This fort is situated on a small hillock close to the sea. Panoramic view of sea and the sunset view is best seen from the fort.<ref name="indiatourmate" />
* '''Devgad Beach'''- It is about 2 km from the Devgad bus stand.

==Demography==
The following is a list of villages and their populations according to 2011 Census data:<ref name="Census Book">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations Maharashtra |title=District Census Book Sindhudurg |date=2014 |publisher=Government of India |page=95 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2733_PART_A_DCHB_SINDHUDURG.pdf |accessdate=27 December 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Sr.
no
!Village
!Administrative division
!Population
|-
|1
|Aadbandar
|Devgad
|292
|-
|2
|Are
|Devgad
|1,335
|-
|3
|Bagamala
|Devgad
|303
|-
|4
|Bagatalavade
|Devgad
|136
|-
|5
|Bandegaon
|Devgad
|222
|-
|6
|Baparde
|Devgad
|1,304
|-
|7
|Burabavade
|Devgad
|603
|-
|8
|Chafed
|Devgad
|629
|-
|9
|Chandoshi
|Devgad
|697
|-
|10
|Chinchwad
|Devgad
|280
|-
|11
|Dabhole
|Devgad
|2,356
|-
|12
|Dahibaon
|Devgad
|1,517
|-
|13
|Devgad
|Devgad
|2,417
|-
|14
|Dhalavali
|Devgad
|1,230
|-
|15
|Dhoptewadi
|Devgad
|796
|-
|16
|Elaye
|Devgad
|1,697
|-
|17
|Gadhitamhane
|Devgad
|648
|-
|18
|Gavane
|Devgad
|693
|-
|19
|Girye
|Devgad
|2,457
|-
|20
|Goval
|Devgad
|1,039
|-
|21
|Hadpid
|Devgad
|522
|-
|22
|Hindale
|Devgad
|1,714
|-
|23
|Hurshi
|Devgad
|1,206
|-
|24
|Jamsande
|Devgad
|14,487
|-
|25
|Juveshwar
|Devgad
|1,057
|-
|26
|Kalambai
|Devgad
|1,066
|-
|27
|Kalvi
|Devgad
|604
|-
|28
|Kasaba Waghotan
|Devgad
|313
|-
|29
|Katvan
|Devgad
|794
|-
|30
|Katwaneshwar
|Devgad
|829
|-
|31
|Khudi
|Devgad
|1,527
|-
|32
|Kinjawade
|Devgad
|2,491
|-
|33
|Korle
|Devgad
|681
|-
|34
|Kotkamte
|Devgad
|1,808
|-
|35
|Kunkawan
|Devgad
|896
|-
|36
|Kunkeshwar
|Devgad
|1,829
|-
|37
|Kuvale
|Devgad
|1,255
|-
|38
|Lingdal
|Devgad
|491
|-
|39
|Mahalunge
|Devgad
|1,054
|-
|40
|Malegaon
|Devgad
|1,025
|-
|41
|Malpewadi
|Devgad
|632
|-
|42
|Manche
|Devgad
|2,261
|-
|43
|Mithbaon
|Devgad
|2,241
|-
|44
|Mithmumbari
|Devgad
|920
|-
|45
|Mohulgaon
|Devgad
|715
|-
|46
|Mond
|Devgad
|1,564
|-
|47
|Mondpar
|Devgad
|907
|-
|48
|Morve
|Devgad
|408
|-
|49
|Mouje Waghotan
|Devgad
|1,380
|-
|50
|Munage
|Devgad
|1,883
|-
|51
|Mutat
|Devgad
|1,933
|-
|52
|Nad
|Devgad
|990
|-
|53
|Nadan
|Devgad
|2,105
|-
|54
|Naringre
|Devgad
|1,516
|-
|55
|Nimatwadi
|Devgad
|629
|-
|56
|Ombal
|Devgad
|527
|-
|57
|Padel
|Devgad
|3,673
|-
|58
|Padthar
|Devgad
|1,074
|-
|59
|Padvane
|Devgad
|660
|-
|60
|Palekarwadi
|Devgad
|1,210
|-
|61
|Patgaon
|Devgad
|942
|-
|62
|Pavnai
|Devgad
|732
|-
|63
|Pendhari
|Devgad
|1,053
|-
|64
|Phanase
|Devgad
|738
|-
|65
|Phanasgaon
|Devgad
|1,328
|-
|66
|Pombhurle
|Devgad
|1,910
|-
|67
|Poyare
|Devgad
|943
|-
|68
|Pural
|Devgad
|1,203
|-
|69
|Rahateshwar
|Devgad
|628
|-
|70
|Rameshwar
|Devgad
|2,099
|-
|71
|Rembavali
|Devgad
|259
|-
|72
|Salashi
|Devgad
|1,164
|-
|73
|Sandve
|Devgad
|473
|-
|74
|Saundale
|Devgad
|1,939
|-
|75
|Sherighera Kamte
|Devgad
|4
|-
|76
|Shevare
|Devgad
|368
|-
|77
|Shiravali
|Devgad
|478
|-
|78
|Shirgaon
|Devgad
|2,555
|-
|79
|Somlewadi
|Devgad
|602
|-
|80
|Talavade
|Devgad
|1,163
|-
|81
|Talebajar
|Devgad
|689
|-
|82
|Tambaldeg
|Devgad
|731
|-
|83
|Tembavali
|Devgad
|829
|-
|84
|Thakurwadi
|Devgad
|1,033
|-
|85
|Tirlot
|Devgad
|2,307
|-
|86
|Torsole
|Devgad
|1,172
|-
|87
|Undil
|Devgad
|623
|-
|88
|Valivande
|Devgad
|962
|-
|89
|Vijaydurg
|Devgad
|1,735
|-
|90
|Virwadi
|Devgad
|391
|-
|91
|Vitthaladevi
|Devgad
|668
|-
|92
|Wadaker Poi
|Devgad
|178
|-
|93
|Wade
|Devgad
|1,728
|-
|94
|Wadetar
|Devgad
|293
|-
|95
|Waghivare
|Devgad
|381
|-
|96
|Wanivade
|Devgad
|811
|-
|97
|Wareri
|Devgad
|1,869
|-
|98
|Welgave
|Devgad
|400
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|16.3735|N|73.3778|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sindhudurg district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Sindhudurg district]]

Rawla Mandi tehsil

2025-09-22T16:59:13Z

Viads: adding pg - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rawla Mandi Tehsil
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = District map of Anupgarh.jpg
| mapsize = 300px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = A map of [[Anupgarh district]] with Rawla Mandi Tehsil highlighted
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anupgarh district|Anupgarh]]
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rawla Mandi]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| blank_name =
| blank_info =
| blank1_name =
| blank1_info =
| blank2_name =
| blank2_info =
| website =
}}

'''Rawla Mandi Tehsil''' is one of the five [[tehsil]]s from the [[Anupgarh district]] in Rajasthan, India. It was carved out of [[Gharsana Tehsil|Gharsana tehsil]] and given the status of tehsil by CM Vasundhara Raje in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-gharsana-news-042504-2302790-NOR.html|title=रावला को तहसील का दर्जा, सीएम ने की घोषणा- m.bhaskar.com|work=Dainik Bhaskar |publisher=}}</ref><ref>Inauguration of the building of Rawla Mandi tehsil in Rawla Mandi town https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-rawala-mandi-news-061514-2553971-NOR.html?ref=ht</ref> Its northern border connects it with Gharsana tehsil of Anupgarh district and [[Chhatargarh Tehsil|Chhatargarh]] and [[Khajuwala]] tehsil of Bikaner district are in the south. Its western border is connected with [[Fort Abbas Tehsil]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* More information about the villages and irrigation of Rawla Mandi tehsil district.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119115934/http://ganganagar.nic.in/]
* Information about schools, teachers, and education.[http://beeoanupgarh.webs.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812074626/http://beeoanupgarh.webs.com/ |date=12 August 2011 }}
* Bikaner University [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713111748/http://www.mgsubikaner.ac.in/colleges.php]

{{Sri Ganganagar district}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category: Tehsils of Rajasthan]]

Miru, Ladakh

2025-09-20T08:16:26Z

Viads: Stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Miru
| other_name = Meroo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7397|77.7564|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kharoo|Kharu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/village/|title=Villages | District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh | India}}</ref>
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 3650
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 188
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 889
| footnotes =
}}

'''Miru''' or '''Meroo''' is a village in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Kharoo|Kharu]] [[tehsil]]. The [[Leh–Manali Highway]] passes through Miru.

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Miru has 34 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 56.6%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 188 || 79 || 109
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 29 || 12 || 17
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 188 || 79 || 109
|-
| Literates || 90 || 44 || 46
|-
| Workers (all) || 80 || 42 || 38
|-
| Main workers (total) || 42 || 35 || 7
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 24 || 21 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 4 || 4 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 14 || 10 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 38 || 7 || 31
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 23 || 7 || 16
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 14 || 0 || 14
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 108 || 37 || 71
|}

==See also==
* [[Kharoo]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kharu tehsil]]

Rishra Brahmananda Keshab Chandra High School

2025-09-15T23:33:16Z

Viads: adding pg - done

{{Short description|School in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Rishra Brahmananda Keshab Chandra High School
| image = File:RBKCHS logo.jpg
| caption = Logo of the School
| motto =
| established = 1961
| location =
| address = K.C. Sen Road, Rishra P.O- Morepukur, Dist- [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]- 712250 [[Srirampore subdivision|Serampore subdivision]] West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.7251808|N|88.3375829|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| head_label = [[Headmaster]]
| head = Anirban Neogi
| athletics = Football, Cricket.
| colors = Blue, White
| classes = V to X XI, XII ([[Arts]] & [[Commerce]]) XI, XII ([[Vocational]])
| campus =
| information = (033) 2672-9655
| affiliations = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]] (for [[Madhyamik]]) [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]] (for [[Higher Secondary]]) [[West Bengal State Council of Technical & Vocational Education & Skill Development|WBSCT&VE&SD]] (for [[Higher Secondary]] [[Vocational]])
| website =
}}

'''Rishra Brahmananda Keshab Chandra High School''' is a Boys' High school located in [[Rishra]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]]. This school is affiliated to [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]], [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]] and [[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training|WBSCVET]].<ref>[http://www.hooghlydistrict.info/rishra-brahmananda-keshab-chandra-high-school-hooghly-district.html RISHRA B. K. C. HIGH SCHOOL, Hooghly]</ref>

==History==
Rishra Brahmananda Keshab Chandra High School established in 1961 with the affiliation of [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]]. After some long years of success this school got [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]] affiliation for teaching [[Higher Secondary]].
In 2005, when [[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training|West Bengal State Council of Technical & Vocational Education and Skill Development]] was created, then the school got [[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training|WBSCT&VE&SD]] affiliation for teaching [[Vocational]] courses.
Now the school is running successfully with the affiliations of 3 education boards.

==Uniform==
The school uniform is navy blue pant with white shirt. A new uniform for the school will be navy blue pant with shirt of grey checked pattern.

==Alumnus==

{{Empty section|date=May 2025}}

==See also==
*[[Nabagram Vidyapith]]
*[[Mahesh Sri Ramkrishna Ashram Vidyalaya (Higher Secondary)]]
*[[Rishra High School]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in West Bengal]]

K. Balakrishnan Nair

2025-08-09T04:15:55Z

Viads:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2016}}
{{COI|date=May 2016}}{{autobiography|date=May 2016}}
}}
'''Kesavan Nair Balakrishnan Nair''' (born 12 April 1948) is a former judge of [[Kerala High Court]], serving from 2001 to 2010. He was born on 12 April 1948 and was educated at L.P.G. School, Trikalathoor; N.S.S. U.P. School, Mannoor; St. Thomas High School, Keezhillam; [[Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha]] and [[Kerala Law Academy]] [[Law College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=retirement>{{Cite news |title=Justice K Balakrishnan to retire on April 12 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=8 April 2010 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article192183.ece?service=print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602094059/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article192183.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 June 2016 |accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

He was enrolled as an Advocate on the rolls of Bar Council of Kerala on 9 November 1975. He practised at the Civil and Criminal Courts at Muvattupuzha as junior to Late V.A. Joy. Nair shifted his practice to [[Ernakulam]] in 1978 as associate of Mr. Justice K.A. Abdul Gafoor and Late K.A. Abraham. Later, he practised as junior to late Mr. Justice V. Sivaraman Nair and late Mr. V.M. Nayanar, then Director of Public Prosecutions. In 1988 started independent practice in Civil, Criminal, Labour and Constitutional matters before the High Court of Kerala. Worked as the Standing Counsel for [[Kerala Agricultural University]]; Ernakulam and Kollam District Co-operative Banks; [[Kochi Corporation]] and Kerala Motor Transport Workers Welfare Fund Board.

He was initially appointed as an Additional Judge of the Kerala High Court on 7 September 2001 and on 27 November 2002 as a permanent judge. He demitted the office on 11 April 2010.<ref name=retirement /> When the Government of Kerala set up an Administrative Tribunal, he was appointed as its first Chairman and assumed office on 03.09.2010. He demitted the office of the Chairman, Kerala Administrative Tribunal, Trivandrum in 2015.

Smt. Girija Balakrishnan, a lawyer who joined the Federal Bank, is his better half. Shyam Balakrishnan and Meera Balakrishnan are their two children. He has three sisters and an elder brother. Sri. Raveendran Muvattupuzha is his half brother.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, K. Balakrishnan}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kochi]]

Pilkhuwa

2025-07-31T06:35:23Z

Viads:

{{short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{one source|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pilkhuwa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.711969|N|77.654457|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hapur district|Hapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Pilkhuwa Municipal Council
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson
| leader_name = Vibhu Bansal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/NewWinnerList2023.aspx|title=2023 UP Municipal Election results|work=ECI Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur/story-bjp-candidate-vibhu-bansal-wins-from-municipal-council-pilkhuwa-8162025.html|title=Vibhu Bansal wins Pilkhuwa Municipal Council|work=Live Hindustan|accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref>
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 83,736
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=23 May 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 245304
| registration_plate = UP-37
| website =
| footnotes =
}} '''Pilkhuwa''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Hapur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located 12 km from [[Hapur]], the district headquarters. It is surrounded by a large number of Rajput (Thakur) villages. It is famous for its textile products and handloom industry and for transportation, here is also a railway station.

It is located on [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]]-9, which connects the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] to [[Lucknow]], the capital city of Uttar Pradesh in India.

==Name==
According to Paul Whalley, the name ''Pilkhuwā'' comes from the name of the [[pilkhan]] tree, from a variant form ''pilkhu''.<ref name="Whalley 1926">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Part 1 |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1926 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|27}}

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}
In the 12th century, Delhi was ruled by the Rajput King Raja Anangpal Singh Tomar. The etymology of Pilkhuwa lies in the story of an elephant named "Pil", that disappeared from Delhi state, after which the king sent his son to find it. When the search team made a stop at the village of Pilkhuwa, people gathered around them and began saying "Pil-Khuwa", meaning "Pil is lost".

In 1235, Pilkhuwa was established by the Tomar Kings under the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomar Dynasty]]. However, in the 14th century, when the Tomar Kings were defeated by the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the Rajput population of Pilkhuwa was affected and their rule came to an end. Pilkhuwa was part of [[Meerut]] district until 1976, when on the anniversary of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s birth, the then-chief minister [[N. D. Tiwari]] declared [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] as a new district. Later on, Ghaziabad was divided into two districts: Ghaziabad and [[Hapur district|Panchsheel Nagar]] by [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] chief minister [[Mayawati]] on 28 September 2011, and Pilkhuwa became part of Panchsheel Nagar. At the time, Panchsheel Nagar was the newly-given name to the city of [[Hapur]] by [[Mayawati]]; local people were unhappy about the name change, however. Due to political clashes between the [[Samajwadi Party]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], the subsequent chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] changed the district name to [[Hapur district|Hapur]] on 23 July 2012, retaining the original name. Finally, Pilkhuwa became part of [[Hapur district]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Indian Census]], Pilkhuwa had a total population of 83,736, of which 44,226 were males and 39,510 were females. The population within the 0-6 age group was 12,468. The total number of literates in Pilkhuwa was 55,936, which constituted 66.8% of the population. Male literacy was 73.3% and female literacy was 59.5%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Pilkhuwa was 78.5%, of which male literacy rate was 86.5% and female literacy rate was 69.6%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 14,370. Pilkhuwa had 13,746 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Pilkhuwa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=137832 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
Pilkhuwa is notable for its handloom cotton textiles and exotic printing on [[khadi]] and handloom fabrics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Braj Bhushan |last2=Singh |first2=H. P. |last3=India) |first3=M. M. H. College (Ghāziabād |title=Area planning: a strategy for eradication of poverty |date=1988 |publisher=Sharad Book Agency |page=172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMvsAAAAMAAJ&q=pilkhuwa+handloom |language=en}}</ref> There were 120 medium scale industries, 1400 [[power looms]] and 3 ''niwar'' factories in Pilkhuwa in 1991. 7000 persons employed in textile production, 2000 in cloth sheet washing, 500 in pressing machines, 500 in dyeing, 100 in ''kundis'' and 200 in stamping and design. Most of the handloom cloths manufactured in Pilkhuwa is supplied to [[Meerut]] apart from centres in other parts of India and abroad.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Naresh |title=Geography of Transportation: Commodity Flows and Human Interactions in Meerut City |date=1991 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-332-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GduQ81ktZtAC&dq=pilkhuwa+handloom&pg=RA1-PA96 |accessdate=13 February 2020 |page=96 |language=en}}</ref>

==Educational institutes==

*[[Raj Kumar Goel Engineering College]]
*[[Saraswati Medical College]]

==Notable people==
[[File:Kv.jpg|thumb|Kumar Vishwas]]

* [[Kumar Vishwas]]
* [[Manish Sisodia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hapur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hapur district]]

Deep Narayan Sinha

2025-07-29T08:41:46Z

Viads:

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{infobox officeholder
|name =Deep Narayan Sinha
|birth_name =
|occupation =
|birth_date =
|death_date =
| office = [[Governor of West Bengal]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| constituency =
| term_start = 1 April 1969
| term_end = 19 September 1969
| predecessor =[[Dharma Vira]]
| successor = [[Shanti Swaroop Dhavan]]
| order2 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
}}
'''Deep Narayan Sinha''' was an Indian judge and the [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Calcutta High Court]] from 1966 to 1970. He was also the acting Governor of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/former_cj.htm | title=Former Chief Justices | publisher=[[Calcutta High Court]] | accessdate=18 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019095258/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/former_cj.htm | archive-date=19 October 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Basu2001">{{cite book|author=Sudhīra Mādhaba Basu|title=Panorama of West Bengal: My Days with Chief Ministers and Governors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTZuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 April 2018|year=2001|publisher=Dasgupta & Company|page=187}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The West Bengal Civil List|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T5WLzb7VXYC|accessdate=18 April 2018|year=1969|publisher=Superintendent, Government Print., West Bengal Government Press|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Asian Almanac|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVe5AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 April 2018|year=1969|publisher=V.T. Sambandan.|page=3407}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}{{Governors of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Deep Narayan}}
[[Category:Governors of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Nagappa Nagar

2025-05-28T18:04:57Z

Viads: Stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagappa Nagar, Chromepet
| other_name =
| settlement_type = neighbourhood
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.95556|N|80.13389|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kanchipuram
| subdivision_type3 = Township
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chromepet]], [[Chennai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = Around 1984
| founder = RVS constructions
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600044
}}

'''Nagappa Nagar''' is a colony in [[Chromepet]], [[Chennai]]; it is a development which lies beyond New Colony to the west. Once empty land owned by the Chrome Leather Company, it was sold to builders and the entire land has been developed. Years of Developments : From 1984 till date.

It is now a predominantly residential colony with around 300 houses/flats and it is a good suburban colony of [[Chennai]]. Most of the plots are individual houses with some apartments too. [[Srimathi Sundravalli Memorial School]] is also part of the colony which was developed along with the colony in 1986. There are few departmental stores in it which serves the colony needs. Chandran Nagar, New Colony, Nagalkeni and Lakshmipuram are the colonies near Nagappa Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/8974681/Nagappa-Nagar-Chromepet|title=Nagappa Nagar, Chromepet - Chennai|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref>

There are well established roads, Underground sewage & drinking water supply. Many Doctors / Specialists are residing and practising in this locality. Skin specialist, Homoeopathy specialists, Child specialists etc. are practising here. The ground water is contaminated in most of this area, by the surrounding leather tanneries in this area. Only a few exceptions are there.

This area comes under Pallavaram assembly constituency of Tamil Nadu.

A resident association (registered with the govt of Tamil Nadu) works with the residents and provides security arrangements by employing night watchmen and also facilitates cleaning of roads by working with the [[Thiruneermalai]] panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web | title=::REGINET - SOCIETY SEARCH :: | url=http://www.tnreginet.net/english/g_soc2.asp?socno=200900399&dist=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095720/http://www.tnreginet.net/english/g_soc2.asp?socno=200900399&dist=1 | access-date=2025-05-09 | archive-date=2015-04-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

M. Thirumalai (director)

2025-04-21T10:14:15Z

Viads: New - done

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|name = M. Thirumalai
|birth_date = 1977
|birth_place = [[Tiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = Film director
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2007–present
|
}}

'''M. Thirumalai''' is an Indian film director and producer, who has directed [[Tamil language]] films. He became known for the action drama ''[[Thee Nagar]]'' (2007), and has gone on to make feature films including ''[[Agam Puram]]'' (2010) and ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-nellai-santhippu/article3387504.ece|title=Audio Beat: Nellai Santhippu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 May 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Career==
M. Thirumalai was born in 1977 in [[Tiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He completed a degree in Tamil literature from Nandanam Arts College, and his master's degree at Pachaiyappa's College. Upon graduation, he worked as an assistant director, notably assisting [[K. Subhash]]. Thirumalai made his directorial debut through ''[[Thee Nagar]]'' (2007), an action drama starring [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] in the lead role. His second film, ''[[Agam Puram]]'' (2010) began production at the end of January 2008 with [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] playing the lead role and M. Gopalakrishnan financing the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shaam-gets-action-oriented-with-Agam-Puram/articleshow/3109823.cms|title=Shaam gets action oriented with Agam Puram|website=The Times of India|date=8 June 2008}}</ref> The film was titled ''Agam Puram'' due to the director's passions for literature and also due to the fact that the title means two-sided, which relates to Shaam's double sided character.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/im-passionate-for-literature-thirumalai/articleshow/5163688.cms|title=I'm passionate for literature: Thirumalai|first=Manigandan|last=KR|newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 October 2009 }}</ref> Shaam eventually became the film's producer in 2010 after M. Gopalakrishnan left the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-mdash-Shaam/article16576634.ece|title=Grill Mill — Shaam|first=S. r Ashok|last=Kumar|date=18 March 2010|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Its-action-all-the-way-for-Shaam/articleshow/7087799.cms|title=It's action all the way for Shaam|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017}}</ref> However, Thirumalai later produced the film under his banner T. Creations and it had a delayed release in December 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-nellai-santhippu/article3387504.ece|title=Audio Beat: Nellai Santhippu|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|date=May 5, 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In February 2010, he began working on a project titled ''Maan Vettai'' starring Seeman, the son of a DMK politician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thirumalai-ready-for-man-vettai-kannada-news-54681.html|title=Thirumalai ready for 'Man Vettai' - Kannada News|date=23 February 2010|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The film progressed slowly throughout the 2010s with several changes of cast, and eventually had a delayed release in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shotcuts/article4564349.ece|title=Shotcuts|newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 March 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> In the early 2010s, he also worked on the comedy drama ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' (2011) starring Charan and [[Kamna Jethmalani]] in the lead roles, and an unreleased project titled ''Malaysia Nanban'', where he played the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-11-01/kasethan-kadavulada-cheran-05-08-11.html|title=Kasethan Kadavulada Has A Bunch Of Comedians - Kasethan Kadavulada - Cheran - Prasanna - Sp Jananathan - Karunaas - R Pandiarajan - Singamuthu - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/sep/10/kasethan-kadavulada-is-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-289438.html|title=Kasethan Kadavulada is old wine in a new bottle|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> A further production venture, ''Emakku Thozhil Romance'' (2024), released after a seven year delay, with Thirumalai publicly critical of the film's lead actor for not promoting the film.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ashok-selvans-next-is-a-romcom/articleshow/59193267.cms</ref><ref>https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/ashok-selvan-emakku-thozhil-romance-producer-thirumalai-slams-ashok-selvan-194390</ref>

In October 2022, he started work on a new film starring [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamilcinetalk.com/natty-nataraj-srikanth-nakul-acting-in-a-new-movie/|title=Tamil Cine Talk – நட்டி நட்ராஜ், ஸ்ரீகாந்த், நகுல் இணைந்து நடிக்கும் புதிய படம்..!}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Thirumalai married Nadhiya at a ceremony in Tirupathi in June 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-08-03/thirumalai-16-06-08.html|title=Director Thirumalai weds - Behindwoods.com - Thee Nagar, Agam Puram, Nadhiya tamil movie news hot stills picture image gallery|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Director !! Producer
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thee Nagar]]'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Rasikkum Seemane]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Agam Puram]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Nellai Santhippu]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2023 || ''Maan Vettai'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Emakku Thozhil Romance]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7019941}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirumalai, M.}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju

2025-02-02T00:45:20Z

Viads: adding new post

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and politician associated with the Indian National Congress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|12|10|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|11|4|1913|12|10|df=yes}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 1957
| predecessor = M. P. Mangala Gounder
| successor = Venkidasamy Gounder
| term_end = 1962
| constituency = [[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
| birth_place = [[Palani]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
}}

'''P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju''' (10 December 1913 – 4 November 1989) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician associated with the Indian National Congress from Tamil Nadu.

== Early life ==
Lakshmipathy Raju was born on 10 December 1913 in [[Palani]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/whoiswho_1957 |title=Who is Who 1957 Madras legestrative assembly |date=1957-06-05}}</ref> to S. Krishnasamy Raju<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?20509 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref> and Nallammal. He received his education at Palani Municipal High School.<ref name=":0" /> In 1930, he founded the Harijan Seva Sangh, an organization aimed at the upliftment of Dalits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=History of Tamilnadu Freedom Fighter P S K Lakshmipathi Raju - 141 |url=https://www.tamilaruvi.in/2022/02/history-of-tamilnadu-freedom-fighter-p-s-k-lakshmipathi-raju-141-download-pdf.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Involvement in Indian freedom struggle ==
Raju was deeply inspired by his father, who was involved in the freedom struggle and held various roles in the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congres]] at local and state levels from 1927.<ref name=":0" /> He took part in major independence movements and was jailed for six months during the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He was jailed for six months again during the Individual Satyagraha in 1941.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> During the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India Movement (1942)]], he was detained under Section 38(5) of the [[Defence of India Act, 1939|Defence of India Rules]] and sentenced to three months imprisonment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Throughout his involvement in the independence movement, he was incarcerated in several jails, including those in [[Madurai Central Prison|Madurai]], Bellary, [[Alipore Central Jail|Alipore]], [[Vellore Central Prison|Vellore]], Tanjore, [[Palayamkottai Central Prison|Palayamkottai]], and [[Madras Central Prison|Madras]].<ref name=":2" />

== Public service ==
In 1945, he became a member of the Palani Municipal Council and later served as its chairman for five years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He sponsored the Fishermen Co-operative Scheme and served as its president for [[Palani taluk|Palani Taluk]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fisheries |first=Madras (India : State) Dept of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jEZAQAAIAAJ |title=Administration Report |date=1963 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> from 1948 to 1957.<ref name=":0" /> Raju also held leadership positions in trade unions, including Vice President of the Tamil Nadu [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] and Member of the General Committee of the Indian National Trade Union Congress.<ref name=":0" />

Raju also served as Director of the Co-operative House Construction Society, President of the Madurai Co-operative Stores, and Convener of the [[Bhoodan movement|Bhoodan Movement]].<ref name=":0" /> He actively supported the Bharat Sevak Samaj.<ref name=":1" />

== Legislative career ==
In 1957, he was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] from [[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani constituency]].<ref name=":1" />

== Death and legacy ==
P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju died on 4 November 1989.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]

Rajendra Bhamboo

2025-01-28T20:34:52Z

Viads: adding a info - done

{{short description |Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Bhamboo
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jhunjhunu Assembly constituency|Jhunjhunu]]
| predecessor = [[Brijendra Singh Ola]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Rajendra Bhamboo''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Bhamboo won in the 2024-by election contested in the Rajasthan state with a huge margin of votes,<ref>{{cite news |title=झुंझुनूं उप चुनाव में भाजपा प्रत्याशी राजेन्द्र भांबू 30845 वोट से आगे, कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी अमित ओला अब दूसरे नंबर पर आए |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jhunjhunu/rajasthan-jhunjhunu-by-election-result-2024-live-congress-amit-ola-bjp-rajendra-bhamboo-indp-rajendra-singh-gudha-winner-runnerup-jhunjhunu-vidhan-sabha-upchunav-parinam/articleshow/115554907.cms |date=23 November 2024 |work=Navbharat Times |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> representing [[Jhunjhunu Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title= BJP leads in 4 seats, BAP ahead in Chorasi and Salumber seats |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-bypolls-elections-results-live-bjp-vs-congress-which-party-will-emerge-as-winner-962976 |date=23 November 2024 |work=India TV |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=भाजपा के राजेंद्र भांबू 42,599 वोटों से जीते, चार सीटों पर बीजेपी की बढ़त |url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/rajasthan/jaipur/rajasthan-assembly-by-election-result-2024-live-vote-counting-on-7-seats-jhunjhunu-dausa-bjp-congress-win-loss-2024-11-23 |date=23 November 2024 |work= Amar Ujala |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhamboo, Rajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Abhesinh Tadvi

2024-12-10T10:38:09Z

Viads: made new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Abhesinh Motibhai Tadvi''' (born 1 June 1956) is an Indian politician. He is the Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sankheda Assembly constituency]]. He is associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadvi Abhesinh Motibhai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SANKHEDA (ST)(CHHOTA UDEPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=5115 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat Election Result: BJP Wins In Chhota Udaipur, Jetpur, Sankheda, Dabhoi |url=https://www.india.com/gujarat/vaghodiya-chhota-udaipur-st-jetpur-chhota-udaipur-st-sankheda-st-dabhoi-gujarat-election-result-live-updates-round-wise-counting-of-votes-list-of-winners-news-updates-5787968/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankheda Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Abhesinh Motibhai Tadvi Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/sankheda-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562537.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=News18 |date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarat Assembly Elections 2017: BJP's Abhesinh Motibhai Tadvi wins from Sankheda Vidhan Sabha constituency |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/gujarat-assembly-election/article/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017-sankheda-constituency-bjp-congress/136281 |access-date=2024-08-01 | date=18 December 2017 | website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tadvi, Abhesinh}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hire Bagewadi

2024-09-21T22:07:34Z

Viads: starting new data added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hire Bagewadi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.774428|N|74.644154|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Belagavi
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12684
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 591109<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: HIREBAGEWADI, BELGAUM, KARNATAKA, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/KARNATAKA/BELGAUM/H/HIREBAGEWADI |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hire Bagewadi''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India. It is located in the [[Belagavi Taluk]] of [[Belagavi district]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages {{!}} District Belagavi, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://belagavi.nic.in/en/villages-panchayats/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/589</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Hire Bagewadi had a population of 12684 with 6411 males and 6273 females.

==See also==
* [[Chick-Bagewadi]]
* [[Belgaum]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Belgaum.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

Nellimarla

2024-07-27T05:56:12Z

Viads: updated content based on references and fixed typos based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nellimarla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census town]]
| image_skyline = Hills at Nellimarla in Vizianagaram district.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Eastern Ghats at Nellimarla
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.1667|N|83.4333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Vizianagaram|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2818_PART_B_DCHB_VIZIANAGARAM.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=5 December 2015|pages=18–19,368}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 190
| population_total = 20498
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 535217
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP35 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Lokam Madhavi
}}
'''Nelli-marla''' is a [[census town]] in [[Vizianagaram district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].
It is in Nellimarla [[mandal]] of Vizianagaram revenue division.<ref name=census />

== Etymology ==
The town of Nellimarla derives its name from a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] word for the medicinal tree ''[[Clerodendrum phlomidis]] Linn'', of the family [[Verbenaceae]], called 'Nelli chettu' or 'Nelli tree'.

The city of Nellore at the extreme south of coastal Andhra Pradesh too derives its name from the same medicinal tree.

The Nelli tree is known by alternate names in Telugu lands, one of which is 'Tekkali' chettu ([[Telugu script|Telugu]]: టెక్కలి చెట్టు) (from which [[Tekkali]] town in [[Srikakulam District]], north coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]] derives its name). 'Tauki' chettu is another name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=584&parname=0|title = Plant Details for a Clerodendrum phlomidis L. F.}}</ref>

==Geography==
Nellimarla is on the banks of [[Champavathi River]] at {{Coord|18.1667|N|83.4333|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 190 metres (626 ft).

The river is called 'cunning river' (Telugu: donga eru) due to changing course and sudden change of water levels. It flooded many times during the 1990s. But, with the change in climate, water is a rare feature in the river after 2000. The Denkada Anicut<ref>[http://irrigation.cgg.gov.in/dp/VizayanagaramDistrictProfile.jsp Irrigation profile of Vizianagaram district] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020758/http://irrigation.cgg.gov.in/dp/VizayanagaramDistrictProfile.jsp |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> was constructed across [[River Champavathi]] during 1965–1968. The project is near [[Saripalli]] village, Nellimarla Mandal. It uses 0.640 TMC of the available water. The Ayacut of 5,153 acres has been stabilised in [[Denkada]] and [[Bhogapuram]] Mandals of Vizianagaram District.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nellimaria had a population of 19,352. It was upgraded into Nagar Panchayat in March 2013. According to the 2011 census had a population of 26,000. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Nellimaria has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 54%. In Nellimaria, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Nellimarla Mandal had a population of 73,753 in 2001. Males constituted 36,657 of the population and females 37,096. Nellimarla Mandal had an average literacy rate of 51%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 62%, and female literacy is 41%.

==Assembly constituency==
{{main|Nellimarla (Assembly constituency)}}
Nellimarla Niyojakavargam
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2015}}

===Members of the Legislative Assembly===
* 2019: Badikonda Appala Naidu
* 2014: Narayana Swamy Naidu Pathivada

==Economy==
Nellimarla jute mill is one of the largest in Andhra Pradesh. It has Jagdish Sarda as its chairman. It is a sacking unit known as Golden Mill sometime ago. Its sacks are of premium quality and one of the best in India. It is one of the largest livelihood providers in the region.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vizianagaram district}}
{{Mandal headquarters in Vizianagaram district}}

[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vizianagaram district]]

Royal Bengal Rahashya

2024-05-09T21:31:51Z

Viads:

'''Royal Bengal Rahashya''' ({{lit|Royal Bengal Secret}}) may mean

*[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel)|''Royal Bengal Rahashya'' (novel)]], by Satyajit Ray in the ''Feluda'' series
*[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|''Royal Bengal Rahashya'' (film)]], 2011 Indian film by Sandip Ray based on the novel

==See also==
*[[Royal Bengal (disambiguation)]]
*[[Rahasyam (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig}}

Family Star

2024-04-06T15:24:22Z

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Sarala Das

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Pre-Partition India

2022-09-29T13:09:05Z

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E. Balasubramaniyan

2022-09-28T02:41:03Z

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Saiha (Legislative Assembly constituency)

2022-04-25T05:56:36Z

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